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,! ,DOCTR9E ( ! ,SOCIAL ,CONTRACT 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,RUDOLPH ,ROCK] 

,TEXT 3 

#h4 ,! ,DOCTR9E ( ! ,SOCIAL ,CONTRACT 

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,! ,R5AISSANCE1 ) ITS /RONG PAGAN T5D5CY1 REAWAK5$ M5'S 9T]E/ 9 E>?LY AFFAIRS & AGA9 TURN$ !IR M9DS TO QUE/IONS :I* HAD SC>CELY BE5 DISCUSS$ S9CE ! DECL9E ( ! ANCI5T CIVILIZATION4 ,! GREAT HI/ORICAL SIGNIFICANCE ( ! RIS+ HUMANISM LAY 9 ! FACT ?AT ITS LEAD]S BROKE AWAY FROM ! SPIRITUAL BONDAGE & ! DEAD =MALI/IC RUBBI% ( S*OLA/ICISM4 ,!Y AGA9 MADE MAN & HIS SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T ! C5T] ( !IR SPECULATION1 9/EAD ( LOS+ !MSELVES 9 ! MAZE ( /]ILE !OLOGICAL CONCEPTS1 AS ! LEAD]S ( VICTORI\S ,PROTE/ANTISM HAD DONE 9 ! NOR!RN L&S4 ,HUMANISM WAS NO POPUL> MOVEM5T BUT AN 9TELLECTUAL TR5D1 :I* AFFECT$ ALMO/ ALL ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES & FURNI%$ ! BASIS ( A NEW CONCEPT ( LIFE4 ,?AT LAT]1 EV5 ?IS /REAM S&$ UP & BECAME A MATT] ( DRY AS DU/ CLOSETLE>N+1 AS IT GRADUALLY LO/ ITS RELATION TO REAL LIFE1 DOES NOT NEGATE ITS ORIG9AL PURPOSE4 

,9T]E/ 9 ! NATURAL PH5OM5A ( LIFE AGA9 DIRECT$ M5'S ATT5TION TO ! SOCIAL GR\P+S ( PEOPLE1 & ?US ! OLD IDEAS ( NATURAL RI<TS W]E REVIVIFI$4 ,:ILE ! EV] 5CROA*+ ABSOLUTISM /ROVE TO CONFIRM ITS P[] BY ! DOCTR9E ( ! DIV9E RI<T ( K+S1 ! :OLE-HE>T$ & HALFHE>T$ OPPON5TS ( ABSOLUTE /ATE P[] APPEAL$ TO 0! NATURAL RI<TS ( M510 A PROTECTION ALSO GU>ANTE$ BY ! SOCALL$ 0SOCIAL CONTRACT40 ,?US1 QUITE NATURALLY1 !Y AGA9 APPROA*$ ! QUE/ION :I* HAD ALREADY OCCUPI$ ! ANCI5T ?9K]S & :I* N[ RECEIV$ NEW SIGNIFICANCE BY ! R$ISCOV]Y ( ! ANCI5T CIVILIZATION4 ,!Y S\<T TO MAKE CLE> ! POSITION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL 9 SOCIETY & TO DISCOV] ! ORIG9 & SIGNIFICANCE ( ! /ATE4 ,H[EV] 9ADEQUATE !SE ATTEMPTS MAY APPE> TODAY1 !Y NEV]!LESS DREW GREAT] ATT5TION TO ! SUBJECT1 & AN ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO UND]/& ! RELATION%IP ( ! CITIZ5 TO ! /ATE & TO ! EXI/+ RUL]%IP ( ! PEOPLE4 

,AS MO/ ( ! ?9K]S 9FLU5C$ BY HUMANI/IC IDEALS SAW 9 ! 9DIVIDUAL 0! MEASURE ( ALL ?+S10 !Y RECOGNIZ$ SOCIETY NOT AS A DEF9ITE ORGANISM OBEY+ ITS [N LAWS1 BUT AS AN 5DUR+ UNION ( 9DIVIDUAL M5 :O = ONE REASON OR ANO!R HAD ASSOCIAT$ !MSELVES4 ,FROM ?IS >OSE ! IDEA ?AT ! SOCIAL LIFE ( M5 WAS F\ND$ ON A DEF9ITE CONTRACTUAL RELATION%IP1 SUPPORT$ BY ANCI5T & 9ALI5ABLE RI<TS :I* HAD VALIDITY EV5 BE=E ! EVOLUTION ( ORGANIZ$ /ATE P[]1 & S]V$ AS A NATURAL BASIS = ALL COMMUNAL RELATION%IPS ( M54 ,?IS IDEA WAS ! REAL CORE ( ! DOCTR9E ( NATURAL RI<TS :I* AGA9 BEGAN TO FL\RI% AT ?AT TIME4 

,UND] ! PRESSURE ( ! EV] 5CROA*+ SOCIAL 9EQUALITIES )9 ! ,GREEK CITY-REPUBLICS !RE HAD >IS5 9 ! FIF? C5TURY BE=E \R ]A ! DOCTR9E ( 0! /ATE ( NATURE10 SPRUNG FROM ! BELIEF 9 A TRADITIONAL 0,GOLD5 ,AGE0 :5 MAN WAS /ILL FREE & UNH9D]$ 9 ! PURSUIT ( HAPP9ESS BE=E HE GRADUALLY CAME UND] ! YOKE ( POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS & ! CONCEPTS ( POSITIVE LAW >IS+ !REFROM4 ,FROM ?IS CONCEPT !RE DEVELOP$ QUITE LOGICALLY ! DOCTR9E ( 0NATURAL RI<TS0 :I* WAS LAT] ON TO PLAY SO IMPORTANT A P>T 9 ! M5TAL HI/ORY ( ,EUROPEAN PEOPLES4 

,IT WAS ESPECIALLY ! MEMB]S ( ! ,SOPHI/ S*OOL :O 9 !IR CRITICISM ( SOCIAL EVILS US$ TO REF] TO A PA/ NATURAL /ATE :]E MAN AS YET KNEW NOT ! CONSEQU5CES ( SOCIAL OPPRESSION4 ,?US ,HIPPIAS ( ,ELIS DECL>ES ?AT 0! LAW HAS BECOME MAN'S TYRANT1 CONT9UALLY URG+ HIM TO UNNATURAL DE$S40 ,ON ! BASIS ( ?IS DOCTR9E ,ALKIDAMAS1 ,LYKOPHRON & O!RS ADVOCAT$ ! ABOLITION ( ALL SOCIAL PR]OGATIVES1 CONDEMN+ ESPECIALLY ! 9/ITUTION ( SLAV]Y1 AS NOT F\ND$ UPON ! NATURE ( MAN1 BUT AS >IS+ FROM 5ACTM5TS ( M5 :O MADE A VIRTUE ( 9JU/ICE4 ,IT WAS ONE ( ! GREATE/ S]VICES ( ! MU* MALIGN$ ,SOPHI/ S*OOL ?AT ITS MEMB]S SURM\NT$ ALL NATIONAL FRONTI]S & CONSCI\SLY ALLI$ !MSELVES ) ! GREAT RACIAL COMMUNITY ( MANK9D4 ,!Y FELT ! 9SUFFICI5CY & ! SPIRITUAL LIMITATIONS ( ! PATRIOTIC IDEAL & RECOGNIZ$ ) ,>I/IPPUS ?AT 0EV]Y PLACE IS EQUALLY F> FROM ,HADES40 

,LAT]1 ! ,CYNICS1 ON ! BASIS ( ! SAME 0NATURAL LIFE0 CONCEPT1 REA*$ SIMIL> RESULTS4 ,FROM ! LITTLE ?AT HAS BE5 PRES]V$ ( !IR DOCTR9ES IT IS CLE>LY APP>5T ?AT !Y VIEW$ ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ! /ATE V]Y CRITICALLY & REG>D$ !M AS BE+ 9 DIRECT CONFLICT ) ! NATURAL ORD] ( ?+S4 ,! T5D5CY T[>D WORLD CITIZ5%IP WAS ESPECIALLY M>K$ AMONG ! ,CYNICS4 ,S9CE !IR IDEAS W]E OPPOS$ TO ALL >TIFICIAL DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 ! V>I\S CLASSES1 CA/ES & SOCIAL /RATA1 ANY BOA/ ( NATIONAL SUP]IORITY C\LD BUT APPE> S5SELESS & FOOLI% TO !M4 ,ANTIS!NES D]ID$ ! NATIONAL PRIDE ( ! ,HELL5ES & DECL>$ ! /ATE AS WELL AS NATIONALITY TO BE ?+S ( NO IMPORTANCE4 ,DIOG5ES ( ,S9OPE1 ! 0SAGE ( ,COR9?0 :O1 LANT]N 9 H&1 LOOK$ 9 BROAD DAYLI<T = AN HONE/ MAN1 LIKEWISE HAD NO REG>D = 0! H]OIC WEAKNESS ( PATRIOTISM0 7AS ,LESS+ HAS CALL$ IT71 S9CE HE SAW 9 MAN HIMSELF ! S\RCE ( ALL ASPIRATION4 

,! L(TIE/ CONCEPTION ( NATURAL LAW WAS =MULAT$ BY ! S*OOL ( ! ,/OICS1 :OSE F\ND]1 ,Z5O ( ,KITTION1 REJECT$ ALL EXT]NAL COMPULSION & TAU<T M5 TO OBEY ONLY ! VOICE ( ! 09N] LAW0 :I* WAS REVEAL$ 9 NATURE ITSELF4 ,?IS L$ HIM TO A COMPLETE REJECTION ( ! /ATE & ALL POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS1 & HE TOOK HIS /& UPON COMPLETE FRE$OM & EQUALITY = EV]Y?+ ?AT BE>S ! HUMAN =M4 ,! TIME 9 :I* ,Z5O LIV$ WAS V]Y FAVORABLE TO HIS COSMOPOLITAN ?\<T & FEEL+1 :I* KNEW NO DI/9CTION BETWE5 ,GREEKS & B>B>IANS4 ,! OLD ,GREEK SOCIETY WAS 9 FULL DISSOLUTION1 ! >IS+ ,HELL5ISM1 :I* ESPECIALLY FUR!R$ ! PLANS = POLITICAL UNIFICATION ( ,ALEX&] ( ,MAC$ONIA1 HAD GREATLY *ANG$ ! RELATION%IP ( ! NATIONS & HAD OP5$ COMPLETELY NEW VI/AS4 

