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,ABSOLUTISM - ,AN ,OB/ACLE TO ,ECONOMIC ,DEVELOPM5T 

#aicgaicg 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,RUDOLPH ,ROCK] 

,TEXT 3 

#g4 ,ABSOLUTISM - ,AN ,OB/ACLE TO ,ECONOMIC ,DEVELOPM5T 

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,I,T ,H,A,S (T5 BE5 ASS]T$ ?AT ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE 9 ,EUROPE 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! NATIONAL /ATE HAS BE5 ALONG ! L9E ( PROGRESS4 ,IT IS1 SIGNIFICANTLY1 ! PROTAGONI/S ( 0HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM0 :O HAVE MO/ EMPHATICALLY DEF5D$ ?IS CONCEPT4 ,!Y TRY TO PROVE ?AT ! HI/ORIC EV5TS ( ! TIME W]E CAUS$ BY ECONOMIC NECESSITY1 DEM&+ A BROAD5+ ( ! TE*NICAL CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,9 REALITY1 ?IS FABLE >ISES FROM NO S]I\S CONSID]ATION ( HI/ORICAL FACTS1 BUT RA!R FROM A VA9 DESIRE TO SEE ! SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T ( ,EUROPE 9 ! LI<T ( AN ADVANC+ EVOLUTION4 ,9 ?AT IMPORTANT RECON/RUCTION ( ,EUROPEAN SOCIETY ASSOCIAT$ ) ! GR[? ( NATIONALISM1 ! /RUGGLE ( SMALL M9ORITIES = POLITICAL P[] HAS FREQU5TLY PLAY$ A MU* MORE IMPORTANT P>T ?AN ALLEG$ 0ECONOMIC NECESSITY40 ,QUITE AP>T FROM ! FACT ?AT !RE IS NOT ! LEA/ REASON TO SUPPOSE ?AT ! EVOLUTION ( TE*NICAL ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION C\LD NOT HAVE GONE ON JU/ AS WELL )\T ! CREATION ( ! NATIONAL /ATE1 IT CANNOT BE D5I$ ?AT ! F\NDATION ( ! NATIONAL ABSOLUTI/ /ATES ( ,EUROPE WAS ASSOCIAT$ ) A LONG S]IES ( DEVA/AT+ W>S BY :I* ! ECONOMIC & CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T ( MANY L&S WAS = A LONG TIME1 YES1 EV5 = C5TURIES1 COMPLETELY 9HIBIT$4 

,9 ,SPA9 ! RISE ( ! NATIONALI/ /ATE L$ TO A CATA/ROPHIC DECAY ( ONCE FL\RI%+ 9DU/RIES & TO A COMPLETE DIS9TEGRATION ( ! :OLE ECONOMIC LIFE1 :I* HAS NOT BE5 RE/OR$ TO ?IS DAY4 ,9 ,FRANCE ! ,HUGU5OT W>S1 WAG$ BY ! MON>*Y TO =TIFY ! UNIFI$ /ATE1 MO/ S]I\SLY 9JUR$ ,FR5* 9DU/RIES4 ,?\S&S ( ! BE/ >TISANS LEFT ! C\NTRY & TRANSPLANT$ !IR 9DU/RIES TO O!R /ATES4 ,! CITIES W]E DEPOPULAT$ & MO/ IMPORTANT L9ES ( 9DU/RY BEGAN TO DECL9E4 ,9 ,G]MANY :]E ! MA*9ATIONS ( ! PR9CES & NOBLES DID NOT P]MIT A UNIFI$ NATIONAL /ATE TO >ISE AS 9 ,SPA91 ,FRANCE1 & ,5GL&1 & :]E1 CONSEQU5TLY1 A :OLE SET ( SMALL NATIONAL /ATES DEVELOP$1 ! ,?IRTY ,YE>S' ,W> DEVA/AT$ ! :OLE L&2 DECIMAT$ ! POPULATION1 & 9HIBIT$ EV]Y CULTURAL & ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T = ! NEXT TWO HUNDR$ YE>S4 

,BUT !SE W]E NOT ! ONLY OB/ACLES TO ECONOMIC EVOLUTION PRES5T$ BY ! RIS+ NATIONAL /ATE4 ,:]EV] IT >OSE IT TRI$ TO 9HIBIT ! NATURAL C\RSE ( ECONOMIC PROGRESS BY PROHIBITION ( IMPORTS & EXPORTS1 SUP]VISION ( 9DU/RY1 & BUREAUCRATIC ORD9ANCES4 ,! GUILD MA/]S W]E GIV5 ORD]S REG>D+ !IR ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION1 & :OLE >MIES ( (FICIALS W]E CREAT$ TO SUP]VISE ! 9DU/RIES4 ,!REBY ALL IMPROVEM5TS 9 PRODUCTION W]E LIMIT$1 & ONLY BY ! GREAT REVOLUTIONS ( ! SEV5TE5? & EI<TE5? C5TURIES WAS 9DU/RY FRE$ FROM !SE BURD5SOME %ACKLES4 ,! RISE ( ! NATIONALI/ /ATES NOT ONLY 2 DID NOT FUR!R ECONOMIC EVOLUTION 9 ANY WAY :ATEV]1 BUT ! 5DLESS W>S ( ?AT EPO* & ! S5SELESS 9T]F]5CE ( DESPOTISM 9 ! LIFE ( 9DU/RY CREAT$ ?AT CONDITION ( CULTURAL B>B>ISM 9 :I* MANY ( ! BE/ A*IEVEM5TS ( 9DU/RIAL TE*NIQUE W]E :OLLY OR P>TLY LO/ & HAD TO BE R$ISCOV]$ LAT] ON4 .<#a.> 

