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,LIB]AL ,IDEAS 9 ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA 

#aicgaicg 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,RUDOLPH ,ROCK] 

,TEXT 3 

#i4 ,LIB]AL ,IDEAS 9 ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA 

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,I,T HAD BECOME ! CU/OM TO REF] TO LIB]ALISM AS 0POLITICAL 9DIVIDUALISM10 ) ! CONSEQU5CE ?AT AN 5TIRELY FALSE CONCEPT WAS SET UP & ! DOOR ?R[N WIDE OP5 = ALL SORTS ( MISUND]/&+S4 ,/ILL1 ! T5D5CY >OSE FROM A ?OR\<LY SOCIAL IDEA3 ! PR9CIPLE ( UTILITY1 :I* ,J]EMY ,B5?AMONE ( ! MO/ DI/+UI%$ REPRES5TATIVES ( ?IS S*OOLR$UC$ TO ! =MULA1 0! GREATE/ POSSIBLE AM\NT ( HAPP9ESS = ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE NUMB] ( ! MEMB]S ( SOCIETY40 ,?US ! PR9CIPLE ( UTILITY BECAME = HIM ! NATURAL CRIT]ION ( RI<T & WRONG4 ,SAYS ,B5?AM3 

,! 9T]E/ ( ! COMMUNITY IS ONE ( ! MO/ G5]AL EXPRESSIONS ?AT CAN OCCUR 9 ! PHRASEOLOGY ( MORALS3 NO WOND] ?AT ! MEAN+ ( IT IS (T5 LO/4 ,:5 IT HAS A MEAN+1 IT IS ?IS4 ,! COMMUNITY IS A FICTITI\S BODY1 COMPOS$ ( ! 9DIVIDUAL P]SONS :O >E CONSID]$ AS CON/ITUT+1 AS IT W]E1 ITS MEMB]S4 ,! 9T]E/ ( ! COMMUNITY !N IS1 :AT8! SUM ( ! 9T]E/S ( ! SEV]AL MEMB]S :O COMPOSE IT4 ,IT IS VA9 TO TALK ( ! 9T]E/ ( ! COMMUNITY )\T UND]/&+ :AT IS ! 9T]E/ ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,A ?+ IS SAID TO PROMOTE ! 9T]E/1 OR TO BE = ! 9T]E/1 ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 :5 IT T5DS TO ADD TO ! SUM TOTAL ( HIS PLEASURES3 OR1 :AT COMES TO ! SAME ?+1 TO DIM9I% ! SUM TOTAL ( HIS PA9S4444 ,A MEASURE ( GOV]NM5T 7:I* IS BUT A P>TICUL> K9D ( ACTION1 P]=M$ BY A P>TICUL> P]SON OR P]SONS7 MAY BE SAID TO BE CON=MABLE TO1 OR DICTAT$ BY1 ! PR9CIPLE ( UTILITY1 :5 9 LIKE MANN] ! T5D5CY :I* IT HAS TO AUGM5T ! HAPP9ESS ( ! COMMUNITY IS GREAT] ?AN ANY :I* IT HAS TO DIM9I% IT4 .<#a.> 

,C]TA9LY !SE WORDS GIVE EXPRESSION TO ! S5TIM5T ( SOCIAL JU/ICE :I* 9 ITS IMM$IATE ASSUMPTION PROCE$S1 IT IS TRUE1 FROM ! 9DIVIDUAL1 BUT :I* NEV]!LESS IS TO BE TAK5 AS ! RESULT ( A CLE>LY M>K$ FEEL+ ( SOLID>ITY & CAN 9 NO WISE BE COV]$ BY ! COMMON DESIGNATION 09DIVIDUALISM10 :I* MAY MEAN ANY?+ OR NO?+4 

,AL?\< A L>GE NUMB] ( ! CELEBRAT$ SUPPORT]S ( POLITICAL RADICALISM 9 ,5GL&1 9 CONTRA/ TO ,B5?AM1 PROCE$$ FROM ! PR9CIPLE ( NATURAL RI<TS1 !Y AGRE$ ) HIM 9 !IR F9AL GOAL4 ,! DISS5T+ PREA*]1 ,JOSEPH ,PRIE/LEY1 :O DECL>$ ! UNLIMIT$ P]FECTIBILITY ( MAN TO BE A LAW ( ,GOD1 W\LD CONC$E ?AT GOV]NM5T IS RI<T ONLY TO ! EXT5T ?AT ITS 9/RUM5TS >E 5GAG$ 9 FUR!R+ ?IS LAW ( ! DIV9E WILL4 ,TO ASSIGN TO GOV]NM5T ANY O!R PURPOSE IS A DEADLY S9 AGA9/ ! RI<T ( ! PEOPLE1 = ! PR(IT & HAPP9ESS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNITY IS ! ONLY /&>D BY :I* TO JUDGE ANY TRANSACTION HAV+ TO DO ) ! /ATE ,9FLU5C$ BY ?IS L9E ( ?\<T1 ,PRIE/LEY DEF5D$ ! RI<T ( A PEOPLE AT ANY TIME TO RECALL ITS GOV]NM5T AS ONE ( ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y PRESUPPOSITIONS ( ! /ATE CONTRACT & FROM ?IS >RIV$ LOGICALLY AT ! RI<T ( REVOLUTION :I* RESIDES 9 EV]Y PEOPLE :5 ! GOV]NM5T AB&ONS ! PA? :I* IS 9DICAT$ = IT BY !SE IMP]I%ABLE PR9CIPLES4 

,RI*>D ,PRICE1 9 CONTRA/ ) ,PRIE/LEY1 DID NOT RE/ HIS IDEAS ( RI<T & WRONG ON GR\NDS ( PURE UTILITY2 NEI!R WAS HE 9 V]Y CLOSE AGREEM5T ) HIM AB\T ! CONCEPTS ATTA*+ TO PHILOSOPHIC MAT]IALISM1 & HE BELIEV$ 9 ! FRE$OM ( ! HUMAN WILL4 ,HE DID1 H[EV]1 AGREE ) ! VIEWS ( HIS FRI5D AB\T ! RELATIONS ( MAN TO GOV]NM5T 9 G5]AL1 HE EV5 W5T SOME:AT FUR!R1 VALU+ RA!R MORE HI<LY ! IDEA ( P]SONAL FRE$OM4 

,9 EV]Y FREE /ATE EV]Y MAN IS HIS [N LEGISLATOR4 ,ALL TAXES >E FREE GIFTS = PUBLIC S]VICES4 ,ALL LAWS >E P>TICUL> PROVISIONS OR REGULATIONS E/ABLI%$ BY ,C,O,M,M,O,N ,C,O,N,S,5,T = GA9+ PROTECTION & SAFETY4 ,& ALL ,MAGI/RATES >E ,TRU/EES OR ,DEPUTIES = C>RY+ !SE REGULATIONS 9TO EXECUTION4 

,LIB]TY1 !RE=E1 IS TOO IMP]FECTLY DEF9$1 :5 IT IS SAID TO BE 0A ,GOV]NM5T BY ,LAWS1 & NOT BY ,M540 ,IF ! LAWS >E MADE BY ONE MAN1 OR A JUNTA ( M5 9 A /ATE1 & NOT BY ,C,O,M,M,O,N ,C,O,N,S,5,T1 A GOV]NM5T BY !M DOES NOT DIFF] FROM ,SLAV]Y40 .<#b.> 

,! PRON\NCEM5T CONC]N+ LAWS IS ( ESPECIAL IMPORTANCE IF ONE RECALLS :AT A CULT WAS MADE ( ! LAW 9 ,FRANCE AT ! TIME ( ! GREAT ,REVOLUTION4 ,( C\RSE ,PRICE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT A SOCIAL /ATUS 9 :I* ! LAWS >OSE FROM ! FREE CONS5T ( ALL WAS POSSIBLE ONLY )9 ! FRAME ( A SMALL COMMUNITY1 BUT JU/ = ?IS REASON ! MOD]N GREAT /ATE APPE>$ TO HIM ONE ( ! GREATE/ DANG]S = ! FUTURE ( ,EUROPE4 

,9 ADVANCE ( ALL ! REPRES5TATIVES ( POLITICAL RADICALISM ( ?AT EPO* WAS ,?OMAS ,PA9E1 ! 5?USIA/IC PIONE] FI<T] = ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! ,5GLI% COLONIES 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 ! MAN :O UND]/OOD H[ TO GIVE ! CLE>E/ EXPRESSION TO ?OSE ASPIRATIONS4 ,DES]V+ ( ESPECIAL NOTE IS ! MANN] 9 :I* HE BR\<T BE=E ! EYES ( HIS CONTEMPOR>IES ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 /ATE & SOCIETY4 ,HE WRITES3 

,SOCIETY IS PRODUC$ BY \R WANTS & GOV]NM5T BY \R WICK$NESS2 ! =M] PROMOTES \R HAPP9ESS POSITIVELY BY UNIT+ \R AFFECTIONS1 ! LATT] NEGATIVELY BY RE/RA9+ \R VISES4 ,! ONE 5C\RAGES 9T]C\RSE1 ! O!R CREATES DI/9CTIONS4 ,! FIR/ IS A PATRON1 ! LATT] IS A PUNI%]4 

,SOCIETY IS 9 EV]Y /ATE A BLESS+1 BUT GOV]NM5T1 EV5 9 ITS BE/ /ATE1 IS BUT A NECESS>Y EVIL2 9 ITS WOR/ /ATE AN 9TOL]ABLE ONE3 = :5 WE SUFF]1 OR >E EXPOS$ TO ! SAME MIS]IES BY A GOV]NM5T :I* WE %\LD EXPECT 9 A C\NTRY )\T GOV]NM5T1 \R CALAMITY IS HEI<T5$ BY REFLECT+ ?AT WE FURNI% ! MEANS BY :I* WE SUFF]4 ,GOV]NM5T1 LIKE DRESS1 IS ! BADGE ( LO/ 9NOC5CE4 .<#c.> 

