,NATIONALISM & ,SOCIALISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PAUL ,MATTICK 

,TEXT 3 

,S\RCE3 ,AM]ICAN ,SOCIALI/1 VOL4 #f1 ,SEPT4 #a#i#e#i1 ,NO #i1 PP4 #a#f-#a#i2 
,TRANSCRIB$3 BY ,?OMAS ,S*MIDT4 

,$ITORS' ,NOTE3 ,WE >E SURE ?AT \R READ]S WILL 
F9D MANY VALUABLE 9SI<TS 9 ! FOLL[+ >TICLE BY ! LONG-TIME SOCIALI/ 
WRIT]1 ,PAUL ,MATTICK1 :OSE CONTRIBUTIONS HAVE PREVI\SLY APPE>$ 9 ! 
,AM]ICAN ,SOCIALI/4 ,MR4 ,MATTICK H]E >GUES /RONGLY ! !SIS 
HELD BY ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG & O!RS BE=E ! FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 ON ! SO-CALL$ 
0NATIONAL QUE/ION40 

,WE DO NOT1 = \R P>T1 BELIEVE IT IS POSSIBLE TO 
DISSOCIATE ! BATTLE = SOCIALISM FROM ! G5]AL REVOLUTION>Y WAVE 9 ! 
UND]-DEVELOP$ WORLD1 A WAVE ?AT IS P[]$ BY ASPIRATIONS = NATIONAL 
9DEP5D5CE & A BETT] LIFE4 ,! TWO CURR5TS DO NOT ALWAYS & AT EV]Y 
PO9T CO9CIDE1 & NATIONALISM AT TIMES BLOCKS (F ! PA? = SOCIALISM4 ,IT 
APPE>S TO US1 H[EV]1 ?AT ANY ATTEMPT TO AVOID ! COMPLEXITIES & 
ILLUSIONS ( LIV+ HI/ORY 9 FAVOR ( AN IDEALLY UN-M>R$ SOCIALI/ 
9T]NATIONALISM W\LD NECESS>ILY RE/RICT SOCIALISM TO SMALL GR\PS ( 
IDEOLOGI/S4 

,NEV]!LESS1 IT IS VALUABLE TO BE REM9D$ ( ! 
DOCTR9AL F\NDATIONS ( SOCIALISM & ( ITS CONT9U$ %9+ GOAL3 ! 
9T]NATIONAL BRO!RHOOD ( MAN4 

,N,A,T,I,O,N,S1 :E!R 0KNITT$ TOGE!R0 BY IDEOLOGY1 BY 
OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS1 OR BY ! USUAL COMB9ATION ( BO?1 >E PRODUCTS ( 
SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,!RE IS NO MORE PO9T 9 *]I%+ OR DAMN+ NATIONALISM 
9 PR9CIPLE ?AN 9 *]I%+ OR DAMN+ TRIBALISM OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 AN 
IDEAL COSMOPOLITANISM4 ,! NATION IS A FACT TO BE SUFF]$ OR 5JOY$1 TO BE 
F\<T = OR AGA9/ ACCORD+ TO HI/ORICAL CIRCUM/ANCES & ! 
IMPLICATIONS ( ?OSE CIRCUM/ANCES = V>I\S POPULATIONS & DIFF]5T 
CLASSES )9 !SE POPULATIONS4 

,! MOD]N NATION-/ATE IS BO? A PRODUCT & A CONDITION ( CAPITALI/ 
DEVELOPM5T4 ,CAPITALISM T5DS TO DE/ROY TRADITIONS & NATIONAL PECULI>ITIES 
BY SPREAD+ ITS MODE ( PRODUCTION ALL OV] ! WORLD4 ,BUT ?\< CAPITAL 
PRODUCTION CONTROLS WORLD PRODUCTION & ?\< ! 0TRUE0 
CAPITALI/ M>KET IS ! WORLD M>KET1 CAPITALISM >OSE 9 SOME NATIONS SOON] 
?AN 9 O!RS1 F\ND MORE FAVORABLE CONDITIONS H]E ?AN !RE & WAS MORE 
SUCCESSFUL 9 ONE ?AN 9 ANO!R PLACE1 & ?US COMB9$ SPECIAL CAPITAL 
9T]E/S ) P>TICUL> NATIONAL NE$S4 

