,NEW ,TACTICS ,AGA9/ ,W> ,BASIS ( ,NEW ,9T]NATIONAL 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK 

,TEXT 3 

,PUBLI%$3 ,! ,NEW ,REVIEW1 VOL4 #c1 NO4 #b4 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#a#e4 
,TRANSCRIPTION_/,M>KUP3 ,MICAH ,MU]1 #b#a#g4 

,MORE ?AN A CONF]5CE ( DELEGATES FROM ! ,SOCIALI/ P>TIES ( ! NEUTRAL 
NATIONS IS NE$$ TO RE-ORGANIZE ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,SU* A CONF]5CE CANNOT 
EV5 BE AN 9/RUM5T = PEACE1 = N[ ?AT ALL ! HI<-S\ND+ RESOLUTIONS 
( ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY HAVE BECOME M]E EMPTY TALK1 NO ONE FEELS ANY RESPECT 
= ITS P[]4 

,EV5 IF ! LEAD]S ( ALL ,SOCIALI/ P>TIES %\LD MEET :5 ! W> IS 
OV]1 FALL AB\T EA* O!RS' NECKS & =GIVE EA* O!R !IR NATIONALI/ 
S9S1 !IR 0,9T]NATIONAL0 W\LD BE NO?+ MORE ?AN AN ,9T]NATIONAL ( 
,LEAD]S = ! PROTECTION ( COMMON 9T]E/S4 ,AN ,9T]NATIONAL ?AT OB$I5TLY 
FALLS AP>T 9TO OPPOS+ NATIONAL >MIES :5 ! ,B\RGEOISIE DEM&S W> = 
! SUPPORT ( ITS 9T]E/S IS NO REAL ,9T]NATIONAL ( ,LABOR4 ,! 
,9T]NATIONAL ( ! ,PROLET>IAT IS POSSIBLE ONLY :5 F\ND$ UPON 9CESSANT 
OPPOSITION & 9CREAS+ /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! RUL+ CLASSES4 ,! FIR/ 
CONDITION = A REAL 9T]NATIONAL POLICY ( ! ,PROLET>IAT IS ! TACTIC 
( ! CLASS-/RUGGLE1 ! EMPHATIC D5IAL ( ALL OPPORTUNISM 9 9N] 
POLITICS4 

,BUT MORE ?AN ?IS WE MU/ TAKE UP ! FI<T AGA9/ W>1 NOT ) 
RESOLUTIONS BUT BY DO+ EV]Y?+ 9 \R P[] TO PREV5T W>4 ,TO PREV5T W> 
! WORK+-CLASS NE$S M5TAL P[] & MAT]IAL P[]4 ,! CREATION ( ?IS 
P[] ALONE CAN MAKE POSSIBLE A RE-ORGANIZATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,M5TAL P[] IS NECESS>Y4 ,AS LONG AS A RUL+ CLASS CAN SO 9FLU5CE !IR 
M9DS ?AT ! WORK]S WILL TAKE UP >MS AGA9/ O!R NATIONS1 SO LONG WILL IT 
BE IMPOSSIBLE TO PREV5T W>S4 ,AS LONG AS B\RGEOIS !ORIES & CAT*WORDS CAN 
SWEEP ! WORK]S 9TO ! TIDE ( W> & W>-5?USIASM1 SO LONG WILL ! 
RANKS ( ! LABOR+ CLASS BE DISRUPT$ AGA9 & AGA91 SO LONG WILL ,SOCIALISM 
BE A DREAM4 ,ONE ( !SE B\RGEOIS CAT*WORDS IS ?AT ( 0,W>S ( ,DEF5SE40 

,! ,W,> ,( ,D,E,F,5,S,E 

,A NUMB] ( ,AM]ICAN ,SOCIALI/S HAVE EXPRESS$ ! OP9ION ?AT ! ,G]MAN 
,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS W]E TO BLAME = HAV+ FAIL$ TO H9D] ! W>2 ON ! O!R 
H& !Y MA9TA9 ?AT ! ,FR5* & ,BELGIAN COMRADES W]E ABSOLUTELY 
JU/IFI$ 9 DEF5D+ !IR C\NTRY :5 IT WAS ATTACK$4 

,IF ?IS JUDGM5T1 :I* FUNDAM5TALLY >ISES \T ( AN ALREADY FIX$ ATTITUDE 
9 FAVOR ( ONE NATION & AGA9/ ! O!R1 WAS RI<T1 !N ! ,G]MAN 
COMRADES W\LD /& EXON]AT$1 ALONG ) ?OSE ( ,FRANCE & ,BELGIUM4 ,= 9 
,G]MANY EV]Y WORK] & EV]Y ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRAT WAS ABSOLUTELY CONV9C$ ?AT HIS 
NATION WAS 9 DANG] ( 9VASION BY ! 5EMY4 ,!Y BELIEV$1 AS FIRMLY AS DID 
! ,FR5* ,SOCIALI/S1 ?AT !Y W]E TAK+ UP >MS ONLY = DEF5SE4 