,TO ?IS MU/ BE ADD$ ! FACT ?AT ! K+S W]E ALWAYS SUSPICI\S ( ! CITIZ5S & ! >TISANS ( ! T[NS1 :O W]E ! REAL REPRES5TATIVES ( 9DU/RY4 ,!Y UNIT$ ) !M ONLY :5 !Y HAD TO BREAK ! RESI/ANCE ( ! NOBLES1 :O W]E NOT FAVORABLY 9CL9$ TO ! MON>*I/S' EF=TS AT UNIFICATION4 ,?IS WILL APPE> ESPECIALLY CLE> 9 ,FR5* HI/ORY4 ,LAT]1 :5 ABSOLUTISM HAD VICTORI\SLY OV]COME ALL OPPOSITION TO NATIONAL UNIFICATION1 BY ITS FUR!R+ ( M]CANTILISM & ECONOMIC MONOPOLY IT GAVE ! :OLE SOCIAL EVOLUTION A DIRECTION :I* C\LD ONLY LEAD TO CAPITALISM2 & DEGRAD$ M5 BECAME GALLEY SLAVES ( 9DU/RY 9/EAD ( ECONOMIC LEAD]S4 

,9 ! ALREADY EXI/+ /ATES1 ORIG9ALLY F\ND$ ON [N]%IP ( SOIL1 ! RIS+ WORLD COMM]CE & ! GR[+ 9FLU5CE ( COMM]CIAL CAPITAL EFFECT$ A PR(\ND *ANGE1 = !Y BROKE ! FEUDAL B>S & 9ITIAT$ ! GRADUAL TRANSITION FROM FEUDALISM TO 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM4 ,! ABSOLUTI/ NATIONAL /ATE WAS DEP5D5T UPON ! HELP ( ! NEW ECONOMIC =CES1 & VISE V]SA4 ,BY ! IMPORTATION ( GOLD FROM ,AM]ICA ! DEVELOPM5T ( MONEY ECONOMY 9 ,EUROPE WAS 5ORM\SLY 5HANC$4 ,MONEY BECAME1 FROM N[ ON1 NOT ONLY AN EV] L>G] FACTOR 9 9DU/RY ITSELF1 BUT IT DEVELOP$ 9TO A POLITICAL 9/RUM5T ( ! FIR/ ORD]4 ,! B\NDLESS PR(LIGACY ( ! C\RTS 9 ! EPO* ( ABSOLUTE MON>*Y1 ITS >MIES & FLEETS1 & LA/LY ITS MI<TY (FICIAL APP>ATUS1 DEV\R$ 5ORM\S SUMS :I* MU/ BE EV] NEWLY PROCUR$4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! 5DLESS W>S ( ?AT P]IOD CO/ A M9T ( MONEY4 ,!SE SUMS C\LD NOT BE RAIS$ BY ! HALF-/>V$ S]F POPULATION ( ! C\NTRY 9 SPITE ( ALL ! >TS ( EXPLOITATION ( ! F9ANCIAL MAGICIANS ( ! C\RTS4 ,H5CE1 O!R S\RCES HAD TO BE S\<T4 ,! W>S !MSELVES W]E L>GELY ! RESULT ( ?IS POLITICAL-ECONOMIC EVOLUTION & ( ! /RUGGLE ( ! ABSOLUTI/ /ATES = ! HEGEMONY ( ,EUROPE4 ,!REBY ! ORIG9AL *>ACT] ( ! OLD FEUDAL /ATES WAS ?OR\<LY *ANG$4 ,ON ! ONE H&11 MONEY MADE IT POSSIBLE = ! K+ COMPLETELY TO SUBJUGATE ! NOBLES1 ?US E/ABLI%+ FIRMLY ! UNITY ( ! /ATE2 ON ! O!R H&1 ! ROYAL P[] GAVE ! M]*ANTS ! PROTECTION NECESS>Y TO ESCAPE ! CONFISCATIONS ( ! ROBB] B>ONS4 ,FROM ?IS COMMUNITY ( 9T]E/S EVOLV$ ! REAL F\NDATION ( ! SO-CALL$ NATIONALI/ /ATE & ! CONCEPT ( ! NATION 9 G5]AL4 

,BUT ?IS SELFSAME MON>*Y1 :I* = WEI<TY REASONS S\<T TO FUR!R ! AIMS ( COMM]CIAL CAPITAL & WAS1 ON ! O!R H&1 ITSELF AID$ 9 ITS DEVELOPM5T BY CAPITAL1 GREW AT LA/ 9TO A CRIPPL+ OB/ACLE TO ANY FUR!R RECON/RUCTION ( ,EUROPEAN 9DU/RY2 & BY UNBRIDL$ FAVORITISM IT CONV]T$ 5TIRE 9DU/RIAL L9ES 9TO MONOPOLIES & SO DEPRIV$ ! PEOPLE AT L>GE ( !IR B5EFITS4 ,ESPECIALLY DISA/R\S WAS ! S5SELESS REGIM5TATION IMPOS$ UPON 9DU/RY :]EBY ! DEVELOPM5T ( TE*NICAL SKILL WAS =CIBLY 9HIBIT$ & EV]Y ADVANCE 9 ! FIELD ( 9DU/RIAL ACTIVITY WAS >TIFICIALLY *ECK$4 