,MAN'S SOCIAL 9/9CT1 HAV+ ITS ROOT 9 COMMUNAL LIFE & F9D+ 9 ! S5SE ( JU/ICE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL ITS COMPLETE/ E?ICAL EXPRESSION1 ,Z5O COMB9$1 BY SOCIOLOGICAL SYN!SIS1 ) MAN'S NE$ = P]SONAL FRE$OM & HIS S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY = HIS [N ACTIONS4 ,?US HE /OOD AT ! OPPOSITE POLE FROM ,PLATO1 :O C\LD CONCEIVE A SUCCESSFUL COMMUNAL LIFE ( M5 ONLY ON ! BASIS ( A MORAL & 9TELLECTUAL RE/RA9T IMPOS$ BY EXT]NAL COMPULSION1 & :O 9 HIS VIEWS WAS ROOT$ AS DEEPLY 9 ! N>R[ LIMITS ( PURELY NATIONALI/IC CONCEPTS AS WAS ,Z5O 9 HIS CONCEPT ( PURE HUMANITY4 ,Z5O WAS AT ! SPIRITUAL Z5I? ( ! T5D5CY :I* SAW 9 MAN 0! MEASURE ( ALL ?+S10 JU/ AS ,WILLIAM ,GODW91 TWO ?\S& YE>S LAT]1 M>K$ ! HI< TIDE ( ANO!R M5TAL T5D5CY :I* /ROVE TO 0LIMIT ! ACTIVITY ( ! /ATE TO A M9IMUM40 

,! DOCTR9E ( NATURAL RI<TS1 RESCU$ FROM OBLIVION BY ! RIS+ HUMANISM1 PLAY$ A DECISIVE P>T 9 ! GREAT BATTLES AGA9/ ABSOLUTISM & GAVE ! /RUGGLES AGA9/ PR9CELY P[] !IR !ORETICAL F\NDATION4 ,! LEAD]S 9 !SE /RUGGLES PROCE$$ FROM ! FOLL[+ ASSUMPTIONS3 S9CE MAN POSSESS$ FROM ANTIQUITY NATIVE & 9ALI5ABLE RI<TS1 HE C\LD NOT BE DEPRIV$ ( !M BY ! 9/ITUTION ( ORGANIZ$ GOV]NM5T1 NOR C\LD ! 9DIVIDUAL RESIGN !SE RI<TS4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !SE RI<TS HAD TO BE E/ABLI%$ BY COV5ANT1 9 AGREEM5T ) ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! /ATE'S P[]1 & OP5LY ACKN[L$G$4 ,FROM ?IS MUTUAL AGREEM5T RESULT$ QUITE SELFEVID5TLY ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 /ATE & PEOPLE1 BETWE5 RUL] & CITIZ54 

,?IS CONCEPT1 :I* AL?\< IT C\LD MAKE NO CLAIM TO HI/ORICAL F\NDATION1 .<#a.> & RE/$ ONLY ON ASSUMPTION1 NEV]!LESS DEALT ! BELIEF 9 ! DIV9E MISSION ( ! RUL]:I* F\ND ITS HI<E/ EXPRESSION 9 ! 0DIV9E RI<T ( K+S0 ( VICTORI\S ABSOLUTISMA P[]FUL BL[1 :I* 9 ! C\RSE ( EV5TS PROV$ DECISIVE4 ,IF ! POSITION ( ! HEAD ( ! /ATE WAS BAS$ ON A COV5ANT1 IT FOLL[$ ?AT ! RUL] [$ RESPONSIBILITY TO ! PEOPLE1 & ?AT ! ALLEG$ 9VIOLABILITY ( ROYAL P[] WAS A FAIRY TALE :I* HAD BE5 QUIETLY P]MITT$ TO PASS AS TRU?4 ,BUT 9 ?IS EV5T ! RELATION BETWE5 RUL] & PEOPLE DID NOT RE/ ON ! COMM& ( A C5TRAL P[] ) :I* ! PEOPLE HAD1 = GOOD OR ILL1 TO BE CONT5T4 ,! P[] ( ! RUL] WAS CONFRONT$ BY ! 9ALI5ABLE RI<TS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 :I* IMPOS$ C]TA9 LIMITATIONS ON ! >BITR>Y DECISIONS ( ! HEAD ( ! /ATE1 SU* ?AT AN EQUALIZATION ( ! =CES 9 SOCIETY WAS MADE POSSIBLE4 

,! DE/RUCTIVE CONSEQU5CES RESULT+ FROM EV]Y MISUSE ( P[] HAD BE5 RECOGNIZ$2 H5CE ! ATTEMPT HAD BE5 MADE TO BRIDLE IT BY TY+ IT TO ! NATURAL RI<TS ( ! PEOPLE4 ,?IS IDEA WAS D\BTLESS CORRECT1 AL?\< ! MEANS :]EBY A SOLUTION ( ! 9N] DISCORD WAS ATTEMPT$ ALWAYS PROV$ 9SUFFICI5T1 AS SUBSEQU5TLY BECAME /ILL MORE CLE>4 ,BETWE5 MI<T & RI<T YAWNS AN ABYSS :I* CANNOT POSSIBLY BE BRIDG$4 ,:ILE !Y DWELL 9 ! SAME H\SE ?IS UNNATURAL RELATION%IP MU/ ALWAYS LEAD TO 9N] FRICTION BY :I* M5'S PEACEFUL COMMUNAL LIFE IS CONT9UALLY ?REAT5$4 ,EV]Y POSSESSOR ( ! /ATE'S P[] MU/ FEEL ! LIMITATION ( HIS P[] AS AN UNCOM=TABLE FETT] ON HIS EGOTI/IC AMBITION2 & :]EV] ! OPPORTUNITY (F]S1 HE WILL ATTEMPT TO RE/RICT ! PEOPLE'S RI<TS1 OR COMPLETELY TO ABOLI% !M IF HE FEELS /RONG 5\< TO DO SO4 ,HI/ORY DUR+ ! LA/ F\R C5TURIES ( /RUGGLE = & AGA9/ ! LIMITATION ( ! /ATE'S SUPREME P[] SPEAKS AN ELOQU5T LANGUAGE1 & REC5T HI/ORICAL EV5TS 9 MO/ ( ! ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES %[ ) FRI<TFUL CLE>NESS ?AT ! /RUGGLE IS A LONG WAY FROM HAV+ REA*$ ITS 5D4 ,! UN9T]RUPT$ ATTEMPTS TO KEEP ! /ATE'S P[] )9 C]TA9 LIMITS HAVE ALWAYS L$ LOGICALLY TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! SOLUTION ( ?IS QUE/ION IS NOT S\<T 9 ! LIMITATION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( POLITICAL P[]1 BUT 9 ITS OV]?R[4 ,?IS EXHAU/S ! LA/ & HI<E/ RESULTS ( ! DOCTR9E ( NATURAL RI<TS4 ,?IS ALSO EXPLA9S :Y NATURAL RI<TS HAVE ALWAYS BE5 ! ?ORN 9 ! FLE% ( REPRES5TATIVES ( ! UNLIMIT$ P[] IDEA1 EV5 :5LIKE ,NAPOLEON ,I!Y [E !IR RISE TO ?IS DOCTR9E4 ,NOT )\T REASON ?IS REVOLUTIONBORN POLITICIAN ( ! HI<E/ RANK REM>K$3 

,! M5 ( 0NATURAL RI<T0 >E GUILTY ( ALL4 ,:O ELSE HAS DECL>$ ! PR9CIPLE ( REVOLUTION TO BE A DUTY8 ,:O ELSE HAS FLATT]$ ! PEOPLE BY 5D[+ IT ) A SOV]EIGNTY ( :I* IT IS NOT CAPABLE8 ,:O ELSE HAS DE/ROY$ RESPECT = ! LAW BY MAK+ IT DEP5D5T ON AN ASSEMBLY ?AT LACKS ALL UND]/&+ ( ADM9I/RATION & LAW1 9/EAD ( ADH]+ TO ! NATURE ( ?+S8 

,PROM95T REPRES5TATIVES ( HUMANISM ATTEMPT$ TO =MULATE !IR IDEAS ( NATURAL RI<TS 9 FICTITI\S COMMUNAL SY/EMS1 & 9 !SE DESCRIPTIONS1 FANTA/IC AS !Y W]E1 !RE WAS MIRROR$ ! SPIRIT ( ! TIME & ! CONCEPTS :I* ANIMAT$ IT4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT ,HUMANI/S WAS ! ,5GLI% /ATESMAN1 ,?OMAS ,MORE1 A ZEAL\S DEF5D] ( NATURAL RI<T1 :OM ,H5RY ,V,I,I,I LAT] BEHEAD$4 ,ANIMAT$ BY ,PLATO'S ,POLITEIA &1 MORE ESPECIALLY1 BY ,AM]IGO ,VESPUCCI'S DESCRIPTION ( NEWLY DISCOV]$ L&S & PEOPLES1 ,MORE1 9 HIS ,UTOPIA1 DESCRIBES AN IDEAL /ATE :OSE 9HABITANTS 5JOY A COMMUNITY ( GOODS & BY WISE & SIMPLE LEGISLATION CONTRIVE A H>MONI\S BALANCE BETWE5 GOV]NM5TAL CONTROL & ! NATIVE RI<TS ( ! CITIZ5S4 ,?IS BOOK BECAME ! />T+ PO9T = A :OLE LIT]ATURE ( SOCIAL UTOPIAS1 AMONG :I* ,BACON'S ,NEW ,ATLANTIS & ! ,CITY ( ! ,SUN ( ! ,ITALIAN PATRIOT1 ,CAMPANELLA1 W]E ESPECIALLY SIGNIFICANT4 

,A GREAT ADVANCE WAS MADE BY ! ,FR5* ,HUMANI/1 ,FRANCOIS ,RABELAIS1 :O 9 HIS NOVEL1 ,G>GANTUA1 DESCRIBES A SMALL COMMUNITY1 ! FAM\S ,ABBEY ( ,!LEME1 ( :OLLY FREE M5 :O HAD ABOLI%$ ALL COMPULSION & REGULAT$ !IR LIVES SIMPLY BY ! PR9CIPLE1 0,DO :AT ?\ WILT40 