,:O WAS RI<T8 ,:O WAS WRONG8 ,FIR/ LET US LOOK AT ,FRANCE4 ,= MORE ?AN 
TW5TY YE>S ,FRANCE HAS BE5 9 A FIRM ALLIANCE ) ,RUSSIA4 ,9 #aib CAME ! 
UND]/&+ ) ,5GL&1 ! ,5T5TE1 SETTL+ ALL OLD CONFLICTS 
) ,5GL&1 ,FRANCE1 *OOS+ SIDES ) ,5GL& 9 ! GR[+ ANTAGONISM 
BETWE5 ,5GL& & ,G]MANY4 ,BY ,FRANCE WE H]E MEAN ! ,FR5* GOV]NM5T1 ! 
CLIQUE ( POLITICIANS1 CONTROLL$ BY ,HI< ,F9ANCE1 DO+ ! BIDD+ ( ! 
MONEY-WOLVES1 & CONTROLL+ ,P>LIAM5T BY A CORRUPT P>TY MA*9E4 ,! PEOPLE 
HAVE JU/ AS LITTLE 9FLU5CE 9 ,FRANCE AS 9 ,G]MANY OR 9 ,5GL&4 ,( !SE 
GOV]NM5TS WE SPEAK ,:5 WE DISCUSS ! CONFLICTS & ALLIANCES ( ,FRANCE1 
,5GL&1 ,G]MANY & ,RUSSIA4 ,! OBJECTS ( !IR CONFLICTS >E ALWAYS =EIGN 
L&S :I* !Y DESIRE TO CONTROL AS COLONIES OR AS 0SPH]ES ( 9FLU5CE10 
SEEK+ TREM5D\S PR(ITS = !IR [N CAPITAL4 ,! ,5T5TE ( #a#i#b1 
= 9/ANCE1 CONSI/$ M]ELY ( AN UND]/&+ CONC]N+ ,EGYPT & ,MOROCCO1 
,FRANCE REL9QUI%+ ITS CLAIMS UPON ,EGYPT & TURN+ IT OV] TO ! ,5GLI%1 
:O HAVE OCCUPI$ IT S9CE #a#h#h#b2 ,5GL&1 ON ! O!R H&1 TURN+ OV] 
,MOROCCO TO ! ,FR5* CAPITALI/S4 ,BUT H]E A NEW CLAIMANT CAME TO ! FRONT4 
,G]MANY DEM&$ ! RI<T TO BE HE>D4 ,! ,5GLI% AU?OR ,BRAILS=D1 :OSE 
BOOK1 ,! ,W> ( ,/EEL & ,GOLD 7APPE>+ %ORTLY BE=E ! W>7 
PRES5TS 9 ITS FIR/ P>T AN EXCELL5T EXPOSITION ( ! ECONOMIC F\NDATIONS 
( ,IMP]IALISM & MOD]N POLITICS1 SAYS3 

0,! ,G]MAN !SIS WAS P]FECTLY SIMPLE1 & 9 PR9CIPLE 
DEF5SIBLE4 ,IT WAS ?AT ,FRANCE & ,BRITA9 HAD NO RI<T BY AN EXCLUSIVE B>GA9 
TO SETTLE ! FATE ( ,MOROCCO )\T CONSULT+ O!R ,P[]S4 ,! ANSW] ( ! 
,FR5* & ,BRITI% PRESS WAS MORE PLAUSIBLE ?AN CONV9C+4 ,IT WAS \R CASE 
?AT AS :AT WE CALL ! 'TRADE' ( ,MOROCCO IS MA9LY 9 ,FR5* & ,BRITI% 
H&S1 ,G]MANY WAS NOT 9 ANY REAL S5SE AN 9T]E/$ P>TY4 ,! 'TRADE' ( 
,MOROCCO1 IF BY ?AT WORD IS MEANT ! EX*ANGE ( ,EUROPEAN MANUFACTUR$ GOODS 
AGA9/ ! RAW PRODUCE ( ITS AGRICULTURE1 IS AT BE/ 9CONSID]ABLE4 ,NO ONE 
W\LD RISK ! LIVES ( SOLDI]S & ! MONEY ( TAXPAY]S = ! SAKE ( ! 
,MOROCCAN M>KET4 ,:AT MATT]S 9 ,MOROCCO IS ! WEAL? ( ITS VIRG9 
M9ES4 ,?IS WAS AN OP5 FIELD1 & H]E ,G]MANY HAS AS GOOD OR BAD A CLAIM 
AS ANYONE ELSE4 ,A ,G]MAN FIRM1 ! ,MANNESMANN ,BRO!RS1 C\LD 9DE$ BOA/ ?AT 
IT HAD OBTA9$ AN EXCLUSIVE CONCESSION TO WORK ALL ! M9ES ( ,MOROCCO 9 
RETURN = MONEY :I* IT HAD L5T TO AN EMB>RASS$ ,SULTAN DUR+ ITS CIVIL 
W>S4 ,?AT ?IS WAS ! REAL ISSUE IS PROV$ BY ! T]MS :I* W]E MORE ?AN 
ONCE DISCUSS$ BETWE5 ,P>IS & ,B]L9 = ! SETTLEM5T ( ! DISPUTE4 ,A 
DET5TE OR PROVISIONAL SETTLEM5T ( ! DISPUTE WAS CONCLUD$ 9 
#a#i#a1 :I* HAD ONLY ONE CLAUSE -- ?AT ,G]MAN F9ANCE W\LD %>E ) 
,FR5* F9ANCE 9 ! V>I\S UND]TAK+S & COMPANIES1 :I* AIM$ AT 
'OP5+ UP' ,MOROCCO BY PORTS1 RAILWAYS1 M9ES & O!R PUBLIC WORKS4 ,NO EFFECT 
WAS EV] GIV5 TO ?IS UND]TAK+1 & ,G]MAN IRRITATION AT ! DELAYS ( 
,FR5* DIPLOMACY & ,FR5* F9ANCE CULM9AT$ 9 ! DISPAT* ( ! GUNBOAT 
,PAN!R TO ,AGADIR AS A PRELUDE TO FUR!R 'CONV]SATIONS4' ,HAD ,M4 ,CAILLAUX 
REMA9$ 9 P[] WE KN[1 FROM ! SUBSEQU5T 9VE/IGATIONS BE=E ! 
,S5ATE'S ,COMMITTEE1 H[ !SE CONV]SATIONS W\LD HAVE 5D$4 ,!Y W\LD HAVE 
EFFECT$ NOT M]ELY AN ADJU/M5T ( ,FR5* & ,G]MAN COLONIAL 9T]E/S1 BUT A 
G5]AL UND]/&+ :I* W\LD HAVE COV]$ ! :OLE FIELD ( ,G]MAN-,FRANCO 
RELATIONS4 ,! PO9TS ON :I* HE HAD BEGUN TO NEGOTIATE W]E ALL ECONOMIC1 & 
*IEF AMONG !M WAS A PROPOSAL TO PUT AN 5D TO ! BOYCOTT BY ,FR5* F9ANCE 
( ! ,BA<DAD RAILWAY1 & TO ADMIT ,G]MAN SECURITIES TO QUOTATION ON ! ,P>IS 
EX*ANGE40 