,LIKE ,PRIE/LEY1 ,PA9E BELIEV$ 9 A CON/ANT UPW>D ADVANCE ( HUMAN CULTURE & D$UC$ FROM ?IS ?AT ! HI<] A CULTURE /&S1 ! LESS IS ! NE$ = GOV]NM5T1 BECAUSE M5 MU/ 9 ?IS CASE LOOK AFT] !IR [N AFFAIRS & ALSO ?OSE ( ! GOV]NM5T40 

,9 HIS WRIT+S AGA9/ ,$MUND ,BURKE1 :O HAD HIMSELF ONCE BELONG$ AMONG ! MO/ 5?USIA/IC REPRES5TATIVES ( POLITICAL RADICALISM BUT LAT] BECAME ! MO/ VIRUL5T ADVOCATE ( MOD]N /ATE REACTION1 ,PA9E DEVELOP$ AGA9 9 SPL5DID WORDS HIS IDEA ( ! NATURE ( GOV]NM5T & ESPECIALLY EMPHASIZ$ MO/ 9CISIVELY ?AT ! M5 ( TODAY HAVE NO RI<T TO PRESCRIBE ! PA? = ! M5 ( TOMORR[4 ,COV5ANTS ?AT HAVE PASS$ 9TO HI/ORY CAN NEV] IMPOSE ON NEW G5]ATIONS ! DUTY ( ACCEPT+ AS LEGAL & B9D+ ON !MSELVES LIMITATIONS SET BY !IR =EBE>S4 ,PA9E W>N$ HIS CONTEMPOR>IES AGA9/ DELUSIVE FAI? 9 ! WISDOM ( A GOV]NM5T 9 :I* HE SAW M]ELY A 0NATIONAL ADM9I/RATIVE BODY UPON :I* IS IMPOS$ ! DUTY ( MAK+ EFFECTIVE ! BASIC PR9CIPLES PRESCRIB$ BY SOCIETY40 .<#d.> ,BUT ,PA9E WAS ALSO AN OPPON5T ( ?AT =MAL DEMOCRACY :I* SEES 9 ! WILL ( ! MAJORITY ! LA/ WORD ( WISDOM1 & :OSE SUPPORT]S /RIVE TO PRESCRIBE EV]Y ACTIVITY BY E/ABLI%$ LAW4 ,?US HE GAVE W>N+ 9 HIS FIRE-BREA?+ S]IES ( ESSAYS1 0,! ,CRISIS0 7#a#g#g#f-#a#g#h#c71 ( A TYRANNY ( ! MAJORITY1 A P[] (T5 MORE OPPRESSIVE ?AN ! DESPOTISM ( ONE 9DIVIDUAL OV] ALL4 ,IT WAS AS IF HE HAD =ESE5 9TUITIVELY :AT DANG]S MU/ >ISE IF M5 ALL[$ !MSELVES TO ]ECT 9TO A FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE ( LAW1 A ME?OD :OSE CLAIM TO VALIDITY IS BAS$ ON ! FACT ?AT FIVE IS MORE ?AN F\R4 

,! IDEAS ( POLITICAL RADICALISM W]E AT ?AT TIME WIDELY DISSEM9AT$ 9 ,5GL& & ,AM]ICA & LEFT !IR UNMI/AKABLE IMPR9T ON ! 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T ( BO? C\NTRIES4 ,WE 5C\NT] !M AGA9 9 ,JOHN ,/U>T ,MILL1 ,?OMAS ,BUCKLE1 ,E4 ,H4 ,LECKY & ,H]B]T ,SP5C]1 TO M5TION ONLY F\R ( ! BE/KN[N NAMES4 ,!Y F\ND !IR WAY 9TO POETICAL WORKS & 9SPIR$ M5 LIKE ,BYRON1 ,S\!Y1 ,COL]IDGE1 ,LAMB1 ,WORDSWOR?1 & ABOVE ALL1 ,%ELLEY1 ONE ( ! GREATE/ POETS ( ALL TIME1 TO REA* AT LA/ !IR 9TELLECTUAL Z5I? 9 ,GODW9'S ,SOCIAL ,JU/ICE A WORK :I* P[]FULLY /IRR$ M5'S M9DS = A TIME1 BUT FELL LAT] 9TO =GETFULNESS BECAUSE HIS BOLD CONCLUSIONS W5T TOO F> = MO/4 .<#e.> 

,GODW9 CLE>LY RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ! EXPLANATION ( ! EVIL WAS NOT TO BE F\ND 9 ! EXT]NAL =M ( ! /ATE1 BUT WAS GR\ND$ 9 ITS V]Y ESS5CE4 ,= ?IS REASON HE DID NOT WANT TO SEE ! P[] ( ! /ATE R$UC$ TO 0A M9IMUM02 HE WANT$ TO BANI% FROM ! LIFE ( SOCIETY EV]Y 9/ITUTION ( =CE4 ,?US1 ! BOLD ?9K] >RIV$ AT ! IDEA ( A /ATELESS SOCIETY1 :]E MAN IS NO LONG] SUBJECT$ TO ! M5TAL & PHYSICAL COMPULSION ( AN E>?LY ,PROVID5CE1 BUT F9DS ROOM = ! UNDI/URB$ DEVELOPM5T ( HIS NATURAL CAPACITIES1 & HIMSELF MANAGES ALL HIS RELATIONS ) HIS FELL[M5 BY ! ME?OD ( FREE AGREEM5T TO MEET EXI/+ NE$S4 

,BUT ,GODW9 RECOGNIZ$ ALSO ?AT A SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T 9 ?IS DIRECTION WAS NOT POSSIBLE )\T A FUNDAM5TAL REVOLUTION 9 EXI/+ ECONOMIC >RANGEM5TS2 = TYRANNY & EXPLOITATION GR[ ON ! SAME TREE & >E 9SEP>ABLY B\ND TOGE!R4 ,! FRE$OM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL IS SECURE ONLY :5 IT RE/S ON ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL WELLBE+ ( ALL2 A FACT = :I* ! ADVOCATES ( PURELY POLITICAL RADICALISM HAVE NEV] HAD SUFFICI5T REG>D1 :]E=E !Y HAVE ALWAYS BE5 COMPELL$ LAT] TO MAKE NEW CONCESSIONS TO ! /ATE4 ,! P]SONALITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL /&S ! HI<]1 ! MORE DEEPLY IT IS ROOT$ 9 ! COMMUNITY1 FROM :I* >ISE ! RI*E/ S\RCES ( ITS MORAL /R5G?4 ,ONLY 9 FRE$OM DOES !RE >ISE 9 MAN ! CONSCI\SNESS ( RESPONSIBILITY = HIS ACTS & REG>D = ! RI<TS ( O!RS2 ONLY 9 FRE$OM CAN !RE UNFOLD 9 ITS FULL /R5G? ?AT MO/ PRECI\S SOCIAL 9/9CT3 MAN'S SYMPA?Y = ! JOYS & SORR[S ( HIS FELL[ M5 & ! RESULTANT IMPULSE T[>D MUTUAL AID 9 :I* >E ROOT$ ALL SOCIAL E?ICS1 ALL IDEAS ( SOCIAL JU/ICE4 ,?US ,GODW9'S WORK BECAME AT ! SAME TIME ! EPILOGUE ( ?AT GREAT 9TELLECTUAL MOVEM5T :I* HAD 9SCRIB$ ON ITS BANN] ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE LIMITATION ( ! P[] ( ! /ATE1 & ! />T+ PO9T = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! IDEAS ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM4 

,9 ,AM]ICA ! MODES ( ?\<T ( POLITICAL RADICALISM = A LONG TIME DOM9AT$ ! BE/ M9DS1 & ) !M PUBLIC OP9ION4 ,EV5 TODAY !Y >E NOT COMPLETELY QU5*$ !RE1 AL?\< ! ALL-CRU%+ & LEVEL+ DOM9ATION ( CAPITALISM & ITS MONOPOLY ECONOMY HAVE SO F> UND]M9$ ! OLD TRADITIONS ?AT !Y CAN N[ S]VE ONLY AS WAT*WORDS = BUS9ESS UND]TAK+S ( A TOTALLY DIFF]5T SORT4 ,BUT ?IS WAS NOT ALWAYS SO4 ,EV5 SO FUNDAM5TALLY CONS]VATIVE A *>ACT] AS ,GEORGE ,WA%+TON1 TO :OM ,PA9E D$ICAT$ ! FIR/ P>T ( HIS ,RI<TS ( ,MAN 7:I* DID NOT PREV5T HIS LAT] ATTACK+ ! FIR/ ,PRESID5T ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES VIOL5TLY :5 HE ?\<T HE SAW HIM TURN+ 9 A DIRECTION ?AT L$ F> FROM ! PA?S ( FRE$OM7 EV5 ,WA%+TON C\LD DECL>E3 0,GOV]NM5T IS NOT REASON1 IT IS NOT ELOQU5CE -- IT IS =CE6 ,LIKE FIRE IT IS A DANG]\S S]VANT & A FE>FUL MA/]1 NEV] = A MOM5T %\LD IT BE LEFT TO IRRESPONSIBLE ACTION40 

,?OMAS ,JEFF]SON1 :O WAS ( ! OP9ION ?AT REVOLT AGA9/ A GOV]NM5T :I* HAD S9N$ AGA9/ ! FRE$OM ( ! PEOPLE WAS NOT M]ELY ! RI<T BUT ! DUTY ( A GOOD CITIZ51 & ?AT A LITTLE REBELLION FROM TIME TO TIME IS GOOD = ! HEAL? ( A GOV]NM5T1 PUT HIS IDEA AB\T ALL GOV]NM5TAL SY/EMS 9TO ! LACONIC WORDS3 0,?AT GOV]NM5T IS BE/ :I* GOV]NS LEA/40 ,AN IRRECONCILABLE OPPON5T ( ALL POLITICAL RE/RICTIONS1 ,JEFF]SON REG>D$ EV]Y 9TRUSION ( ! /ATE 9TO ! SPH]E ( ! P]SONAL LIFE ( ! CITIZ5 AS DESPOTISM & BRUTAL =CE4 