0,PROGRESSIVE NATIONS0 ( ! LA/ C5TURY W]E ?OSE ) A 
RAPID CAPITAL DEVELOPM5T2 0REACTION>Y NATIONS0 W]E ?OSE 9 
:I* SOCIAL RELATION%IPS H9D]$ ! UNFOLD+ ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( 
PRODUCTION4 ,BECAUSE ! 0NEXT FUTURE0 BELONG$ TO CAPITALISM & 
BECAUSE CAPITALISM IS ! PRECONDITION = SOCIALISM1 NON-UTOPIAN SOCIALI/S 
FAVOR$ CAPITALISM AS AGA9/ OLD] SOCIAL PRODUCTION RELATIONS & WELCOM$ 
NATIONALISM 9 SO F> AS IT S]V$ TO HA/5 CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,?\< 
RELUCTANT TO ADMIT ?IS1 !Y W]E NOT DIS9CL9$ TO ACCEPT CAPITALI/ 
IMP]IALISM AS A WAY ( BREAK+ ! /AGNATION & BACKW>DNESS ( 
NON-CAPITALI/ >EAS FROM )\T1 & ?US TO DIRECT !IR DEVELOPM5T 9TO 
0PROGRESSIVE0 *ANNELS4 ,!Y ALSO FAVOR$ ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( 
SMALL NATIONS UNABLE TO DEVELOP L>GE-SCALE ECONOMIES1 & !IR 9CORPORATION 
9TO L>G] NATIONAL 5TITIES CAPABLE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,!Y W\LD1 
H[EV]1 SIDE ) SMALL 0PROGRESSIVE NATIONS0 AS AGA9/ L>G] 
REACTION>Y C\NTRIES &1 :5 SUPPRESS$ BY ! LATT]1 W\LD SUPPORT ! 
=M]S' NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS4 ,AT ALL TIMES & ON ALL 
OCCASIONS1 H[EV]1 NATIONALISM WAS NOT A SOCIALI/ GOAL BUT WAS ACCEPT$ AS A 
M]E 9/RUM5T ( SOCIAL ADVANCEM5T :I*1 9 TURN1 W\LD COME TO ITS 5D 9 
! 9T]NATIONALISM ( SOCIALISM4 ,WE/]N CAPITALISM WAS ! 0CAPITALI/ 
WORLD0 ( ! LA/ C5TURY4 ,NATIONAL ISSUES W]E CONC]N$ ) ! 
UNIFICATION ( C\NTRIES SU* AS ,G]MANY & ,ITALY1 ) ! LIB]ATION ( SU* 
OPPRESS$ NATIONS AS ,IREL&1 ,POL&1 ,HUNG>Y1 ,GREECE1 & ) ! 
CONSOLIDATION ( SU* 0SYN!TIC0 NATIONS AS ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 
,?IS WAS ALSO ! 0WORLD0 ( SOCIALISM2 A SMALL WORLD 9DE$ VIEW$ 
FROM ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,:ILE NATIONAL QUE/IONS ?AT AGITAT$ ! 
SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY HAD EI!R BE5 
RESOLV$1 OR W]E 9 ! PROCESS ( BE+ RESOLV$1 &1 9 ANY CASE1 HAD 
CEAS$ TO BE ( REAL IMPORTANCE TO ,WE/]N SOCIALISM1 ! WORLD-WIDE 
REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY OP5$ ! QUE/ION ( 
NATIONALISM ANEW4 ,IS ?IS NEW NATIONALISM1 :I* %$S ,WE/]N DOM9ANCE & 
9/ITUTES CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION RELATIONS & MOD]N 9DU/RY 9 HI!RTO 
UND]-DEVELOP$ >EAS1 /ILL A 0PROGRESSIVE0 =CE AS WAS ! 
NATIONALISM ( OLD8 ,DO !SE NATIONAL ASPIRATIONS CO9CIDE 9 SOME MANN] ) 
?OSE ( SOCIALISM8 ,DO !Y HA/5 ! 5D ( CAPITALISM BY WEAK5+ ,WE/]N 
IMP]IALISM OR DO !Y 9JECT NEW LIFE 9TO CAPITALISM BY EXT5D+ ITS MODE ( 
PRODUCTION ALL OV] ! GLOBE8 

,! POSITION ( N9ETE5?-C5TURY SOCIALISM ON ! QUE/ION ( NATIONALISM 
9VOLV$ MORE ?AN PREF]R+ CAPITALISM TO MORE /ATIC SOCIAL SY/EMS4 
,SOCIALI/S OP]AT$ )9 B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTIONS :I* W]E ALSO 
NATIONALI/2 !Y SUPPORT$ NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS ( OPPRESS$ PEOPLE 
BECAUSE !Y PROMIS$ TO TAKE ON B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC FEATURES1 BECAUSE 9 
SOCIALI/ EYES !SE NATIONAL-B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTIONS W]E NO LONG] 
/RICTLY CAPITALI/ REVOLUTIONS4 ,!Y C\LD BE UTILIZ$ IF NOT = ! 
9/ALLATION ( SOCIALISM ITSELF1 !N = FUR!R+ ! GR[? ( SOCIALI/ 
MOVEM5TS & = BR++ AB\T CONDITIONS MORE FAVORABLE TO ! LATT]4 

,IMP]IALISM1 H[EV]1 NOT NATIONALISM1 WAS ! GREAT ISSUE >\ND ! TURN 
( ! C5TURY4 ,G]MAN 0NATIONAL0 9T]E/S W]E N[ IMP]IALI/ 
9T]E/S COMPET+ ) ! IMP]IALISMS ( O!R C\NTRIES4 ,FRANCE'S 
0NATIONAL0 9T]E/S W]E ?OSE ( ! ,FR5* EMPIRE1 AS 
,BRITA9'S W]E ?OSE ( ! ,BRITI% EMPIRE4 ,CONTROL ( ! WORLD & ! 
DIVISION ( ?IS CONTROL BETWE5 ! GREAT IMP]IALI/ P[]S DET]M9$ 
0NATIONAL0 POLICIES4 0,NATIONAL0 W>S W]E IMP]IALI/ 
W>S1 CULM9AT+ 9 WORLD-WIDE W>S4 