,LIKE TWO HUNGRY BEA/S ?AT HAVE BO? FA/5$ !IR EYES UPON ! SAME PREY1 
!SE GOV]NM5TS WAT* & /EAL?ILY FOLL[ EA* O!R1 GR[L+ & 
?REAT5+1 N[ READY TO ATTACK1 N[ RETREAT+ -- & !N1 :5 SUDD5LY 
! :OLE PACK SPR+S UP1 JUMP+ UPON EA* O!RS' BACKS1 ?ROTTL+ & 
BIT+1 %ALL ! PRIE/ COME & DECIDE3 ?IS ONE H]E IS TO BLAME1 HE WAS ! 
FIR/ TO SPR+2 ! O!RS >E M]ELY DEF5D+ !MSELVES8 ,AMONG ! S]VANTS 
( ,FR5* CAPITAL IT WAS ,DELCASSE ABOVE ALL :O /ROVE1 TOGE!R ) ,K+ 
,$W>D1 TO ISOLATE ,G]MANY1 TO RIVET MORE FIRMLY ! R+ ( ITS OPPON5TS1 TO 
LOOS5 ! BONDS ?AT B\ND IT TO ITS ALLIES4 ,G]MANY FELT ITSELF 0P5N$ 910 
WAS H9D]$ ON ALL SIDES 9 ITS EF=TS T[>DS EXPANSION ( ! 
,5T5TE P[]S4 ,?IS WAS TRUE AT ! TIME ( ! ,AGADIR CRISIS1 :5 
,LLOYD ,GEORGE ?REAT5$ 9 HIS ,MANSION ,H\SE SPEE* ?AT ,5GL& /OOD READY TO 
PLACE ITS >M$ /R5G? AT ! DISPOSAL ( ,FRANCE1 & URG$ ,G]MANY TO 
RETREAT4 ,IT IS WOR?Y ( SPECIAL NOTICE ?AT ?IS ?REAT1 :I* MI<T HAVE 
PRECIPITAT$ W> AT ?AT TIME1 WAS AGRE$ UPON BY ?REE P]SONS ONLY1 ,ASQUI?1 
,GRAY & ,LLOYD ,GEORGE3 ?AT IS1 ! ,5GLI% ,P>LIAM5T>Y GOV]NM5T6 ,?IS 
AUTOCRATIC ATTITUDE ON ! P>T ( ?REE ,5GLI% M9I/]S IS ONE ( ! CAUSES 
( ! PRES5T W>3 ,= IT LEFT ) ! ,G]MAN B\RGEOISIE ! FIRM CONVICTION 
?AT ITS 5EMIES1 9 ORD] TO PREV5T ! GR[? ( ,G]MANY1 HAD PREP>$ TO 
SURR\ND IT ) AN EV] 9CREAS+ =CE1 UNTIL ! H\R %\LD COME :5 !Y 
W]E READY TO P\NCE UPON IT4 

,! IMM$IATE CAUSE ( ! W> CAME FROM ! ,EA/4 ,FRANCE WAS DRAWN 9 AS AN 
ALLY ( ,RUSSIA4 ,?IS ALLIANCE *A9$ IT FA/ TO ,RUSSIA2 WE C\LD SPEAK ( A 
,FR5* DEF5SE ONLY IF ,RUSSIA AS WELL HAD BE5 =C$ TO DEF5D ITSELF AGA9/ A 
,G]MAN ATTACK4 ,WAS ?IS ! CASE8 ,! FIR/ TO ATTACK WAS ,AU/RIA1 :5 IT 
PRES5T$ ITS ULTIMATUM TO ,S]VIA & DECL>$ W>4 ,RUSSIA /OOD BEH9D ,S]VIA 
& ?REAT5$ ,AU/RIA2 ,G]MANY BACK$ UP ,AU/RIA1 & ISSU$ AN ULTIMATUM TO 
,RUSSIA4 ,RUSSIA MI<T HAVE AVOID$ A W> BY /OPP+ ITS MOBILIZATION1 ,G]MANY 
MI<T HAVE AVOID$ IT BY BR++ PRESSURE TO BE> UPON ,AU/RIA4 ,& %\LD WE 
SAY3 0,! REAL REASON LIES MU* FUR!R BACK2 ,RUSSIA MOBILIZ$ BECAUSE ,G]MANY 
HAD HUMILIAT$ IT 9 #a#i#i2 NOT ,AU/RIA BUT ,S]VIA WAS ! FIR/ AGGRESSOR1 :5 
IT 9SPIR$ ! MURD] ( ! ,AU/RIAN PR9CE08 -- IT BUT PROVES ?AT A 
CLOSE EXAM9ATION ( ! QUE/ION AS TO :O WAS ! AGGRESSOR1 LEADS US 9TO A 
TANGL$ WEB ( PA/ QU>RELS & ANTAGONISMS4 ,WE COME ACROSS ,AU/RIA H>RASS+ 
! ,S]BS /RIV+ = A L>GE NATIONAL /ATE & EXPORT H>BORS2 ,AU/RIA AIM+ 
TO EXT5D ITS P[]S OV] ! ,BALKANS2 IMP]IALI/IC CONFLICTS BETWE5 ,RUSSIA 
& ,G]MANY 9 ,>M5IA4 