,TO ! CLAIM ?AT ! CITIZ5 MU/ SURR5D] TO ! /ATE AN ESS5TIAL P>T ( HIS FRE$OM AS ! PRICE ( ! SAFETY ( HIS P]SON1 ,B5JAM9 ,FRANKL9 REPLI$ 9 ! 9CISIVE WORDS3 0,!Y ?AT CAN GIVE UP ESS5TIAL LIB]TY TO OBTA9 A LITTLE TEMPOR>Y SAFETY DES]VE NEI!R LIB]TY NOR SAFETY40 

,W5DELL ,PHILLIPS1 ! MI<TY *AMPION AGA9/ NEGRO SLAV]Y1 EXPRESS$ ! CONVICTION ?AT 0GOV]NM5T IS ! FUNDAM5TAL 'ISM' ( ! SOLDI]1 BIGOT & PRIE/01 & HE SAID 9 ONE ( HIS SPEE*ES3 0,I ?9K LITTLE ( ! DIRECT 9FLU5CE ( GOV]NM5TS4 ,I ?9K1 ) ,GUIZOT1 ?AT 'IT IS A GROSS DELUSION TO BELIEVE 9 ! SOV]EIGN P[] ( POLITICAL MA*9]Y4' ,TO HE> SOME M5 TALK ( GOV]NM5T1 Y\ W\LD SUPPOSE ?AT ,CONGRESS WAS ! LAW ( GRAVITATION & KEPT ! PLANETS 9 !IR PLACE40 

,ABRAHAM ,L9COLN W>N$ ! ,AM]ICANS AGA9/ TRU/+ A GOV]NM5T TO SAFEGU>D !IR HUMAN RI<TS3 0,IF !RE IS ANY?+ ?AT IT IS ! DUTY ( ! :OLE PEOPLE NEV] TO 5TRU/ TO ANY H&S BUT !IR [N1 ?AT ?+ IS ! PRES]VATION & P]PETUITY ( !IR [N LIB]TIES & 9/ITUTIONS40 

,FROM ,L9COLN COME ALSO !SE SIGNIFICANT WORDS3 0,I HAVE ALWAYS2 ?\<T ?AT ALL M5 %\LD BE FREE1 BUT IF ANY %\LD BE SLAVES1 IT %\LD BE FIR/ ?OSE :O DESIRE IT = !MSELVES1 & SECONDLY ?OSE :O DESIRE IT = O!RS40 

,RALPH ,WALDO ,EM]SON CO9$ ! WELL-KN[N WORDS3 0,EV]Y ACTUAL /ATE IS CORRUPT4 ,GOOD M5 MU/ NOT OBEY ! LAWS TOO WELL40 ,EM]SON1 ,AM]ICA'S POET-PHILOSOPH]1 HAD 9 G5]AL AN \TSPOK5 AV]SION = ! FETI%ISM ( ! LAW & AV]R$3 0,\R MUTUAL DI/RU/ IS V]Y EXP5SIVE4 ,! MONEY WE SP5D = C\RTS & PRISONS IS V]Y ILL LAID \T4 ,! LAW ( SELF-PRES]VATION IS A SUR] POLICY ?AN ANY LEGISLATION CAN BE40 

,?IS SPIRIT P]MEATES ALL ! POLITICAL LIT]ATURE ( ,AM]ICA ( ?AT DAY UNTIL ! RIS+ CAPITALISM1 :I* L$ TO 5TIRELY NEW CONDITIONS ( LIFE1 BY ITS CORRUPT+ 9TELLECTUAL & SPIRITUAL 9FLU5CES =C$ ! OLD TRADITIONS MORE & MORE 9TO ! BACKGR\ND OR MADE !M OV] TO SUIT ITS USES4 ,& AS ! SAME CURR5TS ( ?\<T 9 ,5GL& REA*$ !IR CULM9AT+ PO9T 9 ! ,POLITICAL ,JU/ICE ( ,WILLIAM ,GODW91 SO H]E !Y RIP5$ TO !IR HI<E/ P]FECTION 9 ! WORK ( M5 LIKE ,H5RY ,D4 ,?OREAU1 ,JOSIAH ,W>R51 ,/EPH5 ,PE>L ,&REWS & MANY O!RS :O C\RAGE\SLY D>$ TO TAKE ! LA/ /EP & TO SAY ) ,?OREAU3 

,I HE>TILY ACCEPT ! MOTTO 0,?AT GOV]NM5T IS BE/ :I* GOV]NS LEA/02 & ,I %\LD LIKE TO SEE IT ACT$ UP TO MORE RAPIDLY & SY/EMATICALLY4 ,C>RI$ \T1 IT F9ALLY AM\NTS TO ?IS1 :I* ALSO ,I BELIEVE ?AT GOV]NM5T IS BE/ :I* GOV]NS NOT AT ALL4 

,BUT !SE IDEAS W]E NOT CONF9$ TO ,5GL& & ,AM]ICA1 EV5 ?\< 9 !SE C\NTRIES !Y P5ETRAT$ MO/ DEEPLY 9TO ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! PEOPLE4 ,EV]Y:]E 9 ,EUROPE :]E AN 9TELLECTUAL LIFE HAD REVEAL$ ITSELF ON ! EVE ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 WE COME UPON ITS TRACES4 ,A LONG+ = FRE$OM HAD SEIZ$ UPON M5 & HAD BR\<T UND] ITS SPELL MANY ( ! BE/ M9DS ( ?AT TIME4 ,!SE AMBITIONS RECEIV$ A P[]FUL IMPULSE FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y OCCURR5CES 9 ,AM]ICA & LAT] 9 ,FRANCE4 ,9TO ,G]MANY1 TOO1 :]E A SELECT BODY ( \T/&+ ?9K]S WAS AT ?AT TIME /RIV+ TO LAY ! F\NDATIONS ( A NEW 9TELLECTUAL CULTURE1 LIB]T>IAN IDEAS F\ND !IR WAY2 & \T ( ! MIS]Y & DEGRADATION ( A REALITY RUL$ BY A %AMEFUL DESPOTISM !Y ROSE LIKE GLITT]+ HORIZONS ( A BETT] FUTURE4 ,LET ONE ?9K ( ,LESS+'S ,]ZIEHUNG DES ,M5S*5GES*LE*TS1 ( ,]N/ UND ,FALK1 & ( ! ,GESPRA* UB] DIE ,SOLDAT5 UND ,MON*E4 ,LESS+ FOLL[$ ! SAME PA?S AS1 BE=E & AFT] HIM1 ! LEAD]S ( POLITICAL RADICALISM 9 ,5GL& & ,AM]ICA4 ,HE1 TOO1 JUDG$ ! RELATIVE P]FECTION ( ! /ATE ACCORD+ TO ! AM\NT ( HAPP9ESS :I* IT ASSUR$ TO ! 9DIVIDUAL CITIZ54 ,BUT HE ALSO RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ! BE/ /ATE CON/ITUTION1 BE+ A PRODUCT ( ! HUMAN M9D1 WAS ( NECESSITY DEFECTIVE & P]I%ABLE4 

,SUPPOSE ! BE/ /ATE CON/ITUTION ?AT CAN BE CONCEIV$ TO BE ALREADY 9V5T$2 SUPPOSE ?AT ALL ! PEOPLE 9 ! WORLD HAVE ACCEPT$ ?IS CON/ITUTION2 DO Y\ NOT ?9K ?AT EV5 FROM ?IS BE/ CON/ITUTION !RE MU/ >ISE ?+S ?AT WILL BE MO/ DETRIM5TAL TO HUMAN HAPP9ESS & ( :I* MAN 9 A /ATE ( NATURE W\LD HAVE KN[N NO?+ AT ALL8 

,9 SUPPORT ( ?IS VIEW ,LESS+ ADDUC$ V>I\S EXAMPLES :I* REVEAL ! UTT] FUTILITY ( ! /RIV+ AFT] ! BE/ =M ( /ATE4 ,>\S$ BY HIS W>F>E ) !OLOGY1 ! BOLD ?9K] ALWAYS RETURN$ LAT] TO ?IS QUE/ION1 ( :I* APP>5TLY HE NEV] AGA9 = AN 9/ANT LET GO4 ,?IS IS PROV$ BY ! CONCLUD+ S5T5CES ( HIS ,GESPRA* UB] DIE ,SOLDAT5 UND ,MON*E1 AS BRIEF AS IT IS RI* 9 CONT5T3 

,B4 ,:AT >E SOLDI]S !N8 

,A4 ,PROTECTORS ( ! /ATE4 

,B4 ,& MONKS >E PROPS ( ! *UR*4 

,A4 ,?AT = Y\R *UR*6 

,B4 ,?AT = Y\R /ATE6 

,A4 ,>E Y\ DREAM+8 ,! /ATE6 ,! /ATE6 ,! HAPP9ESS :I* ! /ATE GU>ANTEES TO EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL MEMB] 9 ?IS LIFE6 

,B4 ,! BLISS :I* ! *UR* PROMISES TO EV]Y MAN AFT] ?IS LIFE6 

,A4 ,PROMISES 6 

,B4 ,SIMPLETON 6 

,?IS IS A DELIB]ATE %AK+ ( ! F\NDATIONS ( ! OLD SOCIAL ORD]4 ,LESS+ DIV9$ ! 9TIMATE CONNECTION BETWE5 ,GOD & ! /ATE1 BETWE5 RELIGION & POLITICS4 ,HE DIV9$ AT LEA/ ?AT ! 9QUIRY AB\T ! BE/ =M ( ! /ATE IS JU/ AS MEAN+LESS AS ! 9QUIRY AB\T ! BE/ RELIGION1 S9CE IT C>RIES ITS [N CONTRADICTION4 ,LESS+ T\*$ H]E ON AN IDEA :I* ,PR\DHON LAT] ?\<T \T LOGICALLY TO ! 5D4 ,P]HAPS ,LESS+ DID SO1 TOO4 ,! CRY/AL-CLE> =M ( HIS ,GESPRA* 9DICATES ?IS4 ,BUT HE HAD ! MIS=TUNE TO DRAG \T HIS DAYS UND] ! YOKE ( A MIS]ABLE PETTY DESPOT & P]HAPS C\LD NOT V5TURE TO GIVE PUBLICITY TO HIS ULTIMATE ?\<TS4 ,?AT ,LESS+ WAS P]FECTLY CLE> AS TO ! F>-REA*+ IMPORTANCE ( !SE L9ES ( ?\<T IS %[N BY ! REPORT ( HIS FRI5D ,JACOBI 9 #a#g#h#a3 