4 4 4 BECAUSE FREE M51 WELL BORN1 WELL $UCAT$1 ASSOCIAT+ ) DEC5T COMPANY1 HAVE A NATURAL 9/9CT ?AT IMPELS !M TO VIRTU\S CONDUCT & RE/RA9S !M FROM VISE :I* 9/9CT !Y CALL HONOR4 ,SU* PEOPLE :5 OPPRESS$ & 5SLAV$ BY BASE SUBJECTION & CON/RA9T =GET ! NOBLE 9CL9ATION TO VIRTUE ?AT !Y HAVE FELT :ILE FREE & SEEK M]ELY TO ?R[ (F & BREAK ! YOKE ( S]VITUDE2 = WE ALWAYS TRY TO DO :AT HAS BE5 =BIDD5 & LONG = :AT HAS BE5 D5I$4 

,! IDEA ( NATURAL RI<TS WAS /RONGLY E*O$ 9 ! ,CALV9I/IC & ,CA?OLIC LIT]ATURE ( ?AT P]IOD1 AL?\< H]E ! POLITICAL MOTIVES ( POSITION BECAME CLE>LY APP>5T4 ,FIR/1 ! ,FR5* ,CALV9I/1 ,HUB]T ,LANGUET1 9 HIS DISQUISITION1 0,V9DICIAE CONTRA ,TYRANNOS01 ! POLITICAL CRE$ ( ! ,HUGU5OTS1 DEVELOPS ! ?\<T ?AT AFT] ! POPE LO/ DOM9ION OV] ! WORLD1 P[] WAS NOT SIMPLY TRANSF]R$ TO ! TEMPORAL RUL]S1 BUT REV]T$ 9TO ! H&S ( ! PEOPLE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,LANGUET ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 PR9CE & PEOPLE RE/S ON A RECIPROCAL AGREEM5T :I* OBLIGATES ! RUL] TO REG>D & PROTECT C]TA9 9ALI5ABLE RI<TS ( ! CITIZ5S1 AMONG :I* FRE$OM ( BELIEF IS ! MO/ IMPORTANT2 = IT IS ! PEOPLE :O MAKE ! K+1 NOT ! K+ :O MAKES ! PEOPLE4 ,?IS COV5ANT BETWE5 ! K+ & ! PEOPLE NE$ NOT NECESS>ILY BE CONFIRM$ BY AN OA? NOR =MULAT$ 9 A SPECIAL DOCUM5T2 IT F9DS ITS SANCTION 9 ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( ! PEOPLE & ! RUL] & HAS VALIDITY AS LONG AS BO? EXI/4 ,= ?IS REASON ! RUL] IS RESPONSIBLE TO ! PEOPLE = HIS ACTIONS &1 IF HE TRIES TO ABRIDGE ! FRE$OM ( CONSCI5CE ( ! CITIZ5S1 HE MAY BE JUDG$ BY ! NOBLE REPRES5TATIVES ( ! PEOPLE1 EXCOMMUNICAT$ & KILL$ BY ANYONE )\T FE> ( PUNI%M5T4 

,9SPIR$ BY ! SAME IDEA ! ,NE!RL& PROV9CES ( ,BRABANT1 ,FL&]S1 ,HOLL&1 ,ZEEL&1 ,GUELD]L&1 & ,UTRE*T CONV5$ 9 #aeha 9 ,! ,HAGUE & =M$ AN (F5SIVE & DEF5SIVE LEAGUE4 ,!Y DECL>$ ALL RELATION%IPS EXI/+ UP TO ?AT TIME BETWE5 !M & ,PHILIP ,I,I ( ,SPA9 NULL & VOID1 AS ! K+ HAD BROK5 ! COV5ANT1 TRODD5 ! ANCI5T RI<TS ( ! 9HABITANTS UND] FOOT1 & BEHAV$ LIKE A TYRANT :O RUL$ OV] ! CITIZ5S AS OV] SLAVES4 ,9 ?IS S5SE ! FAM\S ,ACT ( ,ABJURATION DECL>ES3 

,EV]YONE KN[S ?AT A PR9CE HAS BE5 DESIGNAT$ BY ,GOD TO PROTECT HIS SUBJECTS AS A %EPH]D DOES HIS FLOCK4 ,BUT :5 A PR9CE NO LONG] FULFILLS HIS DUTY AS PROTECTOR1 BUT OPPRESSES HIS SUBJECTS1 DE/ROYS !IR OLD LIB]TIES1 & TREATS !M AS SLAVES1 HE IS NO LONG] A PR9CE1 BUT IS TO BE REG>D$ AS A TYRANT4 ,AS SU*1 ! E/ATES ( ! L& CAN ACCORD+ TO RI<T & REASON DE?RONE HIM & ELECT ANO!R 9 HIS PLACE4 

,! MON>*OMA*I ( ,CALV9ISM W]E NOT ALONE 9 MA9TA9+ ?IS /&PO9T1 SO DANG]\S TO TEMPORAL P[]4 ,! C\NT]-,RE=MATION ORGANIZ$ BY ! RIS+ ,JESUITS REA*$ SIMIL> CONCLUSIONS1 AL?\< FROM DIFF]5T PREMISES4 

,ACCORD+ TO ! DOCTR9ES ( ! *UR*1 MON>*Y WAS A ,GOD-9/ITUT$ /ATE =M1 BUT ! TEMPORAL RUL] WAS GIV5 HIS P[] ONLY TO PROTECT ! CAUSE ( ! FAI?1 :I* F\ND ITS EXPRESSION 9 ! DOCTR9ES ( ! *UR*4 ,H5CE1 ,PROVID5CE HAD SET ! POPE AS RUL] OV] ! K+S1 JU/ AS !SE HAD BE5 SET AS RUL]S OV] ! PEOPLE4 ,& JU/ AS ! PEOPLE [$ ! PR9CE UNQUALIFI$ OB$I5CE1 SO ! COMM&S ( ! POPE W]E ! HI<E/ LAW = ! RUL]S4 ,BUT N[ ! SPREAD+ ,PROTE/ANTISM HAD DE/ROY$ ! OLD PICTURE1 & V]ITABLE H]ETICS SAT ON PR9CELY ?RONES AS REPRES5TATIVES ( ! HI<E/ P[]S ( /ATE4 ,UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES ! RELATION%IP ( ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* TO ! TEMPORAL P[] ALSO HAD TO *ANGE & TAKE ON O!R =MS4 ,ITS ATTEMPT TO ADAPT ITS PRACTICES TO ! NEW SOCIAL RELATION%IPS 9 ,EUROPE & TO COLLECT ITS SCATT]$ =CES 9TO A /RONG ORGANIZATION READY = ACTION & CAPABLE ( MEET+ ALL DEM&S1 HAD ?OR\<LY REVOLUTION>Y RESULTS4 ,! *UR*'S REPRES5TATIVES N[ HAD NO COMPUNCTIONS AB\T FLIRT+ TEMPOR>ILY ) DEMOCRATIC IDEAS IF !IR SECRET AIMS W]E !REBY FUR!R$4 

,IT WAS PR9CIPALLY ! ,JESUITS :O BROKE GR\ND 9 ?IS T]RITORY4 ,?US ! ,SPANI% ,JESUIT PHILOSOPH]1 ,FRANCISCO ,SU>EZ1 OPPOS$ ! DOCTR9E ( ! DIV9E RI<T ( K+S ON FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES &1 QUITE 9 ! S5SE ( ! 0NATURAL RI<TS0 TRAC$ ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 PR9CE & PEOPLE TO A COV5ANT :I* IMPOS$ ON BO? P>TIES RI<TS & DUTIES4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,SU>EZ1 P[] CANNOT NATURALLY REMA9 9 ! H&S ( A S+LE 9DIVIDUAL1 BUT MU/ BE P>TITION$ AMONG ALL1 S9CE ALL M5 W]E EQUAL BY NATURE4 ,IF ! RUL] DID NOT CON=M TO ! COV5ANT1 OR EV5 OPPOS$ ! 9ALI5ABLE RI<TS ( ! PEOPLE1 ! SUBJECTS W]E GIV5 ! RI<T ( REBELLION TO GU>D !IR RI<TS & TO PREV5T TYRANNY4 

,IT IS UND]/&ABLE ?AT ,JAMES ,I ( ,5GL& HAD ! PR9CIPAL WORK ( ?IS ,SPANI% ,JESUIT1 WRITT5 AT ! 9/IGATION ( ! POPE1 BURN$ BY ! HANGMAN1 & ?AT HE BITT]LY REPROA*$ HIS COLLEAGUE ON ! ,SPANI% ?RONE1 ,PHILIP ,I,I1 = HAV+ GIV5 A HOME 9 HIS L& TO 0SU* AN \TSPOK5 5EMY ( ! MAJE/Y ( K+S40 

,EV5 FUR!R ?AN ,SU>EZ W5T HIS BRO!R 9 ! 0,SOCIETY ( ,JESUS10 ,JUAN DE ,M>IANA1 :O 9 ! SIX? *APT] ( HIS VOLUM9\S WORK1 ,HI/ORIA DE REBUS ,HISPANIAE1 NOT ONLY JU/IFI$ ASSASS9ATION ( ! COV5ANTBREAK+ K+S AS MORALLY RI<T1 BUT EV5 SUGGE/$ ! WEAPON ) :I* SU* MURD] WAS TO BE COMMITT$4 ,HE HAD 9 VIEW H]E1 H[EV]1 ONLY ! SECRET OR OP5 ADH]5TS ( ,PROTE/ANTISM1 S9CE HE1 LIKE HIS PR$ECESSOR ,SU>EZ1 WAS ( ! OP9ION ?AT ! PR9CE WAS1 9 MATT]S ( FAI? AT LEA/1 SUBJECT TO ! POPE4 ,?US1 = HIM1 ! K+'S H]ESY WAS TYRANNY AGA9/ ! PEOPLE & RELIEV$ ! SUBJECT ( ALL OBLIGATION TO ! HEAD ( ! /ATE :O1 AS A H]ETIC1 HAD =FEIT$ HIS RI<TS4 ,?AT SU* IDEAS HAD NOT M]ELY A !ORETICAL SIGNIFICANCE WAS PROV$ BY ! MURD] ( ,H5RY ,I,I,I1 & HIS SUCCESSOR ,H5RY ,I,V1 ( ,FRANCE1 BO? REMOV$ BY FANATICAL ADH]5TS ( PAPISM4 ,?US1 FROM BO? ,CALV9I/IC & ,CA?OLIC S\RCES1 ! LIMITATION ( ROYAL P[] WAS ADVOCAT$1 AL?\< ?IS WAS BY NO MEANS DONE FROM A LIB]T>IAN URGE1 BUT FROM WELLUND]/OOD POLITICAL 9T]E/S4 ,AT A.>L EV5TS1 ! ADVOCACY ( NATURAL RI<TS FROM ?IS S\RCE C\LD BUT DRAW MANY MORE ADH]5TS TO ! IDEA ( ! ABROGATION ( P[]2 :I* AT ! TIME ( ! GREAT /RUGGLES 9 ,FRANCE1 ! ,NE!RL&S & ,5GL&1 WAS ( PECULI> IMPORTANCE4 