,! W> ( #aiad DID NOT COME BECAUSE ONE NATION ATTACK$ ANO!R VOLUNT>ILY 
) MALICE A=E?\<T2 IT CAME BECAUSE AT A C]TA9 DEGREE ( T5SION ,RUSSIA 
& ,G]MANY BO? SAID TO !MSELVES3 0,IF IT MU/ BE LE .<SIC.>1 LET IT BE N[60 ,!Y GRASP$ ! OPPORTUNITY4 ,9 ! 
LA/ DAYS ( ,JULY A FRUITFUL ATTEMPT HAD BE5 MADE TO P]SUADE ,AU/RIA & 
,RUSSIA TO COME TO T]MS 9 ! ,S]VIAN CONTROV]SY2 :AT PREV5T$ PEACE WAS ! 
ULTIMATUM ISSU$ BY ,G]MANY -- ACCORD+ TO ,5GL&2 WAS ! MOBILIZATION 
( ,RUSSIA -- ACCORD+ TO ,G]MANY4 ,9 REALITY !RE IS NO WAY ( 
DI/+UI%+ ! AGGRESSOR FROM ! DEF5D]2 EA* ONE ATTACKS & DEF5DS 
HIMSELF FROM ! O!R4 ,9 ?IS /RUGGLE = WORLD-P[] ANY DIFF]5TIATION 
BETWE5 0AGGRESSIVE0 & 0DEF5SIVE0 W>S IS S5SELESS4 

,NEV]!LESS ?IS DIFF]5TIATION HAS PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 ! ,SOCIAL 
,DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5T4 ,REPEAT$LY ,SOCIALI/S HAVE DECL>$ OP5LY ?AT !Y W]E 
OPPOS$ TO ALL W>1 BUT ?AT !Y W\LD DEF5D !IR C\NTRIES IF ATTACK$4 
,PROM95T P>TY LEAD]S LIKE ,BEBEL ESP\S$ ?IS PO9T ( VIEW4 ,KAUTSKY OPPOS$ 
HIM 9 ! CONV5TION ( #aif 9 ,ESS51 CALL+ ATT5TION TO ! FACT ?AT ! 
GOV]NM5T CAN ALWAYS MAKE IT APPE> ITS NATION IS ATTACK$4 ,H[ TRUE ?IS 
/&PO9T IS1 ! W> ( #ahg ) ,BISM>CK'S FALSIFI$ MESSAGE1 AS WELL AS ! 
PRES5T W>1 PLA9LY %[4 

,BUT ?IS DOES NOT 5TIRELY DISPOSE ( ! MATT]4 ,?IS PO9T ( VIEW IS 
F\ND$ ON ! CONCEPTION ?AT W>S >E PRECIPITAT$ AT WILL BY ! ACTION ( 
ONE'S [N OR A =EIGN GOV]NM5T4 ,! POSITION ( ! PROLET>IAT !N %\LD 
BE3 ,D[N ) ! DI/URB]S ( PEACE6 ,?AT MAY HAVE BE5 TRUE AT ONE TIME2 BUT 
NOT TO-DAY4 ,W> TO-DAY IS IMP]IALI/IC W>2 ! DI/URB] IS CAPITALI/IC 
DEVELOPM5T1 CAPITAL HUNGRY = WORLD-P[]4 ,!Y ALL WANT P[]1 L&1 
COLONIES4 ,!Y ?REAT5 & >E ?REAT5$ BY EA* O!R4 ,NONE ( !M DESIR$ 
W> VOLUNT>ILY1 KN[+LY1 BUT !Y ALL KNEW ?AT IT WAS 9EVITABLE1 & /RUCK 
:5 *ANCES W]E FAVORABLE4 ,!SE CIRCUM/ANCES MAKE ! W> APPE> TO EV]Y 
B\RGEOISIE1 TO EV]Y GOV]NM5T1 A W> ( DEF5SE4 ,IT WAS MORE ?AN M]E 
HYPOCRITICAL ATTEMPTS TO DECEIVE ! PEOPLE4 ,IT WAS A W> 9 DEF5SE ( 
!IR WORLD-P[]1 !IR WORLD-AIMS AGA9/ ?OSE ( !IR COMPETITORS4 
,?US EA* FELT ?AT HE WAS 9 ! RI<T1 & W5T =? ) ALL ! 5]GY & 
CONVICTION HE POSSESS$ TO CLE> ! TRACK = ! FUTURE4 ,= ! MASS ( ! 
PEOPLE ! WORD DEF5SE HAS AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T MEAN+4 ,F>M]S & 
SMALL CITIZ5S KNEW NO?+ ( WORLD POLITICS4 ,:5 !Y >E TOLD1 0,! ,RUSSIANS 
?REAT5 US1 ! ,G]MANS >E ATTACK+ US10 IT MEANS TO !M A DEF5SE ( !IR 
PEACE & !IR LIVELIHOOD4 ,! CAT*WORD SO MANY ,SOCIALI/S USE1 0,TAKE P>T 
ONLY 9 A W> ( DEF5SE10 IS ! POLITICAL TRANSLATION ( ! OLD B\RGEOIS & 
SMALL F>M] /&PO9T3 0,I WILL LEAVE HIM ALONE :O LEAVES ME ALONE1 BUT HIM 
:O WILL DI/URB ! PEACE ( MY HOME ,I %ALL /RIKE UPON ! HEAD40 

,SO IT WAS NATURAL AS WELL AS NECESS>Y = ! RUL+ CLASS TO MAKE ! W> 
APPE> AS A W> ( DEF5SE4 ,?IS LIE ALONE C\LD MAKE ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE 
SUPPORT W>4 ,! MIDDLE CLASS & F>M] ELEM5TS CAME ( !IR [N ACCORD1 ! 
,SOCIALI/ P>TY RESPOND$ TO ! OLD =MULA ?AT PROVIDES = P>TICIPATION 9 
W>S ( DEF5SE4 ,?IS =MULA AT ! PRES5T TIME S]VES ONLY TO MAKE ! 
WORK]S WILL+ TO GO TO W> = ,IMP]IALISM4 ,IF 9 TIMES TO COME W>S >E TO BE 
PREV5T$ BY ! ACTION ( ! PROLET>IAT IT WILL FIR/ BE NECESS>Y ?AT !Y 
BECOME M5TALLY FREE FROM B\RGEOIS 9FLU5CE & MIDDLE CLASS TRADITIONS4 ,A 
NEW ,9T]NATIONAL CAN BE BUILT UP ONLY UPON ONE PR9CIPLE3 0,D[N ) ALL W>1 
D[N ) ! W> ( DEF5SE60 