,IT HAS (T5 BE5 PO9T$ \T ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN SITUATION AT ! BEG9N+ ( 
! TW5TIE? C5TURY WAS 9 MANY RESPECTS SIMIL> TO ! REVOLUTION>Y /ATE 
( ,WE/ ,EUROPE 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,! POSITIVE ATTITUDE 
T[>DS NATIONAL-B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS ON ! P>T ( ! E>LY SOCIALI/S WAS 
BAS$ ON ! HOPE1 IF NOT ! CONVICTION1 ?AT ! PROLET>IAN ELEM5T )9 
!SE REVOLUTIONS MI<T GO BEYOND ! RE/RICT$ GOALS ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,9 
,L59'S VIEW1 ! ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE WAS NO LONG] ABLE TO C>RY ?R\< 
ITS [N DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION & ?US ! WORK+ CLASS WAS DE/9$ TO BR+ 
AB\T ! 0B\RGEOIS0 & ! 0PROLET>IAN0 REVOLUTIONS 
9 A S]IES ( SOCIAL *ANGES ?AT CON/ITUT$ A 0REVOLUTION 9 
P]MAN5CE40 ,9 A WAY1 ! NEW SITUATION SEEM$ TO REPEAT1 ON A MORE 
GR&IOSE SCALE1 ! REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION ( #a#h#d#h4 ,9/EAD ( ! E>LI] 
LIMIT$ & TEMPOR>Y ALLIANCES ( B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5TS ) 
PROLET>IAN 9T]NATIONALISM1 !RE N[ EXI/$ A WORLD-WIDE AMALGAM ( 
REVOLUTION>Y =CES BO? ( A SOCIAL & NATIONALI/ *>ACT] :I* MI<T BE 
DRIV5 BEYOND !IR RE/RICT$ GOALS 9 PURSUIT ( PROLET>IAN 5DS4 

,CONSI/5T 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALISM AS REPRES5T$1 = 9/ANCE1 BY ,ROSA 
,LUXEMBURG1 OPPOS$ ,BOL%EVIK 0NATIONAL SELF-DET]M9ATION40 ,= 
H]1 ! EXI/5CE ( 9DEP5D5T NATIONAL GOV]NM5TS DID NOT ALT] ! FACT 
( !IR CONTROL BY IMP]IALI/ P[]S ?R\< ! LATT]'S CONTROL ( 
WORLD ECONOMY4 ,IMP]IALI/ CAPITALISM C\LD NEI!R BE F\<T NOR WEAK5$ 
?R\< ! CREATION ( NEW NATIONS BUT ONLY BY OPPOS+ CAPITALI/ 
SUPRA-NATIONALISM ) PROLET>IAN 9T]NATIONALISM4 ,( C\RSE1 PROLET>IAN 
9T]NATIONALISM CANNOT PREV5T1 NOR HAS IT REASON TO PREV5T1 MOVEM5TS = 
NATIONAL LIB]ATION FROM IMP]IALI/ RULE4 ,!SE MOVEM5TS >T2 P>T ( 
CAPITALI/ SOCIETY JU/ AS IS IMP]IALISM4 ,BUT 0UTILIZ+0 !SE 
NATIONAL MOVEM5TS = SOCIALI/ 5DS1 C\LD ONLY MEAN DEPRIV+ !M ( !IR 
NATIONALI/ *>ACT] & TURN+ !M 9TO SOCIALI/1 9T]NATIONALLY-ORI5T$ 
MOVEM5TS4 

,! FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> PRODUC$ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION &1 :ATEV] ITS 
ORIG9AL 9T5TIONS1 IT WAS & REMA9$ A NATIONAL REVOLUTION4 ,AL?\< 
EXPECT+ HELP FROM ABROAD1 IT NEV] EXT5D$ HELP TO \TSIDE REVOLUTION>Y 
=CES1 EXCEPT :]E SU* HELP WAS DICTAT$ BY ,RUSSIAN NATIONAL 9T]E/S4 ,! 
SECOND ,WORLD ,W> & ITS AFT]MA? BR\<T 9DEP5D5CE TO ,9DIA & ,PAKI/AN1 
! ,*9ESE ,REVOLUTION1 ! LIB]ATION ( ,S\!A/ ,ASIA1 & 
SELF-DET]M9ATION = SOME NATIONS 9 ,AFRICA & ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/4 ,AT FIR/ 
GLANCE1 ?IS 0R5AISSANCE0 ( NATIONALISM CONTRADICTS BO? ,ROSA 
,LUXEMBURG'S & ,L59'S POSITIONS ON ! 0NATIONAL 
QUE/ION40 ,APP>5TLY1 ! TIME = NATIONAL EMANCIPATION HAS NOT COME TO 
AN 5D1 & OBVI\SLY1 ! RIS+ TIDE ( ANTI-IMP]IALISM DOES NOT S]VE 
WORLD-REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ 5DS4 

,ACTUALLY1 :AT ?IS NEW NATIONALISM 9DICATES >E SOME /RUCTURAL *ANGES 9 
CAPITALI/ WORLD ECONOMY & ! 5D ( N9ETE5?-C5TURY COLONIALISM4 ,! 
0:ITE MAN'S BURD50 HAS BECOME AN ACTUAL BURD5 9/EAD ( A 
BLESS+4 ,! RETURNS FROM COLONIAL RULE >E DW9DL+ :ILE ! CO/S ( 
EMPIRE >E RIS+4 ,TO BE SURE1 9DIVIDUALS1 CORPORATIONS1 & EV5 GOV]NM5TS1 
/ILL 5RI* !MSELVES BY COLONIAL EXPLOITATION4 ,BUT1 ?IS IS N[ DUE TO 
SPECIAL CONDITIONS-CONTROL ( CONC5TRAT$ OIL-RES\RCES1 DISCOV]Y ( L>GE 
URANIUM DEPOSITS1 ETC4-RA!R ?AN ! G5]AL ABILITY TO OP]ATE PR(ITABLY 9 
COLONIES & O!R DEP5D5T C\NTRIES4 ,:AT W]E ONCE EXCEPTIONAL PR(IT-RATES 
N[ DROP TO ! 0NORMAL0 RATE4 ,:]E !Y REMA9 EXCEPTIONAL1 IT IS 
9 MO/ CASES DUE TO A HIDD5 =M ( GOV]NM5T SUBSIDY4 ,G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 
COLONIALISM NO LONG] PAYS1 SO ?AT IT IS 9 P>T ! PR9CIPLE ( 
PR(ITABILITY ITSELF :I* CALLS =? A NEW APPROA* TO IMP]IALI/ RULE4 