,! CLE>LY FELT NECESSITY = PUTT+ C]TA9 LIMITS TO ! P[] ( ! /ATE & ! RECOGNITION ( ! RI<T ( REBELLION AGA9/ ! RUL] :O ABUS$ HIS P[] & BECAME A TYRANT W]E !N1 WIDESPREAD IDEAS :I* ONLY LO/ CURR5CY ) ! F9AL VICTORY ( ABSOLUTISM1 BUT W]E NEV] QUITE =GOTT54 ,UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( !SE & SIMIL> TR5DS ( ?\<T ISOLAT$ ?9K]S ( ?AT P]IOD W]E L$ TO PURSUE !SE ?+S MORE DEEPLY & TO LAY B>E ! ROOTS ( ALL TYRANNY4 ,! MO/ NOTABLE AMONG !M WAS ! Y\?FUL ,ETI5NE DE LA ,BOETIE1 :OSE SP>KL+ SCRE$1 ,CONC]N+ ,VOLUNT>Y ,S]VITUDE1 WAS PUBLI%$ AFT] HIS E>LY DEA? BY HIS FRI5D ,MONTAIGNE4 ,:E!R ,MONTAIGNE DID1 9 FACT1 MAKE C]TA9 ALT]ATIONS 9 ! WORK1 AS IS (T5 ASS]T$1 CAN PROBABLY NEV] BE PROV$4 ,! FACT ?AT ,LA ,BOETIE'S WORKS PLAY$ SU* AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 ! FI<T AGA9/ ABSOLUTISM 9 ,FRANCE WAS LAT] ALMO/ =GOTT51 BUT ?AT 9 ! TIME ( ! GREAT REVOLUTION IT PROV$ ITS EFFECTIV5ESS ANEW IS ! BE/ PRO( ( ITS 9TELLECTUAL IMPORTANCE4 

,LA ,BOETIE RECOGNIZ$ ) IRRESI/IBLE CL>ITY ?AT TYRANNY SUPPORTS ITSELF LESS BY BRUTAL P[] ?AN BY ! DEEPROOT$ FEEL+ ( DEP5D5CY ( M51 :O FIR/ 5D[ A HOLL[ PUPPET ) !IR [N 9H]5T =CES & !N1 DAZZL$ BY ?IS IMAG9>Y P[]1 BL9DLY SUBMIT !MSELVES TO IT4 ,?IS SPIRIT ( 0VOLUNT>Y S]VITUDE0 IS ! /RONGE/ & MO/ IMPREGNABLE BULW>K ( ALL TYRANNY1 & MU/ BE OV]COME2 = TYRANNY W\LD COLLAPSE AS HELPLESS AS A HEAP ( A%ES IF M5 W\LD BUT RECOGNIZE :AT LIES HIDD5 BEH9D IT1 & D5Y OB$I5CE TO ! IDOL :I* !Y HAVE !MSELVES CREAT$4 ,SAYS ,LA ,BOETIE3 

,:AT A %AME & DISGRACE IT IS :5 C\NTLESS M5 OBEY A TYRANT WILL+LY1 EV5 SLAVI%LY6 ,A TYRANT :O LEAVES !M NO RI<TS OV] PROP]TY1 P>5TS1 WIFE OR *ILD1 NOT EV5 OV] !IR [N LIVES :AT K9D ( A MAN IS SU* A TYRANT8 ,HE IS NO ,H]CULES1 NO ,SAMSON6 ,(T5 HE IS A PYGMY1 (T5 ! MO/ EFFEM9ATE C[>D AMONG ! :OLE PEOPL5OT HIS [N /R5G? MAKES HIM P[]FUL1 HIM :O IS (T5 ! SLAVE ( ! VILE/ :ORES4 ,:AT MIS]ABLE CREATURES >E HIS SUBJECTS6 ,IF TWO1 ?REE OR F\R DO NOT REVOLT AGA9/ ONE !RE IS AN UND]/&ABLE LACK ( C\RAGE4 ,BUT :5 HUNDR$S & ?\S&S DO NOT ?R[ (F ! %ACKLES ( AN 9DIVIDUAL1 :AT REMA9S !RE ( 9DIVIDUAL WILL & HUMAN DIGNITY8 4 4 4 ,TO FREE ONESELF IT IS NOT NECESS>Y TO USE =CE AGA9/ A TYRANT4 ,HE FALLS AS SOON AS ! C\NTRY IS TIR$ ( HIM4 ,! PEOPLE :O >E BE+ DEGRAD$ & 5SLAV$ NE$ BUT D5Y HIM ANY RI<T4 ,TO BE FREE ONLY CALLS = ! E>NE/ WILL TO %AKE (F ! YOKE4 4 4 4 ,BE FIRMLY RESOLV$ NO LONG] TO BE SLAVES & Y\ >E FREE6 ,D5Y ! TYRANT Y\R HELP &1 LIKE A COLOSSUS :OSE P$E/AL IS PULL$ AWAY1 HE WILL COLLAPSE & BREAK TO PIECES4 

,BUT ?OSE 9DIVIDUAL ?9K]S :O1 LIKE ,LA ,BOETIE1 D>$ TO T\* ! MO/ HIDD5 ROOTS ( P[] W]E FEW4 ,9 G5]AL1 ! ROAD TO LIB]T>IAN CONCEPTS ( LIFE RAN ?R\< ! V>I\S PHASES ( ! CONCEPT ( NATURAL RI<TS1 :OSE SUPPORT]S ALWAYS 5DEAVOR$ TO OPPOSE ! UNLIMIT$ P[] ( ! HEAD ( ! /ATE ) 0! NATIVE & 9ALI5ABLE RI<TS ( ! PEOPLE10 HOP+ ?US TO ATTA9 TO A SOCIAL BALANCE FAVORABLE TO ! UNDI/URB$ DEVELOPM5T ( ! CONDITIONS ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,!SE EF=TS L$ LAT] TO ! WELL-KN[N DEM&S ( LIB]ALISM :I*1 NO LONG] SATISFI$ ) ! LIMITATION ( P]SONAL P[]1 /ROVE TO LIMIT ! P[] ( ! /ATE TO A M9IMUM1 ON ! CORRECT ASSUMPTION ?AT ! CONT9U\S GU>DIAN%IP ( ! /ATE WAS JU/ AS DETRIM5TAL TO ! FRUITFUL DEVELOPM5T ( ALL CREATIVE =CES 9 SOCIETY AS ! GU>DIAN%IP ( ! *UR* HAD BE5 9 PREVI\S C5TURIES4 ,?IS IDEA WAS BY NO MEANS ! RESULT ( IDLE SPECULATION1 IT WAS RA!R ! TACIT ASSUMPTION UND]LY+ EV]Y CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T 9 HI/ORY2 JU/ AS ! BELIEF 9 ! =EORDA9$ DEP5D5CE ( MAN ON A SUP]T]RE/RIAL ,PROVID5CE WAS ALWAYS ! CONSCI\S OR UNCONSCI\S ASSUMPTION UND]LY+ ALL TEMPORAL P[]4 

,A PROM95T PIONE] ON ! LONG ROAD LEAD+ TO ! LIMITATION ( PR9CELY P[] & ! =MULATION ( RI<TS ( ! PEOPLE WAS ! ,SCOTTI% HUMANI/1 ,GEORGE ,BU*ANAN1 ONE ( ! FIR/ TO ATTRIBUTE TO ! QUE/ION A FUNDAM5TAL IMPORTANCE1 9DEP5D5T ( ! HELP OR H>M :I* ! EXT5SION OR LIMITATION ( PR9CELY P[] C\LD DO TO ONE CRE$ OR ANO!R4 ,BU*ANAN MA9TA9$ ! BASIC DEMOCRATIC NOTION ?AT ALL P[] COMES FROM ! PEOPLE & IS F\ND$ 9 ! PEOPLE4 ,REG>D$ FROM ?IS VIEWPO9T ! HEAD ( ! /ATE WAS UND] ALL CIRCUM/ANCES SUBJECT TO ! WILL ( ! PEOPLE1 & HIS :OLE SIGNIFICANCE EXHAU/$ ITSELF 9 BE+ ! FIR/ S]VANT ( ! PEOPLE4 ,IF ! HEAD ( ! /ATE BREAKS ?IS COV5ANT TACITLY AGRE$ UPON1 HE \TLAWS HIMSELF & CAN BE JUDG$ & CONDEMN$ BY ANYONE4 

,BU*ANAN GAVE ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 MI<T & RI<T A NEW & DEEP] SIGNIFICANCE4 ,HAD HE BE5 CONT5T M]ELY TO ASS]T FRE$OM ( CONSCI5CE 9 RELIGI\S MATT]S AGA9/ ! UNLIMIT$ PR9CELY P[]1 ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ABSOLUTISM MI<T HAVE BE5 WILL+ TO ACCEPT ?IS LIMITATION4 ,BUT HE D>$ TO DECL>E ?AT ALL P[] EMANAT$ FROM ! PEOPLE & ?AT PR9CES W]E BUT EXECUTORS ( ! PEOPLE'S WILL2 & SO DO+ HE TURN$ AGA9/ HIMSELF ! IRRECONCILABLE 5MITY ( ALL SUPPORT]S ( H]$IT>Y ROYALTY4 ,?US IT WAS LEGITIMI/ 9FLU5CES :I* 9DUC$ ,P>LIAM5T ON TWO DIFF]5T OCCASIONS#a#e#h#d & ,I#f#f#dTO SUPPRESS ,BU*ANAN'S WORK1 ,DE ,JURE APUD ,SCOTOS4 ,OBEY+ ! SAME 9FLU5CE1 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY BURNT ! WORK A HUNDR$ YE>S AFT] ITS PUBLICATION4 