,A,C,T,I,O,N ,A,G,A,9,/ ,W,> 

,IT IS NOT 5\< = ! WORK]S TO OPPOSE W>1 EV]Y W>1 TO REFUSE TO BE 
L$ A/RAY BY ! CRY ( NATIONAL DEF5SE4 ,!Y MU/ ALSO HAVE ! P[] & ! 
MEANS TO PREV5T W>4 

,9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,REVIEW = ,NOVEMB] A WRIT] 
RI<TLY CONDEMNS ! ,EUROPEAN ,SOCIALI/S 9 NO MEASUR$ T]MS = HAV+ 
VIOLAT$ !IR DUTY AS ,SOCIALI/S 7#a74 ,HE PICKS TO PIECES !IR FLIMSY >GUM5TS ( 
0DEF5SE10 0FA!RL&0 & 0CULTURE40 ,BUT :5 HE COMES TO ! QUE/ION1 0,C\LD 
! ,SOCIALI/S HAVE ACT$ O!RWISE ?AN !Y DID8 ,C\LD !Y HAVE PREV5T$ ! 
W>80 HIS ANSW] IS3 0,A C>EFUL ANALYSIS ( ! FACTS PROVES ?AT !Y C\LD4 ,IT 
LAY )9 !IR P[]4 ,!RE WAS JU/ ONE C\RSE !Y C\LD HAVE ADOPT$4 ,IT 
WAS DESP]ATE4 ,IT WAS BLOODY1 BUT IT C\LD HAVE SAV$ MILLIONS ( LIVES4 ,IT WAS 
! ONLY WEAPON ?AT C\LD HAVE BEAT5 D[N ! MURD]\S CLA% ( MILIT>ISM4 
,IT WAS REVOLUTION60 

,?IS ANSW] WILL FAIL TO SATISFY A GREAT MANY READ]S4 ,FUR!RMORE1 IT WILL 
EXCUSE ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIALI/S 9 ! EYES ( A GREAT MANY O!RS4 ,= !RE IS 
NOT ! SLI<TE/ D\BT ?AT ,G]MANY1 NOT TO SPEAK ( ! O!RS1 WAS NOT READY 
= A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,! NUMB] ( ?OSE :O OPPOSE ,SOCIALI/S !RE IS 
AGA9 AS L>GE AS ! NUMB] ( ?OSE :O CA/ ,SOCIALI/ VOTES4 ,EV5 AMONG ! 
LATT] ONLY A P>T W\LD FI<T ACTIVELY = ,SOCIALISM4 ,BEH9D ! O!RS /&S 
! :OLE MI<T ( ! NATION4 ,IF ,REVOLUTION W]E ! ONLY ALT]NATIVE1 WE 
%\LD HAVE TO CONC$E ?AT ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIALI/S1 AS WELL AS ! O!RS1 C\LD 
NOT HAVE ACT$ DIFF]5TLY1 ?AT !Y W]E =C$ TO SUBMIT )\T OPPOSITION 
TO ! COMM&S TO W> ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,BUT ?IS CONCLUSION IS FALSE4 ,TO MAKE ?IS CLE> LET US FIR/ EXAM9E ! 
MEAN+ ( ! WORD 0REVOLUTION40 ,:AT SEEMS 9 ! DI/ANT HORIZON A S+LE 
F9E /REAK ( COLOR BECOMES1 AS WE APPROA* IT A BROAD L&SCAPE ) HILLS & 
VALLEYS1 FULL ( V>IATION4 ,SO A REVOLUTION1 :I* 9 ! DI/ANCE LOOMS UP AS 
ONE 9DIVISIBLE F9AL GOAL1 AS ONE S+LE1 GL[+ DE$1 BECOMES AS WE APPROA* 
IT A :OLE HI/ORICAL P]IOD ) PECULI> *>ACT]I/ICS1 FULL ( *>GES1 ( 
ASC5TS & DESC5TS1 ( GREAT EV5TS & DEAD5+ REV]SES4 ,HE :O /&S F> 
FROM ! GOAL 9 ! MID/ ( ! FIR/ P]IOD ( PROPAG&A & RALLY+ ( 
=CES1 9 ! FIR/ P]IOD ( ! WORK]S' AWAK5+1 IS RI<T :5 HE PO9TS 
TO ! REVOLUTION AS SOME?+ 9 ! DI/ANT FUTURE1 AS ! SIGNAL = ALL 
GREAT COM+ *ANGES4 ,!RE LIES ! M\NTA91 ! GL[+ SUMMIT1 :OSE VIEW 
9SPIRES US ) C\RAGE & PATI5CE AS WE PA9FULLY =CE \R WAY ?R\< 
?ICKET & MORASS4 ,BUT :5 ! GREAT MASSES HAVE BE5 ORGANIZ$ & >E FILL$ 
) ! SPIRIT ( ,SOCIALISM1 !N ,REVOLUTION CEASES TO BE AN IDEAL & BECOMES 
A PRACTICAL QUE/ION4 ,! DI/ANT IDEAL BECOMES DEF9ITE1 DIFFICULT PRACTICE4 
,H[ %ALL WE GO ON8 ,HE :O /&S AT ! FOOT ( ! M\NTA9 /ILL HAS 
! MO/ DIFFICULT1 ! NE>E/ WAY TO GO4 

,N[ ONLY CAN HE SEE IT PLA9LY4 ,?IS WAS1 APPROXIMATELY1 ! POSITION ( ! 
,G]MAN WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T4 ,TO ! COMRADES 9 O!R C\NTRIES IT SEEM$ SO 
L>GE1 SO MI<TY1 SO /RONG1 ?AT !Y ASK$3 ,:Y DO NOT ! ,G]MANS MAKE A 
,REVOLUTION8 ,9 REALITY !Y BUT /OOD AT ! FOOT ( ! M\NTA94 ,9 REALITY 
! ,G]MAN SAW MO/ CLE>LY H[ DIFFICULT1 H[ GREAT A /RUGGLE /ILL REMA9$1 
H[ F> (F /ILL WAS VICTORY & ,SOCIALISM4 