,TWO WORLD W>S DE/ROY$ ! OLD IMP]IALI/ P[]S MORE OR LESS4 ,BUT ?IS 
IS NOT ! 5D ( IMP]IALISM1 :I*1 ?\< IT EVOLVES NEW =MS & 
EXPRESSIONS1 /ILL SPELLS ECONOMIC & POLITICAL CONTROL ( WEAK] BY /RONG] 
NATIONS4 ,IMP]IALISM BY 9DIRECTION APPE>S MORE PROMIS+ ?AN 
N9ETE5?-C5TURY COLONIALISM OR ITS BELAT$ REVIVAL 9 ,RUSSIA'S 
SATELLITE POLICIES4 ,( C\RSE1 ! ONE DOES NOT EXCLUDE ! O!R1 AS :5 REAL 
OR IMAG9>Y /RATEGIC CONSID]ATIONS REQUIRE ACTUAL OCCUPATION1 SU* AS ,U4,S4 
CONTROL ( ,OK9AWA & ,BRITI% MILIT>Y RULE 9 ,CYPRUS4 ,BUT G5]ALLY1 9DIRECT 
CONTROL MAY BE SUP]IOR TO DIRECT CONTROL1 AS ! SY/EM ( WAGE LABOR PROV$ 
SUP]IOR TO SLAVE LABOR4 ,AP>T FROM ! ,WE/]N HEMISPH]E1 ,AM]ICA HAS NOT 
BE5 AN IMP]IALI/ P[] 9 ! TRADITIONAL S5SE4 ,EV5 H]E IT GA9$ ! 
B5EFITS ( IMP]IAL CONTROL MORE BY 0DOLL>-DIPLOMACY0 ?AN BY 
DIRECT MILIT>Y 9T]V5TION4 ,AS ! /RONGE/ CAPITALI/ P[]1 ,AM]ICA MAY 
WELL EXPECT TO DOM9ATE 9 SOME:AT SIMIL> FA%ION ! WORLD'S 
NON-,SOVIET REGIONS4 

,N,O,N,E ( ! ,EUROPEAN NATIONS IS ACTUALLY ABLE TO PREV5T ! COMPLETE 
DISSOLUTION ( ITS IMP]IAL RULE EXCEPT ) ,AM]ICA'S HELP4 ,BUT ?IS 
HELP SUBJECTS !SE NATIONS AS WELL AS !IR =EIGN POSSESSIONS TO ,AM]ICAN 
P5ETRATION & CONTROL4 ,9 FALL+ 0HEIR0 TO :AT IS LEFT ( ! 
DECL9+ IMP]IALISM1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS NO URG5T NE$ TO RU% TO ! 
DEF5SE ( ,WE/ ,EUROPEAN IMP]IALISM1 EXCEPT :]E SU* DEF5SE FRU/RATES ! 
,EA/]N P[] BLOC4 0,ANTI-COLONIALISM0 IS NOT AN ,AM]ICAN POLICY 
DELIB]ATELY DESIGN$ TO WEAK5 H] ,WE/]N ALLIES-?\< IT DOES SO 9 
FACT-BUT IS ADOPT$ 9 ! BELIEF ?AT IT WILL /R5G!N ! 0FREE 
WORLD40 ,?IS COMPREH5SIVE \TLOOK1 TO BE SURE1 9CLUDES NUM]\S 
N>R[] SPECIAL 9T]E/S :I* GIVE ,AM]ICA'S 
0ANTI-IMP]IALISM0 ITS HYPOCRITICAL *>ACT] & LEADS TO ! 
BELIEF ?AT BY OPPOS+ ! IMP]IALISM ( O!R NATIONS1 ,AM]ICA M]ELY 
FO/]S H] [N4 ,DEPRIV$ ( IMP]IALI/ POT5TIALITIES1 ,G]MANY1 ,ITALY1 & 
,JAPAN NO LONG] HAVE AN 9DEP5D5T POLICY4 ,! PROGRESSIVE DECL9E ( ! 
,FR5* & ,BRITI% ,EMPIRES R$UCES !SE NATIONS TO SECOND>Y P[]S4 ,AT ! 
SAME TIME1 ! NATIONAL ASPIRATIONS ( LESS DEVELOP$ & WEAK] C\NTRIES 
CANNOT BE REALIZ$ EXCEPT AS !Y FIT 9TO ! P[] S*EMES ( ! DOM9AT+ 
IMP]IALI/ NATIONS4 ,?\< ,RUSSIA & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES %>E WORLD SUPREMACY 
= ! TIME BE+1 LESS] NATIONS ATTEMPT1 NEV]!LESS1 TO ASS]T !IR 
SPECIFIC 9T]E/S & TO SOME DEGREE AFFECT ! POLICIES ( ! SUP] P[]S4 
,! 5MITIES & 9T]NATIONAL CONTRADICTIONS ( ! TWO GREAT RIVALS ALSO 
GRANT NEWLY >IS+ NATIONS1 AS ,*9A & ,9DIA1 A DEGREE ( 9DEP5D5CE !Y 
W\LD NOT O!RWISE POSSESS4 ,UND] ! GUISE ( 0NEUTRALITY10 A 
SMALL NATION LIKE ,YUGOSLAVIA1 = 9/ANCE1 IS EV5 P]MITT$ TO DEP>T FROM 
ONE P[] BLOC & RETURN TO ! O!R4 ,! 9DEP5D5T BUT WEAK] C\NTRIES 
CAN ASS]T !IR 9DEP5D5CE - SU* AS IT IS - ONLY BECAUSE ( ! 
L>G] CONFLICT BETWE5 ,RUSSIA & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 