,BUT = ABSOLUTISM ALSO !RE >OSE ON ,5GLI% SOIL A P[]FUL DEF5D] ,9 ! P]SON ( ,?OMAS ,HOBBES4 ,HOBBES WAS SURELY ONE ( ! MO/ UNIQUE FIGURES 9 ! REALM ( SOCIAL PHILOSOPHIC ?\<T1 AN EXTREMELY FRUITFUL & ORIG9AL M9D2 NEXT TO ,BACON1 P]HAPS ! MO/ V]SATILE M9D ,5GL& EV] PRODUC$4 ,HIS NAME LIVES 9 HI/ORY AS ! DECID$ *AMPION ( PHILOSOPHICAL MAT]IALISM & AS AN \TSPOK5 DEF5D] ( ABSOLUTE PR9CELY P[]4 ,HOBBES WAS1 9 FACT1 A /]N OPPON5T ( ALL RELIGION 9 ! CURR5T S5SE2 = AL?\< HE PR9CIPALLY OPPOSES ,CA?OLICISM1 ONE FEELS ?AT HE IS ANTAGONI/IC TO ALL REVEAL$ RELIGION4 ,!RE IS LESS JU/IFICATION = ! ASS]TION ?AT ,HOBBES WAS AN UNQUALIFI$ ADVOCATE ( ROYAL ABSOLUTISM4 ,! V]Y FACT ?AT HE TRACES ! /ATE'S EXI/5CE TO A CONTRACTUAL RELATION PROVES ?AT HE WAS NO LEGITIMI/4 ,HOBBES WAS AN UNQUALIFI$ EXPON5T ( ! P[] PR9CIPLE1 BUT HAD LESS 9 VIEW PR9CELY ABSOLUTISM ?AN ! ABSOLUTE P[] ( ! /ATE4 ,9 G5]AL HE GAVE MON>*Y ! PREF]5CE1 BUT HIS LAT] ATTITUDE T[>D ,CROMWELL CLE>LY %[S ?AT HE WAS *IEFLY CONC]N$ ) ! 9VIOLABILITY ( ! P[] ( ! /ATE & LESS ) ?AT ( ITS LEAD]S4 

,! CONCEPT ?AT MAN WAS BY NATURE A SOCIAL CREATURE ,HOBBES OPPOS$ MO/ DECID$LY4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIS CONVICTION !RE EXI/$ 9 PRIMITIVE MAN NO TRACE ( SOCIAL FEEL+ BUT SOLELY ! BRUTAL 9/9CT ( ! PR$ATORY ANIMAL1 F> FROM ANY CONSID]ATION ( ! WELF>E ( O!RS4 ,EV5 ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 GOOD & EVIL1 HE HELD1 WAS :OLLY UNKN[N TO MAN 9 ! NATURAL /ATE4 ,?IS IDEA WAS FIR/ BR\<T TO MAN BY ! /ATE1 :I* ?US BECAME ! F\ND] ( ALL CULTURE4 ,9 HIS ORIG9AL NATURE MAN WAS NOT AM5ABLE TO ANY SOCIAL FEEL+ :ATSOEV]1 BUT ONLY TO FE>1 ! SOLE P[] :I* C\LD 9FLU5CE HIS REASON4 ,IT WAS FROM FE> ?AT ! F\NDATION ( ! /ATE >OSE1 PUTT+ AN 5D TO ! 0W> ( ALL AGA9/ ALL0 & B9D+ ! HUMAN BEA/ ) ! *A9 ( ! LAW4 ,BUT AL?\< ,HOBBES TRACES ! ORIG9 ( ! /ATE TO CONTRACT1 HE MA9TA9S ?AT ! FIR/ RUL]S W]E GIV5 ! UNLIMIT$ P[] TO RULE OV] ALL O!RS4 ,ONCE AGRE$ UPON1 ! COV5ANT REMA9S B9D+ = ALL TIME TO COME4 ,TO REBEL AGA9/ IT IS ! WOR/ ( ALL CRIMES1 = EV]Y ATTEMPT 9 ?IS DIRECTION BR+S 9TO QUE/ION ! P]MAN5CE ( ALL CULTURE1 EV5 ( SOCIETY ITSELF4 

,! MAT]IALI/ ,HOBBES1 :O HAS BE5 MALIGN$ 9 HI/ORY AS A 0RADICAL A!I/10 WAS 9 REALITY A /RICTLY RELIGI\S MAN1 BUT HIS RELIGION HAD A PURELY POLITICAL *>ACT]2 ! ,GOD :OM HE S]V$ WAS ! UNLIMIT$ P[] ( ! ,/ATE4 ,JU/ AS 9 ALL RELIGION MAN BECOMES EV] SMALL] 9 PROPORTION AS ! GODHEAD GR[S BEYOND HIM1 UNTIL AT LA/ ,GOD IS ALL1 & MAN NO?+1 SO ) ,HOBBES1 VIEW+ ! /ATE P[] AS LIMITLESS1 HE DEGRADES MAN'S ORIG9AL NATURE TO ! L[E/ /AGE ( BE/IALITY4 ,! RESULT IS ! SAME3 ! /ATE IS ALL1 ! CITIZ5S NO?+4 ,9DE$1 AS ,F4 ,A4 ,LANGE HAS V]Y CORRECTLY REM>K$3 0,! NAME ,LEVIA?AN0 7! TITLE ,HOBBES GAVE TO HIS PR9CIPAL WORK7 0IS ONLY TOO APPROPRIATE = ?IS MON/]1 ! /ATE1 :I* GUID$ BY NO HI<] CONSID]ATION1 LIKE A T]RE/RIAL GOD ORD]S LAW & JU/ICE1 RI<TS & PROP]TY1 ACCORD+ TO ITS PLEASUREEV5 >BITR>ILY DEF9ES ! CONCEPTS ( GOOD & EVIL & 9 RETURN GU>ANTEES PROTECTION ( LIFE & PROP]TY TO ?OSE :O FALL ON !IR KNEES & SACRIFICE TO IT40 .<#b.> 

,ACCORD+ TO ,HOBBES1 LAW & RI<T >E CONCEPTS :I* MAKE !IR APPE>ANCE ONLY ) ! =MATION ( POLITICAL SOCIETY1 MEAN+ ! /ATE4 ,H5CE ! /ATE CAN NEV] TRANSGRESS AGA9/ LAW1 BECAUSE ALL LAW ORIG9ATES ) ITSELF4 ,! CU/OM>Y LAW1 :I* IS (T5 REF]R$ TO AS NATURAL RI<T1 OR ! UNWRITT5 LAW1 MAY UTT]LY CONDEMN !FT1 MURD] & VIOL5CE AS CRIMES2 BUT AS SOON AS ! /ATE COMM&S M5 TO DO !SE ACTS1 !Y CEASE TO BE CRIMES4 ,AGA9/ ! /ATE'S LAW EV5 0DIV9E RI<T0 HAS NO P[]1 = ONLY ! /ATE IS QUALIFI$ TO DECIDE CONC]N+ RI<T & WRONG4 ,! /ATE IS ! PUBLIC CONSCI5CE1 & AGA9/ IT NO PRIVATE CONSCI5CE NOR PRIVATE CONVICTION CAN PREVAIL4 ,! WILL ( ! /ATE IS ! HI<E/1 IS ! ONLY1 LAW4 

,S9CE ,HOBBES SEES 9 ! /ATE ONLY 0,LEVIA?AN10 ! BEA/ ( :OM ! ,BOOK ( ,JOB SAYS1 0UPON E>? !RE IS NOT HIS LIKE10 HE LOGICALLY REJECTS ALL /RIV+ ( ! *UR* = WORLD DOM9ION & D5IES TO ! PRIE/S 9 G5]AL1 & TO ! POPE 9 P>TICUL>1 ANY RI<T TO TEMPORAL P[]4 ,= RELIGION ALSO IS JU/IFI$ = HIM ONLY AS LONG AS IT IS RECOGNIZ$ & TAU<T BY ! /ATE4 ,?US1 HE SAYS1 9 AN ESPECIALLY SIGNIFICANT PASSAGE 9 ,LEVIA?AN3 0,! FE> ( UNSE5 P[]S1 :E!R IT BE IMAG9>Y OR :E!R DELIV]$ BY TRADITION1 IS RELIGION :5 IT IS AFFIRM$ BY ! /ATE1 & SUP]/ITION :5 IT IS NOT AFFIRM$ BY ! /ATE40 

,ACCORD+ TO ,HOBBES ! /ATE HAS NOT ONLY ! RI<T TO PRESCRIBE = ITS SUBJECTS :AT !Y MAY BELIEVE1 IT ALSO DECIDES :E!R A BELIEF IS RELIGI\S OR ONLY TO BE REG>D$ AS SUP]/ITI\S4 ,! MAT]IALI/ ,HOBBES1 :O HAD NO 9CL9ATION :ATEV] = RELIGION 9 G5]AL1 F\ND IT QUITE 9 ORD] ?AT ! GOV]NM5T = REASONS ( /ATE %\LD DECIDE 9 FAVOR ( A C]TA9 CRE$ & IMPOSE IT UPON ITS SUBJECTS AS ! ONLY TRUE RELIGION4 ,IT AFFECTS ONE RA!R CURI\SLY1 !RE=E1 :5 ,FRITZ ,MAU?N] OP9ES ?AT ,HOBBES 0GOES F> BEYOND ! DISBELIEF ( ! FIR/ DEI/S :5 HE DEM&S ! SUBMISSION ( ! CITIZ5S TO ! /ATE RELIGION1 = :AT HE DEM&S IS AGA9 ONLY OB$I5CE TO ! /ATE1 EV5 9 RELIGI\S MATT]S1 NOT TO ,GOD40 .<#c.> 

,! :OLE DI/9CTION LIES H]E ONLY 9 ! =M ( ! FAI?4 ,HOBBES 5D[S ! /ATE ) ALL ! SACR$ QUALITIES ( A GODHEAD1 TO :I* MAN IS SUBJECT = WEAL OR WOE4 ,HE GIVES ! DEVOTIONAL NE$ ( ! FAI?FUL ANO!R OBJECT ( V5]ATION1 CONDEMNS H]ESY 9 ! POLITICAL FIELD ) ! SAME IRON & LOGICAL 9TOL]ANCE ) :I* ! *UR* US$ TO FI<T EV]Y OPPOSITION TO ITS M&ATES4 ,BELIEF 9 ! /ATE1 TO ! 0A!I/0 ,HOBBES1 WAS AFT] ALL JU/ A RELIGION3 MAN'S BELIEF 9 HIS DEP5D5CE ON A HI<] P[] :I* DECIDES HIS P]SONAL FATE & AGA9/ :I* NO REVOLT IS POSSIBLE1 S9CE IT TRANSC5DS ALL HUMAN AIMS & 5DS4 

