,NEWS ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,F$]ICO ,>COS 

,TEXT 3 

,SEV5 >TICLES PUBLI%$ 9 ,ONE ,BIG ,UNION ,MON?LY1 

,A ,J\RNAL ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD1 ,JULY #aicg TO ,FEBRU>Y #ai* 

,PLUS TWO LAT] PIECES ON ! EXP]I5CES ( P>TICIPANTS 

,AB\T ?IS COLLECTION 

,9 ,JUNE1 #aie AB\T TWO HUNDR$ AN>*I/S1 SOCIALI/S & RADICAL TRADE UNIONI/S HELD A CONV5TION 9 ,*ICAGO1 ,ILL9OIS1 :]E !Y =M$ ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD 7,I4,W4,W474 ,! ,I4,W4,W4 WAS & /ILL IS D$ICAT$ TO CREAT+ A REVOLUTION>Y 9DU/RIAL UNION1 ORGANIZ$ ON ! BASIS ( 9DU/RIES RA!R ?AN CRAFTS1 9 :I* ALL WORK]S COME TOGE!R 9 SOLID>ITY1 9CLUD+ WORK]S ( ALL RACES1 E?NICITIES & G5D]S4 

,! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD WAS A MAJOR P>T ( ! SOCIAL 9SURG5CY DUR+ ! FIR/ DECADES ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,?R\<\T ITS HI/ORY1 ! ORGANIZATION HAS TAK5 /ANCES = 9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY BETWE5 ALL EXPLOIT$ PEOPLE & AGA9/ EXPLOIT]S1 BORD]S & NATIONALISMS4 ,IT HAS ALSO OPPOS$ POLITICAL P>TIES & O!RS :O HAVE S\<T TO SPEAK = & LEAD ! WORK+ CLASS1 :ILE 5DEAVOR+ TO CREATE & CULTIVATE ! BEG9N+S ( A NEW & BETT] SOCIETY 9 ! %ELL ( ! OLD4 

,AS AN ORGANIZATION C5T]$ >\ND ! PR9CIPLES ( RANK-&-FILE UNION DEMOCRATIC DECISION-MAK+1 ! ,I4,W4,W4 TOOK AN 9DEP5D5T CRITICAL /ANCE T[>D ! ,SOVIET ,UNION & ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES4 

,9 #a#i#c#f1 :5 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION BEGAN1 ! ,I4,W4,W4 WAS 9SPIR$ BY ! P>T PLAY$ BY ! AN>*I/-L$ ,SPANI% LABOR UNION CONF$]ATION1 ! ,C,N,T1 & ! 5DEAVOR TO CREATE A SELF-GOV]N+ EGALIT>IAN SOCIETY4 ,FROM ! ,I4,W4,W4'S CRITICAL UND]/&+ ( ! DANG] POS$ BY ! AU?ORIT>IAN LEFT1 9CLUD+ ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES ( ! WORLD & ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 !Y W]E ON !IR GU>D AGA9/ ! BEHAVIOR ( !SE GR\PS 9 ,SPA94 

,! ,I4,W4,W4 PRESS1 9CLUD+ PUBLICATIONS SU* AS ! ,ONE ,BIG ,UNION ,MON?LY1 PUBLI%$ >TICLES AB\T ! ,SPANI% SITUATION1 (F]+ ALT]NATIVE P]SPECTIVES NOT AVAILABLE 9 EI!R ! ,COMMUNI/ OR LIB]AL PRESS4 ,?IS COLLECTION CONTA9S SOME ( !SE >TICLES1 (F]+ A SAMPLE ( :AT ,5GLI%-SPEAK+ ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANS C\LD READ AB\T ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION 9 ! LATE #a#i#cS4 

,9 ADDITION1 ! COLLECTION CONTA9S TWO >TICLES PUBLI%$ LAT] AB\T P>TICIPANTS' EXP]I5CES4 ,ONE IS BY ,RUSSELL ,BLACKWELL1 :O BECAME AN AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ AS A RESULT ( HIS EXP]I5CES 9 ,SPA94 ,! F9AL >TICLE IS AB\T ,F$]ICO ,>COS1 A ,SPANI% AN>*I/ VET]AN ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,IT PROVIDES A GLIMPSE 9TO :AT ! AN>*I/S ( ,SPA9 EXP]I5C$1 & H[ IT DIFF]$ FROM ! AU?ORIT>IAN 9T]PRETATION ( ! EV5TS4 

,AS WE COMP>E & CONTRA/ CONDITIONS & SOCIAL MOVEM5TS 9 ! #a#i#c'S ) ?OSE ( TODAY1 ! *OICES BETWE5 AU?ORIT>IAN_/HI]>*ICAL & ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN_/ANTI-HI]>*ICAL POLITICAL-SOCIAL ACTION /ILL REMA9 RELEVANT4 ,WE HOPE ?AT ! 9SI<TS (F]$ 9 !SE >TICLES CAN HELP US 9 \R [N PROJECTS ( CREAT+ A NEW & BETT] SOCIAL WORLD4 

,9TRODUCTION 

BY ,*>LATAN ,/EW 

,! >TICLES REPR9T$ H]E COV] SOME IMPORTANT HI/ORY G5]ALLY NOT DISCUSS$ BY LEFTI/ IDEOLOGUES ) LOYALTIES TO PROGRESSIVE POLITICAL P>TY AG5DAS1 OR TO AU?ORIT>IAN ,M>XI/1 ,L59I/1 ,TROTSKYI/ OR ,/AL9I/ GR\PS4 ,! FIR/ SEV5 >TICLES W]E ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ DUR+ ! LATE #a#i#cS 9 ,ONE ,BIG ,UNION ,MON?LY1 A PUBLICATION ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD 7! ,I4,W4,W41 ALSO KN[N AS ! ,WOBBLIES74 ,!SE >TICLES (F] A SAMPLE ( AN ALT]NATIVE RADICAL P]SPECTIVE ON ! EV5TS 9 ,SPA9 AVAILABLE TO AN>*I/S & O!R 9DEP5D5T ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANS 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA & O!R PLACES :]E ,5GLI% WAS SPOK5 DUR+ ?AT P]IOD4 

,! ,ONE ,BIG ,UNION ,MON?LY >TICLES 7PUBLI%$ 9 ! #a#i#cS71 ALONG ) ! >TICLE BY ,RUSSELL ,BLACKWELL 7PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#f#h71 TOGE!R GIVE US A GLIMPSE ( :AT MANY S9C]E FRE$OM FI<T]S LE>N$ :5 !Y JO9$ ! /RUGGLE 9 ,SPA94 ,:AT !Y F\ND WAS A PEOPLE 9 >MS READY TO FI<T = A FREE SOCIETY1 & ORGANIZ$ GR\PS RESI/+ A MILIT>Y C\P1 GR\PS ?AT W]E SPLIT BETWE5 ?OSE ?AT W]E FI<T+ = AN ANTI-HI]>*ICAL SOCIAL TRANS=MATION & = ! CREATION ( AN EGALIT>IAN SOCIETY1 & ?OSE ?AT W]E D$ICAT$ TO PRES]V+ A ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC DOM9AT$ BY ! PRIVILEG$4 

,! F9AL >TICLE IS AB\T ,F$]ICO ,>COS1 A ,SPANI% AN>*I/ VET]AN ( ! REVOLUTION 7WRITT5 9 #a#i#i#f74 ,?IS >TICLE PROVIDES A GLIMPSE 9TO :AT ! AN>*I/S ( ,SPA9 EXP]I5C$1 & H[ IT DIFF]$ FROM ! AU?ORIT>IAN 9T]PRETATION ( ! EV5TS4 

,BY WAY ( (F]+ SOME HI/ORICAL CONTEXT1 ?IS 9TRODUCTION BRIEFLY REVIEWS ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL BACKGR\ND TO ! REVOLUTION & CIVIL W> 9SIDE ,SPA91 AS WELL AS ! BACKGR\NDS TO ! POSITIONS TAK5 BY ! WE/]N 0DEMOCRATIC01 ,FASCI/_/,NAZI & 0,COMMUNI/0 L$ NATION-/ATES ( ! #a#i#cS4 

,WE HOPE ?AT ! HI/ORY PRES5T$ 9 !SE >TICLES CAN HELP US TO REFLECT ON H[ ! V>I\S LEAD]S ( ! MAJOR NATION /ATES HAVE TREAT$ SOCIAL 9SURG5TS 9 ! PA/4 ,?IS CAN FUR!R \R UND]/&+ ( :AT WE CAN EXPECT OR HOPE = FROM GOV]NM5TS 9 ! PRES5T & ! FUTURE4 ,! DEBATES BETWE5 ! P[] HOLD]S & P[] S]V]S & ?OSE :O ASPIRE TO P[] REG>D+ ! MO/ ADVANTAGE\S WAYS TO DEAL ) SOCIAL DISLOCATIONS & 9SURG5CIES HAVE NEV] BE5 & >E NOT N[ BAS$ ON CONC]N = ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN & EGALIT>IAN GOALS4 

,AL?\< ! POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL1 & P]SONAL SITUATIONS ( ! REVOLUTION>IES ( ! #a#i#cS W]E NOT EXACTLY ! SAME AS :AT WE EXP]I5CE OR WITNESS TODAY -- 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA OR ELSE:]E1 UN=TUNATELY1 ! /RUCTURES ( P[]1 HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION CONT9UE TO HAVE /RONG SIMIL>ITIES4 ,/RUGGLES = 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY & SOCIAL SOLID>ITY1 HUMAN DIGNITY1 EGALIT>IAN SOCIABILITY & SOCIAL JU/ICE CONT9UE TO BE ( ! GREATE/ RELEVANCE TO ! MAJORITY ( ! WORLD'S PEOPLE4 ,! *OICES BETWE5 AU?ORIT>IAN_/HI]>*ICAL & ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN_/ANTI-HI]>*ICAL POLITICAL-SOCIAL ACTION /ILL REMA9 RELEVANT4 

,UND]/&+ & GR[+ FROM ! EXP]I5CES ( P>TICIPANTS 9 ! ,>AB ,SPR+1 OR 9 ,GREECE1 OR ,SPA91 OR 9 ! ,OCCUPY MOVEM5TS ( #b#a#a1 DOES NOT SIMPLY 9VOLVE EVALUAT+ TACTICS OR /RATEGIES ( AN>*I/S OR AU?ORIT>IANS ( ! LEFT OR RI<T4 ,WE NE$ TO DELVE 9TO ! FUNDAM5TAL *>ACT] ( ! CONFLICTS BETWE5 ?OSE :O RESI/ TOTAL DOM9ATION & ?OSE :O ONLY PRET5D TO 9 ! CURR5T CYCLE ( /RUGGLES4 ,BE+ 9=M$ AB\T :AT HAPP5$ TO 9SURG5TS 9 ! PA/ CAN CONTRIBUTE TO \R CURR5T UND]/&+ ( ! POSSIBLE CONSEQU5CES ( \R & O!R PEOPLE'S DECISIONS & ! *OICES ( GR\PS TODAY4 ,& PRECISELY BECAUSE ! /RUGGLES = A NEW SOCIAL WORLD HAVE NOT YET BE5 DEF9ITIVELY LO/ OR WON ANY:]E1 QUE/IONS AB\T H[ TO MO/ EFFECTIVELY GO =W>D >E /ILL BE+ DEBAT$4 ,WE /ILL NE$ TO CRITICALLY CONSID] :AT CON/ITUTES ! MO/ JU/ & EGALIT>IAN =MS ( SOLID>ITY 9 SPECIFIC SITUATIONS1 LOCALLY OR 9 O!R P>TS ( ! WORLD4 

,AS WE COMP>E & CONTRA/ CONDITIONS & SOCIAL MOVEM5TS 9 ! #a#i#c'S ) ?OSE ( TODAY1 WE CAN GA9 A LOT FROM F9D+ \T AS MU* AS POSSIBLE AB\T ! POSITIVE A*IEVEM5TS1 ! PROBLEMS FAC$ & MI/AKES MADE BY ?OSE ORD9>Y PEOPLE 9 ?OSE PA/ /RUGGLES4 ,SO1 WE >E (F]+ ?IS PAMPHLET AS A CONTRIBUTION TO ! 5DEAVOR ( REFRE%+ & RECLAIM+ \R AN>*I/ H]ITAGE4 

,A ,LITTLE ,BACKGR\ND ON ! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/ ,MOVEM5T BE=E ! ,REPUBLIC ( ! #a#i#cS 

,9 MANY WAYS1 ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION ( #aicf ?R\< #aici IS A V]Y 9SPIR+ EV5T4 ,IT PROVIDES A MULTITUDE ( REAL-LIFE EXAMPLES ( H[ ORD9>Y PEOPLE CAN BEG9 TO REALIZE A CLASSLESS & /ATELESS SOCIETY4 ,DUR+ ?AT REVOLUTION1 AT LEA/ BRIEFLY1 LIT]ALLY MILLIONS ( WOM5 & M5 TOOK CONTROL ( !IR [N LIVES & ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES 9 NEI<BORHOOD & WORK PLACE COLLECTIVES1 BO? URBAN & RURAL4 ,?IS TREM5D\SLY CREATIVE 9SURG5CY GA9$ ITS /R5G? FROM ! PREVI\S SEV5TY YE>S ( AN>*I/ SOCIAL & $UCATIONAL ACTIVITIES & ORGANIZATION BUILD+1 9 COMB9ATION ) RURAL AGRICULTURAL COMMUNAL TRADITIONS1 ALL MADE MORE POT5T BY ! SPONTANE\S CREATIVITY ( ORD9>Y PEOPLE4 

,WELL BE=E ! EV5TS ( ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 A V>IETY ( ,SPANI% AN>*I/ GR\PS1 FROM AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S TO AN>*O-COMMUNI/S & O!RS1 W]E PLAY+ A L>GE P>T 9 MOVEM5TS = SOCIAL JU/ICE4 ,= ?REE G5]ATIONS1 !Y HAD BE5 DREAM+ AB\T1 ADVOCAT+ & /RUGGL+ TO LAY ! GR\NDWORK = A NEW & MORE JU/ SOCIAL ORD]1 BAS$ ON EQUALITY1 MUTUALITY1 & RECIPROCITY1 9 :I* EA* P]SON C\LD BE VALU$ & RESPECT$ AS AN 9DIVIDUAL & A MEMB] ( AN AU!NTIC COMMUNITY4 ,AL?\< !RE W]E SOME DIFF]5CES BETWE5 GR\PS & BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS1 9 G5]AL1 ! K9D ( SOCIETY !Y ALL 5VISION$ & W]E /RIV+ TO BR+ TO BIR? WAS ONE BUILT ON VOLUNT>Y1 NON-HI]>*ICAL1 SELF-ORGANIZ$ COLLECTIVIZATION 9 EV]Y PHASE ( LIFE1 &1 MO/ ESPECIALLY1 WORK]S' CONTROL 9 9DU/RY1 AGRICULTURE1 & V>I\S COMMUNITY S]VICES4 

,SPANI% AN>*I/S G5]ALLY BELIEV$ ?AT ! OLD SOCIAL ORD] W\LD NOT BE DEFEAT$ )\T >M$ 9SURRECTION4 ,BUT1 !Y ALSO RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ! MEANS US$ TO BUILD ! NEW SOCIETY W\LD HAVE TO BE CONSI/5T ) ! 5DS S\<T1 SO AS TO CONTRIBUTE TO1 RA!R ?AN UND]M9E1 ! GOALS = :I* !Y W]E /RIV+4 ,) ?IS 9 M9D1 !Y CAME TO UND]/& ?AT A SOCIALLY JU/ WORLD C\LD NOT SIMPLY BE WON ?R\< ACTS ( >MS4 ,!Y RECOGNIZ$ ?AT >M$ MI<T CANNOT CONV9CE ANYONE ( ! VALUE ( ANY IDEA OR WAY ( LIV+1 & IT CANNOT PROMOTE OR NURTURE RESPECTFUL EGALIT>IAN RELATION%IPS BETWE5 PEOPLE4 ,!Y !RE=E D$ICAT$ SOME ( !IR EF=TS TO CREAT+ NEW =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ?AT C\LD REPLACE ! E/ABLI%$ 9/ITUTIONS & FUNCTIONS EX]CIS$ 9 AU?ORIT>IAN WAYS BY ! /ATE & PRIVATE CAPITALI/S4 

,!Y DEVELOP$ NETWORKS ( ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL1 & CULTURAL ORGANIZATIONS & ACTIVITIES1 TO CREATE COMMUNITIES ?AT RESPECT$ ! 9DIVIDUALITY ( !IR MEMB]S1 :ILE 5ABL+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DIVIDUALITY AS A P>T ( COMMUNITY4 ,?R\< A V>IETY ( ORGANIZATIONS1 !Y COMB9$ FI<TS = IMM$IATE IMPROVEM5TS 9 WAGES & WORK+ & LIV+ CONDITIONS ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! /RUCTURES & HABITS !Y DEEM$ VITAL = ! F\NDATION ( A FREE SOCIETY4 ,ON A DAY-TO-DAY BASIS1 AGA9/ ! TIDE ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN ORD]1 !Y CREAT$ VOLUNT>Y EGALIT>IAN ASSOCIATIONS 9 :I* PEOPLE C\LD LE>N TO CULTIVATE NEW TRADITIONS ( SOLID>ITY1 COOP]ATION & SELF-REALIZATION4 

,! ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC ( #aica ?R\< #aici 

,! FIR/ ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC HAD A V]Y BRIEF LIFE1 BE+ E/ABLI%$ 9 #ahgc & OV]?R[N 9 #a#h#g#d4 ,IT WAS V]Y WEAK & WAS 5D$ BY A MILIT>Y C\P4 ,= ! NEXT #dg YE>S A S]IES ( DICTATOR%IPS RUL$ ! C\NTRY & REPRESS$ ALL ATTEMPTS AT SOCIAL 9SURG5CY4 ,BUT ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE DID NOT SUBMIT PASSIVELY4 ,!Y DEVELOP$ A WIDE V>IETY ( OPPOSITION GR\PS1 RANG+ FROM LIB]AL REPUBLICAN TO SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC TO AN>*I/4 ,! MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP ( ,G5]AL ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A1 :I* COMM5C$ 9 #a#i#b#c1 WAS WILL+ TO (F] A M9OR GOV]NM5TAL ROLE TO ! ,SPANI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY & SOME RECOGNITION ( !IR LABOR UNIONS 9 EX*ANGE = !IR COOP]ATION1 :ILE CONT9U+ ! REPRESSION ( AN>*I/ GR\PS1 9CLUD+ AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ LABOR UNIONS4 7,SEE ,M4 ,DA%>1 PSEUDONYM ( ,HELMUT ,RUDIG]1 ,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MOVEM5T 9 ,SPA91 ,LIB]T>IAN ,PUBLI%+ ,SOCIETY1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#c#d2 ACCESS$ ,NOVEMB] #h1 #bi FROM ,9T]NET ,>*IVE1 AT WWW4>*IVE4ORG 47 

,BY #aica ! ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A DICTATOR%IP WAS TOO WEAK TO HOLD ON TO P[]4 ,?IS OP5$ UP ! OPPORTUNITY = REPUBLICANS & SOCIAL-DEMOCRATS TO COOP]ATE 9 CREAT+ ! SECOND ,SPANI% REPUBLIC1 :I* TOOK ! =M ( A P>LIAM5T>Y DEMOCRACY4 

,BUT1 ! NEW ,REPUBLIC FAC$ 5ORM\S *ALL5GES4 ,A WORLDWIDE ECONOMIC DEPRESSION WAS UND]WAY4 ,& 9 ,SPA9 MANY PEOPLE W]E UNEMPLOY$ & IMPOV]I%$4 

,! ,REPUBLIC'S FIR/ ELECTIONS W]E HELD 9 #a#i#c#a1 BUT NONE ( ! POLITICAL P>TIES W]E ABLE TO GA9 A MAJORITY ( SEATS 9 ! P>LIAM5T 7! ,CORTES74 ,SO ! LIB]AL-REPUBLICAN & SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC P>TIES -- ! P>TIES ) ! L>GE/ NUMB]S ( ELECT$ REPRES5TATIVES -- =M$ A COALITION CAB9ET4 ,! PREVI\S DICTATORIAL GOV]NM5TS HAD BRUTALLY REPRESS$ DISS5T4 ,MANY HOP$ ?AT ! NEW REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T W\LD ALL[ MORE FRE$OM ( EXPRESSION = 9DIVIDUALS & FRE$OM = LABOR UNIONS & O!R GRASSROOTS ORGANIZATIONS TO ACT4 ,H[EV]1 ! COALITION GOV]NM5T PROV$ UNABLE TO SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVE ! CONDITIONS ( LIFE = ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ORD9>Y PEOPLE 9 ! CITIES OR C\NTRYSIDE4 ,MOREOV]1 IT CONT9U$ ! PREVI\S DICTATOR%IP'S POLICY ( REPRESSION & IMPRISONM5T ( SOCIAL ACTIVI/S BELONG+ TO ! AN>*I/ & O!R WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATIONS4 

,9 #a#i#c#b1 !RE WAS AN ATTEMPT$ MILIT>Y C\P1 :I* WAS /YMI$4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! CAPITALI/1 MILIT>Y & ,CA?OLIC *UR* ELITES CONT9U$ TO HOLD ON TO !IR MONOPOLY ON WEAL? & P[]4 ,&1 ! LIB]AL REPUBLICAN_/SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC COALITION GOV]NM5T CONT9U$ TO BE EXTREMELY C>EFUL NOT TO TRULY *ALL5GE !M 9 ANY SIGNIFICANT WAY4 

,DISAPPO9T$ HOPES 9SPIR$ CONT9U+ SOCIAL 9SURG5CY4 ,9 #aicb & #aicc URBAN & RURAL WORK+-CLASS PEOPLE ?R\<\T ,CATALONIA1 ,&ALUSIA & ,LEVANT 5GAG$ 9 >M$ REVOLTS1 HOP+ TO 9SPIRE O!R REVOLTS ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY4 ,BUT !Y W]E REPEAT$LY CRU%$ BY ! REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T'S POLICE & MILIT>Y =CES ) GREAT BRUTALITY4 ,BY ,JUNE #aicc !RE W]E #i1 AN>*I/S & O!R WORK+-CLASS 9SURG5TS 9 PRISON4 

,9 LATE #a#i#c#b1 ! LIB]AL REPUBLICAN_/SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC COALITION GOV]NM5T LO/ POLITICAL SUPPORT 9 ! ,CORTES1 & 9 ,NOVEMB] AN ELECTION WAS CALL$4 ,9 ?IS ELECTION1 RI<T-W+ P>TIES GA9$ A MAJORITY & A RI<T-W+ COALITION TOOK CONTROL ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,?IS BEGAN ! ,BI5NO ,NEGRO1 ! TWO BLACK YE>S ( 9T5SIFI$ REPRESSION AGA9/ ALL ?OSE FI<T+ = SOCIAL *ANGE4 

,9 ,OCTOB]1 #aicd ! WORK]S ( ! AN>*I/ ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,CONF$]ACION ,NACIONAL DEL ,TRABAJO1 ,C4,N4,T47 JO9$ ) !IR FELL[ WORK]S 9 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY-L$ ,G5]AL ,UNION ( ,WORK]S 7,UNION ,G5]AL DE ,TRABAJADORES1 ,U4,G4,T47 9 A MASSIVE REVOLT 9 ! ,A/URIAS REGION4 ,WORKPLACES W]E OCCUPI$ & ! UNION MEMB]S BEGAN AN >M$ 9SURRECTION4 ,?IS REVOLT WAS ALSO CRU%$ QUITE BRUTALLY & AT LEA/ #c1 PEOPLE W]E EXECUT$4 ,= ! NEXT FEW YE>S1 ! RI<T-W+ COALITION GOV]NM5T UNSUCCESSFULLY ATTEMPT$ TO QUELL ! M\NT+ UNRE/4 ,BUT1 IT WAS NOT ABLE TO MA9TA9 ITS SUPPORT 9 ! ,CORTES1 & WAS F9ALLY =C$ TO CALL AN ELECTION = ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#c#f4 

,9 ?AT ELECTION1 C&IDATES FROM SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC1 ,COMMUNI/ & LEFT-LIB]AL P>TIES JO9$ TOGE!R TO PROMOTE A ,POPUL> ,FRONT ANTI-FASCI/ SLATE AGA9/ ! MORE RI<T-W+ P>TIES4 ,?IS COALITION WON A SMALL MAJORITY ( ! SEATS 9 ! ,CORTES1 & WAS ABLE TO =M ANO!R LEFT COALITION GOV]NM5T4 

,H[EV]1 ONLY M9OR RE%UFFL+ ( GOV]NM5T PO/S TOOK PLACE1 & ! GOV]N+ COALITION C\LD NOT AGREE ON H[ TO GO =W>D ) SOCIAL RE=MS4 ,SO1 ! NE$S & HOPES ( ! MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE :O HAD VOT$ = ! LEFT LIB]AL1 SOCIALI/ & ,COMMUNI/ POLITICIANS W]E G5]ALLY DISREG>D$4 

,AS ?IS BECAME OBVI\S1 FROM ,FEBRU>Y #aicf ON1 MANY AGRICULTURAL WORK]S & SMALL L&HOLD]S 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE TOOK ?+S 9TO !IR [N H&S1 9ITIAT+ WIDESPREAD L& OCCUPATIONS4 ,WORK]S 9 ! 9DU/RIAL & S]VICE SECTORS 9 CITIES & T[NS ALSO 5GAG$ 9 L>GE NUMB]S ( /RIKES4 ,BETWE5 ! ELECTION 9 ,FEBRU>Y & ,JULY !RE W]E #aac G5]AL /RIKES & #bbh P>TIAL G5]AL /RIKES4 ,!RE W]E ON AV]AGE T5 TO TW5TY EA* DAY BY ,JUNE & ,JULY4 

,AT ! BEG9N+ ( #aicf !RE W]E #c1 POLITICAL PRISON]S4 ,EV5 AFT] ! ELECTION ( ! LEFT LIB]AL-SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC COALITION GOV]NM5T1 MO/ ( ! POLITICAL PRISON]S REMA9$ 9C>C]AT$1 DESPITE DEM&S = !IR FRE$OM4 ,ONLY AFT] MASSIVE POPUL> DEMON/RATIONS W]E !Y RELEAS$4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! NEW GOV]NM5T CONT9U$ TO >RE/ AN>*I/S & SOCIALI/S & O!R ACTIVI/S4 ,BY ,JULY1 #aicf ! PRISONS W]E ONCE AGA9 CR[D$ ) POLITICAL PRISON]S4 

,DIRECTLY AFT] ! ,FEBRU>Y #aicf ELECTIONS1 ,G5]AL ,FRANCISCO ,FRANCO HEAD$ ! =MATION ( A COALITION ( ANTI-DEMOCRATIC MILIT>Y ELITES1 :O JO9$ ) CIVILIAN FASCI/S TO PLAN YET ANO!R MILIT>Y C\P D'ETAT4 ,!Y MADE NO SECRET ( ! FACT ?AT !Y 9T5D$ TO OV]?R[ ! REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T & REPLACE IT ) AN AU?ORIT>IAN /ATE SY/EM1 MODEL$ ON ! REGIMES 9 ,FASCI/ ,ITALY & ,NAZI ,G]MANY4 ,DESPITE ! OP5NESS ( !SE PLOTT]S1 ! ELECT$ POLITICIANS REFUS$ TO TAKE ANY CONCRETE MEASURES TO C\NT] !M4 ,9/EAD1 !Y TRI$ TO NEGOTIATE ) !SE MILIT>Y REBELS4 

,! ,BEG9N+ ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> & ! ,FL[]+ ( ! ,REVOLUTION 

,DISREG>D+ ! LIB]AL REPUBLICAN & SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC POLITICIANS' ATTEMPTS AT NEGOTIATIONS1 ON ,JULY #a#g? ! RI<T-W+ MILIT>Y REBELS BEGAN !IR C\P ) ,FRANCO'S =CES SEIZ+ CONTROL ( ,SPANI% ,MOROCCO & ,FRANCO BROADCA/+ A 0RADICAL MANIFE/O0 ANN\NC+ ! IMP5D+ MILIT>Y TAKEOV] ( ,SPA9 PROP]4 ,BUT1 MANY ORD9>Y PEOPLE REFUS$ TO /& PASSIVELY BY1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE 9VOLV$ DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY 9 AN>*I/ & SOCIALI/ GR\PS4 ,AT ?IS TIME1 ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ,C4,N4,T4 UNION CONF$]ATION & ! SOCIALI/ ,U4,G4,T4 UNION CONF$]ATION EA* HAD OV] ONE MILLION MEMB]S4 ,!Y CLE>LY UND]/OOD ?AT RI<T-W+ DICTATOR%IP W\LD MEAN BRUTAL REPRESSION = ALL ( !M4 7,SEE ,WORK]S ,SOLID>ITY ,MOVEM5T1 ,! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>3 ,AN>*ISM 9 ,ACTION2 ACCESS$ ,JANU>Y #b#a1 #bab AT /RUGGLE4WS 47 

,UN=TUNATELY1 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY & ! ,SOCIALI/ ,U4,G4,T4 W]E BUREAUCRATICALLY ORGANIZ$ HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATIONS1 ) LEAD]S :O HAD /RONG LOYALTIES TO ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC POLITICIANS 9 ! ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T -- ! V]Y POLITICIANS :O HAD BE5 GO+ ALONG ) ! /RATEGY ( TRY+ TO NEGOTIATE ) ! MILIT>Y C\P PLOTT]S4 ,?IS POS$ A *ALL5GE = ?OSE MEMB]S :O WI%$ TO BEG9 RESI/+ ! MILIT>Y C\P4 ,MANY GRASSROOTS SOCIALI/S NEV]!LESS DID P>TICIPATE 9 ?IS RESI/ANCE4 

,! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ UNION CONF$]ATION & ! O!R AN>*I/ GR\PS1 ON ! O!R H&1 W]E MORE DEC5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATIONS1 9 :I* 9ITIATIVES = ACTION DID NOT NECESS>ILY ORIG9ATE ) A SMALL GR\P ( LEAD]S AT ! TOP4 ,BECAUSE GRASSROOTS DEMOCRACY WAS A MU* GREAT] REALITY AMONG ! AN>*I/S ?AN AMONG ! SOCIALI/S1 !RE WAS MORE MOTIVATION & MORE POSSIBILITIES = ?OSE :O FELT ! URG5CY ( ! SITUATION TO BEG9 PLANN+ = RESI/ANCE4 ,9 ADDITION1 ! AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS HAD NO GOV]NM5T L9KS4 ,SO1 ! AN>*I/S HAD NO REASON TO WAIT = DIRECTION FROM ! ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T COMPROMIS]S & NEGOTIATORS4 

,CONSEQU5TLY1 AN>*I/S 9 MANY P>TS ( ! C\NTRY W]E READY & ABLE TO IMM$IATELY BEG9 RESI/ANCE4 ,& ?ANKS TO !IR 9ITIATIVE1 MANY O!R FRE$OM LOV+ PEOPLE 9 ,SPA9 ALSO JO9$ ! RESI/ANCE 9 G5]AL /RIKES & >M$ OPPOSITION ON ,JULY #a#i1 & TOGE!R !Y W]E ABLE TO TEMPOR>ILY DEFEAT ! MILIT>Y C\P 9 HALF ( ! C\NTRY4 ,!Y RAPIDLY ORGANIZ$ POPUL> MILITIAS :I* CONT9U$ ! TRADITION ( EMBODY+ !IR DESIR$ GOALS 9 !IR *OS5 MEANS4 ,! POPUL> MILITIAS1 AS P>T ( !IR RESI/ANCE TO ! AU?ORIT>IAN MILIT>Y1 REPLAC$ ! (FIC]S ) ABSOLUTE P[] OV] L[] RANKS ) ELECT$ DELEGATES :O W]E RECALLABLE IF !Y LO/ ! CONFID5CE ( ! RANKS4 ,PLANS & POLICIES W]E ALSO AGRE$ UPON BY ALL 9 EA* UNIT ?R\< OP5 DISCUSSION4 ,MOREOV]1 DIFF]5CES 9 RANK & PAY W]E NON-EXI/5T4 ,! EGALIT>IAN *>ACT] ( ! MILITIAS IS DOCUM5T$ 9 NUM]\S BOOKS & >TICLES2 = EXAMPLE1 SEE ,ABEL ,PAZ1 ,DURRUTI3 ,! ,PEOPLE ,>M$1 TRANS4 ,NANCY ,MACDONALD 7,BLACK ,ROSE2 ,MONTREAL1 #a#i#g#f74 

,! RESI/]S SURPRIS$ ! MILIT>Y C\P PLOTT]S ) A CIVIL W>1 :I* LA/$ = NE>LY ?REE GRUEL+ YE>S1 FROM ,JULY #aicf TO ,M>* #a#i#c#i4 ,MOREOV]1 ! 9ITIAL DEFEAT ( ,FRANCO'S =CES 5ABL$ & 9SPIR$ WIDESPREAD POPUL> SELF-GOV]N+ ACTIVITIES1 9VOLV+ MU* MORE ?AN A CIVIL W> BETWE5 OPPOS+ FI<T]S4 ,MILLIONS ( WOM51 M5 & *ILDR5 LIV+ & WORK+ 9 ! ,SPANI% CITIES & C\NTRYSIDE NOT TAK5 BY ! ,FRANCO =CES ACTUALLY BEGAN TO EXP]IM5T ) ! CREATION ( MORE EGALIT>IAN1 DEC5T & JU/ LIVES = !MSELVES & ?OSE >\ND !M4 ,! TEMPOR>Y VICTORY OV] ! FASCI/ REBELS 5ABL$ A FULL SCALE SOCIAL REVOLUTION TO BEG91 ) L& & FACTORY OCCUPATIONS & COLLECTIVIZATION 9 AGRICULTURE1 A NUMB] ( 9DU/RIES & V>I\S COMMUNITY S]VICES4 ,SO 9 ,SPA9 9 ! SUMM] ( #aicf BO? A REVOLUTION = A NEW & BETT] SOCIAL WORLD & A CIVIL W> AGA9/ ! MILIT>Y REBELS L$ BY ,FRANCO BEGAN4 ,?IS WAS AN 9SPIR+ & V]Y IMPORTANT FI<T -- & P]HAPS NOT AS \TDAT$ OR DIFF]5T FROM SOME ( ! /RUGGLES ( TODAY AS SOME PEOPLE MI<T ?9K4 

,= A GOOD TEXT ON ! POSITIVE AN>*I/ ROLE 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION & CIVIL W> BY ! ,IREL&-BAS$ ,WORK]S ,SOLID>ITY ,MOVEM5T1 SEE ,! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>3 ,AN>*ISM 9 ,ACTION1 A DETAIL$ 9TRODUCTION TO ! ROLE AN>*ISM PLAY$ 9 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> & ! AN>*I/ REVOLUTION )9 ! REPUBLICAN ZONE4 7,ACCESS$ ,JUNE #c1 #baa AT WWW4WSM4IE 47 

,! ,NATION-,/ATES BETWE5 ! ,TWO ,WORLD ,W>S 

,TO GA9 A GOOD GRASP ( ! SITUATION ( ,SPA9 DUR+ ! #a#i#cS1 IT IS HELPFUL TO UND]/& :AT WAS GO+ ON 9SIDE & BETWE5 ! O!R NATION-/ATES DUR+ ?AT P]IOD4 

,! NATION-/ATES & EMPIRES ( ! FIR/ HALF ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 9CLUD+ ! WE/]N 0DEMOCRATIC0 /ATES1 W]E BAS$ ON ! EXPLOITATION ( !IR LOCALLY CREAT$ WORK+-CLASSES & COLONIZ$ SUBJECT PEOPLES4 ,DESPITE ! DEMOCRATIC RHETORICAL IDEALIZATIONS ?AT BECAME FA%IONABLE AMONG WE/]N ELITES AT ! 5D ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I1 !RE WAS LITTLE REAL RESPECT OR CONSID]ATION = ! MILLIONS !Y RUL$ OV] AT HOME OR ABROAD4 7,= GOOD G5]AL BACKGR\ND 9=MATION1 SEE ,! ,COLLECT$ ,ESSAYS1 ,J\RNALISM & ,LETT]S ( ,GEORGE ,ORWELL1 VOL4 #a3 ,AN ,AGE ,LIKE ,?IS -- #a#i#b-#a#i#d $IT$ BY ,SONIA ,ORWELL & ,IAN ,ANGUS1 ,H>C\RT ,BRACE ,JOVANOVI*1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#f#h47 

,! GR[+ P[] ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS FIRMLY ROOT$ 9 ! HI/ORY ( EXPLOITATION ( ! 9DIG5\S POPULATIONS ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA & ! ,PACIFIC ISL&S1 ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN SLAVES & WAGE-SLAVES1 ,ASIAN1 ,S\!RN & ,NOR!RN ,EUROPEAN1 ,EA/]N ,EUROPEAN ,JEWI% & NON-,JEWI% IMMIGRANT WAGE-SLAVES4 7,SEE ,H[>D ,Z9N1 ,A ,PEOPLES ,HI/ORY ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 V>I\S $ITIONS47 

,AS F> BACK AS ! MID-N9ETE5? C5TURY1 !RE WAS ONGO+ SOCIAL UNRE/ 9 MO/ ( ! NATION-/ATES4 ,/RIKES & EV5 9SURRECTIONS W]E FREQU5T RI<T UP TO & ?R\<\T ,WORLD ,W> ,I4 ,AS ! W> WAS NE>+ ITS 5D1 9 #aiag A POPUL> REVOLUTION BEGAN 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,!N1 9 #aiah REVOLUTIONS />T$ 9 ,HUNG>Y1 ,AU/RIA1 ,BULG>IA & ,G]MANY4 ,9 ,RUSSIA1 ,HUNG>Y1 ,F9L& & P>TS ( ,G]MANY1 LOCAL WORKPLACE1 NEI<BORHOOD & MILIT>Y C\NCILS W]E =M$4 ,MUT9IES BROKE \T 9 ! ,FR5* >MY4 ,WORK]S 9 MAJOR ,ITALIAN CITIES SEIZ$ FACTORIES4 ,9 #aiai !RE W]E ALSO V]Y S]I\S & WIDESPREAD /RIKES 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,ALL W]E BRUTALLY REPRESS$1 BUT V]Y MANY ORD9>Y PEOPLE & ELITES ALIKE ?R\<\T ! WORLD PREP>$ = CONT9U+ SOCIAL 9SURG5CY4 

,9 ?IS CONTEXT1 DUR+ ! P]IOD BETWE5 ! TWO WORLD W>S1 ,ITALIAN ,FASCI/S1 ,JAPANESE IMP]IALI/S1 ,G]MAN ,NAZIS1 & ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/S ALL ASSUM$ /ATE P[] & BEGAN EXP&+ & CONSOLIDAT+ !IR BRUTAL DICTATOR%IPS4 ,! WE/]N ,DEMOCRATIC ELITES G5]ALLY HAD LITTLE DIFFICULTY TOL]AT+ & EV5 COOP]AT+ ) ! V>I\S NEW AU?ORIT>IAN REGIMES ?AT W]E EM]G+1 AS LONG AS !Y DID NOT APPE> TO POSE ANY *ALL5GE TO SPH]ES ( 9FLU5CE ALREADY CLAIM$4 

,! BRUTALITY US$ BY ! ,FASCI/S & ,NAZIS TO GA9 & MA9TA9 CONTROL ( ! ,ITALIAN & ,G]MAN GOV]NM5TS & TO 9TIMIDATE & ELIM9ATE ?OSE :O OPPOS$ !M1 WAS WELL KN[N AT ! TIME1 BO? 9SIDE ?OSE C\NTRIES & ABROAD4 ,NEV]!LESS1 MANY POLITICIANS & BUS9ESS PEOPLE 9 WE/]N 0DEMOCRATIC0 NATION-/ATES W]E PRIM>ILY CONC]N$ ) HAV+ POLITICAL P>TN]S !Y C\LD WORK ) & DEVELOP+ PROMIS+ BUS9ESS OPPORTUNITIES1 RA!R ?AN ) ! LIVES ( ORD9>Y PEOPLE UND] REPRESSIVE REGIMES4 ,! ,FASCI/ & ,NAZI DICTATOR%IPS (F]$ BO? ! POLITICAL & ! ECONOMIC /ABILITY & PR$ICTABILITY ?AT WAS WANT$4 

,?R\<\T ! #a#i#bS & #a#i#cS NEWSPAP]S ALMO/ EV]Y:]E W]E REPORT+ ?AT ! REGIME ( ,B5ITO ,MUSSOL9I WAS CONDUCT+ A REIGN ( T]ROR AGA9/ ALL OPPON5TS & DISS5T]S4 ,DUR+ ! FIR/ FEW MON?S ( ! REGIME1 9 ! W9T] ( #a#i#b#b-#a#i#b#c1 GANGS ( ,FASCI/ ?UGS SEIZ$ OR DE/ROY$ ! PR9T+ PLANTS & NEWSPAP]S ( ! LABOR UNIONS1 AS WELL AS ?OSE ( ,ITALIAN SOCIALI/ & AN>*I/ GR\PS4 ,!Y ALSO 9VAD$ UNION HALLS & COOP]ATIVES1 & 9 MANY CASES BURN$ OR O!RWISE DE/ROY$ !M COMPLETELY4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 LABOR UNION1 SOCIALI/ & AN>*I/ GR\P MEMB]S & !IR FAMILIES -- 9CLUD+ *ILDR51 OLD PEOPLE & PREGNANT WOM5 -- W]E BEAT5 & EV5 MURD]$4 ,?R\< !SE ME?ODS ! ,FASCI/S W]E ABLE TO CRU% ! PO/-,WORLD ,W> ,I REVOLUTION>Y WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T 9 ,ITALY4 

,DESPITE !IR WELL PUBLICIZ$ BRUTALITIES1 ! ,FASCI/S W]E ADMIR$ BY MANY HI<LY PLAC$ WE/]N POLITICIANS4 ,GEORGE ,ORWELL NOT$ JU/ A FEW4 7,SEE 0,:O ,>E ! ,W> ,CRIM9ALS80 ,TRIBUNE1 ,OCTOB] #b#b1 #a#i#d#c1 9 ,! ,COLLECT$ ,ESSAYS1 ,J\RNALISM & ,LETT]S ( ,GEORGE ,ORWELL1 VOL4 #b1 ,MY ,C\NTRY ,RI<T OR ,LEFT -- #a#i#d-#d#c $IT$ BY ,SONIA ,ORWELL @& ,IAN ,ANGUS1 ,H>C\RT ,BRACE ,JOVANOVI*1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#f#h1 PP4 #c#a#i-#b#e47 ,ORWELL DISCUSSES ,W9/ON ,*UR*ILL1 :O HELD HI< POLITICAL POSITIONS 9 ,BRITA9 OV] A FIFTY YE> P]IOD1 9CLUD+ ,HOME ,SECRET>Y1 ,FIR/ ,LORD ( ! ,ADMIRALTY1 & ,*ANCELLOR ( ! ,EX*EQU]1 AS WELL AS BE+ ,PRIME ,M9I/] DUR+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I4 ,9 #a#i#b#g1 9 ! MID/ ( HIS POLITICAL C>E]1 ,*UR*ILL ASS]T$ ?AT IF HE W]E ,ITALIAN HE W\LD BE :OLEHE>T$LY ) ,MUSSOL9I 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ 0BE/IAL APPETITES0 & ! 0PASSIONS ( ,L59ISM10 PROVID+ ! NECESS>Y ANTIDOTE TO ,RUSSIAN POISON & ! CANC]\S GR[? ( ,BOL%EVISM 7P4 #c#b74 ,9 #a#i#b#h1 ,LORD ,RO!RM]E AGRE$ ?AT ,MUSSOL9I WAS AN ANTIDOTE TO ! DEADLY POISON 9 ,ITALY & = ! RE/ ( ,EUROPE1 A TONIC DO+ 9CALCULABLE GOOD4 ,HE CONSID]$ ,MUSSOL9I TO BE ! GREATE/ FIGURE ( ! AGE 7IBID41 PP4 #c#a#i-#b74 ,:E!R ,MUSSOL9I WAS CRU%+ ,ITALIAN TRADE UNIONS1 HELP+ ! ,SPANI% ,FASCI/S1 MU/>D GASS+ ,ABYSS9IANS1 OR ?R[+ ,>ABS \T ( AIRPLANES1 ! ,BRITI% GOV]NM5T & ITS (FICIAL SPOKESM5 SUPPORT$ HIS REGIME ?R\< ?ICK & ?9 7IBID41 PP4 #c#b-#c#b#a74 

,9 ,F4 ,D4 ,R43 ,A ,BIOGRAPHY1 7,SIMON & ,S*U/]1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#h#e71 ,T$ ,MORGAN NOTES ?AT EV5 AS LATE AS ! W9T] ( #aicc ?R\< #a#i#c#d1 N9E YE>S AFT] ! ,FASCI/ SEIZURE ( P[]1 ,PRESID5T ,FRANKL9 ,ROOSEVELT EXPRESS$ RESPECT = ,MUSSOL9I & ! ,FASCI/S 9 ,ITALY1 REF]R+ TO ,MUSSOL9I AS 0! ADMIRABLE ,ITALIAN G5TLEMAN40 ,ON ,JULY #a#f1 #a#i#c#d1 ,ROOSEVELT WROTE TO ,BRECK9RIDGE ,LONG1 ,U4,S4 ,AMBASSADOR 9 ,ROME1 0,I AM MU* 9T]E/$ & DEEPLY IMPRESS$ BY :AT HE HAS ACCOMPLI%$ & BY HIS EVID5C$ HONE/ PURPOSE ( RE/OR+ ,ITALY & SEEK+ TO PREV5T G5]AL ,EUROPEAN TR\BLE0 7P4 #b#i#f74 ,APP>5TLY1 :AT WAS MO/ IMPORTANT TO ,ROOSEVELT WAS ?AT ! ,FASCI/S DEMON/RAT$ A CLE> COMMITM5T TO PROTECT+ PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,HE SEEMS TO HAVE NOT BE5 DI/URB$ BY ! FACT ?AT ! ,FASCI/S DISREG>D$ ! RI<TS ( ORD9>Y PEOPLE TO A VOICE 9 H[ !Y W]E TREAT$1 EI!R BY EMPLOY]S OR GOV]NM5T4 

,:5 ! ,NAZIS TOOK P[] 9 ,G]MANY 9 #a#i#c#c1 IT WAS NO SECRET ?AT ! ,/ORMTROOP]S W]E IMM$IATELY S5T \T TO SEIZE ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS1 ,COMMUNI/S & AN>*I/S2 WOM5 & M5 W]E BRUTALIZ$ & TORTUR$1 SOMETIMES TO ! PO9T ( DEA?4 ,9 #a#i#c#c1 9 HIS ,BR[N ,BOOK ( ,HITL]'S ,T]ROR1 ,VICTOR ,GOLLANCZ HAD ALREADY BEGUN REPORT+ ! CRIMES ( ! ,NAZIS = ,5GLI% READ]S1 ) MASSIVE NUMB]S ( DOCUM5TS & PHOTOGRAPHS4 

,NEV]!LESS1 AS LATE AS #a#i#c#g1 ,WILLIAM ,LYON ,MACK5ZIE ,K+1 PRIME M9I/] ( ,CANADA1 VISIT$ ,HITL] & RECORD$ 9 HIS DI>Y ?AT HE F\ND ,HITL] TO BE 0ONE :O TRULY LOVES HIS FELL[ MAN0 & A P]SON :O REM9D$ HIM ( 0,JOAN ( ,>C40 7,SEE 0,W>TIME ,DI>IES BY ,ROB]T ,FISK3 ,! PREMI] :O ?\<T ,HITL] WAS A ',JOAN ( ,>C1'0 ,! ,9DEP5D5T @& ,! ,9DEP5D5T ON ,SUNDAY1 #ab ,JUNE #b#a2 WWW49DEP5D5T4CO4UK 47 

,&RE ,FRANCOIS-,PONCET WAS A WELL-RESPECT$ ,FR5* POLITICIAN & DIPLOMAT1 :O1 9 ,AUGU/ #aica WAS NAM$ UND]SECRET>Y ( /ATE & ,FR5* AMBASSADOR TO ,G]MANY4 ,HE CONT9U$ 9 ?AT PO/ UNTIL ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#h1 & WITNESS$ FIR/H& ! ,NAZI ,P>TY'S RISE & CONSOLIDATION ( P[]4 ,:ILE BE+ CRITICAL ( ! ,NAZIS' EXPANSIONISM1 ,FRANCOIS-,PONCET FELT ?AT SO LONG AS !RE REMA9$ A *ANCE = A WEAL?Y ,FR5*MAN TO HAVE A %>E 9 ! BUS9ESS OPPORTUNITIES BE+ OP5$ UP 9 ,EUROPE BY ! ,G]MAN /ATE1 HE C\LD ACCEPT ! ,NAZI REGIME4 7,SEE ,*RI/OPH] ,G4 ,?ORNE1 ,! ,APPROA* ( ,W> #a#i#c#h-#a#i#c#i2 ,/4 ,M>T9'S ,PRESS1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#f#g1 P4 #i4 ,NE>LY ALL ( ,?ORNE'S /ATEM5TS >E BAS$ ON (FICIAL S\RCES47 

,$W>D ,FR$]ICK ,L9DLEY ,WOOD1 ,LORD ,HALIFAX1 ,BRITI% ,VIC]OY ( ,9DIA FROM #aibf TO #a#i#c#a1 & ,=EIGN ,SECRET>Y FROM #ai* TO #a#i#d1 OP5LY EXPRESS$ ! OP9ION ?AT ,NAZI ,G]MAN EXPANSION TO ! ,EA/ WAS JU/IFIABLE1 AL?\< HE FELT ?AT IT %\LD BE DONE BY PEACEFUL MEANS4 ,HE ALSO EXPRESS$ SYMPA?Y = ! ,NAZIS1 ASS]T+ ?AT1 0,NATIONALISM & ,RACIALISM IS A P[]FUL =CE BUT ,I CAN'T FEEL ?AT IT'S EI!R UNNATURAL OR IMMORAL4 ,I CANNOT MYSELF D\BT ?AT !SE FELL[S >E G5U9E HAT]S ( ,COMMUNISM1 ETC46 ,& ,I D>ESAY IF WE W]E 9 !IR POSITION WE MI<T FEEL ! SAME60 7,SEE ,&REW ,ROB]TS1 ',HOLY ,FOX'3 ,! ,LIFE ( ,LORD ,HALIFAX1 ,ORION ,PUBLI%+ ,GR\P1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#i#g1 P4 #f#g47 ,HALIFAX PRAIS$ ,HITL] = :AT HE *>ACT]IZ$ AS HIS GREAT S]VICES TO ,EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION 9 RESI/+ ! =CES ( DIS9TEGRATION FROM ! ,EA/ 7SEE ,?ORNE1 P4 #a#e74 

,SOME PROM95T ,AM]ICAN PUBLIC FIGURES :O LOOK$ FAVORABLY ON ! ,ITALIAN ,FASCI/ & ,G]MAN ,NAZI REGIMES 9CLUD$ ,WILLIAM ,R&OLPH ,HE>/ ( NEWSPAP] FAME1 :O 9 ! #a#i#cS HELP$ ! ,NAZIS TO PROMOTE A POSITIVE IMPRESSION ( !IR REGIME 9 ,U4,S4 M$IA1 ,JOSEPH ,K5N$Y 7,PRESID5T ,JOHN ,K5N$Y'S FA!R & ,U4,S4 AMBASSADOR TO ,BRITA9 FROM #ai* ?R\< #a#i#d7 & ,&REW ,MELLON1 ,U4,S4 ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,TREASURY FROM #aiba ?R\< #a#i#c#b4 7,SEE ,AM]ICAN ,SUPPORT]S ( ! ,EUROPEAN ,FASCI/S1 ACCESS$ ,JANU>Y #f1 #bab AT RATIONALREVOLUTION4NET 47 

,EV5 AS LATE AS #a#i#c#h1 SOME ( ! TOP C>E] M5 9 ! ,U4,S4 ,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T1 9CLUD+ ,BRECK9RIDGE ,LONG 7:O WAS TO BECOME ,U4,S4 ,ASSI/ANT ,SECRET>Y ( ,/ATE 9 #a#i#c#i71 EXPRESS$ WILL+NESS TO COOP]ATE ) ! ,NAZIS TO COMBAT ! EXPANSION ( ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 7,SEE ,MORGAN1 P4 #d#i#h47 

,! ,NAZI & ,FASCI/ GOV]NM5TS WELCOM$ ! RI<T-W+ MILIT>Y C\P L$ BY ,FRANCO AGA9/ ! ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC1 & ASSI/$ !M ) MOD]N WEAPONS & TRA9$ SPECIALI/S FROM E>LY ON4 ,! ELITES ( ! WE/]N 0DEMOCRACIES0 DID NO?+ TO OPPOSE ?IS1 & :5 ASK$ BY ! ,REPUBLIC = HELP EV5 REFUS$ TO PROVIDE >MS1 ON ! GR\NDS ( SO-CALL$ 0NEUTRALITY40 ,!Y W]E G5]ALLY SUSPICI\S ( ! RADICAL SOCIAL 9SURG5CY GO+ ON 9 ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA94 

,= A WELL-DOCUM5T$ >TICLE C>EFULLY REFUT+ ! HI/ORICAL DI/ORTIONS ( LIB]ALS & ,COMMUNI/S ) RESPECT TO ! POSITIVE SOCIAL ACTIVITIES ( AN>*I/S DUR+ ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION & CIVIL W>1 SEE ,NOAM ,*OMSKY'S 0,OBJECTIVITY & ,LIB]AL ,S*OL>%IP01 9 ! COLLECTION ( HIS ESSAYS ,AM]ICAN ,P[] & ! ,NEW ,M&>9S1 ,NEW ,YORK #a#i#f#i1 PP #gb -- #a#b#f4 ,IT IS ALSO ONL9E AT QUE/ION-EV]Y?+4MAHO/4ORG 4 