,! FUR!R COMM]CE SPREAD1 ! MORE 9T]E/ ITS LEAD]S NATURALLY HAD TO HAVE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RY4 ,! ABSOLUTI/ /ATE1 :OSE C(F]S ! EXPANSION ( COMM]CE FILL$ BY BR++ 9TO ! C\NTRY PL5TY ( MONEY1 AT FIR/ FUR!R$ ! PLANS ( COMM]CIAL CAPITAL4 ,ITS >MIES & FLEETS1 :I* HAD REA*$ CONSID]ABLE PROPORTIONS1 CONTRIBUT$ TO ! EXPANSION ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION BECAUSE !Y DEM&$ A NUMB] ( ?+S = :OSE L>GE-SCALE PRODUCTION ! %OPS ( ! SMALL TRADESMAN W]E NO LONG] ADAPT$4 ,?US GRADUALLY >OSE ! SO-CALL$ MANUFACTURES1 .<#b.> ! =]UNN]S ( ! LAT] L>GE 9DU/RIES1 :I* W]E DEVELOP$1 H[EV]1 ONLY AFT] ! GREAT SCI5TIFIC DISCOV]IES ( A LAT] P]IOD HAD SMOO!D ! WAY BY !IR APPLICATION ( NEW TE*NIQUES TO 9DU/RY4 

,MANUFACTURES DEVELOP$ AS E>LY AS ! MIDDLE ( ! SIXTE5? C5TURY AFT] C]TA9 SEP>ATE BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION-ESPECIALLY %IP-BUILD+1 M9+ & IRONWORKS-HAD OP5$ ! WAY = WID] 9DU/RIAL ACTIVITY4 ,9 G5]AL1 ! SY/EM ( MANUFACTURES FOLL[$ ! L9E ( RATIONALIZ+ ! 9CREAS$ PRODUCTIVE =CES A*IEV$ BY ! DIVISION ( LABOR & ! IMPROVEM5T ( TOOLS1 A MATT] ( GREAT IMPORTANCE = ! GR[+ COMM]CE4 

,9 ,FRANCE1 ,PRUSSIA1 ,POL&1 ,AU/RIA & O!R C\NTRIES1 ! /ATE HAD = F9ANCIAL REASONS1 SIDE BY SIDE ) PRIVATE MANUFACTURE1 ITSELF />T$ L>GE 5T]PRISES = ! EXPLOITATION ( IMPORTANT 9DU/RIES4 ,! F9ANCI]S ( ! MON>*IES1 9DE$ ! K+S !MSELVES1 GAVE ! GREATE/ ATT5TION TO !SE 5T]PRISES & S\<T TO ADVANCE !M 9 EV]Y WAY = ! 5RI*M5T ( ! /ATE TREASURY4 ,BY PROHIBITION ( IMPORTS & BY HI< T>IFFS ON =EIGN GOODS !Y TRI$ TO PROTECT NATIVE 9DU/RY & KEEP MONEY 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,TO DO ?IS ! /ATE SOMETIMES US$ ! MO/ CURI\S MEANS4 ,?US1 9 ,5GL&1 AN ORD9ANCE ( ,*>LES ,I COMM&$ ?AT ! DEAD MU/ BE BURI$ 9 WOOL5 CLO!S 9 ORD] TO AID ! CLO? 9DU/RY4 ,A SIMIL> PURPOSE WAS AIM$ AT BY ! ,AU/RIAN 0M\RN+ ORD9ANCE0 ( #agaf :I*1 V]Y BUS9ESSLIKE1 PROCLAIM$ ?AT LONG M\RN+ WAS PROHIBIT$ TO ! CITIZ5S1 S9CE !REBY ! DEM& = COLOR$ CLO?+ W\LD BE 9JURI\SLY AFFECT$4 

,TO MAKE MANUFACTURE AS PR(ITABLE AS POSSIBLE EV]Y /ATE S\<T TO ATTRACT GOOD WORK]S FROM O!R C\NTRIES1 ) ! RESULT ?AT ! EMIGRATION ( >TISANS WAS SOON PROHIBIT$ BY /RICT LAW2 9 FACT1 TRANSGRESSORS W]E EV5 ?REAT5$ ) ! DEA? P5ALTY1 AS 9 ,V5ICE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 TO ! POSSESSORS ( POLITICAL P[] ALL ME?ODS W]E JU/IFIABLE TO MAKE LABOR AS *EAP & AS PR(ITABLE AS POSSIBLE TO ! MANUFACTUR]S4 ,?US ,COLB]T1 ! FAM\S M9I/] ( ,L\IS ,X,I,V1 GAVE SPECIAL PRIZES TO P>5TS :O S5T !IR *ILDR5 9TO ! FACTORIES4 ,9 ,PRUSSIA1 AN ORD9ANCE ( ,FR$]ICK ! ,GREAT COMM&$ ?AT ! *ILDR5 9 ! ,POTSDAM ORPHANAGES %\LD BE EMPLOY$ 9 ! ROYAL SILK FACTORIES4 ,AS A RESULT ! MORTALITY AMONG ! ORPHANS 9CREAS$ FIVEFOLD4 ,SIMIL> ORD9ANCES EXI/$ ALSO 9 ,AU/RIA & ,POL&4 .<#c.> 