,HOBBES LIV$ AT ! TIME :5 ! RISE ( ! NATIONALI/ /ATE 5D$ ! /RUGGLE ( ! *UR* = WORLD P[] AS WELL AS ! EF=TS TO BR+ ,EUROPE UND] ! DOM9ATION ( A C5TRAL UNIV]SAL MON>*Y4 ,REALIZ+ ?AT ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY CANNOT BE RETRAC$1 & ?AT ?+S ALREADY BELONG+ TO ! %AD[ REALM ( ! PA/ CANNOT BE >TIFICIALLY REVIVIFI$1 HE ATTA*$ HIMSELF TO ?IS NEW REALITY4 ,BUT S9CE1 LIKE ALL DEF5D]S ( AU?ORITY1 HE />T$ FROM ! 9H]5T BE/IALITY ( MAN &1 9 SPITE ( HIS A!ISM1 C\LD NOT FREE HIMSELF FROM ! MISAN?ROPIC DOCTR9E ( ORIG9AL S91 HE HAD LOGICALLY TO >RIVE AT ! SAME RESULTS AS HIS PR$ECESSORS 9 ! CAMP ( ECCLESIA/ICAL !OLOGY4 ,IT PR(IT$ HIM LITTLE ?AT HE HAD P]SONALLY FRE$ HIMSELF FROM ! FETT]S ( RELIGI\S FAI? 9 MIRACLES2 = HE 5ME%$ HIMSELF ALL ! MORE TI<TLY 9 ! NET ( A POLITICAL FAI? 9 MIRACLES:I* 9 ALL ITS CONSEQU5CES WAS JU/ AS HO/ILE TO FRE$OM & 5SLAV$ ! M9D ( MAN JU/ AS MU*4 ,?IS1 BY ! WAY1 IS A PRO( ?AT A!ISM1 9 ! CURR5T S5SE1 NE$ BY NO MEANS BE ASSOCIAT$ ) LIB]T>IAN IDEAS4 ,IT HAS A LIB]T>IAN 9FLU5CE ONLY :5 IT RECOGNIZES ! 9N] CONNECTIONS BETWE5 RELIGION & POLITICS 9 !IR UTMO/ PR(UNDITY1 & F9DS = ! POSSESSORS ( TEMPORAL P[] NO GREAT] JU/IFICATION ?AN = ! AU?ORITY ( ,GOD4 ,! 0PAGAN0 ,MA*IAVELLI & ! 0A!I/0 ,HOBBES >E ! CLASSICAL WITNESSES = ?IS4 

,ALL ADVOCATES ( ! P[] IDEA1 EV5 ?\<1 LIKE ,MA*IAVELLI & ,HOBBES1 !Y C>$ NO?+ = TRADITIONAL RELIGION1 W]E COMPELL$ TO ASSIGN TO ! /ATE ! P>T ( A T]RE/RIAL ,PROVID5CE1 SURR\ND$ ) ! SAME MY/ICAL HALO ?AT %9ES AB\T EV]Y GODHEAD1 & TO 5D[ IT ) ALL ?OSE SUP]HUMAN QUALITIES )\T :I* NO P[] CAN MA9TA9 ITSELF1 :E!R IT BE ( CELE/IAL OR T]RE/RIAL NATURE4 ,= NO P[] P]SI/S BY VIRTUE ( SPECIAL *>ACT]I/ICS 9H]5T 9 IT2 ITS GREATNESS RE/S ALWAYS ON BORR[$ QUALITIES :I* ! FAI? ( MAN HAS ASCRIB$ TO IT4 ,LIKE ,GOD1 SO EV]Y TEMPORAL P[] IS BUT 0A BLANK TABLET0 :I* GIVES BACK ONLY :AT MAN HAS WRITT5 ON IT4 

,! DOCTR9E ( ! SOCIAL CONTRACT1 ESPECIALLY ,BU*ANAN'S IDEA ?AT ALL P[] EMANATES FROM ! PEOPLE1 LAT] >\S$ ! ,9DEP5D5TS 9 ,5GL& TO A NEW REBELLION1 NOT ONLY AGA9/ ,CA?OLICISM1 BUT ALSO AGA9/ ! /ATE RELIGION F\ND$ BY ! ,CALV9I/IC ,PRESBYT]IANS1 & DEM&$ ! COMPLETE AUTONOMY ( ! CONGREGATIONS 9 ALL MATT]S ( FAI?4 ,S9CE ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! /ATE *UR* WAS N[ ACT+ ONLY AS AN OB$I5T TOOL ( ! PR9CELY P[]1 ! RELIGI\S & ! POLITICAL OPPOSITION ( ! EV] SPREAD+ ,PURITANISM FL[$ FROM ONE & ! SAME S\RCE4 ,! WELL-KN[N ,5GLI% HI/ORIAN1 ,MACAULAY1 REM>KS QUITE CORRECTLY REG>D+ ! ,PURITANS ?AT !Y ADD$ HATR$ ( ! /ATE TO !IR HATR$ ( ! *UR*1 SO ?AT ! TWO EMOTIONS M+L$ & MUTUALLY EMBITT]$ EA* O!R4 

,ANIMAT$ BY ?IS SPIRIT1 ! POET ( ,P>ADISE ,LO/1 ,JOHN ,MILTON1 WAS ! FIR/ TO /EP =W>D 9 DEF5SE ( FRE$OM ( ! PRESS1 9 ORD] TO SAFEGU>D ! RELIGI\S & POLITICAL FRE$OM ( CONSCI5CE ( ! CITIZ5S4 ,9 HIS TRACT1 ,DEF5SIO PRO POPULO ,ANGLICANO1 HE DEF5D$ ALSO ! UNQUALIFI$ RI<T ( ! NATION TO BR+ A TREA*]\S & FAI?LESS TYRANT TO JUDGM5T & TO CONDEMN HIM TO DEA?4 ,LIKE M5 />V+ = SPIRITUAL FOOD1 ! BE/ M9DS ( ,EUROPE GRE$ILY ABSORB$ ?IS BOOK1 ESPECIALLY AFT] IT HAD BE5 PUBLICLY BURN$ BY ! HANGMAN AT ! COMM& ( ! ,K+ ( ,FRANCE4 

,!SE IDEAS W]E MO/ OP5LY ADVOCAT$ AMONG ! ,LEVEL]S1 ! ADH]5TS ( ,JOHN ,LILBURNES1 & F\ND !IR BOLDE/ EXPRESSION 9 ! S*EME ( 0! PEOPLE'S COV5ANT10 PRES5T$ TO ! MASSES BY ?IS MO/ RADICAL W+ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ?AT TIME4 ,ALMO/ ALL ( ! SOCIALPHILOSOPHICAL ?9K]S ( ?AT P]IOD1 FROM ,G]>D ,W9/ANLEY TO ,P4 ,C4 ,PLOCKBOY & ,JOHN ,BELL]S1 FROM ,R4 ,HOOK] & ,A4 ,SIDNEY TO ,JOHN ,LOCKE1 W]E CONV9C$ DEF5D]S ( ! DOCTR9E ( ! SOCIAL CONTRACT4 

,:ILE ON ! CONT95T ABSOLUTISM ALMO/ EV]Y:]E WON UNLIMIT$ DOM9ION1 9 ,5GL& IT A*IEV$ UND] ! ,/U>TS ONLY A TEMPOR>Y SUCCESS1 & WAS SOON UNHORS$ AGA9 BY ! SECOND REVOLUTION ( #a#f#h#h4 ,BY ! ,DECL>ATION ( ,RI<TS1 9 :I* ALL ( ! PR9CIPLES SET =? 9 ,MAGNA ,*>TA1 W]E REAFFIRM$ 9 EXT5D$ =M1 ! COV5ANTAL RELATION%IP BETWE5 CR[N & PEOPLE WAS REE/ABLI%$4 ,[+ TO ?IS C\RSE ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,5GL&1 ! IDEA ( ! SOCIAL CONTRACT & ! CONCEPT ( NATURAL RI<TS NEV] LO/ CURR5CY1 & HAD1 CONSEQU5TLY1 A DEEP] 9FLU5CE ON ! 9TELLECTUAL ATTITUDE ( ! PEOPLE ?AN 9 ANY O!R C\NTRY4 

,! ,CONT95T HAD BECOME US$ TO SURR5D]+ REALMS & PEOPLES TO ! UNLIMIT$ P[] ( PR9CES4 ,! WORDS ( ,L\IS ,X,I,V1 0,I AM ! ,/ATE10 ACQUIR$ A SYMBOLIC SIGNIFICANCE = ! :OLE EPO* ( ABSOLUTISM4 ,9 ,5GL&1 H[EV]1 :]E ! ,CR[N'S /RIV+ = P[] WAS ALWAYS CONFRONT$ BY ! RESOLUTE OPPOSITION ( ! CITIZ5S:I* C\LD BE ONLY TEMPOR>ILY SIL5C$1 & NEV] = LONG!RE DEVELOP$ QUITE A DIFF]5T UND]/&+ ( SOCIAL ISSUES4 ,ACQUIR$ RI<TS W]E ZEAL\SLY GU>D$1 & DESPOTISM WAS EFFECTIVELY *ECK$ BY ! REQUIREM5T ( P>LIAM5T>Y APPROVAL4 ,JOHN ,PYM1 ! BRILLIANT LEAD] ( ! OPPOSITION 9 ! ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS AGA9/ ! ABSOLUTI/ CLAIMS ( ! CR[N1 GAVE ELOQU5T EXPRESSION TO ?IS S5TIM5T :5 HE LAUN*$ !SE WORDS AGA9/ ! ROYALI/ M9ORITY3 