,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & ! ,SOVIET ,/ATE 

,9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#a#d1 ! ,CZ>I/ GOV]NM5T ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE JO9$ ,WORLD ,W> ,I AS AN ALLY ( ! ,FR5* & ,BRITI% GOV]NM5TS4 ,!Y W]E LAT] JO9$ BY O!RS1 9CLUD+ ! ,ITALIAN GOV]NM5T 9 #aiae & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES GOV]NM5T 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,HI/ORIANS G5]ALLY REF] TO ?IS W> ALLIANCE AS 0! ,5T5TE40 ,! ,5T5TE S5T !IR MILIT>IES AGA9/ ! ,G]MAN /ATE & ! ,AU/RO-,HUNG>IAN & ,OTTOMAN ,EMPIRES1 :I* JO9$ TOGE!R 9 AN ALLIANCE KN[N AS ! C5TRAL P[]S4 ,! TROOPS ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE S5T 9TO ,WORLD ,W> ,I W]E G5]ALLY V]Y POORLY EQUIPP$1 POORLY CLO!D1 POORLY F$1 (T5 TREAT$ BRUTALLY BY !IR (FIC]S1 &1 NOT SURPRIS+LY1 !Y W]E (T5 UNABLE TO DEF5D !MSELVES AGA9/ ! ASSAULTS ( ! ,G]MAN MILIT>Y4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! VA/ MAJORITY ( PEOPLE 9SIDE ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE W]E EXP]I5C+ EV] GREAT] AU/]ITY & SUFF]+4 ,EV]Y?+1 & ESPECIALLY FOOD1 GREW 9CREAS+LY EXP5SIVE & SC>CE4 ,OV] TIME1 /REET DEMON/RATIONS & RIOTS BECAME MORE & MORE FREQU5T4 ,BY ,FEBRU>Y ( #a#i#a#g1 MANY ORD9>Y ,RUSSIANS HAD REA*$ ! LIMITS ( !IR PATI5CE4 ,A POPUL> 9SURG5CY OV]?REW ! TYRANNICAL ,RUSSIAN ,CZ>I/ REGIME2 A PROVISIONAL 0DEMOCRATIC0 GOV]NM5T WAS E/ABLI%$ & A ,REPUBLIC WAS TO BE CREAT$4 ,AT ! SAME TIME LOCAL NON-HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATIONS SU* AS WORKPLACE & NEI<BORHOOD C\NCILS 7ALSO KN[N AS SOVIETS1 ! ,RUSSIAN WORD = C\NCILS7 W]E E/ABLI%$4 ,! PEOPLE BEGAN ! PROCESS ( LE>N+ H[ TO TAKE CONTROL ( !IR [N LIVES1 & A SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION COMM5C$4 

,AS ! W> DRAGG$ ON1 MORE & MORE PEOPLE BEGAN TO DEM& ?AT ! ,PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T 5D ,RUSSIAN P>TICIPATION & BR+ ! TROOPS HOME4 ,BUT1 ! ,PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T WAS UND] PRESSURE FROM ! RE/ ( ! ,5T5TE TO /AY 9 ! W>4 ,G5]AL DISILLUSIONM5T ) ! NEW GOV]NM5T'S 9ABILITY TO )DRAW FROM ! W> & TO ADEQUATELY DEAL ) DOME/IC PROBLEMS L$ TO MORE UNRE/4 ,9 ,OCTOB] ! ,BOL%EVIK FACTION ( ! ,RUSSIAN SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC P>TY 7L$ BY ,V4,I4 ,L597 TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ! SITUATION TO SEIZE P[] 9 ! NAME ( ! WORK+-CLASS & PUT AN 5D TO ! PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T'S T5URE4 ,! ,RUSSIAN /ATE WAS DECL>$ TO BE A ,RUSSIAN ,SOVIET ,F$]ATIVE ,SOCIALI/ ,REPUBLIC1 BAS$ ON ! F$]ATION ( LOCAL POPUL> C\NCILS 7OR SOVIETS74 7,9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#b#b1 ! ,UNION ( ,SOVIET ,SOCIALI/ ,REPUBLICS -- ,U4,S4,S4,R41 ALSO KN[N AS ! ,SOVIET ,UNION -- WAS =M$ FROM ! M]G] ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOVIET ,F$]ATIVE ,SOCIALI/ ,REPUBLIC1 ! ,TRANSCAUCASIAN ,SOCIALI/ ,F$]ATIVE ,SOVIET ,REPUBLIC1 ! ,UKRA9IAN ,SOVIET ,SOCIALI/ ,REPUBLIC & ! ,BYELORUSSIAN ,SOVIET ,SOCIALI/ ,REPUBLIC47 

,ONCE ! ,BOL%EVIKS SEIZ$ ! /ATE APP>ATUS1 !Y SLIPP$ 9TO ! ROLE ( /ATE RUL]S4 ,! NEW GOV]NM5T QUICKLY EVOLV$ 9TO A HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ AU?ORIT>IAN /ATE UND] ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY4 ,!N ! ,BOL%EVIKS BEGAN TO USE !IR POSITION AS RESPECT$ 0SUCCESSFUL REVOLUTION>IES0 TO SPREAD !IR 9T]PRETATIONS ( ! WORLD SITUATION TO ASPIR+ REVOLUTION>IES 9 O!R C\NTRIES :O WANT$ TO FOLL[ !IR LEAD4 7,= MORE ON ! AU?ORIT>IAN IDEOLOGY & POLICIES ( ! ,M>XI/-,L59I/ RUL]S ( ! ,SOVIET /ATE1 SEE ,IA9 ,MC,KAY1 0,SYNDICALISM1 ,M>XI/ ,MY? & ,AN>*I/ ,REALITY10 ,AN>*I/ ,WRIT]S BLOG1 ,NOVEMB] #b#e1 #b#a#a2 AN>*ISM4PAGEABODE4COM 47 

,! ELITES ( ! O!R /ATES 9 ! ,WORLD ,W> ,I ,5T5TE P]CEIV$ ! ,BOL%EVIK /ATE AS A DIRECT ?REAT TO !IR 9T]NAL SECURITY BECAUSE ! OV]?R[ ( ! OLD REGIME & ! BEG9N+S ( SELF-RULE 9 ,RUSSIA W]E PROVID+ 9SPIRATION = PEOPLE 9 O!R P>TS ( ! WORLD :O DESIR$ ! OV]?R[ ( ! ELITES :O RUL$ OV] !M4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! ,5T5TE P[]S (F]$ ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T MILIT>Y & ECONOMIC ASSI/ANCE IF ! ,RUSSIAN MILIT>Y W]E KEPT 9 ! W>4 ,BUT ! ,BOL%EVIKS REALIZ$ ?AT !Y C\LD NOT KEEP ! ,RUSSIAN MILIT>Y FROM DIS9TEGRAT+ IF IT /AY$ 94 ,TO AVOID ! BREAKD[N ( AU?ORITY & TO =MALIZE !IR /ATUS AS ! RUL]S ( ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE1 !Y DECID$ TO CONCLUDE A SEP>ATE =MAL PEACE TREATY ) ! ,G]MAN /ATE4 ,! O!R ,5T5TE /ATE ELITES CONSID]$ ?IS TO BE PRO( ( ! UNTRU/WOR?9ESS ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ELITE4 ,SO1 AFT] ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOVIET & ,G]MAN GOV]NM5TS CONCLUD$ !IR SEP>ATE PEACE TREATY1 ! ,U4,S41 ,JAPANESE &1 MO/ SIGNIFICANTLY1 ! ,BRITI% GOV]NM5T /AG$ 9VASIONS ( ,RUSSIA 9 SUPPORT ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y TROOPS FI<T+ = ! RETURN ( ! OLD ORD]4 ,AL?\< ! =EIGN TROOPS W]E RELATIVELY SMALL 9 NUMB]S1 DID NOT /AY LONG & FAIL$ TO UNSEAT ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 !SE /ATES HELP$ TO FUEL A BRUTAL CIVIL W>4 7,= MORE 9=MATION1 SEE ,JOE ,LIC5TIA1 ,RUSSIA3 ,REVOLUTION1 ,C\NT]-,REVOLUTION3 ,AN ,AN>*O-,COMMUNI/ ,ANALYSIS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 ,ZABALAZA ,BOOKS1 PR9TABLE ,P,D,F IS AT WWW4ZABALAZA4NET 47 

,UND] ! CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]S ( ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE CAME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT !IR MA9 5EMIES W]E ! GOV]NM5TS ( ,BRITA91 ! ,U4,S4 & ,FRANCE1 & ?OSE SMALL] /ATES SUPPORT$ BY !M4 ,?IS P]SPECTIVE P]SI/$ ?R\<\T ! #a#i#bS & 9TO ! E>LY #a#i#cS1 UNTIL #a#i#c#d4 ,BECAUSE SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 NONCOMMUNI/ SOCIALI/S & AN>*I/S ALL BECAME CRITICS ( ,BOL%EVIK RULE1 ! ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T ALSO JUDG$ !M TO BE C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y 5EMIES4 

,V]Y MANY AN>*I/S & O!R ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANS ALL OV] ! WORLD BEGAN BY GREET+ ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION ) GREAT JOY & HOPE4 ,BUT1 ALL TOO SOON MANY BEGAN TO FEEL UNEASE & DEEP CONC]N AB\T ! AU?ORIT>IAN TAKEOV] ( ! /ATE & SOCIETY BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,BOL%EVIK CLIQUE4 ,BY ! E>LY #a#i#bS1 MANY 9SIDE & \TSIDE ,RUSSIA BEGAN SPEAK+ \T AGA9/ ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T'S REPRESSION ( URBAN & RURAL WORK]S1 PEASANTS1 & ?OSE 9 ! MILIT>Y4 7,= ONE ( MANY EXAMPLES1 SEE ,MY ,DISILLUSIONM5T 9 ,RUSSIA BY ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN2 ACCESSIBLE AT LIBCOM4ORG 47 

,SYLVIA ,PANKHUR/1 A ,BRITI% ADVOCATE ( WOM5'S EQUALITY & A SOCIALI/1 ALSO BEGAN BY 5?USIA/ICALLY GREET+ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 & P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! NEWLY =M$ ,BRITI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,BUT AS %E LE>N$ MORE AB\T ! EXP]I5CES & TREATM5T ( LEFT DISS5T]S1 9CLUD+ AN>*I/S & SOCIALI/S1 %E BECAME DISILLUSION$ ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS' RULE4 ,9 ,JULY1 #aibc %E WROTE ?AT 9 ,RUSSIA1 0! T]M 'DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT' HAS BE5 US$ TO JU/IFY ! DICTATOR%IP ( A P>TY CLIQUE ( (FICIALS OV] !IR [N P>TY MEMB]S & OV] ! PEOPLE AT L>GE40 ,9 ,MAY ( #aibd %E WROTE ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS 0POSE N[ AS ! PROPHETS ( C5TRALIZ$ EFFICI5CY1 TRU/IFICATION1 ,/ATE CONTROL1 & ! DISCIPL9E ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ! 9T]E/S ( 9CREAS$ PRODUCTION444 ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S REMA9 WAGE SLAVES1 & V]Y POOR ONES1 WORK+1 NOT FROM FREE WILL1 BUT UND] COMPULSION ( ECONOMIC NE$1 & KEPT 9 !IR SUBORD9ATE POSITION BY444 ,/ATE CO]CION40 7,SEE ,M>K ,%IPWAY1 ,ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>Y ,COMMUNISM3 ! MOVEM5T = WORK]S' C\NCILS 9 ,BRITA91 #a#i#a#g-#a#i#d#e1 ,/4 ,M>T9'S ,PRESS3 ,NEW ,YORK1 #aihh & ONL9E AT WWW4AF-NOR?4ORG_? 4 ,ALSO SEE ,COMMUNISM ,& ,ITS ,TACTICS BY ,SYLVIA ,PANKHUR/1 WWW4GEOCITIES4COM 747 

,DUR+ ! FIR/ DECADE & A HALF FOLL[+ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & ! ,BOL%EVIK SEIZURE ( P[]1 ! ,SOVIET ELITES G5]ALLY HOP$ ?AT SIMIL> 0COMMUNI/0 TAKEOV]S C\LD BE ACCOMPLI%$ 9 ! RI*] & MORE 9DU/RIALIZ$ WE/]N C\NTRIES4 ,TO HELP !M ALONG1 !Y CREAT$ AN 9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZATION KN[N AS ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL 7ALSO KN[N AS ! ,COM9T]N OR ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL74 ,! ,COM9T]N WAS F\ND$ 9 ,MOSC[ 9 ,M>* #a#i#a#i4 ,AT ITS ,SECOND ,CONGRESS1 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#b1 TW5TY-ONE CONDITIONS = ADMISSION W]E LAID D[N AS OBLIGATORY = ALL SOCIALI/_/COMMUNI/ GR\PS ?AT WANT$ TO BE P>T ( ! ORGANIZATION4 ,! ,COM9T]N WAS HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ & TOTALLY CONTROLL$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY1 :I* 9 RETURN PROVID$ MEMB] ORGANIZATIONS ) PRE/IGE1 & SOMETIMES F9ANCIAL & EV5 MILIT>Y ASSI/ANCE4 ,) ! HELP ( ?IS ORGANIZATION1 ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES W]E =M$ ?R\<\T ! WORLD & W]E PROVID$ ) /RONG ASSI/ANCE 9 DEVELOP+ IDEOLOGICAL P]SPECTIVES ?AT C5T]$ ON & PRIORITIZ$ PROTECT+ ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 SOMETIMES EV5 AT ! CO/ ( !IR [N REPRESSION4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! LEAD]S ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOVIET /ATE BEGAN CREAT+ RELATION%IPS ) O!R NATION-/ATES DESIGN$ TO HELP !M DEVELOP ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RIES :ILE PROVID+ ! MAXIMUM AM\NT ( PROTECTION FROM ITS 5EMIES4 ,/>T+ 9 #a#i#b#f1 ! ,SOVIET MILIT>Y SECRETLY HELP$ TO BUILD UP ! ,G]MAN MILIT>Y AS A C\NT]-=CE TO ! WE/]N 0DEMOCRATIC0 /ATES1 EV5 AS ! ,NAZIS W]E GA9+ 9FLU5CE & /R5G?4 ,9 ,! ,DEADLY ,EMBRACE3 ,HITL]1 ,/AL9 & ! ,NAZI-,SOVIET ,PACT #a#i#c#i-#a#i#d#a 7,W4,W4 ,NORTON @& ,CO42 ,NEW ,YORK & ,LONDON1 #a#i#h#h1 P4 #a#e7 ,AN?ONY ,READ & ,DAVID ,FI%] NOTE ?AT ! #aibf ,FRI5D%IP ,TREATY BETWE5 ,G]MANY & ! ,U,S,S,R WAS R5EW$ 9 ,MAY1 #a#i#c#c1 DESPITE ! ACCESSION TO P[] ( ! ,NAZIS1 A POLITICAL P>TY ) A WELL-E/ABLI%$ HI/ORY ( RI<T-W+ NATIONALISM1 BIGOTRY & BRUTALITY4 

,AS ! ,NAZIS PROCE$$ TO IMPRISON & MURD] ?\S&S ( OPPON5TS1 9CLUD+ ,COMMUNI/S1 ALONG ) SOCIAL-DEMOCRATS & AN>*I/S1 ! ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T LEAD]S P]SI/$ 9 !IR ATTEMPTS TO MA9TA9 ! ALLIANCE4 ,EV5 AFT] ! ,G]MAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY WAS BRUTALLY REPRESS$ 9 ,M>* ( #a#i#c#c1 ITS ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE1 9 CON=MITY ) ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 PASS$ A RESOLUTION 9 ,MAY1 ASS]T+ ?AT ! ,NAZIS' BRUTAL REPRESSION ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS WAS UNIMPORTANT4 ,AS LATE AS ! FALL & W9T] ( #a#i#c#c1 AN >TICLE APPE>$ 9 ,RUNDS*AU1 ! ,G]MAN-LANGUAGE ORGAN ( ! ,COM9T]N1 ASS]T+ ?AT1 0! RU?LESS SUPPRESSION ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATIONS & PRESS DOES NOT *ANGE ANY?+ 9 ! FACT ?AT N[ AS EV] !Y >E ! *IEF SOCIAL SUPPORT ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( CAPITAL40 7,SEE ,IRV+ ,H[E & ,LEWIS ,COS]1 ,! ,AM]ICAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 ,A CRITICAL HI/ORY1 ,FR$]ICK ,A4 ,PRAEG]1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#f#b1 P4 #a#h#f47 

,OV] ! NEXT YE>1 AS ! ,NAZIS BEGAN PREP>+ TO EXP& ! DOM9ATION ( ! ,G]MAN /ATE TO ! EA/1 TRADE BETWE5 ! TWO NATIONS BEGAN RAPIDLY %R9K+1 & ! ,G]MAN MILIT>Y /OPP$ UTILIZ+ ! BASES IT HAD BE5 P]MITT$ TO MA9TA9 9 ! ,U,S,S,R4 7,SEE ,READ & ,FI%]1 P4 #a#e47 

,NEV]!LESS1 9SIDE ,G]MANY1 ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY LEAD]S & ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,COM9T]N W>N$ MEMB]S TO REFRA9 FROM ACT+ TOO MILITANTLY1 BECAUSE ?AT MI<T DI/URB RELATIONS BETWE5 ! ,NAZI & ,SOVIET /ATES1 & BR+ AB\T CONFLICTS :I* W\LD 9T]F]E ) ! ,SOVIET /ATE'S 9DU/RIALIZATION PROGRAM4 ,!Y W]E WILL+ TO TRY TO MA9TA9 FRI5DLY ECONOMIC RELATIONS ) ! ,NAZI GOV]NM5T1 & TO CONT9UE SOME ( ! SECRET MILIT>Y COOP]ATION BETWE5 ! TWO /ATES = TWO YE>S1 ?R\<\T #aicc & #a#i#c#d4 ,D$ICAT$ ,G]MAN RANK-&-FILE ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY MEMB]S W]E SACRIFIC$ TO ! AU?ORIT>IAN C5TRAL FOCUS ON S]V+ ! NE$S ( ! ,SOVIET /ATE4 ,ALL ?IS WAS PUBLICIZ$ BY ,G]MAN REFUGEES 9 ,BRITA9 & ! ,U4,S4 AT ! TIME1 & HAS BE5 WELL-DOCUM5T$ S9CE4 

,EV5 SOME HI/ORIANS SYMPA!TIC TO ! ,SOVIET CAUSE NOT$ ?AT DUR+ ?IS P]IOD1 BO? 9SIDE ,G]MANY & ?R\<\T ! WORLD1 ,COMMUNI/ LEAD]S CONT9U$ TO CONC5TRATE ON ELIM9AT+ !IR ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC & O!R 9DEP5D5T LEFT RIVALS1 RA!R ?AN CONC5TRAT+ ON ! ,NAZI M5ACE4 7,= TWO PROM95T EXAMPLES1 SEE ,E4 ,H4 ,C>R1 ,TWILI<T ( ! ,COM9T]N1 #a#i#c-#a#i#c#e1 ,PAN!ON ,BOOKS1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#h#b1 & ,ALLAN ,M]SON1 ,COMMUNI/ ,RESI/ANCE 9 ,NAZI ,G]MANY1 ,HUMANITIES ,PRESS ,9T]NATIONAL1 ,ATLANTIC ,HI<L&S1 ,N,J1 #a#i#h#f47 

,ONLY 9 #aicd DID ! ,SOVIET ,UNION'S ELITE *ANGE !IR POLICIES ) RESPECT TO ,FASCI/S & ,NAZIS & BEG9 FOCUS+ ON !M AS ! PRIME 5EMY4 ,AT ! SEV5? CONGRESS ( ! ,COM9T]N 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#c#e1 ! ORGANIZATION (FICIALLY DIRECT$ ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES ?R\<\T ! WORLD TO /OP ATTACK+ SOCIALI/S1 SOCIAL-DEMOCRATS & LEFT LIB]ALS1 & JO9 9 BROAD1 POPUL> ANTI-FASCI/ ALLIANCES & ,UNIT$ ,FRONT COALITIONS ) !M TO RESI/ FASCISM & ,NAZISM4 7,SEE ,E4 ,H4 ,C>R1 ,! ,COM9T]N & ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 ,PAN!ON ,BOOKS2 ,N,Y1 #a#i#h#d1 P4 #a47 

,BETWE5 #aicd & #ai* ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION MADE EF=TS TO GA9 ! SUPPORT ( ! ,WE/]N /ATES AGA9/ ! ,G]MAN ,NAZI /ATE4 ,AS P>T ( ?IS EF=T1 ! ,SOVIET ELITE TRI$ TO CONV9CE ! ,WE/]N 0DEMOCRACIES0 ?AT !Y W]E NO LONG] WORK+ TO DE/ABILIZE ! 9T]NAL ORD] ( O!R /ATES OR COLONIES ( /ATES BY SUPPORT+ REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS4 ,9/EAD1 DIRECTLY ?R\< !IR DEAL+S ) O!R NATIONAL GOV]NM5TS1 & 9DIRECTLY ?R\< ! ,COM9T]N1 ! ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T PROCLAIM$ ! VALUE ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACIES AS ALLIES AGA9/ ,FASCISM & ,NAZISM4 

,SO1 IT %\LD COME AS NO SURPRISE ?AT 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#c#f1 ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 FOLL[+ ! LEAD ( ! ,COM9T]N & ! ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T1 PROCLAIM$ SUPPORT = ! ,SPANI% ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T 7A B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5T>Y DEMOCRACY7 AS AGA9/ ! UNFOLD+ SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,!Y TOOK ! POSITION ?AT ! TIME WAS NOT YET RIPE = A SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA9 BECAUSE ! C\NTRY NE$$ TO MORE FULLY EXP]I5CE ! DEVELOPM5T ( B\RGEOIS 0DEMOCRACY40 ,!Y W]E ALSO HOP+ ?AT ?IS POSITION W\LD 5C\RAGE ! SUPPORT ( ! ,WE/]N /ATES4 ,! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY !RE=E OP5LY OPPOS$ ! REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITIES ( ! AN>*I/S & O!RS AS 0PREMATURE01 & 9/EAD SUPPORT$ /R5G!N+ ! P[]S ( ! ,SPANI% ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT IT WAS ?AT V]Y GOV]NM5T :I* HAD TRI$ NEGOTIAT+ A COMPROMISE ) ! RI<T-W+ MILIT>Y REBELS L$ BY ,FRANCO4 7,SEE ,MURRAY ,BOOK*91 ,AFT] ,FIFTY ,YE>S3 ,! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,NEW ,POLITICS1 VOL4 #a NO4 #a1 ,SUMM] #a#i#h#f1 PP #a#g#b-#a#i#b1 N[ PUBLI%$ & ONL9E 93 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*91 ,TO ,REMEMB] ,SPA93 ,! ,AN>*I/ & ,SYNDICALI/ ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f1 ,*APT] #b3 ,AFT] ,FIFTY ,YE>S3 ,! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> !AN>*I/LIBR>Y4ORG 7 

,! ,SOVIET ELITE W]E ALSO UNWILL+ TO SUPPORT ! REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA9 BECAUSE ( !IR CONC]NS AB\T ! AUTONOM\S *>ACT] ( ! POPUL> 9SURG5CY4 ,9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#c#f1 ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY WAS A SMALL GR\P ) LITTLE 9FLU5CE1 :ILE ! AN>*I/S & SOCIALI/S HAD LONG HI/ORIES & L>GE ORGANIZATIONS4 ,BUT1 ,:5 ! ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T BEGAN PROVID+ ! ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T ) WEAPONS1 MILIT>Y (FIC]S & POLITICAL ADVIS]S1 9 EX*ANGE = ! ,SPANI% GOV]NM5T GOLD RES]VES BE+ S5T TO ,MOSC[1 ,SOVIET 9FLU5CE 9CREAS$ 9 ,SPANI% GOV]NM5T CIRCLES4 7,SEE ,BOOK*91 ,AFT] ,FIFTY ,YE>S4447 

,SADLY1 ?IS 9CREAS$ 9FLU5CE 5ABL$ ! ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T1 ?R\< BO? ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & ! ,COM9T]N REPRES5TATIVES 9 ,SPA91 TO UND]TAKE DIRECT ATTACKS ON ! AN>*I/1 SOCIALI/ & O!R AUTONOM\S 9SURG5TS4 ,! ,COM9T]N'S SECRET POLICE >RE/$ & ASSASS9AT$ KN[N AN>*I/S1 9DEP5D5T-M9D$ SOCIALI/S & O!RS :O OPPOS$ !IR GR[+ 9FLU5CE4 7,SEE ,C>R1 ,! ,COM9T]N & ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 P #c#f2 ,C>R RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/ ACTIVITIES 9 ,SPA9 ACTUALLY WEAK5$ ! REPUBLIC'S ABILITY TO FI<T ! MILIT>Y REBELS47 ,A NUMB] ( O!R BOOKS & >TICLES ALSO RECORD ?AT ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 9 CONJUNCTION ) ! ,COM9T]N1 HAD ITS [N PRIVATE PRISONS1 & 5GAG$ 9 POLITICAL REPRESSION FROM #aicf ?R\< #aici AGA9/ BO? ! O!R LEFT ORGANIZATIONS & 9SURG5T WORK]S4 7,SEE ,ORWELL'S ,HOMAGE TO ,CATALONIA2 ,V]NON ,RI*>DS' ,LESSONS ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION2 & ,H>VEY ,KLEHR ET AL1 ,! ,SECRET ,WORLD ( ,AM]ICAN ,COMMUNISM1 ,NEW ,HAV53 ,YALE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#e1 AMONG O!RS47 

,RUSSELL ,BLACKWELL1 ! AU?OR ( ! EI<? >TICLE 9 ?IS PAMPHLET 7,! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ,REVISIT$71 ALSO WROTE ON ?IS TOPIC4 ,BLACKWELL >RIV$ 9 ,SPA9 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#f1 & WAS IMPRISON$ BY ! ,SOVIET SECRET POLICE 7,O,G,P,U7 9 #ai* = N9E & A HALF MON?S BECAUSE ( HIS ASSOCIATION ) ! DISSID5T COMMUNI/ GR\P1 ! ,WORK]S' ,P>TY ( ,M>XI/ ,UNIFICATION 7,P>TIDO ,OBR]O DE ,UNIFICACION ,M>XI/A1 ,P4,O4,U4,M47 & ) ! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 

,9 #a#i#c#i1 AFT] ! ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC WAS CRU%$ BY ! RI<T-W+ MILIT>Y REBELS1 ! OPPORTUNI/IC ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T & ,COM9T]N LEAD]S AGA9 *ANG$ !IR /RATEGY4 ,AS E>LI]1 !IR 9T]E/ WAS 9 GA9+ ! GREATE/ B5EFIT = ! ,SOVIET /ATE1 EV5 IF IT WAS AT ! EXP5SE ( ALL ( ! OPPRESS$ PEOPLES !Y CLAIM$ TO BE D$ICAT$ TO DEF5D+4 ,?IS TIME1 !Y DECID$ ?AT IT W\LD BE TEMPOR>ILY ADVANTAGE\S = ! ,SOVIET ,UNION TO COOP]ATE ) ! ,NAZI /ATE1 9 :AT WAS POPUL>LY KN[N AS ! ,/AL9-,HITL] ,PACT4 ,FROM ,AUGU/ #aici TO ,JUNE #aida ! TWO GOV]NM5TS DIVID$ ,EA/]N ,EUROPE 9TO SPH]ES ( DOM9ATION4 ,9 ,BLOODL&S3 ,EUROPE ,BETWE5 ,HITL] & ,/AL9 7,BASIC ,BOOKS1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #b#a71 ,TIMO?Y ,SNYD] DESCRIBES ! >EA ! TWO /ATES DIVID$1 9CLUD+ :AT IS N[ ,POL&1 ! ,BALTIC /ATES1 ,UKRA9E1 ,BEL>US1 & ! $GE ( WE/]N ,RUSSIA4 ,MANY T[NS & VILLAGES W]E OCCUPI$ BY BO? ,G]MAN & ,SOVIET TROOPS1 ONE AFT] ! O!R4 ,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 ! 9HABITANTS ( ?IS REGION EXP]I5C$ HORR5D\S NUMB]S ( DEA?S & 9JURIES1 & IMM5SE PHYSICAL DE/RUCTION4 

,DESPITE ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T LEAD]S' PREVI\S CRITICISMS ( ,FASCI/S & ,NAZIS1 = ! TW5TY-ONE MON?S !IR NON-AGGRESSION PACT LA/$1 ?OSE :O SPOKE = ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES ?R\<\T ! WORLD TOOK POSITIONS BASICALLY IGNOR+ OR D[NPLAY+ REPRESSION ( WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5TS1 & ONGO+ BRUTALITY PRACTIC$ BY ! ,NAZI & ,FASCI/ /ATES AGA9/ ! PEOPLE UND] !IR CONTROL4 ,9 0,:O ,>E ! ,W> ,CRIM9ALS80 7#a#i#d#c1 CIT$ ABOVE71 ,GEORGE ,ORWELL NOT$ ?AT1 ON ! :OLE1 ! 9TELLECTUALS ( ! LEFT DEF5D$ ! ,RUSSO-,G]MAN ,PACT AS REALI/IC1 LIKE ,*AMB]LA9'S APPEASEM5T POLICY4 7,= MORE ON ?IS SUBJECT SEE ,JULIUS ,G\LD1 ,COMRADE ,SPEAKS TO ,COMRADE 9 ,TIMES ,LIT]>Y ,SUPPLEM5T3 ,LONDON1 ,M>* #h1 #a#i#i#a1 PAGE #b#a47 

,9 ! ,U,S1 ! LEAD] ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 ,E>L ,BR[D] ASS]T$ ?AT EV]Y NATION %\LD SIGN A NON-AGGRESSION PACT ) ! ,U,S,S,R & ?AT ! ,RUSSO-,G]MAN PACT WAS ,/AL9'S 0MA/] /ROKE0 = PEACE40 ,! P>TY'S (FICIAL NEWSPAP]1 ,! ,DAILY ,WORK] ASS]T$ ?AT 0444 ,BY COMPELL+ ,G]MANY TO SIGN A NON-AGGRESSION PACT ! ,SOVIET ,UNION TREM5D\SLY LIMIT$ ! DIRECTION ( ,NAZI W> AIMS4440 7,SEE ,H[E & ,COS]1 P4 #c#h#g47 

,AS TIME W5T ON1 IT BECAME MORE & MORE EVID5T1 AT LEA/ TO ALL ?OSE :O WI%$ TO RECOGNIZE REALITY1 ?AT ! ,SOVIET /ATE RUL]S & ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES >\ND ! WORLD :I* FOLL[$ !IR LEAD1 DID NOT ACTUALLY ACT = OR ON BEHALF ( ! OPPRESS$ WORK+ CLASS ANY:]E4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 9 REALITY !Y SABOTAG$ WORK+ CLASS POSSIBILITIES4 

,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,FI<T]S :O ,W5T TO ,SPA9 

,AS SOON AS ! NEWS ( ! ,JULY #aicf RESI/ANCE TO ! MILIT>Y C\P REA*$ ! \TSIDE WORLD1 ?\S&S ( AN>*I/S1 SOCIALI/S & O!R FRE$OM-LOV+ PEOPLE FROM ALL OV] ! WORLD BEGAN >RIV+ 9 ,SPA9 TO HELP4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE TO READ AB\T !IR EXP]I5CES 9 BOOKS & >TICLES 9 A NUMB] ( LANGUAGES1 9CLUD+ AN 9CREAS+ NUMB] 9 ,5GLI%4 ,!SE 9CLUDE ,UMB]TO ,M>ZOC*I'S ,REMEMB]+ ,SPA93 ,ITALIAN ,AN>*I/ ,VOLUNTE]S 9 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 ,EXP&$ SECOND $ITION1 ,TRANSLAT$ BY ,PAUL ,%>KEY 7,KATE ,%>PLEY ,LIBR>Y71 & ,GEORGE ,ORWELL'S ,HOMAGE TO ,CATALONIA4 ,!SE D$ICAT$ PEOPLE WORK$ 9 ! V>I\S CIVILIAN COLLECTIVE 5DEAVORS & MANY DIRECTLY JO9$ ! POPUL> MILITIAS =M$ BY ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S & SOCIALI/S 9 RESPONSE TO ! ATTEMPT$ MILIT>Y C\P4 ,SOME :O W]E SYMPA!TIC TO ! AN>*I/ CAUSE F\<T ) ! POPUL> MILITIA UNITS ON ! ,>AGON FRONT1 9 ! ,SACCO & ,VANZETTI ,COLUMN4 ,O!RS SYMPA!TIC TO SOCIALI/S & AN>*I/S JO9$ ! ,EUG5E ,V4 ,DEBS ,UNIT4 ,O!RS SIMPLY JO9$ ! ,SPANI% COLUMNS :]EV] !Y C\LD4 

,BUT1 SADLY1 9 ,5GLI% SPEAK+ C\NTRIES1 ! HI/ORY ( ! AN>*I/S & O!R ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANS' ROLE 9 ! ,SPANI% EV5TS HAS BE5 GREATLY OV]%AD[$ OR L>GELY IGNOR$4 ,?IS IS DUE TO ! PR$OM9ANCE1 UNTIL V]Y REC5TLY1 ( HI/ORIANS & O!R N>RATORS :O HAVE TOO MU* SYMPA?Y ) ONE OR ANO!R ( ! /ATES 9VOLV$4 ,!Y HAVE G5]ALLY PRES5T$ !IR SIDE AS ! H]OES1 ! OPPOS+ SIDE AS ! VILLA9S1 ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S AS SIMPLY IRRELEVANT OR DANG]\S DISRUPT]S1 & ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION AS A MIRAGE4 

,?OSE ) RI<TI/ & C5TRI/ SYMPA?IES FOCUS ON ! P[] PLAYS ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION & ! ,COMMUNI/S 9 ,SPA91 :ILE PRES5T+ ! RI<T-W+ MILIT>Y L$ BY ,FRANCO SIMPLY AS B5IGN NATIONALI/S & ! WE/]N 0DEMOCRATIC0 /ATES AS PASSIVE BY/&]S4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 LEFT-LIB]ALS & ?OSE ) ,M>XI/-,L59I/ SYMPA?IES PRES5T ! ,SOVIET ,UNION & ! ,COM9T]N AS ! H]OIC SUPPORT]S ( ! ,SPANI% POPUL> /RUGGLE4 ,?IS HAS MEANT ?AT MU* ( ! IMPORTANT ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN EXP]I5CE HAS BE5 OV]LOOK$ OR PRES5T$ 9 HI<LY DI/ORT$ WAYS4 

,DUR+ ! #a#i#cS1 MANY ( ! MO/ 9DEP5D5T-M9D$ RADICALS 9 ! ,5GLI% SPEAK+ WORLD KEPT UP ) ! EV5TS 9 ,SPA9 BY READ+ ,I4,W4,W4 PUBLICATIONS SU* AS ! ,ONE ,BIG ,UNION ,MON?LY1 AS WELL AS ! V>I\S AN>*I/ PUBLICATIONS :I* W]E AVAILABLE4 ,! ,I4,W4,W4'S HI/ORY ( DEMOCRATIC RANK & FILE SELF-GOV]NANCE1 ALONG ) ITS E/ABLI%$ OPPOSITION TO EXPLOIT]S & BUREAUCRATS1 LAID ! GR\NDWORK = UND]/&+ ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL /RUGGLES BETWE5 ! AU?ORIT>IAN & ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN T5D5CIES ?AT W]E OCCURR+ 9 ,SPA94 

,TWO DECADES E>LI]1 MANY ,WOBBLIES HAD BE5 9ITIALLY 5?USIA/IC AB\T ! #aiag ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,!Y HAD GREAT HOPES = ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES ?AT W]E =M$ 9 ! ,U4,S4 & O!R P>TS ( ! WORLD4 ,BUT1 BECAUSE ( ! ,COMMUNI/S' DOM9AT+ & MANIPULATIVE BEHAVIORS1 MO/ ,WOBBLIES SOON CAME TO MI/RU/ & DI/ANCE !MSELVES FROM ! RUL]S 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION & ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES 9 O!R C\NTRIES1 9CLUD+ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 

,9 #a#i#b#a1 AFT] MU* DISCUSSION AMONG ! MEMB]%IP1 ! ,I4,W4,W4 REJECT$ AFFILIATION ) ! ,SOVIET ,UNION-CONTROLL$ ,R$ ,TRADE ,UNION ,9T]NATIONAL1 BECAUSE ?AT ORGANIZATION DEM&$ ! PR]OGATIVE ( DECID+ :AT POLICIES ! AFFILIAT$ ORGANIZATIONS C\LD ADOPT4 ,?IS WAS TOTALLY C\NT] TO ! ,I4,W4,W4'S PR9CIPLE ( RANK-&-FILE DEMOCRATIC DECISION-MAK+4 ,9 ! FOLL[+ YE>S1 EV5 AS SOME ,WOBBLIES ID5TIFI$ ) ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ! ,U4,S4,A41 ! ,I4,W4,W4 AS AN ORGANIZATION CONT9U$ TO MA9TA9 AN 9DEP5D5T CRITICAL /ANCE T[>D ! ,SOVIET ,UNION & ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES4 ,! ,ONE ,BIG ,UNION ,MON?LY >TICLES AB\T ! ,SPANI% SITUATION REPUBLI%$ H]E REFLECT ?IS CRITICAL UND]/&+ ( ! DANG] POS$ BY ! AU?ORIT>IAN LEFT1 9CLUD+ ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES ( ! WORLD & ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 

,MANY ,NOR? ,AM]ICANS >E FAMILI> ) ! /ORIES ( ! ,ABRAHAM ,L9COLN ,BRIGADE 7ACTUALLY A BATTALION71 P>T ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS G5]ALLY LESS WELL-KN[N ?AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES W]E ORGANIZ$ & SUPPORT$ BY ! ,SOVIET ,UNION & ! ,COM9T]N4 ,:ILE WE DO NOT WI% TO DISC\NT ! BRAV]Y OR S9C]ITY ( ! 9DIVIDUALS :O VOLUNTE]$ AS P>T ( ! ,L9COLN ,BRIGADE1 WE NE$ TO NOTE ?AT ?IS ORGANIZATION REPRES5TS ONLY A SMALL & HI<LY P>TISAN P>T ( ! /ORY4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES DID NOT BEG9 >RIV+ 9 ,SPA9 UNTIL ! W9T] ( #aicf ?R\< #a#i#c#g4 ,! ,L9COLN ,BRIGADE VOLUNTE]S >RIV$ 9 ,SPA9 SEV]AL MON?S AFT] ! ,SPANI% RESI/ANCE TO ! RI<T-W+ MILIT>Y TAKEOV] BEGAN1 & AFT] ! >RIVAL ( MANY O!R VOLUNTE]S FROM ABROAD4 

,9 ADDITION1 ! DAILY EXP]I5CES ( ! ,L9COLN BRIGADE P>TICIPANTS G5]ALLY DIFF]$ SIGNIFICANTLY FROM BO? ?OSE ( ,SPANI% & NON-,SPANI% FI<T]S 9 ! POPUL> MILITIAS4 ,JASON ,GURNEY1 9 ,CRUSADE 9 ,SPA9 7,FAB] @& ,FAB]1 ,LTD41 ,LONDON1 #a#i#g#d71 :O CRITICALLY DISCUSSES ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! ,BRITI% VOLUNTE]S1 NOTES ?AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES CLAIM$ TO BE A 0PEOPLE'S >MY40 ,NEV]!LESS1 IT MORE CLOSELY RESEMBL$ A PR(ESSIONAL MILIT>Y BECAUSE ( ITS OP5LY HI]>*ICAL1 AU?ORIT>IAN MILIT>Y (FIC] /RUCTURE4 ,GURNEY GIVES MANY EXAMPLES ( P>TICIPANTS' REPORTS ( (FIC]S DEM&+ ABSOLUTE OB$I5CE & OP5LY RES5T+ QUE/IONS FROM ! RANKS4 ,GURNEY ALSO NOTES ?AT ! (FIC]S AT COMPANY & PLATOON LEVEL W]E *OS5 = !IR POLITICAL VIEWS & CONNECTIONS4 ,ONLY ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY MEMB]S W]E TRU/$ TO HOLD S5IOR POSITIONS 7PP4 #f#d-#f#e1 #g#b74 

,CECIL ,EBY 9 ,BETWE5 ! ,BULLET & ! ,LIE3 ,AM]ICAN VOLUNTE]S 9 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> 7,HOLT1 ,R9EH>T & ,W9/ON1 ,NEW ,YORK1 ETC41 #a#i#f#i7 TELLS ( SIMIL> EXP]I5CES4 ,HE F\ND ?AT SOME VOLUNTE]S HAD BE5 AFFILIAT$ ) NON-,COMMUNI/ SOCIALI/ OR AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS1 SU* AS ! ,WOBBLIES1 & O!RS W]E NOT AFFILIAT$ ) ANY GR\P4 ,H[EV]1 !Y G5]ALLY REPORT$ ?AT ! ,L9COLN ,BRIGADE1 AS P>T ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES1 WAS ALWAYS UND] ! MANAGEM5T ( ! ,COMMUNI/S4 

,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES ALSO HAD POLITICAL COMMISS>S 9 EA* BATTALION1 TO MANAGE ! RANKS' POLITICAL $UCATION4 ,!SE POLITICAL COMMISS>S W]E P>TICUL>LY RES5T$ BY MANY VOLUNTE]S FROM ! ,WE/]N C\NTRIES1 SU* AS ?OSE FROM ! ,U4,S4 & ,BRITA91 :O FELT ?AT !Y S]V$ ONLY TO PUNI% DISS5T]S & PROVIDE 9DOCTR9ATION1 RA!R ?AN (F]+ ! TROOPS REAL 9=MATION & OPPORTUNITIES = DISCUSSION ( IMPORTANT ISSUES & PROBLEMS 7,EBY1 PP4 #e#g-#f#g & NOTE #a#c74 

,= ADDITIONAL DOCUM5TATION ( ! ,COM9T]N CONTROL ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES1 9CLUD+ ! ,L9COLN ,BRIGADE1 SEE ,KLEHR ET AL1 CIT$ ABOVE4 

,! ,L9COLNS' LIMIT$ P]SPECTIVE HAS L$ TO !IR CONSI/5T IGNOR+ OR D[NPLAY+ ( ! ROLES ( BO? ! AN>*I/S & NON-,COMMUNI/ SOCIALI/S :O W5T TO ,SPA9 TO FI<T4 ,!Y ALSO *OOSE TO ONLY MEMORIALIZE ! CIVIL W> :ILE DISC\NT+ ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE ?OSE :O CONT9UE TO ID5TIFY AS ,L9COLN ,BRIGADE MEMB]S & SPOKESPEOPLE1 EV5 AFT] ! DEMISE ( ! ,SOVIET /ATE1 APP>5TLY /ILL BELIEVE ?AT ONLY ?OSE :O AGRE$ ) ! ,COMMUNI/ POSITION W]E REALLY HELP+ ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE 9 !IR FI<T TO DEFEAT ! ,FASCI/S4 

,BUT1 TO PRES5T ! CONFLICT 9 ,SPA9 DUR+ ! LATE #a#i#cS SIMPLY AS A CONFRONTATION BETWE5 FASCISM & DEMOCRACY IS A MY/IFICATION :I* BO? OBSCURES ! CAPITALI/ BASIS ( ! 0DEMOCRACY0 BE+ DEF5D$ 7!N & N[7 & D5IES ! REALITY ( ! EXI/5CE ( A REAL SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA9 9 #aicf ?R\< #a#i#c#i4 

,H[EV]1 V]Y MANY OBS]V]S & P>TICIPANTS HAVE DIRECTLY *ALL5G$ ?IS P]SPECTIVE BAS$ ON !IR [N EXP]I5CES4 

,RUSSELL ,BLACKWELL1 AU?OR ( ,! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ,REVISIT$1 BEGAN HIS POLITICAL LIFE AS A MEMB] ( ! ,Y\NG ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE 9 #a#i#b#d4 ,HE LAT] BECAME DISILLUSION$ ) ! MA9/REAM ,COMMUNI/ POSITIONS & BECAME A ,TROTSKYI/4 ,AS HE EXPLA9S1 HIS EXP]I5CES 9 ,SPA9 L$ HIM TO BECOME DISILLUSION$ ) ALL AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNISMS & TO BECOME A P>TICIPANT 9 ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T4 

,! F9AL >TICLE REPR9T$ H]E 70,Y\ ,EXP]I5C$ ! ,W>1 ,I ,EXP]I5C$ ! ,REVOLUTION607 PRES5TS ! P]SPECTIVE ( ,F$]ICO ,>COS1 :O WAS BORN 9 ,SPA91 & WAS #af YE>S OLD ON ,JULY #a#h1 #a#i#c#f1 ! DAY BE=E ! REVOLUTION BEGAN4 ,HE GREW UP AS P>T ( ! COMMUNITY ( AN>*I/S 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,:5 ! REVOLUTION />T$1 ,>COS 5?USIA/ICALLY JO9$ 94 ,AS AN ACTIVE P>TICIPANT 9 ! ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN /RUGGLE1 HE DIRECTLY EXP]I5C$ ! REVOLUTION4 

,AFT] ! VICTORY ( ,FRANCO'S =CES1 ,>COS FL$ 9TO EXILE 9 ,FRANCE4 ,!N HE RETURN$ TO ,SPA9 TO JO9 ! UND]GR\ND /RUGGLE1 WAS CAPTUR$ & IMPRISON$1 !N CONSCRIPT$ 9TO MILIT>Y S]VICE 9 ,MOROCCO4 ,AFT]W>DS1 HE JO9$ ! UND]GR\ND RESI/ANCE AGA9/ ! ,FASCI/S 9 ! ,PYR5EES4 ,EV5TUALLY ,>COS CAME TO ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 :]E HE REMA9S 9VOLV$ 9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T TO ?IS DAY1 HELP+ US TO CRITICALLY EVALUATE \R HI/ORY & KEEP ! CONNECTION BETWE5 ! 9SURG5CIES ( ! PA/ & \R PRES5T /RUGGLES4 

,WORK]S ,W> ,TO ,/OP ,FASCISM 

,REPORTS ON ! ,EV5TS 9 ,SPA9 

BY ! ,SECRET>IAT ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION 

,TRANSLAT$ BY ,JOSEPH ,WAGN] 
,ONE ,BIG ,UNION ,MON?LY1 ,JULY1 #aicg 

,! ,DEVELOPM5T ( ,ANTI-,FASCI/ ,SPA9 AFT] ,JULY #a#i1 #aicf 

,9 ,SPA91 AS ELSE:]E1 ! DEMOCRATIC B\RGEOISIE PROV$ ITSELF 9CAPABLE ( OV]COM+ FASCISM4 ,! ,AZANA REGIME PREP>$ ! WAY = ! CL]ICAL & MILIT>Y REBELLION 9 ! SAME WAY AS ! ,WEIM> ,REPUBLIC HAD PREP>$ ! WAY = NAZISM4 ,9 ! MEAN:ILE1 ON ,JULY #a#i1 #aicf A /RONG POPUL> MOVEM5T PREV5T$ ! SUCCESS ( ! MILIT>Y PUTS* 9 ,SPA91 & IF ! TRAITOR G5]ALS GA9$ ! UPP] H& 9 ,S>AGOSSA1 ,PALMA1 ,SEVILLE1 IT WAS BUT DUE TO ! FAILURE ( ! REPUBLICAN AU?ORITIES4 ,9 A L>GE P>T ( ! C\NTRY ! REBELS W]E DEFEAT$ ONLY ?ANKS TO ! H]OIC ACTION ( PRECISELY ?AT P>T ( ! POPULATION ?AT WAS MO/ REL5TLESSLY P]SECUT$ BY ! ,AZANA REGIME3 ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S4 ,! LABOR UNION ORGANIZATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S ( ,SPA9 IS ! ,C4,N4,T4 ,ITS TACTICS RESULT$ 9 ! ,JULY #ai VICTORY 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,! TRIUMPHS ( ! WORK]S 9 ?IS ECONOMICALLY V]Y IMPORTANT REGION ( ,SPA9 CREAT$ ! POSSIBILITY ( S]I\SLY UND]TAK+ ! W> AGA9/ FASCISM4 

,AFT] ! VICTORY 9 ! /REETS1 ! COLUMN ( POPUL> MILITIA PROCE$$ TO ! O!R DI/RICTS DOM9AT$ OR M5AC$ BY ! REBELS2 & 9 ! RE>1 ! SOCIAL TRANS=MATION ( ! ECONOMIC LIFE WAS BEGUN4 ,9 ?IS IT WAS ! LABOR UNIONS ?AT TOOK ! 9ITIATIVE4 ,! SOCIAL R5OVATION ( ,SPA9 BEGAN AT ! BOTTOM3 IT WAS ! WORK]S :O TOOK ! DIRECTION & ! RESPONSIBILITY ( ! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION ( ! REGION4 ,! ONLY FUNCTION ?AT ! /ATE HAD LEFT WAS TO GIVE SANCTION TO ! ACCOMPLI%$ FACTS4 ,! ,POSITION ( ! SYNDICALI/S & ( ,AN>*I/S 

,) A CLE> VIEW ( ! POSSIBILITIES ( ! MOM5T1 ! ,C4,N4,T4 DECL>$ ITSELF = ! IMM$IATE REALIZATION ( ITS [N GOAL2 LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM4 ,! ,C4,N4,T41 ?R\< ITS SYNDICATES1 7LABOR UNIONS71 UND]TOOK ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! L>GE & M$IUM SIZ$ 9DU/RIAL 5T]PRISES1 & DECL>$ ITSELF = ! SUB/ITUTION = ! OLD ,/ATE 9/ITUTIONS1 A NEW ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL & CULTURAL ORGANISM UND] ! CONTROL ( ! LABOR UNIONS4 ,! POSITION ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 ON ?IS SUBJECT HAD BE5 CLE>LY SET D[N PRIOR TO ,JULY #a#i1 BUT ALONE1 ! ,C4,N4,T4 C\LD NOT ACCOMPLI% ?IS TASK4 ,!RE=E IT PROPOS$ A REVOLUTION>Y ALLIANCE BETWE5 ! AN>*I/ & SOCIALI/ LABOR UNIONS3 BETWE5 ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ! ,U4,G4,T4 1 9 ORD] TO BE ABLE TO C>RY \T !SE OBJECTIVES4 ,/>T+ FROM ?IS VIEWPO9T1 ! ,C4,N4,T4 GRANT$ ! ,U4,G4,T4 EQUAL REPRES5TATION ) ITSELF ON ALL COMMITTEES1 AL?\< ! ,U4,G4,T4 WAS NOT A LABOR UNION =CE 9 ,CATALONIA PRIOR TO ,JULY #a#i1 & AFT] ?AT DATE ITS GR[? WAS DUE TO ! FACT ?AT IT BECAME A HAV5 ( REFUGE = A C]TA9 MOD]ATE LAY] ( ! PROLET>IAT1 & ( ! 5TIRE L[] MIDDLE CLASS4 

,AT ! TIME ! BATTLE WAS RAG+ AT ! GATES ( ,MADRID & ! DEF5SE ( ! CAPITAL CITY HAD BECOME ! CRUCIAL PO9T ( ! /RUGGLE 7! SOCIALI/-B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T HAD FL$ TO ,VAL5CIA71 ! ,C4,N4,T4 DEM&$ ! CREATION ( A ,DEF5SE ,C\NCIL ?AT %\LD REPLACE ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T4 ,! ,M>XI/S & ! REPUBLICANS REFUS$ TO ACCEPT ?IS PROPOSITION4 ,! ,C4,N4,T4 WANT$ ! UNITY ( ! PEOPLE AGA9/ FASCISM1 AT ALL CO/S1 & CONSID]$ IT ITS [N MISSION TO E/ABLI% SU* A UNION4 ,9 ORD] TO FACILITATE ! PEOPLE'S UNION AGA9/ FASCISM1 ! ,C4,N4,T4 LAID ASIDE ITS [N TACTICAL CONCEPTIONS & CONS5T$ TO BE REPRES5T$ 9 ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T4 ,! WORK]S ( ,MADRID RALLI$ = ! SECOND TIME 9 ORD] TO BLOCK ! ROAD TO FASCISM & ,MADRID WAS SAV$4 

,S9CE ,JULY #a#i1 ! ,C4,N4,T4 NEV] CEAS$ MAK+ SACRIFICES2 MANY ( ITS BE/ MILITANTS DI$ ON ! FRONT & ! ,C4,N4,T4 DID NOT 9SI/ ON ! UNCONDITIONAL IMM$IATE REALIZATION ( ITS [N SOCIAL AIMS4 ,9 SPITE ( ITS BE+ A P[]FUL REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION1 IT AB/A9$ FROM IMPOS+ ITS [N DICTATOR%IP1 :I* IT C\LD HAVE EASILY DONE 9 L>GE PORTIONS ( ! C\NTRY4 ,! ,C4,N4,T4 WAS 9SPIR$ CONSI/5TLY BY ITS TRADITIONAL PR9CIPLE ( LIB]TY & FREE & VOLUNT>Y COLLABORATION1 9 ITS RELATIONS ) ! O!R ANTI-FASCI/ ORGANIZATIONS ?AT US$ TO CONSID] ! ,C4,N4,T4 AS ! 5EMY ORGANIZATION & TREAT$ IT AS SU*4 ,! DIS9T]E/$NESS ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 1 ITS G5]\S TOL]ANCE T[>DS ! O!RS & ITS READ9ESS TO =EGO1 TEMPOR>ILY1 ! PRESS+ =W>D ( ITS [N P>TICUL> AIMS1 ALL ?IS WAS TAK5 TO BE A SIGN ( WEAKNESS BY ! OLD-L9E PR(ESSIONAL POLITICIANS -- REPUBLICANS1 SOCIALI/S1 COMMUNI/S -- & !Y TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ?IS TO PU% =W>D !IR [N POLITICAL PLANS & TO LESS5 ! DIRECT 9FLU5CE ( ! WORK]S ON ! ECONOMIC LIFE ( ! C\NTRY & TO RE/ORE ! OLD PRIVILEGES4 ,& DISCONT5T GREW AMONG ! MASSES ( WORK]S1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,?AT WAS ! REAL S\RCE ( ! TRAGICAL EV5TS ( ,MAY #c-#f1 :]E ! AN>*I/S AGA9 GAVE PRO( ( !IR /R5G? & ( !IR WILL+NESS TO UND]/&4 