,LESS+ HAD ! LIVELIE/ P]CEPTION ( ! RIDICUL\S & MIS*IEV\S 9 ALL POLITICAL MA*9]Y4 ,9 AN 9T]VIEW HE ONCE BECAME SO EXCIT$ ?AT HE DECL>$ ?AT B\RGEOIS SOCIETY MU/ YET BE COMPLETELY DONE AWAY )1 & AS CRAZY AS ?IS S\NDS1 JU/ ?AT CLOSE IS IT TO ! TRU?3 ,M5 WILL BE WELL GOV]N$ ONLY :5 !Y NO LONG] NE$ GOV]NM5T4 

,ALONG SIMIL> PA?S TRAVEL$ ,H]D]1 :O ESPECIALLY 9 HIS ,IDE5 ZUR ,PHILOSOPHIE D] ,GES*I*TE D] ,M5S*HEIT MADE ! ATTEMPT TO UND]/& HI/ORICALLY ! ORIG9 ( ! /ATE4 ,HE REG>D$ ! /ATE AS A PRODUCT ( LAT] TIMES1 TRACEABLE TO QUITE DIFF]5T ASSUMPTIONS FROM ?OSE GIV+ RISE TO SOCIAL COMB9ATIONS 9 ! NATURAL /ATE ( HUMANITY4 ,9 ?AT CONDITION MAN KNEW ONLY A 0NATURAL GOV]NM5T10 :I* WAS BAS$ NEI!R ON OV]LORD%IP NOR ON ! SEP>ATION ( SOCIETY 9TO V>I\S RANKS & CA/ES1 & :I*1 !RE=E1 PURSU$ QUITE DIFF]5T AIMS FROM ?OSE ( ! /ATE1 ) ITS >TIFICIAL /RUCTURE4 

,AS LONG AS A FA!R RUL$ OV] HIS FAMILY HE WAS A FA!R & P]MITT$ HIS SONS TO BECOME FA!RS1 TOO1 & S\<T TO CONTROL !M BY C\NSEL4 ,AS LONG AS SEV]AL FAMILIES BY FREE DELIB]ATION *OSE JUDGES & LEAD]S = A P>TICUL> MATT]1 SO LONG W]E !SE (FICEHOLD]S JU/ S]VANTS ( ! COMMON PURPOSE1 *OS5 LEAD]S ( ! ASSEMBLY2 ! NAMES LORD1 K+1 ABSOLUTE1 >BITR>Y1 H]$IT>Y DESPOT1 W]E TO ! PEOPLE ) ?IS ORGANIZATION A ?+ UNHE>D (4 

,BUT ?IS *ANG$1 AS ,H]D] ?\<T1 :5 0B>B>IAN HORDES0 FELL UPON O!R PEOPLES1 SEIZ$ UPON !IR DWELL+ PLACES & 5SLAV$ ! 9HABITANTS4 ,) ?IS1 ACCORD+ TO HIS NOTION1 >OSE ! FIR/ /ATE ( COMPULSION1 & !RE DEVELOP$ ! BEG9N+S ( ! PRES5T GOV]NM5TS 9 ,EUROPE4 ,PR9CIPALITIES1 NOBILITY1 FEUDALISM & S]FDOM >E ! RESULTS ( ?IS NEW /ATUS & SUPPLANT ! NATURAL LAW ( PA/ TIMES4 ,= W> IS ! 9TRODUCTION TO ALL LAT] 5SLAVEM5T & TYRANNY AMONG M54 

,HI/ORY PROCE$S ALONG ?IS K+LY PA?1 & FACTS ( HI/ORY >E NOT TO BE D5I$4 ,:AT BR\<T ! WORLD UND] ,ROME8 ,GREECE & ! ,ORI5T UND] ,ALEX&]8 ,:AT SET UP ! GREAT MON>*IES BACK TO ,SESO/RIS & ! LEG5D>Y ,SEMIRAMIS & !N OV]?REW !M8 ,W>4 ,CONQUE/ BY VIOL5CE ?US TOOK ! PLACE ( RI<T1 & LAT] BY ! LAPSE ( YE>S OR1 AS \R /ATE !ORI/S SAY1 BY SIL5T CONTRACT1 BECAME LAW4 ,! SIL5T CONTRACT 9 ?IS CASE1 H[EV]1 MEANS NO?+ MORE ?AN ?AT ! /RONG TAKES :AT HE WANTS1 & ! WEAK] GIVES & 5DURES1 BECAUSE HE CAN DO NO?+ ELSE4 

,?US !RE >OSE1 ACCORD+ TO ,H]D]1 A NEW /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY & ) IT A NEW CONCEPTION ( LAW4 ,! POLITICAL GOV]NM5T ( ! CONQU]OR SUPPLANTS ! 0NATURAL GOV]NM5T0 ( ! FREELY =M$ ALLIANCES2 NATURAL LAW YIELDS TO ! POSITIVE LAW ( ! LEGISLATOR4 ,! ]A ( ! /ATE BEG9S1 ! ]A ( ! NATIONS OR /ATEPEOPLES4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,H]D]'S NOTION ! /ATE IS A CO]CIVE 9/ITUTION4 ,ITS ORIG9 CAN1 IT IS TRUE1 BE EXPLA9$ HI/ORICALLY1 BUT IT CANNOT BE JU/IFI$ MORALLY2 LEA/ ( ALL :]E AN ALI5 RUL+ CA/E ( CONQU]ORS HOLDS AN OPPRESS$ PEOPLE UND] ,ITS YOKE4 

,H]D]'S :OLE CONCEPTION %[S PLA9LY ! 9FLU5CE ( ,HUME1 ,%AFTESBURY1 ,LEIBNITZ1 & ESPECIALLY ( ,DID]OT1 :OM ,H]D] RESPECT$ HI<LY & :OSE P]SONAL ACQUA9TANCE HE HAD MADE 9 ,P>IS4 ,H]D] RECOGNIZ$ 9 ! /ATE A ?+ ?AT HAD >IS5 HI/ORICALLY1 BUT HE FELT ALSO ?AT BY ITS /&>DIZ+ ( HUMAN P]SONALITY IT C\LD BUT BECOME A CANC] ON ! CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T ( MANK9D4 ,!RE=E ! 0SIMPLE HAPP9ESS ( 9DIVIDUAL M50 SEEM$ TO HIM MORE DESIRABLE ?AN ! 0EXP5SIVE /ATEMA*9ES0 :I* MADE !IR APPE>ANCE ) ! L>G] SOCIETIES WELD$ TOGE!R BY CONQUE/ & BRUTE =CE4 

,S*ILL] ALSO1 DESPITE HIS BE+ /RONGLY 9FLU5C$ BY ,KANT1 9 HIS CONCEPTION ( ! /ATE FOLL[$ ! VIEWS ( ! NATURAL RI<TS S*OOL1 :I* W\LD ACKN[L$GE ! PROPRIETY ( ANY ACTIVITY ( ! /ATE ONLY 9 SO F> AS IT FUR!R$ ! HAPP9ESS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,9 HIS ,BRIEFE UB] DIE AES!TIS*E ,]ZIEHUNG DES ,M5S*5GES*LE*TS HE PUTS HIS ATTITUDE T[>D MAN & ! /ATE 9 !SE WORDS3 

,& ,I BELIEVE ?AT ANY S+LE HUMAN S\L DEVELOP+ ITS P[]S IS MORE ?AN ! GREAT HUMAN SOCIETY1 :5 ,I REG>D ?IS AS A :OLE4 ,! /ATE IS A MATT] ( *ANCE1 BUT MAN IS A NECESS>Y BE+1 & ?R\< :AT ELSE IS A /ATE GREAT & V5]ABLE EXCEPT ?R\< ! /R5G? ( ITS 9DIVIDUALS4 ,! /ATE IS ONLY A PRODUCT ( HUMAN /R5G?1 BUT MAN IS ! S\RCE ( ! /R5G? & ! CREATOR ( ! IDEA4 

,ALSO *>ACT]I/IC ( ,S*ILL]'S VIEW IS ! APHORISM1 0,! ,BE/ ,/ATE0 9 ! VOTIVE TABLETS3 

,H[ DO ,I RECOGNIZE ! BE/ /ATE8 ,JU/ AS Y\ RECOGNIZE ! BE/ WOMAN -- JU/1 MY FRI5D1 BECAUSE NO ONE SPEAKS ( EI!R4 

,9 ITS MEAN+ ?IS IS M]ELY A P>APHRASE ( ! ,JEFF]SONIAN IDEA3 0,?AT GOV]NM5T IS BE/ :I* GOV]NS LEA/40 ,A SIMIL> IDEA UND]LIES ALSO ! APHORISM1 0,! ,BE/ ,/ATE ,CON/ITUTION03 

,I CAN RECOGNIZE AS SU* ONLY ?AT ONE :I* EA* CAN EASILY ?9K GOOD1 BUT :I* NEV] REQUIRES ?AT HE %ALL ?9K SO4 

,?IS 9NATE RESI/ANCE TO ! IDEA ( A /ATE :I* C\LD PRESCRIBE = M5 ! MANN] ( !IR ?9K+1 EV5 :5 ! ?\<TS C\LD BE CALL$ GOOD1 IS *>ACT]I/IC ( ! 9TELLECTUAL ATTITUDE ( ! BE/ M9DS ( ?AT TIME4 ,PEOPLE !N W\LD NOT HAVE UND]/OOD ! PAT5T MODEL CITIZ5 ( ! /ATE ADVANC$ TODAY BY ! SUPPORT]S ( 0NATIONALISM0 AS A PATRIOTIC IDEAL :I*1 !Y BELIEVE1 CAN BE >TIFICIALLY CREAT$ BY 0G5U9ELY NATIONAL LEGISLATION0 OR A 0/RICTLY NATIONAL $UCATION40 