,?AT FALSE PR9CIPLE :I* 9SPIRES ! PR9CES & MAKES !M BELIEVE ?AT ! C\NTRIES OV] :I* !Y RULE >E !IR P]SONAL PROP]TY AS IF ! K+DOM EXI/$ = ! SAKE ( ! K+ & NOT ! K+ = ! SAKE ( ! K+DOMIS AT ! ROOT ( ALL ! MIS]Y ( !IR SUBJECTS1 ! CAUSE ( ALL ! ATTACKS ON !IR RI<TS & LIB]TIES4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! RECOGNIZ$ LAWS ( ?IS C\NTRY NOT EV5 ! CR[N JEWELS >E ! PROP]TY ( ! K+2 !Y >E M]ELY 5TRU/$ TO HIM = HIS ADORNM5T & USE4 ,& M]ELY 5TRU/$ TO HIM >E ALSO ! CITIES & =TRESSES1 ! TREASUR]OOMS & /OREH\SES1 ! PUBLIC (FICES1 9 ORD] TO SAFEGU>D ! SECURITY1 ! WELF>E & ! PR(IT ( ! PEOPLE & ! K+DOM4 ,HE CAN1 !RE=E1 EX]CISE HIS P[] ONLY AFT] 9VOK+ ! ADVICE ( BO? H\SES ( ,P>LIAM5T4 

,9 !SE WORDS RES\NDS ! E*O ( ALL ,5GLI% HI/ORY2 !Y REVEAL ! ET]NAL /RUGGLE BETWE5 MI<T & RI<T :I* WILL 5D ONLY ) ! CONQUE/ ( ! P[] PR9CIPLE4 ,= ! PR9CIPLE ( REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T HAD !N QUITE A DIFF]5T MEAN+ ?AN N[4 ,?AT :I* TODAY ONLY HELPS TO BLOCK ! WAY = NEW =MS ( SOCIAL LIFE WAS !N AN E>NE/ EF=T TO SET DEF9ITE LIMITS TO P[]1 A HOPEFUL BEG9N+ T[>D ! COMPLETE ELIM9ATION ( ALL S*EMES = POLITICAL P[] FROM ! LIFE ( SOCIETY4 

,FUR!RMORE1 ! DOCTR9E ( CONTRACTUAL RELATION%IP AS ! BASIS ( ALL ! POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS 9 SOCIETY HAD V]Y E>LY 9 ,5GL& F>-REA*+ CONSEQU5CES4 ,?US1 ! !OLOGIAN1 ,RI*>D ,HOOK]1 9 HIS WORK1 ,LAWS ( ,ECCLESIA/ICAL ,POLITY1 PUBLI%$ 9 #a#e#i#c1 MA9TA9$ ?AT IT IS UNWOR?Y ( A MAN TO SUBMIT BL9DLY1 LIKE A BEA/1 TO ! COMPULSION ( ANY K9D ( AU?ORITY )\T CONSULT+ HIS [N REASON4 ,HOOK] BASES ! DOCTR9E ( ! SOCIAL CONTRACT ON ! FACT ?AT NO MAN IS REALLY ABLE TO RULE OV] A L>GE NUMB] ( HIS FELL[M5 UNLESS !SE HAVE GIV5 !IR CONS5T4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,HOOK]'S IDEA SU* CONS5T C\LD ONLY BE OBTA9$ BY MUTUAL AGREEM5T2 H5CE1 ! CONTRACT4 ,9 HIS DISS]TATION CONC]N+ ! NATURE ( GOV]NM5T ,HOOK] DECL>ES QUITE FRANKLY ?AT 09 ! NATURE ( ?+S IT IS BY NO MEANS IMPOSSIBLE ?AT M5 C\LD LIVE 9 SOCIAL RELATIONS )\T PUBLIC GOV]NM5T40 ,?IS WORK LAT] S]V$ ,JOHN ,LOCKE AS A F\NDATION = HIS TWO CELEBRAT$ TREATISES ON ,CIVIL ,GOV]NM5T1 FROM :I* ! G]M9AT+ LIB]ALISM DREW ITS MA9 N\RI%M5T4 

,LOCKE LIKEWISE BAS$ HIS SOCIALPHILOSOPHICAL !ORIES ON NATURAL RI<TS4 ,9 CONTRADI/9CTION TO ,HOBBES1 HE BELIEV$1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! FRE$OM ( ! NATURAL MAN WAS BY NO MEANS A /ATE ( RUDE CAPRICE :]E9 ! RI<T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL WAS LIMIT$ ONLY BY ! BRUTE =CE AT HIS DISPOSAL4 ,HE MA9TA9$1 RA!R1 ?AT COMMON & B9D+ RELATION%IPS EXI/$ BETWE5 PRIMITIVE M51 EMANAT+ FROM !IR SOCIAL DISPOSITION & FROM CONSID]ATIONS ( REASON4 ,LOCKE WAS ALSO ( ! OP9ION ?AT 9 ! NATURAL /ATE !RE EXI/$ ALREADY A C]TA9 =M ( PROP]TY4 ,IT WAS TRUE ?AT ,GOD HAD GIV5 M5 ALL NATURE = DISPOSAL1 SO ?AT ! E>? ITSELF BELONG$ TO NOBODY2 ! H>VE/1 H[EV]1 :I* ! 9DIVIDUAL HAD CREAT$ BY HIS [N LABOR1 DID4 ,= ?IS REASON !RE GRADUALLY DEVELOP$ C]TA9 OBLIGATIONS BETWE5 M51 ESPECIALLY AFT] ! SEP>ATE FAMILY GR\PS COLLECT$ 9 L>G] UNIONS4 ,9 ?IS MANN] ,LOCKE ?\<T TO EXPLA9 ! ORIG9 ( ! /ATE1 :I* 9 HIS VIEW EXI/$ ONLY AS AN 9SURANCE COMPANY ON :I* RE/$ ! OBLIGATION ( GU>D+ ! P]SONAL SECURITY & ! PROP]TY ( ! CITIZ5S4 

,BUT IF ! /ATE HAS NO O!R TASK ?AN ?IS1 IT FOLL[S LOGICALLY ?AT ! HI<E/ P[] RE/S NOT ) ! HEAD ( ! /ATE1 BUT ) ! PEOPLE1 & F9DS EXPRESSION 9 ! ELECTIVE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLIES4 ,H5CE1 ! HOLD] ( ! /ATE'S P[] /&S NOT ABOVE BUT1 LIKE EV]Y O!R MEMB] ( SOCIETY1 UND] ! LAW1 & IS RESPONSIBLE TO ! PEOPLE = HIS ACTION4 ,IF HE MISUSES ! P[] 5TRU/$ TO HIM1 HE CAN BE RECALL$ BY ! LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY LIKE ANY O!R (FICIAL :O ACTS CONTR>Y TO HIS DUTY4 

,!SE >GUM5TS ( ,LOCKE'S >E DIRECT$ AGA9/ ,HOBBES &1 MO/ ( ALL1 AGA9/ ,SIR ,ROB]T ,FILM]1 ! AU?OR ( ,PATRI>*A1 ONE ( ! MO/ UNCOMPROMIS+ DEF5D]S ( ABSOLUTE PR9CELY P[]4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,FILM] A K+ WAS SUBJECT TO NO HUMAN CONTROL1 NOR WAS HE B\ND 9 HIS DECISIONS BY ! PREC$5TS SET BY HIS PR$ECESSORS4 ,! K+ IS *OS5 BY ,GOD HIMSELF TO ACT AS LAWGIV] = HIS PEOPLE1 & HE ONLY /&S ABOVE ! LAW4 ,ALL LAWS UND] :OSE PROTECTION M5 HAVE LIV$ UP TO N[ HAVE BE5 DELIV]$ TO !M BY ,GOD'S ELECT2 = IT IS CONTR>Y TO REASON TO ASSUME ?AT A COMMON MAN CAN MAKE LAWS = HIMSELF4 ,! IDEA ?AT A PEOPLE HAS ! RI<T TO JUDGE ITS K+ & DEPRIVE HIM ( ! CR[N SEEM$ POSITIVELY CRIM9AL TO ,FILM]2 = 9 ?IS CASE ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! PEOPLE >E ACCUS] & JUDGE 9 ONE P]SON1 :I* MOCKS AT EV]Y PR9CIPLE ( JU/ICE4 ,H5CE1 ACCORD+ TO HIS IDEA1 ANY LIMITATION ( ! H]$IT>Y P[] IS AN EVIL1 & MU/ 9EVITABLY LEAD TO ! DISSOLUTION ( ALL SOCIAL TIES4 

,LOCKE1 :O MA9TA9$ ?AT ! K+ WAS ONLY ! EXECUTIVE ORGAN ( ! POPUL> WILL1 LOGICALLY D5I$ HIM ! RI<T TO MAKE LAWS4 ,:AT HE /ROVE = WAS A TRIPLE P>TITION ( PUBLIC P[]1 AS ! ONLY PROTECTION AGA9/ SU* MISUSE ( P[] AS MU/ ALWAYS 5DANG] ! PUBLIC WEAL IF ALL ! AG5CIES ( P[] W]E UNIT$ 9 ONE P]SON4 ,H5CE ! LAWMAK+ P[] %\LD BE 5TRU/$ EXCLUSIVELY TO ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! PEOPLE4 ,! EXECUTIVE P[]1 :OSE AG5TS C\LD AT ANY TIME BE RECALL$ BY ! LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY & REPLAC$ BY O!RS1 WAS 9 ALL ?+S SUBJECT TO IT & RESPONSIBLE TO IT4 ,!RE REMA9$ ONLY ! F$]ATIVE P[] :I*1 ACCORD+ TO ,LOCKE1 HAD ! TASK ( REPRES5T+ ! NATION ABROAD1 ( MAK+ TREATIES & DECID+ CONC]N+ W> & PEACE4 ,?IS BRAN* ( PUBLIC P[] ALSO WAS TO BE RESPONSIBLE TO ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! PEOPLE & CONC]N$ SOLELY ) PUTT+ !IR DECISIONS 9TO EXECUTION4 

,= ,LOCKE ! LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY WAS ! SPECIFIC 9/RUM5T = SAFEGU>D+ ! RI<TS ( ! PEOPLE AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T2 H5CE HE ASSIGN$ TO IT SU* A DOM9ANT ROLE4 ,IF AN IRRESPONSIBLE ADM9I/RATION VIOLATE ITS TRU/1 IT CON/ITUTES A BREA* ( ! EXI/+ LEGAL RELATION%IP & !N ! PEOPLE >E FREE TO OPPOSE ! REVOLUTION FROM ABOVE BY ! REVOLUTION FROM BEL[1 9 ORD] TO PROTECT !IR 9ALI5ABLE RI<TS4 