,! ]OSION ( ,WE/]N IMP]IALISM1 IT IS SAID1 CREATES A P[] VACUUM 9 
HI!RTO CONTROLL$ >EAS ( ! WORLD4 ,IF ! VACUUM IS NOT FILL$ BY ! 
,WE/1 IT WILL BE BY ,RUSSIA4 ,( C\RSE1 NEI!R ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! 
0NEW NATIONALISM0 NOR ?OSE ( ! 0OLD IMP]IALISM0 
UND]/& ?IS K9D ( TALK2 S9CE ! =M] DISPLACES ! LATT]1 NO VACUUM 
>ISES4 ,:AT IS MEANT1 !N1 BY 0VACUUM0 IS ?AT 0NATIONAL 
SELF-DET]M9ATION0 ( UND]DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES LEAVES !M OP5 TO 
9T]NAL & EXT]NAL 0COMMUNI/ AGGRESSION10 UNLESS ! ,WE/ 
GU>ANTEES !IR 09DEP5D5CE40 ,9 O!R WORDS1 NATIONAL 
SELF-DET]M9ATION DOES NOT 9CLUDE A FREE *OICE ( ALLIES1 AL?\< IT DOES 
-- AT TIMES -- 9CLUDE PREF]5CE ) RESPECT TO 0PROTECT+0 
,WE/]N P[]S4 0,9DEP5D5CE0 ( ,TUNISIA & ,MOROCCO1 = 
9/ANCE1 IS ALL RI<T SO LONG AS 9DEP5D5CE FROM ,FRANCE IMPLIES ALLEGIANCE 
NOT TO ,RUSSIA BUT LOYALTY TO ! ,AM]ICAN-DOM9AT$ ,WE/]N P[]-BLOC4 

,TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT CAN /ILL ASS]T ITSELF 9 ! TWO-P[]-BLOC WORLD1 
NATIONAL SELF-DET]M9ATION IS AN EXPRESSION ( ! 0COLD W>10 ( 
! POLITICAL-MILIT>Y /ALEMATE4 ,BUT ! DEVELOPM5TAL TR5D DOES NOT PO9T TO 
A WORLD ( MANY NATIONS1 EA* 9DEP5D5T & SECURE1 BUT TO ! FUR!R 
DIS9TEGRATION ( WEAK] NATIONS1 I4E4 TO !IR 09TEGRATION0 9 
EI!R ONE OR ! O!R P[] BLOC4 ,( C\RSE1 ! /RUGGLE = NATIONAL 
EMANCIPATION )9 ! SETT+ ( IMP]IALI/ RIVALRIES ALL[S SOME C\NTRIES 
TO EXPLOIT ! P[] COMPETITION BETWE5 ,EA/ & ,WE/4 ,BUT ?IS V]Y FACT 
PO9TS TO ! LIMITATIONS ( !IR NATIONAL ASPIRATIONS1 AS EI!R AGREEM5T OR 
W> BETWE5 ! ,EA/ & ,WE/ W\LD 5D !IR ABILITY TO MANEUV] BETWE5 ! 
TWO P[] C5T]S4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ,RUSSIA1 :I* DOES NOT HESITATE TO DE/ROY ANY 
ATTEMPT AT REAL NATIONAL SELF-DET]M9ATION 9 C\NTRIES UND] H] DIRECT 
CONTROL1 IS READY TO SUPPORT NATIONAL SELF-DET]M9ATION :]EV] IT IS 
DIRECT$ AGA9/ ,WE/]N DOM9ATION4 ,LIKEWISE1 ,AM]ICA1 DEM&+ 
SELF-DET]M9ATION = ,RUSSIA'S SATELLITES1 HAS NO HESITANCY 9 
PRACTIC+ 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ :AT %E ABHORS 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE4 ,DESPITE 
NATIONAL REVOLUTION & SELF-DET]M9ATION1 ! TIME = NATIONAL EMANCIPATION 
IS PRACTICALLY OV]4 ,!SE NATIONS MAY RETA9 !IR NEWLY WON 9DEP5D5CE1 YET 
!IR =MAL 9DEP5D5CE DOES NOT RELEASE !M FROM ,WE/]N ECONOMIC & 
POLITICAL RULE4 ,!Y CAN ESCAPE ?IS OV]LORD%IP ONLY BY ACCEPT+ ?AT ( 
,RUSSIA-)9 ! ,EA/]N P[]-BLOC4 