,GOE! VIEW$ ! POLITICAL PROBLEMS ( HIS TIME ) APP>5T 9DIFF]5CE1 P]HAPS BECAUSE HE HAD RECOGNIZ$ ?AT 0LIB]TIES0 DO NOT CON/ITUTE ! ESS5CE ( LIB]TY1 & ?AT LIB]TY CANNOT BE R$UC$ TO A POLITICAL =MULA4 ,AS PRIVY C\NCILOR1 C\RTI]1 M9I/]1 ,GOE! WAS (T5 %OCK+LY N>R[-M9D$ & GUILTY ( %AMEFUL MEANNESS4 ,?IS MAY BE ATTRIBUT$ 9 NO SMALL MEASURE TO ! DI/RESS+ RE/RA9TS ( ! ,G]MAN SOCIAL LIFE ( ! DAY4 ,NO ONE FELT ! GULF BETWE5 HIMSELF & HIS PEOPLE AS DEEPLY AS DID ,GOE! HIMSELF1 HE NEV] GOT CLOSE TO ?AT PEOPLE1 & REMA9S TO ?IS V]Y DAY ON ! :OLE A /RANG] TO !M4 ,JU/ BECAUSE HIS VIEW ( ! WORLD WAS SO MANY-SID$ & ALL-EMBRAC+ HE WAS ( NECESSITY ALL ! MORE PA9FULLY AW>E ( ! COMPLETE REPRESSIV5ESS ( ! SOCIAL LIFE 9 :I* HE WAS 5ME%$4 ,GOE!'S ROOTS W]E NOT 9 HIS PEOPLE4 0,AMONG ! ,G]MAN PEOPLE !RE PREVAILS A SORT ( SPIRITUAL EXALTATION ?AT IS ALI5 TO MY NATURE10 HE SAID TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,C\NT ,/ROGAN(F4 0,>T & PHILOSOPHY /& DIVORC$ FROM LIFE1 AB/RACT 9 *>ACT]1 REMOTE FROM ! NATURAL SPR+S :I* %\LD FE$ !M40 

,9 !SE WORDS IS REFLECT$ ! GAP ?AT DIVID$ ,GOE! FROM HIS ,G]MAN CONTEMPOR>IES2 HE M]ELY SUNK HIS ROOTS DEEP] 9TO ! FIR/ CAUSE ( EV]Y?+ HUMAN4 ,! SILLY TWADDLE AB\T ! 09N] H>MONY ( S\L ( ! GREAT ,OLYMPIAN0 HAS LONG BE5 RECOGNIZ$ AS A CONV5TIONAL LIE4 ,A CLEFT RAN ?R\< ,GOE!'S :OLE NATURE1 & ! VA9 EF=T TO MA/] ?IS CLEAVAGE WAS P]HAPS ! MO/ H]OIC SIDE ( ?IS /RANGE LIFE4 

,BUT ,GOE! ! POET & SE]1 :O 9 ! F>-REA*+ VISION ( HIS G5IUS EMBRAC$ ! CULTURE ( C5TURIES1 ! MAN :O RO>$ AT ! WORLD 9 HIS 0,PROME!US00! GREATE/ REVOLUTION>Y POEM ?AT WAS EV] WRITT510 AS ,BR&ES JU/LY SAID WAS TOO GREAT AN ADMIR] ( HUMAN P]SONALITY TO BE WILL+ TO SURR5D] HIMSELF TO ! DEAD GE>+ ( AN ALL LEVEL+ MA*9E4 

,FOLK & CONQU]OR & ?RALL1 

,!SE 9 EV]Y AGE WE SEE3 

,BE/ =TUNE TO ,E>?'S *ILD CAN FALL 

,IS JU/ HIS P]SONALITY4 

,AT ! V]Y BOTTOM ( HIS BE+ ,GOE! WAS ALWAYS FAI?FUL TO ?IS VIEW4 ,9 ! FIR/ P>T ( ! ,FAU/ HE HAD P5N$ ! IMPRESSIVE L9ES3 

,ALL RI<TS & LAWS >E /ILL TRANSMITT$ 

,LIKE AN ET]NAL SICKNESS ( ! RACE 

,FROM G5]ATION UNTO G5]ATION FITT$ 

,& %IFT$ R\ND FROM PLACE TO PLACE4 

,REASON BECOMES A %AM1 B5EFIC5CE A WORRY4 

,?\ >T A GR&*ILD2 !RE=E WOE TO !E6 

,! RI<T BORN ) US1 \RS 9 V]ITY1 

,?IS TO CONSULT1 ALAS6 !RE IS NO HURRY4 

,AS AN OLD MAN HE /ILL PROCLAIM$3 

,YES1 ,I AM ALTOGE!R ( ?AT M9D2 

,?AT IS WISDOM'S F9AL VIEW3 

,FRE$OM & LIFE ?AT MAN ALONE %\LD F9D 

,:O DAILY CONQU]S !M ANEW4 

,& SO1 :ILE DANG]S R\ND !M RAGE1 

,!Y FI<T ?R\< *ILDHOOD1 MANHOOD & OLD AGE4 

,SU* A ?RONG ,I'D LIKE TO SEE 

,/& ON FREE SOIL AMID A PEOPLE FREE4 

,9 H>DLY ANY O!R S5SE ?AN ?IS CAN WE UND]/& ! SAY+ 9 ! ,MAXIM53 0,:I* GOV]NM5T IS ! BE/8 ,?AT ONE :I* TEA*ES US TO GOV]N \RSELVES40 

,! POLITICAL RADICALISM ( ! ,5GLI%1 & ! ,FR5* LIT]ATURE ( 5LI<T5M5T1 HAD A /RONG 9FLU5CE ALSO UPON ,WIEL&1 :OSE CONCEPTION ( ! RELATION ( M5 TO ! /ATE RE/$ 5TIRELY UPON NATURAL RI<T4 ,?IS F9DS EXPRESSION ESPECIALLY 9 HIS ,D] ,GOLD5E ,SPIEGEL & ,NA*LASS DES ,DIOG5ES VON ,S9OPE4 ,?AT ,WIEL& *OSE JU/ ?IS ANCI5T SAGE ( ,COR9? AS ! SPOKESMAN = HIS IDEAS IS 9 ITSELF HI<LY 9DICATIVE ( ! S*OOL ( ?\<T ?AT HE FOLL[$4 

,WE %ALL M5TION H]E ALSO ,G4 ,*4 ,LI*T5B]G1 :OSE 9TELLECTUAL ATTITUDE D]IV$ FROM ,SWIFT1 ,FIELD+1 & ,/]NE1 & :O WAS !RE=E KE5LY S5SITIVE TO ! MIS]Y ( ,G]MAN CONDITIONS2 LIKEWISE1 ,J4 ,G4 ,SEUME2 & ABOVE ALL1 ,JEAN ,PAUL1 ?AT FIRM DEF5D] ( FRE$OM :O1 LIKE ,H]D]1 TRAC$ ! ORIG9 ( ! /ATE TO CONQUE/ & SLAV]Y1 & :OSE WORKS HAD SU* A COMPELL+ 9FLU5CE ON ! BE/ ( HIS CONTEMPOR>IES4 ,! MANLY WORDS :I* HE %\T$ 9TO ! E>S ( ! ,G]MANS 9 HIS ,DECL>ATION ( ,W> ,AGA9/ ,W> >E1 ALAS1 =GOTT5 9 ,G]MANY TODAY2 BUT >E NOT1 = ?AT1 ! LESS TRUE4 

,NO BOOK WILL CONQU] ! CONQU]OR OR P]SUADE HIM1 BUT ONE MU/ SPEAK \T AGA9/ ! POISON\S ADMIRATION ( HIM4 ,S*ELL+ SPEAKS ( 0AN ALMO/ DIV9E RI<T ( ! CONQU]OR02 BUT HE HAS AGA9/ HIM ! HI<WAYM51 :O 9 ?IS MATT] MAY MAKE ! SAME CLAIM = !MSELVES 9 ! FACE ( AN ,ALEX&] OR A ,CES>1 & :O1 MOREOV]1 HAVE ON !IR SIDE1 ! ,EMP]OR ,M>CUS ,AURELIUS1 :O HAD ! ROBB]S HE CONQU]$ 9 ,DALMATIA 5LI/$ AS SOLDI]S4 

,& ,HOLD]L91 ! UNHAPPY POET :O 9 HIS ,HYP]ION FLUNG SU* FRI<TFUL TRU?S 9TO ! FACES ( ! ,G]MANS1 WROTE !SE PREGNANT WORDS3 

,Y\ ATTRIBUTE TO ! /ATE QUITE TOO MU* P[]4 ,IT CANNOT DEM& :AT IT CANNOT COMPEL4 ,:AT COMES AS ! GIFT ( LOVE OR ( 9TELLECT CANNOT BE COMPELL$4 ,?AT1 IT MAY LET ALONE1 OR IT MAY TAKE ITS LAWS & SET IT 9 ! PILLORY6 ,BY ,HEAV56 ,HE KN[S NOT :AT A S9 HE COMMITS :O SEEKS TO MAKE ! /ATE A S*OOL = MORALS4 ,! /ATE HAS ALWAYS MADE A HELL \T ( ?AT :I* MAN WANT$ IT TO MAKE 9TO A HEAV54 ,! /ATE IS ! R\< HUSK ON ! K]NEL ( LIFE1 & IT IS NO?+ ELSE4 ,IT IS ! WALL >\ND ! G>D5 ( HUMAN FRUITS & FL[]S4 ,BUT :AT IS ! USE ( A WALL >\ND A G>D5 IF ! SOIL LIES DRY8 ,! ONLY ?+ ?AT ASSI/S VEGETATION IS RA9 FROM HEAV54 