,NEV]!LESS1 NO MATT] H[ ! ABSOLUTI/ /ATE /ROVE1 9 ITS [N 9T]E/1 TO MEET ! DEM&S ( COMM]CE1 IT /ILL PUT ON 9DU/RY C\NTLESS FETT]S :I* BECAME GRADUALLY MORE & MORE OPPRESSIVE4 ,! ORGANIZATION ( 9DU/RY CANNOT BE PRESS$ 9TO DEF9ITE =MS BY BUREAUCRATIC DICTATES )\T DETRIM5TAL CONSEQU5CES4 ,?IS HAS AGA9 BE5 SE5 REC5TLY 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,! ABSOLUTI/ /ATE :I* TRI$ TO BR+ ALL ACTIVITIES ( ITS SUBJECTS UND] ITS UNLIMIT$ GU>DIAN%IP BECAME 9 TIME AN UNBE>ABLE BURD51 AN 9CUBUS UPON ! PEOPLE :I* P>ALYZ$ ALL ECONOMIC & SOCIAL LIFE4 ,! OLD GUILD1 ONCE ! PIONE] ( H&ICRAFT & 9DU/RY1 HAD BE5 ROBB$ BY ! >IS+ DESPOTISM ( ITS =M] RI<TS & ( ITS 9DEP5D5CE4 ,:AT REMA9$ ( IT WAS 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! ALL-P[]FUL /ATE MA*9E & HAD TO S]VE IT 9 RAIS+ TAXES4 ,?US ! GUILD GRADUALLY BECAME AN ELEM5T ( REACTION1 BITT]LY OPPOS$ TO ANY *ANGE 9 9DU/RY4 

,COLB]T1 :O IS USUALLY EXALT$ AS ! CLEV]E/ /ATESMAN ( ! DESPOTIC AGE1 :ILE HE SACRIFIC$ ,FRANCE'S AGRICULTURE TO TRADE & 9DU/RY1 YET NEV] REALLY UND]/OOD ! NATURE ( 9DU/RY4 ,IT WAS = HIM ONLY ! C[ :I* ABSOLUTISM C\LD MILK4 ,UND] HIS REGIME DEF9ITE ORD9ANCES W]E 9/ITUT$ = EV]Y TRADE ) ! ALLEG$ PURPOSE ( KEEP+ ,FR5* 9DU/RY ON ! HEI<T IT HAD ATTA9$4 ,COLB]T ACTUALLY IMAG9$ ?AT ANY FUR!R P]FECTION ( 9DU/RIAL PROCESSES WAS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,ONLY ?US CAN HIS SO-CALL$ 9DU/RIAL POLICY BE UND]/OOD4 

,BY !SE >TIFICIAL MEANS ! 9V5TIVE SPIRIT WAS /RANGL$ & EV]Y CREATIVE IMPULSE SMO!R$ AT ITS BIR?4 ,WORK 9 ITS EV]Y PHASE BECAME UN9TELLIG5T IMITATION ( ! SAME OLD =MS1 :OSE CON/ANT REPETITION CRIPPL$ ALL 9N] 9C5TIVE4 ,UNTIL ! \TBREAK ( ! GREAT REVOLUTION WORK WAS DONE 9 ,FRANCE BY EXACTLY ! SAME ME?ODS ?AT HAD BE5 9 VOGUE AT ! 5D ( ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY4 ,DUR+ A P]IOD ( A HUNDR$ YE>S NOT ! SLI<TE/ *ANGES W]E MADE4 ,?US IT HAPP5$ ?AT ,5GLI% 9DU/RY CAME GRADUALLY TO EXCEL ! ,FR5*1 EV5 9 ! PRODUCTION ( ?OSE GOODS 9 :I* ,FRANCE HAD =M]LY HELD AN UNDISPUT$ LEAD]%IP4 ,( ! C\NTLESS ORD9ANCES1 ) !IR MASS ( ! MO/ S5SELESS DETAILS CONC]N+ ! CLO?+1 DWELL+S1 SOCIAL ACTIVITIES1 & SO ON1 ( ! MEMB]S ( EA* CALL+1 WE >E NOT GO+ TO SPEAK4 ,TRUE1 :5 ! 9TOL]ABLE CONDITION HAD BECOME ALL TOO EVID5T1 AN ATTEMPT WAS MADE FROM TIME TO TIME TO OBTA9 SOME RELIEF BY NEW ORD9ANCES1 BUT SU* DECREES W]E AS A RULE SOON SUP]S$$ BY O!RS4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! C\RTS' CONT9UAL NE$ ( MONEY 5TIC$ ! GOV]NM5TS 9TO ALL K9DS ( ROGUI% TRICKS TO FILL AGA9 !IR EMPTY C(F]S4 ,?US A :OLE S]IES ( ORD9ANCES WAS PROCLAIM$ PURELY SO ?AT ! GUILDS W\LD GET !M RESC9D$ AGA91 = AN APPROPRIATE PAYM5T-:I* ALWAYS HAPP5$4 ,ON ! SAME PR9CIPLE MANY MONOPOLIES W]E GRANT$ TO 9DIVIDUALS OR CORPORATIONS1 S]I\SLY AFFECT+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RY4 

,! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION SWEPT AWAY ! :OLE MASS ( OPPRESSIVE ROYAL ORD9ANCES & FRE$ 9DU/RY FROM ! FETT]S ?AT HAD BE5 ,IMPOS$ ON IT4 ,IT WAS C]TA9LY NO NATIONALI/IC REASON :I* L$ TO ! CREATION ( ! MOD]N CON/ITUTIONAL /ATE4 ,SOCIAL CONDITIONS HAD GRADUALLY BECOME SO HORRIBLE ?AT !Y C\LD NO LONG] BE 5DUR$ IF ,FRANCE WAS NOT TO BE :OLLY RU9$4 ,IT WAS ! RECOGNITION ( ?IS FACT :I* SET ! ,FR5* B\RGEOISIE 9 MOTION & =C$ IT 9TO REVOLUTION>Y PA?S4 