,! ,ROAD ,FOLL[$ BY ! ,C4,N4,T4 

,! ,C4,N4,T4 IS A LABOR UNION ORGANIZATION2 IT CONSID]S ?AT ! BUILD+ ( SOCIALISM IS ! MISSION ( ! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION ( PRODUC]S & CONSUM]S1 & NOT ( A TOTALIT>IAN ,/ATE OR ( SOME POLITICAL P>TY ) A DICTATORIAL *>ACT]4 ,IF ! ,C4,N4,T4 HAD FOLL[$ S9CE ,JULY #ai A POLICY ( UND]/&+ ) ! O!R ANTI-FASCI/ SECTORS & HAD MADE NUM]\S SACRIFICES 9 ORD] TO ALL[ ! COMMON POLICY TO BE C>RI$ \T1 ?IS WAS BECAUSE IT CONSID]$ ?AT 9 ?IS MANN] IT IS POSSIBLE TO BUILD UP ! LIB]T>IAN & ANTI-DICTATORIAL SOCIALISM4 ,ITS TOL]ANCE1 ITS RAPPRO*EM5T TO ! ,U4,G4,T4 HAD A CON/RUCTIVE *>ACT] & WAS DIRECT$ T[>DS A POSITIVE GOAL4 

0,NO O!R ORGANIZATION WORKS ) SO MU* ZEAL = ! ECONOMIC RECON/RUCTION ( ! C\NTRY1 9 A SOCIALI/ S5SE10 REC5TLY WROTE ,FRAGUA ,SOCIAL1 ,VAL5CIA ORGAN ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 

0,! COLLECTIVIZATION MOVEM5T DEVELOP$ RAPIDLY AS SOON AS ! B\RGEOISIE LO/ ITS ECONOMIC P[]4 ,?R\< ! LABOR UNIONS1 ! WORK]S SEIZ$ ! FACTORIES1 ! L&$ E/ATES1 ! M9ES & ! MEANS ( TRANSPORTATION4 ,& ?AT WAS BUT ! NATURAL \TCOME ( AN IDEA ?AT WAS MATUR+ 9 ! M9DS ( ! WORK]S4 ,! WORK]S W]E READY TO TAKE 9TO !IR H&S ! ADM9I/RATION & ! DIRECTION ( ! NATIONAL ECONOMY AT ! FIR/ OPPORTUNITY !Y HAD 4440 

0444,ANO!R PROLET>IAT1 PLAC$ 9 ! SAME CIRCUM/ANCES BUT LACK+ ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION ( ! ,SPANI% WORK+ CLASS1 W\LD HAVE LACK$ ! SOCIAL AIM = :I* !Y %\LD HAVE /RIV51 BECAUSE !Y W\LD HAVE LACK$ ! SOLID IDEOLOGICAL BASIS :I* RESIDES 9 ! LABOR UNIONS ( ! ,IB]IAN P59SULA4 ,! PROBLEMS CONFRONT+ US >E NOT DUE TO \R LACK ( G5]AL ORI5TATION AS WAS ! CASE 9 ! O!R REVOLUTIONS 79 O!R C\NTRIES74 ,! ,SPANI% PROLET>IAT KN[S EXACTLY :AT IT WANTS4 ,BUT WE HAVE TO ORGANIZE \R ACTIVITIES1 TO COORD9ATE !M1 SO ?AT \R P[]FUL POPUL> MOVEM5T1 OV]COM+ ! DIFFICULTIES ( ! EMBRYONIC /AGE ( ECONOMIC RECON/RUCTION1 C\LD ADVANCE T[>DS ! CONCRETE =MS ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM4 ,PURSU+ ?IS WORK1 ! ,C4,N4,T4 CONSECRATES ITS =CES TO ! CREATION ( NATIONAL F$]ATIONS ( 9DU/RY ON ! ONE H&1 & ON ! O!R H&1 TO ! CONCLUD+ ( AN ALLIANCE ) ! ,U4,G4,T4 = ! ATTA9M5T ( ! ECONOMIC & MILIT>Y TASKS4 ,! PROLET>IAT %\LD SOLIDLY ORGANIZE ! ECONOMIC LIFE4 ,! ISOLAT$ 5T]PRISES & ! EF=TS LIMIT$ TO C]TA9 P>TICUL> SPOTS %\LD BE CONDEMN$4 ,! ECONOMY %\LD RE/ ON ! 9DU/RY & ON ! COORD9ATION ( ALL 9DU/RIES40 

0,WE %\LD ALSO BE> 9 M9D ! FACT ?AT NEI!R ! ONE NOR ! O!R ( ! TWO LABOR UNION T5D5CIES -- ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ,U4,G4,T4 -- CAN S+LY ACCOMPLI% ?AT MISSION4 ,! TWO ORGANIZATIONS CANNOT ACT 9DEP5D5TLY ( EA* O!R4 ,! ,U4,G4,T4 CANNOT IMPOSE ITS WILL ON ! ,C4,N4,T4 OR VICE-V]SA4 ,IF SU* A CASE W\LD OCCUR IT W\LD MEAN CIVIL W>4 

0,& NEI!R CAN EXI/1 SIMULTANE\SLY1 TWO DIFF]5T =MS ( ECONOMY4 ,9 ! FACTORIES1 ! WORK]S HAVE DISCOV]$ ! PRACTICAL SOLUTION BY MUTUAL UND]/&+ BETWE5 ! FOLL[]S ( ! TWO T5D5CIES4 ,BUT ?AT %\LD BE REALIZ$ ALSO ON A NATIONAL SCALE4 ,BY CONTRIBUT+ TO ! CREATION ( 9DU/RIAL F$]ATIONS & TO A ,C4,N4,T4-,U4,G4,T4 ALLIANCE1 WE >E LAY+ ! F\NDATION ( A NEW ,IB]IAN ECONOMY1 ESS5TIALLY DIFF]5T FROM ALL ! O!R SOCIAL EXP]IM5TS ATTEMPT$ UP TO N[ & :I* IS A SPECIALTY ( \R [N PEOPLE40 

,! ,C4,N4,T4-,U4,G4,T4 COLLABORATION POLICY IS NOT A QUE/ION ( OPPORTUNISM1 BUT IT IS ! V]Y EXPRESSION ( ! WILL ( ! ,SPANI% SYNDICALI/S & AN>*I/S4 ,!Y >E R5\NC+ NEI!R !IR LIB]T>IAN ASPIRATIONS NOR !IR WILL TO ACCOMPLI% COMPLETELY !IR SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,! ,C4,N4,T4 HAS CONSI/5TLY FOLL[$ ?IS ROAD S9CE ,JULY #a#i1 #a#i#c#f4 ,IT HAS NATURALLY MET ) OB/ACLES ON ITS ROAD4 ,! DEF5D]S ( ! OLD POLICY3 POLITICIANS' BUREAUCRACY & SPECIAL PRIVILEGES1 HAVE PLAC$ !MSELVES AGA9/ ! CATEGORIC PO/ULATES ( ! LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION4 

,C\NT]-,REVOLUTION ,MAKES ,ITS ,APPE>ANCE 

,= ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S ( ,SPA91 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ FASCISM IS M]G$ 9TO ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/ REGIME4 ,NEI!R ! HOPE ( ! PROBLEMATIC 0AID0 ( ! SO CALL$ DEMOCRATIC /ATES1 NOR ! EXT]NAL POLITICAL 9T]E/S ( ,RUSSIA1 C\LD DIV]T ! ,C4,N4,T4 FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW4 

,! SMALL & MIDDLE CLASS B\RGEOISIE ( ! C\NTRY & ( ! CITIES1 ! >TISANS :O >E YET 9DEP5D5T1 ! PROLET>IAN FOLL[]S ( RE=MI/IC ORGANIZATIONS & ESPECIALLY ! COMMUNI/S1 C>RI$ ON AN ACTIVE POLICY = ! RE/ORATION ( ! OLD ECONOMIC CONDITIONS4 ,! CORRUPT B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5T>ISM WAS PRES5T$ AS IF IT WAS ! IDEAL ( ! PEOPLE FI<T+ AGA9/ FASCISM4 ,A BIG (F5SIVE WAS 9AUGURAT$ AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES COMPOS$ ( REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ( ! ,U4,G4,T4 & (T5 ALSO ( ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ANTIFASCI/ POLITICAL P>TIES1 COMMITTEES ?AT HAD ASSUM$ ALL ! VITAL ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS1 AFT] ! MIS]ABLE FAILURE ( ! REPUBLICAN AU?ORITIES FOLL[+ ! FASCI/ REBELLION4 

,ALL P[] TO ! GOV]NM5T6 

,SU* WAS ! COMMON SLOGAN ( ! RI<T & LEFT REPUBLICANS1 ( SOCIALI/S & COMMUNI/S4 ,!Y MADE USE ( ! LONG DURATION ( ! FI<T & ( ITS TRANS=MATION 9TO A W>1 NECESSITAT+ ! MO/ MOD]N MEANS ( COMBAT & AN ADEQUATE MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION1 AS AN >GUM5T = IMP]I\SLY DEM&+ ! RE/RICTION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y 9ITIATIVE ( ! WORK]S4 ,! DEF9ITION ( ! 0PETITE B\RGEOISIE0 :O W]E LEFT ( ! PROCESS ( COLLECTIVIZATION1 WAS /RET*$4 ,! RURAL L&[N]S W]E SET UP AGA9/ ! WORK]S F>M COLLECTIVES4 ,ONE ( ! SYMPTOMS ( ?IS /RUGGLE WAS ! CONFLICT ?AT BROKE \T BETWE5 ! COMMUNI/ M9I/] ( AGRICULTURE 7( ! ,VAL5CIA GOV]NM5T7 & ! F>M WORK]S' COLLECTIVE1 =M$ BY ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ! ,U4,G4,T41 9 ! ORANGE PLANTATIONS ( ! ,VAL5CIA REGION4 ,9 ! SAME S5SE ! CONFLICT BROKE \T BETWE5 ! ,C4,N4,T4 UNION ( ,B>CELONA & ! M9I/] ( PROVISIONS1 ALSO AN ADH]5T ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL1 :O BRUTALLY OPPOS$ ! SOCIALIZATION ( DI/RIBUTION 7LIMIT$ AS IT WAS TO ! FOOD PRODUCTS71 & AGA9/ ! SOCIALIZATION DEM&$ BY ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S ( ,CATALONIA4 

,T]RORI/IC ,CAMPAIGN 

,?IS SITUATION L$ TO ! T]RORI/ CAMPAIGN C>RI$ ON AT ,MADRID BY ! COMMUNI/S AGA9/ ! ,C4,N4,T4 ,9 ! REGION ( ! ,C5T]1 DUR+ ! LA/ MON?S EI<TY AN>*I/ COMRADES W]E C[>DLY MURD]$4 ,! ,COMMISS>Y ( ,PUBLIC ,ORD] ( ! ,MADRID ,DEF5SE ,JUNTA 7ABOLI%$ S9CE7 5GAG$ 9 ! MO/ REL5TLESS P]SECUTIONS AGA9/ ! ,C4,N4,T4 9 ! REGION ( ! ,C5T]1 :]E IT IS NOT AS /RONG & P[]FUL AS 9 O!R PLACES4 ,AT ,ALM]IA1 ! MILITIA COLUMN *IEF1 ! AN>*I/ ,M>ETO1 WAS ?R[N 9 JAIL & %AMEFULLY SL&]$4 ,HE WAS F9ALLY RELEAS$ ON ,MAY #c4 ,AT ,MURCIA1 A SECRET COMMUNI/ ,*EKA WAS DISCOV]$1 :I* HAD ALREADY DONE AWAY ) SEV]AL ANTI-FASCI/ 9HABITANTS BELONG+ TO DIFF]5T S*OOLS ( ?\<T4 ,! WILL ( DOM9ATION ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL1 :I* NEV] HAD A REAL 9FLU5CE OV] ! MASSES ( ,SPA91 & :OSE C5TRALI/IC IDEOLOGY IS DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ TO ! ,SPANI% M5TALITY1 F\ND A FIELD ( P5ETRATION 9 ! SOCIALI/ LABOR UNIONS1 ! ,U4,G4,T4 ,! ,EXECUTIVE ,BO>D ( ! ,U4,G4,T4 7:OSE SEAT IS 9 ,VAL5CIA7 TOOK ISSUE AGA9/ ! DOM9ATION ( ! ,U4,G4,T4 BY ! COMMUNI/S 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,9 ! G5]AL ELECTIONS )9 ! ,U4,G4,T4 ! COMMUNI/S W]E DEFEAT$ 9 ,MADRID AS WELL AS 9 ! ,A/URIAS4 

,! CONTE/ BETWE5 ! DEF5D]S ( ! OLD B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY1 ( ! PROPAGATORS ( CALM & ( CAPITALI/ ORD] ON ! ONE H&1 & ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 ON ! O!R H&1 TOOK MORE & MORE VIOL5T =MS1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,CATALONIA4 

,! ,CONFLICTS 9 ,CATALONIA3 AT ! ,FRONTI]S ( ! ,PYR5EES 

,ALREADY DUR+ ! LA/ GOV]NM5TAL CRISIS 9 ,CATALONIA -- ?AT LA/$ ?REE WEEKS -- ! EXT5T ( ! ALREADY M5TION$ OPPOSITION CAME TO LI<T4 ,ON ?IS OCCASION1 TOO1 ! ,C4,N4,T4 %[$ ITSELF ACCOMMODAT+1 & = ! SAKE ( ! ANTI-FASCI/ UNITY SACRIFIC$ SEV]AL DEM&S ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S DEEM$ ( PRIME IMPORTANCE4 ,! MEMB]S ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 GAVE !N PRO( ( !IR SELF-DISCIPL9E BY ACCEPT+ ! SITUATION4 ,BUT AT ?AT SAME TIME1 C]TA9 9CID5TS TOOK PLACE ?AT SEEM$ TO BE PROVOCATIVE4 

,AL?\< ! GU>D ( ! ,PYR5EES FRONT WAS WELL TAK5 C>E ( BY ! WORK]S' MILITIA1 ! ,C5TRAL GOV]NM5T SUDD5LY S5T SEV]AL ?\S&S ( M5 9TO ,CATALONIA AS FRONTI] TROOPS = ! REPLACEM5T ( ! WORK]S' GU>DS4 ,!SE TROOPS 7! C>AB9I]S7 W]E C>EFULLY H&PICK$ 9 ! PREC$+ MON?S BY ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T & !Y W]E COMPOS$ ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY ( ! ADH]5TS ( ! TWO 0M>XIAN0 P>TIES4 ,!IR >RIVAL 9 ,CATALONIA PROVOK$ G5]AL A/ONI%M5T & !IR PLACEM5T AT ! FRONTI] PO9TS AS A PROVOCATION4 ,!RE W]E VIOL5T FRICTIONS AT ! BORD]4 ,! SMALL1 PURELY AN>*I/ T[N ( ,PUIGC]DA -- :]E ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ! ,F4,A4,I4 P]=M$ A GREAT SOCIAL & CULTURAL ACCOMPLI%M5T1 ADMIR$ EV5 BY ! =EIGN VISITORS -- WAS ! C5T] ( ?IS NEW CONFLICT4 ,! PRESID5T ( ! ,PEOPLES' ,C\NCIL ( ,PUIGC]DA1 ONE ( ! MO/ NOTABLE REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,CATALONIA AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 ,M>T91 FELL UND] ! BULLETS ( ! ,CATALONIA SEP>ATI/S1 :O RANG$ !MSELVES ON ! SIDE ( ! TROOPS S5T BY ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T4 

,! ,DEA? ( ,ROLDAN ,CORTADA 

,AT ?AT SAME TIME A NEW 9CID5T TOOK PLACE4 ,A WELL KN[N MILITANT ( ! ,U4,G4,T41 ,ROLDAN ,CORTADA1 WAS MURD]$ NE> ,B>CELONA BY SOME UNKN[N P]SONS :O TO ?IS DAY C\LD NOT BE DISCOV]$1 9 SPITE ( ALL ! SE>*ES UND]TAK54 ,! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C4,N4,T41 9 A MANIFE/O ?AT IT IMM$IATELY ISSU$1 CONDEMN$ ! MURD]\S ACT4 ,BUT AT ,MOLL9S1 NE> ,B>CELONA1 N9E MEMB]S ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 W]E >RE/$ 9 CONNECTION ) ?IS MURD]4 ,NOT F9D+ A %AD[ ( GUILT AGA9/ ANY ( !M1 !Y W]E F9ALLY RELEAS$4 ,A CAMPAIGN ( SL&] WAS />T$ AGA9/ ! ,C4,N4,T4 ,L>GE PEASANT C5T]S1 :]E ! ,C4,N4,T4 WAS PR$OM9ANT1 W]E PLAC$ 9 A /ATE ( DEF5SE & PUBLIC ORD] WAS MA9TA9$ BY >M$ WORK]S4 ,9 SU* PLACES :]E ! OLD POLICE -- P>TLY UND] COMMUNI/ 9FLU5CE -- FUNCTION$1 ! AN>*I/S W]E H>ASS$1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! C5TRAL QU>T]S ( ,B>CELONA1 ,9 SPITE ( ALL ?AT1 CALM WAS REE/ABLI%$ 9 ! ,PYR5EES REGION1 9 ! AGRICULTURAL C5T]S ( ! ,B>CELONA PROV9CE4 ,A COMPROMISE WAS REA*$ ) ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T ON ! BASIS ( R$UC+ ITS TROOPS ON ! ,CATALONIA-,FRANCE BORD]S TO ! SIZE IT WAS PRIOR TO ,JULY #a#i4 ,! ,C4,N4,T4 MEMB]S1 >BITR>ILY >RE/$1 W]E RELEAS$4 ,! LAT5T CONFLICT SEEM$1 !RE=E1 DISAPPE>+4 ,BUT AT ?IS MOM5T ! PROVOCATIONS ?AT CAUS$ ! TR\BLES ON ,MAY #c-#f OCCURR$4 

,M9I/]IAL COMPOSITION ( ! ,CATALONIAN GOV]NM5T1 ! CONTROL ( ! PUBLIC ORD] & ! 9T]IOR DEF5SE WAS 9 ! H&S ( ,AIGUADE1 A MEMB] ( ! LEFT B\RGEOIS P>TY4 ,! ,G5]AL ,COMMISS> ( ,PUBLIC ,ORD] WAS ! COMMUNI/ ,RODRIGUEZ ,SALAS4 ,BO? ( !M CAME FROM ?AT SAME POLITICAL M$IUM :OSE MA9 PREOCCUPATION DUR+ ! YE>S ( #a#i#c#a-#a#i#c#d WAS TO H\ND ! MEMB]S ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 & TO SECURE ! MAXIMUM CONVICTIONS = !M4 ,! PETTY B\RGEOIS NATIONALI/S & ,CATALONIAN SEP>ATI/S SAW 9 ! /RUGGLES ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S ! GREATE/ OB/ACLES TO !IR [N POLITICAL PROGRAM4 ,& !RE IS PRECI\S LITTLE DIFF]5CE 9 PR9CIPLE BETWE5 ! LEFT B\RGEOISIE & ! ,UNIFI$ ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ( ,CATALONIA 7,P4,S4,U4,C471 AFFILIAT$ ) ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,BO? >E CON/ITUT$ ( ! SAME SOCIAL LAY]S1 PURSU+ ! SAME ANTIREVOLUTION>Y TRADITION ( ! REPUBLICAN POLITICS ( #a#i#c#a-#a#i#c#d4 ,!IR REPRES5TATIVES 9 ! ORGANISMS ( ! ,PUBLIC ,SECURITY ( ,SPA9 MADE USE ( !IR P[] TO REALIZE !IR [N POLITICAL 9T]E/S4 

,! ,TELEPHONE ,EX*ANGE ( ,B>CELONA WAS UND] ! CONTROL ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ( ! ,U4,G4,T4 & ( SOME DELEGATES ( ! ,CATALONIAN ,G5]ALIDAD 7GOV]NM5T74 ,ON ,MAY #c1 AT ?REE O'CLOCK ( ! AFT]NOON1 ,AIGUADE S5T A /RONG DETA*M5T ( POLICE1 UND] ! DIRECTION ( ,RODRIGUEZ ,SALAS1 TO 0SEIZE ! TELEPHONE EX*ANGE40 ,BUT ! WORK]S DID NOT ALL[ ! POLICE TO REA* ! UPP] FLOORS ( ! BUILD+4 ,!RE W]E BRAWLS1 !RE W]E GA!R+S ( WORK]S 9 FRONT ( ! BUILD+1 & 9 A FEW H\RS ! ,C4,N4,T4 WORK]S ( ! WORK]S' QU>T]S W]E SPONTANE\SLY MOBILIZ$4 0,TO ! /REETS 9 ! DEF5SE ( ! REVOLUTION60 ,SU* WAS ! WAT*WORD4 ,P>LEYS W]E IMM$IATELY 9/ITUT$ BETWE5 ! GOV]NM5T & ! REGIONAL COMMITTEE ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 & DUR+ ! NI<T AN UND]/&+ HAD BE5 REA*$4 ,BUT ! PROVOCATION ( ,AIGUADE & ( ,RODRIGUEZ ,SALAS HAD 9 ! MEAN:ILE CAUS$ BLOODY 9CID5TS1 :I* CONT9U$ = ?REE DAYS1 GRAVELY COMPROMIS+ ! ANTI-FASCI/ UNITY ( ,CATALONIA4 ,FROM ! BEG9N+1 ! ATTITUDE ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 WAS PURELY DEF5SIVE1 = IT WAS ! ,C4,N4,T4 ?AT HAD CREAT$ ! ANTI-FASCI/ FRONT 9 ,JULY #aicf & MA9TA9$ IT S9CE !N AT ! PRICE ( GREAT SACRIFICES4 ,& N[ AGA9 ! ,C4,N4,T4 LEFT ITS [N ASPIRATIONS & ITS [N P>TICUL> GOALS 9 ABEYANCE1 BE+ AW>E ?AT ! V]Y CRITICAL SITUATION ( ,SPA9 REQUIR$ ?AT ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/ MOVEM5T CONTRIBUTE ALL ITS /R5G? T[>D VICTORY OV] ! HORDES ( ,FRANCO1 ,HITL] & ,MUSSOL9I4 

,! ,WORK]S' ,SECTIONS ) ! ,C4,N4,T4 

,EV5TS ( ,MAY #c %[$ ONCE AGA9 :AT ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T ( ,CATALONIA IS4 ,AS ON ,JULY #a#i1 !RE WAS A TOTAL MOBILIZATION ( ! WORK+ POPULATION )9 ! SPACE ( A FEW H\RS4 ,?IS ACT WAS A V]ITABLE PLEBISCITE ( ! /REETS4 ,ALL ! WORK]S' QU>T]S ( ! CITY1 )\T EXCEPTION1 W]E TRANS=M$ 9TO =TIFI$ QU>T]S ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 ,9 ! WORK]S' SECTIONS1 :]E !RE W]E B>RACKS1 POLICE /ATIONS1 OR REPUBLICAN OR COMMUNI/ MILITIA1 !SE EI!R SID$ ) ! WORK]S 7AS WAS ! CASE AT ,SANS & AT ,SAN ,G]VASIO71 OR !Y DECL>$ !MSELVES NEUTRAL1 AS WAS ! CASE AT ! COMMUNI/ B>RACKS ( ,S>RIA4 ,! WORK]S' SECTIONS ( ,B>CELONA REMA9$ LOYAL TO ! ,C4,N4,T4 & !Y WILL CONT9UE TO REMA9 SO4 ,! OLD POLICE1 ! REPUBLICANS & M>XI/S1 W]E 9 CONTROL ( ! B\RGEOIS QU>T]S & ( ! C5TRAL SECTIONS1 9HABIT$ PRECISELY BY ?AT P>T ( ! POPULATION ( :I* !SE P>TIES W]E ! EMANATION4 ,BUT1 AS A :OLE1 ! POLICE DID NOT GO AGA9/ ! WORK]S4 ,A L>GE P>T ( ?IS POLICE REMA9$ PASSIVE1 ONLY A V]Y SMALL P>T ( !M ALL[$ ITSELF TO BE DRAGG$ 9TO ! FI<T AGA9/ ! ,C4,N4,T4 WORK]S :5 ! EXCITEM5T ( ! MASSES & ! PROVOCATIONS ( C]TA9 ELEM5TS CAUS$ ! BLOODY 9CID5TS4 

,! G5]AL /RIKE BROKE \T IMM$IATELY4 ,ONLY 9DU/RIES PRODUC+ W> MAT]IAL CONT9U$ TO OP]ATE4 ,! POLICE & ! COMMUNI/S ATTACK$ SOME LABOR UNION HALLS2 ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S ATTACK$1 >MS 9 H&1 ! POLICE B>RACKS & ! HALLS ( ! P>TIES & ( ! RE=MI/ UNIONS FROM :]E %OTS W]E FIR$ UPON ! WORK]S4 ,! HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 WAS SUBJECT$ TO ! FIRE ( ! 5EMY DUR+ !SE DAYS4 ,ON ?IS OCCASION TOO1 ! ,C4,N4,T4 LO/ COMRADES ( GREAT VALUE4 ,! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ ,B]N]I WAS >RE/$ AT HIS HOME BY ! COMMUNI/S & ONE DAY LAT]1 BE+ PRISON]1 HE WAS MURD]$1 %OT 9 ! BACK4 ,DOM+O ,ASCASO1 ! BRO!R ( ,FRANCISCO 7:O HAD BE5 KILL$ BY ! FASCI/ BULLETS ,JULY #b1 #a#i#c#f7 WAS KILL$ 9 ! C5T] ( ! CITY4 ,! NEPHEW ( ,FRANCISCO ,F]R] WAS KILL$ BY ! COMMUNI/S :ILE HE WAS ESCORT+ HIS MO!R 9 ! /REET4 ,HAV+ BE5 W\ND$ AT ! FRONT1 HE WAS WALK+ ) ! AID ( A CANE4 

,ON ,MAY #e A COMMISSION >RIV$ FROM ,VAL5CIA1 COMPOS$ ( TWO MEMB]S ( ! ,EXECUTIVE ,C\NCIL ( ! ,U4,G4,T4 & TWO MEMB]S ( ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 ,AL?\< ?IS COMMISSION 5T]$ IMM$IATELY 9 CONF]5CE ) ! V>I\S ANTI-FASCI/ SECTORS ( ,CATALONIA1 IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE TO IMM$IATELY PACIFY ! SPIRITS4 ,AFT] ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ! ,U4,G4,T4 ON ,MAY #f ISSU$ A JO9T APPEAL TO ! WORK]S ADVIS+ !M TO RESUME WORK1 ! COMMUNI/S & ! POLICE =CE TOOK BY ASSAULT ! HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,LEA!R ,WORK]S UNION ( ! ,C4,N4,T41 DE/ROY+ EV]Y?+ F\ND 9 ! LOCALITY4 ,O!R ,C4,N4,T4 UNION HALLS1 AMONG !M ?AT ( ! SANIT>Y BRAN*1 & ( DI/RIBUTION W]E ALSO TAK51 & EV]Y?+ DE/ROY$ )94 ,9 ! C5T] ( ! CITY1 MEMB]S ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ( ! ,F4,A4,I4 W]E >RE/$1 DIS>M$ & IMPRISON$1 AL?\< !Y W]E AU?ORIZ$ TO C>RY >MS ! SAME AS ! O!R ANTI-FASCI/ ELEM5TS4 ,9 ! WORK]S' SECTIONS ( ! CITY1 ! >M$ PROLET>IAT TOOK 5]GETIC MEASURES AGA9/ ! POLICE =CE 9T5D+ TO ATTACK !M4 ,AT ,SANS1 AFT] A VIOL5T /RUGGLE1 ! B>RACKS ( ! CIVIL GU>DS WAS TAK5 & #d ( ! POLICE =CE TAK5 PRISON]S BY ! MEMB]S ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 UNIONS4 ,9 ! B>RACKS MON>*I/ & FASCI/ EMBLEMS W]E F\ND4 ,9 SPITE ( ?AT1 !SE PRISON]S W]E TREAT$ HUMANELY & AFT] CALM WAS REE/ABLI%$1 !Y W]E RE/OR$ TO FRE$OM1 A REGUL> PROC$URE ) ! ,C4,N4,T4 9 CASES ( ?IS K9D4 

,CALM IS ,REE/ABLI%$ 

,ON ! EV5+ ( ,MAY #e1 A NEW ,CATALONIAN GOV]NM5T WAS =M$1 COMPOS$ ( ONE REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ,C4,N4,T41 ONE ( ! ,U4,G4,T41 ONE ( ! LEFT B\RGEOIS P>TY & ONE ( ! SMALL PEASANT P>TY4 ,:5 ! FIR+ CEAS$ & ! B>RICADES W]E DISMANTL$1 ON ! ORD]S ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ! ,F4,A4,I41 ! ,VAL5CIA GOV]NM5T S5T #e1 ASSAULT GU>DS TO ,B>CELONA TO REPLACE ! ,CATALONIAN POLICE FUNCTION+ !RE UP TO ?AT TIME4 

,! CON/ITUTIONAL PROVISION RELAT+ TO ! AUTONOMY ( ,CATALONIA PROVIDES ?AT 9 CASE ( P]MAN5T TR\BLES1 ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T HAS TO TAKE *>GE TEMPOR>ILY ( ! CONTROL ( ,PUBLIC ,ORD] 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,M9I/] ,AIGUADE & *IEF ( POLICE ,RODRIGUEZ ,SALAS W]E DISMISS$ FROM !IR JOBS4 ,?US ! TWO NOTORI\S 5EMIES ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S1 :O CONSID]$ ?AT 0MA9T5ANCE ( ,PUBLIC ,ORD]0 CONSI/S 9 ! P]SECUTION ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ! ,F4,A4,I41 W]E PUT \T ( BUS9ESS4 ,! NEW RESPONSIBLE HEADS ( ! ,PUBLIC ,ORD]1 APPO9T$ BY ! ,VAL5CIA GOV]NM5T1 & :O >E 9 *>GE ( ! POLICE =CES & ( ! ANTI-FASCI/ PATROLS1 GAVE ASSURANCE ?AT !Y WILL DIS*>GE ! DUTIES ( !IR (FICE )\T REG>D TO POLITICAL T5D5CIES4 

,WE HAVE TO W>N \R FRI5DS AGA9/ ! BIAS$ V]SIONS ( !SE EV5TS1 CIRCULAT$ ?R\<\T ,SPA9 AS WELL AS 9 O!R C\NTRIES BY ! ,SPANI% COMMUNI/ & B\RGEOIS P>TIES4 ,ACCORD+ TO !IR V]SION1 !RE WAS AN UPRIS+ 0AGA9/ ! REGUL> GOV]NM5T40 ,?IS AFFIRMATION IS ABSURD S9CE ! ,C4,N4,T4 HAD ITS REPRES5TATIVES 7& IT HAD !M BE=E ,MAY #c7 9 ! ,CATALONIAN GOV]NM5T AS WELL AS 9 ! ,C5TRAL GOV]NM5T4 ,! ,C4,N4,T4 DID NOT RISE AGA9/ A GOV]NM5T ( :I* IT WAS ITSELF AN 9TEGRAL P>T1 & :I* HAD TO BE RECON/RUCT$ DUR+ ! TR\BLE1 ) ,C4,N4,T4 COLLABORATION4 ,! PROTE/ MOVEM5T WAS DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! POLITICAL P>TIES ?AT W]E US+ !IR P[] )9 ! GOV]NM5T TO CREATE PROVOCATIONS AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S4 ,& FUR!RMORE1 ?IS CONFLICT WAS NOT 9 ANY MANN] ! ACTION ( 0IRRESPONSIBLE ELEM5TS01 OR PROVOCATEURS4 ,\R 5EMIES HA/5 TO QUALIFY AS 0IRRESPONSIBLES0 NOT ONLY ! MILITANTS ( ! ,C4,N4,T41 BUT ALSO ! POPUL\S WORK]S' QU>T]S ( ,B>CELONA DUR+ ! TR\BL$ DAYS2 ANYONE :O NOT$ ! BEG9N+ ( ! MOVEM5T ON ?AT AFT]NOON ( ,MAY #c1 HAS TO ADMIT IF HE IS NOT DELIB]ATELY LY+ 7AS !Y SL&]\SLY LI$ AB\T ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/ MOVEM5T = ! LA/ #g YE>S71 WILL HAVE TO ADMIT ?AT ?IS WAS A SPONTANE\S POPUL> MOVEM5T1 A SUDD5 REVOLT1 A VIOL5T PROTE/ATION ( ! MASSES !MSELVES4 ,ANY ( ! SL&]]S :O SPEAK ( 0,TROTZKYI/0 & FASCI/ PROVOCATEUR 9FILTRATION 9 C]TA9 LABOR UNIONS1 HAS NOT BE5 TO ! WORK]S' QU>T]S ( ,B>CELONA 9 SE>* ( PRO(S1 NO MATT] H[ 9CONSEQU5TIAL1 9 SUPPORT ( HIS GRATUIT\S AFFIRMATION4 

,DOCUM5TS ( ! ,FI<T+ ,DAYS 

,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! CONFLICT1 ! ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ( ! ,F4,A4,I4 ISSU$ A MANIFE/O TO ! POPULATION DESCRIB+ ! ,CATALONIAN SITUATION 9 ! FOLL[+ WORDS3 

0,= MON?S PA/1 HANGS OV] ,CATALONIA SU* A POISON$ ATMOSPH]E AS TO MAKE IT IMPOSSIBLE TO MA9TA9 CONFID5CE BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T SECTIONS ( ! ANTI-FASCI/ FRONT4 ,BESIDES O!R PROBLEMS1 9 ! MATT] ( W> & REVOLUTION1 WE WI% TO CALL ! ATT5TION ( EV]YONE TO ! FACTS 9T]E/+ ! ,M9I/RY ( ,9T]IOR ( ,CATALONIA 7,PUBLIC ,SECURITY74 ,9 ! FIR/ H\RS ( ! REVOLUTION1 ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 ?R\< A DECREE1 AU?ORIZ$ ! CREATION ( COMMITTEES )9 ! POLICE =MATIONS1 :OSE DUTY WAS TO SUP]VISE ! FUNCTION+ ( ! POLICE & TO SEE TO ! ELIM9ATION ( FASCI/ ELEM5TS ?AT >E /ILL )9 ! POLICE =CES4 ,:5 ! PRES5T ,M9I/] ( ! ,9T]IOR 7,AIGUADE7 TOOK (FICE1 HE ABSOLUTELY REFUS$ TO RECOGNIZE !SE COMMITTEES NOT)/&+ !IR LEGAL /&+4 ,AT ! TIME :5 ELSE:]E ! FASCI/ ELEM5T WAS CONSI/5TLY EXCLUD$ FROM POLICE FUNCTIONS1 9 ,CATALONIA RECOGNIZ$ FASCI/S >E ALL[$ TO REMA9 AT !IR PO/S1 ON ! POLICE =CE1 BECAUSE ! ,M9I/]1 9 AGREEM5T ) C]TA9 *IEFS & (FIC]S1 IS OPPOS$ TO ALL MODIFICATIONS4 ,?ANKS TO ?IS HI< PROTECTION1 #fb CIVIL GU>DS FROM ! PO/ ( ,G]ONA FL$ ) EASE TO ! BORD]4 ,( ! ,B>CELONA PO/1 #ca POLICEM5 RAN AWAY1 TAK+ AWAY ) !M IMPORTANT DOCUM5TS1 AMONG !M ! PLANS ( ! COA/ =TIFICATIONS4 ,&1 YET1 IT WAS KN[N = MON?S BE=E !IR ESCAPE1 ?AT !SE M5 W]E FASCI/S4 

0,AFT] ! ,C5TRAL ,C\NCIL ( ! ,CIVIL ,GU>DS 7LOCAT$ AT ,MADRID7 WAS 9=M$ ?AT A NEW BAT* ( #d M5 ATTEMPT$ TO RUN AWAY FROM ! ,AUSIAS ,M>* B>RACKS1 ! ,C\NCIL DEM&$ A LI/ ( ! ELEM5TS ) REACTION>Y SYMPA?IES ?AT W]E /ILL 9 ! RANKS ( ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D ( ,CATALONIA4 ,IT WAS ONLY ON ,APRIL #ac ?AT !SE ELEM5TS W]E EXCLUD$ BY A DECREE ( ! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T4 ,BUT ! ,9T]IOR ,M9I/] ( ,CATALONIA PREV5T$ ! EXECUTION ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T DECREE ( DIS*>GE1 & HE ALL[$ ! FASCI/S TO REMA9 AT !IR PO/S4 ,AT ! SAME TIME HE /IFF5$ HIS OPPOSITION TO ! COMMITTEES4 ,ON ! O!R H& HE HAS DONE EV]Y?+ 9 HIS P[] TO DIS>M ! MEMB]S ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ( ! ,F4,A4,I41 ) ! AID ( ! FOLL[]S ( C]TA9 POLITICAL P>TIES1 9 ORD] TO BREAK ! REVOLUTION>Y P[] ( ! MEMB]S ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ( ! ,F4,A4,I41 P[] ?AT IS ! BE/ GU>ANTEE = ! WORK+ PEOPLE1 :O >E NOT WI%FUL = ! RETURN ( ! REGIME ( EXPLOITATION & = /ATE OPPRESSION 4440 

,& ! MANIFE/O CONCLUDES3 

0,= ! RE/ORATION ( CONFID5CE AMONG ! ANTI-FASCI/ =CES6 ,= ! VICTORY OV] FASCISM6 ,AGA9/ ! SY/EMATIC PROVOCATEURS1 ,AIGUADE & ,RODRIGUEZ6 ,= ! PURG+ ( ! HI< PO/S ( ! POLICE =CE6 ,LONG LIVE ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION60 

,?IS MANIFE/O WAS SIGN$ BY ! REGIONAL COMMITTEES ( ! ,C4,N4,T41 ( ! ,F4,A4,I41 ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\? & ( ! ,B>CELONA LOCAL COMMITTEES ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ( ! ,F4,A4,I4 

,AN ,APPEAL TO ! ,POLICEM5 

,! ,C4,N4,T4 HAD !RE=E S]I\S MOTIVES TO BE SUSPICI\S ( ! ,CATALONIAN POLICE1 :I*1 UND] ! DIRECTION ( ! WORK]S' 5EMIES ,AIGUADE & ,RODRIGUEZ ,SALAS1 W]E RUL+ ! REGION4 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 EV5 :ILE ! CONFLICT WAS ON1 ! TWO LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATIONS APPEAL$ ALSO TO ! MEMB]S ( ! POLICE =CE3 0,IT IS NOT AGA9/ Y\10 ! APPEAL SAID 0?AT ! PRES5T PROTE/ MOVEM5T IS DIRECT$1 BUT AGA9/ ?OSE :O >E US+ Y\ AS A C\NT] REVOLUTION>Y 9/RUM5T ( !IR POLITICAL S*EMES40 ,H]E IS A PASSAGE ( ONE ( !SE BROADCA/$ APPEALS3 

0,!Y PLAC$ BE=E US ! QUE/ION ( =CE & ?IS HAS TO BE N[ SETTL$4 ,! BLOODY 5C\NT]S ON ! /REETS >E ! \TCOME ( A LONG & PA9FUL DEVELOPM5T ( FACTS1 ! AIM ( :I* IS ! ANNIHILATION ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 AFT] ?IS ORGANIZATION HAS GIV5 ! /R5G? & ! BLOOD ( ITS MILITANTS & MEMB]S 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ FASCISM4 ,DON'T LET !M FOOL Y\1 MEMB]S ( ! POLICE =CE6 ,Y\ KN[1 = Y\ HAVE ! PRO(1 ?AT ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ! ,F4,A4,I4 >E NOT FI<T+ AGA9/ Y\4 ,Y\ >E1 LIKE \RSELVES1 SOLDI]S 9 ! ANTI-FASCI/ CAUSE4 ,Y\R PLACE IS ON ! SIDE ( ! PEOPLE AS IT WAS ON ,JULY #a#i?40 

,! ,C4,N4,T4 & ,F4,A4,I4 & ,TROTSKYISM 

,9 ! APPEALS PUBLI%$ BY ! DIFF]5T ORGANIZATIONS1 AFT] CALM WAS REE/ABLI%$ 9 ,B>CELONA1 REF]5CE IS MADE 9 A G5]AL WAY TO ! NECESSITY ( E/ABLI%+ ! ANTI-FASCI/ UNITY 9 SPITE ( ALL OB/ACLES4 ,ATTACKS & ACCUSATIONS AGA9/ ORGANIZATIONS ( ! ANTI-FASCI/ FRONT W]E AVOID$4 ,! ,MAY #c MOVEM5T 9 ,B>CELONA WAS A SPONTANE\S ACTION ( ! WORK]S' QU>T]S & NOT ! WORK ( SOME 9DIVIDUALS OR ( AN ORGANIZATION1 & EV5 LESS ?AT ( ! ,P4,O4,U4,M4 ,LET US GIVE A FEW FACTS ON ?IS MATT]4 

,! COMMUNI/ P>TY C\LD NOT MISS ?IS OPPORTUNITY ( ?R[+ SOME ACCUSATIONS AGA9/ ITS PET ADV]S>Y1 ! SO-CALL$ ,TROTSKYITES 7! ,P4,O4,U4,M471 A SMALL ,M>XI/ FRACTION ?AT HAS DEVELOP$ 9 C]TA9 ,CATALONIAN WORK]S MILIEUS1 & :I* IS OPPOS$ TO ,/AL9ISM4 ,WE DO NOT WANT TO WRANGLE ON ?IS SUBJECT AS WE DO NOT FEEL COMPET5T TO E/ABLI% ! F9E L9ES ( DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T OPPOSITION COMMUNI/ GR\PS4 ,BY ITS ORGANIC =M ( UNIONISM1 BY ITS AN>*I/ IDEOLOGY ! ,C4,N4,T4 IS NEATLY & %>PLY SEP>AT$ FROM ! O!R ANTI-FASCI/ ORGANIZATIONS4 

,! ELEM5TS ?AT AT PRES5T COMPOSE ! ,P4,O4,U4,M4 BELONG TO ?AT MASS1 ?AT UP TO #a#i#c#f1 CONSID]$ ! EXCLUSION ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T AS AN ESS5TIAL CONDITION = ANY PROGRESS ( ! ,SPANI% LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,! ,C4,N4,T4 & ! ,F4,A4,I4 HAVE NO?+ 9 COMMON ) !M4 ,S9CE ! MIDDLE ( #aicf ?AT P>TY DRIFT$ CON/ANTLY TO ! LEFT & TODAY IT %>ES ) US C]TA9 ELEM5T>Y CONCEPTIONS ( ! AN>*I/S 9 REF]5CE TO ! IMPORTANCE ( ! CIVIL W>4 

,H[EV]1 ! TWO T5D5CIES HAVE NOT COME ANY NE>] CONC]N+ !IR ESS5TIAL & POSITIVE PO/ULATES4 

,! ,P4,O4,U4,M4 P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ PROTE/ MOVEM5T1 BUT TO PRES5T !M AS ! DET]M9+ FACTOR ( ! MOVEM5T1 C>RY+ ! ,C4,N4,T4 9 T[N1 REM9DS ONE ( ! TACTICS US$ BY ! NAZIS1 :O MADE POLITICAL SCAPEGOATS ( ! ,JEWS MAK+ !M RESPONSIBLE = EV]Y?+3 = ! W>1 ! PEACE PACT1 ! REVOLUTION1 & ! REACTION 444 

,WE HAVE NO TIES :ATEV] ) ! ,P4,O4,U4,M4 BUT ! ,C4,N4,T4 DEM&$ ?AT IT BE RECOGNIZ$ AS AN ANTI-FASCI/ ORGANIZATION4 ,ON ,MAY #i1 ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A DEM&$ ?AT ! POLICE RETURN TO ! ,P4,O4,U4,M4 ! PR9T %OP IT HAD OCCUPI$1 :I* WAS COMPLI$ )4 

,TO ACCORD ! ,P4,O4,U4,M4 ! 9ITIATIVE & ! RESPONSIBILITY ( ! PROTE/ MOVEM5T ( ,B>CELONA IS ANO!R CALUMNY CIRCULAT$ ?R\<\T ! 9T]NATIONAL PRESS4 

,ANO!R V]SION ( ! TRAGIC EV5TS IS ! FOLL[+3 ,! POSITION ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 9 ?IS AFFAIR WAS DICTAT$ BY ! ,AN>*I/S ( ! ,F4,A4,I41 BUT ?AT ! ,C4,N4,T4 REBELL$ AGA9/ ! AN>*I/S & /OPP$ ! HO/ILITIES4 ,?IS V]SION ALSO IS ( ! DOMA9 ( PURE FANTASY4 ,9 ! DISCUSSIONS & P>LEYS ?AT HAVE TAK5 PLACE BETWE5 ! ?IRD & SIX? ( ,MAY1 ALL DECISIONS TAK51 ALL PROCLAMATIONS ?AT W]E DRAWN UP & PUBLI%$1 W]E BY COMMON CONS5T ( ALL ! COMMITTEES ( ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5TS ( ,B>CELONA3 ! REGIONAL & LOCAL COMMITTEES ( ! ,C4,N4,T41 ( ! ,F4,A4,I41 & ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\?4 ,ALL DECISIONS W]E ADOPT$ UNANIM\SLY4 ,! PROTE/ MOVEM5T ( ! WORK]S DID NOT REALLY COME FROM ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ! ,F4,A4,I4 BUT FROM :AT IS KN[N AS ! 0,B>RIDAS10 ( ! WORK]S' QU>T]S ( ! CITY1 FROM ! MASSES !MSELVES4 ,! COMMITTEES ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ( ! ,F4,A4,I4 W]E 9 CON/ANT CONSULTATION ) ! DELEGATES ( ! WORK]S' QU>T]S 70,B>RIDAS07 UNTIL ! DANG] CAUS$ BY ! BLOODY 5C\NT]S 9 ! /REETS ABAT$1 :5 BY A COMMON ACCORD !Y GAVE \T ! WAT*WORD3 0,/OP FIR+40 ,9 NO CASE C\LD !RE BE A QUE/ION ( AN OPPOSITION BETWE5 ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ! ,F4,A4,I4 

,/ATEM5TS ( ! ,MILITANTS ,CONC]N+ ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ,F4,A4,I4 

,ON ! NI<T ( ,MAY #d1 SPEE*ES W]E BROADCA/ BY ! DIFF]5T REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ANTIFASCI/ ORGANIZATIONS4 

,M>IANO ,R4 ,VELASQUEZ1 ! SECRET>Y ( ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C4,N4,T41 SAID AMONG O!RS3 

0,COMRADES1 AN>*I/S1 MEMB]S ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 1 ANTI-FASCI/ WORK]S4 ,9 ?IS CRITICAL H\R1 MA9TA9 ! SAME ATTITUDE AS ON ,JULY #a#i?6 ,DO NOT WA/E AN \NCE ( ! P[D] SO SORELY NE$$ AT ! FRONT6 ,IF Y\ >E NOT CAPABLE BY Y\R [N WILL TO DO :AT Y\ %\LD DO1 ,FRANCO WILL IMPOSE ON US HIS LAW4 ,!RE WILL BE NO O!R *OICE = US IF WE DO NOT DEFEAT FASCISM1 :I* IS \R DUTY TO DO4 ,! WORLD WILL SPIT ITS CONTEMPT ON US IF WE >E NOT MA/]S ( ! SITUATION & WE DO NOT EM]GE VICTORI\S FROM ! BATTLE40 

,SEV]9O ,CAMPOS1 SECRET>Y ( ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,F4,A4,I41 WROTE 9 ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A ( ,MAY #a1 ! FOLL[+ L9ES3 

0,WE AN>*I/S ( ,CATALONIA DID NOT WANT TO ATTACK4 ,WE W]E ON ! DEF5SIVE AS ANYONE C\LD ASC]TA94 ,WE FIGUR$ ?AT IT WAS A CRIME TO MUTUALLY SLAU<T] \RSELVES 9 ! RE>1 :ILE ON ! FRONT ! WORK]S ( ALL POLITICAL & UNIONI/ T5D5CIES SUFF] & FI<T TOGE!R4 ,?AT WE KN[ & WE %ALL NOT =GET4 ,WE WANT ! UNITY ( ALL WORK]S40 

,ALL ! KN[N MILITANTS ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ( ! ,F4,A4,I4 ( ,B>CELONA DECL>$ !MSELVES 9 ! SAME S5SE4 ,! WORK]S ( ! WORK]S' QU>T]S1 9 SPITE ( !IR DEEP 9DIGNATION CAUS$ BY ! PROVOCATIONS :I* >E ! S\RCE ( !SE TRAGIC EV5TS1 ACCEPT$ ! DECISION ( !IR COMMITTEES & QUITT+ ! B>RICADES1 RESUM$ WORK4 

,! ,PRES5T ,SITUATION 9 ,CATALONIA 

,AN OP5 FI<T BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T ANTI-FASCI/ SECTORS WAS AVOID$4 ,! ,C4,N4,T4 & ! ,F4,A4,I4 HAVE AMPLY DEMON/RAT$ ?AT !Y >E /ILL ! ONLY WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS ?AT C\NT 9 ! WORK]S' QU>T]S4 ,BUT !Y ALSO HAVE DEMON/RAT$ ?AT !Y >E NOT DISPOS$ TO ALL[ !MSELVES TO BE ELIM9AT$ BY ! 5EMIES ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T1 & BY ! SECRET AG5TS ( A =EIGN P[]4 

,AT ! 5D ( ?IS FI<T !RE >E NEI!R VICTORS NOR VANQUI%$4 ,NO SANCTION CAN1 %\LD OR WILL BE TAK54 ,BUT ! POLICE =CES %\LD F9ALLY BE PURG$ & ! SUSPECT$ ELEM5TS EXCLUD$4 ,! POLICE =CES S5T BY ! ,VAL5CIA GOV]NM5T >E COMPOS$ ( ANTI-FASCI/ MILITIAM5 ( ALL T5D5CIES1 :O HAVE F\<T ON ! FRONT AS VOLUNTE]S & :O >E QUALIFI$ TO FUNCTION AS POLICEM5 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,! ,C4,N4,T4 & ! ,F4,A4,I4 EXPECT ( !M & ( ! PRES5T ,CATALONIAN *IEF ( ,PUBLIC ,ORD]1 ,TORRES 7:O WAS =M]LY AN (FIC] ( ! CONF$]AL MILITIA COLUMN 0,TI]RA ,LIB]TA07 AN IMP>TIAL ATTITUDE4 ,!Y HOPE ?AT ALL FRE% PROVOCATIONS WILL BE AVOID$4 

,AS BE=E1 ! P>TISANS ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION >E OPPOS$ BY ?OSE :O ALSO CALL !MSELVES 0COMMUNI/S10 BUT = :OM ! GREAT SACRIFICE CONS5T$ TO BY ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE %\LD ACCOMPLI% NO MORE ?AN ! RE/ORATION ( ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ?AT EXI/$ PRIOR TO ,JULY #a#i1 #a#i#c#f4 ,AS BE=E1 ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ! ,F4,A4,I4 WILL SP>E NO EF=TS TO PROPAGATE AMONG ! MASSES ! IDEAS ( 9TEGRAL SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 ,! TWO ORGANIZATIONS KN[ ?AT :ILE ! /RUGGLE 9 COMMON ( ALL ! ANTIFASCI/S AGA9/ ! COMMON 5EMY IS ON1 ?AT AIM CANNOT BE REALIZ$ BY COMPETITION OR BY VIOL5T RIVALRY1 BUT IT HAS TO COME AS ! FRUIT ( ! CREATIVE POLICY ( AN 9TELLIG5T1 ME?ODICAL1 SOCIAL & CULTURAL =MATION4 

,! ,SPANI% AN>*I/ MOVEM5T HAS DEMON/RAT$ A ?\S& TIMES ?AT IT CANNOT BE DE/ROY$1 & ! SAME IS TRUE ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 ,IT HAS F\<T = MANY DECADES AGA9/ ! REGIMES ( EXPLOITATION & DOM9ATION4 ,ALL ! GOV]NM5TS ?AT HAVE SUCCE$$ EA* O!R 9 ,SPA9 WANT$ TO EXT]M9ATE IT4 ,! PROSECUTIONS & ! MURD]S HAVE NOT /IFL$ ! LIB]T>IAN ASPIRATIONS ( ! MASSES4 

,! CONSPIRACIES ( SIL5CE1 & ! CAMPAIGNS ( SL&] ( ! 9T]NATIONAL PRESS ( ALL T5D5CIES1 NEV] ATTA9$ !IR 5D4 ,SL&]S1 LIKE ?OSE PROPAGAT$ BY ! ,SPANI% AMBASSADOR 9 ,P>IS1 ,>AQUI/AN1 ABUS+ HIS (FICIAL P[]1 CONC]N+ AN ALLEG$ ABSURD PACT BETWE5 ! MON>*I/S & ! AN>*I/S1 TURN AGA9/ !IR AU?ORS4 