,SU* IDEAS W]E ALMO/ UNIV]SAL AMONG ! M5 TO :OM ,G]MANY [ES ! REBIR? ( ITS 9TELLECTUAL LIFE1 AL?\<1 BECAUSE ( ! SAD DISORGANIZATION ( ,G]MAN AFFAIRS & ! UNRE/RA9$ CAPRICE ( ! TYPICAL ,G]MAN PETTY DESPOTISM1 IT WAS NOT ALWAYS & EV]Y:]E SET =? ) ! SAME VIGOR & CONSI/5CY AS 9 ,5GL& & ,FRANCE4 ,WE DO F9D1 H[EV]1 9 ALL !SE M5 A /RONG LEAN+ T[>D WORLDCITIZ5%IP4 ,!IR M9DS W]E NOT LIMIT$ BY NATIONAL IDEAS1 BUT EMBRAC$ ! :OLE ( MANK9D4 ,H]D]'S ,IDE5 ZUR ,PHILOSOPHIE D] ,GES*I*TE D] ,M5S*HE/ & HIS +5I\S ,BRIEFE ZUR ,BE=D]UNG D] ,HUMANITAT 70,LETT]S = ! ,ADVANCEM5T ( ,HUMANITY07 >E SPL5DID EVID5CE ( ?IS SPIRIT1 :I* WAS /RIK+ DEEP 9TO ! BE/ M9DS UNTIL IT WAS RE/RICT$ = A TIME BY ! SOCALL$ 0W>S ( LIB]ATION0 G ! 9TELLECTUAL PRECIPITATE FROM ! IDEAS ( ,KANT1 ,FI*TE1 & ,HEGEL2 & ! ,ROMANTICS' CONCEPT ( ! /ATE4 

,LESS+ REVEAL$ 9 HIS LETT]S TO ,GLEIM HIS UTT] LACK ( ! PRESCRIB$ PATRIOTIC S5TIM5T3 0,IT IS TRUE ?AT P]HAPS EV5 9 ME ! PATRIOT IS NOT COMPLETELY SMO!R$1 AL?\< ! REPUTATION ( A ZEAL\S PATRIOT IS1 ACCORD+ TO MY WAY ( ?9K+1 ! LA/ = :I* ,I %\LD BE AT ALL GRE$Y2 ?AT PATRIOT1 ?AT IS1 :O W\LD TEA* ME TO =GET ?AT ,I \<T TO BE A CITIZ5 ( ! WORLD40 ,9 ANO!R PLACE HE SAYS3 0,I HAVE NO CONCEPTION AT ALL ( ! LOVE ( ! ,FA!RL& 7,I AM SORRY ?AT ,I MU/1 P]HAPS TO MY %AME1 CONFESS IT71 & IT SEEMS TO ME AT BE/ A H]OIC WEAKNESS :I* ,I AM RI<T GLAD TO BE )\T40 

,S*ILL] ALSO1 :OM ! /AUN* ,G]MAN ( TODAY NOISILY HAILS AS ! GREAT H]ALD ( NATIONAL 9T]E/S 79 SUPPORT ( :I* HE USUALLY CITES A QUOTATION FROM ,WILHELM ,TELL1 SCORNFULLY /YL$ BY ,FRI$RI* ,I,V AS 0A PIECE = ,JEWS & REVOLUTION>IES02 & ! WELL-KN[N SAY+ FROM ! ,JUNGFRAU VON ,ORLEANS3 0,! NATION IS CONTEMPTIBLE ?AT WILL NOT GLADLY RISK EV]Y?+ = ITS HONOR60 :I*1 TORN FROM ITS CONTEXT1 IS MADE TO CONVEY A TOTALLY DIFF]5T MEAN+ FROM ?AT 9T5D$7,S*ILL] ALSO DECL>ES1 ) ! ASSURANCE ( ! CITIZ5 ( ! WORLD3 

,WE MOD]NS HAVE AT \R COMM& AN 9T]E/ ?AT WAS NOT KN[N TO ! ,GREEKS OR ! ,ROMANS & :I* PATRIOTIC 9T]E/ DOES NOT MEASURE UP TO BY F>4 ,! LATT] IS IMPORTANT1 ANYH[1 ONLY = IMMATURE NATIONS1 = ! Y\? ( ! WORLD4 ,IT IS A QUITE DIFF]5T 9T]E/ TO REPRES5T =CEFULLY TO MAN EV]Y NOTEWOR?Y EV5T ?AT HAS HAPP5$ TO M54 ,IT IS A PITIFUL1 PETTY IDEAL TO WRITE = ONE NATION2 TO A MAN ( PHILOSOPHICAL M9D ?IS LIMITATION IS UTT]LY 9TOL]ABLE4 ,HE CANNOT RE/ CONT5T ) SU* A *ANGEABLE1 ACCID5TAL1 & >BITR>Y =M ( HUMANITY1 ) A FRAGM5T 7& :AT ELSE IS ! MO/ IMPORTANT NATION874 ,HE CAN W>M HIMSELF TO 5?USIASM = ! NATION ONLY SO F> AS ! NATION1 OR NATIONAL EV5T1 IS AN IMPORTANT CONDITION = ! PROGRESS ( ! RACE4 

,( ,GOE!1 :O HAD ASS]T$ ( HIMSELF3 0,! S5SE & SIGNIFICANCE ( MY WRIT+S & MY LIFE IS ! TRIUMPH ( ! PURELY HUMAN10 & :OSE LACK ( PATRIOTIC S5TIM5T AT ! TIME ( ! 0W>S ( LIB]ATION0 HAS NOT YET BE5 =GOTT51 NO?+ MORE NE$ BE SAID4 

,! 9DU/RI\S H]ALDS ( ! ,?IRD ,REI* TODAY PROCLAIM 9 ?UND]\S TONES ?AT LIB]ALISM IS 0AN UN-,G]MAN PRODUCT0 &1 LIKE ,H]R ,MOELL] VAN D5 ,BRUCK1 KEEP REPEAT+ ) GRAMOPHONIC P]SI/5CE3 0,LIB]ALISM IS ! FRE$OM TO HAVE NO CONVICTIONS & AT ! SAME TIME TO CLAIM ?AT EV5 ?IS IS A CONVICTION40 ,ONE CAN ONLY REPLY ?AT ?IS 0UN-,G]MAN PRODUCT0 WAS ONCE ! COMMON 9TELLECTUAL PROP]TY ( ?OSE :O MADE ,G]MANY 9TO A CULTURAL COMMUNITY AGA9 AFT] POLITICAL & SOCIAL B>B>ISM HAD SMO!R$ ! 9TELLECTUAL LIFE ( ! C\NTRY = C5TURIES4 ,IT WAS \T ( ?AT 0LACK ( CONVICTION0 ?AT ,G]MANY WAS BORN ANEW4 

,9 HIS ESSAY1 ,SOME ,IDEAS = AN ,ATTEMPT TO ,DET]M9E ! ,LIMITS ( ! ,EFFECTIV5ESS ( ! ,/ATE1 ,WILHELM VON ,HUMBOLDT PRES5T$ A SOCIAL-PHILOSOPHICAL SUMM>Y ( :AT MOV$ ! REF\ND]S ( ,G]MAN LIT]ATURE & POESY MO/ DEEPLY4 ,?IS +5I\S WORK WAS WRITT5 9 #agib UND] ! IMM$IATE 9FLU5CE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y EV5TS 9 ,FRANCE ?\< ONLY SEP>ATE EXTRACTS APPE>$ 9 PR9T AT ?AT TIME 9 V>I\S ,G]MAN P]IODICALS2 IT WAS NOT PUBLI%$ AS A :OLE UNTIL #a#h#e#a1 AFT] ! DEA? ( ! AU?OR4 ,CONC]N+ ! PURPOSE ( HIS EF=T ,HUMBOLDT WROTE1 9 ,JUNE ( #a#g#i#b1 TO ! 9TELLECTUALLY SYMPA!TIC ,GEORG ,=/]3 0,I HAVE TRI$ TO COMBAT ! LU/ TO GOV]N & HAVE EV]Y:]E DRAWN MORE CLOSELY ! LIMITS ( ! ACTIVITY ( ! /ATE40 

,HUMBOLDT ATTACK$ FIR/ ( ALL ! BASELESS IDEA ?AT ! /ATE C\LD GIVE TO M5 ANY?+ :I* IT HAD NOT FIR/ RECEIV$ FROM M54 ,ESPECIALLY REPUGNANT TO HIM WAS ! IDEA ?AT ! /ATE WAS CALL$ TO UPLIFT ! MORAL QUALITIES ( MAN1 A DELUSION :I* LAT]1 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ,HEGEL1 BEFOGG$ ! BE/ M9DS 9 ,G]MANY4 ,AS A SWORN OPPON5T ( ANY UNI=MITY ( ?\<T ,HUMBOLDT REJECT$ FUNDAM5TALLY ANY /&>DIZ+ ( MORAL CONCEPTS & BOLDLY DECL>$3 0,! HI<E/ & F9AL PURPOSE ( EV]Y HUMAN BE+ IS ! DEVELOPM5T ( HIS P[]S 9 !IR P]SONAL PECULI>ITY40 ,FRE$OM1 !RE=E1 SEEMS TO HIM ! ONLY GU>ANTEE ( MAN'S CULTURAL & 9TELLECTUAL ADVANCE & ! UNFOLD+ ( HIS BE/ MORAL & SOCIAL POSSIBILITIES4 ,HE WI%$ TO PROTECT M5 AGA9/ ! DEAD GE>WORK ( ! POLITICAL MA*9E 9TO :OSE UNFEEL+ GRASP WE HAVE FALL52 H5CE HIS OPPOSITION TO EV]Y?+ ?AT IS ME*ANICAL & =C$2 ?AT IS SUSCEPTIBLE ( NO 9TELLECTUAL VITALIZ+4 ,= HE HOLDS ?AT AUTOMATIC CONSI/5CY /IFLES EV]Y BREA? ( LIFE4 