,9 ,5GL& ALSO1 9DU/RY WAS = A LONG TIME SUP]VIS$ BY DECREES ( /ATE & ROYAL ORD9ANCES1 AL?\< !RE ! RAGE = REGIM5TATION NEV] ASSUM$ SU* PECULI> =MS AS 9 ,FRANCE & 9 MO/ ( ! C\NTRIES ( ! CONT95T4 ,! DECREES ( ,$W>D ,I,V1 ,RI*>D ,I,I,I1 ,H5RY ,V,I,I & ,H5RY ,V,I,I,I BURD5$ 9DU/RY SEV]ELY & GREATLY H9D]$ ITS NATURAL DEVELOPM5T2 NOR W]E !SE RUL]S ! ONLY ONES :O PUT BRAKES ON 9DU/RY4 ,K+S & P>LIAM5TS CON/ANTLY ISSU$ NEW ORD9ANCES BY :I* ! ECONOMIC SITUATION WAS MADE 9CREAS+LY DIFFICULT4 ,EV5 ! REVOLUTIONS ( #afdb & #afhh W]E NOT ABLE COMPLETELY TO ABOLI% !SE /ACKS ( S5SELESS RULES & BUREAUCRATIC REGULATIONS1 & CONSID]ABLE TIME HAD YET TO PASS BE=E A NEW SPIRIT BECAME PREVAL5T4 ,= ALL ?AT1 ,5GL& NEV] HAD SU* A GOV]NM5TAL SUP]VISION ( ITS COMPLETE ECONOMIC LIFE AS ,COLB]T A*IEV$ 9 ,FRANCE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 C\NTLESS MONOPOLIES GREATLY H9D]$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RY4 ,TO PUT NEW MONEY 9TO ITS C(F]S ! C\RT SOLD :OLE BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY TO NATIVES & =EIGN]S & CONT9U$ TO ALLOT MONOPOLIES AMONG ITS FAVORITES4 ,?IS HAD ALREADY BEGUN DUR+ ! ,TUDOR DYNA/Y1 & ! ,/U>TS & !IR SUCCESSORS CONT9U$ 9 ! SAME PA?4 ,! GOV]NM5T ( ,QUE5 ,ELIZABE? WAS ESPECIALLY PR(LIGATE 9 ! GRANT+ ( MONOPOLIES1 AB\T :I* ,P>LIAM5T FREQU5TLY COMPLA9$4 

,:OLE 9DU/RIES W]E GIV5 OV] TO EXPLOITATION BY 9DIVIDUALS OR SMALL COMPANIES1 & NO ONE ELSE D>$ TO 5GAGE 9 !M4 ,UND] ?IS SY/EM !RE WAS NO COMPETITION1 NOR ANY DEVELOPM5T ( =MS ( PRODUCTION OR ME?ODS ( WORK4 ,! ,CR[N WAS CONC]N$ PURELY AB\T ! PAYM5T4 ,AB\T ! 9EVITABLE CONSEQU5CES ( SU* AN ECONOMIC POLICY IT C>$ V]Y LITTLE4 ,?IS W5T SO F> ?AT DUR+ ! REIGN ( ,*>LES ,I A MONOPOLY = ! MANUFACTURE ( SOAP WAS SOLD TO A COMPANY ( ,LONDON SOAP-BOIL]S1 & A SPECIAL ROYAL ORD9ANCE =BADE ANY H\SEHOLD TO MAKE SOAP = ITS [N CONSUMPTION4 ,LIKEWISE1 ! EXPLOITATION ( ! T9 DEPOSITS & ! COAL M9ES 9 ! NOR? ( ,5GL& WAS = A LONG TIME ! MONOPOLY ( A FEW P]SONS4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( ! GLASS 9DU/RY & SEV]AL O!R TRADES ( ?AT EPO*4 ,! RESULT WAS ?AT = A LONG TIME 9DU/RY C\LD NOT DEVELOP AS A DET]M9+ FACTOR 9 NATIONAL ECONOMY BE+ = A L>GE P>T 9 ! H&S ( PRIVILEG$ EXPLOIT]S :O HAD NO 9T]E/ 9 ITS FUR!R DEVELOPM5T4 ,! /ATE WAS NOT ONLY ! PROTECTOR P BUT ALSO ! CREATOR ( MONOPOLY1 :]EBY IT RECEIV$ CONSID]ABLE F9ANCIAL ADVANTAGES1 BUT ALSO BURD5$ 9DU/RY CONT9UALLY ) NEW FETT]S4 

,! WOR/ DEVELOPM5T ( ! MONOPOLY SY/EM 9 ,5GL& OCCURR$ AFT] ! COMM5CEM5T ( ITS COLONIAL EMPIRE4 ,IMM5SE T]RITORIES !N CAME 9TO ! POSSESSION ( SMALL M9ORITIES1 :O 9 RETURN = RIDICUL\S PAYM5TS W]E GIV5 MONOPOLIES FROM :I* !Y D]IV$ 5ORM\S RI*ES 9 ! C\RSE ( A FEW YE>S4 ,?US1 DUR+ ! REIGN ( ,QUE5 ,ELIZABE? ! WELL-KN[N ,EA/ ,9DIA ,COMPANY WAS BORN1 ORIG9ALLY CONSI/+ ( ONLY FIVE HUNDR$ %>EHOLD]S TO :OM ! GOV]NM5T GRANT$ T SOLE RI<TS ( TRAD+ 9 ! ,EA/ ,9DIES & ALL L&S EA/ ( ! ,CAPE ( ,GOOD ,HOPE & WE/ ( ! ,/RAIT ( ,MAGELLAN4 ,EV]Y ATTEMPT TO BREAK ?IS MONOPOLY WAS SEV]ELY PUNI%$1 & CITIZ5S :O TOOK ! RISK ( TRAD+ 9 SU* WAT]S ON !IR [N ACC\NT W]E SUBJECT TO SEIZURE4 ,?AT !SE W]E NOT M]E PAP] ORD9ANCES ! HI/ORY ( ?OSE TIMES ELOQU5TLY TE/IFIES4 .<#d.> 