,N,A,T,I,O,N,A,L REVOLUTIONS 9 CAPITALI/ICALLY RET>D$ C\NTRIES >E ATTEMPTS AT 
MOD]NIZATION ?R\< 9DU/RIALIZATION :E!R !Y M]ELY EXPRESS OPPOSITION 
TO =EIGN CAPITAL OR >E DET]M9$ TO *ANGE EXI/+ SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,BUT 
:]EAS ! NATIONALISM ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY WAS AN 9/RUM5T ( PRIVATE 
CAPITAL DEVELOPM5T1 ! NATIONALISM ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY IS PR$OM9ATELY 
AN 9/RUM5T ( /ATE-CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,& :]EAS ! NATIONALISM ( 
! LA/ C5TURY EXP&$ ! FREE WORLD M>KET & ?AT DEGREE ( ECONOMIC 
9T]DEP5D5CY POSSIBLE UND] PRIVATE CAPITAL =MATION1 PRES5T-DAY 
NATIONALISM DISRUPTS /ILL FUR!R AN ALREADY DIS9TEGRAT+ WORLD M>KET & 
DE/ROYS ?AT DEGREE ( 0AUTOMATIC0 9T]NATIONAL 9TEGRATION 
PROVID$ BY ! FREE M>KET ME*ANISM4 

,BEH9D ! NATIONALI/ DRIVE IS1 ( C\RSE1 ! PRESSURE ( POV]TY1 :I* 
IS GR[+ MORE EXPLOSIVE AS ! DISCREPANCY BETWE5 POOR & RI* NATIONS 
9CREASES4 ,! 9T]NATIONAL DIVISION ( LABOR AS DET]M9$ BY PRIVATE CAPITAL 
=MATION IMPLI$ ! EXPLOITATION ( POOR] BY RI*] C\NTRIES & ! 
CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL 9 ! ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ NATIONS4 ,! NEW 
NATIONALISM OPPOSES ! M>KET DET]M9$ CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL SO AS TO 
ASSURE ! FUR!R 9DU/RIALIZATION ( ! UND]DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES4 ,UND] 
PRES5T CONDITIONS1 H[EV]1 NATIONALLY ORGANIZ$ CAPITAL PRODUCTION 9CREASES 
ITS DISORGANIZATION ON A WORLDWIDE SCALE4 ,PRIVATE 5T]PRISE & GOV]NM5T 
CONTROL OP]ATE N[ SIMULTANE\SLY 9 EA* CAPITALI/ C\NTRY & ALSO 9 ! 
WORLD AT L>GE4 ,SIDE BY SIDE1 !RE EXI/1 !N1 ! MO/ RU?LESS G5]AL 
COMPETITION1 ! SUBORD9ATION ( PRIVATE TO NATIONAL COMPETITION1 ! MO/ 
RU?LESS NATIONAL COMPETITION1 & ! SUBORD9ATION ( NATIONAL COMPETITION TO 
! SUPRA-NATIONAL REQUIREM5TS ( P[]-BLOC POLITICS4 

,AT ! BASE ( ! CURR5T NATIONAL ASPIRATIONS & IMP]IALI/ RIVALRIES 
LIES ! ACTUAL NE$ = WORLD-WIDE ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION 
B5EFICIAL TO HUMANITY AS A :OLE4 ,FIR/1 AS ! GEOLOGI/ ,K4 ,F4 ,MA!R HAS 
PO9T$ \T1 BECAUSE 0! E>? IS F> BETT] ADAPT$ = OCCUPATION BY 
M5 ORGANIZ$ ON A WORLD-WIDE SCALE1 ) MAXIMUM OPPORTUNITY = FREE EX*ANGE 
( RAW MAT]IALS & F9I%$ PRODUCTS ! WORLD >\ND1 ?AN BY M5 :O 9SI/ 
UPON BUILD+ B>RI]S BETWE5 REGIONS EV5 SO 9CLUSIVE AS A L>GE NATION OR 
AN 5TIRE CONT95T40 ,SECOND1 BECAUSE SOCIAL PRODUCTION CAN BE FULLY 
DEVELOP$ & CAN FREE HUMAN SOCIETY FROM WANT & MIS]Y ONLY BY 9T]NATIONAL 
COOP]ATION )\T REG>D TO P>TICUL>I/IC NATIONAL 9T]E/S4 ,! 
COMPELL+ 9T]DEP5D5CY IMPLI$ 9 FUR!R PROGRESSIVE 9DU/RIAL 
DEVELOPM5T IF NOT ACCEPT$ & UTILIZ$ = ,HUMAN 5DS1 ASS]TS ITSELF AS A 
NEV]-5D+ /RUGGLE BETWE5 NATIONS & = IMP]IALI/ CONTROL4 