,BUT REALLY1 FRE$OM IS ! NECESS>Y CONDITION )\T :I* ! MO/ S\LFUL UND]TAK+ CAN PRODUCE NO :OLESOME EFFECTS ( ?IS SORT4 ,A ?+ :I* MAN HAS NOT *OS5 = HIMSELF1 A ?+ 9 :I* HE IS M]ELY CON/RA9$ & GUID$ CAN NEV] BECOME A P>T ( HIS NATURE2 IT ALWAYS REMA9S ALI5 TO HIM2 HE DOES NOT REALLY C>RY IT \T ) HUMAN VIGOR1 M]ELY ) ME*ANICAL SKILL4 

,!RE=E ,HUMBOLDT WANT$ TO SEE ! ACTIVITY ( ! /ATE RE/RICT$ TO ! ACTUALLY 9DISP5SABLE & TO 5TRU/ TO IT ONLY ?OSE FIELDS ?AT W]E CONC]N$ ) ! P]SONAL SAFETY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,:ATEV] W5T BEYOND ?IS SEEM$ TO HIM EVIL & A =CIBLE 9VASION ( ! RI<TS ( ! P]SONALITY1 :I* C\LD ONLY WORK \T 9JURI\SLY4 ,PRUSSIA GAVE HIM 9 ?IS REG>D ! MO/ 9/RUCTIVE EXAMPLE = 9 NO O!R C\NTRY HAD /ATE GU>DIAN%IP ASSUM$ SU* MON/R\S =MS AS !RE1 :]E UND] ! >BITR>Y DOM9ION ( S\LLESS DESPOTS ! SCEPT] HAD BECOME A CORPORAL'S BATON 9 CIVIL AFFAIRS4 ,?IS W5T SO F> ?AT UND] ,FRI$RI* ,WILHELM EV5 ! ACTORS 9 ! ROYAL !AT] 9 ,B]L9 W]E SUBJECT$ TO MILIT>Y DISCIPL9E & A PECULI> SPECIAL ORD] WAS PUT 9 =CE 0ACCORD+ TO :I* ! >TI/S1 ( :ATEV] RANK OR SEX1 W]E TO BE TREAT$ = ANY VIOLATION ( ! REGULATIONS LIKE SOLDI]S OR REBELS40 .<#f.> 

,! SAME SPIRIT :I* SAW 9 ! ABJECT DEBASEM5T ( MAN TO A LIFELESS MA*9E ! HI<E/ WISDOM ( ALL /ATECRAFT & LAUD$ ! BL9DE/ DEAD OB$I5CE AS ! HI<E/ VIRTUE1 CELEBRATES 9 ,G]MANY TODAY ITS %AMELESS RESURRECTION1 POISON+ ! HE>T ( Y\?1 DEAD5+ ITS CONSCI5CE & ?R[+ TO ! DOGS ITS HUMANITY4 

,9 ,FRANCE ALSO ! GREAT R5EW]S ( 9TELLECTUAL LIFE BE=E ! REVOLUTION W]E 9SPIR$ 9 MANY WAYS BY ! IDEAS ( POLITICAL RADICALISM 9 ,5GL&4 ,MONTESQUIEU1 ,VOLTAIRE1 ,HELVETIUS1 ,HOLBA*1 ,DID]OT1 ,CONDORCET & MANY O!RS W5T TO S*OOL TO ! ,5GLI%4 ,( C\RSE1 ! ADOPT$ IDEAS TOOK ON AMONG ! ,FR5*M5 A SPECIAL COLORATION1 :I* CAN BE 9 L>GE P>T ATTRIBUT$ TO ! PECULI> SOCIAL CONDITIONS 9 ! C\NTRY1 :I* DIFF]$ ESS5TIALLY FROM ?OSE PREVAIL+ 9 ,5GL&4 ,) ! EXCEPTION ( ,DID]OT & ,CONDORCET MO/ ( ! POLITICAL 9NOVATORS 9 ,FRANCE W]E CLOS] TO A DEMOCRACY 9 !IR L9E ( ?\<T ?AN TO G5U9E LIB]ALISM &1 DESPITE !IR %>P ATTACKS ON ABSOLUTISM1 CONTRIBUT$ MAT]IALLY TO /R5G!N ! P[] ( ! /ATE BY FE$+ ?AT BL9D FAI? 9 ! OMNIPOT5CE ( LEGISLATIVE BODIES & WRITT5 LAWS :I* WAS TO BE SO DISA/R\S 9 ITS CONSEQU5CES4 

,) ,VOLTAIRE1 :O WAS CONC]N$ *IEFLY AB\T ! MO/ WIDELY CONCEIV$ 0FRE$OM ( ?\<T10 ! QUE/ION ( ! =M ( GOV]NM5T PLAY$ A RA!R SUBORD9ATE P>T4 ,AN 5LI<T5$ MON>* SURR\ND$ BY ! 9TELLECTUAL ELITE ( ! C\NTRY W\LD HAVE SATISFI$ HIS DEM&S COMPLETELY4 ,VOLTAIRE WAS1 IT IS TRUE1 A COMBATIVE SPIRIT1 ALWAYS READY 9 9DIVIDUAL 9/ANCES TO 5T] ! LI/S AGA9/ TRADITIONAL PREJUDICE & P]PETRAT$ 9JU/ICE2 BUT A REVOLUTION>Y 9 ! PROP] S5SE HE WAS NOT4 ,NO?+ LAY FUR!R FROM HIS ?\<T ?AN A SOCIAL UPHEAVAL1 AL?\< HE IS C\NT$ AMONG ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( ! M9DS ?AT MADE ! 9TELLECTUAL PREP>ATION = ! GREAT REVOLUTION 9 ,FRANCE4 ,LEA/ ( ALL WAS HE ! SUPPORT] ( ANY DEF9ITE POLITICAL SY/EM2 !RE=E HE C\LD NOT EX]T ! 9FLU5CE ( ,R\SSEAU OR ,MONTESQUIEU ON ! SOCIALPOLITICAL /RUCTURE ( ! APPROA*+ REVOLUTION4 

,! SAME HOLDS GOOD = ,DID]OT1 :O WAS C]TA9LY ! MO/ COMPREH5SIVE M9D ( HIS TIME1 & JU/ = ?AT REASON ! LEA/ ADAPT$ = A POLITICAL P>TY PROGRAM4 ,& YET ,DID]OT W5T MU* F>!R ?AN ANY ( HIS CONTEMPOR>IES 9 HIS SOCIALCRITICAL CONCLUSIONS4 ,9 HIM IS F\ND ! PURE/ EMBODIM5T ( ! LIB]AL M9D 9 ,FRANCE4 ,AN 5?USIA/IC ADH]5T ( ! RIS+ NATURAL SCI5CE1 HE REVOLT$ AGA9/ ?AT >TIFICIAL ?9K+ :I*1 ) 9NATE HO/ILITY1 BLOCK$ ! WAY TO A NATURAL >RANGEM5T ( ! =MS ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 FRE$OM SEEM$ TO HIM ! BEG9N+ & ! 5D ( ALL ?+S2 FRE$OM WAS1 H[EV]1 = ,DID]OT 0! POSSIBILITY ( AN ACTION'S BEG9N+ QUITE ( ITSELF1 9DEP5D5T ( EV]Y?+ PA/10 AS HE SO CLEV]LY DEF9$ IT 9 HIS 0,CONV]SATION ) D',ALEMB]T40 ,! :OLE ( NATURE1 9 HIS VIEW1 EXI/$ TO DEMON/RATE ! OCCURR5CE ( PH5OM5A ( !MSELVES4 ,)\T FRE$OM1 ! HI/ORY ( HUMANITY W\LD HAVE HAD NO MEAN+ AT ALL1 = IT WAS FRE$OM ?AT EFFECT$ EV]Y RECON/RUCTION ( SOCIETY & CLE>$ ! WAY = EV]Y ORIG9AL ?\<T4 

,) SU* A CONCEPTION ! ,FR5* ?9K] C\LD NOT FAIL TO >RIVE AT CONCLUSIONS SIMIL> TO ?OSE REA*$ LAT] BY ,WILLIAM ,GODW94 ,HE DID NOT1 LIKE ,GODW91 ASSEMBLE HIS IDEAS 9 A SPECIAL WORK2 BUT /REWN ALL ?R\< HIS WRIT+S >E CLE> EVID5CES ?AT HIS UTT]ANCE TO D',ALEMB]T WAS NOT JU/ A *ANCE REM>K1 ( ! DEEP] MEAN+ ( :I* HE WAS HIMSELF UNAW>E4 ,NO4 ,IT WAS ! 9N]MO/ CORE ( HIS [N BE+ ?AT COMPELL$ HIM TO SPEAK ?US4 ,:I*EV] ( HIS WORKS WE PICK UP1 WE F9D 9 IT ! EXPRESSION ( A G5U9ELY FREE M9D ?AT HAD NEV] COMMITT$ ITSELF TO ANY DOGMA & HAD1 !RE=E1 NEV] SURR5D]$ ITS UNLIMIT$ P[] ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,LET ONE READ HIS ,P5SEES SUR L'9T]PRETATION DE LA ,NATURE7 & ONE FEELS AT ONCE ?AT ?IS WOND]FUL HYMN TO NATURE & ALL LIFE C\LD HAVE BE5 WRITT5 ONLY BY A MAN :O HAD FRE$ HIMSELF FROM EV]Y 9N] BONDAGE4 ,IT WAS ?IS 9N]MO/ ESS5TIAL CORE ( ,DID]OT'S P]SONALITY :I* CALL$ =? FROM ! P5 ( ,GOE!1 TO :OM ,DID]OT WAS CLOSELY RELAT$ 9TELLECTUALLY1 ! WELL-KN[N WORDS 9 HIS LETT] TO ,ZELT]3 0,DID]OT IS ,DID]OT1 A UNIQUE 9DIVIDUAL2 :OEV] C>PS AT HIM & HIS CONC]NS IS A ,PHILI/9E1 & !RE >E LEGIONS ( !M4 ,BUT M5 DO NOT KN[ 5\< TO ACCEPT GRATEFULLY FROM ,GOD1 OR FROM NATURE1 OR FROM !IR [N K9D1 :AT IS ABOVE PRICE40 