,REVOLUTIONS >E NOT MADE2 !Y GR[ \T ( DE$S1 MOVEM5TS1 /RUGGLES1 :5 
CIRCUM/ANCES HAVE BECOME RIPE4 ,?IS RIP5ESS ( CONDITIONS DEP5DS UPON ! 
EXI/5CE ( A REVOLUTION>Y CLASS 9T]NALLY SO /RONG1 POSSESS+ SU* GREAT 
SOCIAL P[]1 ?AT EV]Y /RUGGLE1 EV]Y ACTION1 RESULTS 9 A VICTORY4 ,! GREAT 
,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 = 9/ANCE1 WAS A LONG *A9 ( REBELLIONS1 ( MEET+S ( 
DELEGAT$ BODIES1 ( PEACEFUL LEGISLATION & BLOODY W>S4 ,IT WAS DUE TO ! 
/R5G? & ! /UBBORN SELF-CONFID5CE ( ! MIDDLE CLASS ?AT ! 
BEG9N+1 ! CALL+ ( ! 0,G5]AL/ANNDE0 = ! ALLEVIATION ( ! 
F9ANCIAL /RAITS ( ITS GOV]NM5TS1 CULM9AT$ 9 ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,EV]Y 
C\RAGE\S WORD1 EV]Y BOLD DE$1 EV]Y BITT] BATTLE ) ! GOV]NM5T 
>\S$ 5]GY & 5?USIASM 9 ?\S&S & DREW !M 9TO ! /RUGGLE4 
,!IR DET]M9ATION =C$ ! GOV]NM5T TO MAKE CONCESSIONS1 BUT EA* NEW 
CONCESSION1 EA* NEW ATTEMPT AT SUPPRESSION WEAK5$ ! POSITION ( ! 
GOV]NM5T4 ,! FIR/ REPRES5TATIVES ?AT MET 9 #a<i HAD ONLY MODE/ AIMS2 
!Y H>DLY KNEW ! /R5G? ( !IR [N CLASS4 ,ONLY DUR+ ! ,REVOLUTION & 
?R\< IT1 !IR /R5G? & ! /R5G? ( ! MIDDLE CLASS GREW & ) 
ITS P[] GREW ITS DEM&S4 ,9 #ahdh WE SEE SIMIL> DEVELOPM5TS4 ,! IMM$IATE 
CAUSE WAS A P>LIAM5T>Y CONFLICT BETWE5 ! MIDDLE CLASS OPPOSITION & ! 
GOV]NM5T4 ,! PROHIBITION ( A PUBLIC DEMON/RATION RESULT$ 9 TUMULTS1 :I* 
F$ BY ! DEEP DISSATISFACTION ( ! MASSES & ! SMALL B\RGEOISIE GREW 
UNTIL ! :OLE GOV]NM5TAL SY/EM WAS OV]?R[N4 ,& IF WE LOOK UPON ! 
,REVOLUTION 9 A /ILL WID] S5SE1 AS ! CONQUE/ ( P[] BY ! NEW CLASS ( 
! B\RGEOISIE1 WE SEE A PROCESS ?AT LA/$ = HUNDR$S ( YE>S1 BITT] 
CLASS /RUGGLES ALT]NAT+ ) P]IODS ( QUIET GR[? ( ECONOMIC P[]4 

,! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 :I* IS ONCE MORE TO PLACE A NEW CLASS 9TO 
P[]1 WILL ALSO BE A LONG HI/ORICAL PROCESS1 ?\< IT MAY BE 
COMPLET$ 9 A COMP>ATIVELY MU* %ORT] TIME ?AN ! ASC5T ( ! 
B\RGEOISIE TO P[] ON ACC\NT ( ! RAPIDITY ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T4 ,?IS 
PROCESS DIVIDES NATURALLY 9TO A NUMB] ( 9DIVIDUAL REVOLUTION>Y 
ACTIONS1 :I* ALT]NATE ) P]IODS ( QUIET1 ( PEACEFUL ORGANIZATION 
& EV5 ( P]IODIC COLLAPSE4 

,= A REVOLUTION>Y ACTION ( ?IS K9D IT IS NOT NECESS>Y ?AT ! MAJORITY 
( ! WORK]S ?9K AS ,SOCIALI/S1 ?AT !Y MU/ BE WILL+ TO SACRIFICE ALL 
= ! ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTION4 ,M9ORITIES CAN UND]TAKE SU* ACTIONS :5 !Y 
FEEL ?AT ! UN?9K+ MASSES WILL SYMPA?IZE ) ITS AIM & CAN BE SWEPT 
ALONG BY ! =CE ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,( C\RSE1 ! MI<T ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ITS 
ORGANIZATION & CLASS-CONSCI\SNESS1 MU/ HAVE REA*$ A C]TA9 /AGE TO 
5GAGE 9 ?IS REVOLUTION>Y ACTION4 ,& BY ?IS ACTION HOPEFULNESS1 5]GY & 
PROLET>IAN CLASS-CONSCI\SNESS1 ! SOLID>ITY ( ! MASSES1 9 %ORT ! 
/R5G? ( ! PROLET>IAT1 >E /R5G!N$ SO ?AT !Y WILL BE CAPABLE ( 
UND]TAK+ /ILL MORE DIFFICULT /RUGGLES4 ,! AIM ( SU* AN ACTION IS NOT ! 
,REVOLUTION4 ,!SE ACTIONS >E UND]TAK5 TO GA9 MORE 9SIGNIFICANT 
5DS1 ?AT MAY BE T]M$ IMPORTANT RE=MS4 ,BUT ! SUCCESS ( ! 
/RUGGLE OR P]HAPS ! OPPOSITION :I* NECESS>ILY CALLS =? MORE 5]GETIC 
ACTIVITY1 WILL MEAN 9CREAS$ /R5G?1 C\RAGE1 SELF-CONFID5CE4 ,AIMS WILL GR[ 
L>G] & HI<] AS ! SCOPE ( ! /RUGGLE WID5S4 ,! 0,ETATS 
G5]AUX0 ( #a<i ?\<T NEI!R ( A REPUBLIC NOR ( P>LIAM5T>Y 
GOV]NM5T1 ! OPPOSITION ( #ahdh DESIR$ ONLY MORE LIB]AL ,M9I/]S4 ,BUT ! 
DEVELOPM5T ( A FEEL+ ( P[] 9 ! PEOPLE C>RI$ !M F> BEYOND ?IS 
ORIG9AL AIM4 ,TO BE SURE1 CITADELS MAY BE WON 9 SU* A /ORM ?AT LIE BEYOND 
! /R5G? ?AT HAS BE5 GA9$1 & MAY !N BE LO/ 9 A 
C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 