,! ,C4,N4,T4 CONSOLIDATES ITS POSITIONS & ITS EFFECTIVES :I* >E 9CREAS+1 BUT ONE CAN ALSO OBS]VE ITS P[]FUL DEVELOPM5T 9 REGIONS :]E =M]LY IT WAS 9 ! M9ORITY4 ,IT IS ALSO IMPROV+ ITS TACTICS4 ,IT UND]/&S TODAY P]FECTLY WELL ! TEA*+ IT RECEIV$ FROM ,OROBON ,F]N&EZ3 0,! TWO ,SPANI% WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS1 ,C4,N4,T4 & ,U4,G4,T41 %\LD NEV] AIM TO DEV\R EA* O!R1 !Y %\LD >RIVE AT AN UND]/&+40 

,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,LABOR ,ALLIANCE IS ! SOLE ROAD T[>DS AN UND]/&+4 ,IT IS NOT A QUE/ION IF ,?IS OR ,?AT WILL PREF] TO TAKE ANO!R ROAD4 ,!RE IS NO O!R ROAD TO >RIVE AT A SOLUTION4 

,BUT ! UND]/&+ WILL BE DIFFICULT4 ,DUR+ MANY LONG YE>S ! TWO ORGANIZATIONS HAD CONSID]$ EA* O!R 5EMIES1 ONE HAV+ BE5 ON ! SIDE ( ! OPPRESSORS & ! O!R ON ! SIDE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MASSES4 

,IT WAS ONLY :5 ! ,SPANI% SOCIALI/S BEGAN TO LOSE SOME ( !IR DEMOCRATIC ILLUSIONS1 AFT] #a#i#c#c1 ?AT A RAPPRO*EM5T ON C]TA9 QUE/IONS C\LD TAKE PLACE4 ,& !RE IS /ILL A LONG ROAD TO TRAVEL BE=E A POSITIVE UND]/&+ CAN BE ATTA9$4 

,L>GE LAY]S ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 SC>$ & ANXI\S TO SAVE !IR PRIVILEGES1 HAVE TAK5 REFUGE 9 ! SOCIALI/IC UNIONS4 ,A POLITICAL CURR5T ?AT IS NOT ROOT$ 9 ,SPA91 ORI5T$ T[>DS A =EIGN P[] ?AT IS MAK+ A %[ ( ITS SOLID>ITY ) ! ANTI-FASCI/ ,SPA91 ALSO PR(ITS BY ! POLITICAL SITUATION = 9FLU5C+ ! ,U4,G4,T4 TO PROGRESS BACKW>DS4 ,9 SPITE ( ALL1 ! ,C4,N4,T4 IS CEASELESSLY APPEAL+ TO ! SOCIALI/ WORK]S ( ! ,U4,G4,T41 :O S9CE #a#i#c#d1 TOGE!R ) ! ,C4,N4,T4 MEMB]S1 FAC$ ! SAME P]SECUTIONS & :O >E TODAY ATTACK$ BY ! SAME HORDES ( ,FRANCO4 

,! ,C4,N4,T4 ,VITAL ,N]VE ( ,SPA9 

,AFT] ! TRAGIC EV5T ( ,MAY #c TO ,MAY #f1 ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A ( ,B>CELONA1 PUBLI%$ ! FOLL[+ L9ES3 

0,EV]Y POPUL> MOVEM5T BR+S US A NEW LESSON & ! EV5TS ?AT >E DEVELOP+ HAVE TAU<T US ?AT ! SPIRIT ( REVOLT ( ! ,CATALONIAN PEOPLE HAS NOT BE5 EXT]M9AT$1 AL?\< !Y WANT$ TO DEMON/RATE ! OPPOSITE TO US4 ,! ,CATALONIANS REVOLT AGA9/ ALL 9JU/ICES1 & IT IS P]HAPS = ?IS REASON ?AT ,CATALONIA IS ! CRADLE ( ,IB]IAN AN>*ISM1 & ?AT IT REMA9$ ALWAYS LOYAL TO ?AT MOVEM5T4 

0,BAS+ ITSELF ON ! LIB]T>IAN T5D5CIES ( ! ,CATALONIAN PEOPLE1 ! ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C4,N4,T47 WAS ABLE TO DEVELOP H]E1 AS IT HAS DEVELOP$ ITSELF 9 ALL ! O!R REGIONS ( ! P59SULA1 9 SU* PROPORTIONS ?AT NO O!R ORGANIZATION ATTEMPT+ TO IMPLANT >TIFICIAL DOCTR9ES 9TO \R C\NTRY WILL EV] ATTA94 ,& WE >E PR\D4 ,= IF WE >E NOT P>TISANS ( A N>R[ & SECT>IAN ,CATALONIANISM1 AT ! SAME TIME WE >E LIV+ 9 ,CATALONIA1 & WE DESIRE ITS DEVELOPM5T & ITS HAPP9ESS & WE WI% ?AT %E %\LD 9DICATE ! ROAD LEAD+ TO ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION :I* IS \R AIM40 

,9 A MANIFE/O PUBLI%$ BY ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ! ,F4,A4,I4 DUR+ ! CONFLICT WE READ ! FOLL[+3 

0,! ,F4,A4,I4 & ! ,C4,N4,T4 DO NOT WANT A DICTATOR%IP1 & DO NOT SEEK TO IMPOSE ONE4 ,BUT AS LONG AS ONE ( ITS MEMB]S IS LIV+1 !Y WILL NOT ALL[1 & !Y WILL NOT SUBMIT TO ANY DICTATOR%IP4 ,IF WE >E FI<T+ FASCISM IT IS NOT BECAUSE WE LIKE FI<T+1 IT IS 9 ORD] TO SAFEGU>D ! POPUL> LIB]TIES & TO PREV5T ! RETURN TO P[] ( ?OSE :O WANT TO MASSACRE ! MILITANT WORK]S & TO EXPLOIT ! WORK+ PEOPLE & ( ?OSE :O1 )\T OP5LY CALL+ !MSELVES FASCI/S1 WANT TO 9/ITUTE AN ABSOLUTI/ REGIME1 ABSOLUTELY CONTR>Y TO ! TRADITIONS & ! HI/ORY ( \R PEOPLE40 

,9 SPITE ( ! PROVOCATION :I* 5DANG]$ ! ANTI-FASCI/ UNITY = SEV]AL DAYS1 ! ,C4,N4,T4 REMA9$ LOYAL TO ! L9E FIX$ BY ! ,MAY #aicf ,CONGRESS1 :I* HAD ALREADY BE5 WORK$ \T 9 #aicd BY ,OROBON ,F]N&EZ4 ,HE =MULAT$ HIS IDEAS 9 ! MID/ ( HESITATIONS & CONTRADICTIONS & ( ! SKEPTICISM ( ?OSE :O1 AFT] HAV+ MADE = A LONG TIME COMMON CAUSE ) ! OPPRESSORS1 JO9$ ! ORGANIZATION :I* WAS LAT] TO CONCLUDE AN ALLIANCE ) ! ,C4,N4,T4 BECAUSE SU* >E ! SUPREME 9T]E/S ( ALL ! WORK]S1 ABOVE ALL SPECIAL 9T]E/S4 ,OROBON ,F]N&EZ SAID3 

0,! ,SPANI% B\RGEOISIE HAS ?R[N (F ITS MASK ( LIB]ALISM4 ,! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y EXAMPLES :I* >E PRES5T+ !MSELVES 9 ,EUROPE HAVE GIV5 IT C\RAGE4 ,TODAY IT 5DEAVORS TO =TIFY ITS POLITICAL & ECONOMIC MONOPOLY ) ! AID ( ! TOTALIT>IAN /ATE4 ,9 ORD] TO VANQUI% ?IS 5EMY1 :I* IS M5AC+LY RAIS+ ITS HEAD AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAT1 ! CREATION ( A GRANITE-H>D PROLET>IAT BLOC IS 9DISP5SABLE4 ,! T5D5CY :I* FAILS TO RECOGNIZE ?IS TRU? ISOLATES ITSELF & ASSUMES A HEAVY RESPONSIBILITY BE=E HI/ORY4 ,= TO DEFEAT -- :I* 9EVITABLY WILL RESULT FROM ISOLATION -- WE %\LD1 )\T HESITATION1 PREF] A P>TIAL PROLET>IAN VICTORY :I* WILL LEAD US 7)\T !RE BE+ AN EXCLUSIVE DOM9ATION ( ONE OR ! O!R T5D5CY7 -- TO ! REALIZATION ( A M9IMUM PROGRAM P]MITT+ 9 ITS TURN ! REALIZATION ( ! ASPIRATIONS ( ALL ! SIGNATORIES ( ! PACT ( UND]/&+1 BY ! SOCIALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & BY ! FIR/ MORTAL BL[S AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/ DOM9ATION4 ,PLAC+ ITSELF AT ! HEAD ( ! MOVEM5T T[>DS UNITY MEANS ! OP5+ ( ! ROAD ,:I* LEADS TO ! REVOLUTION60 

0,WE SEE ! ?+S AS !Y >E1 )\T GLASSES1 )\T DOCTR9>Y PREJUDICES4 ,IT IS A QUE/ION ( A REVOLUTION & NOT ( AN ACADEMIC DISCUSSION ON ?IS OR ?AT PR9CIPLE4 ,PR9CIPLES %\LD NOT BE RIGID COMM&M5TS1 BUT SUBTLE =MS ADAPT+ !MSELVES TO ! EXIG5CIES ( REALITY4 ,DOES ?IS PLAT=M GU>ANTEE ! E/ABLI%M5T ( PURE LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM ON ! DAY AFT] ! REVOLUTION8 

0,C]TA9LY NOT6 ,BUT IT GU>ANTEES ! DEFEAT ( CAPITALISM & ! CRU%+ ( ITS SU/A9]1 FASCISM4 ,IT GU>ANTEES ! $IFICATION ( A DEMOCRATIC REGIME )\T EXPLOITATION & )\T CLASS PRIVILEGES1 & ?AT WILL OP5 WIDE ! ROAD TO A LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY 9 ! BE/ S5SE ( ! WORD40 

,CLASS ,COLLABORATION -- ,OLD & ,NEW 

BY ,JOSEPH ,WAGN] 

,A TIMELY REM9D] ( WORK+ CLASS POLITICAL EXP]I5CE1 & 

,A4 ,%APIRO'S ,OP5 ,LETT] TO ! ,C4,N4,T4 
,ONE ,BIG ,UNION ,MON?LY1 ,AUGU/ #aicg 

,ALONE1 OR 9 COALITION ) MORE OR LESS 0LIB]AL0 B\RGEOIS POLITICAL P>TIES1 ! SOCIALI/S TODAY >E 9 CONTROL ( ! GOV]NM5T MA*9]Y 9 A NUMB] ( C\NTRIES :ILE YET 9 O!R C\NTRIES !Y /& 9 L9E AWAIT+ 9 !IR TURN ! CALL ( ! ECONOMIC MA/]S TO TAKE OV] ! GOV]NM5T & TO C>RY ON & ADM9I/] ! COLLECTIVE AFFAIRS ( ! CAPITALI/S 9 ! RESPECTIVE C\NTRIES4 

,! CONCLUSION ( ! LONG & DE/RUCTIVE ,WORLD ,W> BR\<T CAPITALISM TO BANKRUPTCY1 ! B\RGEOIS REGIME /OOD EV]Y:]E DISCR$IT$ PHYSICALLY & MORALLY & 9 A /ATE ( COLLAPSE2 EV]Y:]E ! WORK+ CLASS WAS 9 OP5 REVOLT4 ,! ONLY ORGANIZ$ =CE ?AT YET RETA9$ SOME MORAL PRE/IGE WAS ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T & ITS TRADE UNIONS1 :O1 9 ONE C\NTRY AFT] ANO!R GALLANTLY RU%$ TO ! RESCUE ( ! MORIBUND REGIME1 UNTIL REC5TLY !IR PR(ESS$ 5EMY4 

,NATURALLY1 ! CAPITALI/S V]Y GRACI\SLY ALL[$ ! SOCIALI/S TO RESURRECT & RECON/RUCT ! CAPITALI/ REGIME4 ,!Y W]E ALL[$ & EV5 9VIT$ TO =M 0SOCIALI/ GOV]NM5TS40 ,TIMES )\T NUMB] !SE 0SOCIALI/ GOV]NM5TS0 PROV$ TO ! MA/] CLASS ?AT !Y >E 9 ! BE/ ( POSITIONS TO SAVE CAPITALISM & TO SAFEGU>D ALL !IR 9T]E/S NOT ONLY BY ! USE ( BRUTAL MILIT>Y & POLICE =CES1 BUT ALSO BY !IR MORAL PRE/IGE OV] ! WORK+ CLASS ACQUIR$ BY NE>LY A C5TURY ( SOCIALI/ P>TY & TRADE UNION CONNECTION )9 ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,TO BE SURE ! MA/] CLASS NEV] WAS CONSPICU\S BY ITS GRATITUDE1 AS SOON AS IT IMAG9$ ITSELF /RONG 5\< TO RULE )\T ! AID ( SOCIALI/S !SE W]E DISC>D$1 & !IR GOV]NM5TS TURN$ OV] TO ! UND]WORLD *>ACT]S1 TO GANG/]S P>AD+ 9 DIFF]5TLY COLOR$ %IRTS4 ,A FEW YE>S ( EXP]I5CE ) ! GANG/]DOM HAS1 H[EV]1 TAU<T WORLD CAPITALISM ! LESSON ?AT ! SOCIALI/S MAKE ! MORE EFFICI5T & LOYAL S]VANTS ( CAPITALISM AFT] ALL1 & AT ! PRES5T TIME ! P5DULUM IS RAPIDLY SW++ AWAY FROM FASCISM TO 0SOCIALI/0 OR 0,POPUL> ,FRONT0 GOV]NM5TS4 

,SOCIALI/S ! WORLD OV] >E PR\D ( ! ROLE !IR P>TIES >E PLAY+ N[ADAYS1 & !Y LOOK UPON !IR PRES5T1 9T]NATIONALLY APPROV$ POLICY AS ! ACME ( 0,M>XISM40 ,YET1 ?IS WAS NOT ALWAYS SO4 

,BE=E ! 5D ( ! LA/ C5TURY1 SOCIALI/S ( ALL %ADES W]E VIOL5TLY & UNALT]ABLY OPPOS$ TO ! V]Y IDEA ( P>TY MEMB]S P>TICIPAT+ 9 B\RGEOIS 7CAPITALI/7 GOV]NM5TS1 !REBY MAK+ ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T AT LEA/ 9DIRECTLY RESPONSIBLE = ! ACTS ( !IR RESPECTIVE CAPITALI/ GOV]NM5TS4 ,EV5 ! ACCEPTANCE BY A P>TY MEMB] ( A M9OR1 NON-ELECTIVE GOV]NM5T JOB1 WAS FR[N$ UPON AS NOT KO%] FROM A SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC /&PO9T4 

,:51 9 #a#i1 ,ALEX&] ,MILL]&1 :O ) ,JEAN ,JAURES1 WAS HEAD+ ONE ( ! F\R OR FIVE SOCIALI/ P>TIES EXI/+ !N 9 ,FRANCE1 5T]$ 9TO ! ,WALDECK-,R\SSEAU CAB9ET1 A /ORM ( PROTE/S WAS RAIS$ 9 ! SOCIALI/ WORLD4 ,NATIONAL & ,WORLD ,CONGRESSES DEBAT$ & >GU$ ! PROPRIETY ( ! ACTION & 9 ALL 9/ANCES ! ACT WAS CONDEMN$ AS TREASON TO ! 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 0,MILL]&ISM0 & 0,M9I/]IALISM0 WAS SYNONYM\S ) TREASON4 ,! >GUM5TS LA/$ = F\RTE5 YE>S1 UNTIL ! \TBREAK ( ! ,WORLD ,W>1 :5 ! 5TIRE SOCIALI/ WORLD SUDD5LY BECAME 0M9I/]IALI/S0 & GOV]NM5TALI/S4 ,& SO IT HAS REMA9$ TO ?IS DAY4 

,! =EGO+ IS ALL OLD HI/ORY1 BUT IT DOES NO H>M TO RECALL IT ONCE 9 A :ILE1 ! MORE SO AS 9 \R DAYS WE >E SUDD5LY CONFRONT$ ) A NEW 0M9I/]IALISM0 FROM AN UNEXPECT$ S\RCE4 ,?IS TIME ! AN>*I/ WORLD IS /IRR$ ) ?AT SAME OLD QUE/ION 9 ! ANTI-FASCI/ W> N[ GO+ ON 9 ,SPA94 

,IT W\LD APPE> ?AT ) ! PO/W> EXP]I5CES1 ) ! EXP]I5CES ( ,BOL%EVISM1 ,FASCISM1 ,NAZISM1 WE HAVE LE>N$ 5\< TO AVOID ! OLD & SETTL$ DISPUTES4 ,BUT WE MU/ HAVE BE5 MI/AK51 = IT SEEMS ?AT WE HAVE TO OV]COME ! SAME DIFFICULTIES & MISUND]/&+S AT EV]Y 9/ANCE ( S]I\S FI<T ?AT WE1 ! WORK+ CLASS1 >E CONFRONT$ )4 

,! OLD =GOTT5 0,MILL]&ISM0 OR 0,M9I/]IALISM0 IS & HAS BE5 A BURN+ ISSUE 9 ,SPA9 EV] S9CE ! PRES5T W> WAS PRECIPITAT$ BY ! UNI=M$ B&ITS ( ,SPA94 ,! ONLY REAL REVOLUTION>Y =CE 9 ! PRES5T ,SPANI% W> WAS ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ITS IDEOLOGICAL REFLEX1 ! ,F4,A4,I4 ,IT W\LD HAVE APPE>$ AN ABSURDITY = ANYONE A YE> AGO TO /ATE ?AT ! OLD ISSUE ( 0M9I/]IALISM0 C\LD BOB UP -- ( ALL ?+S -- 9 ?IS AN>*I/ & AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T1 9 ! TIME ( ! ACUTE/ CRISIS ?AT EV] CONFRONT$ NOT ONLY !SE TWO ,SPANI% MOVEM5TS 7?AT >E REALLY ONE71 BUT ! AN>*I/ FRAT]NITY ! WORLD OV]4 

,P]SEUS1 ( MY?OLOGICAL FAME1 WORE A MAGIC CAP SO ?AT ! MON/]S HE HUNT$ D[N MI<T NOT SEE HIM4 ,I W\LD LIKE TO HAVE PULL$ SU* A MAGIC CAP OV] MY [N E>S SO ?AT ,I MAY NOT SEE ! 9T]NAL FI<T 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y =CES ( ! PRES5T ,SPANI% FI<T4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ,I CAN READ MANY LANGUAGES & AM 9 T\* ) REVOLUTION>Y LIT]ATURE ( MANY L&S1 & NO MAGIC CAP CAN PREV5T ME FROM SEE+ ?+S ,I W\LD NOT LIKE TO SEE4 ,I AM GIV+ BEL[ A TRANSLATION ( AN OP5 LETT] ( ,A4 ,%APIRO TO ! ,C4,N4,T4 ,I READ SIMIL> OP5 LETT]S MON?S AGO1 :OSE AU?ORS HAVE FALL5 S9CE1 EI!R FI<T+ ON ! BLOODY BATTLEFIELDS1 OR ?R\< C[>DLY ASSASS9ATION BY ! ,SPANI% ,BRAN* ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,*EKA4 ,%APIRO IS NOT DEAD YET1 HE IS ONE ( ! \T/&+ FIGURES ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T ( ! WORLD4 ,HE WAS = A NUMB] ( YE>S ONE ( ! ,SECRET>IAT ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5S ,ASSOCIATION4 ,!RE=E1 :ATEV] ! READ]S ( ! 0,ONE ,BIG ,UNION0 MAY ?9K ( HIS /ATEM5TS1 ,I ASSURE !M ?AT ,%APIRO IS S9C]E & MEANS :AT HE SAYS4 

,OP5 ,LETT] TO ! ,C4,N4,T4 

,WE READ ) MORE SURPRISE ?AN 9T]E/ ! M9IMAL PROGRAM ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 0= ! REALIZATION ( A REAL W> POLICY40 ,! READ+ ( ! PROGRAM RAIS$ AN 5TIRE S]IES ( QUE/IONS & PROBLEMS1 SOME ( :I* %\LD BE CALL$ TO Y\R ATT5TION4 

,C]TA9LY NONE ( US WAS SIMPLE 5\< TO BELIEVE ?AT A W> CAN BE C>RI$ ON ) RESOLUTIONS & BY ANTI-MILIT>I/ !ORIES4 ,MANY ( US BELIEV$1 LONG BE=E ,JULY #ai 7#a#i#c#f7 ?AT ! ANTI-MILIT>I/ PROPAG&A1 SO DE> TO \R ,DUT* COMRADES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,ANTI-MILIT>I/ ,BUREAU & :I* F\ND1 9 ! PA/1 A SYMPA!TIC 5\< E*O 9 ! COLUMNS ( Y\R PRESS 9 ,SPA91 WAS 9 CONTRADICTION ) ! ORGANIZATION ( ! REVOLUTION4 

,MANY ( US KNEW ?AT ! PUTS*ES1 ?AT W]E SO DE> TO \R ,SPANI% COMRADES1 SU* AS ?OSE ( ,DECEMB] #h & ,JANU>Y #h1 #a#i#c#d1 W]E F> FROM HELP+ ?IS ORGANIZATION ( ! REVOLUTION1 IT HELP$ RA!R TO DISORGANIZE IT4 

,JULY #ai OP5$ Y\R EYES4 ,IT MADE Y\ REALIZE ! MI/AKE Y\ HAD COMMITT$ 9 ! PA/1 :51 9 A REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD1 Y\ NEGLECT$ ,S]I\SLY ORGANIZ+ ! NECESS>Y FRAME-WORK = ! /RUGGLE ?AT Y\ KNEW W\LD BE 9EVITABLE ON ! DAY ( ! SETTLEM5T ( ACC\NTS4 ,YET1 TODAY Y\ >E %UTT+ Y\R EYES ON ANO!R IMPORTANT FACT4 ,Y\ SEEM TO ?9K ?AT A CIVIL W> BR\<T AB\T BY ! CIRCUM/ANCE ( A FASCI/ PUTS* DOES NOT NECESS>ILY OBLIGATE Y\ TO EXAM9E ! POSSIBILITIES ( MODIFY+ & ALT]+ ! *>ACT] ( ?AT CIVIL W>4 

,A 0M9IMAL0 PROGRAM IS NOT SOME?+ TO />TLE US2 BUT A P>TICUL> M9IMAL PROGRAM 7SU* AS Y\RS7 CANNOT HAVE ANY VALUE UNLESS IT CREATES ! OPPORTUNITY = ! PREP>ATION ( A MAXIMAL PROGRAM4 

,BUT1 Y\R 0REAL W> POLICY10 AFT] ALL1 IS NO?+ BUT A PROGRAM = 5T]+ ! ,C\NCIL ( ,M9I/RY 7GOV]NM5T72 ) IT Y\ ACT M]ELY AS A POLITICAL P>TY DESIR\S ( P>TICIPATION 9 AN EXI/+ GOV]NM5T2 SETT+ =? Y\R CONDITIONS ( P>TICIPATION1 & !SE CONDITIONS >E SO BUREAUCRATIC 9 *>ACT] ?AT !Y >E F> FROM WEAK5+ 9 ! LEA/ ! B\RGEOIS CAPITALI/ REGIME1 ON ! CONTR>Y !Y >E T5D+ TO /R5G!N CAPITALISM & /ABILIZE IT4 

,! SURPRIS+ P>T ( Y\R PROGRAM IS ?AT Y\ DO NOT CONSID] IT AS A MEANS = ! ATTA9M5T ( SOME WELL DEF9$ GOAL1 BUT CONSID] Y\R 0REAL W> POLICY0 PROGRAM AS AN AIM 9 ITSELF4 ,?AT IS ! MA9 DANG] 9 Y\R PROGRAM4 ,IT PRESUPPOSES A P]MAN5T P>TICIPATION 9 ! GOV]NM5T -- NOT M]ELY CIRCUM/ANTIAL -- :I* IS TO EXT5D OV] A NUMB] ( YE>S1 EV5 IF ! W> ITSELF1 ) ITS BRUTAL1 DAILY MANIFE/ATIONS W\LD CEASE 9 ! MEAN:ILE4 ,A MONOPOLY ( ! ,=EIGN ,COMM]CE 7HAVE ! COMMUNI/S :ISP]$ ?IS TO Y\871 CU/OMS POLICY1 NEW LEGISLATIONS1 A NEW P5AL CODE -- ALL ( ?IS TAKES A LONG TIME4 ,9 ORD] TO REALIZE !SE TASKS1 Y\R PROGRAM PROPOSES A V]Y CLOSE COLLABORATION ON ALL FIELDS ) ! B\RGEOISIE 7REPUBLICAN BLOCK7 & ) ! COMMUNI/S 7M>XI/ BLOCK71 :ILE ALMO/ AT ! SAME TIME Y\ /ATE 9 Y\R APPEAL ( ,JUNE #ad ?AT Y\ >E SURE ( TRIUMPH+ NOT ONLY AGA9/ ,FRANCO1 BUT ALSO AGA9/ A /UPIDLY BACKW>D B\RGEOISIE 70! REPUBLICAN BLOCK07 & AGA9/ ! TRICKY & DI%ONE/ POLITICIANS 70M>XI/ BLOCK074 

,Y\ SEE1 !RE=E1 ?AT EV5 Y\R M9IMAL PROGRAM IS BESET ) FLAGRANT CONTRADICTIONS2 ITS REALIZATION IS DEP5D5T ON ! AID ( ! V]Y SECTORS AGA9/ :I* ?AT PROGRAM IS AIM$4 ,EV5 ! FRE$OM ) :I* Y\ /ATE !SE TWO MUTUALLY EXCLUD+ PROGRAMS3 COLLABORATION ) ! B\RGEOISIE & 0M>XISM0 ON ! ONE H& & FI<T TO F9I% AGA9/ ?IS SAME B\RGEOISIE & 0M>XISM0 ON ! O!R1 SITUATES Y\R M9IMAL PROGRAM AS ! AIM1 & Y\R DECL>ATION ( ,JUNE #ad BECOMES A M]E V]BIAGE4 ,WE W\LD HAVE1 NATURALLY1 LIK$ TO SEE ?+S ! O!R WAY4 

,! PROBLEM ( ,SPA9'S ECONOMIC RECON/RUCTION DOES NOT =M A P>T ( Y\R PROGRAM4 ,& YET1 Y\ CANNOT HELP BUT KN[ ?AT A CIVIL W>1 LIKE ! ONE Y\ >E GO+ ?R\<1 CANNOT BR+ ! PEOPLE TO ITS AID UNLESS ! VICTORIES ON ! FRONTS WILL ASSURE AT ! SAME TIME !IR [N VICTORIES 9 ! RE>4 

,IT IS TRUE -- & MANY ( US \TSIDE ( ,SPA9 HAVE KN[N IT LONG BE=E ,JULY #ai -- ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION CANNOT BE ATTA9$ 9 #bd H\RS1 & ?AT A LIB]T>IAN REGIME CANNOT BE ]ECT$ BY ! TURN ( ! H&4 ,NEV]!LESS1 NEI!R ! ,C4,N4,T4 NOR ! ,F4,A4,I4 C>$ ANY?+ AB\T PRE-REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION & AB\T PREP>+ 9 ADVANCE ! FRAMEWORK = ! SOCIAL & ECONOMIC RECON/RUCTION4 ,WE CLAIM ?AT !RE IS A BRIDGE LEAD+ FROM ! D[NFALL ( ! OLD REGIME TO ! ]ECTION ( ! NEW REGIME ]ECT$ ON ! A%ES & ! RU9S ( ! OLD REGIME4 ,?IS BRIDGE IS ALL ! MORE FULL ( DANG]\S TRAPS & PITFALLS AS ! NEW REGIME DIFF]S FROM ! OLD4 ,& IT WAS PRECISELY ?IS P]IOD ( TRANSITION ?AT Y\ HAVE MISUND]/OOD 9 ! PA/ & ?AT Y\ CONT9UE TO MISUND]/& TODAY4 ,= IF Y\ HAD RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ! SOCIAL & ECONOMIC RECON/RUCTION ON A LIB]T>IAN BASIS IS ! 9DISP5SABLE CONDITION TO VICTORY OV] FASCISM1 Y\ W\LD HAVE ELABORAT$ 7HAV+ 9 VIEW ! AIM TO BE ATTA9$7 A M9IMAL REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM ?AT W\LD HAVE GIV5 ! CITY & C\NTRY PROLET>IAT ( ,SPA9 ! NECESS>Y WILL & 5?USIASM TO CONT9UE ! W> TO ITS LOGICAL CONCLUSION4 

,BUT SU* A PROGRAM Y\ FAIL$ TO PROCLAIM4 ,! FEW TIMID ALLUSIONS CONTA9$ 9 Y\R 0W> PROGRAM0 >E F> FROM HAV+ A REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT]3 ! ELABORATION ( A PLAN = ! ECONOMIC RECON/RUCTION ?AT W\LD BE ACCEPT$ BY ! ?REE BLOCKS C\LD ONLY BE A NAIVE ILLUSION1 IF IT W\LD NOT BE SO DANG]\S2 ! MUNICIPALIZATION ( L& IS AN ANTI-REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT S9CE IT LEGALIZES SOME?+ ?AT A COM+ REVOLUTION WILL HAVE TO ABOLI%1 S9CE ! MUNICIPALITIES >E1 AFT] ALL1 BUT COGS 9 ! :EEL ( ! ,/ATE AS LONG AS ! ,/ATE WILL EXI/4 

,NATURALLY1 ! ELABORATION ( AN ECONOMIC PROGRAM = ! TRANSITION P]IOD PRESUPPOSES A F9AL AIM4 ,DOES ! ,C4,N4,T4 CONSID] ?AT LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM IS AN UNATTA9ABLE 0,UTOPIA0 ?AT %\LD BE RELEGAT$ TO ! MUSEUM8 

,IF Y\ /ILL ?9K 7AS Y\ DID BE=E ,JULY #a#i7 ?AT LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM =MS P>T ( ! PROGRAM ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 IT IS Y\R DUTY -- IT WAS REALLY Y\R DUTY S9CE ,JULY #aicf -- TO ELABORATE Y\R ECONOMIC PROGRAM ( TRANSITION1 )\T REG>D TO ! B\RGEOIS & M>XI/ BLOCKS1 :O CAN BUT SABOTAGE ANY PROGRAM ( LIB]T>IAN T5D5CY & 9SPIRATION4 

,TO BE SURE1 SU* A PROGRAM WILL PLACE Y\ 9 CONFLICT ) !SE BLOCKS1 BUT ON ! O!R H&1 IT WILL UNITE ) Y\ ! L>GE MAJORITY ( ! WORK]S1 :O WANT BUT ONE ?+1 ! VICTORY ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y1 !RE=E TO *OOSE BETWE5 !SE TWO EV5TUALITIES4 

,SU* A PROGRAM WILL1 NATURALLY1 NULLIFY Y\R 0W> PROGRAM0 :I* IS NO?+ BUT ! EXPRESSION ( A 0TRUE0 DESIRE = A P]MAN5T CAB9ET COLLABORATION4 ,BUT ?IS PROPOSITION1 ?IS 0W> PROGRAM0 ( Y\RS IS DIAMETRICALLY CONTR>Y TO ! TRADITIONALLY REVOLUTION>Y ATTITUDE ( ! ,C4,N4,T41 :I* ?IS ORGANIZATION HAS NOT D5I$ YET4 ,IT IS !RE=E NECESS>Y TO *OOSE4 

,! ,C4,N4,T4 %\LD NOT ALL[ -- AS IT HAS UN=TUNATELY DONE S9CE ,JULY #ai -- ! ACCEPTANCE ( ! TACTICS ( ! 0L9E ( LEA/ RESI/ANCE10 :I* CANNOT BUT LEAD TO A SL[ BUT SURE LIQUIDATION ( ! LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION4 

,! M9I/]IAL COLLABORATION POLICY HAS C]TA9LY PU%$ BACK TO ! RE> ! PROGRAM ( REVOLUTION>Y ECONOMY4 ,Y\ >E ON ! WRONG TRACK & Y\ CAN SEE ?AT Y\RSELVES4 

,DO Y\ NOT ?9K ?AT Y\ %\LD /OP FOLL[+ ?IS ROAD1 ?AT LEADS Y\ TO C]TA9 D[NFALL8 

,A ,SOLDI] ,RETURNS 

BY ,BILL ,WOOD 
,ONE ,BIG ,UNION ,MON?LY1 ,SEPTEMB] #aicg 

,REPR9T$ 9 ,BULLET9 ( ! ,KATE ,%>PLEY ,LIBR>Y ,NO4 #a#e1 ,JUNE #a#i#i#h4 

,! ,ONE ,BIG ,UNION ,MON?LY & ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD >E HE>T & S\L = ! SUCCESS ( ! ANTI-FASCI/ FI<T GO+ ON 9 ,SPA9 BUT WE SEE NO REASON :Y WE %\LD /ICK \R HEADS 9 ! S& & PRET5D NOT TO BE AW>E ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS ELEM5T )9 ! ,SPANI% ,UNIT$ ,FRONT GOV]NM5T ?AT IS TRY+ TO ROB ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION>Y UNIONI/S ( VICTORY4 

,NO MATT] :AT \R OP9ION MAY BE AS TO ! WISDOM ( ! SYNDICALI/S' POLICY ( COOP]ATION ) POLITICAL GOV]NM5T1 ! 9=MATION & >GUM5TS CONTA9$ 9 ?IS LETT] FROM A RANK & FILE FI<T] 9 ! CAUSE ( WORK+ CLASS FRE$OM1 & 9 O!R >TICLES APPE>+ 9 ?IS MAGAZ9E1 CANNOT BUT BE VALUABLE REM9D]S ?AT !RE >E /ILL WORK+ CLASS 5EMIES AMONG ?OSE :O FAVOR 0DEMOCRACY0 AS OPPOS$ TO FASCISM 

-- ,$,I,T,O,R4 

,M>SEILLES1 ,FRANCE4 

,FELL[ ,WORK]3- 

,RECEIV$ Y\R LETT] ! O!R DAY 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,I TYP$ ?REE PAGES 9 REPLY BUT C\LD NOT SMUGGLE IT \T ( ! C\NTRY1 SO ,I TORE IT UP4 

,I AM \T ( ,SPA94 ,! REASONS >E NUM]\S4 ,I WAS NOT WANT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T AS ,I WAS 9 ! ,DURRUTI ,9T]NATIONAL ,%OCK ,BATTALION4 ,! GOV]NM5T SABOTAG$ US S9CE WE W]E =M$ 9 ,MAY & MADE IT IMPOSSIBLE = US TO /AY AT ! FRONT4 ,NO TOBACCO UNLESS Y\ HAD MONEY4 ,ALL ( ! TIME ,I WAS 9 ! MILITIA ,I RECEIV$ NO MONEY4 ,I HAD TO BEG MONEY = PO/AGE /AMPS1 ETC4 ,I WAS S5T BACK FROM ! FRONT SLI<TLY %ELL-%OCK$ & PUT 9 A HOSPITAL 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,:5 WE REGI/]$ AT ! HOSPITAL ,I TOLD !M ,I WAS FROM ! ,DURRUTI ,9T]NATIONAL ,BATTALION & !Y W\LDN'T REGI/] ME4 ,9 FACT !Y TOLD ME TO GO & ASK MY FRI5DS = MONEY = A PLACE TO SLEEP4 ,I EXPLA9$ TO !M ?AT ,I WAS FROM ,CANADA & HAD NO FRI5DS 9 ,B>CELONA1 !N !Y TRI$ TO MAKE ME A PRISON] 9 ! HOSPITAL4 ,I CALL$ !M ALL ! L\SY - ,I C\LD ?9K (4 ,ANYWAY1 ,I RAN AWAY FROM ! HOSPITAL ONE DAY TO ! ,5GLI% SECTION ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I & ! PEOPLE !RE 9SI/$ ?AT ,I SEE ! ,BRITI% CONSUL = A P]MIT TO LEAVE ,SPA91 :I* ,I DID1 ?\< ,I HAT$ TO LEAVE4 

,SPA9 IS A WOND]FUL C\NTRY4 ,AT PRES5T IT REM9DS ME ( ! /ORIES ,I HAVE READ ( ! ,O4,G4,P4,U4 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,! JAILS ( LOYALI/ ,SPA9 >E FULL ( VOLUNTE]S :O HAVE MORE ?AN A S+LE-TRACK M9D4 ,I KN[ ONE ( !M FROM ,TORONTO1 A MEMB] ( ! ,L4,R4,W4,P4 ,I WOND] IF !Y WILL BUMP HIM (F4 ,! ,/AL9I/S DO NOT HESITATE TO KILL ANY ( ?OSE :O DO NOT BL9DLY ACCEPT ,/AL9 AS A SECOND ,*RI/4 ,ONE ( ! REFUGEES :O CAME OV] ) ME FROM ,SPA9 WAS A MEMB] ( ! ,O4,G4,P4,U4 9 ,SPA91 :I*1 BY ! WAY1 IS CONTROLL$ BY ,RUSSIA4 ,EV]Y VOLUNTE] 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADE IS CONSID]$ A POT5TIAL 5EMY ( ,/AL94 ,HE IS *ECK$ & D\BLE- *ECK$1 EV]Y DAMN ONE4 ,IF HE UTT]S A WORD O!R ?AN COMMY PHRASES HE IS TAK5 0= A RIDE40 ,?IS *AP 7EX-,O4,G4,P4,U47 IS LIKE ALL ! O!R COMMIES COM+ \T ( ,SPA91 ABSOLUTELY ANTI-,/AL9 & ANTI-COMMUNI/4 ,HE SKIPP$ ! C\NTRY BY FLA%+ HIS ,O4,G4,P4,U4 BADGE ON ! TRA9S ETC4 

,I BELIEVE ?AT ! ,I4,W4,W4 HAS LO/ SOME MEMB]S H]E1 AS ,I D\BT IF !Y W\LD KEEP QUIET AT ! FRONT 9 VIEW ( :AT IS TAK+ PLACE4 

,IT WAS ONLY ?R\< SABOTAGE ?AT ! GOV]NM5T SUCCE$$ 9 DISB&+ ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BATTALION ( ,AN>*I/S4 ,F\R ( \R BUN* DI$ ( />VATION 9 ONE DAY4 ,\R >MS W]E ROTT51 EV5 ?\< ! ,VAL5CIA GOV]NM5T HAS PL5TY ( >MS & PLANES4 ,!Y KN[ 5\< NOT TO GIVE >MS TO ! ?\S&S ( AN>*I/S ON ! ,>AGON FRONT4 ,WE C\LD HAVE DRIV5 ! FASCI/S \T ( ,HUESCA & ,S>AGOSSA HAD WE HAD ! AID ( ! AVIATION4 ,BUT ! ,AN>*I/S =M COLLECTIVES :]E EV] !Y ADVANCE1 & !SE COMRADES W\LD RA!R LET ,FRANCO HAVE ?OSE CITIES ?AT ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I4 

,F5N] ,BROCKWAY1 PROM95T LABOR LEAD] 9 ,5GL&1 EXPOS$ ! WAY ! COMMUNI/S W]E TREAT+ ?OSE BOYS 7VOLUNTE]S7 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADE4 ,!Y WILL NOT LET ANY ( !M COME BACK UNLESS !Y >E RACKETE]S ( ! ,SAM ,SC>LETT TYPE :O WILL SAY ANY?+ !Y >E TOLD AS LONG AS ! PORK *OPS >E COM+ 94 

,! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I SEEMS TO HAVE LO/ ALL ! P[] !Y HAD 9 ! >MY4 ,!RE IS A GOOD =T ON ! TOP ( A HILL OV]LOOK+ ,B>CELONA :I* ! AN>*I/S CAPTUR$ FROM ! FASCI/S4 ,:5 ,I LEFT = ! FRONT IT WAS /ILL 9 ! H&S ( ! ,F,A,I BUT :5 ,I CAME BACK ! COMMUNI/S HAD IT4 ,! WORK]S ( ,SPA9 >E AGA9/ ! COMMUNI/S1 BUT ! LATT] DON'T C>E4 ,!Y >E MAK+ A PLAY = ! SUPPORT ( ! B\RGEOISIE & O!R RACKETE]S4 ,AS F> AS ! 9DU/RIES >E CONC]N$ ! ,C,N,T HAS A LOT ( P[]1 F> MORE ?AN ANY O!R ORGANIZATION4 

,WELL1 ,FELL[ ,WORK]1 ONE DAY HAS ELAPS$ S9CE ,I WROTE ! ABOVE4 ,LA/ NI<T ,I HAD A HEAD A*E & ,I HAD TO PO/PONE F9I%+ ! LETT]4 ,I AM EAT+ GOOD S9CE COM+ TO ,FRANCE4 

,I BELIEVE ! ,BRITI% CONSUL IS GO+ TO S5D ME TO ,5GL& OR TO ,CANADA4 ,IF ,I WASN'T SU* A WRECK ,I W\LD %IP ON A ,BRITI% %IP = ,SPA94 ,WAGES >E D\BLE ON ! ,SPANI% RUN1 & %IPS >E TI$ UP BECAUSE ( A %ORTAGE ( M54 ,I HAVE BE5 ON ,5GLI% %IPS & NONE ( ! CREW W\LD SPEAK ,5GLI%4 

,I MET TWO MORE M5 FROM ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADE ?IS MORN+4 ,!Y SAY MANY ,CANADIANS >E 9 PRISON 9 ,SPA94 

,) BE/ WI%$ = ! ,I4,W4,W41 ,I REMA9 

,BILL ,WOOD 

,C\NT]-,REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA9 

BY ,R4 ,L\ZON 

9 ! ,P>IS ,LA ,REVOLUTION ,PROLET>I5NE1 UND] ! TITLE 0,NOTES ON ,SPA90 

,9TRODUCTION & TRANSLATION BY ,JOSEPH ,WAGN] 
,ONE ,BIG ,UNION ,MON?LY1 ,OCTOB]1 #aicg 

,9TRODUCTION 

,! >TICLES ON ,SPA9 PREP>$ BY ME = ! ,ONE ,BIG ,UNION ,MON?LY1 CONSI/+ L>GELY ( TRANSLATIONS APPE>+ 9 ! CURR5T & TWO PREVI\S ISSUES ( ?IS MAGAZ9E1 W]E NOT MEANT TO S]VE AS NEWS >TICLES ( ! ,SPANI% ,W> ,FRONT4 

,! NEWS AB\T ! UPS & D[NS1 ( VICTORIES & DEFEATS1 ON ! V>I\S FRONTS ( FI<T+ ,SPA9 >E ABUNDANTLY COV]$ BY ! PAP]S ( ALL %ADES & CRE$S4 ,EA* ( !M COLORS ! NEWS ACCORD+ TO ! 9T]E/S OR ! PR9CIPLES ( ! WRIT] WRIT+ !M UP OR ( ! PUBLICATION PR9T+ !M4 ,! LESSONS DRAWN FROM ! DEVELOPM5TS ( ! EV5TS DIFF] FROM WRIT] TO WRIT] & FROM PUBLICATION TO PUBLICATION4 ,?AT CANNOT BE HELP$1 & P]HAPS IT %\LD NOT4 ,! QUE/IONS 9VOLV$ 9 ! ,SPANI% /RUGGLES >E MU* TOO COMPLEX TO BE LI<TLY DISPOS$ (4 

,NEI!R WAS ! 9T5T ( !SE >TICLES TO PASS JUDGM5T OV] :AT IS BE+ DONE 9 ,SPA9 BY ! ANTI-FASCI/S1 NOR TO TAKE SIDES ) ONE OR ANO!R ( ! V>I\S CONT5D+ P>TIES & GR\PS ?AT GRIM CIRCUM/ANCES BR\<T TOGE!R 9 A COMMON FI<T AGA9/ ! GORY BEA/ ( FASCISM4 

,BUT EV5 ?\< WE >E NOT SO SITUAT$ AS TO TAKE A DIRECT H& 9 ! GREAT /RUGGLE ON ! ,IB]IAN ,P59SULA1 WE >E GREATLY 9T]E/$ 9 IT1 BECAUSE AS WORK]S & AS REVOLUTIONI/S WE FEEL ?AT ! /RUGGLE GO+ ON 9 ,SPA9 IS \R /RUGGLE AS WELL4 

,DIFF]5T POLITICAL P>TIES1 RADICAL GR\PS ) V>Y+ PHILOSOPHIES >E ?R[N TOGE!R TO =M ! ANTI-FASCI/ FRONT4 ,& AL?\< !Y HAVE ONE COMMON AIM1 !SE COMPON5T GR\PS >E SEP>AT$ BY CLASS 9T]E/S & BY PHILOSOPHICAL & POLITICAL VIEWS4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( ! W> 9 ,SPA91 ! POLITICAL SUPREMACY ( :AT IS CALL$ LOYALI/ ,SPA9 HAS %IFT$ MORE ?AN ONCE1 & BE=E ! 5D COMES !RE WILL BE V]Y LIKELY MORE %IFTS TAK+ PLACE4 ,) !SE %IFT+S1 TACTICS ( /RUGGLE ALSO *ANGE4 ,! ONES AT ! HELM AT A GIV5 MOM5T >E PRONE TO CLAIM CR$IT = EV]Y VICTORY ?AT TAKES PLACE :ILE !Y >E HOLD+ ! REIGNS ( GOV]NM5T1 BLAM+ ! OPPOSITION = ! REV]SES TAK+ PLACE4 ,! OPPOSITION LOOKS UPON IT 9 JU/ ! OPPOSITE WAY4 

,BECAUSE ( ! COMPLEXITY ( ! QUE/ION1 ,I 9T5D$ TO PLACE BE=E ! READ]S ( ! ,O4,B4,U4,M4 ! VIEWS ( S]I\S WORK+ CLASS OBS]V]S1 & :O1 MOREOV]1 HAD FIR/ H& KN[L$GE ( ! SITUATION1 & SPEAK NOT BY HE>SAY1 BUT FROM ACTUAL OBS]VATION4 

,9 ?IS ISSUE ,I PRES5T AN >TICLE BY ,R4 ,L\ZON1 ONE ( ! F\ND]S & PRES5T $ITORS ( ?AT ADMIRABLE & WELL-KN[N SEMIMON?LY ,FR5* SYNDICALI/ MAGAZ9E ,LA ,REVOLUTION ,PROLET>I5NE4 ,! >TICLE APPE>$ 9 ! SECOND ,JULY ISSUE ( ! MAGAZ9E M5TION$4 

,FELL[ ,WORK] ,L\ZON IS ONE ( ! OLD GU>D ( ! PRE-W> ,FR5* ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR4 ,HE IS /ILL A ,FR5* SYNDICALI/ ) ! OLD REVOLUTION>Y1 NONPOLITICAL MEAN+ ( ! T]M4 ,HE WAS P]SONALLY ACQUA9T$ ) ,HAYWOOD2 HAS CLOSELY FOLL[$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( \R [N ,I4,W4,W4 ) GREAT SYMPA?Y EV] S9CE ! ,I4,W4,W4 WAS F\ND$4 ,9 SPITE ( HIS MULTIPLE ACTIVITY 9 ! ,FR5* LABOR MOVEM5T1 HE HAS BE5 CLOSELY WAT*+ \R [N ,G5]AL ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE CASES & AT TIMES HAS MADE F9ANCIAL CONTRIBUTIONS T[>DS !M4 ,AT ! \TBREAK ( ! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,SPA91 :]E ,L\ZON IS WELL ACQUA9T$ 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y WORLD1 HE W5T OV] IMM$IATELY TO ,CATALONIA1 TO SECURE FIR/ H& 9=MATION & TO BE ABLE TO WRITE UND]/&+LY 9 HIS MAGAZ9E4 ,HE HAS VISIT$ ,SPA9 (T5 9 ! LA/ YE>1 & MADE FAI?FUL & OBJECTIVE REPORTS ( HIS F9D+S TO HIS READ]S4 ,! FOLL[+ >TICLE IS ONE ( HIS LATE/4 

,NOTES ON ,SPA9 

BY ,R4 ,L\ZON 

,:5 ,I WROTE 9 ?IS MAGAZ9E NE>LY A YE> AGO MY 0,NOTES ON ,B>CELONA0 !Y W]E NOTES ON ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SPA91 AS ! SUBHEAD 9DICAT$4 ,MY NOTES ( TODAY1 H[EV]1 >E ON ! ,C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y ,SPA94 

,I LEFT ,SPA9 BY ! 5D ( ,MAY2 ,I RETURN$ !RE AT ! BEG9N+ ( ,JULY4 ,ONE MON? IS A TREM5D\SLY LONG TIME 9 REVOLUTION>Y 444 OR C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y TIMES4 ,DUR+ ?AT MON? ( ,JUNE ! EV5TS HAVE SUCCE$$ !MSELVES ) GREAT RAPIDITY4 ,?+S ?AT C\LD BE DIMLY \TL9$ AS POSSIBLE HYPO!SIS 9 ! ,MAY DAYS1 HAVE S9CE BE5 REALIZ$ 9 AN ACCEL]AT$ RHY?M4 

,! PRES5T SITUATION 9 ,SPA9 CAN BE SUMM$ UP 9 TWO FACTS3 

,FIR/3 TOTAL LOSS ( P[] BY ! WORK+ CLASS2 

,SECOND3 TRANSF] ( P[] 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,SPANI% FASCI/S1 BY ! 9T]M$I>Y ( ! COMMUNI/ P>TY4 

,WORK+ ,CLASS ,LOSES ,P[] 

,:5 ,I SAY ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS LO/ ! P[]1 ,I AM NATURALLY NOT ALLUD+ TO ! FACT ?AT N[ ! ,C4,N4,T HAS NO LONG] REPRES5TATIVES EI!R 9 ! ,VAL5CIA OR ! ,CATALONIAN GOV]NM5TS4 ,CAB9ET M9I/]S >E BUT COGS 9 ! B\RGEOIS-CAPITALI/ ,/ATE MA*9]Y1 !RE=E IT IS NOT BY ITS P>TICIPATION 9 ! MA*9]Y ( ! B\RGEOIS ,/ATE MA*9]Y1 BUT BY ! CREATION ( ITS [N 9/ITUTIONS1 ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS DEVELOPS ITS [N P[]4 

,IF ! WORK+ CLASS ( ,SPA9 WAS P>TIALLY 9 P[] UNTIL REC5TLY1 ?AT WAS DUE TO ! FACT ?AT ALONGSIDE ( ! B\RGEOIS ,/ATE P[] ! WORK+ CLASS WAS ABLE TO IMPOSE ! P[] ( ITS [N ORGANS3 ! LABOR UNIONS1 WORK]S' COMMITTEES1 ETC4 

,TODAY1 ?IS P[] ( ! WORK+ CLASS IS NONEXI/5T4 ,IT CANNOT BE /AT$ TOO (T51 ?AT POLITICAL P[] IS ESS5TIALLY -- ONE CAN ALMO/ SAY EXCLUSIVELY -- A P[] ( REPRESSION2 IT IS ! POLICE =CE & ! >M$ =CE4 ,TODAY ! WORK+ CLASS ( ,CATALONIA NO LONG] HAS POLICE OR >M$ P[]4 

,! 0,PATROLS ( ,CONTROL0 ( ,B>CELONA & VIC9ITY1 ( :I* ,I SPOKE 9 MY =M] >TICLE 9 ?IS MAGAZ9E1 HAVE DISAPPE>$4 ,?IS WORK]S' POLICE =CE1 ?AT WAS FUNCTION+ S9CE ,AUGU/ #a#i#c#f1 ALONGSIDE ! POLICE =CE ( ! ,/ATE1 WAS DISSOLV$ LA/ MON?1 & ?IS TIME NOT ONLY ON PAP]1 BUT 9 FACT3 ALL ( ITS MEMB]S HAVE BE5 DIS>M$1 ! MO/ ACTIVE ( !M W]E IMPRISON$1 ! LEAD+ MILITANTS HAVE 0DISAPPE>$10 A EUPHEMISM SIGNIFY+ MURD]$4 

,! SAME HOLDS TRUE ( ! WORK]S' MILITIAS4 ,:]EV] !SE MILITIAS EXI/$1 :OSE DUTY IT WAS TO 5=CE REVOLUTION>Y ORD] UPON AV[$ OR CAM\FLAG$ FASCI/S1 ESPECIALLY ALONG ! EXT5SIVE FRONTI]S1 !Y HAVE BE5 COMPLETELY DIS>M$1 !IR BE/ ELEM5TS W]E IMPRISON$1 A C]TA9 NUMB] ( !M MURD]$4 

,9 ,B>CELONA & 9 ! 5TIRE ,CATALONIA1 NO?+ WAS LEFT 9 ! WAY ( ORGANIZ$ >MIES EXCEPT ! M]C5>Y CORPS ( ! ,/ATE POLICE3 ! ASSAULT GU>DS1 ! CIVIL GU>DS1 C>AB9I]S4 

,! SAME HAS TAK5 PLACE ) ! >MY4 ,WORK+ UND] ! ,CATALONIAN ,C4,N4,T4 ,W> ,M9I/]1 ! ,C4,N4,T4 =M]LY HAD ! CONTROL OV] ! >MY ( ,>AGON2 AFT] ?IS ,CAB9ET PO/ WAS TAK5 OV] BY ,G5]AL ,POZAS1 AN APPO9TEE ( ! ,VAL5CIA GOV]NM5T1 ! COMM&+ MA*9]Y WAS LO/ BY ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS & IT FELL 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,/ATE4 

,! LABOR MILITANTS1 ! CREATORS ( ! MILITIA1 :O AFT] ! 0MILIT>IZATION0 W]E SUPPOS$ TO M]ELY TRANSF] !IR TITLE FROM 0DELEGATIONS0 TO >MY 0RANKS10 >E N[ OBLIG$ TO ASK ! ,M9I/] ( ,W> = CONFIRMATION ( SU* TRANSF]S & ! ,M9I/] CONFIRMS ?OSE ( :OM HE ?9KS HE HAS NO?+ TO FE>1 :ILE PO/PON+ 9DEF9ITELY ! CONFIRMATION ( ?OSE HE D\BTS1 ?US ELIM9AT+ ! ONES & PLAC+ ! O!RS 9 ! POSITION ( BE+ UND] OBLIGATION4 ,BY ?IS TW(OLD S*EME ! 5TIRE HI]>*Y ( ! >MY PASSES UND] ! DIRECT CONTROL ( ! ,/ATE4 