,BUT ?\< ,LOCKE /ROVE TO F9D 9 ADVANCE A SOLUTION = ALL POSSIBLE OR REASONABLY PROBABLE CASES1 !RE >E DEFICI5CIES 9 HIS POLITICAL PROGRAM :I* CANNOT BE REMOV$ BY ! SEP>ATION ( ! P[] FUNCTIONS1 BECAUSE !Y >E 9H]5T 9 P[] ITSELF1 & >E FUR!R 5HANC$ BY ! ECONOMIC 9EQUALITIES 9 SOCIETY4 ,!SE 9EQUALITIES CON/ITUTE ! WEAKNESS ( LIB]ALISM ITSELF & ( ALL LAT] CON/ITUTIONAL S*EMES BY :I* 9 V>I\S C\NTRIES ! ATTEMPT HAS BE5 MADE TO LIMIT P[] & PROTECT ! RI<TS ( ! CITIZ5S4 ,?IS WAS ALREADY RECOGNIZ$ BY ! ,FR5* ,GIRONDI/1 ,L\VET1 :O 9 ! MID/ ( ! HI< TIDE ( 5?USIASM = ! NEW CON/ITUTION SPOKE !SE WEI<TY WORDS3 0,POLITICAL EQUALITY & ! CON/ITUTION HAVE NO MORE DANG]\S 5EMY ?AN ! 9CREAS+ 9EQUALITY ( PROP]TY40 

,! /RONG] ?IS 9EQUALITY BECAME 9 ! C\RSE ( TIME1 ! MORE UNBRIDGEABLE BECAME ! SOCIAL CONTRA/S UND] VICTORI\S CAPITALISM1 UND]M9+ EV]Y COMMUNAL 9T]E/1 ! FA/] FAD$ ! ORIG9AL SIGNIFICANCE ( ! MEASURES :I* ONCE PLAY$ SO IMPORTANT A P>T 9 SOCIETY & 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! AMBITION = POLITICAL P[]4 

,= ALL ?AT1 ! IDEA ( NATURAL RI<TS HAD = C5TURIES ! /RONGE/ 9FLU5CE ( ALL ?OSE SOCIAL CULTS 9 ,EUROPE :I* AIM$ TO SET LIMITS TO H]$IT>Y P[] & TO WID5 ! 9DIVIDUAL'S SPH]E ( 9DEP5D5CE4 ,?IS 9FLU5CE P]SI/$ EV5 AFT] A L9E ( EM95T ?9K]S 9 ,5GL& & ,FRANCE1 LIKE ,LORD ,%AFTESBURY1 ,B]NH>D DE ,M&EVILLE1 ,WILLIAM ,TEMPLE1 ,MONTESQUIEU1 ,JOHN ,BOL+BROKE1 ,VOLTAIRE1 ,BUFFON1 ,DAVID ,HUME1 ,MABLY1 ,H5RY ,L+UET1 ,A4 ,F]GUSON1 ,ADAM ,SMI?1 & MANY O!RS1 9SPIR$ BY BIOLOGICAL & RELAT$ SCI5CE1 HAD AB&ON$ ! CONCEPT ( AN ORIG9AL SOCIAL CONTRACT & W]E SEEK+ O!R EXPLANATIONS = ! SOCIAL & COMMUNAL LIFE4 ,9 DO+ SO1 SOME ( !M ALREADY RECOGNIZ$ ! /ATE AS ! POLITICAL 9/RUM5T ( PRIVILEG$ M9ORITIES 9 SOCIETY = ! RUL]%IP ( ! GREAT MASSES4 

,LIKEWISE1 ! GREAT F\ND]S ( 9T]NATIONAL LAW1 LIKE ,HUGO ,GROTE1 ,SAMUEL ,PUF5DORF1 ,*RI/IAN ,?OMASIUS 7TO M5TION ONLY ! BE/-KN[N AMONG !M7 :OSE GREAT M]IT IT IS ?AT 9 A TIME :5 ! NATIONAL SEP>ATION ( ! PEOPLES WAS BECOM+ EV] WID] !Y MADE ! FIR/ ATTEMPTS TO GO BEYOND ! LIMITS ( ! /ATE & TO COLLECT :AT IS COMMON TO ALL M5 9TO A F\NDATION = A COMMON LAW !SE ALSO SET \T FROM ! IDEA ( NATURAL RI<TS4 ,GROTE REG>D$ MAN AS A SOCIAL BE+ & RECOGNIZ$ 9 ! SOCIAL IMPULSE ! BASIS ( ALL SOCIAL TIES4 ,SOCIAL COMMUNAL LIFE DEVELOP$ DEF9ITE HABITS1 & !SE =M$ ! FIR/ F\NDATIONS ( NATURAL RI<TS4 ,9 HIS WORK1 ,CONC]N+ ! ,LAW ( ,W> & ,PEACE1 PUBLI%$ 9 #a#f#b#e1 HE TRACES ! =MATION ( ! /ATE TO A TACIT COV5ANT = ! PROTECTION ( RI<TS & = ! B5EFIT ( ALL4 ,S9CE ! /ATE >OSE BY ! WILL ( ALL 9DIVIDUALS1 ! RI<T ?AT APP]TA9S TO EA* ONE ( ITS MEMB]S CAN NEV] BE ABROGAT$ BY ! /ATE4 ,?IS NATURAL & 9ALI5ABLE RI<T CANNOT BE *ANG$ EV5 BY ,GOD HIMSELF4 ,?IS LEGAL RELATION%IP IS LIKEWISE ! BASIS ( ALL RELATIONS ) O!R PEOPLES & CANNOT BE VIOLAT$ )\T PUNI%M5T4 

,PUF5DORF1 LIKE ,?OMASIUS & ,GROTE1 HAS HIS ROOTS 9 ! ,5GLI% SOCIAL PHILOSOPH]S & BOLDLY DECL>ES ?AT NATURAL RI<TS EXI/ NOT ONLY = ,*RI/IANS1 BUT ALSO = ,JEWS & ,TURKS1 A PO9T ( VIEW V]Y EXTRAORD9>Y 9 ?OSE TIMES4 ,?OMASIUS TRACES BACK ALL RI<TS TO ! DESIRE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO LIVE AS HAPPILY & AS LONG AS POSSIBLE4 ,S9CE MAN CAN S F9D HIS GREATE/ HAPP9ESS ONLY 9 COMMUNITY ) O!RS1 HE %\LD EV] /RIVE TO MAKE ! WELF>E ( ALL ! GUID+ PR9CIPLE ( HIS ACTIONS4 ,= ,?OMASIUS ?IS PR9CIPLE EXHAU/S ! :OLE CONT5T ( NATURAL RI<TS4 

,ALL S*EMES HAV+ !IR ROOTS 9 NATURAL RI<TS >E BAS$ ON ! DESIRE TO FREE MAN FROM BONDAGE TO SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS ( COMPULSION 9 ORD] ?AT HE MAY ATTA9 TO CONSCI\SNESS ( HIS HUMANITY & NO LONG] B[ BE=E ANY AU?ORITY :I* W\LD DEPRIVE HIM ( ! RI<T TO HIS [N ?\<TS & ACTIONS4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT MO/ ( !SE S*EMES /ILL CONTA9$ A MASS ( AU?ORIT>IAN ELEM5TS1 & ?AT !SE FREQU5TLY GREW AGA9 9TO NEW =MS ( RUL]%IP :5 !Y HAD P>TLY OR :OLLY OBTA9$ !IR 5DS4 ,BUT ?IS DOES NOT ALT] ! FACT ?AT ! GREAT POPUL> MOVEM5TS ANIMAT$ BY !SE IDEAS SMOO!D ! WAY = ! OV]?R[ ( P[] & PREP>$ ! FIELD 9 :I* ! SE$S ( FRE$OM WILL SOME DAY G]M9ATE VIGOR\SLY4 

,?\S&S ( EXP]I5CES HAD TO BE GA!R$ & MU/ /ILL BE GA!R$ TO MAKE M5 READY = ! ?\<T ?AT IT IS NOT ! =M ( P[]1 BUT P[] ITSELF1 :I* IS ! S\RCE ( ALL EVIL1 & ?AT IT MU/ BE ABOLI%$ TO OP5 TO MAN NEW \TLOOKS = ! FUTURE4 ,EV]Y SLI<TE/ A*IEVEM5T ALONG ?IS T$I\S PA? WAS A /EP =W>D 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! LOOS+ ( ALL ?OSE BONDS ( POLITICAL P[] :I* HAVE ALWAYS CRIPPL$ ! FREE OP]ATION ( ! CREATIVE =CES ( CULTURAL LIFE & H9D]$ !IR NATURAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,ONLY :5 MAN %ALL HAVE OV]COME ! BELIEF 9 HIS DEP5D5CE ON A HI<] P[] WILL ! *A9S FALL AWAY ?AT UP TO N[ HAVE B[$ ! PEOPLE B5EA? ! YOKE ( SPIRITUAL & SOCIAL SLAV]Y4 ,GU>DIAN%IP & AU?ORITY >E ! DEA? ( ALL 9TELLECTUAL EF=T1 & = JU/ ?AT REASON ! GREATE/ H9DRANCE TO ANY CLOSE SOCIAL UNION1 :I* CAN >ISE ONLY FROM FREE DISCUSSION ( MATT]S & CAN PROSP] ONLY 9 A COMMUNITY NOT H9D]$ 9 ITS NATURAL C\RSE BY EXT]NAL COMPULSION1 BELIEF 9 A SUP]NATURAL DOGMA OR ECONOMIC OPPRESSION4 

.<#a.> ,! ADVOCATES ( ! IDEA ( NATURAL RI<TS SUPPORT$ !M BY A LONG L9E ( HI/ORICAL FACTS4 WE RECALL1 = 9/ANCE1 ! OLD CORONATION =MULA ( ! ,>AGONESE3 0WE1 ( :OM EV]Y ONE ( US IS AS MU* AS ?\1 & :O ALL ( US COMB9$ >E MORE ?AN ?\1 MAKE !E A K+4 ,IF ?\ WILT RESPECT \R LAWS & RI<TS1 WE WILL OBEY !E2 IF NOT1 !N NOT40 

.<#b.> ,F4 ,A4 ,LANGE1 ,GES*I*TE DES ,MAT]IALISMUS UND ,KRITIK SE9] ,B$EUTUNG 9 D] ,GEG5W>T4 #a3#b#d#b 7#a ,AUFL474 

.<#c.> ,FRITZ ,MAU?N]1 ,D] ,A!ISMUD UND SE9] ,GES*I*TE IM ,AB5DL&E4 #a#a3#e#c#e4 ,/UTTG>T UND ,LEIPZIG1 #a#i#b#a4 

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