,*>LES ,I,I GAVE ,VIRG9IA TO HIS BRO!R'S FA!R-9-LAW = EXPLOITATION4 ,UND] ! SAME K+ ! FAM\S ,HUDSON ,BAY ,COMPANY WAS =M$1 & 5D[$ BY ! GOV]NM5T ) 9CR$IBLE P[]S4 ,BY A2 SPECIAL ROYAL ORD9ANCE ?IS COMPANY WAS GIV5 ! EXCLUSIVE & P]PETUAL MONOPOLY ( TRADE & 9DU/RY 9 ALL COA/AL WAT]S1 NATURAL *ANNELS1 BAYS1 /REAMS & LAKE T]RITORIES ( ,CANADA 9 ALL LATITUDES UP TO ,HUDSON ,/RAIT4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ?IS COMPANY WAS GIV5 POSSESSION ( ALL L&S ADJO9+ !SE WAT]S SO F> 0AS IT IS NOT 9 ! POSSESSION ( ONE ( \R SUBJECTS OR ?OSE ( SOME O!R ,*RI/IAN PR9CE OR /ATE40 .<#e.> 

,EV5 UND] ,JAMES ,I,I1 ! SUCCESSOR ( ,*>LES ,I,I1 ! B>T] 9 OV]SEAS MONOPOLIES W5T M]RILY ON4 ,! K+ SOLD :OLE COLONIES TO 9DIVIDUALS OR COMPANIES4 ,! POSSESSORS ( !SE MONOPOLIES SUPPRESS$ ! FREE SETTL]S 9 ! MO/ ABOM9ABLE MANN] )\T 9T]F]5CE FROM ! ,CR[N SO LONG AS IT RECEIV$ #b P]C5T ( ! PR(ITS = ITS FAVORS4 ,9 ! SAME MANN]1 SPECIAL PRIVILEGES W]E GRANT$ = OCEAN TRANSPORTATION1 = ! EXPLOITATION ( COLONIAL L&S1 = ! M9+ ( PRECI\S METALS & MU* ELSE4 ,?US IT CAME TO PASS ?AT = A LONG TIME 9DU/RY C\LD NOT KEEP PACE ) ! MI<TY =EIGN DEVELOPM5T COMM5C+ = ,5GL& AFT] ! CIVIL W> ( #a#f#d#b4 ,EV5 9 #afhh ! VALUE ( IMPORT$ PRODUCTS WAS -#g1#a#b14 :ILE EXPORTS AM\NT$ TO ONLY -#d-#c#a1-A RELATION%IP *>ACT]I/IC ( ! CONDITIONS PREVAIL+ AT ! TIME4 ,NOT UNTIL #afhi DID ! NEW P>LIAM5T ?AT RESULT$ FROM ! REVOLUTION ( ! PREC$+ YE> PUT A CURB ON ! ROYAL P[] & TAKE DECISIVE /EPS TO 5D ONCE & = ALL ! MONOPOLY P$DL+ ( ! C\RT & ! >BITR>Y RE/RICTION ( 9DU/RY & TRADE4 ,FROM ?AT TIME DATES ! MI<TY DEVELOPM5T ( ,5GLI% SOCIAL & ECONOMIC LIFE1 SO GREATLY FUR!R$ BY A :OLE L9E ( EPO*-MAK+ 9V5TIONS1 SU* AS CA/-/EEL1 ! ME*ANICAL LOOM1 ! /EAM 5G9E1 & SO ON4 ,BUT ALL ?IS WAS POSSIBLE ONLY AFT] ! LA/ REMNANT ( ABSOLUTISM HAD F9ALLY BE5 BURI$ & ! FETT]S IT HAD PUT ON 9DU/RY HAD BE5 BROK54 ,JU/ AS LAT] 9 ,FRANCE1 SO ALSO 9 ,5GL&1 ?IS DEVELOPM5T ( AFFAIRS OV]%AD[$ ! REVOLUTION4 

,H[EV]1 SU* A DEVELOPM5T WAS POSSIBLE ONLY :]E ! RULE ( ! ABSOLUTE /ATE HAD NOT COMPLETELY CRIPPL$ ! VITAL =CES ( ! PEOPLE NOR BY A S5SELESS POLICY DE/ROY$ EV]Y PROSPECT = ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RY1 AS1 = 9/ANCE1 HAD BE5 DONE 9 ,SPA94 ,9 A PREVI\S *APT] IT HAS BE5 %[N H[ RU?LESS DESPOTISM1 BY ! CRUEL EXPULSION ( ! ,MOORS & ,JEWS1 HAD ROBB$ ,SPA9 ( ITS BE/ >TISANS & AGRICULTURI/S4 ,BY ! BRUTAL SUPPRESSION ( COMMUNAL FRE$OM ! ECONOMIC DECL9E ( ! C\NTRY WAS /ILL MORE 5HANC$4 ,BL9D$ BY ! GOLD5 FLOOD /REAM+ 9TO ! L& FROM ,P]U & ,MEXICO1 ! MON>*S GAVE NO VALUE :ATEV] TO ! DEVELOPM5T1 OR EV5 ! MA9T5ANCE1 ( 9DU/RY4 ,TRUE1 ,*>LES ,I HAD ATTEMPT$ TO FUR!R ,SPANI% WOOL & SILK 9DU/RIES BY PROHIBITION ( IMPORTS & REGULATION ( PRODUCTION1 BUT HIS SUCCESSORS HAD NO UND]/&+ ( SU* MATT]S4 ,! POSITION :I* ,SPA9 HAD ATTA9$ AS A WORLD P[] ALSO GAVE IT FIR/ PLACE 9 WORLD COMM]CE1 BUT IT PLAY$ ! P>T ( A MIDDLEMAN :O ONLY PROVID$ ! NECESS>Y COMM]CIAL CONNECTIONS BETWE5 ! 9DU/RIAL C\NTRIES & ! US]S ( !IR PRODUCTS4 ,EV5 ITS [N COLONIES W]E NOT P]MITT$ TO E/ABLI% TRADE 5T]PRISES )\T ! 9T]V5TION ( ! MO!R C\NTRY4 