,?US1 ! WORK]S' POLICE & >MY HAS BE5 DONE AWAY )4 ,TO BE SURE1 !RE >E /ILL M5 ON ! POLICE =CE1 ESPECIALLY AMONG ! ASSAULT GU>DS1 :O >E AT HE>T ) ! WORK+ CLASS & ) ! ,C4,N4,T42 C]TA9LY ! SOLDI]S ( ! ,>AGON FRONT & A GOOD NUMB] ( 0CONFIRM$0 >MY (FIC]S HAVE NOT =GOTT5 !IR ORIG9 & :5 ! DAY COMES !Y WILL BE ON ! SIDE ( ! PEOPLE & NOT ) ! ,/ATE4 ,& C]TA9 IT IS ?AT BESIDES ! VISIBLE >MS1 !RE >E PL5TY ( HIDD5 >MS1 = ! ,CATALONIAN PROLET>IAT1 IT SEEMS1 HAS CONS]V$ ITS HIDD5 >MS4 ,BUT1 ALL ?AT DOES NOT ALT] ! FACT ?AT TODAY !RE >E NO LONG] ANY REGUL>LY & PUBLICLY FUNCTION+ WORK]S >M$ 9/ITUTIONS4 ,! WORK+ CLASS /ILL HAS MEANS ( FI<T+ ! P[]1 BUT IT NO LONG] POSSESSES ORGANS ( P[]4 

,REMOV$ FROM ! POLICE =CE & FROM ! >MY1 ! WORK+ CLASS IS JU/ AS NATURALLY REMOV$ FROM ALL AUXILI>Y 9/ITUTIONS ( P[]4 ,! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,F4,A4,I4 7,IB]IAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION7 HAVE BE5 EXCLUD$ FROM ! POPUL> C\RTS ( LAW1 :]E ! REPRES5TATION ( ! WORK]S HAVE BE5 R$UC$ TO A FEEBLE M9ORITY4 ,! ,C4,N4,T4 REPRES5TATIVES LIKEWISE HAVE BE5 EXCLUD$ FROM A L>GE NUMB] ( MUNICIPAL C\NCILS ?AT HAVE REPLAC$ ! =M] MUNICIPAL REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES 7BUT :I* W]E NO?+ 9 REALITY BUT COMMITTEES1 S9CE !Y HAD BE5 COMPOS$ ( REPRES5TATIVES ( ALL ! ANTI-FASCI/ ORGANIZATIONS1 9 A DET]M9$ PROPORTION7 UND] ! PRETEXT ?AT ! ,C4,N4,T4 HAS NOT REPUDIAT$ !IR PROTE/ MOVEM5T 9 ! DAYS ( ,MAY4 ,! DI/RICT WORK]S' COMMITTEES CAN NO LONG] FUNCTION & !RE H>DLY PASSES A WEEK )\T SOME NEW DECREE BE+ ISSU$ SUPPRESS+ ! REPRES5TATION ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 AS WELL AS ( ! ,U4,G4,T4 9 ?IS OR ?AT ,C\NCIL OR ADM9I/RATION4 

,EV]Y:]E ! ,/ATE1 ! B\RGEOIS ,/ATE1 CON/ITUT$ 9 ITS TRADITIONAL =MS1 REE/ABLI%ES ITS SOLE & 5TIRE P[]4 ,9 ,CATALONIA AS 9 ,VAL5CIA1 ! WORK+ CLASS IS N[ COMPLETELY EXCLUD$ FROM P[]3 ,IT HAS LO/ ! P[]4 ,SU* IS ! FIR/ TRU? ?AT WE HAVE TO E/ABLI%1 BUT !RE IS A SECOND4 

,:AT ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ,IS 

,! MU* LAUD$ POLICY ( ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 AS DICTAT$ BY ,/AL91 IS WELL 5\< KN[N BY N[3 IT IS ! DEF5SE ( ! B\RGEOISIE & ( ! PRIVATE PROP]TY2 NO MORE EXPROPRIATION IS TO BE C\NT5ANC$2 ! L&$ PROPRIETORS TO BE REE/ABLI%$ 9TO !IR 0RI<TS02 ! SMALL & NOT-SO-SMALL EMPLOY]S TO BE ORGANIZ$ 9 0LABOR0 UNIONS4 ,SU* IS ! PROGRAM4 ,A PROGRAM ( H9DRANCE & ( DE/RUCTION ( ! CONQUE/S ( ! REVOLUTION2 A PROGRAM ( B\RGEOIS DEF5SE4 

,SU* A PROGRAM ( B\RGEOIS DEF5SE NATURALLY %\LD HAVE ATTRACT$ ! 5TIRE B\RGEOISIE1 & IT HAS NOT FAIL$ TO DO SO4 ,! B\RGEOISIE FLOCK$ 9 MASSES 9TO ! COMMUNI/ P>TY & 9TO ITS ANNEX1 ! ,UNIFI$ ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ( ,CATALONIA1 AS WELL AS 9TO ! ,CATALONIAN ,U4,G4,T4 7,G5]AL ,WORK]S ,UNION71 F\ND$ = !IR CONV5I5CE4 ,!Y JO9$ P>TLY BECAUSE ! COMMUNI/ P>TY PROGRAM WAS !IR PROGRAM1 !IR CLASS PROGRAM4 ,BUT ABOVE ALL1 !Y JO9$ = REASONS ( P]SONAL SECURITY4 ,TO BE SUSPECT$ ( FASCISM WAS UNTIL REC5TLY A V]Y S]I\S MATT]4 ,BUT1 BY ! V]Y NATURE ( ?+S1 ! B\RGEOIS IS ALWAYS 9 DANG] ( BE+ SUSPECT$ ( ?AT V]Y ?+4 ,:AT BETT] WAY ( AVOID+ SUSPICION ?AN ( HAV+ 9 HIS POCKET A MEMB]%IP C>D 9 ! COMMUNI/ P>TY OR 9 ONE ( ! LOCALS ( ! ,U4,G4,T48 

,! ,SPANI% COMMUNI/ P>TY & ITS ANNEXES HAVE1 !RE=E1 BECOME B\RGEOIS ORGANIZATIONS NOT ONLY 9 VIRTUE ( !IR PROGRAM1 BUT ALSO BY !IR SOCIAL COMPOSITION4 ,BUT ?IS FIR/ FACT WAS B\ND TO BE SOON FOLL[$ BY A SECOND3 ,( ALL ! B\RGEOIS1 ! MO/ 9T]E/$ 9 AV]T+ ! SUSPICION ( FASCISM W]E ! V]Y ONES :O W]E ACTUALLY FASCI/S4 ,& ?AT IS H[ ! COMMUNI/ P>TY 9 ITS COMPOSITION SOON BECAME NOT ONLY B\RGEOIS1 BUT ABOVE ALL1 FASCI/ B\RGEOIS4 ,:E!R 9 ,VAL5CIA1 :]E ! DI/RICT SECRET>Y ( ! ,GIL ,ROBLES P>TY1 AMONG O!RS1 IS AT PRES5T A MEMB] ( ! COMMUNI/ P>TY1 OR 9 VILLAGES F> REMOV$ FROM ,CATALONIA1 ! MO/ ACTIVE MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNI/ P>TY >E =M] MEMB]S ( ! 0,PATRIOTIC ,UNION0 ( ! ,C,$,A1 ETC4 ETC4 

,REPUBLICAN ,SPA9 ,PASSES 9TO ! ,H&S ( ,FASCISM 

,IT NATURALLY FOLL[S ?AT ! ,SPANI% COMMUNI/ POLICY IS NOT ONLY A B\RGEOIS POLICY1 BUT ACTUALLY A FASCI/ POLICY4 ,?R\< ! RACKET 9 CONNECTION ) ! FURNI%+ ( >MS TO ! ,SPANI% GOV]NM5T1 ! ,RUSSIANS HAV+ SUCCE$$ 9 GIV+ ! ,/ATE P[]S TO 0!IR0 P>TY1 ! FASCI/ FOLL[]S ( ! COMMUNI/ P>TY MADE ! P>TY FOLL[ A POLICY FAVOR+ ,FRANCO1 & ! ,RUSSIANS W]E MU* TOO D5SE TO NOTICE IT4 ,! FACTS1 H[EV]1 >E EVID5T4 

,:ILE HUNDR$S ( ! MILITANTS ( ! ANTIFASCI/ ORGANIZATIONS W]E MURD]$ & ?\S&S IMPRISON$1 & :ILE ! HELP R5D]$ TO ,SPA9 BY ! =EIGN ORGANIZATIONS WAS SY/EMATICALLY SABOTAG$1 ! ,FALANGE1 YES ! ,SPANI% ,PHALANX1 ! ,PHALANX ( ,FRANCO1 IS MAK+ OP5 PROPAG&A & IS RECRUIT+ ALMO/ OP5LY 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,! ,FALANGI/AS >RE/$ BY ! WORK]S' ,CONTROL ,PATROLS 7BE=E !IR DISSOLUTION7 = ATTEMPTS ( SABOTAGE1 >E N[ FREE4 ,& :ILE ! ANTI-FASCI/S >RE/$ DUR+ ! LA/ TWO MON?S1 ESPECIALLY ! =EIGN]S1 >E LAM5TABLY TREAT$1 KEPT 9 AIRLESS CELLS FROM :I* !Y >E NOT TAK5 \T = A MOM5T1 & >E =C$1 LIKE ! PRISON]S 9 ,CALLE ,CORCEGA 9 ,B>CELONA1 TO GO ON HUNG] /RIKE1 ! IMPRISON$ FASCI/S 5JOY ALL MANN] ( FAVORS1 SO MU* SO ?AT ! ANTI-FASCI/ PRISON]S ( ,C>CEL ,MODELO ( ,B>CELONA DEM&$ ?AT !Y BE GRANT$ ! SAME RI<TS AS 5JOY$ BY ! FASCI/ PRISON]S 9 ! SAME PRISON6 ,F9ALLY1 AS !Y CANNOT ABSOLVE ALL ! FASCI/S )\T TOO MU* OP5 SC&AL1 ! AU?ORITIES DECID$ TO FREE !M ON BAIL ( SEV]AL ?\S& PESETAS4 ,! MO/ NOTORI\S FASCI/S1 :O >E RI* OR :O HAVE RI* FRI5DS1 CAN ?US LEAVE ! PRISON 444 = AN 9DEF9ITE TIME4 

,GOV]NM5T ( ,DEFEAT 

,! FACTS RELAT$ ABOVE >E S]I\S 5\<1 BUT :AT FOLL[S IS EV5 MORE SO4 ,IT IS OP5LY SAID ?AT ! FALL ( ,BILBAO WAS DUE TO TREASON4 ,! FALL ( ,BILBAO IS ! MA/]/ROKE REALIZ$ BY ! FASCI/S1 ?R\< ! M$IUM ( ! COMMUNI/ P>TY1 BY ! OV]?R[ ( ! ,CABALL]O GOV]NM5T 9 ,MAY4 

,TO RELIEVE ! PRESSURE ON ! ,BISCAYAN FRONT1 ! ,CABALL]O GOV]NM5T HAD PREP>$ A VA/ (F5SIVE TO ! S\? ( ,MADRID1 :]E ! FRONT IS NOT F> FROM ! ,PORTUGUESE FRONTI]1 ) ! 9T5TION ( CUTT+ ! REBEL >MIES 9 TWO4 ,EV]Y?+ WAS READY = ! (F5SIVE ?AT WAS TO BEG9 E>LY 9 ,MAY3 #g#e1 M5 HAD BE5 ASSEMBL$ ) ADEQUATE W> MAT]IALS ON H&4 

,BUT1 A C\PLE ( DAYS BE=E ! LAUN*+ ( ! (F5SIVE1 ! COMMUNI/ P>TY TORP$O$ ! ,CABALL]O GOV]NM5T1 =C+ HIS CAB9ET TO RESIGN & REPLAC+ HIM ) ! ,NEGR9 GOV]NM5T1 :OSE FIR/ TASK AS GOV]NM5T HEAD WAS TO C\NT]M& ! PREP>$ (F5SIVE2 ! ASSEMBL$ TROOPS W]E SCATT]$ & DUR+ ! 5TIRE MON? FOLL[+ NO?+ WAS DONE TO RELIEVE ! H>D PRESS$ ,BISCAYAN FRONT4 ,! ,BASQUE M9I/]'S LETT] ( RESIGNATION 7BECAUSE ( LACK ( AID FROM ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T7 WAS PREV5T$ PUBLICATION BY ! C5SORS1 & ! ,MADRID J\RNAL ,C4,N4,T4 WAS ORD]$ SUSP5D$ BECAUSE IT HAD PUBLI%$ IT NEV]!LESS4 ,BUT NO?+ WAS DONE TO SAVE ,BILBAO2 IT WAS NECESS>Y = ! CITY TO FALL1 = SO IT WAS DECID$ BY ! FASCI/S 9 ! ,/AL9I/ P>TY4 

,ONLY AFT] ! FALL ( ,BILBAO -- & ! FALL 5ABL$ ,FRANCO TO )DRAW )\T DANG] A P>T ( HIS NOR!RN TROOPS -- ?AT !Y />T$ AN (F5SIVE1 = AFT] ALL IT WAS NECESS>Y = !M TO APPE> DO+ SOME?+ 444 ESPECIALLY AT ! WRONG TIME4 

,! SUM TOTAL ( ALL ! ABOVE FACTS CANNOT LEAVE ROOM = D\BT3 ,! ,NEGR9 GOV]NM5T IS 5TIRELY DOM9AT$ BY TREASON4 ,! CLEV]NESS ( ! FASCI/S1 ACT+ UND] ! COV] ( ! ,/AL9I/ /UPIDITY1 MAKES ! ,NEGR9 GOV]NM5T1 NILLY-WILLY A GOV]NM5T ( DEFEAT4 

,IF ! ,NEGR9 GOV]NM5T HOLDS \T1 IF ! EVIL =CES ?AT BR\<T !M TO P[] >E NOT DE/ROY$1 ! DEFEATS WILL SUCCE$ EA* O!R CONT9UALLY4 ,?AT WILL BE C]TA9 VICTORY = ,FRANCO & ! C]TA9 DEFEAT NOT ONLY ( ! REVOLUTION BUT ( ! REPUBLIC ITSELF4 ,?IS IS ! SECOND TRU? ?AT NE$$ TELL+4 

,CAUSES = ! ,DEFEATS ( ,RUSSIAN ,IMP]IALISM 

,! DEFEAT ( ! ,SPANI% REPUBLIC WILL ALSO BE A DEFEAT ( ,/AL94 ,& ON ?IS SUBJECT IT IS 9T]E/+ TO NOTE ?AT ! S]I\S DEFEATS SUFF]$ 9 ! LA/ T5 YE>S BY ,RUSSIAN IMP]IALISM >E ALL DUE TO ! SAME CAUSE4 

,! ,/AL9I/ IMP]IALISM HAD EXP]I5C$ TWO NOTABLE DEFEATS3 ?AT ( ,*9A ) ! BOO/+ ( ,*IANG ,KAI ,%EK1 & ?AT ( ,G]MANY1 ) ! ASC5SION ( ,HITL] TO P[]4 ,SPA9 IS RES]V+ HIM A ?IRD DEFEAT1 = HE WILL EI!R BE BEAT5 9SIDE ( REPUBLICAN ,SPA9 BY ! O!R ANTI-FASCI/ =CES1 OR1 IF HE MA9TA9S HIS HOLD OV] ! ,SPANI% REPUBLIC1 IT WILL BE BEAT5 BY ,FRANCO4 ,BUT ! CAUSE ( !SE ?REE DEFEATS >E ONE & ! SAME4 ,ODD AS IT MAY APPE>1 ?AT CAUSE IS ,/AL9'S ABSOLUTE LACK ( UND]/&+ ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE3 9 ALL ?REE CASES ! POLICY ?AT L$ ,/AL9 TO DEFEAT CONSI/$ 9 HIS DISREG>D+ ( ! CLASS ANTAGONISM4 

,9 ,*9A HE IMAG9$ HIMSELF ABLE TO M>RY ! FI% TO ! H>E3 ! B\RGEOIS ,KUOM9TANG TO ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S & PEASANTS4 ,TO H9D] SU* A M>RIAGE1 ! ,KUOM9TANG MASSACR$ EV]Y?+ ?AT WAS ,RUSSIAN4 ,AFT] HAV+ FURNI%$ ,*IANG ,KAI ,%EK ! MEANS ) :I* TO CONQU] ALL ,*9A FROM ,CANTON TO ,PEK+1 ,/AL9I/ IMP]IALISM F\ND ITSELF EXPELL$1 FROM ONE DAY TO ANO!R1 BY ?IS SAME ,*IANG ,KAI ,%EK4 

,9 ,G]MANY1 ,/AL9 IMAG9$ ?AT ! REV5GEFUL ,HITL] W\LD TURN TO BE A BETT] SUPPORT = HIS /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,POL& & ! O!R NEI<BORS ON ! WE/]N BORD] ( ,RUSSIA ?AN ! TIMID SOCIAL-DEMOCRATS4 ,! TWO DICTATORS C\LD DIVIDE ! EXI/+ SPOILS IF ! ,/ATES EM]G$ FROM ! ,V]SAILLES TREATIES1 JU/ AS !IR ROYAL & IMP]IAL PR$ECESSORS HAD1 9 ! PA/ DIVID$ UP & ANNEX$ ,POL&4 ,!RE=E1 EV]Y TIME BE=E ! ADV5T ( ,HITL] ! COMMUNI/S ( ,G]MANY W]E READY = ACTION1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL /]NLY =BADE !M DO+ ANY?+4 

,BUT1 ! ATTRACTION ( ! 0CORRIDOR0 DID NOT CUT MU* FIGURE 9 ! CLASS 9T]E/S ( ,HITL]'S BACK]S4 ,NO MATT] H[ ANTI-SOCIALI/ ! ,/AL9I/ REGIME HAD BECOME1 ! ABS5CE ( PRIVATE PROP]TY 9 ,RUSSIA WAS NOT AGREEABLE TO !M2 NO MATT] H[ OPPOSITE TO ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION ,/AL9'S REGIME WAS1 TO ! BULK ( ! WORLD PROLET>IAT1 & ESPECIALLY TO ! ,G]MAN WORK+ CLASS1 IT APPE>$ TO BE ! CONT9UATION ( ?AT REVOLUTION & ! SYMBOL ( !IR EMANCIPATION2 H5CE ! FI<T 9SIDE ( ,G]MANY AGA9/ COMMUNISM & AGA9/ ! WORK+ CLASS WAS NOT COMPATIBLE ) AN ALLIANCE ) ,RUSSIA4 ,?AT IS ! REASON ?AT ,HITL]1 BR\<T TO P[] BY ! ,RUHR MAGNATES TO EXTIRPATE COMMUNISM & SOCIALISM 9 ,G]MANY1 C\LD NOT BASE HIS =EIGN POLICY ON A ,RUSSIAN ALLIANCE1 BUT ON ! CONTR>Y ON A /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,U4,S4,S4,R4 ,FROM ,HITL]'S COM+ TO P[] ,/AL9 EXPECT$ A /R5G!N+ ( ! ,RAPALLO TREATY2 ! FIR/ ACT ( ,HITL] WAS ! DE/RUCTION ( ,RAPALLO4 

,UND] DIFF]5T =MS1 ?IS SAME MISUND]/&+ ( ! FACT ?AT ! CLASS /RUGGLE DOM9ATES ! =EIGN AS WELL AS ! DOME/IC POLICIES ( ,/ATES IS ! CAUSE ?AT LEADS ,RUSSIAN IMP]IALISM TO ITS DEFEAT 9 ,SPA94 

,IT WAS ,RUSSIA ?AT SAV$ ,SPA9 LA/ ,NOVEMB]4 ,! FACT IS 9CONTE/ABLE3 IT IS FOOLI% TO D5Y IT OR TO BELITTLE ! FACT4 ,)\T ! ,RUSSIAN PLANES & )\T ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADE1 :I* WAS A COMMUNI/ CREATION1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 ALL OV] = REPUBLICAN ,SPA94 ,! BLOCKADE ( ,MR4 ,BLUM -- ! GREATE/ TREASON EV] COMMITT$ BY SOCIAL-DEMOCRACY 9 ! 5TIRE C\RSE ( ITS HI/ORY -- WAS ACCOMPLI%+ ITS WORK4 ,JU/ AS IT WAS ,RUSSIAN HELP ?AT 5ABL$ ! ,KUOM9TANG TO CONQU] ,*9A1 IT WAS ,RUSSIA ?AT 5ABL$ ! ,SPANI% REPUBLIC TO SAVE ,MADRID444 & ! RE/4 

,BUT AGA91 ! SAME AS 9 ,*9A1 :]E ,/AL9 BELIEV+ ?US TO BE/ S]VE HIS IMP]IALI/IC 9T]E/S1 ORD]$ ! COMMUNI/ P>TY ( ,*9A TO COLLABORATE ) ! ,KUOM9TANG1 TO UPHOLD ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,*9ESE B\RGEOISIE1 JU/ SO 9 ,SPA91 HE =C$ HIS P>TY TO DEF5D ! ,SPANI% B\RGEOISIE AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION4 

,! RESULT WILL BE ! SAME3 AS 9 ,*9A :]E ONE NICE DAY1 ,/AL9 SAW HIS FOLL[]S MASSACR$ AT ,NANK+ & AT ,HANK[ BY ! SOLDI]S ( ,*IANG ,KAI ,%EK1 SO 9 ,SPA9 HE WILL WAKE UP ONE ( !SE DAYS TO ! FACT ?AT HIS P>TY IS BUT AN ANNEX ( ! ,FALANGE1 :I* HAS SECUR$ VICTORY = ,FRANCO4 

,! ,C4,N4,T4 ,CONT9UES TO ,LIVE 

,9 ! PRES5CE ( ! SITUATION AS DESCRIB$ ABOVE1 :AT IS ! ,C4,N4,T4 DO+8 ,H[ DOES IT REACT TO ! LOSS ( P[] BY ! PROLET>IAT & TO ! FASCI/ CONTROL ( ! B\RGEOIS P[]8 

,! ,C4,N4,T4 IS PLAY+ DEAD4 ,IT KEEPS ITSELF C>EFULLY FROM REACT+4 ,! ,C4,N4,T4 ALL[$ )\T ! LEA/ PROTE/ATION ! DIS>M+ ( ! ,PATROLS ( ,CONTROL2 IT =BIDS ANY RETALIATION = ! MURD]+ ( ITS MILITANTS 7(FICIAL FIGURES3 #f ,C4,N4,T4 MEMB]S 0DISAPPE>$071 & AGA9/ ! IMPRISONM5T ( ITS MEMB]S 7(FICIAL FIGURES3 #h ,C4,N4,T4 MEMB]S IMPRISON$72 IT IS OPPOS+ ONLY ) RESPECTFUL 9T]V5TIONS & LEGAL DEF5SE4 

,9 ! MEANTIME ITS =CES -- SO IT SEEMS -- >E 9TACT4 ,9 ,VAL5CIA AS 9 ,B>CELONA1 ! ,C4,N4,T4 PRESS IS ! MO/ WIDELY READ4 ,ONE COMRADE EV5 CLAIM$ -- & HIS CLAIM SEEMS TO BE V]Y NE>LY ! G5]AL OP9ION -- ?AT ! ,C4,N4,T4 NEV] WAS AS /RONG AS IT IS N[1 = ! PRE/IGE IT MAY HAVE LO/ :ILE P>TICIPAT+ 9 P[]1 IT N[ HAS REGA9$1 & ! ,/AL9I/S' /UPIDITY MAKES !M GR[ /RONG] EV]Y DAY4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 IT IS C]TA9 ?AT IT /ILL RETA9S ITS >MS1 KEEP+ !M 9 ! MO/ UNEXPECT$ PLACES4 

,F9ALLY1 ! ECONOMIC ATTA9M5TS ( ! REVOLUTION >E BE+ PRES]V$ ALMO/ 5TIRELY4 ,AS A G5]AL RULE1 ! LABOR UNIONS & COLLECTIVES >E FUNCTION+ ! SAME AS BE=E4 ,/RIPP$ ( POLITICAL P[]1 ! WORK+ CLASS /ILL RETA9S ECONOMIC CONTROL4 

,?US 9 ,PUIGC]DA1 ( :I* ,I SAID LA/ MON? ?AT ,I DON'T KN[ :E!R ! WORK ( COLLECTIVIZATION ?AT ,I HAD SE5 9 ,FEBRU>Y IS /ILL 9 EXI/5CE1 & :I* IS ONE ( ! PLACES :]E ! EXCLUSION ( ! WORK]S FROM P[] WAS MO/ COMPLETE & MO/ BRUTAL 7SEV5 MURD]$ S9CE ! 5D ( ,MAY1 )\T C\NT+ =M] MURD]S2 #e IMPRISON$2 CONT9U\S PRES5CE ( #e GU>DS 9 A T[N ( #d1 9HABITANTS74 ,! COLLECTIVES >E /ILL 9 =CE ALMO/ 5TIRELY1 ACCORD+ TO :AT ONE ( ! LOCAL MILITANTS TOLD ME1 :OM ,I MET 9 ! MIDDLE ( ,JULY3 ONLY ! RAYON COOP]ATIVE WAS CLOS$2 A FEW TAILORS & C]TA9 O!R B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS BELONG+ TO ! ,U,G,T HAVE SEC$$ FROM ! COOP]ATIVE2 0BUT10 ADD$ ! COMRADE1 0?IS WAS F9E1 = ON ACC\NT ( !M WE W]E OBLIG$ TO ADMIT REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,U,G,T 9 ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! COOP]ATIVE2 N[ ?AT WE >E TO \RSELVES1 WE CAN GO AHEAD MORE OP5LY ?AN BE=E40 

,! ,C4,N4,T4 UNIONS 9 ,PUIGC]DA HAVE BE5 DISPOSSESS$ ( !IR HALL1 BUT !Y HAVE SIMPLY OCCUPI$ ANO!R HALL1 A LITTLE LESS IMPOS+ ?AN ! OLD ONE4 ,& !Y >E ONLY WAIT+ = ! >RIVAL ( !IR PAP] SUPPLY 9 ORD] TO RESUME PUBLICATION ( !IR LOCAL ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\? PAP]1 ,SEMBRADOR 7,! ,S[]74 

,?US1 UND] ! /ORM1 ! ,PUIGC]DA COMRADES HAVE B5T D[N1 AFT] ! /ORM !Y >E /RAI<T5+ \T4 ,& ?IS IS NOT A SPECIALTY ( ,PUIGC]DA2 IT IS1 ,I BELIEVE1 ! TRADITIONAL POLICY ( ! ,C4,N4,T43 0LET ! /ORM PASS40 

,TO LET ! /ORM PASS & SAV+ EV]Y?+ ?AT CAN BE SAV$4 ,ADVANC+ /EP BY /EP1 & MA9TA9+ ITS LEA/ ATTACK$ & MO/ SOLID POSITIONS AS 9TACT AS POSSIBLE4 ,!SE POSITIONS AT PRES5T >E ! ECONOMIC SECTORS4 ,NOT TO 5GAGE ITS =CES 9 ORD] TO SAVE !M = ! FAVORABLE MOM5T1 :5 CIRCUM/ANCES >E FAVORABLE = A NEW (F5SIVE4 

,H[EV]1 ?IS IS NOT A NEW TACTIC ) ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ! ,F4,A4,I43 IT IS !IR TRADITIONAL1 HI/ORICAL TACTIC4 ,:5 ! =EIGN COMRADES1 AL>M$ BY !SE REPEAT$ RETREATS1 ( !SE AB&ON+ POSITIONS ( PRIM>Y IMPORTANCE )\T A /RUGGLE1 COMMUNICATE !IR FE>S TO ! ,SPANI% FELL[ WORK]S1 !Y 9V>IABLY RECEIVE ! FOLL[+ ANSW]3 0,?IS IS NOT ! FIR/ TIME ?AT WE >E P]SECUT$1 WE HAVE KN[N MANY O!RS2 AFT] EV]Y P]SECUTION WE CAME \T /RONG] ?AN BE=E4 ,IT WILL BE ! SAME N[ AS IT HAPP5$ 9 ! PA/40 

,! OPTIMISM ?AT RESULTS FROM ! /R5G? ( ! ,C4,N4,T41 A /R5G? ?AT IS NOT BAS$ ON ! MASS ( ITS MEMB]S1 NOR ON ! WEAL? ( ITS TREASURES1 BUT1 IF ,I MAY SAY1 ON ! MORALE4 

,?R\< !IR PR9CIPLES1 ?R\< !IR MANN] ( BE+ & ( ACT+1 ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ,F4,A4,I4 HAVE DEEP & MANY-FOLD ROOTS 9 ! 5TIRE ,SPANI% PROLET>IAT4 ,DUE TO ?AT1 !Y DISPOSE AT ANY MOM5T1 AN IMPORTANT NUMB] ( ACTIVE MILITANTS :O CAN AT ! FIR/ FAVORABLE OPPORTUNITY RAISE ! FLAG & TAKE SPONTANE\SLY ! NECESS>Y ACTION4 ,! LABOR UNION ACTION & ! AN>*I/ MORALE >E AT PRES5T SO ROOT$ 9TO ! BODY ( ! ,SPANI% PROLET>IAT ?AT !Y CANNOT BE SEP>AT$2 ?AT BOND CANNOT BE SEV]$ )\T DE/ROY+ ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF4 

,IT IS ?AT1 NO D\BT1 ?AT EXPLA9S ! EXPECTANT TACTICS FOLL[$ AT PRES5T BY ! ,C4,N4,T4 & :I* P]HAPS JU/IFIES IT4 

,HI-,JACK+ ! ,REVOLUTION 

,L4 ,NI*OLAS REVEALS SOME 9T]E/+ FACTS AB\T ! BETRAYAL ( ,SPANI% ,WORK]S BY ! 0FRI5DS0 FROM ,MOSC[4 

,TRANSLATION & ,9TRODUCTION BY ,JOSEPH ,WAGN] 
,ONE ,BIG ,UNION ,MON?LY1 ,NOVEMB]1 #aicg 

,9TRODUCTION 

,I AM PRES5T+ ! READ]S ( ! ,ONE ,BIG ,UNION ,MON?LY ANO!R TRANSLATION ON ! ,SPANI% SITUATION1 WRITT5 BY ANO!R OLD-TIME REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/1 = ! ,REVOLUTION ,PROLET>I5NE ( ,P>IS4 ,! WRIT] IS 5TIRELY AT HOME 9 ,SPA91 & IS 9TIMATELY ACQUA9T$ NOT ONLY ) ! POLITICAL SITUATION1 BUT ) ! P]SONNEL ( ! V>I\S WORK]S' POLITICAL & ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS ( ?AT C\NTRY4 ,HE HAS WRITT5 9 ! PA/ MANY VALUABLE & 9=MATIVE >TICLES ON ,SPA9 = ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION>Y PRESS1 & CONT9UES TO DO SO4 ,MANY MON?S BE=E ! \TBREAK ( ! ,FRANCO REBELLION1 & EV5 BE=E ! HI/ORIC CONV5TION ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 9 ,MAY #a#i#c#f1 HE PR$ICT$ PRETTY ACCURATELY :AT W\LD TAKE PLACE 9 ,SPA9 9 ! NE> FUTURE1 9CLUD+ ! PRES5T LONG DRAWN \T CIVIL W>4 

,P]HAPS A L>GE PORTION ( ! >TICLE WILL SEEM SUP]FLU\S TO ! READ]S ( ?IS MAGAZ9E1 AS !Y >E ALREADY ACQUA9T$ ) ! FACTS2 O!R P>TS WILL APPE> TO BE OBSCURE4 ,! REASON = !SE %ORTCOM+S IS ?AT ! >TICLE WAS WRITT5 = ! ,FR5* READ+ PUBLIC & ,I1 AS TRANSLATOR1 C\LD & W\LD NOT TAKE TOO MANY LIB]TIES ) ! WRIT+ ( O!RS4 ,BUT ,I AM SURE ?AT ! >TICLE CONTA9S ALSO SOME V]Y VALUABLE 9=MATION = ! MAJORITY ( \R READ]S4 ,IT ?R[S ADDITIONAL LI<T ON ! MISSION ( ! ,/AL9I/S 9 ,SPA9 & ON ! ROLE !Y >E PLAY+4 

,! >RE/ & KIDNAPP+ ( 0,M>C ,RE90 IS NOT EXCEPTIONAL1 BUT RA!R A TYPICAL CASE ( ! WORK ( ! BOL%EVIK 0COMRADES40 ,:ATEV] ! \TCOME ( ! PRES5T PHASE ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ,SPA91 :5 ! HI/ORY ( IT WILL BE WRITT51 AMONG ! BLACK PAGES ?AT ?AT HI/ORY WILL NECESS>ILY CONTA91 ,I AM NOT SURE ?AT ! BLACKE/ ( !SE WILL BE ?OSE FURNI%$ BY ,FRANCO & HIS \TSPOK5LY FASCI/S1 GORY BEA/S1 ,I AM NOT SURE BUT ?AT ! FIR/ PRIZE WILL BE AW>D$ TO ! ,/AL9I/ GANG/]DOM4 ,= :ILE ! FASCI/S >E OP5LY DECL>$ 5EMIES ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 ! ,/AL9I/S1 AS ! *AMPIONS ( PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 PR(IT+ BY ! CRY+ NE$ ( ! ,SPANI% WORK+ CLASS = WEAPONS1 SOLD !M SOME1 BUT AT :AT PRICE6 ,!Y NOT ONLY HAD TO PAY 9 GOLD = ! >MS & S]VICES RECEIV$1 BUT 9 ADDITION !Y HAD TO TURN OV] ! C\NTRY1 !IR >MY1 !IR GOV]NM5T1 & !IR FRE$OM TO ! ,/AL9I/ GANG & ALL[ !M TO SET UP !IR [N PRIVATE POLICE & JAILS & DEA? *AMB]S1 & TO (F] !IR BE/ & S9C]E/ FRI5DS & W>RIORS AS SACRIFICES TO ! HATR$ ( ! NEW MA/]S 9 EX*ANGE = ,RUSSIAN >MS & AMMUNITIONS4 

,& P]HAPS ! GREATE/ TRAG$Y ( ALL IS ?AT A PORTION ( ! LEAD+ ELEM5T ( ?AT EXCELL5T PROLET>IAN MILITANT ORGANIZATION1 ! ,C4,N4,T41 >E ACCEPT+ ! SITUATION1 >E WILL+LY ACCEPT+ ! ,/AL9I/ TUTELAGE1 & >E PR\D ( :AT !Y >E DO+4 

,9 ! LI<T ( ! ABOVE1 ! VACILLAT+ POLICY ( ,5GL& & EV5 ( ,FRANCE1 T[>D ! ,SPANI% SITUATION WILL SEEM A LITTLE LESS PUZZL+4 

,9 ! MEAN:ILE HI/ORY IS M>*+ ON1 ! CLASS /RUGGLE WILL CONT9UE UNTIL ! WORK+ CLASS A*IEVES COMPLETE VICTORY1 9 SPITE ( ALL ! /UMBL+ BLOCKS & BETRAYALS & DES]TIONS4 

,9 ! ,SPANI% ,MIX-,UP 

,! ,DIFFICULTIES ( ! 0,:ITES0 

BY ,L4 ,NI*OLAS 7PSEUDONYM ( ,NI*OLAS ,LAZ>EVIT* .<#a#h#i#e-#a#i#g#e.>7 

,PUBLIC OP9ION 9 LOYALI/ ,SPA9 IS MA9LY PREOCCUPI$ ) ! SITUATIONS ?AT >E BE+ CREAT$ AT ! W> FRONTS1 ON ! ONE H& BY ! FASCI/ ADVANCES1 :I* AFT] HAV+ TAK5 ,BILBAO & ,SANT&]1 >E N[ S]I\SLY M5AC+ ,A/URIA2 ON ! O!R H& BY ! GOV]NM5TAL (F5SIVE 9 ,>AGON1 :]E = ! FIR/ TIME S9CE ,JULY #aicg ! GOV]NM5T =CES SUCCE$$ 9 CAPTUR+ A V]Y IMPORTANT POSITION1 NAMELY ,BEL*ITE4 

,UN=TUNATELY1 IT MU/ BE CONC$$ ?AT ! SUCCESSES ( ! GOV]NM5TALS >E F> FROM EQUAL+ 9 EXT5T & IMPORTANCE ! SUCCESSES ( ! FASCI/S4 ,9EVITABLY1 !RE=E1 ! QUE/ION >ISES3 ,IF TOMORR[ ! ,A/URIAS >E TAK5 BY ! FASCI/S1 WILL ALL REVOLUTION>Y RESI/ANCE 9 ! ,NOR? BE CRU%$8 ,WILL ?IS FASCI/ TRIUMPH BE AS LA/+ AS ?AT ( ,HITL] 9 ,G]MANY & AS ?AT ( ,MUSSOL9I 9 ,ITALY8 ,OR WILL ! ,RUSSIAN PH5OM5ON ( ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 :]E ! OCCUPATION ( ,SIB]IA BY ,KOL*AK & ( ,UKRA9E BY ,D5IK9 BR\<T AB\T ! DIS9TEGRATION ( ! :ITES1 BE REPEAT$ 9 ,SPA98 

,!RE IS NO D\BT BUT ?AT ONE HAS TO TAKE ) ! GREATE/ ( RES]VE ! NEWS DI%$ \T CON/ANTLY BY ! GOV]NM5T DISPAT*ES1 ANN\NC+ RIOT+S 9 ALL P>TS ( ! ZONES RUL$ OV] BY ,FRANCO4 ,& YET1 ON ?IS SUBJECT !RE IS MU* 9=MATION COM+ FROM FASCI/ S\RCES EVID5C+ ?AT AS A MATT] ( FACT1 ! SITUATION 9 FASCI/-RUL$ ,SPA9 REMA9S UN/ABLE & ! REVOLUTIONI/S >E CONT9UALLY H>ASS+ ! ,FRANCOI/ P[]4 ,ONE 9/ANCE IS ! BAN ( ,GUIEPO .<,QUEIPO.> DE ,LLANO1 PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,A,B,C ( ,SEVILLE & REPRODUC$ 9 ! ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A ( ,AUGU/ #b#h1 :I* PLA9LY REVEALS H[ EXT5SIVE IS ! M5AC$ ZONE 9 ! FASCI/ RE> & ! EXT5T ( ! SUPPORT ( ! CIVILIAN POPULATION GIV5 TO ! REVOLUTIONI/S2 MOREOV] !SE ?+S >E TAK+ PLACE 9 REGIONS OCCUPI$ BY ! :ITES ALMO/ S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( ! CIVIL W>4 ,P>T ( ?IS BAN READS US FOLL[S3 

,>TICLE #a4 ,! REGION COMPOS$ ( ! ,PROV9CE ( ,HUELVA & BY ! CORRESPOND+ P>TS ( ! ,PROV9CES ( ,SEVILLE & ,BADAJOZ1 UP TO ! ,SEVILLE-,BADAJOZ ROAD WILL BE DELIMIT$ & CONSID]$ A W> ZONE 9 :I* ALL S]VICES DEM&$ BY ! AU?ORITIES WILL HAVE TO BE P]=M$ 9 ! SAME MANN] AS ON ! BATTLEFIELD1 :5 FAC+ ! 5EMY2 !SE LIMITS MAY BE EXT5D$ & !Y WILL BE SO AS TO 9CLUDE ALL ! ZONES NECESS>Y 9 ORD] TO FI<T & TO DEFEAT ! UNSUBMISSIVE ,M>XI/ ELEM5TS4 

,>TICLE #c4 7,?IS >TICLE DESIGNATES ! ADDITIONAL (F5SES1 REVEAL+ ! EXI/5CE ( EXTREMELY SUMM>Y ,M>TIAL ,C\RTS74 

,! FOLL[+ %ALL BE CONSID]$ AS ACTS ( REBELLION3 

A4 ACTS T5D+ TO FURNI% ALIM5TATION OR ANY O!R AID TO FUGITIVE P]SONS )9 ! PRESCRIB$ ZONE2 

FURNI%+ 9=MATION ON ! SITUATION ( ! =CES1 OR ( !IR MOVEM5TS TO FUGITIVES 9 ! VILLAGES2 

LEAV+ ! PROSCRIB$ VILLAGES 9 ! M\NTA9S )\T ! POSSESSION ( DOCUM5TS1 ISSU$ = ! PURPOSE BY ! MILIT>Y *IEF ( ! ZONE2 

DISOB$I5CE ( ANY ORD]S GIV5 BY ! MILIT>Y AS WELL AS CIVIL HEADS ( ! ZONE2 

NEGLECT OR LUKEW>MNESS 9 ! EXECUTION ( ORD]S & ( MILIT>Y S]VICES DEM&$ BY ! *IEF ( ! ZONE2 

GIV+ %ELT] 9 URBAN OR RURAL PROP]TIES TO FUGITIVES CONSID]$ REBELS2 

FAIL+ TO 9=M ! REGUL> AU?ORITIES ( ! EXI/5CE ( REBELS1 BY POSSESS+ SU* 9=MATION WILL BE CONSID]$ AS REBELLION2 

TRAVEL+ 9 ! M\NTA9S OR TO /AY !RE )\T A CLE> JU/IFICATION ( ! REASON & ! OBJECT ( ! TRAVEL4 

,ANO!R PRO( ( ! EFFICI5CY ( ! ACTION ( ! CIVIL POPULATION 9 ! RE> ( ! :ITE FRONT IS ! ACC\NT ( ! ,ITALIAN LEGIONNAIRE ,ALB]T ,T4 DE ,P>ME1 FI<T+ AT ,GUADELAJ>A1 PUBLI%$ 9 ,LIBRO E ,MOS*ETTO1 ORGAN ( ! ,ITALIAN ,FASCI/ ,/UD5TS & REPRODUC$ BY ! ,NUOVO ,AVANTI ( ,SEPTEMB] #a#h3 

0,9 ! OCCUPI$ VILLAGES SOME ( ! BE/ ELEM5TS ( ! POPULATION :OM WE HAVE RESPECT$ W]E HO/ILE TO US2 !Y SIGNAL$ TO ! R$S1 BY RADIO1 ! POSITIONS ( ! NATIONALI/ =CES1 9DICAT+ ! OBJECTIVES TO ! AVIATORS1 DIRECT+ ! >TILL]Y ( ! R$S4 ,?IS WAS DONE BY A FEW TRAITORS :OM WE HAD SP>$ BECAUSE !Y W]E UN>M$4 ,9 ! MEANTIME WE W]E BE+ ME?ODICALLY BOMB>D$ BO? FROM ABOVE & FROM ! L& & WE F\ND \RSELVES M5AC$ BY ! 9SIDI\S BLACKGU>DS4 ,9 SPITE ( ?AT \R MORAL & MAT]IAL /R5G? WAS NOT LESS5+4444 EV]Y EV5+ WE %\T$ ) PRIDE \R 0,SALUTO AL ,DUCE60 ,EV]Y NI<T WE SANG ) PASSION ! SONGS ( ,ITALY1 9 ANSW] TO \R 5EMY1 :O BY MEANS ( L\D SPEAK]S1 9VIT$ US TO GO OV] TO HIM 9 ORD] TO ATTA9 F9ALLY LIB]TY1 WELL BE+1 & O!R SU* FOOLI%NESS444 

0,?IS ACTIVITY ( ! R$S ?AT PRESUPPOS$ A P]FECT KN[L$GE ( \R POSITIONS1 FILL$ US ) /UPOR1 BUT WE W]E 5TIRELY AMAZ$ :5 ?AT SAME PLANE1 FLY+ V]Y L[ OV] US1 SCATT]$ ?\S&S ( TRACTS1 WRITT5 9 ,ITALIAN1 /AT+ ?AT WE W]E BE+ BETRAY$ & 9VIT+ US TO PASS OV] TO !IR SIDE4 ,:AT DID ?AT MEAN8 ,:AT WAS GO+ ON BEH9D \R BACKS8 ,:Y DID ! DIVISION COMM&'S TELEPHONE NO LONG] ANSW] \R APPEALS8 ,:Y WAS IT ?AT \R >TILL]Y1 USUALLY SO PROMPT & PRECISE1 DID NOT AT PRES5T HE$ \R PLEA = FIRE & FAIL$ TO C\NT]/RIKE ! RAPID & CORRECT FIR+ ( ! 5EMY >TILL]Y8 ,ONLY MU* LAT] HAVE WE LE>N$ ?AT \R TELEPHONE L9E HAD BE5 CUT BY ! SPIES & ?AT \R >TILL]Y WAS BE+ BOMB>D$ FROM ! SKY AS WELL AS FROM ! E>?4 ,EV]YONE ( US1 )\T SAY+ A WORD1 WAS BE+ TORM5T$ BY ! SUSPICION ( HAV+ ! 5EMY BEH9D HIS BACK1 :ILE ON ! FRONT AN UNUSUAL MOVEM5T C\LD BE DISC]N$04 

,DIFFICULTIES ( ! 0,GOV]NM5TALS0 

,BUT ! RE> ( ! 0GOV]NM5TALS0 IS ALSO EXTREMELY DIVID$4 ,! MA9 9T]NAL FI<T IS ?AT L$ BY ! COMMUNI/ P>TY AGA9/ ! ,C4,N4,T4-,F4,A4,I4 ,! ,/AL9I/ LEAD]S UND]/OOD ?AT !Y W]E NOT YET SUFFICI5TLY /RONG TO DE/ROY ! SYNDICALI/S ON A FRONTAL ATTACK4 ,SO !Y CONS5T$ TO SOME CONCESSIONS1 PREP>+ ! SPIRITS = ! ACCEPTANCE ( ! LATE/ NOTE ( ! ,POLITICAL ,BUREAU ( ?AT P>TY AS TOLD 9 ,L',HUMANITE 7,P>IS7 ( ,SEPTEMB] #a#f3 

0444,! COMMUNI/ P>TY IS DISPOS$ TO 5T] 9TO FRI5DLY CONV]SATIONS ) ! ,C4,N4,T4 9 ORD] TO DEF9ITELY DISSIPATE MISUND]/&+S & TO >RIVE AT A COLLABORATION ?AT WILL BECOME MORE EFFICI5T FROM DAY TO DAY40 

,IT WAS NECESS>Y TO ?R[ \T SOME BALLA/ 9 ORD] TO KEEP ! BOAT AFLOAT4 ,! ,FR5* PRESS ANN\NC$ ! LIB]ATION ( ,J4 ,ACASO .<,ASCASO.> 7,C4,N4,T4 MILITANT71 EX-PRESID5T ( ! DISSOLV$ ,>AGONIAN ,C\NCIL4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! TRIAL ( ,TORTOSA1 :I* RESULT$ 9 DEA? S5T5CES1 WILL BE REVIS$4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A ( ,SEPTEMB] #i ALL ! DEF5DANTS :O W]E PRES5T AT ! TRIAL W]E ACQUITT$1 ONLY ?OSE ( ! ACCUS$ :O C\LD NOT BE >RE/$ W]E S5T5C$ TO #ae YE>S EA*4 

,IT W\LD BE 9 ORD] H]E TO REPRODUCE ! ANSW] ( ,VIDELLA1 ,M9I/] ( ,LABOR 9 ,CATALONIA & MEMB] ( ! ,UNIT$ ,CATALONIAN ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 TO A DELEGATION COMPOS$ ( ! P>5TS ( ! PRISON]S3 ,H]E >E ! ESS5TIAL PASSAGES QUOT$ FROM ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A ( ,SEPTEMB] #i3 

0444,! JUDGES C\LD NOT ADMIT ! *>GES BAS$ ON ACTS ( REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT] ?AT SPRUNG \T ( ! MOVEM5T PROVOK$ BY ! REBELLI\S G5]ALS1 = ?AT W\LD BE PLAC+ ! REVOLUTION ITSELF ON TRIAL4 

0444,= !SE REASONS1 ! JUDGES NOT ONLY \<T NOT TO HAVE ACCEPT$ *>GES ( ?IS K9D1 BUT !Y \<T NOT TO HAVE ACCEPT$ !M :5 !SE *>GES CAME FROM P]SONS :OSE FLATS W]E REQUISITION$ ON ! GR\ND ?AT !Y W]E CONSID]$ FASCI/S1 OR ?AT !Y HAVE AB&ON$ !M !MSELVES4 ,! JUDGES \<T TO ACCEPT ONLY CONCRETE *>GES AGA9/ SU* P]SONS :O1 9/EAD ( HAV+ ACT$ AS REVOLUTION>IES1 ACTUAT$ BY M]C5>Y SPIRIT1 HAVE AVAIL$ !MSELVES ( ! REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION 9 ORD] TO ELIM9ATE !IR P]SONAL 5EMIES OR W]E 9SPIR$ BY ! BASE DESIRE ( /EAL?4 

0,?IS !SIS WAS ACCEPT$ UNANIM\SLY BY ! ,G5]ALIDAD1 7! ,CATALONIAN GOV]NM5T71 & ?AT MEANS ?AT ! P]SONS AT PRES5T IMPRISON$ = V>I\S CAUSES >IS+ \T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y FACTS1 %\LD IMM$IATELY BE GIV5 !IR FRE$OM40 

,IT W\LD H[EV] BE AN ]ROR TO BELIEVE ?AT !SE CONCESSIONS MEAN AN 9T5TION TO PRACTICE A POLICY ( UND]/&+ BETWE5 ALL ! ANTI-FASCI/ SECTORS4 ,IT IS ONLY MANEUV]+ TO COV] UP NEW MEASURES ( REPRESSION4 ,?US IT IS TAK5 = GRANT$ ?AT ! MEMB]S ( ! ,P4,O4,U4,M4 & ! SYNDICALI/S >RE/$ = ! ,MAY EV5TS1 WILL CONT9UE REMA9+ 9 PRISON4 ,9 ! PLACE ( ,ACASO .<,ASCASO.>1 :O HAS BE5 SET AT LIB]TY1 WE HAVE N[ 9 ! ,C>CEL ,MODELO1 ,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ1 WELL KN[N ,C4,N4,T4 MILITANT1 EX-,M9I/] ( ,HYGI5E1 EX-DIRECTOR ( ,POLICE1 *>G$ ) P>TICIPATION 9 ! ATTEMPT AGA9/ ,&REU1 PRESID+ JUDGE ( ONE ( ! IMPORTANT ,C\RTS ( ,B>CELONA4 ,IT IS TO BE NOT$ H]E ?AT ! ,F4,A4,I4 & ! ,C4,N4,T4 HAVE REPUDIAT$ IMM$IATELY ANY SOLID>ITY ) ! ATTEMPT1 & ?AT !RE IS NOT ! LEA/ PRESUMPTION ?AT ,F]N&EZ HAD ANY %>E ( GUILT4 ,T5S ( POLITICAL REFUGEES1 ,G]MANS & ,ITALIANS1 TRI$ & TRUE SYNDICALI/S1 >E BE+ CONDUCT$ UND] ESCORT TO ! BORD] AS REW>DS = ! MON?S !Y PUT 9 ON ! W> FRONT4 ,! ,C4,N4,T4 LIMITS ITSELF TO S5D+ MESSAGES TO ! ,C4,G4,T4,S4,R4 7,REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALI/ ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR7 ( ,FRANCE1 ASK+ ?AT BODY TO COME TO ! AID ( !SE TWICE \TLAW$ REVOLUTIONI/S4 

,& ON ! ECONOMIC FIELD1 ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y ATTACKS 9SPIR$ BY ! ,CATALONIAN ,UNIT$ ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY >E DEVELOP+ ALSO4 ,A VIOL5T CAMPAIGN IS L$ BY ! COMMUNI/ PRESS T[>DS ! MILIT>IZATION ( ! RAILROAD EMPLOYES2 IT IS A QUE/ION ( TAK+ AWAY EV5 ! LA/ VE/IGES ( ! WORK]S' RI<T TO HAVE A SAY SO 9 ! CONDUCT ( ?AT 9DU/RY1 A RI<T ACCORD$ TO !M BY ! NATIONALIZATION ( ! RAILROADS4 

,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A ( ,SEPTEMB] #h 9=MS US ?AT ! DISPOSITIONS ( ! NEW ,ADM9I/RATION =BIDS ! ,%OP ,COMMITTEES FROM GIV+ ! WORK]S ANY 9=MATION :I* W\LD 5ABLE !M TO JUDGE AS TO ! PROGRESS ( ! 9/ITUTION4 

,:5 IT COMES TO ! AGR>IAN QUE/ION1 IT IS ONLY N[ ?AT IT IS FULLY UND]/OOD H[ MU* ! WORK]S' COLLECTIVES HAVE BE5 5CROA*$ UPON4 ,AN UND]GR\ND PAP]1 ,LIB]DAD1 PUBLI%$ BY ! ,P4,O4,U4,M4 & BY ! M9ORITY AN>*I/S ( ,B>CELONA1 9 ITS ,AUGU/ #a ISSUE DESCRIBES1 ) MU* DETAIL1 A S]IES ( ATTACKS1 CONFISCATIONS & >RE/S ! COLLECTIVES ( ,CATALONIA W]E SUBJECT$ TO4 ,&1 IT IS ?IS PAP] ?AT ALSO GIVES = ! FIR/ TIME A PRECISE ACC\NT ( ! KIDNAPP+ ( ! Y\NG ,RUSSIAN SOCIAL-DEMOCRAT1 ,M>C ,RE9 ,ABRAMOVI*1 SON ( ! MILITANT SOCIAL-DEMOCRAT ,ABRAMOVI*1 MEMB] ( ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,! ,WORK ( ! ,*EKA 9 ,B>CELONA 