,RE=MI/S PROMISE ! WORK]S ?AT !Y CAN W9 IMPROVEM5TS & RE=MS BY 
UNIT+ ) CAPITALI/ P>TIES & GIV+ UP ! CLASS-/RUGGLE1 ?AT !SE 
RE=MS WILL IMPROVE ! CONDITION ( ! WORK]S1 ?AT !Y WILL RECEIVE 
CON/ANTLY 9CREAS+ RI<TS & 9FLU5CE1 SO ?AT ! WORLD WILL F9ALLY 
BECOME QUITE AN ATTRACTIVE PLACE = !M4 ,MANY ,RADICALS SPEAK ( ! F9AL 
GOAL1 ! ,REVOLUTION1 = :I* WE MU/ /R5G!N \R ORGANIZATION1 SO ?AT WE 
MAY1 :5 ! H\R HAS /RUCK1 SUDD5LY OV]?R[ ! RULE ( ,CAPITAL BY A 
GIGANTIC REBELLION4 ,WE MA9TA91 ON ! O!R H&1 ?AT CAPITALI/ RULE CANNOT 
BE DE/ROY$ AT ONE BL[1 ?AT IT WILL TAKE A S]IES ( /RUGGLES1 :I*1 EA* 
9 ITSELF1 WILL BR+ A P>TIAL GA9 9 AS MU* AS ! MASSES WILL =CE ! 
RUL+ CLASSES TO GIVE 94 ,BUT EA* P>TIAL VICTORY MU/ BE WON BY ! 
REVOLUTION>Y CONFLICTS4 ,9 #ahic ! ,BELGIAN ,P>LIAM5T1 & 9 #aie ! ,CZ>1 
W]E =C$ TO GIVE 9 TO A MASS /RIKE4 ,9 ,RUSSIA1 9 REC5T YE>S1 ! WORK]S 
W]E =C$ TO FI<T = ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL RI<TS1 = !IR ORGANIZATION & 
!IR PRESS BY ! QUIET MEANS ( COLLECTIONS & IMPRISONM5T1 BY ! GREAT] 
MEANS ( DEMON/RATIONS & /RIKES4 ,9 ,AM]ICA ! WORK]S F\<T = ! RI<T 
( ORGANIZATION & ASSEMBLAGE 9 A REVOLUTION>Y MANN]1 BY SACRIFIC+ !IR 
[N 9T]E/S4 ,!Y C\LD NOT EXPECT TO W9 !SE RE=MS BY BEGG+ & ! 
GOOD WILL ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,!Y DID NOT SAY3 0,:Y FI<T = SU* 
9SIGNIFICANT MEASURES8 ,WE WANT ! ,REVOLUTION60 ,9 ,G]MANY ! /RUGGLE = 
POPUL> SUFFRAGE 9 ,PRUSSIA WAS BEGUN FIVE YE>S AGO ) ! REVOLUTION>Y 
MEANS ( COLOSSAL /REET DEMON/RATIONS1 9 SPITE ( POLICE PROHIBITION4 ,?IS 
MOVEM5T HAS S9CE COME TO A /&/ILL BECAUSE ! LEAD]S FE>$ ?AT ! 
GOV]NM5T W\LD CRU% ! ORGANIZATIONS ( ! WORK]S4 ,EA* ONE ( !SE 
ACTIONS /R5G!N$ ! P[]1 ! C\RAGE1 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK]S4 
,!IR DISCONT9UANCE M>KS ! BEG9N+ ( ! DECL9E1 WAS ! PRECURSOR ( 
! PRES5T D[NFALL4 

,AT ! TIME ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS ! DECISIVE ACTIONS W]E CIVIL W>1 
AS 9 ,5GL& 9 #a#f#d#f2 >M$ REBELLIONS1 AS 9 ,P>IS 9 #a#g#i2 /REET BATTLES & 
B>RICADES1 AS 9 #a#h#d#h4 ,9 ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T ! ME?OD ( >M$ CONFLICT 
PLAY$ A P>T ONLY 9 ! E>LIE/ P]IOD1 ,:5 ! ,>MY WAS /ILL SMALL1 
TE*NIQUE PRIMITIVE1 CITIES SMALL & ! PEOPLE MIDDLE CLASS 9 *>ACT]4 
,TO-DAY WE >E 9 A P]IOD ( GIGANTIC >MIES & COMPULSORY MILIT>Y S]VICE1 
C5TRALIZ$ GOV]NM5TS1 GIGANTIC CITIES ) MILLIONS ( WORK+-PEOPLE2 
-- & O!R ME?ODS PREVAIL4 ,! PRESSURE ! MASSES >E N[ ABLE TO EX]T 
BY DEMON/RAT+ 9 ! /REETS & EXPRESS+ !IR WI%ES 9 SPITE ( 
POLICEM5'S CLUBS1 IS A W>N+ TO ! GOV]NM5T2 ! READ9ESS TO SACRIFICE IS 
! MEASURE ( !IR DET]M9ATION4 ,MORE EFFECTIVE /ILL IS ! MASS /RIKE1 
:5 ! PROLET>IAT USES ITS P[] OV] PRODUCTION TO CRIPPLE ! :OLE 
9DU/RIAL LIFE ( ! NATION2 NO GOV]NM5T CAN RULE = ANY L5G? ( TIME 
AGA9/ ! DET]M9$ RESI/ANCE ( ! MASSES4 