,! 9ABILITY TO A*IEVE ON AN 9T]NATIONAL SCALE :AT HAS BE5 A*IEV$1 
OR IS 9 ! PROCESS ( BE+ A*IEV$1 ON ! NATIONAL LEVEL-P>TIAL OR 
COMPLETE ELIM9ATION ( CAPITAL COMPETITION-P]MITS ! CONT9UATION ( CLASS 
ANTAGONISMS 9 ALL C\NTRIES DESPITE ! ELIM9ATION OR RE/RICTION ( PRIVATE 
CAPITAL =MATION4 ,TO /ATE IT ! O!R WAY >\ND3 BECAUSE NATIONALIZATION ( 
CAPITAL LEAVES CLASS RELATIONS 9TACT1 !RE IS NO WAY ( ESCAP+ COMPETITION 
ON ! 9T]NATIONAL SC5E4 ,JU/ AS CONTROL OV] ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION 
ASSURES ! MA9T5ANCE ( CLASS DIVISIONS1 SO DOES CONTROL OV] ! NATIONAL 
/ATE1 :I* 9CLUDES CONTROL OV] ITS MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! DEF5SE ( ! 
NATION & ITS GR[+ /R5G? BECOMES ! DEF5SE & REPRODUCTION ( NEW 
RUL+ GR\PS4 ,! 0LOVE = ! SOCIALI/ FA!RL&0 9 ,COMMUNI/ 
C\NTRIES1 ! DESIRE = A 0/AKE 9 ! C\NTRY10 AS EXEMPLIFI$ 
9 ! EXI/5CE ( 0SOCIALI/0 GOV]NM5TS 9 WELF>E-ECONOMIES1 
AS WELL AS NATIONAL SELF-DET]M9ATION 9 HI!RTO DOM9AT$ C\NTRIES1 
SIGNIFIES ! EXI/5CE & RISE ( NEW RUL+ CLASSES B\ND TO ! EXI/5CE 
( ! NATIONAL /ATE4 

,:,I,L,E A POSITIVE ATTITUDE T[>D NATIONALISM BETRAYS A LACK ( 9T]E/ 9 
SOCIALISM1 ! SOCIALI/ POSITION ON NATIONALISM IS OBVI\SLY 9EFFECTIVE 9 
C\NTRIES FI<T+ = NATIONAL EXI/5CE AS WELL AS 9 ?OSE C\NTRIES 
OPPRESS+ O!R NATIONS4 ,IF ONLY BY DEFAULT1 A CONSI/5T ANTI-NATIONALI/ 
POSITION SEEMS TO SUPPORT IMP]IALISM4 ,H[EV]1 IMP]IALISM FUNCTIONS = 
REASONS ( ITS [N1 QUITE 9DEP5D5TLY ( SOCIALI/ ATTITUDES T[>D 
NATIONALISM4 ,FUR!RMORE1 SOCIALI/S >E NOT REQUIR$ = ! LAUN*+ ( 
/RUGGLES = NATIONAL AUTONOMY AS ! V>I\S 0LIB]ATION0 
MOVEM5TS 9 ! WAKE ( ! SECOND ,WORLD ,W> HAVE %[N4 ,CONTR>Y TO E>LI] 
EXPECTATIONS1 NATIONALISM C\LD NOT BE UTILIZ$ TO FUR!R SOCIALI/ AIMS1 NOR 
WAS IT A SUCCESSFUL /RATEGY TO HA/5 ! DEMISE ( CAPITALISM4 ,ON ! 
CONTR>Y1 NATIONALISM DE/ROY$ SOCIALISM BY US+ IT = NATIONALI/ 5DS4 

,IT IS NOT ! FUNCTION ( SOCIALISM TO SUPPORT NATIONALISM1 EV5 ?\< ! 
LATT] BATTLES IMP]IALISM4 ,BUT TO FI<T IMP]IALISM )\T SIMULTANE\SLY 
DISC\RAG+ NATIONALISM MEANS TO FI<T SOME IMP]IALI/S & TO SUPPORT 
O!RS1 = NATIONALISM IS NECESS>ILY IMP]IALI/ - OR ILLUSORY4 ,TO 
SUPPORT ,>AB NATIONALISM IS TO OPPOSE ,JEWI% NATIONALISM1 & TO SUPPORT ! 
LATT] IS TO FI<T ! =M]1 = IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO SUPPORT NATIONALISM 
)\T ALSO SUPPORT+ NATIONAL RIVALRIES1 IMP]IALISM1 & W>4 ,TO BE A GOOD 
,9DIAN NATIONALI/ IS TO COMBAT ,PAKI/AN2 TO BE A TRUE ,PAKI/ANI IS TO DESPISE 
,9DIA4 ,BO? !SE NEWLY 0LIB]AT$0 NATIONS >E READY+ !MSELVES 
TO FI<T OV] DISPUT$ T]RITORY & SUBJECT !IR DEVELOPM5T TO ! D\BLE 
DI/ORTION ( CAPITALI/ W> ECONOMIES4 