,! LIB]T>IAN *>ACT] ( ,DID]OT'S ?\<T F9DS MO/ /RIK+ EXPRESSION 9 HIS %ORT] WRIT+S1 SU* AS ,5TRETI5S D'UN P]E AVEC SES 5FANTS1 :I* CONTA9S MU* MAT]IAL FROM ,DID]OT'S [N Y\?2 & V]Y P>TICUL>LY ! ,SUPPLEM5T AU VOYAGE DE ,B\GA9VILLE & ! POEM1 ,LES ,ELEU!ROMANES \ ABDICATION D'UN ROI DE LA FEVE4 .<#g.> 

,ALSO 9 NUM]\S >TICLES 9 ! MONUM5TAL ,5CYCLOP$IA1 :I* [$ ITS COMPLETION 5TIRELY TO ! T5ACI\S 5]GY ( ,DID]OT 7TO IT1 HE ALONE MADE OV] A ?\S& CONTRIBUTIONS71 ! FUNDAM5TAL IDEAS ( HIS PHILOSOPHY >E (T5 CLE>LY REVEAL$1 AL?\< ! PUBLI%] HAD TO EMPLOY ALL HIS CUNN+ TO DECEIVE ! WAT*FUL EYES ( ! ROYAL C5SOR%IP4 ,?US1 9 ! >TICLE1 0,AU?ORITY10 :I* HE CONTRIBUT$1 HE DECL>ES ?AT 0,NATURE GAVE NO MAN ! RI<T TO RULE OV] O!RS02 & TRACES EV]Y 9/ANCE ( P[] TO =CIBLE SUBJUGATION1 :I* 5DURES JU/ SO LONG AS ! MA/]S >E /RONG] ?AN ! SLAVES & DISAPPE>S AS SOON AS ! SITUATION IS REV]S$4 ,9 :I* CASE ! PREVI\SLY D[NTRODD5 HAVE ! SAME RI<T !IR =M] MA/]S 5JOY$ ( SUBJECT+ !M 9 TURN TO ! >BITR>Y :IM ( !IR TYRANNY4 

,MONTESQUIEU1 LIKE ,VOLTAIRE1 WAS /RONGLY 9FLU5C$ BY ! ,5GLI% CON/ITUTION & ! IDEAS :I* HAD BR\<T IT TO ITS EXI/+ /RUCTURE4 ,BUT1 9 CONTRA/ TO ,LOCKE & HIS SUCCESSORS1 HE DID NOT TAKE AS HIS BASIS ! PR9CIPLE ( NATURAL RI<T1 ! WEAK PO9TS ( :I* DID NOT ESCAPE HIM2 RA!R HE TRI$ TO EXPLA9 ! ORIG9 ( ! /ATE HI/ORICALLY4 ,9 ?IS ATTEMPT HE TOOK ! /&PO9T ?AT ! SE>* = AN IDEAL =M ( /ATE :I* %\LD BE EQUALLY VALID = ALL PEOPLES WAS AN ILLUSION1 BECAUSE EV]Y POLITICAL /RUCTURE GR[S \T ( DEF9ITE NATURAL CONDITIONS & MU/1 9 EV]Y C\NTRY1 ASSUME ! =MS DET]M9$ BY ! LOCAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,?US HE >GUES V]Y CLEV]LY 9 HIS PR9CIPAL WORK1 ,L'ESPRIT DES LOIS1 ?AT ! RESID5TS ( A FRUITFUL DI/RICT :I* IS MU* EXPOS$ TO ! DANG] ( CONQUE/ BY MILIT>Y ATTACK FROM )\T1 WILL AS A RULE VALUE !IR FRE$OM LESS HI<LY ?AN ! 9HABITANTS ( AN 9F]TILE REGION SURR\ND$ BY M\NTA9S1 & WILL MORE READILY SUBMIT TO A DESPOT :O WILL GU>ANTEE !M PROTECTION AGA9/ 9VASION4 ,& HE SUPPORTS HIS VIEW BY V>I\S 9T]E/+ EXAMPLES FROM HI/ORY4 

,MONTESQUIEU'S [N POLITICAL IDEAL WAS A CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y AFT] ! ,5GLI% PATT]N1 BAS$ ON ! REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM1 & ) SEP>ATION ( P[]S1 SO ?AT ! RI<TS ( ! CITIZ5S & ! /ABILITY ( ! /ATE %\LD NOT BE 5DANG]$ BY ! CONC5TRATION ( ALL ! 9/RUM5TS ( P[] 9 ! SAME H&S4 ,! ,FR5* ?9K] DI/+UI%$ BETWE5 DESPOTISMS1 :]E EV]Y ACTIVITY ( ! /ATE IS DET]M9$ BY ! >BITR>Y DECISION ( ! RUL]2 & TRUE MON>*IES1 OR EV5 REPUBLICS1 :]E ALL QUE/IONS ( PUBLIC LIFE >E SETTL$ BY LAWS4 ,LAWS >E = ,MONTESQUIEU NOT PRODUCTS ( >BITR>Y WILL1 BUT ADJU/M5TS ( ?+S TO ONE ANO!R & TO MAN4 ,AL?\< HE HIMSELF >GU$ ?AT ! IMPORTANCE ( ! LAW IS TO BE S\<T NOT 9 ITS EXT]NAL COMPULSORY P[]1 BUT 9 MAN'S BELIEF 9 ITS USEFULNESS1 IT MU/ /ILL BE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT HIS IDEAS1 :I* HAD GREAT 9FLU5CE ON ! ?\<T ( HIS TIME1 CONTRIBUT$ GREATLY TO DEVELOP ?AT BL9D FAI? 9 LAW :I* WAS SO *>ACT]I/IC ( ! TIME ( ! GREAT REVOLUTION & ( ! /RUGGLES = DEMOCRACY 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,MONTESQUIEU PRES5T$1 SO TO SAY1 ! TRANSITION FROM LIB]ALISM TO DEMOCRACY1 :I* WAS TO F9D ITS MO/ 9FLU5TIAL ADVOCATE 9 ! P]SON ( ,R\SSEAU4 

.<#a.> ,J4 ,B5?AM1 ,9TRODUCTION TO ! ,PR9CIPLES ( ,MORALS & ,LEGISLATION1 #a#g#h#i4 

.<#b.> ,RI*>D ,PRICE1 ,OBS]VATIONS ON ! ,NATURE ( ,CIVIL ,LIB]TY & ! JU/ICE & ,POLICY ( ! ,W> ) ,AM]ICA1 #a#g#g#f4 

.<#c.> ,?OMAS ,PA9E1 ,COMMON ,S5SE4 ,PHILADELPHIA1 #a#g#g#f4 

.<#d.> ,?OMAS ,PA9E1 ,! ,RI<TS ( ,MAN2 BE+ AN ANSW] TO ,MR4 ,BURKE'S ,ATTACK ON ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 ,LONDON1 #a#g#i#a4 ,! SECOND P>T ( ! WORK1 APPE>+ 9 #a#g#i#b1 L$ TO AN ACCUSATION ( HI< TREASON AGA9/ ,PA9E4 ,HE WAS ABLE TO ESCAPE ! CONSEQU5CES ONLY BY A TIMELY FLI<T TO ,FRANCE4 

,BURKE'S E>LI] ESSAY1 0,A ,V9DICATION ( ,NATURAL ,SOCIETY10 :I* APPE>$ 9 #a#g#e#f1 IS JU/LY REG>D$ AS ONE ( ! E>LIE/ WRITT5 CONTRIBUTIONS ( MOD]N AN>*ISM1 ITS AU?OR ANTICIPAT$ MANY ( ,GODW9'S CONCLUSIONS4 

.<#e.> ,WILLIAM ,GODW91 ,AN ,9QUIRY ,CONC]N+ ,POLITICAL ,JU/ICE & IT'S ,9FLU5CE ON ,G5]AL ,VIRTUE & ,HAPP9ESS1 ,LONDON1 #a#g#i#c4 

.<#f.> ,$U>D ,VREHSE1 ,GES*I*TE DES PREUSSIS*5 ,H(ES4 ,HAMBURG1 #a#h#e#a4 

.<#g.> ,?IS POEM [ES ITS ORIG9 TO A HAPPY EV5T4 ,9 A LITTLE COMPANY ( M5 & WOM5 ,DID]OT WAS *OS5 AS SOCALL$ 0,TWELF? ,NI<T ,K+10 &1 AS *ANCE W\LD HAVE IT1 = ?REE SUCCESSIVE YE>S ! BAK$9 BEAN TURN$ UP 9 HIS PIECE ( ! CAKE4 ,! FIR/ TIME1 FOLL[+ ,RABELAIS1 HE LAID D[N = HIS SUBJECTS ! S+LE LAW3 0,EA* ( Y\ BE HAPPY 9 HIS [N WAY60 ,9 ! ?IRD YE>1 H[EV]1 HE SETS =? 9 ! POEM1 0,LES ,ELEU!ROMANES10 H[ HE HAD GR[N TIR$ ( HIS K+%IP & RESIGN$ ! CR[N &1 9 DO+ SO EXPRESSES MO/ BEAUTIFULLY HIS LOVE ( FRE$OM4 ,! FOLL[+ V]SES BE/ %[ ?IS3 

,JAMAIS AU PUBLIC AVANTAGE 

,L'HOMME N'A FRAN*EM5T SACRIFIE SES DROITS6 

,LA NATURE N'A FAIT NI S]VITEUR NI MAITRE4 

,JE NE VEUX NI DONN] NI RECEVOIR DE LOIS6 

,ET SCS MA9S C\IRAI5T LES 5TRAILLES DU PRETRE 

,AU DEFAUT D'UN CORDON1 P\R ETRANGL] LES ROIS4 

,FROM 3 ,FLAG4,BLACK5$4NET4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aicf 3 ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #i -- ,PUBLICATION4 
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