,!SE MASS ACTIONS >E ! REVOLUTION>Y ME?OD ( ! MOD]N PROLET>IAT4 
,!Y >E ONLY POSSIBLE :5 ! NUMB]S1 ! READ9ESS TO FI<T1 ! SOLID>ITY1 
& ! UND]/&+ ( ! PROLET>IAT HAS REA*$ A HI< LEVEL4 ,BUT1 ON ! 
O!R H&1 !Y AWAK5 !SE QUALITIES 9 NO SMALL DEGREE1 !Y ATTRACT NEW 
FI<T]S :O HAVE /OOD ASIDE1 !Y 9CREASE !IR C\RAGE1 !IR KN[L$GE1 
!IR SOLID>ITY4 

,9/EAD ( A S+LE ,REVOLUTION WE F9D A S]IES ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTIONS1 
:I* RUN ?R\< ! :OLE HI/ORICAL P]IOD 9 :I* ! PROLET>IAT IS 
FI<T+ = SUPREMACY4 ,EA* ( !SE ACTIONS HAS A CONCRETE AIM1 :I* IS NOT 
! :OLE ,REVOLUTION & CONSEQU5TLY CAN BE GRANT$ BY ! RUL+ CLASS IF 
=C$ TO IT BY NECESSITY4 ,EA* ( !SE /RUGGLES1 EA* ( !SE ACTIONS1 
9CREASES ! /R5G? ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,EA* ONE HELPS TO BUILD ! 
F\NDATION ( ITS SUPREMACY1 & UND]M9ES A LITTLE ! P[] ( ! RUL+ 
CLASS4 ,:51 AT LA/1 ! P[] ( ! PROLET>IAT HAS BE5 COMPLETELY BUILT UP1 
:5 ITS ORGANIZATION1 ITS P[] & ITS SOLID>ITY1 ITS CLASS-CONSCI\SNESS & 
SOCIAL UND]/&+ HAVE REA*$ ! HI<E/ PO9T1 :5 AT ! SAME TIME ! 
MORAL /&+1 ! AU?ORITY1 ! /R5G? & ! PHYSICAL =CE ( ! 
GOV]NM5T HAVE BROK5 D[N1 !N ! CLASS RULE ( CAPITALISM WILL CRUMBLE LIKE 
AN EMPTY %ELL4 ,! ,REVOLUTION WILL BE ACCOMPLI%$4 

,IF WE ASK AGA93 C\LD ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT HAVE DONE ANY?+ AGA9/ ! 
W> -- BECAUSE IT WAS /RONGE/ 9 ORGANIZATION & KN[L$GE -- ! 
ANSW] IS YES4 ,IT C\LD NOT HAVE MADE A ,REVOLUTION1 BUT IT C\LD HAVE 
US$ REVOLUTION>Y ACTION4 ,IT MI<T HAVE EX]T$ AN EXTRAORD9>Y 
PRESSURE UPON ! GOV]NM5T BY CALL+ MASS DEMON/RATIONS & MASS-/RIKES 9 
! WEEK BE=E ! W> BROKE \T1 HAD IT BE5 DET]M9$ TO COMBAT W> ) ALL 
ITS MI<T4 

,WE KN[ ?AT ! CONDITIONS W]E NOT RIPE = SU* A /RUGGLE4 ,!RE W]E 
GREAT ,SOCIALI/ MASSES & /RONG ORGANIZATIONS -- SU* AS WILL BE 
NECESS>Y 9 O!R C\NTRIES AS WELL -- BUT !Y DID NOT KN[ H[ TO ACT ON 
!IR [N 9ITIATIVE1 ! LEAD]S FE>$ ?AT A /RUGGLE W\LD MEAN ! 
DE/RUCTION ( ! ORGANIZATION4 ,! MOVEM5T WAS NOT PREP>$ = ! USE ( 
REVOLUTION>Y TACTICS -- & MASS ACTION4 ,BUT ?IS W> WILL NOT BE ! LA/ 
ONE4 

,9 A FEW DECADES WE MAY BE FAC+ A NEW & GREAT] WORLD-W>4 ,!N ! 
PROLET>IAT ( ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA WILL AGA9 FACE ! QUE/ION3 ,H[ CAN WE 
PREV5T ?IS W>8 ,!N WE MU/ NOT BEG ! QUE/ION AS WE DID 9 ,BASEL 9 #a#i#a#b4 
,!N ! ,9T]NATIONAL ( ,LABOR MU/ KN[ ?AT IT MU/ OPPOSE ! W> SPIRIT ( 
! RUL+ CLASSES 9 ALL NATIONS ) ! REVOLUTION>Y MASS ACTION ( 
ORGANIZATIONS & A ,SOCIALI/ WORK+-CLASS1 LE/ IT BE AGA9 TORN & CRU%$ 
9 ! TURMOIL4 

,! DET]M9ATION TO ADOPT A REVOLUTION>Y TACTIC AGA9/ W> MU/ BE ! 
F\NDATION ( ! NEW ,9T]NATIONAL6 

,FOOTNOTES3 

7#a74 ,USWALD1 ,H>RY4 7,NOVEMB] #a#i#a#d74 ,MILIT>ISM & ,SOCIALISM3 ,AN ,ANALYSIS ( ! ,FACTORS ?AT ,L$ ,EUROPEAN ,SOCIALI/S TO ,SUPPORT ! ,W>4 ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,REVIEW1 #a#e7#e71 #b#h#i-#c4 -- ,M,I,A NOTE4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #a1 #bba 3 ,NEW ,TACTICS ,AGA9/ ,W> ,BASIS ( ,NEW ,9T]NATIONAL -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,NEW ,TACTICS ,AGA9/ ,W> ,BASIS ( ,NEW ,9T]NATIONAL -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/