,! NI<T ( ,APRIL #i-#a1 ! ,*EKA1 ( :I* WE HAVE PREVI\SLY SPOK51 CLEV]LY SEIZ$ ! J\RNALI/ ,M>C ,RE94 ,RE9 HAD COME TO ,B>CELONA AT ! 5D ( ,FEBRU>Y & WAS LODG+ AT ,HOTEL ,CONT95TAL1 ,RAMBLA ,CANELATAS4 

,BUT1 :O WAS ?IS ,M>C ,RE9 & :AT WAS HE DO+ 9 ,B>CELONA8 

0,M>C ,RE90 IS AN ALIAS1 :I* W\LD BETRAY ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN NATIONALITY4 ,9 REALITY HE WAS ! $ITOR ( ,SOCIAL-,DEMOKRAT5 ( ,/OCKHOLM1 A PAP] ?AT PUBLI%$ S5SATIONAL BUT TRUE 9=MATION AB\T POLITICAL PROBLEMS ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,! GREAT ,SOVIET LEAD]S W]E EXTREMELY EMB>RASS$ BY ?IS PAP]1 ?AT (T5 UNMASK$ !IR MO/ 9TIMATE SECRETS1 & L$ !M TO SUPPOSE ?AT IT WAS AN IMPORTANT COMMUNI/ P>TY MEMB] :O GAVE \T ! 9=MATION1 FURNI%+ ALL ! DATA1 DETAILS & DOCUM5TS4 

,M>C ,RE9 CAME TO ,CATALONIA TO SEE ! REVOLUTION AT CLOSE RANGE4 ,ON HIS >RIVAL 9 ,B>CELONA HE GA!R$ >\ND HIM A SMALL GR\P ( SOCIALI/S -- ANTI-FASCI/S & ANTI-,P4,S4,U4,C41 :O CONSID]$ !MSELVES HIS COLLABORATORS4 ,HE PUBLI%$ SEV]AL >TICLES ON ! ,SPANI% SITUATION1 CRITICIZ+ SOME ASPECTS ( ! ACTIVITIES ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S2 HE EXPLA9$ ?AT ! REASON HE CRITICIZ$ EXCLUSIVELY ! ACTIVITIES ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 WAS BECAUSE ! ,C4,N4,T4 IS ! ONLY ONE ?AT WAS CREAT+ SOME?+4 

,! ,G4,P4,U4 HAV+ LE>N$ ( ! PRES5CE ( ,M>C ,RE9 9 ,B>CELONA1 CONCEIV$ ! PLAN ( GETT+ HOLD ( HIM4 ,= ?AT PURPOSE IT BR\<T OV] SOME ( ITS BE/ ELEM5TS ) ! D\BLE MISSION ( SEIZ+ ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRAT J\RNALI/ & ( P]FECT+ ! ,*EKA 9 ! S]VICE ( ! COMMUNI/ P>TY4 

,! NI<T ( ,APRIL #i-#a1 ,M>C ,RE9 WAS WRIT+ ONE ( HIS >TICLES 9 ! ROOM HE WAS OCCUPY+ AT ! HOTEL4 ,SOON ! PHONE RANG2 AN AGREEABLE FEM99E VOICE WAS HE>D ?R\< ! RECEIV] ASK+ = AN IMM$IATE 9T]VIEW ON MATT]S ( GREAT 9T]E/4 ,M>C ,RE9 9T]RUPT$ HIS WRIT+ & LEFT ! HOTEL4 

,:AT HAPP5$8 

,%IPP$ TO ,RUSSIA BY ! ,G4,P4,U4 

,:AT BECAME ( ,M>C ,RE98 ,SOME BELIEVE ?AT HE HAS BE5 MURD]$ BY ,H]Z'S GANG4 7,H]Z IS ! *IEF ( ! ,*EKA 9 ,B>CELONA ACCORD+ TO ,LIB]TAD -- ,AU?OR'S NOTE47 ,WE1 :O >E BETT] 9=M$1 DO NOT BELIEVE SO4 ,WELL1 9 ORD] TO EFFACE ALL TRACE ( ?AT 0RAID0 ?AT WAS CLUMSILY 5\< P]=M$1 ,M>C ,RE9 WAS CON/RA9$ TO WRITE A LETT] BY HIS [N H& TO ONE ( HIS FRI5DS1 ,NI*OLAS1 :OSE WIFE IS AT PRES5T DETA9$ 9 PRISON1 AFT] HAV+ BE5 HORRIBLY MANH&L$1 & ONE TO ! [N] ( ! HOTEL4 ,9 !SE LETT]S ! J\RNALI/ IS TAK+ F>EWELL FROM !M1 BEGG+ !M TO =GIVE HIM = HIS FLI<T & = ! EXP5SES HE HAS CAUS$ !M4 ,! LETT]S SEEM TO HAVE BE5 WRITT5 9 ,MADRID BUT IT C\LD BE SE5 )\T MU* TR\BLE ?AT ! DATE WAS WRITT5 9 BY ANO!R P]SON4 ,?IS RUSE DOES NOT BETRAY MU* 9TELLIG5CE ON ! P>T ( ! ELEM5TS WORK+ UND] ! ORD]S ( ,ALFR$ ,H]Z4 

,WE SAID ?AT ,M>C ,RE9 WAS NOT ASSASS9AT$ 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,BUT ONE C\LD BE 9=M$ ) MORE AU?ORITY & KN[L$GE BY A C]TA9 ,S*AYA ,K9D]MAN1 A ,POLI% ,JEW1 A MILITANT COMMUNI/ :O LIV$ 9 ,B>CELONA = SOME TIME & :O WAS ! 0*IEF ( ! =EIGN POLICE ( ,VAL5CIA20 ?IS FUNCTION 5ABL$ HIM TO KEEP TRACK ( ALL ! MOVEM5TS & PLANS ( ! O!R P>TIES1 ESPECIALLY :5 !SE P>TIES WANT$ TO GET 9 CONTACT ) !IR RESPECTIVE ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEES 9 ,VAL5CIA OR 9 ,MADRID1 & CREAT+ DIFFICULTIES 9 ! CONTACT+ ( ALL NONCOMMUNI/ P>TIES4 

,M>C ,RE9 WAS NOT MURD]$2 IT CAN BE AFFIRM$ ) C]TA9TY ?AT HE IS AT PRES5T 9 ,RUSSIA1 9 ! H&S ( ! ,G4,P4,U41 HAV+ BE5 TRANSPORT$ !RE 0AS A PACKAGE0 ON BO>D ( A %IP1 BETWE5 ! DATES ( ! #a#a?1 & #c? ( ,APRIL4 

,! ,RETORT ( ! ,C4,N4,T4-,F4,A4,I4 

,:5 ! MANEUV]+ TACTICS ( ! COMMUNI/ P>TY >E TOO RAW1 ! ,C4,N4,T4-,F4,A4,I4 ANSW]S ) WRITT5 OR V]BAL PROTE/S2 BUT AT ! SAME TIME ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ LEAD]S >E NOT MISS+ A S+LE OPPORTUNITY = H9T+ ! IDEA ( RAPPROA*EM5T ) ! COMMUNI/ P>TY & ITS BOSS1 ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T4 

,?US1 ! 9FAM\S SPEE* ( ,COMMOREA1 9 :I* HE REF]R$ TO ! FIR/ H]OIC CONF$]AL MILITIAS AS 0TRIBES10 L$ ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 9 ,B>CELONA TO REFUSE ! 9VITATION ( ! COMMUNI/ P>TY TO CELEBRATE ,SEPTEMB] #a#a1 ! ,NATIONAL ,DAY ( ,CATALONIA1 9 COMMON2 YET !SE SAME LEAD]S1 A FEW DAYS LAT]1 ACCEPT$ A SIMIL> 9VITATION FROM ! ,CATALANI/ ,UNION 7:I* 9CLUDES ! COMMUNI/ P>TY74 

,! CAMPAIGN C>RI$ ON 9 ! COMMUNI/ PRESS AGA9/ ! N[ DISSOLV$ ,>AGON ,C\NCIL PROVOK$ A BREAK 9 ! P>LEYS BETWE5 ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ! COMMUNI/ P>TY2 BUT LAT] & )\T ANY RETRACTION ( ! 9SULTS1 ! P>LEYS W]E RESUM$4 

,! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ (FICIALS >E ATTA*+ GREAT IMPORTANCE TO !IR RE5T]+ 9 ! ,CAB9ET2 !Y >E C>RY+ ON AN ACTIVE CAMPAIGN 9 ?AT DIRECTION4 ,!Y SEEK BY ALL MEANS TO PROVE ?AT ! =EIGN B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5TS W\LD NOT BE DISPLEAS$ BY ! COLLABORATION ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 9 ! GOV]NM5T ( ,SPA94 ,!Y WIDELY PUBLICIZ$ ! CONCLUSIONS ( !IR MILITANT ,AUGU/9 ,S\*Y 7EX-SECRET>Y ( ! ,I4,W4,M4,A47 JU/ RETURN$ FROM A T\R 9 ,EUROPE4 ,WE REPRODUCE !M FROM ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A ( ,AUGU/ #b#h3 

0,! LIB]AL & DEMOCRATIC P[]S ( ,EUROPE SEE 9 AN>*O-SYNDICALISM ! MO/ AU!NTIC EXPRESSION ( ! *>ACT] ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE4 

0,! P>TICIPATION ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 9 ! GOV]NM5T IS CONSID]$ BY !M A /RONG GU>ANTEE ( ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ,SPA94 

0444,A ,F$]AL ,REPUBLIC ( A SOCIALI/ *>ACT]1 CREAT$ ) ! P>TICIPATION ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 W\LD BE ACCEPTABLE TO ! =EIGN P[]S40 

,! SAME 9 REG>D TO ,RUSSIA1 ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ PRESS IS DISPLAY+1 9 BIG LETT]S & BOX$1 HOSSANAHS EXTOLL+ ! ,/AL9I/ =EIGN POLITICS4 ,H]E >E A FEW EXAMPLES3 ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A1 ,AUGU/ #i3 0,! ,ROCK ( ! ,U,S,S,R 9 ! ,POOL ( ,EUROPEAN ,DIPLOMACY20 SAME PAP]1 ( ,SEPTEMB] #a#b3 0,! ,VOICE ( ! ,ONLY ,ONE ?AT ,>OSE AT ,NYON20 SAME PAP]1 ON ,SEPTEMB] #i3 0,! ,WORLD ,PROLET>IAT ,%\LD ,SUPPORT ! ,POSITION ( ! ,U,S,S,R 9 ITS ,ACTIVITY40 

,!IR CONCESSIONI/ POLICY IS GR[+ 9 ! 9T]IOR ALSO & ! LEAD]S ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\? >E FOLL[+ ! SAME ROAD4 ,ONLY A FEW MON?S AGO ?IS ORGANIZATION HAD =MALLY REFUS$ ! 9VITATION TO JO9 9 A COMMON FRONT ( ,Y\?2 ! REASON = ! REFUSAL WAS ?AT ! ,/AL9I/S )9 ! ,UNIT$ ,SOCIALI/ ,Y\?1 :O W]E ! 9SPIRATORS ( ?IS FRONT1 AS A PRELIM9>Y CONDITION1 DEM&$ ! NON-ADMISSION ( ! ,Y\? MOVEM5T ( ! ,P4,O4,U4,M41 QUALIFY+ !M AS FASCI/S4 ,AT ?AT TIME ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\? 9DIGNANTLY & CATEGORICALLY PROTE/$ AGA9/ ?AT CONCEPTION ( A ,Y\? ,ALLIANCE4 

,H[EV]1 AS E>LY AS ,SEPTEMB] #b1 ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A REPRODUC$ FROM ,AHORA1 A SUMM>Y ( AN ACCORD1 GR\P+ ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\?1 ! ,UNIT$ ,SOCIALI/ ,Y\?1 ! ,SYNDICALI/ ,Y\? ) ! B\RGEOIS ORGANIZATION SU* AS ! ,Y\? ( ! ,LEFT ,REPUBLICANS & ! ,F$]AL ,UNION ( ,SPANI% ,/UD5TS4 ,! SUMM>Y FOLL[S3 

0,?IS ACCORD E/ABLI%ES ! COLLABORATION = UNITY ( ALL ! POLITICAL & SYNDICAL ANTI-FASCI/ =CES2 IT PL$GES ACTION BY ! ,Y\? 9 ! POPUL> >MY1 9 ! FIELD ( PRODUCTION & 9 ! O!R MANIFE/ATIONS ( LIFE2 IT DET]M9ES ?AT ! ,Y\? WILL 9T5SIFY ITS EF=TS T[>DS BETT] PRODUCTION 9 ! FIELDS & 9 ! %OPS1 & WILL 9CREASE ITS SACRIFICES BY FURNI%+ FRE% ?\S&S ( SOLDI]S TO ! PEOPLE'S CAUSE4 

0,= MORAL PR9CIPLE1 ?IS ,ALLIANCE ( ! ,Y\? WILL COMBAT ! USE ( 9SULT+ T]MS1 SL&]S & ACTS T5D+ TO PRODUCE DISCORD ON ! FRONT AS WELL AS 9 ! RE>2 IT WILL FI<T AGA9/ ANY?+ ?AT WEAK5S ! UNITY ( ! ANTI-FASCI/ =CES40 

,IT IS PLA9 ?AT !RE WAS NO LONG] QUE/ION ( 9CLUD+ ! ,P4,O4,U4,M4 ,Y\? 9 ?IS ANTI-FASCI/ ALLIANCE4 ,?IS *ANG+ 9 ! ATTITUDE WAS DECID$ BY ! ,P59SUL> ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\?1 )\T A CONV5TION & )\T CONSULT+ ! RANK & FILE ( ! ORGANIZATION4 ,AS A RESULT ( ?IS POLICY WE N[ SEE ,FIDELIO .<,FIDEL.> ,MIRO1 ! Y\NG ,LIB]T>IAN1 MAK+ SPEE*ES FROM ! SAME PLAT=M ) ! WOR/ ( ! ,/AL9I/ VALETS1 ,SANTIAGO ,C>ILLO1 & ?IS ONLY A FEW WEEKS AFT] ! 0EXTRA-LEGAL0 MURD] BY ! ,*EKA ( ! ELEV5 ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\?S AT ,B>CELONA1 AFT] ! ,MAY EV5TS2 ALL !SE AFT] ! MY/]I\S KIDNAPP+ & 0DISAPPE>ANCE0 ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\? LEAD]1 ,M>T9EZ1 AT ,B>CELONA4 

,! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 IS GO+ 9 ! SAME DIRECTION3 IT ACCEPT$ ! 9VITATION ( ! 0,FRI5DS ( ,U4,S4,S4,R40 7AN ORGANIZATION TO S]VE ! ,SPANI% ,/AL9I/S7 TO CELEBRATE 9 COMMON ! ,RUSSIAN NATIONAL HOLIDAY1 ,NOVEMB] #a#a1 ! COMMITTEE APPO9T$ ITS MILITANT ,ALFONSO ,MIGUEL TO >RANGE 9 COMMON ! DETAILS ( ! COMMON P>ADE :]E ! ,SPANI% SYNDICALI/ WORK]S WILL M>* >M 9 >M ) ! ASSASS9S ( ,&RES ,N9 & ( ,B]N]I1 9 HONOR ( ,SA9T ,/AL96 

,AT ! SAME TIME ! ,MADRID PAP] ,C4,N4,T4 REPRODUCES FROM ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A ! ANSW] TO ! UND]GR\ND TRACTS PUBLI%$ BY ! ,P4,O4,U4,M41 APPEAL+ = A COALITION ( ?AT BODY ) ! ,C4,N4,T41 9 ORD] TO CREATE A REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S' FRONT 9 OPPOSITION TO ! ,NEGR9-,/AL9 GOV]NM5T4 ,! TEXT FOLL[S3 

0,! COMRADES ( ! ,P4,O4,U4,M4 %\LD NOT LET !MSELVES BE MISL$ BY ! ADVISE ( ?OSE :O >E NOT LIV+ \R REVOLUTION1 NOR BY !IR /ATE ( SPIRIT ?AT WAS NECESS>ILY ! RESULT ( ! TREATM5T !Y RECEIV$4 ,DEMAGOGY LEADS NO:]E4 ,! ANTI-FASCI/ FRONT %\LD BE DEF5D$ ) ! GREATE/ DET]M9ATION BY ALL ?OSE :O REALLY WI% TO W9 ! W> & ASSURE 9 ! RE> ! CONDITIONS ?AT WILL OP5 ! ROAD = ! M>* T[>DS SOCIAL & POLITICAL PROGRESS40 

,H[ ODD6 ,! PRESS 9=MS US ?AT ! J\RNAL ,C4,N4,T4 WILL BE SUSP5D$ = AN 9DEF9ITE P]IOD BY ! C5SURE ( !444 GOV]NM5T4 

,FAILURE ( ! ,WORK]S ,ALLIANCE 

,A SPLIT 9 ! ,SPANI% ,U4,G4,T4 IS 5G9E]$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/S4 
BY ,L4 ,NICOLAS 7PS7 

,9 ,LA ,REVOLUTION ,PROLET>I5NE 7,P>IS7 

,TRANSLAT$ BY ,JOSEPH ,WAGN] 
,ONE ,BIG ,UNION ,MON?LY1 ,NOVEMB]1 #aicg 

,READ]S ( ?IS MAGAZ9E WILL NO D\BT RECALL ! PACT ?AT WAS CONCLUD$ T[>DS ! LATT] P>T ( ,JULY1 BETWE5 ! ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C4,N4,T47 & ! ,G5]AL ,UNION ( ,LABOR 7,U4,G4,T474 ,! 5TIRE PRESS 9 LOYALI/ ,SPA9 HAIL$ ! ACT AS 0AN HI/ORIC EV5T40 ,YET1 9 ! TWO MON?S FOLL[+ ! EV5T ALMO/ NO ATTEMPT HAD BE5 MADE TO PUT ANY P>T ( ! ADOPT$ PLANS 9 OP]ATION4 ,( ! NUM]\S ,LIAISON ,COMMITTEES ELECT$ BY ! TWO ORGANIZATIONS = ! PURPOSE ( CREAT+ LOCAL UNIT$ C\NCILS1 ! PRESS HAS M5TION ONLY ( ONE CASE :]E SU* A ?+ WAS ACCOMPLI%$1 ?AT BETWE5 ! METAL WORK]S' UNIONS 9 ,MADRID4 ,! ONLY /ATEM5T ISSU$ BY ! ,NATIONAL ,LIAISON ,COMMITTEE TO ! PRESS M5TION$ O!R CASES )\T1 H[EV]1 NAM+ ! LOCALITIES4 7,SOLIDAD ,OBR]A1 ,SEPTEMB] #i47 

,! SABOTAG+ ( ! ALLIANCE BETWE5 ! TWO UNIONS IS MA9LY DUE TO ! DEEP SET HO/ILITY ( ! COMMUNI/ AG5TS )9 ! ,U4,G4,T42 ! COMMUNI/S >E FUNDAM5TALLY DISPLEAS$ ) ! PACT2 BECAUSE ( ?AT1 !Y >E CONTE/+ ! RI<T ( ! ,G5]AL ,EXECUTIVE ,BO>D TO CONCLUDE SU* A PACT )\T SUBMITT+ ! QUE/ION FIR/ TO ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,U4,G4,T41 :I* IS MADE UP BY ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEES ( ! ,F$]ATIONS AFFILIAT$ ) ! ,U4,G4,T4 ,IT W\LD BE A MI/AKE1 H[EV]1 TO BELIEVE ?AT 9 !IR ACTION ! COMMUNI/S W]E PROMPT$ BY A DESIRE TO UPHOLD DEMOCRACY )9 ! UNION2 !Y >E SIMPLY RELY+ ON ! FACT ?AT BY DEVI\S MANEUV]+1 ( :I* !Y >E PA/ MA/]S 9 ALL C\NTRIES1 !Y MANAG$ TO OBTA9 A MAJORITY FAVORABLE TO !IR POLICY 9 ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE4 ,!Y WANT TO ACCOMPLI% AT ANY PRICE ! COMPLETE DOME/ICATION ( ! LABOR UNION MOVEM5T 9 ,SPA94 ,!Y MAKE USE ( EV]Y POSSIBLE ME?OD 9 ORD] TO ATTA9 ?AT PURPOSE3 T[>DS ! ,C4,N4,T4 !Y >E US+ CUNN+ & FLATT]Y2 9 ! ,LEVANT !Y DID NOT HESITATE TO CREATE A PEASANT ORGANIZATION 9 OPPOSITION TO BO? ! ,U4,G4,T4 & ! ,C4,N4,T4 ORGANIZATIONS2 & 9 ! ,U4,G4,T4 ITSELF !Y MANAG$ TO CREATE A SPLIT4 ,! FOLL[+ >E ! FACTS3 

,! ,/AL9I/ AG5TS BE+ AW>E ?AT ! MAJORITY ON ! ,G5]AL ,EXECUTIVE ,BO>D IS COMPOS$ ( LEFT ELEM5TS GR\P$ >\ND ,L>GO ,CABALL]O1 DECID$ TO DE/ROY ! ,BO>D4 ,?R\< ! ,EXECUTIVE COMMITTEES1 ) COMMUNI/ MAJORITIES ( ! DIFF]5T ,9DU/RIAL ,F$]ATIONS1 AN ULTIMATUM WAS =W>D$ TO ! ,G4,E4,B4 ( ! ,U4,G4,T41 ORD]+ ?AT BODY1 9 VIRTUE ( >TICLE #cc ( ! ,CON/ITUTION ( ! ,U4,G4,T41 TO CALL A ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE MEET+ )9 A WEEK4 ,!Y BAS$ !IR ULTIMATUM ON ! FACT ?AT ! SIGNATORIES CON/ITUT$ A MAJORITY ( ! SAID ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE4 ,! ORD] ( BUS9ESS !Y PROPOS$ = ! MEET+ WAS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT3 ,REPORT ( ! ,G4,E4,B42 ! AID TO BE GIV5 TO ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT GOV]NM5T 9 C>RY+ ON ! W>2 ! PROBLEMS ( PRODUCTION & WORK]S' CONTROL ( 9DU/RY & ! ADOPTION ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( !M TO W> CONDITIONS2 ! 9T5SIFICATION ( AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION2 COOP]ATIVES & COLLECTIVES2 ! SC>CITY ( FOOD & ! FI<T AGA9/ SPECULATION2 ! MUNICIPALIZATION ( CITY S]VICES2 ! UNITY ( ACTION ) ! ,C,N,T2 ELECTION ( (FIC]S TO VACANT PO/S 9 ! UNIONS 444 

,! ,G5]AL ,EXECUTIVE ,BO>D ANSW]$ ! ULTIMATUM ?R\< A LETT] ADDRESS$ TO ! SIGNATORY ,9DU/RIAL ,F$]ATION ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEES4 ,WE REPRODUCE ! ESS5TIAL PASSAGES ( ! LETT] FROM ,CL>IDAD ( ,SEPTEMB] #i3 

0,! ,EXECUTIVE ,BO>D RECEIV$ ! DOCUM5T BE>+ Y\R SIGNATURE1 DEM&+ ! CALL+ ( A MEET+ ( ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE4 ,WE >E A/ONI%$ TO SEE ?AT Y\ >E BAS+ Y\R CLAIM ON >TICLE #c#c1 S9CE 9 CON=MITY ) >TICLE #i1 Y\R F$]ATION IS SUSP5D$ = NONPAYM5T ( ITS TAXES TO ! ,U4,G4,T4 ,SEE+ ?AT AT ! LA/ ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE MEET+ SEV]AL F$]ATIONS ?AT P>TICIPAT$1 DEBAT$ & VOT$ 9 ?AT MEET+ )\T HAV+ ! RI<T TO DO SO1 ! ,G4,E4,B4 DECID$ ?AT ?IS %\LD NOT BE DONE AGA9 & SO IT UNANIM\SLY DECID$ TO APPLY TO Y\R F$]ATION ! FIR/ P>T ( >TICLE #i40 

7,! FIR/ P>T ( ,>TICLE #i SAYS3 0,ORGANIZATIONS 9 >RE>S ) TAXES = TWO CONSECUTIVE QU>T]S /& SUSP5D$407 

,! RUL+ AFFECT$ N9E F$]ATIONS1 M9]S1 LEA!R WORK]S1 CLO?+1 GAS & ELECTRICITY1 DRUGS1 WOOD1 TEA*+1 BANKS & EX*ANGE1 & OIL1 REPRES5T+ A TOTAL ( #b1 WORK]S4 ,ON ,SEPTEMB] #f ! ,G4,E4,B4 S5T COMMUNICATIONS TO ALL ! LOCAL UNIONS ( ! SUSP5D$ F$]ATIONS1 9VIT+ !M TO COMMUNICATE DIRECTLY ) HEADQU>T]S 9 ORD] TO REE/ABLI% ! BOND BETWE5 !M4 

,! ,/AL9ITES RETORT$ ) A VIOL5T CAMPAIGN MAK+ MU* ( ! S5TIM5TAL >GUM5TS1 ?AT ! EXCLUSIONS W]E HITT+ AT ! H]OIC ,A/URIAN M9]S2 !Y EVOK$ ALL ! TE*NICAL >GUM5TS ON ! ONE H& CONTE/+ ! VALIDITY ( ! DEBTS1 ON ! O!R H& (F]+ TO PAY !M UP4 ,ON ,SEPTEMB] #bd ! SUSP5D$ F$]ATION COMMITTEES 9VIT$ ALL ! ,9DU/RIAL ,F$]ATIONS ( ! ,U4,G4,T4 TO A CONF]5CE :]E ! QUE/ION ( SUSP5SIONS %\LD BE EXAM9$4 ,( ! =TY-TWO F$]ATIONS AFFILIAT$ ) ! ,U4,G4,T4 ?IRTY-ONE ANSW]$ ! CALL FAVORABLY & P>TICIPAT$ AT ! CONF]5CE4 ,?REE F$]ATIONS3 ,TRANSPORT WORK]S1 ,AGRICULTURAL WORK]S & ,METAL WORK]S REMA9$ LOYAL TO ! ,G4,E4,B4 ,! EXCLUD$ F$]ATIONS & ?OSE 9 SYMPA?Y ) !M DECL>$ !MSELVES ! ONLY REGUL> ORGANIZATION & ELECT$ A NEW ,G5]AL ,EXECUTIVE ,BO>D4 ,?US ! SPLIT )9 ! ,U4,G4,T4 BECAME AN ACCOMPLI%$ FACT4 

,VIEW$ FROM ! ANGLE ( DEMOCRACY )9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 MORE LOGICAL TO HAVE CALL$ A SPECIAL CONV5TION :I* C\LD HAVE SETTL$ ! ISSUE1 9/EAD ( 9VOK+ ! DEL9QU5CY4 ,H[EV]1 SU* A CALL = CONV5TION WAS DIFFICULT UND] ! ACTUAL CONDITIONS4 ,H[ CAN A TRUE REPRES5TATION BE OBTA9$ FROM SU* A HI<LY 9DU/RIALIZ$ DI/RICT AS ,A/URIAS :]E ! W> WAS RAG+1 OR FROM ! ,BAY ( ,BISCAY DI/RICT1 OCCUPI$ BY ! FASCI/ =CES8 

,NATURALLY1 M5 ( ! ,CABALL]O TYPE DES]VE TO BE TREAT$ ) ! GREATE/ CIRCUMSPECTION4 ,! FACT ( HAV+ RADICALLY *ANG$ HIS POLITICAL ATTITUDE ?REE TIMES 9 SIX YE>S IS BY NO MEANS A GU>ANTEE ( /ABILITY = ! FUTURE4 ,! MASSACR+ ( SOCIALI/ & AN>*I/ WORK]S 9 #aica & #a#i#c#b2 ! 5ACT+ ( DRA/IC LEGISLATION = ! DEF5SE ( ! B\RGEOIS REPUBLIC AGA9/ ! WORK]S1 & !N FROM ?AT POSITION FLOPP+ OV] TO A CAM\FLAG$ ,/AL9ISM1 CONTRIBUT+ TO ! BOL%EVIZATION ( ! SOCIALI/ P>TY & ( ! ,U4,G4,T4 9 ORD] TO >RIVE F9ALLY TO ! IDEA ( LABOR UNIONISM FREE FROM POLITICAL P>TY DOM9ATION1 ! ROAD HE TRAVEL$ 9 SIX YE>S WAS 9DE$ A TORTU\S ONE4 ,BUT1 9 SPITE ( ALL1 ! LEFT W+ ( ! ,U4,G4,T4 CONTA9S MANY S9C]E RANK & FILE MILITANTS1 & !IR PRES5T POSITION ( B>R+ ! ROAD ( ,/AL9ISM IS 9 CON=MITY ) ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,WE GIVE BEL[ SOME ( ! >GUM5TS US$ BY !M 9 ! ,CORRESPOND5CIA DE ,VAL5CIA1 9 ANSW] TO ! OP5 LETT] ( ! ,POLITICAL ,BUREAU ( ! COMMUNI/ P>TY1 T5D]+ ITS 0\T/RET*$ H&0 TO ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ,C4,N4,T4 ,! FIR/ >TICLE AS REPR9T$ BY ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A ( ,SEPTEMB] #ag FOLL[S3 

0,! DOCUM5T PUBLI%$ BY ! ',BUREAU' IS ONE MORE IRREFUTABLE PRO( ( ! !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL 9CONSI/5CY ( ?AT GR\P ( W\LD-BE LEAD]S1 :O = SO MANY YE>S PA/ WAS DRAGG+ AFT] !M :AT !Y CALL ! VANGU>D ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT1 9 ALL ! QUAGMIRES1 & :O SO (T5 9 ! PA/ ACT$ 9 A MANN] BECOM+ TO ! SIX? COLUMN4 

0,JU/ AS ON ! DAY :5 !Y ABRUPTLY DECID$ TO JUMP 9TO ! WORK]S' ALLIANCES AFT] HAV+ F\<T AGA9/ !M ) FIRE & BLOOD2 JU/ AS :5 !Y SUDD5LY DECID$ TO FI<T ) ALL !IR 5]GY = ! DEMOCRATIC & P>LIAM5T>Y REPUBLIC AFT] HAV+ DEM&$1 HOLD+ ! KNIFE AT \R ?ROAT1 ?AT WE BREAK 5TIRELY ALL ! TIES ?AT MI<T HAVE ATTA*$ ! WORK+ CLASS TO ! B\RGEOISIE2 JU/ AS AT ! TIME :5 ( A SUDD5 IT ?REW ITSELF AT ! FEET ( ! SOCIALI/S AFT] HAV+ = SO LONG V[$ ?AT !IR UNITY ) ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S W\LD NOT BE ACCOMPLI%$ UNTIL ALL ! RE=MI/ ROOTS W\LD BE FIR/ PULL$ UP2 JU/ AS AT SO MANY O!R CULM9AT+ MOM5TS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T1 !SE APO/LES ( IRON DISCIPL9E & ( ! FIRM & IMMOVABLE 'L9E1' MADE A COMPLETE TURN & UPHELD ?AT :I* ! PREVI\S DAY !Y ABSOLUTELY CONDEMN$40 

,! SECOND >TICLE CONTA9S A W>N+ TO ! ,C4,N4,T4 ,WE TAKE IT FROM ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A ( ,SEPTEMB] #a#i1 :]E IT WAS REPR9T$3 

0,! COMMUNI/ P>TY P]SI/S 9 ITS ET]NAL FALSE POSITION2 ITS PRES5T ATTITUDE LACKS ALL S]I\SNESS4 ,WE W]E RI<T1 :5 SPEAK+ ( ! DOCUM5T ( ! ,POLITICAL ,BUREAU ( ! COMMUNI/ P>TY1 WE SAID ?AT NOBODY WILL TRU/ !M ANY LONG]2 ?AT ALL !Y WANT$ WAS TO MAKE A TOY ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 PRET5D+ TO BE = UNITY & = ! RE/ORATION ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT4 

0,! COMMUNI/ P>TY HAS ONCE MORE BETRAY$ ?OSE :O NAIVELY W\LD HAVE LIK$ TO SEE 9 ?AT /ATEM5T ( ! ,BUREAU A *ANGE 9 !IR TACTICS4 ,! COMMUNI/ P>TY IS NOT CAUS+ ANTI-FASCI/ UNITY4 ,IT %OOK IT UP & BROKE IT & TODAY1 BY FOLL[+ !IR SUICIDAL TACTICS1 :I* ! ,BUREAU ITSELF DECL>$ TO BE 9COMPATIBLE ) ! 9T]E/ ( ! W> & ! REVOLUTION1 MAKES ! SOLUTION ( ! PROBLEM ( UNITY MORE DIFFICULT4 ,IT CREATES AN ATMOSPH]E ( HO/ILITY1 US+ ! MO/ REPULSIVE ME?ODS AGA9/ ! TWO GREAT LABOR UNION F$]ATIONS4 ,!SE >E ! GREAT M]ITS ( ! COMMUNI/ P>TY40 

,! ,CORRESPOND5CIA DE ,VAL5CIA HAS BE5 SUSP5D$ S9CE4 ,! /RANGLEHOLD ( ! ,/AL9I/S IS SO /RONG NOT ONLY 9 ,SPA9 BUT 9 O!R C\NTRIES AS WELL1 ?AT ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ,L>GO ,CABALL]O'S PUBLICATION WAS PASS$ OV] 9 SIL5CE4 ,! ,PEOPLE1 ! ORGAN ( ! ,FR5* ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,U4,G4,T471 & ,LE ,POPULAIRE1 ORGAN ( ! ,FR5* SOCIALI/ P>TY1 DID NOT EV5 M5TION ! FACT TO !IR READ]S4 ,& YET1 A FEW WEEKS BE=E1 ,L>GO ,CABALL]O WAS = !SE PAP]S ! GR& *AMPION ( ,SPANI% DEMOCRACY4 ,:AT SORT ( A CONV5TION W\LD ?AT ( ! ,U4,G4,T4 HAVE BE5 9 SU* AN ATMOSPH]E1 :]E EV5 A ,CABALL]O OR AN ,>AQUI/A9 CANNOT FREELY PUBLI% A PAP] OR SPEAK AT A MEET+8 ,& :AT CAN BE ! /ATUS ( ! COMMON RANK & FILE MILITANTS8 

,! EXPLANATION ( ?IS DESPOTISM IS ?AT !RE IS A WIDESPREAD DISCONT5T & GRUMBL+ )9 ! UNIONS4 ,! APPRECIATIONS ( ,CL>IDAD1 A /RONGLY COMMUNI/IC PAP]1 IS EXTREMELY SIGNIFICANT 9 ?IS CONNECTION4 ,WE REPRODUCE FROM ITS ,SEPTEMB] #f ISSUE3 

0,EV]Y MEET+ IS A FI<T 9 :I* NO QU>T] IS ASK$ OR GIV52 9 :I*1 AT TIMES1 ONE 5C\NT]S ! SAME PASSION AS 9 ! BATTLES C>RI$ ON 9 =M] DAYS ) ! 5EMY CLASS4 ,EV]Y ELECTION = ANY UNION FUNCTION BR+S =W>D1 ) BITT]NESS & /RIFE1 ALL ! 9/RUM5TS ( AGITATION & PROPAG&A :I* WE WORK]S W]E 9 ! HABIT ( US+ :5 ! B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5TS W]E CALL+ US TO ! BALLOT BOX4 ,VOTE SOLICIT+ = C&IDATES1 ANONYM\S TRACTS CONTA9+ DIRE ?REATS1 /RANGE BEHAVIORS & UNCALL$-= MANIFE/ATIONS4 ,SU* >E ! \TW>D CONSEQU5CES ( !SE SUICIDAL BATTLES ?AT SOME =CES >E 9T]E/$ 9 FOM5T+ )9 ! LOCALS ( \R GLORI\S UNION4 ,BUT HAVE ?OSE TR\BLE MAK]S GIV5 ANY ?\<T TO ! 9T]NAL REP]CUSSIONS ( !SE FI<TS8 ,IF !Y HAVE1 !N SURELY !Y W\LD HAVE PUT ! BRAKES ON SOME ( !IR ACTIVITIES ( :I* WE >E COMPLA9+4 ,SU* NEGATIVELY AGGRESSIVE POLICIES WILL DAMAGE ! LABOR UNIONS MO/ ( ALL4 ,!SE DAMAGES >E MANIFE/+ !MSELVES BY A LACK ( ACTIVITY1 BY ! ABS5CE ( 5]GY ) :I* TO CONFRONT ! ACTUAL & MOM5T\S PROBLEMS ( TODAY4 ,?IS ROAD LEADS NO:]E EXCEPT TO ! 5TIRE DISCR$IT+ ( ! UNIONS1 MAK+ !M UNFIT = ! SPECIAL TASKS ?AT >E 9CUMB5T UPON LABOR UNIONS4 

0,CALMLY BUT E>NE/LY1 WE TAKE ! LIB]TY TO W>N ! UNIONS4 ,WE >E =C$ TO S]I\SLY CONSID] ! SITUATION4 ,! PRES5T TIME IS C]TA9LY NOT ! PROP] TIME = US TO 9DULGE 9 9T]NAL FI<TS ?AT WILL WEAK5 \R =CES & FUR!R DIVIDE ! 5]GIES ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,WE HAVE CONSI/5TLY URG$ ! UNIONS ?AT !Y HOLD REGUL> MEET+S & CONF]5CES4 ,WE HAVE DONE SO ) A POSITIVE PO9T ( VIEW2 WE BELIEV$ ?AT ! UNIONS1 ?R\< !IR MEET+S1 C\LD REALIZE A CON/RUCTIVE PLAN ( WORK ( :I* ! IMM$IATE RESULT W\LD HAVE BE5 9CREAS+ MAT]IAL SUPPORT TO ! GOV]NM5T 9 ITS W> WORK2 OV]COM+ ! %ORTAGES 9 PRODUCTION BY 9T5SIFY+ ! WORK1 PUTT+ 9 OP]ATION ALL ! :EELS ( 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE1 & G5]ALLY ORI5T+ !MSELVES T[>DS ! OBJECTIVES ?AT %\LD BE ! SAME = ALL ( US4 ,BUT1 IF UNION MEET+S & CONF]5CES >E TO S]VE ONLY = MANEUV]+1 BY US+ ME?ODS ( ,IGNATIUS ,LOYOLA1 = BREAK+ UP EV]Y?+ ?AT IS N[ UNIT$ & PREV5T+ ! UNITY ( ?AT :I* IS /ILL SEP>AT$1 !N IT IS BETT] NOT TO HOLD !SE ASSEMBLIES40 

,! ,/AL9ITES C]TA9LY MU/ HAVE RUN UP AGA9/ S]I\S RESI/ANCE 9 ORD] TO MAKE !M SPEAK ?US4 

,! ,OP9ION ( ! ,LEFT ,SOCIALI/S 

,! ,MADRID SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION MAKES KN[N ITS APPRECIATION ( ! SITUATION 9 AN OP5 LETT] ADDRESS$ TO ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,SOCIALI/ P>TY ( ,SPA94 ,?IS ,MADRID ORGANIZATION HAS 9 ITS RANKS SU* \T/&+ SOCIALI/S AS ,L>GO ,CABALL]O1 ,>AQUI/A91 ,PASCUAL ,?OMAS & ,LLOPIS4 ,WE >E REPRODUC+ P>TS ( ! LETT] FROM ! ,9=MATION ,BULLET9 ,NO4 #d#i1 ( ! ,F4,A4,I4-,C4,N4,T43 

0,A PEOPLE IS 9V9CIBLE ON CONDITION ?AT IT IS NOT MADE TO LOSE CONFID5CE 9 ITS ASPIRATIONS ( LIB]TY1 ON CONDITION ?AT IT WILL NOT SEE EM]G+ FROM ITS [N BOSOM & FROM ITS COLLECTIVE SACRIFICES A NEW TYRANNICAL P[]1 & 9T]NAL DESPOTISM ?AT W\LD FREEZE UP ITS 5?USIASM 9 ! FI<T = FRE$OM AT HOME & 9 ! LONG RUN ITS RESI/ANCE TO TYRANNY FROM ! \TSIDE4 

0444 ,ITS KN[L$GE ?AT !RE IS A POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ?AT IS WORK+ ABOVE ANY?+ ELSE1 = ! 9CREASE ( ITS [N P[]1 HAV+ ! SECRET AMBITION ( BECOM+ ! SOLE ORGANIZATION BO? DUR+ & AFT] ! W>1 %ATT]S ! MORALE ( ! FI<T]S ON ! FRONT & ( ! WORK]S ( ! FACTORIES & FIELDS4 

0444 ,WE >E REF]R+ TO ! ,SPANI% SECTION ( ! COMMUNI/ 9T]NATIONAL4 ,WE >E HOLD+ ?IS P>TY MA9LY RESPONSIBLE = ! MIS=TUNES EXP]I5C$ BY ! REPUBLICAN CAUSE 9 ! LA/ ?REE MON?S1 & WE HOLD ?AT P>TY RESPONSIBLE = ! EV5 MORE S]I\S DISA/]S ?AT WILL COME 9 ! NE> FUTURE UNLESS AN IMM$IATE REM$Y IS F\ND4 

0444 ,UNTIL ?REE MON?S AGO !RE WAS A REAL UNITY ( ANTI-FASCI/ ACTION 9 ,SPA94 ,ALL P>TIES & ! LABOR UNIONS W]E COLLABORAT+ DIRECTLY 9 ! CONTROL & RESPONSIBILITIES ( ! CONDUCT ( ! W>4 ,?AT UNITY ( PURPOSE & ACTION HAS BE5 DIM9I%+ FROM DAY TO DAY4 ,BY :OSE FAULT8 ,BY ! FAULT ( ! COMMUNI/ P>TY 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 BECAUSE IT WAS !Y :O FIR/ SET UP A CONSPIRACY TO REMOVE FROM P[] ! PEOPLE & ! ORGANIZATIONS ?AT W\LD NOT SUBMIT TO ! ORD]S IMPORT$ BY ! COMMUNI/S2 LAT] !Y SL&]$ ! V]Y P]SONALITIES :OM !Y HAVE RAIS$ UP ON ! P$E/AL1 :5 !Y SAW 9 !M AN OB/ACLE = !IR P>TISAN S*EMES1 :E!R ON ! W> FRONT OR 9 ! /ATE (FICES4 ,!Y TOOK ! RIDICUL\S ATTITUDE ?AT POLITICAL P>TIES1 & P>TICUL>LY ! COMMUNI/ P>TY1 >E PRIVILEG$ BODIES ( ALMO/ DIV9E ORIG91 *>G$ ) ! MISSION ( DIRECT+ PUBLIC CONDUCT & ?AT ! LABOR UNIONS W]E ONLY GOOD TO DO ! WORK & BL9DLY OBEY ! NEWLY SELECT$ >I/OCRACY1 AS IF PEOPLE :O FOLL[ A MANUAL OR PR(ESSIONAL CALL+ HAD LESS CAPACITY = ! AFFAIRS ( ,/ATE ?AN ?OSE :OSE CALL+ IS NO?+ BUT POLITICS1 & AT TIMES1 :AT SORT ( POLITICS6 

0,! COMMUNI/ P>TY DECL>$ W> TO ! DEA? TO ?OSE 9 ! ,U4,G4,T4 & 9 ! ,C4,N4,T4 :O W]E OPPOS$ TO ITS TOTALIT>IAN POLICIES1 :I* IS BY NO MEANS A DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,IT BROKE ! CORDIAL RELATIONS EXI/+ BETWE5 ?AT P>TY & ! LEFT W+ ( ! SOCIALI/ P>TY S9CE ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION & DUR+ ! FIR/ MON?S ( ! MILIT>Y 9SURRECTION 9 #a#i#c#f4 ,& N[ !Y EV5 HAVE ! N]VE TO /ATE ?AT IT IS \R P>TY ?AT HAS *ANG$ POLICY4 

0,! LEFT W+ SOCIALI/S >E N[ ! SAME AS !Y W]E BE=E4 ,!Y >E NOT RESPONSIBLE = A S+LE ACT ( HO/ILITY AGA9/ ! COMMUNI/ P>TY1 BUT ! COMMUNI/S >E GUILTY ( MANY SU* ACTS4 ,! LEFT SOCIALI/S /ILL DESIRE ! POLITICAL UNITY ( ! TWO P>TIES1 SUBJECT H[EV] TO ?REE CONDITIONS :I* W]E =MULAT$ & E/ABLI%$ AS A BASIS ( DISCUSSION BY A CONF]5CE ( !IR GR\PS 9 ,APRIL #a#i#c#f4 

0,! UNIT$ P>TY %\LD BE AT ALL TIMES SUBJECT TO AN EXCLUSIVELY NATIONAL DIRECTION & RESPONSIBILITY2 9 ANY CASE A NATIONAL CONV5TION %\LD HAVE ! RI<T TO T]M9ATE ! UNITY4 

0,WE >E DISAV[+ ! CAMPAIGN ( =CE & P]SECUTION C>RI$ ON BY ! COMMUNI/ P>TY ON ! W> FRONTS & 9 ! RE>2 IT IS REVOLT+ TO ! SOCIALI/S :O >E UPHOLD+ ! DIGNITY ( !IR P>TY & !IR [N DIGNITY AS M5 & ,SPANI>DS4 ,! 9JU/ICES & ! FAVORITISMS 9TRODUC$ BY ! COMMUNI/S W]E NEV] CONSID]$ FAVORABLY 9 ,SPA92 ! MISGUID$ LEAD]S ( ! ,SPANI% SECTION ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL %\LD HAVE TAK5 ?IS 9 CONSID]ATION 444 

0,SOME?+ MORE WAS DE/ROY$3 A GOV]NM5T ?AT WAS MORE TRULY ,SPANI% ?R\< ITS AIMS1 & WAS ! MO/ EFFICI5T BO? 9T]NALLY & 9T]NATIONALLY ?AN ,SPA9 HAS HAD S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( ! W>2 ?IS GOV]NM5T WAS = ! UNITY ( ALL ! P>TIES & ( ! LABOR UNIONS2 ?US IT WAS = ! COMPREH5SION ( ALL ! P>TIES & ( ! WORK]S SUPPORT+ POLITICAL UNITY4 ,BY ! DE/RUCTION ( ?AT GOV]NM5T ! CONFID5CE ( ! SOLDI]S ON ! FRONT & ( ! WORK]S 9 ! RE> WAS %ATT]$4 ,9 SPITE ( ! FACT ?AT ! W> WAS A TRAGIC AFFAIR1 CO/+ RIV]S ( POPUL> BLOOD1 ! COMMUNI/ P>TY DID NOT HESITATE TO PR(IT BY IT 9 ORD] TO FUR!R ITS POLICY ( ABSORPTION & ( SPECULATION4 

0,IF ! REC5T UN=TUNATE W> OP]ATIONS AT ,BRUNETE1 :I* HAVE BE5 REJECT$ SEV]AL TIMES 9 ADVANCE BY ! MILIT>Y TE*NICIANS1 :O CONSID]$ !M FAT$ TO FAILURE1 IF !SE OP]ATIONS W]E DUE ONLY TO MILIT>Y ]RORS WE W\LD KEEP QUIET AB\T IT & W\LD ONLY ASK = ! DIS*>GE & ! PUNI%M5T ( ?OSE GUILTY ( HAV+ WA/$ SO MU* ( ! PEOPLE'S BLOOD2 BUT 9 !SE OP]ATIONS ! MILIT>Y OBJECTIVES W]E SUBORD9AT$ TO PETTY POLITICAL 5DS3 TO ! GLORIFICATION ( SOME COMMUNI/ *IEFS1 :O CONDUCT$ !M1 9 CASE !Y W\LD HAVE SUCCE$$4 ,! 9T5TION WAS TO DEMON/RATE ! SUP]IORITY ( A GOV]NM5T ?AT C\LD COME BACK & SAVE ,MADRID1 9 CONTRA/ ) A GOV]NM5T ACCUS$ ( HAV+ DES]T$ ! CITY2 TO DEMON/RATE ALSO ?AT IF SU* AN EASY VICTORY WAS NOT WON SOON]1 ?IS WAS DUE TO ! UNREASONABLE RESI/ANCE ( ?OSE :O CONF\ND$ 9ACTION ) PRUD5CE1 ( ?OSE :O CONF\ND$ ! OPPOSITION TO ! P>TISAN PASSIONS ( COMMUNISM ) ! ANXIETY = NOT SPILL+ CRIM9ALLY TORR5TS ( POPUL> BLOOD4 ,! PITIFUL RESULTS HAVE DEMON/RAT$ :O WAS RI<T40 

,SUMM+ UP ITS POSITION T[>DS ! COMMUNI/ P>TY1 ! ,MADRID SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION CONCLUDES3 

0,A POLICY ( DIVISION1 A SPECTACUL> POLICY AT ! CO/ ( ?\S&S UPON ?\S&S ( DEAD & W\ND$ )\T ANY /RATEGICAL GA91 SU* WAS ! POLICY ( ! COMMUNI/ P>TY4 ,IF WE W\LD BE AS EVIL-M9D$ AS !Y1 WE W\LD SAY ?AT !SE POLICIES >E MADE = ! PURPOSE ( CREAT+ ! MORAL & ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS = A COMPLETE DEFEAT4 

0,WE PREF] H[EV] TO BELIEVE ?AT IT IS ONLY A QUE/ION ( ]RORS ( JUDGM5T1 & ( ! MANEUV]+ ( POOR & ME*ANIZ$ 9TELLIG5CE ?AT CAN BELIEVE ?AT VICTORY IS NE> & ?AT ! COMMUNI/ CAN ATTA9 IT BY !MSELVES4 

0,IF ?AT IS ! CASE !Y >E ]R+ PR(\NDLY4 ,VICTORY WILL BE ! RESULT ( ! COMB9$ ANTI-FASCI/ =CES OR !RE WILL BE NONE4 ,=1 ( TWO ?+S ONE3 EI!R ! COMMUNI/ P>TY WILL ALT] ITS POLICY :I* LEADS TO DEFEAT OR IT WILL HAVE TO BE REMOV$ FROM PUBLIC AFFAIRS AS ! 5EMY ( REPUBLICAN ,SPA940 

,! OP5 LETT] ADDS ?AT 9 JU/ICE IT IS NECESS>Y = IT TO /ATE ?AT EV5 IF ! COMMUNI/ P>TY IS ! MO/ RESPONSIBLE = ! PRES5T SITUATION1 YET IT IS NOT ! ONLY ONE4 ,)\T M5TION+ ! SOCIALI/ P>TY BY NAME1 ! AU?ORS ( ! OP5 LETT] >E ACCUS+ ! SOCIALI/ P>TY ( UNEXPLA9ABLE COMPLICITY 9SIDE ( ?AT P>TY3 

0,!RE >E AN 9F9ITE NUMB] ( =MS ( TREASON4 ,BUT ?AT ( WANT+ TO LIQUIDATE ONE'S [N P>TY = ! B5EFIT ( ANO!R P>TY1 ?AT IS UNPREC$5T$ 444 ( SU* AN ACT ONLY AN ANTI-REVOLUTION>Y1 ANTI-DEMOCRATIC1 UNSCRUPUL\S M9ORITY SEEK+ P[] = ! SAKE ( P[] C\LD BE CAPABLE40 

,! 0,UNCONTROLLABLES0 9 ,SPA9 

BY ,SOPHIA ,FAG9 
,ONE ,BIG ,UNION ,MON?LY1 ,FEBRU>Y1 #ai* 

,!SE LA/ FEW DAYS Y\ HAVE BE5 READ+1 ) A GREAT DEAL ( 9T]E/ ,I AM SURE1 ! NEWSPAP] ACC\NTS ( ! FI<T+ GO+ ON 9 ,T]UEL4 ,Y\ HAVE BE5 *E]$ BY EV]Y VICTORY1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! LI<T ( ! LONG P]IOD ( MILIT>Y FAILURES FROM :I* ! LOYALI/S >E N[ EM]G+4 

,BUT REG>DLESS H[ CONC]N$ Y\ MAY HAVE BE5 AB\T NEWS FROM ! FRONT1 IF Y\ W]E DEP5D5T UPON ! ORD9>Y S\RCES ( 9=MATION1 ,I AM ALMO/ POSITIVE ?AT Y\ >E NOT FAMILI> ) ! NATURE ( ! MILIT>Y LEAD] :OSE DIVISION IS RESPONSIBLE = ! DECISIVE LOYALI/ VICTORY4 ,HIS NAME IS ,VIV5COS .<,VIVANCOS.>4 ,BE=E ! REVOLT ( ,FRANCO1 HE WAS A TRANSPORT WORK] 9 ,B>CELONA & AN ACTIVE MEMB] 9 ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T -- ! ,C4,N4,T4 ,:5 ,FRANCO REVOLT$ ,VIV5COS .<,VIVANCOS.> JO9$ ! O!R ?\S&S ( ,C4,N4,T4 M5 9 !IR M>* TO WRE/ ,>AGON FROM FASCI/ CLUT*ES1 AFT] !Y HAD CRU%$ FASCISM 9 ,B>CELONA & ! RE/ ( ,CATALONIA4 

,IT WAS NOT LONG BE=E HIS C\RAGE & 9NATE ABILITY AS A FI<T] W]E RECOGNIZ$1 & HE BECAME ! COMM&] ( A COLUMN ( #b M54 ,AS ! W> W5T ON1 ! PRE/IGE ( HIS COLUMN ROSE TO ITS PRES5T /ATUS :I* IS SECOND TO NONE 9 ! MILIT>Y RANKS ( ! LOYALI/ =CES4 ,C]TA9LY1 Y\ WILL AGREE1 O!RS :O HAVE DONE LESS HAVE GOTT5 GREAT] COMM5DATION2 BUT ! NATURE 9 :I* ! NEWS IS REPRESS$ & ! S\RCES FROM :I* IT IS GOTT5 HAVE SO WORK$ ?AT ! KN[L$GE ( ?IS MAN & MANY MORE LIKE HIM >E KEPT FROM ! READ+ PUBLIC4 