,ADD$ TO ?IS WAS ! FATAL AGR>IAN POLICY ( ! ABSOLUTI/ /ATE :I* HAD FRE$ ! NOBILITY & ! CL]GY ( ALL L& TAXES1 SO ?AT ! :OLE BURD5 ( ! IMPO/ HAD TO BE BORNE BY ! SMALL F>M]S4 ,! GREAT L&$ PROPRIETORS UNIT$ 9TO ! SO-CALL$ 0,ME/A10 AN ASSOCIATION :I* MADE A PR(ESSION ( ROBB+ ! PEASANTS & COMPELL$ 9CR$IBLE CONCESSIONS FROM ! GOV]NM5T4 ,UND] ! RULE ( ! ,>ABS !RE HAD EXI/$ 9 ,&ALUSIA A CLASS ( SMALL F>M]S1 & ! L& WAS ONE ( ! MO/ PRODUCTIVE T]RITORIES 9 ,EUROPE4 ,BUT N[ IT HAD ACTUALLY COME TO PASS ?AT FIVE NOBLE [N]S HELD ALL ! L& ( ! :OLE PROV9CE1 CULTIVAT$ PRIMITIVELY BY ! WORK ( L&LESS S]FS1 & TO A L>GE EXT5T US$ AS PA/URE = %EEP4 ,9 ?IS MANN] ! CULTIVATION ( GRA9S CONT9UALLY DECL9$1 & 9 SPITE ( ! IMPORTATION ( PRECI\S METALS ! RURAL POPULATION SANK 9TO ! DEEPE/ POV]TY4 

,! CONT9UAL W>S SWALL[$ IMM5SE SUMS1 & :51 AFT] ! REVOLT ( ! ,NE!RL&S & ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ,>MADA 9 #aehh BY ! ,5GLI% & ! ,DUT*1 ,SPA9'S SEA P[] WAS BROK5 & ITS MONOPOLY ( WORLD COMM]CE W5T OV] TO ! VICTORS1 ! C\NTRY WAS SO FRI<TFULLY EXHAU/$ ?AT NO REVIVAL WAS POSSIBLE4 ,ITS 9DU/RY WAS ALMO/ COMPLETELY DE/ROY$1 ITS L& LAID WA/E4 ,! GREAT MAJORITY ( ITS 9HABITANTS W]E LIV+ 9 PITIFUL MIS]Y1 COMPLETELY UND] ! DOM9ANCE ( ! *UR*1 :OSE REPRES5TATIVES 9 ! YE> #a1#g MADE UP NE>LY ONE ?IRTIE? ( ! POPULATION1 CONSUM+ ! PEOPLE'S SUB/ANCE4 ,BETWE5 #a1#e & #a1#g ! L& LO/ NE>LY ONE-HALF ( ITS PREVI\S POPULATION4 ,:5 ,PHILIP ,I,I ASSUM$ HIS FA!R'S H]ITAGE1 ,SPA9 WAS REG>D$ AS ! RI*E/ L& 9 ,EUROPE1 AL?\< IT ALREADY CONTA9$ ! G]MS ( ITS DECL9E4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! LONG REIGN ( ?IS CRUEL & FANATICAL DESPOT IT RETA9$ M]ELY ! %AD[ ( ITS =M] GREATNESS4 ,& :5 ,PHILIP1 TO COV] ! 5ORM\S DEFICIT ( ! /ATE BUDGET1 9/ITUT$ ! NOTORI\S ALCAVALA1 A /ATE TAX :I* COMPELL$ EV]Y 9HABITANT TO DELIV] #a P]C5T ( ANY PR(ITS TO ! GOV]NM5T1 ! REALM WAS :OLLY GIV5 OV] TO DE/RUCTION4 ,ALL ATTEMPTS ( LAT] RUL]S TO CURB ! EVIL W]E VA91 AL?\< H]E & !RE !Y C\LD RECORD A FEW TEMPOR>Y SUCCESSES4 ,! CONSEQU5CES ( ?IS CATA/ROPHIC DECL9E >E EV5 TODAY EV]Y:]E OBS]VABLE 9 ,SPA94 

,9 ,G]MANY1 ! CREATION ( A GREAT NATIONAL /ATE ) UNIFI$ ADM9I/RATION1 CO9AGE & REGULATION ( F9ANCES WAS 9HIBIT$ = MANIFOLD REASONS4 ,! DYNA/Y ( ! ,HAPSBURGS HAD ) PREM$ITATION WORK$ T[>D ! CREATION ( SU* A /ATE1 BUT IT HAD NEV] BE5 ABLE TO SUBJUGATE ! NOBILITY & ! SMALL PR9CES ( ! L& AS ! MON>*Y HAD SUCCE$$ 9 DO+ 9 ,FRANCE AFT] A LONG /RUGGLE4 ,9 FACT1 9 ,G]MANY ! PR9CES MANAG$ TO CONFIRM !IR T]RITORIAL P[]S EV] MORE /RONGLY & TO FOIL SUCCESSFULLY ALL PLANS = ! ]ECTION ( ANY C5TRALIZ$ P[]4 ,NOR HAD !Y COMPUNCTIONS AB\T BETRAY+ EMP]OR & REALM AT EV]Y FAVORABLE OPPORTUNITY TO UNITE !MSELVES ) ! MO/ DANG]\S 5EMIES 9 O!R C\NTRIES1 :5 ?IS WAS USEFUL TO !IR SPECIAL 9T]E/S4 ,NATIONAL LIMITATIONS W]E :OLLY =EIGN TO !M1 & ! 9T]NAL DISCORD 9 ,G]MAN 9DU/RY WAS V]Y FAVORABLE TO !IR AMBITIONS4 