,& SO IT GOES ON3 ! 0LIB]ATION0 ( ,CYPRUS FROM ,BRITI% RULE 
ONLY T5DS TO OP5 A NEW /RUGGLE = ,CYPRUS BETWE5 ,GREEKS & ,TURKS & DOES 
NOT LIFT ,WE/]N CONTROL FROM EI!R ,TURKEY OR ,GREECE4 ,POL&'S 
0LIB]ATION0 FROM ,RUSSIAN RULE MAY WELL SPELL W> ) ,G]MANY = 
! 0LIB]ATION0 ( ,G]MAN PROV9CES N[ RUL$ BY ,POL& & ?IS1 
AGA91 TO NEW ,POLI% /RUGGLES = ! 0LIB]ATION0 ( T]RITORY 
LO/ TO ,G]MANY4 ,REAL NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE ( ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA W\LD1 NO D\BT1 
REOP5 ! FI<T = ! ,SUDET5L& & ?IS1 9 TURN1 ! /RUGGLE = 
,CZE*OSLOVAKIA'S 9DEP5D5CE & P]HAPS = ?AT ( ! ,SLOVAKS FROM 
! ,CZE*S4 ,) :OM TO SIDE8 ,) ! ,ALG]IANS AGA9/ ! ,FR5*8 ,) ! 
,JEWS8 ,) ! ,>ABS8 ,) BO?8 ,:]E %ALL ! ,JEWS GO TO MAKE ROOM 
= ! ,>ABS8 ,:AT %ALL ! ,>AB REFUGEES DO TO CEASE BE+ A 
0NUISANCE0 TO ! ,JEWS8 ,:AT TO DO ) A MILLION ,FR5* 
0COLONS0 :O FACE1 :5 ,ALG]IAN LIB]ATION IS ACCOMPLI%$1 
EXPROPRIATION & EXPULSION8 ,SU* QUE/IONS CAN BE RAIS$ ) REF]5CE TO 
EV]Y P>T ( ! WORLD1 & WILL G5]ALLY BE ANSW]$ BY ,JEWS SID+ ) 
,JEWS1 ,>ABS ) ,>ABS1 ,ALG]IANS ) ,ALG]IANS1 ,FR5* ) ,FR5*1 ,POLES 
) ,POLES & SO =?-& ?US !Y WILL REMA9 UNANSW]$ & UNANSW]ABLE4 
,H[EV] ,UTOPIAN ! QUE/ = 9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY MAY APPE> 9 ?IS MELEE 
( NATIONAL & IMP]IALI/ ANTAGONISMS1 NO O!R ROAD SEEMS OP5 TO ESCAPE 
FRATRICIDAL /RUGGLES & TO ATTA9 A RATIONAL WORLD SOCIETY4 

,A,L,?,\,< SOCIALI/S SYMPA?IES >E ) ! OPPRESS$1 !Y RELATE NOT TO 
EM]G+ NATIONALISM BUT TO ! P>TICUL> PLI<T ( TWICE-OPPRESS$ PEOPLE :O 
FACE BO? A NATIVE & =EIGN RUL+ CLASS4 ,!IR NATIONAL ASPIRATIONS >E 9 
P>T 0SOCIALI/0 ASPIRATIONS1 AS !Y 9CLUDE ! ILLUSORY HOPE ( 
IMPOV]I%$ POPULATIONS ?AT !Y CAN IMPROVE !IR CONDITIONS ?R\< 
NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE4 ,YET NATIONAL SELF-DET]M9ATION HAS NOT EMANCIPAT$ ! 
LABOR+ CLASSES 9 ! ADVANC$ NATIONS4 ,IT WILL NOT DO SO N[ 9 ,ASIA & 
,AFRICA4 ,NATIONAL REVOLUTIONS1 AS 9 ,ALG]IA = 9/ANCE1 PROMISE LITTLE = 
! L[] CLASSES SAVE 9DULG+ ON MORE EQUAL T]MS 9 NATIONAL PREJUDICES4 ,NO 
D\BT1 ?IS MEANS SOME?+ TO ! ,ALG]IANS1 :O HAVE SUFF]$ FROM A 
P>TICUL>LY >ROGANT COLONIAL SY/EM4 ,BUT ! POSSIBLE RESULTS ( ,ALG]IAN 
9DEP5D5CE >E D$UCIBLE FROM ?OSE 9 ,TUNISIA & ,MOROCCO1 :]E EXI/+ 
SOCIAL RELATIONS HAVE NOT BE5 *ANG$ & ! CONDITIONS ( ! EXPLOIT$ 
CLASSES HAVE NOT IMPROV$ TO ANY SIGNIFICANT EXT5T4 

,UNLESS SOCIALISM IS ALTOGE!R A MIRAGE1 IT WILL RISE AGA9 AS AN 
9T]NATIONAL MOVEM5T-OR NOT AT ALL4 ,9 ANY CASE1 & ON ! BASIS ( PA/ 
EXP]I5CE1 ?OSE 9T]E/$ 9 ! REBIR? ( SOCIALISM MU/ /RESS ITS 
9T]NATIONALISM MO/ ( ALL4 ,:ILE IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = A SOCIALI/ TO BECOME 
A NATIONALI/1 HE IS NEV]!LESS AN ANTI-COLONIALI/ & ANTI-IMP]IALI/4 
,H[EV]1 HIS FI<T AGA9/ COLONIALISM DOES NOT IMPLY ADH]5CE TO ! 
PR9CIPLE ( NATIONAL SELF-DET]M9ATION1 BUT EXPRESSES HIS DESIRE = A 
NON-EXPLOITATIVE1 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,:ILE SOCIALI/S CANNOT 
ID5TIFY !MSELVES ) NATIONAL /RUGGLES1 !Y CAN AS SOCIALI/S OPPOSE BO? 
NATIONALISM & IMP]IALISM4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IT IS NOT ! FUNCTION ( ,FR5* 
SOCIALI/S TO FI<T = ,ALG]IAN 9DEP5D5CE BUT TO TURN ,FRANCE 9TO A 
SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,& ?\< /RUGGLES TO ?IS 5D W\LD UND\BT$LY AID ! 
LIB]ATION MOVEM5T 9 ,ALG]IA & ELSE:]E1 ?IS W\LD BE A BYPRODUCT ( & 
NOT ! REASON = ! SOCIALI/ FI<T AGA9/ NATIONALI/ IMP]IALISM4 ,AT ! 
NEXT /AGE1 ,ALG]IA W\LD HAVE TO BE 0DE-NATIONALIZ$0 & 
9TEGRAT$ 9TO AN 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALI/ WORLD4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #b1 #bba 3 ,NATIONALISM & ,SOCIALISM -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,NATIONALISM & ,SOCIALISM -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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