,! EXT5T ( ?IS CONSPIRACY ( SIL5CE CAN BE E/IMAT$ IF WE RECOGNIZE ?AT ! MAJORITY ( ! MILIT>Y LEAD]S ON ! ,>AGON FRONT >E AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S4 ,YET1 IF Y\R ONLY S\RCE ( 9=MATION AB\T SYNDICALISM 9 ,SPA9 IS ! CAPITALI/ OR ! ,COMMUNI/ 7,/AL9I/7 PRESS1 OR EV5 (T5 ! LIB]AL J\RNALS1 Y\ >E LIKELY TO ASSOCIATE ! T]M AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ) ! WORD 0UNCONTROLLABLE40 

,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! /RUGGLE1 :5 REPORT]S GOT !IR 9=MATION FROM MORE DIRECT S\RCES1 OR ?R\< DIRECT OBS]VATION1 ! TONE ( ! >TICLES ( LIB]AL WRIT]S AB\T AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S 9 ,SPA9 WAS SOME:AT DIFF]5T4 ,N[ :5 09=MATION0 IS M]ELY ! 9T]PRETATION ( SOME 9T]M$IATE AG5CY1 IT HAS (T5 LITTLE RELATION TO ! FACTS4 

,ONE ( ! REASONS ,I WANT TO DISCUSS ! ,SPANI% LABOR ORGANIZATION1 ! ,C4,N4,T41 IS ?AT IT IS SO COMPLETELY MISUND]/OOD1 & ! COOP]ATIVE WEAKNESS ( ! CORRESPOND+ ORGANIZATION 9 ?IS C\NTRY DOES NOT SUCCESSFULLY C\NT]ACT ! MIS9=MATION BY O!R P>TISANS4 ,IT HAS ?US COME TO PASS ?AT ! MILITANTS ( ! ,C4,N4,T4-,F4,A4,I41 ! MO/ REALI/IC & F]V5T ANTI-FASCI/ FI<T]S -- ?OSE :O RECOGNIZE ?AT ONLY ?R\< A REVOLUTION 9 ! RE> CAN ! W> BE C>RI$ \T SUCCESSFULLY 9 ! FRONT & ITS VICTORIES GA!R SIGNIFICANCE -- IT IS !Y AGA9/ :OM ! SLOGAN 0UNCONTROLLABLE0 HAS BE5 (T5 DIRECT$4 

,! ORIG9 ( ! SLOGAN IS NOT CLE>2 ITS NATURAL HABITAT SEEMS TO BE 9 ! COMMUNI/1 LIB]AL1 & CAPITALI/ PRESS4 ,IT IS A DIRTY & DANG]\S WORD BECAUSE IT HAS NO LIMITS & IS SO ILL-DEF9$ ?AT Y\ CAN USE IT AGA9/ ANYONE :OM Y\ CANNOT CONTROL1 REG>DLESS ( ! NATURE ( Y\R CONTROL OR H[ IT IS OPPOS$4 ,IT IS LIKE ! SLOGAN 0SLACK]0 US$ AGA9/ CONSCI5TI\S OBJECTORS DUR+ ! ,WORLD ,W> -- IT MEANS NO?+ SPECIAL1 BUT G5]ATES A GREAT DEAL ( HEAT & NO LI<T4 

,ANO!R REASON = :I* ,I WI% TO DISCUSS ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S 9 ,SPA9 IS ?AT !Y W]E AMONG ! FIR/ TO OPPOSE FASCISM ON ! BATTLEFRONT ( ,SPA9 & !Y DID SO ) SU* A COMPLETE FE>LESSNESS ?AT ,RALPH ,BATES1 ! ,5GLI% NOVELI/ & !IR POLITICAL CRITIC HAS HAD TO SAY1 ! PROV]B = IMPOSSIBLE BRAV]Y 9 ! FUTURE MU/ BE 0AS BRAVE AS A ,SPANI% AN>*I/40 

,MOREOV]1 !IR 9FLU5CE WAS PROBABLY ! GREATE/ S+LE =CE 9 ! ,SPANI% LABOR MOVEM5T1 & !IR TEA*+ DET]M9$ ! TONE ( ALL ,SPANI% RADICALISM4 

,& F9ALLY ,I WANT TO TALK AB\T !M BECAUSE !IR EF=TS AT SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION HAVE MET ) MU* MAT]IAL & MORAL SUCCESS AMONG ! MASSES ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE1 & !Y HAVE BEGUN A TR5D T[>D ! LIB]ATION ( ALL ,SPA94 ,!Y >E CREAT+ A NEW REVOLUTION>Y PATT]N :I* DOES NOT MAKE OPPRESSION A S9E QUA NON ( LIB]ATION1 & DICTATOR%IP A FIR/ /EP TO SOCIAL & ECONOMIC DEMOCRACY444 

"9 "9 "9 

,ON ,JULY #a#i1 #a#i#c#f1 AS WE ALL KN[1 ONE ( ! V]Y POPUL> UNDECL>$ W>S ( MOD]N HI/ORY BROKE \T 9 ,SPA94 ,IT TOOK ! =M ( A MILIT>Y UPRIS+ ( ! >MY G5]ALS1 :O COMP5SAT$ = !IR LACK ( HOME TAL5T ) ,ITALIAN BRIGADES1 ,G]MAN W>-MA*9]Y & ! PAID DONATIONS ( ! ,MOORI% ,MOHAMM$ANS -- ALL G5]\SLY (F]$ TO SAVE ,*RI/IANITY FROM ! 9FIDEL & POLITICS FROM ! RADICAL4 

,BUT = MANY PREVI\S C5TURIES1 ANO!R UNDECL>$ W> HAS CON/ANTLY BE5 F\<T1 N[ OV]TLY1 N[ COV]TLY1 ON ,SPANI% SOIL -- A W> LESS PUBLICIZ$1 IT IS TRUE1 BUT NONE ! LESS S]I\S2 A W> ) AS BLOODY BATTLES1 AS SIGNIFICANT 9T]NATIONAL COMPLICATIONS1 AS COMPLETE AN ALIGNM5T ( =CES4 ,& ?IS O!R UNDECL>$ W>1 ?IS BASIC UNDECL>$ W> IS ! ,C,L,A,S,S ,W,>6 

,9 ,SPA9 ! W> ( ! CLASSES WAS P>TICUL>LY ACUTE4 ,! PEASANTS LIV$ AS PEONS1 OR ORI5TAL F>M H&S1 ON ! VA/ PROP]TIES ( ! FEUDAL LORDS4 ,IT WAS NO UNUSUAL ?+ = !M TO HUNT WE$S & DRY GRASSES AS !IR ONLY N\RI%M5T 9 ! FREQU5T TIMES ( FAM9E4 ,! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S LIKEWISE SUFF]$ UND] EXTREMELY L[ LIV+ /&>DS & ! NUMB]S ( UNEMPLOY$ W]E HI<4 ,RELIABLE AU?ORITIES ( EV]Y POLITICAL COMPLEXION ASS]T ?AT ,SPA9'S MIDDLE CLASS WAS SO SMALL AS TO BE ALMO/ NEGLIGIBLE4 

,ON ! OPPOSITE SIDE 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE !RE W]E ! ?REE P>ASITICAL CLASSES ( ! *UR*1 ! >MY & ! >I/OCRACY4 ,! ,SPANI% CA?OLIC *UR* HAS A LONG HI/ORY ( WEAL? & REACTION4 ,9 ,SPA9 !RE WAS ONE PRIE/ TO EV]Y #i 9 ! POPULATION1 A FIGURE TO BE COMP>$ ) ,ITALY'S ONE TO EV]Y #b14 ,! ,*UR* HAS BE5 ! *IEF CAPITALI/1 L&LORD & BANK] ( ,SPA94 ,AS ! GREATE/ L&[N]1 IT NATURALLY HAS OPPOS$ ALL L& RE=M4 ,AS AN 9VE/OR 9 9DU/RIAL 5T]PRISES1 & ! LEAD+ BANK]1 IT F\<T ! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR4 ,D[N TO #a#i#c#a1 IT CONTROLL$ AT LEA/ HALF ( ,SPA9'S MEAG] S*OOL SY/EM1 & ) #de P] C5T ( ! PEOPLE ILLIT]ATE 7COMP>$ ) AB\T #d P] C5T 9 ,FRANCE7 ! *UR* OPPOS$ EV]Y $UCATIONAL IMPROVEM5T4 ,! MORAL DISGRACE ( ! *UR* IS TE/IFI$ TO BY ! SELL+ ( PAPAL 9DULG5CES AT A FEW PESETAS EA* 7& :5 SIGN$ BY AN >*-BI%OP !Y C\LD BE HAD AT B>GA9 PRICES 9 /ORES ANN\NC+1 0,BULAS >E *EAP TODAY072 !IR UNPOPUL>ITY IS FUR!R EVID5C$ BY ! FACT ?AT ! TYPICAL DIRTY JOKE 9 ,SPA91 CORRESPOND+ TO \R 0TRAVEL+ SALESMAN0 NUMB] H]E1 IS AB\T A PRIE/4 7,SMALL WOND] ?AT EV]Y UPRIS+ = ! LA/ #a YE>S HAS 9VOLV$ ! BURN+ ( *UR*ES & ! KILL+ ( CL]ICALS67 

,! >MY WAS EQUALLY DEG5]ATE4 ,ITS ONLY FUNCTION S9CE ! #a#f? & #a#g? C5TURIES :5 ,SPA9 WAS ! GREAT COLONIAL P[] HAS BE5 TO SUPPRESS 9T]NAL DISORD]S & TO PROVIDE AN (FIC]S' CA/E AS A CAT*-ALL = ! IDLE SONS ( ! RI*4 ,ITS RATIO ( (FIC]S TO M5 IS AB\T ?REE TIMES AS HI< AS 9 ! ,FR5* >MY4 ,COMPLET+ ! L9EUP ON ! SIDE ( REACTION IS ! >I/OCRACY -- ! ABS5TEE L&[N]S1 ! FEW 9DU/RIALI/S1 ! REMA9S ( A NOBILITY -- ALL 5TIRELY DISSOCIAT$ FROM ! ,SPANI% MASSES4 

,ANY TIME ! WORK]S OR PEASANTS TRI$ TO IMPROVE !IR MIS]ABLE CONDITIONS 7& !IR UPRIS+S W]E FREQU5T7 L&LORD1 CL]GY & >MY GANG$-UP TOGE!R TO PRES]VE LAW & ORD] & WAGE SLAV]Y4 ,:5 ! REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T CAME TO P[] = ! SECOND TIME 9 #aicf ?R\< LEGITIMATE ELECTORAL *ANNELS1 & MILDLY & VAGUELY ?REAT5$ !IR HEGEMONY1 ! >MY (FIC]S DECID$ ?AT ?+S HAD GONE TOO F>2 ?IS DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ! FIR/ REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T ( #a#i#c#a-#c HAD DONE LITTLE MORE ?AN WRITE A V]Y PRETTY CON/ITUTION ( :I* EV5 A MILD DEMOCRAT HAS ADMITT$3 

0,! PROCLAMATION ( A REPUBLIC & ! ADOPTION ( A CON/ITUTION AGA9 SETTL$ NO?+4 ,! OLD FEUDALISM REMA9$4 ,! VILLAGE BOSSES -- ! CACIQUES -- /ILL HELD !IR P[]1 ! ,*UR* /ILL CONTROLL$ WEAL? & $UCATION1 ! MON>*I/S /ILL DOM9AT$ ! >MY1 ! WEAL?Y FEW /ILL [N$ ! L&40 .<#a.> 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT ?IS GOV]NM5T & ! POPUL> FRONT GOV]NM5T HAD MADE SOME EF=T TO GRADUALLY RELIEVE ! >MY ( ITS TOP-HEAVY USELESS (FICIALDOM1 BUT ! HALF-HE>T$ NATURE ( ?IS REJECTION IS AMPLY DESCRIB$ 9 ?AT REALI/IC NOVEL BY ,ELLIOTT ,PAUL CALL$ ,LIFE & ,DEA? 9 A ,SPANI% ,T[N3 

0,:5 ! GOV]NM5T ?AT SUCCE$$ ,ALFONSO'S WAS ORGANIZ$1 ,AZANA1 :O WAS PRESID5T 9 ! TRAGIC DAYS ( #a#i#c#f1 WAS MADE ,M9I/] ( ,W>4 ,HE KNEW ?AT ! ,SPANI% >MY HAD BE5 BUILT UP BY ! MON>*I/S TO TAKE C>E ( SONS & RELATIVES & ?AT ( ! 9ORD9ATE NUMB] ( (FIC]S !RE W]E FEW :O W]E NOT HO/ILE TO REPUBLICAN IDEAS4 ,9/EAD ( DISB&+ ! >MY1 :I* WAS ( NO USE EXCEPT AS A ?REAT TO FREE GOV]NM5T1 ,AZANA PROCE$$ MORE CAUTI\SLY4 ,HE RETIR$ ! (FIC]S :O W]E MO/ FLAGRANTLY HO/ILE TO HIS REGIME1 BUT 9 ORD] NOT TO /IR !M UP TOO MU* HE CONS5T$ TO PAY !M !IR FULL WAGES AS LONG AS !Y LIV$4 ,!Y HAD DONE PRACTICALLY NO?+ :5 !Y W]E ON ACTIVE S]VICE1 BUT ?AT DID NOT SATISFY !IR IDEAL4 ,! PROSPECT ( FULL PAY1 & NO WORK :ATSOEV]1 WAS ALLUR+4 ,IT BOL/]$ UP !IR DISRESPECT ( A GOV]NM5T ( ! PEOPLE & MADE !M FEEL ?AT !IR 5EMIES1 ! PEOPLE1 W]E AFRAID ( !M40 7P4 #c#g-#h7 

,SO WE F9D ONE ( !IR NUMB]1 ,G5]AL ,SANJURJO GO+ TO ,B]L9 9 #aicf TO DISCUSS WAYS & MEANS ) ,MR4 ,HITL]1 & RETURN+ A FEW WEEKS BE=E ! UPRIS+4 ,WE F9D WORK]S ORGANIZATIONS CON/ANTLY W>N+ ! GOV]NM5T ( ! MILIT>I/IC PLOT BUT ! GOV]NM5T KNEW !SE M5 P]SONALLY1 & FELT 0,!Y C\LDN'T -- !Y W\LDN'T -- DO ?IS TO US10 & !RE=E ORD]+ NEI!R >RE/ NOR DISMISSAL ( ANY ( ! MILIT>I/S :O W]E CONSPIR+2 ! GOV]NM5T !REBY P]MITT$ ! B>RACKS1 ! *UR*ES1 ! PALACE & SOME ( ! (FICES ( ! ,/ATE TO BE CONV]T$ 9TO C5T]S ( CONSPIRACY & !Y PREV5T$ ! >M+ ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,MANY PROV9CES 9 ,SPA9 FELL 9TO ! H&S ( ! REBELS BECAUSE ! CIVIC GOV]NORS DID NOT HAVE ORD]S FROM ! GOV]NM5T TO GIVE >MS TO ! PEOPLE4 

,?US WE RETURN TO \R />T+ PO9T ON ! MORN+ ( ,JULY #a#i1 #a#i#c#f1 ) FASCI/ TROOPS M>*+ 9TO ,B>CELONA1 ! N]VE C5T] ( ! 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL ( ,SPA94 ,! MILIT>I/S RECKON$ ON HAV+ A TWO- OR ?REE-DAY JOB1 9VOLV+ ! WIP+ \T ( ! MO/ VITAL REGION ( ,SPANI% T]RITORY & ! HABITAT ( ! MO/ REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S 9 ,SPA94 ,BUT !Y RECKON$ )\T !IR HO/4 ,:5 ! MILIT>Y EM]G$ E>LY ?AT ,SABBA? MORN+ FROM !IR B>RACKS & ! *UR*ES 9 :I* !Y W]E ! GUE/S1 ! WORK]S ROSE FROM !IR SLUMB]S1 ROSE TO ! OCCASION & MILITANTLY & SUCCESSFULLY DEFEAT$ ! TRA9$ >MIES ) !IR MIRACUL\S 5?USIASM1 !IR CRUDE WEAPONS1 !IR B>E H&S4 ,& ON ! MORR[1 :5 ! PR(ESSIONAL SOLDI]S HAVE BE5 R\T$1 & !IR CIVILIAN ACCOMPLICES -- ESPECIALLY ! FACTORY [N]S -- HAVE ESCAP$1 ! WORK]S MU/ CONT9UE PRODUCTION ON !IR [N 9ITIATIVE4 ,!Y MU/ SUPPLY & /R5G!N ,SPA9 SO ?AT ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ FASCISM MAY CONT9UE4 ,& ! ONLY AV5UE LEFT OP5 TO !M IS TO SOCIALIZE 9DU/RIES4 ,?US ! REVOLUTION COMES TO ,CATALONIA1 & 9 V>Y+ DEGREE TO ! RE/ ( ,SPA9 -- 9 ! =M ( A W> MEASURE4 

,! WORK]S1 :O = MANY YE>S HAD DREAM$ ( BE+ !IR [N MA/]S1 & LE>N$ & PLANN$ & F\<T = ?AT DREAM1 REALIZ$ IT 9 ! FIR/ WEEK ( ! FASCI/ REVOLT2 BUT SOCIALIZATION1 FRE$OM1 EQUALITY >E TO !M NOT M]ELY W> MEASURES -- !Y >E LIFE MEASURES--! ONLY WAY A PEOPLE CAN SURVIVE & PROGRESS4 ,! MILIT>Y UPRIS+ !Y SAW AS BUT A S+LE ITEM 9 ! CLASS W>2 VICTORY 9 ! BATTLES ( ONE MEANT SUCCESS 9 ! BATTLES ( ! O!R4 ,& SO !IR SLOGAN BECAME1 0,W> 9 ! FRONT2 REVOLUTION 9 ! RE>40 

,! DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC HAD GIV5 !M NEI!R BREAD NOR L& NOR SECURITY2 IT HAD NOT D>$ TO ANTAGONIZE ! WEAL?Y NOR TO CRU% ! FASCI/ PLOTT]S4 ,IT (F]$ ONLY ! CLASSIC PHRASES ( UNITY & LIB]TY444 & !N PROCRA/9AT$ ITS WAY 9TO COMPLETE DEBILITY4 ,IT DID ABSOLUTELY NO?+ DUR+ ! FIR/ DAYS ( ! REVOLT BUT *ANGE M9I/]S ?REE TIMES1 TRY TO KEEP ! >MS FROM ! MASSES ( ! PEOPLE :OM !Y NEI!R KNEW NOR TRU/$4 ,C\LD IT BE ?IS ! WORK]S DEF5D ) !IR LIVES AGA9/ SU* ODDS8 ,C\LD !Y FI<T SO SPONTANE\SLY1 SO FI]CELY M]ELY TO RETURN TO ! CONDITIONS BE=E ! REBELLION8 

,NO !Y C\LDN'T4 ,EV5 ,COMPANYS1 HEAD ( ! ,CATALONIAN ,G5]ALIDAD .<AUTONOM\S REGIONAL GOV]NM5T.>1 RECOGNIZ$ 9 :I* DIRECTION ! W9D WAS BL[+3 

0,SOME REPUBLICANS /ILL BELIEVE1 /ILL DREAM ( ! POSSIBILITY ( E/ABLI%+ A POLITICAL & SOCIAL PANORAMA SIMIL> TO ?AT :I* EXI/$ BE=E ,JULY #a#i4 ,?IS ONLY DEMON/RATES !IR BL9DNESS OR !IR LACK ( LOYALTY4 ,I HAVE SAID IT BE=E1 & ,I REPEAT IT1 ?AT ! MOM5T HAS COME = ! WORK]S TO TAKE OV] POLITICAL P[] 4440 7,9=MATION ,BULLET91 ,JANU>Y #e1 #a#i#c#g74 

,! POLICY ( SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION WAS ADVANC$ BY ?AT ORGANIZATION :I* CONTA9$ APPROXIMATELY #i P] C5T ( ! ORGANIZ$ WORK]S 9 ! >EA FIR/ ATTACK$4 ,IT HAD PROVID$ ! LEAD]%IP = ! MILIT>Y (F5SE & SACRIFIC$ ITS GREAT COMRADES ON ! BATTLEFRONT4 ,IT GUID$ ! SYNDICATES 9 !IR CONDUCT ( ! 9DU/RIES & AGRICULTURE AFT] ! REVOLT WAS QUELL$4 ,IT WAS ! UNIT$ REVOLUTION>Y WORK+ CLASS ( ,CATALONIA1 ,>AGON1 ! ,LEVANTE4 ,IT WAS ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ,C4,N4,T4 

,BACKGR\ND 

,LET US PAUSE = A MOM5T TO REVIEW ! HI/ORY & ! IDEALS ( ! LABOR ORGANIZATION ( ! ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C4,N4,T47 & ITS IDEOLOGICAL LEAD]%IP 9 ! ,IB]IAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 7,F4,A4,I474 ,SPA9 HAS TRADITIONALLY BE5 ! HOME ( AN>*ISM1 FROM ! TIME :5 ! SE$S ( NON-AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNISM W]E PLANT$ 9 ,SPANI% SOIL BY ,BAKUN91 WAY BACK 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! LA/ C5TURY4 ,FROM !N UNTIL #aia :5 ! ,C4,N4,T4 WAS =MALLY ORGANIZ$ FROM ! V>I\S AN>*I/IC SECTIONS ( ! ,SPANI% LABOR MOVEM5T1 ITS ACTIVE P>TISANS HAVE GA9$ EXP]T 9SIDE 9=MATION AB\T ! JAILS ( ,SPA9 & LIV$ MU* ( !IR PUBLIC LIFE 0SUB ROSA40 

,BO? ! T]ROR ( ! /ATE & ! TEA*+ ( ! AN>*I/S MADE A PURE & SIMPLE TRADE UNIONISM IMPOSSIBLE 9 ,SPA94 ,?US ! ,C4,N4,T4'S AIM WAS TWO-FOLD3 #a4 ,UND] CAPITALISM1 TO RAISE ! MAT]IAL & CULTURAL LEVEL ( WORK]S & PEASANTS BY DIRECT ACTION & ! $UCATION ( ! MASSES2 #b4 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A NEW SOCIETY BAS$ ON LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM1 /RESS+ NOT ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] BUT ! CONQUE/ ( ! L&1 FACTORIES1 MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! NATURAL RES\RCES4 ,IT HAS CON/ANTLY TAU<T ! WORK]S ?AT TO TURN TO ! /ATE -- BE IT AUTOCRATIC OR DEMOCRATIC -- TO E/ABLI% ADVANTAGES = ! WORK]1 IS TO MISORI5T !IR /RUGGLES & TO DISSIPATE !IR 5]GIES2 = ! PURPOSE & ! RAISON D'ETRE ( ! /ATE IS TO PROTECT ! 9T]E/S ( ! CLASS :I* IS ECONOMICALLY DOM9ANT1 & !RE=E TO SUPPRESS ! WORK]S4 ,RA!R HAS IT C\NSEL$ ITS MEMB]S ?AT ?R\< DIRECT ACTION ALONE IS SOCIAL BETT]M5T TO BE S\<T & SOCIAL REVOLUTION TO BE ACCOMPLI%$4 ,BY DIRECT ACTION ( ! WORK]S !MSELVES -- 9 !IR SYNDICATES & COMMUNITIES -- RA!R ?AN BY ! DICTATOR%IP ( A POLITICAL P>TY1 H[EV] REVOLUTION>Y1 IS SOCIETY TO BE ORGANIZ$ AFT] ! REVOLUTION4 

,F$]ALISM RA!R ?AN BUREAUCRACY IS NOT ONLY ! !ORY = ! PO/-REVOLUTION>Y SOCIETY1 BUT ! PATT]N = ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 9 PRACTICE2 ?US ! ,C4,N4,T4 IS CON/RUCT$ FROM ! BOTTOM UP1 & MU* /RESS IS LAID ON ! AUTONOMY ( ! SEP>ATE SYNDICATES4 ,PAID (FICIALS !RE >E1 BUT ONLY 9 ! L>GE UNIONS :]E ! WORK REQUIRES MORE ?AN VOLUNTE] LABOR4 ,(FIC]S >E ELECT$ = ONLY ONE YE>1 & !IR REMUN]ATION IS /RICTLY ! SAME AS ?AT ( ! WORK]S 9 ! RESPECTIVE TRADES4 

,RECOGNIZ+ ?AT ! ,SPANI% SOCIAL TRANS=MATION IS IMPOSSIBLE )\T ! PEASANTRY & ! 9TELLECTUAL WORK]1 ! ,C4,N4,T4 UNIFIES PEASANTS1 AGRICULTURE WORK]S & :ITE COLL> WORK]S ALSO -- TO ! TOTAL TUNE ( AB\T #a4#e MILLION WORK]S 9 PRE-,JULY #a#i? ,SPA94 ,!RE W]E APPROXIMATELY #g11 WORK]S 9 ,SPA9 !N & AB\T #a MILLION ( !M W]E ORGANIZ$ 9 ! O!R /RONG LABOR ORGANIZATION -- ! ,U4,G4,T41 :I* IS L$ BY ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS4 7,IF SPACE P]MITT$ WE W\LD PRES5T A MORE COMPLETE PICTURE ( ! ,SPANI% SITUATION -- & P]HAPS A FAIR] ONE -- BY DESCRIB+ ! ,U4,G4,T4 & O!R ORGANIZATIONS -- H[EV] SMALL & UN9FLU5TIAL -- 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T !RE47 

,BE=E ! PRES5T EV5TS ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ,F4,A4,I4 PUBLI%$ NOT ONLY !IR DAILY PAP]S 9 ,MADRID & ,B>CELONA BUT AB\T #d WEEKLIES & #e MON?LY REVIEWS4 ,TO SAY ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S W]E COMPLETELY DOM9ANT 9 ,CATALONIA MEANS ?AT !Y ORGANIZATIONALLY CONTROLL$ ! REGION :I* CONTA9$ ?REE-F\R?S ( ,SPANI% 9DU/RY1 ONE-HALF ( ITS WEAL?1 & A L>GE P] C5T ( ! ,SPANI% POPULACE4 

,! SLI<TE/ ACQUA9TANCE ) ! ROLE ( ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S 9 !IR DE/RUCTION ( ATTACK+ FASCISM & !IR CON/RUCTION ( A NEW SOCIETY %\LD S]VE TO DE/ROY ANY SUP]/ITION ( !M AS WILD-EY$ VISION>IES1 ADRIFT ON A CL\D ( IDEALISM4 ,A SUP]FICIAL KN[L$GE ( !IR TOL]ANCE1 !IR MO/ S9C]E EF=TS AT UNITY ) O!R ANTI-FASCI/ =CES %\LD S]VE TO DISPEL ANY ( ! /]EOTYPES ( !M AS IRRESPONSIBLE BOMB-?R[+ MANIACS4 

,!Y TAKE ,OV] 

,WE HAVE ALREADY SE5 H[ ! REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE 9 ECONOMIC RELATIONS 9 C]TA9 P>TS ( ,SPA9 WAS A S9E QUA NON ( CONT9U+ ! W>1 & RECOGNIZ$ AS SU* EV5 BY ! TRADITIONAL OPPON5TS ( SOCIALIZATION4 ,BUT ! PEOPLE ( ,SPA9 & ! ,C4,N4,T4 W]E NOT CONT5T TO WAIT = GOV]NM5T REQUE/S ?AT PEOPLE CONT9UE ,SPANI% 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE4 7,9 FACT1 MANY ( !SE SO-CALL$ REQUE/S DID NOT COME UNTIL ! PEOPLE !MSELVES HAD ALREADY MADE ! REQUIR$ *ANGES 9 [N]%IP & PRODUCTION47 

,WORK ON ! SOCIAL FRONT WAS C>RI$ ON ) ?AT SAME SPONTANEITY1 5?USIASM1 & SUCCESS AS ?AT ON ! MILIT>Y FRONT4 ,DUR+ ! FIR/ MON?S ( ! W> WE CAN RECALL READ+ ONE AFT] ! O!R 9SPIR$ & A/ONI%$ ACC\NTS ( H[ 9DU/RY1 AGRICULTURE1 & TRANSPORTATION1 UND] ! EGIS ( L>GELY AUTONOM\S WORK]S GR\PS1 FL\RI%$ & PROGRESS$4 

,LET US TAKE AS AN EXAMPLE ( !SE ACC\NTS AN >TICLE :I* APPE>$ 9 ,! ,NEW ,REPUBLIC AB\T ONE YE> AGO1 WRITT5 BY ! 9T]NATIONAL J\RNALI/ ,MR4 ,RAVAGE4 ,HE TELLS US ?AT ! ,C4,N4,T4 TOOK OV] ! RAILROADS 9 ,CATALONIA DIRECTLY AFT] ! REBELLION1 & ?AT = ! FIR/ TIME 9 HIS LONG ACQUA9TANCE ) ,SPANI% TRAVEL+ CONDITIONS1 TRA9S W]E RUNN+ ON TIME4 ,! ,C4,N4,T4 MANAGEM5T 9 ! RAILROADS IMM$IATELY 9CREAS$ ! ROLL+ /OCK #be P] C5T1 D\BL$ WAGES1 R$UC$ H\RS -- & ON TOP ( ALL1 W]E ABLE TO R$UCE F>ES4 ,) ALL !SE1 !Y W]E BREAK+ EV5 BY ,FEBRU>Y #b1 #a#i#c#g1 & PREP>+ TO SAVE = AN AMORTIZATION RES]VE4 ,! WORK]S' CONTROL COMMITTEES1 HE CONT9UES1 5JOY EVID5T AUTONOMY2 9 EV]Y PLANT1 %OP OR (FICE -- ESPECIALLY 9 ! NUM]\S 5T]PRISES :]E !RE >E BO? ,C4,N4,T4 & ,U4,G4,T4 WORK]S1 DEBATES GO ON CON/ANTLY4 ,( !SE ,MR4 ,RAVAGE SAYS1 0,!IR $UCATIVE VALUE TO SPEAK ( NO O!R1 CAN H>DLY BE OV]E/IMAT$4 ,!Y REMOV$ ! ?REAT ( DISCORD40 ,!Y HAD !IR F9AL FRUIT 9 ! PACT BETWE5 ! TWO LABOR-UNION F$]ATIONS SIGN$ ON ,OCTOB] #b#b1 #a#i#c#f4 

,UN=TUNATELY1 TIME DOES NOT P]MIT \R 9DULG+ 9 MANY DESCRIPTIVE ACC\NTS ( SOCIALIZATION 9 PRODUCTION1 ?\< ! /ORIES ( ! NEW LIFE -- 9 FI%]M5'S VILLAGES & TEXTILE MILLS1 9 ORANGE OR*>DS & AMMUNITION FACTORIES >E ALL 9SPIR+4 ,EV]Y:]E !RE HAS BE5 POSSIBLE A R$UCTION ( H\RS ( LABOR REQUIR$1 & AN 9CREASE 9 WAGES2 EV]Y:]E VOLUNTE] LABOR WORKS *E]FULLY F> BEYOND ! NUMB] ( H\RS SETTL$ =4 

,SOME NOTION ( ! EXT5T ( ?IS ACCOMPLI%M5T COMES FROM ! REC5T ,DAILY ,NEWS PRESS DISPAT* ?AT ! ,CATALONIAN FACTORIES1 RUNN+ #bd H\RS A DAY1 PROVIDE MORE ?AN ONE-HALF ! W> MAT]IALS MADE 9 ,SPA9 = ! LOYALI/S2 MOREOV]1 ! ,C4,N4,T4 DECL>ES ?AT ?REE-F\R?S ( ! L& 9 ,CATALONIA1 ,LEVANTE & ,>AGON IS COLLECTIVIZ$2 NO MORE ?AN ?IS AM\NT BECAUSE ! ,C4,N4,T4 DOES NOT WANT TO =CE ! WORK]S4 

,LIB]T>IAN 9 ,PRACTICE 

,H]E WE GET A CLUE ( ! LIB]T>IAN NATURE ( ! 5TIRE SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,! /ORIES ( =C$ COLLECTIVIZATION ?AT HAVE BE5 CIRCULAT$ >\ND BY C]TA9 ( ! PRESS SEEM TO HAVE NO F\NDATION 9 FACT4 ,9 EV]Y PROCLAMATION ( COLLECTIVIZATION ONE CAN READ !RE IS A SPECIAL CLAUSE NOT+ ?AT SMALL PRODUC]S >E PRIVILEG$ TO WORK \TSIDE ( ! COLLECTIVE1 IF !Y WI%2 ?AT MEMB]S :O HAVE JO9$ ! COLLECTIVE MAY LEAVE AFT] ! H>VE/ IF !Y SO DESIRE4 ,?IS IS NO W> COMMUNISM ?AT WILL HAVE TO BE CORRECT$ & COMPLETELY CONTRADICT$ SEV]AL YE>S H5CE BY A 0NEW ECONOMIC POLICY40 ,?IS IS NO NATIONALIZATION1 ) SOME DI/ANT C5TRAL GOV]NM5T S5D+ ! LOCAL SYNDICATE AN ORD] /IPULAT+ ! NUMB] ( H\RS TO BE WORK$ OR H[ ! CROP IS TO BE RAIS$4 

,! AUTONOM\S BUT F$]AT$ COMMUNITIES GO AB\T ! HUMBLE TASK ( ELIM9AT+ 9SECTS 9 ! ORANGE OR*>DS ) ! SAME E>NE/NESS & SKILL ) :I* !Y MET ! TASK ( DE/ROY+ ! FASCI/ 9VAD]S 9 !IR T]RITORIES4 ,LOCAL C\NCILS REGULATE MONEY CONT5T ( WAGES 9 RELATION TO PREVAIL+ PRICES1 BUT TRY TO GET UNI=MITY ?R\<\T 9 ! 0REAL0 WAGE4 ,WAGES >E 9CREAS$ = ?OSE HAV+ FAMILY DEP5D5TS AT SET RATES4 ,AB\T ! PROBLEM ( HAV+ A UNI=M POLICY ON ?IS MATT] ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY1 OR AT LEA/ ! PROV9CE1 ! ,C4,N4,T4 SPOKESM5 TALK 9 !IR TYPICAL MANN]3 

0,AL?\< ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ UNIONS >E 9 ! MAJORITY 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,LEVANTE1 !Y /ILL RECOGNIZE ! NE$ ( COM+ TO AN UND]/&+ ) ! SOCIALI/ UNIONS ON ?IS PLAN4 ,= ?IS PURPOSE1 ! CONV5TION RECOMM5DS AN 9T5SIVE CAMPAIGN ( AGITATION & PROPAG&A SO AS TO P]SUADE ! BACKW>D WORK]S :O >E /ILL SWAY$ BY ,M>XI/ IDEAS40 

,SO MU* = ! !ORY & PRACTICE ( ! SYNDICALI/S ON PROBLEMS ( ECONOMIC ADJU/M5T4 ,ANO!R ( ! GREAT S\RCES ( MISUND]/&+ AB\T ! ATTITUDES & ACTIONS ( ! ,SPANI% UNIONS IS ?AT ( !IR /& ON ! PROBLEM ( MILIT>ISM1 DEF5SE1 ! S+LE COMM&4 ,!RE IS A WIDESPREAD NOTION ?AT AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S >E BY PR9CIPLE OPPOS$ TO ! UNIFI$ COMM&1 :I* IS RELAT$ TO ! G5]AL FEEL+ ?AT !Y OPPOSE ORGANIZATION ( ALL K9D & ADMIT NO SORT ( DISCIPL9E4 

,! ACTUAL FACT ( ! MATT] IS ?AT ! SYNDICALI/S W]E ! FIR/ TO CLAMOR = ! UNIFI$ COMM&4 ,9 ! FIR/ FEW MON?S ( ! W> WE F9D !M DECL>+3 

0,ALL ! WEAKNESS 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ANTI-FASCI/ TROOPS >E DUE TO3 

,%ORTAGE ( >MAM5T & AMMUNITION2 

,LACK ( A COMMON PLAN ( W> OP]ATIONS AT ALL FRONTS2 

,LACK ( UNIFI$ COMM&40 7,9=MATION ,BULLET91 ,NOVEMB] #b1 #a#i#c#f74 

,:AT !Y DEF9ITELY DO NOT WANT1 H[EV]1 IS A COMM& :I* IS DISSOCIAT$ FROM ! WORK]S OR NOT RESPONSIBLE TO !M4 ,!Y WANT NO *ANCE = A NEW MILIT>Y DICTATOR TO BE NURS$ 9 ! RANKS ( ! ANTI-FASCI/S4 ,!Y WANT ! G5]AL MILIT>Y HEADQU>T]S TO BE COMPOS$ ( ALL ! ANTI-FASCI/ SECTIONS1 & MATT]S ( POLICY TO BE REF]R$ TO ?IS HEADQU>T]S4 

,TO LE>N ! SYNDICALI/ POSITION REG>D+ DISCIPL9E 9 ! RANKS ( ! ANTI-FASCI/S WE CAN TURN TO NO MORE AU?ORITATIVE S\RCE ?AN ,BU5AV5TURA ,DURRUTI1 :OSE SOLDI]S W]E ADMITT$LY AMONG ! BRAVE/1 :OSE SLOGAN WAS 0,WE NEV] RETREAT10 & ON :OM RE/S MU* ( ! CR$IT = ! DEF5SE ( ,MADRID 9 ! FIR/ MON?S ( ! W>4 ,HE WAS A LEAD] 9 ! MOM5TS ( PEACE BETWE5 ! FI<T+ JU/ AS HE WAS AT ! FRONT1 = ,DURRUTI'S BATTALION IS KN[N = SUCCESS IT HAD 9 SOCIALIZ+ EV]Y T[N IT PASS$ ?R\< ON ! WAY TO ! FRONT4 ,! COLUMN W\LD HELP ! LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS TO E/ABLI% ECONOMIC C\NCILS & COORD9ATE ! WORK ( ! SYNDICATES OR COMMUNITIES4 ,( ! PROBLEM ( DISCIPL9E1 ,DURRITI SAID3 

0,MU* IS SAID AB\T DISCIPL9E1 BUT LITTLE IS UND]/OOD4 ,9 MY OP9ION1 DISCIPL9E IS RESPECT = ONE'S [N RESPONSIBILITY4 ,I OPPOSE ! B>RACK-DISCIPL9E1 LEAD+ TO BRUTALITY1 HATE & AUTOMATISM4 ,BUT ,I ALSO D5Y ?IS FALSE 'LIB]TY' :I* DOES NOT CORRESPOND TO ! NECESSITIES ( ! W>1 & USUALLY IS ! EXCUSE ( ! C[>D4 ,9 \R ORGANIZATION ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 ! BE/ DISCIPL9E REIGNS1 BECAUSE \R MEMB]S HAVE CONFID5CE 9 ! COMRADES REPRES5T$ 9 !IR ,COMMITTEE1 :OM !Y HAVE 5TRU/$ ) ! RI<T ( LEAD]%IP4 ,9 W> TIME ONE MU/ SUBMIT TO ! *OS5 LEAD]4 ,O!RWISE W> OP]ATIONS >E IMPOSSIBLE40 7,9=MATION ,BULLET91 ,OCTOB] #a#e1 #a#i#c#f74 

,?AT HE WAS SUCCESSFUL 9 C>RY+ \T ?IS SORT ( DISCIPL9E IS TE/IFI$ TO BY ?IS /ATEM5T ( ONE ( HIS MILITIAM51 MADE AT ,DURRUTI'S FUN]AL3 

0,DURRUTI WAS NO G5]AL1 HE WAS \R COMRADE4 ,NOT A V]Y DECORATIVE POSITION1 BUT 9 ?IS PROLET>IAN COLUMN POPUL>ITY IS NOT EXPLOIT$4 ,!RE IS ONLY ONE IDEA3 ,VICTORY & ,REVOLUTION6 

0444,DURRUTI'S GREATNESS WAS DUE TO ! FACT ?AT HE H>DLY EV] COMM&$ BUT ALWAYS $UCAT$4 ,! COMRADES US$ TO GO TO HIS T5T -- AFT] HIS RETURN TO ! FRONT L9E4 ,HE EXPLA9$ & DISCUSS$ ! REASON = HIS OP]ATIONS TO !M4 ,DURRUTI DID NOT COMM&1 HE CONV9C$4 ,ONLY BY CONVICTION1 A CLE> & PRECISE ACTION IS GU>ANTE$4 ,EV]YONE ( US KN[S ! REASON = HIS ACTION & IS CONV9C$ ( ITS NECESSITY4 ,?US EV]YONE WANTS TO OBTA9 ! BE/ RESULTS ( HIS ACTION1 AT ANY PRICE4 ,COMRADE ,DURRUTI GAVE ! EXAMPLE 4440 

,!N ! SAME MILITIAMAN EXPLA9S H[ EV]Y:]E ! COLUMN ( ,DURRUTI ADVANC$1 !Y COLLECTIVIZ$1 & 

0,:5 RE/+ 9 VILLAGES1 ! COLUMN =MS A COMMUNITY ) ! 9HABITANTS4 ,9 =M] TIMES ONE US$ TO SAY >MY & PEOPLE1 OR EV5 ! >MY AGA9/ ! PEOPLE4 ,TODAY !RE >E ONLY A FI<T+ & WORK+ PROLET>IAT4 ,!Y BO? =M AN 9SEP>ABLE UNITY4 ,! MILITIA IS A PROLET>IAN FACTOR1 ITS *>ACT] & ITS ORGANIZATION >E PROLET>IAN & MU/ REMA9 SO4 ,! MILITIAS >E EXPON5TS ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE40 .<#b.> 

,ON ! ,BATTLEFIELDS 

,ANO!R LONG-N\RI%$ MISUND]/&+1 SPR++ ?IS TIME FROM SL&]1 & 5TIRELY UNBAS$ 9 FACT1 IS ! CLAIM ?AT ! AN>*I/S1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,CATALONIA1 W]E RELUCTANT TO GO TO ! FRONT1 & PREF]R$ TO /AY AT ! RE>1 & AS IT HAS SOMETIMES BE5 PUT1 0TOY ) ! REVOLUTION40 ,MOREOV]1 ?IS LIBEL CONT9UES1 ! SYNDICALI/S KEPT ! >MS FROM ! FRONT & SAV$ !M = ! FI<T BEH9D ! L9ES ) O!R ANTI-FASCI/ ELEM5TS4 ,?IS IS NOT1 AT LEA/ AT ITS PRIM>Y S\RCES1 A M]E MISUND]/&+ -- IT'S A D[NRI<T LIE4 

,P]HAPS ! FIR/1 & ONE ( ! MO/ WELL KN[N & H]OIC M>*ES ( ! SYNDICALI/S 9TO O!R P>TS ( ,SPA9 WAS ,DURRUTI'S LEAD]%IP1 :I* WE HAVE JU/ DESCRIB$1 ( A COLUMN ( #i1 ?R\< ! ,>AGON FRONT 9TO ,MADRID -- ) NOT A DEFEAT TO !IR RECORD4 ,VIV5COS .<,VIVANCOS.> 7:OM WE TALK$ AB\T AT ! OP5+ ( ?IS DISCUSSION71 ,JOV]1 ,ORTIZ & MANY O!R AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ LEAD]S & !IR BATTALIONS HAVE FROM ! FIR/ DAYS ( ! REVOLT F\<T ON FRONTS NE> & F> FROM !IR HOMES4 ,! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\? ,ORGANIZATION ( ,CATALONIA HAS REPEAT$LY URG$ ! ,GOV]NM5T TO S5D !M 9TO BATTLE4 0,WE >E TIR$ ( WAIT+ = A COMM& TO GO TO ! FRONT10 !Y HAVE 9SI/$4 ,YET ! CONSPIRACY ( SIL5CE P]MITS ! OLD DELUSION AB\T 0AN>*I/0 SLACK]S TO GO ON4 ,:ATEV] DELUSIONS !RE MAY REMA9 ON ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ATTITUDE ON ! SUBJECT ( MOBILIZATION MU/ BE DISSIPAT$ BY ! READ+ ( ! PROGRAM PUT \T 9 ,FEBRU>Y ( LA/ YE> BY ! ,P59SUL> ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,F4,A4,I4 ON MOBILIZATION3 

,MOBILIZATION ( ALL M5 & WOM5 CAPABLE ( W> ACTIVITIES4 ,= ?IS PURPOSE & ) ?IS AIM 9 VIEW1 %\LD BE SUPPRESS$ ALL ACTIVITIES :I* DO NOT ASSI/ 9 ! PROSECUTION ( W>1 ESPECIALLY DE LUXE 5T]TA9M5TS & M]E FRIVOLITIES1 9 VIEW ( ! FACT ?AT M5 9 ! TR5*ES >E (T5 %ORT ( B>E NECESSITIES4 

,ALL >MS TO BE S5T TO ! FRONT1 & ALL >M$ TO BE EMPLOY$ ONLY ON W> JOBS4 

,ALL IDLE GOLD OR O!R METALS %\LD BE DELIV]$ UP TO ! ,W> DEP>TM5T1 OR %\LD EV5 BE CONFISCAT$ IF ! NECESSITIES ( W> REQUIRE IT4 

,ALL ORGANIZATIONS ( WORK]S & ANTI-FASCI/S %\LD POOL !IR FUNDS 9 A COMMON /OCK TO BE US$ = MEANS ( ! W>4 

,A UNIFI$ COMM& ( ALL FRONTS1 & ALL M9I/RIES UND] ! CONTROL ( ! SYNDICAL ORGANIZATIONS40 7,9=MATION ,BULLET91 ,FEBRU>Y #b#e1 #a#i#c#g74 

"9 "9 "9 

,I W\LD PREF] NOT TO GO 9TO ! DETAILS ( ! ,MAY UPRIS+ :I* HAS BE5 SO 9ADEQUATELY & 9CORRECTLY PRES5T$ AS A REVOLT 9 ! RE> ON ! P>T ( ! 0UNCONTROLLABLES40 ,I WILL OMIT ALSO ! /EAL+ -- ON A =G$ ORD] -- ( TANKS BY ! COMMUNI/S & ! PLAC+ ( !SE BEH9D ! L9ES -- & NOT = USE AT ! FRONT6 -- 9 ! ,VORO%ILOV B>RACKS3 ALL ( :I* OCCURR$ BE=E ! SO-CALL$ UPRIS+ ( ! UNCONTROLLABLES & ! MY?ICAL FIF? COLUMN4 

,IT %\LD BE ABUNDANTLY CLE> N[ ?AT :AT ! SYNDICALI/S OPPOS$ WAS ! BUILD+ ( AN >MY ?AT WAS DIVORC$ FROM ! PEOPLE2 ! PLAC+ ( ! CONTROL 9 ! RE> 9 ! H&S ( ! OLD POLICE1 RA!R ?AN 9 ! WORK]S' GU>D1 & ! USE ( ! SLOGAN 0UNIFI$ COMM&0 TO BUILD A BUREAUCRACY :I* W\LD CRU% ALL ?AT OPPOS$ IT4 

,HUMANIT>IAN ,PR9CIPLES 

,IF WE PASS FROM ! AN>*I/ POSITION ON DEF5SE & MILIT>ISM TO ! ATTITUDE ON REPRESSION ( !IR 5EMIES & 0JU/ICE10 WE AGA9 >E HE>T5$ BY ! HUMAN5ESS ( !IR APPROA*4 ,! !ORY ( IT IS WELL EXPRESS$ BY ,SANTILLAN1 A LONGTIME SPOKESMAN = ! ,F4,A4,I4-,C4,N4,T4 &1 AL?\< LAT] A MEMB] ( ! ,CATALONIAN CAB9ET & M9I/] ( ECONOMY1 ALWAYS AN OP5 CRITIC ( ! PRACTICES & POLICIES ( ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS 9 CONTROL3 

0,SOCIETY HAS A RI<T TO PROTECT ITSELF AGA9/ ?OSE :O ATTACK ITS 9T]E/S4 ,BUT :AT B5EFIT DOES SOCIETY GET FROM A DEL9QU5T %UT UP 9 A CELL = MON?S & YE>S8 ,9 ! PRISON CELLS & 9 ! PRISON Y>DS ,I US$ TO ?9K AB\T ! /UPID P5AL SY/EM ( ! B\RGEOISIE & ! ,/ATE4 ,9 :AT WAY HAVE WE MODIFI$ OR REVOLUTIONIZ$ ?IS SY/EM 4448 

0,I HAVE BE5 PRES5T1 S9CE ,JULY #a#i?1 AT ! EXECUTION ( MILIT>Y TRAITORS4 ,I HAVE EV5 COMM&$ FIR+ SQUADS4 ,I DO NOT REP5T HAV+ DONE SO4 ,BUT TODAY1 :5 \R COMRADES SEEM TO HAVE BECOME ACCU/OM$ TO ! IDEA ?AT ! ONLY SOLUTION = A PRISON] IS TO %OOT HIM1 ,I WI% TO REV9DICATE MY 9DEP5D5CE TO TELL Y\ ?AT IT IS TIME = US TO ?9K :AT WE >E DO+ 444 ,AS A DISCIPL9$ MILITANT1 AS LONG AS ! ORGANIZATION DOES NOT DISPOSE O!RWISE1 ,I %ALL APPROVE ALL ! S5T5CES DICTAT$ BY ! POPUL> C\RTS1 BUT ,I WANT TO HAVE ! RI<T TO EXCLAIM AT ANY TIME ?AT ! JAILS DO NOT CONV9CE ME1 ! EXECUTIONS DO NOT CONV9CE ME1 & ?AT ,I AM NOT CONV9C$ BY ! P]PETUATION ( ! OLD P5AL SY/EM4 ,I WANT A NEW =M ( PUNI%M5T & ,I DON'T F9D ANY?+ MORE ADEQUATE = ?OSE :O HAVE NEV] WORK$ ?AN !IR RE$UCATION = USEFUL LABOR4 ,9/EAD ( S5T5C+ AN 5EMY TO #c YE>S ( PRISON ,I W\LD S5T5CE HIM TO BUILD #a KM4 ( PUBLIC HI<WAYS1 OR PLANT #a1 OR #b1 TREES40 .<#c.> 

,DESPITE ,SANTILLAN'S CRITICISM ! COMP>ATIVELY HUMANE & SCI5TIFIC P5AL PRACTICE 9 ,SPA9 HAS WON ! APPRECIATION ( NONP>TIZAN OBS]V]S ( ALL SORTS4 

,! SYNDICALI/ ATTITUDE T[>D GOV]NM5T & ITS ADJU/M5T TO ! REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION HAS BR\<T VITUP]ATIONS ( EV]Y SORT & FROM ALL K9DS ( CRITICS -- SOME FROM ITS [N RANKS4 ,BE=E DISCUSS+ ! CONCRETE PROBLEMS ( ,SPANI% SYNDICALISM )9 ! LA/ YE> & A HALF1 IT IS P]HAPS WISE TO /ATE CLE>LY :AT =M ( ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY IS PLANN$ = 9 SYNDICALI/ !ORY4 

,!RE IS AN ]RONE\S & WIDESPREAD PREJUDICE ?AT AN>*I/S REJECT ORGANIZATION COMPLETELY4 ,?IS IS TRUE TO A V]Y LIMIT$ EXT5T ONLY AMONG A V]Y LIMIT$ NUMB] ( 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*I/S4 ,SYNDICALI/-AN>*I/S ESPECIALLY1 RECOGNIZE ! NE$ = ORGANIZATION1 AS ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 TE/IFIES4 

,UNION ,CONTROL 

,! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ PLAN = ! ORGANIZATION ( ! NEW SOCIETY IS1 AS WE NOT$ BE=E1 PRE-VISION$ 9 ! PRES5T ORGANIZATION ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 ,! IDEAL IS ONE ( A SOCIETY ( F$]AT$1 AUTONOM\S SYNDICATES 9 ! T[NS & CITIES & COMMUNITIES 9 ! VILLAGES4 ,EV]Y MEMB] ( SOCIETY IS TO BE ORGANIZ$ 9TO SOME SYNDICATE1 EV5 ! PUBLIC S]VICE WORK]S & ! MILIT>Y4 ,?IS PREV5TS ANY ALI5ATION FROM ! WORK]S & ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS ( ! >MY1 ! POLICE =CE1 ETC4 

,N[1 ALL SYNDICATES >E REPRES5T$ 9 ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE ( ! LABOR ORGANIZATION1 :OSE FUNCTION IS TO TAKE C>E ( ?OSE PROBLEMS :I* CANNOT BE LOCALLY DET]M9$4 ,EV]Y EF=T IS MADE TO AVOID BUREAUCRACY 9 ?IS ORGAN1 & PREV5TATIVE MEASURES 9CLUDE3 %ORT T]MS1 NO HI<] WAGES ?AN ! WORK]S 9 ! CORRESPOND+ 9DU/RY1 DIRECT RESPONSIBILITY1 & F$]ALISM RA!R ?AN C5TRALISM4 

,! EXT5T ( AUTONOMY 9 ! LOCAL ORGAN IS V]Y IMPORTANT 9 DI/+UI%+ LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM FROM AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNISM4 ,:]EV] POSSIBLE ! 9DIVIDUAL SYNDICATE IS ! AU?ORITY 9 ITS >EA4 ,:5 A PROBLEM IS ! CONC]N ( ALL1 IT MU/ BE REF]R$ TO ! NATIONAL COMMITTEE4 ,POLICY IS DET]M9$ NOT BY ! NATIONAL COMMITTEE BUT :5 A DECISION IS MADE1 ! DISCIPL9$ MILITANT IS EXPECT$ TO FOLL[ IT1 AS Y\ HAVE SE5 FROM ! QUOTATIONS FROM ,DURRUTI & ,SANTILLAN4 ,!RE IS NO MORE GU>ANTEE ?AT HE WILL FOLL[ IT ?AN !RE IS ?AT !RE WILL BE NO SPLIT 9 ! V>I\S & SUNDRY ,M>XIAN P>TIES4 

,ONE ( ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 LIB]T>IAN NOTIONS ( DISCIPL9E & ! SO-CALL$ 0REVOLUTION>Y DISCIPL9E0 ( ! ,M>XI/S IS ?AT ! SYNDICALI/S RETA9 ALWAYS ! RI<T ( CRITICISM1 REG>DLESS H[ ! VOTE GOES4 ,SANTILLAN'S QUOTE ABUNDANTLY ILLU/RAT$ ?IS4 

,! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ DOES NOT HAVE A 0REPRESSIVE /ATE0 AS SU*4 ,REPRESSION ( A SORT MU/ & DOES EXI/ 9 ! TRANSITION TO LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM4 ,BUT IT IS L>GELY A MATT] ( DEGREE & PO9T ( EMPHASIS ?AT DI/+UI%ES IT FROM ! REPRESSION ( AN AU?ORIT>IAN /ATE1 BE IT B\RGEOIS OR 0PROLET>IAN40 ,PROBABLY ! FACT ?AT ! AN>*I/IC P]SON IS A HUMANI/1 ?AT HE EMPHASIZES ! 9DIVIDUAL -- HIS 9TEGRITY1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( HIMSELF1 AS BE+ ALL-IMPORTANT1 ! 5D T[>D :I* EV]Y EF=T IS DIRECT$2 ! FACT ?AT HE NEV] LOSES SI<T ( ! PROPOSITION ?AT TO SACRIFICE AN 9DIVIDUAL = ! SAKE ( ! MASSES IS TO BRUTALIZE ! 9DIVIDUALS 9 ! MASS -- AT LEA/ TO SOME EXT5T1 ACC\NTS = ! AN>*I/S' PECULI> RELUCTANCE TO REPRESS4 

,!RE IS ALWAYS ?OR\< REPRES5TATION ( ?OSE ( DIFF]5T OP9IONS :O HAVE A COMMON AIM2 ?US1 :5 AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S W]E DOM9ANT 9 ,GIJON 7TO ! SCORE ( A #i P] C5T MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE7 !Y TURN$ OV] REPRES5TATION ON ! ,GIJON ECONOMIC C\NCIL TO EV]Y ORGANIZATION ON ! BASIS ( ITS EXI/5CE1 RA!R ?AN 9 T]MS ( ! NUMB] ( ITS FOLL[+4 ,Y\ WILL RECALL ALSO1 ! SELECTION QUOT$ ON ! DECISION REG>D+ UNI=M WAGES 9 ! ,LEVANTE1 :]E ! M9ORITY GR\P IS CONSULT$ DESPITE ITS SMALL NUMB]S4 

,N[1 IF ! REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATION IS NOT ABLE TO GA9 ! SUPPORT ( ! WORK]S IT CANNOT ACCOMPLI% A REVOLUTION OV] !IR HEADS BY CON/ITUT+ ITSELF A REPRESSIVE /ATE4 ,ONE MU/ HAVE ! POT5TIAL SUPPORT ( ! WIDE/ MASSES ( PEOPLE BE=E ANY REVOLUTION CAN BE SUCCESSFUL4 ,?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ONE SITS >\ND & WAITS = UNANIM\S VOTE ( APPROVAL ON ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION2 IT MEANS ?AT ONE DOES NOT -- L>GELY BECAUSE ONE CANNOT -- ACCOMPLI% A REVOLUTION ( ! SOCIETY !REAFT]1 UNLESS ! SUPPORT ( ! MASSES IS BEH9D ONE4 ,?AT IS :Y1 AL?\< ONE /RIVES TO GET ALL ! WORK]S 9TO ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATION1 ONE MU/ -- IF DIFF]5T FACTIONS DO EXI/ -- GIVE REPRES5TATION TO ALL ( !M4 

,IF ON ! BASIS ( ?IS DISCUSSION Y\ WI% TO REG>D Y\R NATIONAL COMMITTEE ( ALL SYNDICATES AS A POLITICAL P[]1 !RE IS NO?+ TO PREV5T Y\ FROM DO+ SO4 ,! SYNDICALI/S G5]ALLY PREF] TO ?9K ( IT AS AN ADM9I/RATION ( ?+S RA!R ?AN A GOV]NM5T ( ! PEOPLE4 7,?IS1 ( C\RSE1 CAN ONLY BE APPROXIMAT$ AT ! PRES5T TIME47 

,POSITION ON ! ,/ATE 

,! B\RGEOIS /ATE TO ! SYNDICALI/ IS M]ELY1 AS IT IS TO ! ,M>XI/1 AN EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ( ! DOM9ANT CLASS1 & CAN !RE=E NOT BE US$ TO BR+ AB\T ! DE/RUCTION ( ?IS CLASS4 ,9 ! PRE-REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION Y\ >E TO IGNORE ! /ATE & ITS MA*9]Y2 = TO USE IT IS TO DIVIDE Y\R EF=TS ?AT MI<T BETT] BE EXP5D$ 9 BUILD+ A /RONG LABOR UNION MOVEM5T1 & TO MISDIRECT ! ATT5TIONS ( ! WORK]S4 

,N[ LET US REVIEW :AT ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S ACTUALLY HAVE DONE 9 ,SPA9 & H[ !IR ACTIONS SQU>E1 OR FAIL TO SQU>E1 ) !IR !ORIES4 ,& REG>DLESS ( :AT >E \R P]SONAL ATTITUDES1 ON CONCRETE SITUATIONS1 WE MU/ AGREE ?AT IF ! FACT DOES NOT CO9CIDE ) ! !ORY1 ONE OR BO? MU/ BE MODIFI$2 & IF !Y BO? CONT9UE UNMODIFI$ ALONGSIDE ( EA* O!R1 CONFUSION RESULTS4 

,BE=E ! REVOLT1 & DUR+ ! ,FEBRU>Y ELECTIONS :I* U%]$ 9 ! POPUL> FRONT REGIME1 ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ,F4,A4,I4 DID NOT C>RY ON !IR USUAL ANTI-ELECTION CAMPAIGN4 ,!Y P]MITT$1 = ! FIR/ TIME 9 !IR HI/ORY1 ! QUE/ION ( VOT+ TO BE A MATT] ( 9DIVIDUAL CONSCI5CE4 ,:ILE WE CAN SEE H[ ! T5S5ESS ( ! SITUATION & ! CONSPICU\S DIFF]5CES BETWE5 A FASCI/ GOV]NM5T & ONE :]E SOME MODICUM ( FRE$OM IS P]MITT$ MI<T BE A /RONG TEMPTATION TO MAKE A *OICE1 WE DO NOT SEE H[ VOT+ ON ! P>T ( AN AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ CAN BE RECONCIL$ ) HIS CONVICTIONS REG>D+ ! NATURE ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE & ! POLITICAL PROCESS4 

,ACTUALLY ! ELECTIONS MADE LITTLE DIFF]5CE 9 ! /RUGGLE = P[]1 = IF ! WORK]S DID NOT DISREG>D !M1 ! FASCI/S DID2 & REG>DLESS :I* SIDE W\LD HAVE BE5 ELECT$1 ! DOM9ANCE ( ! FASCI/S C\LD ONLY BE *ECK$ 9 A MILIT>Y /RUGGLE4 ,! POPUL> FRONT GOV]NM5T DID NOT EV5 (F] 7AS ITS PROTAGONI/S CLAIM7 A BREA?+ SPELL OR A PREP>ATION = BETT] RESI/+ ! FASCI/S4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! PRISONS W]E OP5$ & #c1 POLITICAL PRISON]S RELEAS$1 & ?AT MU* L& WAS DECRE$ TO ! L&-/>V$ PEASANTS4 ,BUT !SE W]E BO? SPONTANE\S UN(FICIAL MOVES ON ! P>T ( ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 ,AFT] !Y HAD BE5 ACCOMPLI%$1 ! GOV]NM5T1 SEE+ ?AT ! WORK]S MEANT BUS9ESS1 CAME 9 T>DILY & PASS$ DECREES ,O,K'+ !SE /EPS4 

,AT ! \TBREAK ( ! REVOLT1 AS WE HAVE NOT$ BE=E1 ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT GOV]NM5T WAS COMPLETELY BANKRUPT4 ,IT DID NOT PR$ICT ! UPRIS+1 IT DID NOT PREP>E = IT1 & :AT IS MORE CULPABLE1 IT SABOTAG$ ?OSE :O W]E PREP>$ TO FI<T BY REFUS+ !M >MS4 ,:AT WAS TRUE ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T WAS ALSO TRUE ( ! LOCAL GOV]NM5TS4 ,& SO1 AFT] ! FIR/ DAYS ( ! REBELLION1 ECONOMIC C\NCILS ( WORK]S & ,COMMITTEES ( ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY & ,DEF5SE >OSE & TOOK C>E ( ALL ! NEW BUS9ESS & ALL ! OLD BUS9ESS ( ! LOCALITIES4 ,! ACTUAL GOV]NM5TS W]E ONLY !ORETICAL2 !Y W]E A SORT ( A RUBB] /AMP TO BE ADD$ AUTOMATICALLY AFT] ?+S HAD BE5 DECID$ ON 9 O!R BODIES4 ,NO ONE CAME TO ! GOV]NM5TS = ADVICE OR P]MISSION4 

,LABOR UNIONS 9CREAS$ 9 MEMB]%IP1 BECAUSE ! ONLY WAY TO HAVE A SAY 9 :AT WAS GO+ ON WAS TO BE A MEMB] ( ONE ( ! UNIONS4 ,! LABOR ORGANIZATION /AMP$ Y\R PASSPORT & DI/RIBUT$ Y\R FOOD & CONTRIBUT$ TO Y\R MILITIAS4 ,NON-WORK]S ACCEPT$ /EPS LIKE SOCIALIZATION BECAUSE !RE WAS NO ALT]NATIVE WAY TO KEEP !M F$ & CLO!D1 & PROTECT$ FROM FASCISM4 

,! JU/IFICATION ( ! 5TRANCE ( ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S 9 !SE ECONOMIC & DEF5SE C\NCILS SEEMS TO ME TO BE CONT+5T 5TIRELY UPON ! COMPOSITION ( !SE C\NCILS4 ,:5 !SE W]E REPRES5TATIVE ( ! WORK]S & SOLDI]S -- ?AT IS1 A REPLACEM5T ( ! P>LIAM5T>Y-GEOGRAPHICAL /ATE -- !IR P>TICIPATION SEEMS TO ME TO BE AN HONE/ FULFILLM5T ( !IR AIMS -- = !Y W\LD !REBY BE JO9+ ) O!R WORK]S TO ASSURE ! VICTORY ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,AS SOON AS !SE ORGANIZATIONS GA9$1 H[EV]1 ! MEMB]%IP ( P>TIES ) NO BOND 9 ANY SYNDICATE OR AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATION -- & FROM ?AT /EP BECAME ADJUNCTS TO ! /ATE1 P>TICIPATION BY AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S SEEMS TO ME TO BE A VIOLATION ( !ORY4 

,9 ALL !IR PROPAG&A ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S W]E CLAMOR+ = AN ALL-,SPANI% ,DEF5SE ,C\NCIL1 OR ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL1 :I* W\LD COORD9ATE ! LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS ( ?AT SORT ALREADY 9 EXI/5CE & MAKE POSSIBLE A UNIFI$ COMM&4 ,BUT :ILE ?IS WAS BE+ PUBLICIZ$1 ! ,MADRID GOV]NM5T GRADUALLY SPUTT]$ ITS WAY BACK 9TO EXI/5CE4 ,IT F\ND READY LOYALTY AMONG ! SMALL NUMB]S ( ! B\RGEOIS & ! COMMUNI/S1 :O ?\< ALMO/ 9SIGNIFICANT 9 NUMB] W]E EXTREMELY BOLD & >TICULATE & SEEM$ TO HOLD 9 ! PALM ( !IR H& ! KEY TO ,RUSSIAN AID TO ,SPA94 

,!Y TRAD$ ON ! VE/IGES ( A REVOLUTION>Y REPUTATION1 TO A*IEVE PROM95CE & B\RGEOIS SUPPORT ON ! SLOGANS ( UNITY & A DEMOCRATIC PROGRAM4 ,! ,C4,N4,T4 RECOGNIZ$ ?AT TO ANTAGONIZE !SE ANTI-FASCI/ P>TIES MI<T HAVE MEANT TO 9CUR H>M 9 ! W> & SABOTAGE AT ! RE>4 ,! ,C4,N4,T4-,F4,A4,I4 APP>5TLY TOOK ! W> AGA9/ FASCISM MORE S]I\SLY ?AN O!R ORGANIZATIONS & 9DIVIDUALS :O DEVOTE MU* ( !IR TIME TO M\?+ SLOGANS & DISCOV]+ PLOTS1 FIF? COLUMNS1 & NE/S ( UNCONTROLLABLES4 

,!IR DESIRE = ANTI-FASCI/ UNITY DET]M9$ ! POSITION ( ! AN>*I/S4 ,SUBSEQU5T EV5TS MAKE IT CLE> H[EV]1 ?AT ! /RUCTURE ( ?IS ORGANIZATION1 R5D]$ POSSIBLE 7?\< NOT 9EVITABLE7 ! HEGEMONY ( POLITICAL GR\PS NON-REPRES5TATIVE ( ! MASSES ( ! PEOPLE4 ,:5 ?AT BECAME ABUNDANTLY CLE> TO ! AN>*I/S1 !Y MOV$ \T & HAVE S9CE REFUS$ TO COLLABORATE ) ! ,NEGR9 GOV]NM5T4 

,! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S REFUSE TO /UFF ANY?+ D[N ! NECKS ( ! WORK]S1 EV5 IF ?AT ?+ BE REVOLUTION>Y UNIONISM4 ,YET !IR PROPAG&A AGA9/ ! ,NEGR9 GOV]NM5T MU/ GO ON1 ALONG ) !IR FI<T AGA9/ FASCISM4 ,?AT !Y >E NOT SLI<T+ ! LATT] IS TE/IFI$ TO BY !IR CON/ANT ACTIVITY AT ! FRONT4 ,?AT !Y MU/ NOT SLI<T !IR WORK ( EXPOSURE ( ! ,NEGR9 GOV]NM5T1 NOT ONLY TO SAVE ,SPA9 = AFT] ! W>1 BUT TO HAVE H] W9 ! W>1 %\LD BE CLE> TO ALL4 

,NO CIVIL W> CAN BE C>RI$ ON = SO LONG A TIME )\T SOME DEF9ITE HOPE & PRO( ( SOCIAL AMELIORATION = ! VOLUNTE] FI<T]S4 ,BUT ,NEGR9 DECL>ES3 

0,ECONOMIC RE=MS1 :I* HAVE BE5 C>RI$ \T 9 ,SPA9 S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( ! CIVIL W>1 HAVE BE5 ACCOMPLI%$ ACCORD+ TO ! LAW1 & ONCE ! SMOKE HAS BL[N AWAY IT WILL BE SE5 ?AT !Y HAVE GONE NO FUR!R ?AN RE=MS ALREADY C>RI$ \T 9 O!R C\NTRIES :I* PASS = BE+ CONS]VATIVE /RON<OLDS40 7,$G> ,ANSEL ,M[]'S >TICLE 9 ,! ,NEWS1 ,SEPTEMB] #b#b1 #a#i#c#g74 

,BUT ?IS CANNOT BE AN EXPRESSION ( ! S5TIM5T ( ! PEOPLE :O SO MANY TIMES HAVE RIS5 9 REVOLT & SACRIFIC$ ! LIVES ( !IR DE>E/ SO ?AT ,SPA9 W\LD BE MORE ?AN A 0/RON<OLD ( CONS]VATION40 ,IT IS ! EXPRESSION ( ,NEGR9 & HIS GOV]NM5T4 ,?AT GOV]NM5T IS A M5ACE TO ! FI<T+ PEOPLE ( ,SPA94 

,! ,NEGR9 GOV]NM5T1 REPRES5T+ ! MO/ BACKW>D & B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS 9 ! C\NTRY CONSI/5TLY FI<TS ! GA9S ( SOCIALIZATION1 TRIES TO *A9 ! >MY TO ITS CONTROL1 & FLIRTS ) ! EXIL$ 9DU/RIALI/S TO 9DUCE !M TO RETURN TO !IR OLD POSITION ( DOM9ANCE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME IT BETRAYS ITS NON-DEMOCRATIC NATURE BY ITS SUPPRESSION ( ?OSE :O QUE/ION ITS CORRECTNESS & ITS MOTIVES4 

,?OSE :O TEA* AGA9/ IT1 & YET FI<T VALIANTLY AT ! FRONT1 ?OSE :O MAY BE RANK$ AMONG ! UNCONTROLLABLES1 REPRES5T ! HOPE ( ,SPA94 ,JU/ AS ! W> 9 ,SPA9 IS NOT A PRIVATE MATT]1 BUT AN 9T]NATIONAL ONE1 SO IS ! REVOLUTION4 ,LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM 9 ,SPA9 W\LD MEAN IMPETUS TO SOCIAL PROGRESS ! WORLD OV]6 ,IT W\LD BE A REAL ?REAT TO FASCISM1 & AN 9SPIRATION TO ?OSE :OSE GOV]NM5T IS AN 9SIPID DEMOCRACY4 

,! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ,REVISIT$ 

BY ,RUSSELL ,BLACKWELL 
,NEW ,POLITICS1 VOL4 ,V,I,I1 NO4 #c1 ,SUMM] #a#i#f#h1 PAGES #hd TO #hi 

,RUSSELL ,BLACKWELL WAS 9 ,SPA9 FROM ,OCTOB] #aicf UNTIL HE WAS IMPRISON$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,G,P,U 9 #ai* = N9E & A HALF MON?S & F9ALLY DEPORT$ 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#c#i4 ,HIS C>E] AS A REVOLUTION>Y />T$ :5 HE JO9$ ! ,Y\NG ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE 9 #a#i#b#d4 ,HE WAS ACTIVE !REAFT] 9 ,MEXICO1 ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,9 #a#i#b#i1 HE HELP$ =M ! ,MEXICAN ,TROTSKYI/ GR\P & WAS SUBSEQU5TLY DEPORT$ FROM ,MEXICO4 ,HIS EXP]I5CES 9 ,SPA9 L$ HIM TO AN>*O-SYNDICALISM4 

,! HI/ORY ( HALF A C5TURY ( DEFEAT$ REVOLUTIONS IS FILL$ ) EXP]I5CES ( ! GREATE/ RELEVANCE = TODAY'S RADICALS4 ,JU/ AS ?OSE ( US :O LOVE MU%ROOMS & WANT TO SURVIVE ! FEA/ DO NOT RU% TO ! WOODS & GA!R EV]Y ONE 9 SI<T BUT FIR/ F9D \T :I* >E POISON\S RA!R ?AN DISMISS+ SU* KN[L$GE AS 0IRRELEVANT10 SO %\LD ! POLITICAL EXP]I5CES ( REC5T DECADES BE SIFT$ & /UDI$ BY RADICALS SEEK+ SOLUTIONS TO CONTEMPOR>Y PROBLEMS4 

,FROM #aicf TO #a#i#c#i1 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION & ,CIVIL ,W> PROVID$ A LABORATORY = TE/+ V>I$ RADICAL IDEOLOGIES 9 ACTION4 ,! WORK]S ( ,SPA9 W]E ! FIR/ 9 ,EUROPE TO RESI/ ! TIDE ( FASCISM4 ,& !Y F\<T FASCISM BY C\NT]POS+ TO IT ! ONLY EFFECTIVE DEF5SE -- !IR [N SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,!IR REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE >\S$ ! ADMIRATION ( RADICALS & LIB]ALS EV]Y:]E4 ,L>GE NUMB]S ( REFUGEES FROM ,ITALY1 ,G]MANY & ,GREECE1 :O HAD BE5 LIV+ PREC>I\SLY 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 FLOOD$ TO ,SPA9 TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! FI<T = FRE$OM4 ,ANTIFASCI/S ( EV]Y RADICAL T5D5CY GRAVITAT$ TO ! SC5E ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTION4 

,ON !IR >RIVAL 9 ,SPA91 MO/ ASSOCIAT$ !MSELVES ) ! ,SPANI% ORGANIZATION ) :I* !Y FELT ! CLOSE/ ID5TIFICATION4 ,AN>*I/S FROM MANY C\NTRIES CAME TO ! SUPPORT ( ! EMBATTL$ ,SPANI% ,LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T4 ,MANY 9DEP5D5T ,M>XI/S & O!R UNAFFILIAT$ RADICALS JO9$ ! MILITIAS ( ! ,WORK]S ,P>TY ( ,M>XI/ ,UNIFICATION 7,P,\,M74 ,! ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES ?R\<\T ,EUROPE & ! ,AM]ICAS RECRUIT$ ?\S&S ( VOLUNTE]S1 NOT ALL ( !M ,/AL9I/S1 = S]VICE 9 !IR ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES4 ,!SE BECAME ,/AL9'S %OCK TROOPS4 ,!Y W]E DEF9ITELY A POLITICAL >MY & !IR MORALE & IDEOLOGY W]E ZEAL\SLY GU>D$ BY AG5TS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,SECRET ,POLICE 7,G,P,U74 

,! 9ABILITY ( ! ,REPUBLIC 9 ITS FIVE YE>S ( EXI/5CE TO SOLVE ANY ( ! BASIC PROBLEMS ( ! C\NTRY1 HAD DISILLUSION$ ! WORK]S & PEASANTS ) TRADITIONAL DEMOCRATIC PROCESSES4 ,! REMA9S ( FEUDALISM W]E /ILL CONSID]ABLE2 ! >MY & ! *UR* W]E /ILL P[]FUL POLITICAL =CES4 ,EV]Y?+1 IT SEEM$1 REMA9$ TO BE DONE TO BR+ ,SPA9 9TO ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 

,! BULK ( 9DU/RIAL WORK]S & L>GE MASSES ( PEASANTS W]E ORGANIZ$ 9 UNIONS ( AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ & SOCIALI/ ORI5TATION4 ,! NE$ & CONDITIONS = A SOCIAL REVOLUTION EXI/$4 ,ONLY POSITIVE REVOLUTION>Y OBJECTIVES CAN ACC\NT = ! MILITANCY ( ! WORK]S 9 OPPOS+ ! MILIT>Y-FASCI/-CL]ICAL UPRIS+4 ,AL?\< ! POLITICAL 0,LEFT0 HAD WON A CLE> VICTORY AT ! POLLS 9 ,FEBRU>Y1 ! REPUBLICAN POLITICIANS FAIL$ TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! FASCI/ REBELLION :5 IT BROKE \T & 9 MO/ LOCALITIES REFUS$ TO >M ! PEOPLE4 ,9 OV] HALF ( ,SPA9'S CITIES1 POORLY >M$ PEOPLE DEFEAT$ ! MILIT>Y &1 VIRTUALLY IGNOR+ ! CON/ITUT$ AU?ORITIES1 E/ABLI%$ REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES ( A UNIT$ FRONT *>ACT] = ADM9I/RATION ( ! ECONOMY & ! CONDUCT ( ! W>4 ,9 MO/ ( ,SPA91 ! REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T HAD 9 EFFECT CEAS$ TO EXI/ & HAD BE5 REPLAC$ BY A NETWORK ( REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES4 ,! V>I\S LIB]AL CAPITALI/ P>TIES HAD RESIGN$ !MSELVES TO PLAY+ SUBORD9ATE ROLES1 ACCEPT+ ! 9EVITABILITY ( A SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,MO/ ( ! MORE P[]FUL CAPITALI/S EI!R FL$ ! C\NTRY OR W5T 9TO HID+4 ,MANY PAID ) !IR LIVES = !IR YE>S AS EXPLOIT]S4 

,IMM$IATELY !RE WAS A WAVE ( COLLECTIVIZATION & SOCIALIZATION C>RI$ \T BY ! UNIONS AT ALL LEVELS4 ,! ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C,N,T7 WAS P>TICUL>LY ACTIVE 9 ?IS MOVEM5T1 AL?\< MO/ ( ! REORGANIZATION ( ! ECONOMY TOOK PLACE UND] ! JO9T CONTROL ( ! ,C,N,T & ! ,G5]AL ,UNION ( ,WORK]S 7,U,G,T74 ,V]Y LITTLE -- ALMO/ NO?+ -- ( ! OLD >MY REMA9$ OP]ATIVE1 MILITIAS HAV+ BE5 =M$ BY ! UNIONS & ! VILLAGES TO OPPOSE ! MILIT>Y ADVANCES ( ,FRANCO'S REGUL> >MY TROOPS4 

,AGA9/ ?IS BACKGR\ND1 IT WAS AT FIR/ ONLY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & ITS SATELLITE 9 ,CATALONIA -- ! ,UNIFI$ ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY 7,P,S,U,C7 -- ?AT ACTIVELY OPPOS$ ! REVOLUTION4 ,/&+ AT ! EXTREME RI<T !Y CLAIM$ ?AT !RE WAS NO SOCIAL REVOLUTION BUT SIMPLY A DEF5SE ( DEMOCRACY AGA9/ FASCISM4 ,! ,/AL9I/S OPPOS$ EV]Y REVOLUTION>Y /EP TAK5 BY ! WORK]S & !IR MASS ORGANIZATIONS1 ATTEMPT+ TO DIRECT ! /RUGGLE 9TO PURELY MILIT>Y & P>LIAM5T>Y *ANNELS4 ,?IS WAS ! POLICY ( ,/AL9'S ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL 9 L9E ) ! !N =EIGN POLICY ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION :I* FE>$ A SUCCESSFUL REVOLUTION 9 ! ,WE/ & WAS PRIM>ILY 9T]E/$ 9 SEEK+ ALLIANCES ) ! ,WE/]N DEMOCRACIES4 ,RUSSIAN MILIT>Y AID WAS ! LEV] ?AT 5ABL$ ,/AL9ISM TO BECOME A MAJOR 9FLU5CE 9 SPITE ( ITS 9ITIAL NUM]ICAL WEAKNESS4 ,RUSSIAN (FIC]S1 TE*NICIANS & ADVIS]S CAME 9 L>GE NUMB]S1 *AP]ON$ BY AG5TS ( ! ,G,P,U4 ,POLITICAL BLACKMAIL WAS US$ %AMELESSLY TO IMPOSE !IR WILL ON ! O!R ANTI-FASCI/ P>TIES & LABOR ORGANIZATIONS4 

,! ,SPANI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY & ITS TRADE UNION C\NT]P>T1 ! ,U,G,T1 W]E TORN BY 9T]NAL DISS5SION DUR+ ! 5TIRE REVOLUTION>Y & CIVIL W> P]IOD4 ,!IRS WAS A RELATIVELY 0S(T0 MOVEM5T & ! ,/AL9I/S W]E ABLE TO PLAY ! V>I\S SOCIALI/ FACTIONS AGA9/ EA* O!R4 ,9 E>LY /AGES !Y US$ ,FRANCISCO ,L>GO ,CABALL]O :OSE GR\P HAD ! L>GE/ MASS FOLL[+ 9 ! UNIONS & AMONG ! Y\?1 & !Y 5G9E]$ AN ORGANIC UNITY BETWE5 ! ,SOCIALI/ & ,COMMUNI/ ,Y\?1 AFFILIAT+ ! UNIFI$ ORGANIZATION TO ! ,Y\NG ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,!Y EV5 ATTEMPT$ TO M]GE ! ,S4,P4 & ! ,C4,P41 UNSUCCESSFULLY1 AL?\< A CONSID]ABLE ,/AL9I/ CAUCUS DEVELOP$ )9 ! ,S4,P4 

,! L>GE/ REVOLUTION>Y =CE WAS ! ,LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T3 ! ,C,N,T & ! ,IB]IAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 7,F,A,I7 TOGE!R ) ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\? 7,J,J,L,L74 ,9 ?IS MOVEM5T1 ALSO1 !RE WAS DIVISION & DISS5SION AL?\< ( A COMPLETELY DIFF]5T NATURE1 S9CE ITS 0MOD]ATES0 W]E F> TO ! LEFT ( ! MO/ RADICAL ,SOCIALI/S4 ,9CURABLY P>LIAM5T>IAN BY TRADITION1 ! LATT] P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! (FICIAL GOV]NM5TAL APP>ATUS AS A MATT] ( C\RSE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! AN>*I/ 5TRY 9TO ! GOV]NM5TS ( ,SPA9 & ,CATALONIA WAS CONSI/5TLY OPPOS$ BY L>GE SEGM5TS ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T4 ,?IS GOV]NM5TAL P>TICIPATION VIOLAT$ ALL T5ETS ( AN>*ISM & CA/RAT$ ! REVOLUTION4 

,! ,P,\,M1 AS A M9ORITY P>TY ) REVOLUTION>Y P]SPECTIVES1 ID5TIFI$ MO/ CLOSELY ) ! AN>*I/S1 HOLD+ ) !M ! POSITION ?AT ! W> & ! REVOLUTION W]E 9SEP>ABLE4 ,?IS WAS A NEW P>TY ?AT HAD BE5 E/ABLI%$ LATE 9 #aice ?R\< ! FUSION ( ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,LEFT L$ BY ,&RES ,N91 :O HAD BROK5 ) ,TROTSKY SOME YE>S BE=E1 & ! ,WORK]S & ,PEASANTS ,BLOC L$ BY ,JOAQU9 ,MAUR94 ,:ILE IDEOLOGICALLY ,M>XI/1 ! ,P,\,M 9CLUD$ MANY WORK]S ( A REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/ BACKGR\ND & WAS G5]ALLY LABOR ORI5T$ RA!R ?AN POLITICALLY DOCTR9AIRE4 

,AN>*I/S HAD LONG REALIZ$ ?AT BETWE5 ! TWO TOTALIT>IAN ALT]NATIVES !RE WAS LITTLE OR NO REAL *OICE4 ,= !M ! REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA9 WAS A NEW OP5+ 9 ! DIRECTION ( FRE$OM4 ,RUSSIAN /ATE POLICY AT ?AT TIME WAS BAS$ ON ! =MATION ( ,PEOPLES ,FRONTS 9 ALL C\NTRIES4 ,?IS MEANT ALLIANCES ) SU* DIV]SE ELEM5TS AS ,*IANG ,KAI ,%EK1 ,FRANKL9 ,D4 ,ROOSEVELT1 ,FULG5CIO ,BATI/A & ,LEON ,BLUM1 & A D5IAL ( REVOLUTION EV]Y:]E 9CLUD+ ,SPA94 ,! ,/AL9I/S CLAIM$ ?AT 9 ,SPA9 !RE WAS PURELY & SIMPLY A CIVIL W> BETWE5 DEMOCRACY & FASCISM & ?AT TO WORK = A SOCIAL REVOLUTION WAS 0C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y40 ,9 ! ,MOSC[ ,PRAVDA ( ,DECEMB] #a#f1 #a#i#c#f1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY HAD BOLDLY ANN\NC$ ?AT3 0,AS = ,CATALONIA -- ! PURG+ ( ! ,TROTSKYI/S & ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S HAS ALREADY BEGUN3 & IT WILL BE CONDUCT$ ) ! SAME 5]GY ) :I* IT HAS BE5 CONDUCT$ 9 ! ,U4,S4,S4,R40 

,/AL9 KNEW ALL TOO WELL :I* =CES /OOD 9 ! WAY ( HIS POLICIES 9 ,SPA94 ,! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S W]E ! MO/ P[]FUL S+LE GR\P ) T5S ( ?\S&S ( M5 ALREADY TEMP]$ 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE & 9SPIR$ BY ! VISION ( A /ATELESS1 CLASSLESS SOCIETY4 ,!IR ELIM9ATION W\LD NOT BE AN EASY MATT]4 ,A LOGICAL FIR/ /EP WAS TO DE/ROY ! ,P,\,M :I* ! ,/AL9I/S 9SI/$ ON REF]R+ TO AS ,TROTSKYI/4 ,BUT ?IS WAS NOT AN OV]NI<T MATT] EI!R4 ,) UPW>D ( #a1 MEMB]S1 ! ,P,\,M HAD ITS [N >M$ MILITIAS4 ,IT 9CLUD$ MANY MILITANTS :OSE PROBITY WAS WELL E/ABLI%$ & RECOGNIZ$ BY !IR POLITICAL COMPETITORS 9 ! ,SOCIALI/1 ,LIB]T>IAN & ,REPUBLICAN CAMPS4 ,ITS LEAD]S W]E 9DIVIDUALLY BETT] KN[N & ( GREAT] 9TELLECTUAL WORK+ CLASS /ATURE ?AN ! LEAD+ ,SPANI% ,/AL9I/S4 

,!RE WAS CONSID]ABLE RESI/ANCE -- AL?\< MO/LY PASSIVE -- AMONG ! MEMB]S & SOME LEAD]S ( ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY TO ! AGGRESSIVE POLICIES ( REPRESSION IMPOS$ BY ,MOSC['S DIRECT AG5TS4 ,! =EIGN ,/AL9I/S 9SI/$ ON CONTROLL+ & DIRECT+ & HELD VIRTUAL VETO P[] -- BACK$ UP BY ! OMNIPRES5T ,G,P,U -- OV] ALL MAJOR POLICY DECISIONS4 ,! ,RUSSIANS IMPOS$ !MSELVES ON !IR ,SPANI% COMRADES 9 A MANN] LESS RU?LESS ONLY 9 DEGREE ?AN ?AT US$ AGA9/ !IR DECL>$ 5EMIES4 ,MU* ( ?IS HAS BE5 DOCUM5T$ 9 ! BOOK ,YO ,FUI UN ,M9I/RO DE ,/AL91 BY ,JESUS ,H]N&EZ1 ,MEXICO1 #a#i#e#c4 

,! WEAK5+ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y =CES WAS A*IEV$ BY ]OSION ( ! CONQUE/S ( ! REVOLUTION ITSELF4 ,?IS WAS FACILITAT$ BY ! LACK ( 9TRANSIG5CE & ! OPPORTUNISM ( ! REVOLUTIONI/S1 :O YIELD$ POSITION AFT] POSITION 9 ! NAME ( 0ANTI-FASCI/ UNITY40 ,! 5TRANCE ( ! ,AN>*I/S & ! ,P,\,M 9TO ! ORGANS ( ! GOV]NM5T1 ! WEAK5+ OR SUPPRESSION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES1 ! 0MILIT>IZATION0 ( ! MILITIAS & ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,WORK]S ,PATROLS1 W]E MAJOR /EPS 9 ?IS ]OSION4 ,EA* RETREAT BY ! REVOLUTION MEANT AN ADVANCE BY ! C\NT]REVOLUTION P]SONIFI$ BY ,/AL9ISM & ITS ALLIES4 ,! ,P,\,M OP]AT$ 9 ! %AD[ ( ! ,C,N,T & WAS DE/9$ TO GO UND] AS SOON AS ! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T WAS SUFFICI5TLY WEAK5$ VIS-A-VIS ! ,PEOPLES ,FRONT GOV]NM5T4 

,! >M$ B>RICADE /RUGGLE ( ,MAY #c TO #g1 #aicg 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y /RON<OLD ( ,B>CELONA WAS ! CULM9ATION ( A S]IES ( ,/AL9I/ POLITICAL MANEUV]S & ,G,P,U T]RORI/ ACTIONS & PROVOCATIONS DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS4 ,! PRIVATE PRISONS ( ! ,G,P,U W]E FILL$ ) P]SONS KN[N1 OR ?\<T TO BE1 OPPOS$ TO ,/AL9I/ POLICIES4 ,SEV]AL KEY PEOPLE ( ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T W]E MURD]$4 ,9 ! ,C5TRAL REGION ALONE #h AN>*I/S W]E ASSASS9AT$ BETWE5 ,JANU>Y & ,MAY4 ,PRESS C5SOR%IP WAS GREATLY 9CREAS$ & A NUMB] ( REVOLUTION>Y PAP]S W]E SUSP5D$4 

,ON ! AFT]NOON ( ,MAY #c1 #aicg ! REGUL> POLICE =CES 7,ASSAULT ,GU>DS7 ( ! GOV]NM5T1 :I* W]E CONTROLL$ LOCALLY BY ! ,/AL9I/S & !IR COLLABORATORS1 ATTEMPT$ TO SEIZE ! C5TRAL TELEPHONE EX*ANGE BUILD+ 9 ! HE>T ( ,B>CELONA4 ,! WORK]S !RE RESI/$1 CUT (F TELEPHONE COMMUNICATIONS ( ALL POLICE1 ,/AL9I/ & GOV]NM5TAL (FICES1 & BURN$ UP ! L9ES CALL+ = SUPPORT AGA9/ ?IS LATE/ PROVOCATION AGA9/ ! ALREADY GREATLY WEAK5$ POSITIONS ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,A SPONTANE\S G5]AL /RIKE TOOK PLACE AS FACTORY AFT] FACTORY P\R$ ITS WORK]S 9TO ! /REETS4 

,>M$ WORK]S OCCUPI$ IMPORTANT 9T]SECTIONS & PLAZAS & DUR+ ! NI<T B>RICADES W]E RAIS$ ?R\<\T ! CITY1 AS ! COBBLE/ON$ /REETS W]E TORN UP4 ,= SEV]AL DAYS ! WORK]S HELD ! CITY EXCEPT = A FEW SMALL 5CLAVES 9 ! C5T] ( T[N & ! SCATT]$ PREC9CT /ATIONS4 ,\R PEOPLE CONTROLL$ ! /REETS :ILE ! ,/AL9I/S & !IR ALLIES W]E BOTTL$-UP 9 A FEW GOV]NM5T BUILD+S4 ,) ! ,K>L ,M>X B>RACKS SURR\ND$1 ! ,/AL9I/S W]E AFRAID TO BR+ !IR [N TROOPS 9TO ! /REETS4 

,! O!R CITIES & T[NS ( ,CATALONIA W]E ALSO 9 ! WORK]S' H&S4 ,SEV]AL DIVISIONS AT ! FRONT W]E PREP>$ TO M>* 9TO ,B>CELONA TO DEF5D ! REVOLUTION BUT W]E ASSUR$ !IR AID W\LD NOT BE REQUIR$4 ,AL?\< NO S]I\S ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO ROOT \T \R OPPON5TS1 !Y W]E CLE>LY ON ! DEF5SIVE ?R\<\T4 ,SNIP+ & OCCASIONAL =AYS ACC\NT$ = #c-#d DEAD4 ,! 0,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI0 -- AN ANTI-COLLABORATIONI/ AN>*I/ GR\P -- CALL$ = ! SEIZURE ( P[] BY ! ,C,N,T1 AS ! ,C,N,T'S M9I/]S 9 ! GOV]NM5T APPEAL$ = AN AB&ONM5T ( ! B>RICADES VIA ! RADIO 9 ,VAL5CIA4 ,AS 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#c#f1 ! REVOLUTION FL\ND]$ 9 ITS MOM5T ( VICTORY4 ,ONE BY ONE ! B>RICADES W]E AB&ON$1 & SEV]AL DAYS LAT]1 ,ASSAULT ,GU>D RE9=CEM5TS >RIV$ FROM ,VAL5CIA TO PATROL ! /REETS4 

,! ,LIB]T>IANS HAD BE5 NO MAT* = ! ,/AL9I/S 9 POLITICAL 9TRIGUE4 ,= ! SAKE ( A FALSE & SELF-DEFEAT+ 0UNITY AGA9/ FASCISM10 !Y HAD YIELD$ ONE POSITION AFT] ANO!R UNTIL ! REVOLUTION WAS LO/4 ,& ) ! REVOLUTION>Y F]VOR GONE1 ! MILIT>Y FI<T AGA9/ ,FRANCO 7AN UNEQUAL ONE AT BE/7 WAS ALSO LO/4 

,AFT] ! ,MAY ,DAYS1 ! ,/AL9I/S W]E ABLE TO PROVOKE A POLITICAL CRISIS :I* BR\<T D[N ! NATIONAL GOV]NM5T ( ,L>GO ,CABALL]O1 ,G5]AL ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,U,G,T4 ,HE WAS REPLAC$ BY ,DR4 ,JUAN ,NEGR9 AS ,PRIME ,M9I/] & ,9DALECIO ,PRIETO AS ,M9I/] ( ,W>1 BO? RI<T W+ ,SOCIALI/S4 ,! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S REFUS$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 :AT !Y D5\NC$ AS A C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T4 ,! ,NEGR9 REGIME WAS HAIL$ BY ! ,/AL9I/S 7& BY ITSELF7 AS ! 0,GOV]NM5T ( ,VICTORY0 & PROCE$$ TO LOSE ! W> PIECEMEAL1 DUE L>GELY TO ! DEMORALIZ+ EFFECT ( ITS ANTI-REVOLUTION>Y POLICIES ON ! MORALE ( ! PEOPLE4 ,UPON TAK+ P[]1 ,NEGR9 CRU%$ ! ,P,\,M & BR\<T ITS LEAD]S TO TRIAL AS 0FASCI/ AG5TS10 JU/ AS MO/ ( ! ,OLD ,BOL%EVIKS 9 ,RUSSIA1 ACCUS$ ( BE+ 0FASCI/ AG5TS10 HAD BE5 LIQUIDAT$ BY ,/AL94 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,G,P,U OP]AT$ ACTIVELY & ALMO/ OP5LY4 ,&RES ,N9 ( ,P,\,M1 MANY ,AN>*I/S1 & A NUMB] ( =EIGN]S 9 ANTI-,/AL9I/ ,M>XI/ GR\PS1 W]E MURD]$ BY ITS AG5TS4 

,! ,C,N,T N[ W5T 9TO OP5 OPPOSITION :]E IT WAS JO9$ BY ! ,LEFT ,SOCIALI/S >\ND ,L>GO ,CABALL]O4 ,A SPLIT 9 ! ,U,G,T WAS EFFECT$ BY A BLOC ( ,/AL9I/S & RI<T ,SOCIALI/S4 ,! REPRESSION REA*$ MAMMO? PROPORTIONS4 ,! PRESS C5SOR%IP WAS CRIPPL+ & ! ,AN>*I/S & ,SOCIALI/S W]E OBLIG$ TO ISSUE ILLEGAL NEWSPAP]S SO ?AT !Y W\LD NOT 5TIRELY LOSE !IR POLITICAL ID5TITIES4 ,! ,/AL9I/ ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES W]E S5T 9TO ,>AGON TO SMA% ! PEASANT COLLECTIVES BY =CE ( >MS4 

,BY ! 5D ( #a#i#c#g1 ! ,NEGR9-,/AL9 GOV]NM5T WAS FIRMLY 9 P[] & ! C\NT]REVOLUTION WAS TRIUMPHANT4 ,UNTIL ,M>* #a#i#c#i1 ! W> DRAGG$ ON AS A PURELY MILIT>Y AFFAIR4 ,) ,FRANCO'S VICTORY1 ?OSE SURVIV+ REVOLUTIONI/S :O HAD BE5 UNABLE TO ESCAPE ABROAD W]E HUNT$ D[N BY ! FASCI/ POLICE4 ,SEV]AL ?\S& ,SPANI% ,/AL9I/S MADE IT TO ,RUSSIA :]E OV] HALF DI$ 9 SLAVE LABOR CAMPS & ,JOSE ,DIAZ1 G5]AL SECRET>Y ( ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 WAS MURD]$ BY ! ,G,P,U4 ,)9 SIX MON?S ( ,FRANCO'S VICTORY1 ,/AL9 JO9$ ,HITL] 9 ! PACT ?AT GAVE ! GRE5 LI<T TO ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I4 

,ONE ( ! MO/ PR(\ND LESSONS ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> IS ?AT 9 ! FI<T = SOCIAL JU/ICE WE MU/ FULLY COMPREH5D ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 FRE$OM & DICTATOR%IP4 ,?AT ?IS LESSON IS LO/ ON SOME ( \R NON-IDEOLOGICAL & AHI/ORICAL NEW LEFTI/S1 :O ?9K ( !MSELVES AS REVOLUTION>IES1 IS EVID5C$ BY ! EASE1 SOMETIMES F]VOR1 ) :I* !Y HAIL ,FIDEL ,CA/RO1 ,*E ,GUEV>A1 ,MAO ,TSE ,TUNG & ,HO ,*I ,M9H4 ,IT WAS ! ,FIDELS1 ! ,HOS & ,MAOS ( ! ,?IRTIES :O BETRAY$ ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 & TO CONFUSE !SE DICTATORS ( ONE-P>TY /ATES ) AN>*ISM IS ! MO/ >RANT NONS5SE4 ,AN>*ISM MEANS A FREE LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY )\T /ATE CO]CION ( ANY K9D & IMPLIES ! HI<E/ LEVEL ( SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY = ! 9DIVIDUAL1 :I* EXPLA9S :Y ,CUBAN AN>*I/S >E 9 ,CA/RO'S PRISONS4 ,IT IS NO ACCID5T ?AT ,FRANCISCO ,FRANCO IS ONE ( ,FIDEL'S GREATE/ ADMIR]S4 ,?IS %\LD BE AS 9/RUCTIVE TO ! ,NEW ,LEFT AS IS .<! ,S\? ,VIETNAMESE.> ,KY'S ADMIRATION = ,ADOLF ,HITL]4 

,TODAY'S RADICAL Y\? >E AS 5TITL$ TO !IR MI/AKES AS WE W]E TO \RS BUT ! MI/AKES %\LD BE !IR [N1 NOT A REPETITION ( ! ]RORS ( ! PA/4 ,!IR REVOLUTION>Y IDEALISM1 S5SE ( COMMITM5T1 !IR /RUGGLE = RACIAL EQUALITY1 !IR FI<T AGA9/ W> & MILIT>ISM >E ( 9CALCULABLE WOR?4 ,H[EV]1 AN UND]/&+ ( ! LESSONS ( HI/ORY & A POSITIVE REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY >E ESS5TIAL = ! MOVEM5T'S SURVIVAL & GR[?4 

0,Y\ ,EXP]I5C$ ! ,W>1 ,I ,EXP]I5C$ ! ,REVOLUTION60 

7EXC]PT FROM ',DETROIT ,SE51' 9 ,FIF? ,E/ATE1 ,NUMB] #c#d#h1 ,FALL #a#i#i#f1 PAGE #c7 

0,Y\ EXP]I5C$ ! W>2 ,I EXP]I5C$ ! REVOLUTION60 ,) !SE WORDS \R COMPAN]O1 ,F$]ICO ,>COS1 CONFRONT$ ?REE VET]ANS ( ! COMMUNI/-DOM9AT$ ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES AS P>T ( A PANEL 9VIT$ TO COMM5T ON ,K5 ,LOA*'S FILM AB\T ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION1 ,L& & ,LIB]TY1 FOLL[+ AN ,APRIL #ac %[+4 ,! MOVIE DEPICTS REVOLUTION>Y F]VOR 9 #a#i#c#f-#c#g ,SPA91 CONC5TRAT+ P>TICUL>LY ON A FRONTL9E WORK]S' MILITIA4 ,!Y ATTEMPT TO FI<T TOGE!R )\T ! SOCIAL /RATIFICATION ( RANK PRIVILEGE1 & ! COMMUNI/-DOM9AT$ GOV]NM5T 5DEAVORS TO 0MILIT>IZE0 !M1 TO RETURN !M TO HI]>*Y & ! DISCIPL9E ( ! B>RACK4 

,SIXTY YE>S AGO1 ON ,JULY #a#h?1 #a#i#c#f1 AN ATTEMPT$ C\P BY FASCI/ >MY (FIC]S 9 ,SPA9 SP>K$ A REVOLUTION 9 ?AT C\NTRY1 :I* BECAME A ?REE-YE> PROTRACT$ CIVIL W>4,L& & ,LIB]TY IS ! FIR/ MAJOR 9T]NATIONAL FILM AB\T ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ! HALF-,C5TURY S9CE ,G>Y ,COOP] />R$ 9 ,= ,:OM ! ,BELL ,TOLLS4,F$]ICO SAW REVOLUTION & C\NT]-REVOLUTION FIR/H& 9 ,CATALONIA1 9CLUD+ 9NUM]ABLE 9/ANCES ( COMMUNI/S -- SUPPOS$ ALLIES 9 !1 ANTI-FASCI/ /RUGGLE -- BETRAY+ ! W> EF=T & IMPRISON+ OR MURD]+ ANYONE CONSID]$ !IR RIVALS4 

,! ,COM9T]N1 A C\NCIL ( WORLD COMMUNI/ P>TIES CONTROLL$ BY ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 RAIS$ AB\T #c1 =EIGN VOLUNTE]S TO FI<T 9 ,SPA9 AS P>T ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES4 ,OV] #c1 ( !SE W]E ,AM]ICANS1 :O S]V$ 9 ! ,ABRAHAM ,L9COLN1 ,GEORGE ,WA%+TON1 & ,CANADIAN ,MACK5ZIE-,PAP9EAU BATTALIONS1 & ! ,JOHN ,BR[N >TILL]Y BATT]Y1 OR ) ASSORT$ M$ICAL UNITS4 ,ALL ! PANELI/S AT ! FILM DISCUSSION BESIDES ,F$]ICO HAD BE5 ,BRIGADES MEMB]S4 

,ONE ( ! O!R PANELI/S ACKN[L$G$ ?AT HIS DUTIES 9 ,SPA9 9 ! LATE #a#i#cS CONSI/$ ( DRIV+ A TRUCK1 & ?AT HE HAD NOT SE5 ANY REVOLUTION>Y F]M5T AS DEPICT$ 9 ! MOVIE4 ,ANO!R1 A ,HUNG>IAN COMBATANT 9 ! ,BRIGADES & N[ AN ,AM]ICAN ACADEMIC1 SPOKE ) ! CONFID5T AU?ORITY ( A ,COMMUNI/ TURN$ ,S*OL>4 ,HE WAS \TRAG$ ?AT ! FILM W\LD QUE/ION ! NECESSITY = MILIT>Y VICTORY TO PREC$E REVOLUTION4 ,= ! ?REE ,BRIGADES PANELI/S1 W9N+ ! W> WAS ! OBVI\S & NECESS>Y PRIORITY4 ,!Y TOOK AS AN ASSUMPTION ?AT MILIT>IZATION ( ! 0PEOPLE 9 >MS0 WAS AN ABSOLUTE NECESSITY TO ACCOMPLI% ?IS GOAL4 

,CONTRADICT+ ?IS1 ,F$]ICO PO9T$ \T ?AT ! PR9CIPAL GOAL ( MILIT>Y TRA9+ IS TO E/ABLI% HI]>*ICAL SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,AL?\< ACKN[L$G+ HIS RESPECT = ! IDEALISM & SACRIFICE ( ?OSE :O HAD GONE TO ,SPA9 TO FI<T FASCISM1 ,F$]ICO DEF5D$ ! FILM'S AN>*I/ SYMPA?IES4 ,M>*+ 9 RANKS & LE>N+ TO SALUTE M]ELY 9CULCATE OB$I5CE1 LEAD+ TO A CULT ( DISCIPL9E4 

,LONG BE=E ! ,BRIGADES >RIV$1 ,SPANI% WORK]S HAD >M$ !MSELVES AS BE/ !Y C\LD1 DESPITE EF=TS ( ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T POLITICIANS1 & SUCCESSFULLY F\<T TRA9$ REGUL> SOLDI]S ( ! FASCI/S4 ,9 FACT1 >M$ WORK]S SAV$ MANY ( ,SPA9'S MAJOR CITIES = ! ,REPUBLIC1 9CLUD+ ,MADRID & ,B>CELONA1 DUR+ ! REVOLUTION'S E>LY WEEKS4 

,AT ONE PO9T DUR+ ! DISCUSSION1 ,F$]ICO REF]R$ TO EXECUTIONS C>RI$ \T BY ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES ( !IR [N M51 A PO9T HOTLY DISPUT$ BY ! ACADEMIC PANELI/4 ,! O!R TWO ,BRIGADE VET]ANS SEEM$ CONFUS$ BY ?IS 9=MATION1 & /AT$ !Y W]E UNAW>E ( ANY EXECUTIONS 9 ! ,AM]ICAN BATTALIONS4 

,S9CE #a#i#c#g1 HI/ORIES ( ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION HAVE *RONICL$ ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y VIOL5CE EMPLOY$ BY ,COMMUNI/S DUR+ ! ANTIFASCI/ /RUGGLE4 ,?IS WORK HAS BE5 AUGM5T$ BY RESE>*]S SIFT+ ?R\< ! >*IVAL COLLECTIONS 9 ! =M] ,SOVIET ,UNION = DETAILS FROM ,SPA94 ,DOCUM5TS SEEP+ \T ( ?IS LONG PROCESS HAVE CONFIRM$ ?AT ,AM]ICAN COMMISS>S 9 ,AM]ICAN ,BRIGADES UNITS DID C>RY \T DISCIPL9>Y EXECUTIONS4 7,SEE ,! ,SECRET ,WORLD ( ,AM]ICAN ,COMMUNISM1 ,NEW ,HAV53 ,YALE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#e1 = REC5TLY UNCOV]$ 9=MATION47 

,! CLIMAX ( ! PANEL DISCUSSION CAME :5 ,F$]ICO1 9 A VOICE BREAK+ ) EMOTION1 PROCLAIM$ H[ PRIVILEG$ HE FEELS TO HAVE P>TICIPAT$ 9 AN EV5T :]E1 0) ONE HE>T10 ! PEOPLE ( ,B>CELONA ROSE TO DEF5D !IR CITY4 ,! L\DE/ \TBUR/ ( APPLAUSE ?AT AFT]NOON FOLL[$4 

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7AN >TICLE COMMEMORAT+ ! ANNIV]S>Y1 ?IS TIME ! #g?1 & SUMM>IZ+ EV5TS ) A LITTLE DIFF]5T & EQUALLY VALUABLE EMPHASIS7 
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7AN >TICLE BY A FEM9I/ S*OL> SYMPA!TIC TO ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN IDEAS7 
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7ANO!R BOOK WRITT5 BY AN AN>*I/ & PUBLI%$ BY AN AN>*I/ PRESS7 

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7ANO!R BOOK WRITT5 BY AN AN>*I/ & PUBLI%$ BY AN AN>*I/ PRESS7 

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7AN >TICLE WRITT5 BY AN AN>*I/7 

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7A DETAIL$ 9TRODUCTION TO ! ROLE AN>*ISM PLAY$ 9 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> & ! AN>*I/ REVOLUTION )9 ! REPUBLICAN ZONE47 

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