,D\BTLESS ! ,HAPSBURGS W]E CONC]N$ AB\T SAFEGU>D+ !IR SPECIAL DYNA/IC AIMS1 BUT MO/ ( !M LACK$ GREATNESS & POLITICAL VISION4 ,AS A RESULT1 !Y FREQU5TLY SACRIFIC$ !IR PLANS = UNIFICATION TO SMALL TEMPOR>Y SUCCESSES )\T BE+ CLE>LY AW>E ( :AT !Y W]E DO+4 ,?IS WAS MO/ CLE>LY APP>5T :5 ,WALL5/E91 AFT] F\R YE>S ( W>1 9 ! TREATY ( ,LUBECK OBLIGAT$ ! ,DANES NOT TO 9T]F]E 9 ,G]MAN AFFAIRS4 ,!N WAS (F]$ ! MO/ FAVORABLE OPPORTUNITY1 ALSO ! LA/ ONE1 = A SUCCESSFUL ATTEMPT AT ! ]ECTION ( A C5TRALIZ$ P[] ) ! EMP]OR AT ITS HEAD4 ,9 FACT1 ! VICTORI\S ,WALL5/E9 HAD VISIONS ( A GOAL SIMIL> TO ?AT :I* ,RI*ELIEU AT ?AT TIME /ROVE TO OBTA9 = ,FRANCE & GLORI\SLY A*IEV$4 

,BUT ,F]D9& ,I,I1 9FLU5C$ BY %ORT-SI<T$ C\NSELORS1 KNEW ( NO?+ BETT] ?AN TO FOLL[ ! TREATY ( PEACE1 :I* HAD VIRTUALLY GIV5 ALL ,NOR? ,G]MANY 9TO HIS H&S1 ) ! ,$ICT ( ,RE/ITUTION ( #a#f#b#i1 :I* COMM&$ ! RETURN ( ALL *UR* & MONA/IC PROP]TY CONFISCAT$ S9CE ! TREATY ( ,PASSAU4 ,SU* AN ORD9ANCE NATURALLY HAD AN EXPLOSIVE EFFECT4 ,IT >\S$ ! :OLE ,PROTE/ANT POPULATION ( ! C\NTRY AGA9/ ! EMP]OR & HIS C\NSELORS -- MO/ ( ALL1 ! ,PROTE/ANT PR9CES1 :O NEV] DREAM$ ( RETURN+ !IR ACQUIR$ *UR* PROP]TY4 ,& ?IS HAPP5$ JU/ AT ! TIME :5 ! CONQUE/-HUNGRY K+ ( ,SW$5 ,GU/AVUS ,ADOLPHUS1 HAD ALREADY MADE ALL PREP>ATIONS = HIS 9CURSION 9TO ,POM]ANIA4 

,! ,PROTE/ANT PR9CES W]E ?US CONC]N$ AB\T V]Y E>?LY MATT]S = :OSE IDEOLOGICAL EMBELLI%M5T ,LU!R'S DOCTR9ES PROV$ V]Y SUITABLE4 ,AFT] ! BLOODY SUPPRESSION ( ! ,G]MAN PEASANTS 9 ! YE> #aebe ! ,RE=MATION C\LD NO LONG] BE DANG]\S TO !M4 ,BUT EV5 ! 0RELIGI\S CONVICTION0 ( ! P[]FUL OPPON5TS ( ,PROTE/ANTISM WAS NO MORE G5U9E4 ,= !M1 TOO1 IT WAS 9 ! FIR/ PLACE A QUE/ION ( P[] & ECONOMIC 9T]E/-= ALL ! RE/ !Y C>$ V]Y LITTLE4 ,IT CAUS$ ,RI*ELIEU1 :O WAS !N GUID+ ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,FR5* MON>*Y1 NO QUALMS ( CONSCI5CE TO 5C\RAGE ,GU/AVUS ,ADOLPHUS TO FI<T AGA9/ ! EMP]OR1 ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* & ! ,CA?OLIC ,LEAGUE AL?\< HE WAS HIMSELF A C>D9AL1 A PR9CE ( ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*4 ,HE WAS SIMPLY CONC]N$ TO PREV5T ! CREATION ( A ,G]MAN NATIONAL /ATE ?US FREE+ ! ,FR5* MON>*Y FROM AN 9CONV5I5T NEI<BOR4 ,QUITE AS LITTLE HAD ,GU/AVUS ,ADOLPHUS ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,G]MAN ,PROTE/ANTS AT HE>T4 ,HE HAD HIS [N DYNA/IC 9T]E/S & ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,SW$I% /ATE 9 VIEW & C>$ ONLY = !SE4 ,= ! ,SULTAN1 AS WELL AS = ! !N-REIGN+ ,POPE ,URBAN ,V,I,I,I1 ! ,SW$I% K+'S ,PROTE/ANTISM WAS NO REASON = !IR )DRAWAL ( EXPRESS$ GOOD WILL1 AS LONG AS HE WAS COMBAT+ ! ,H\SE ( ,HAPSBURG1 ! ?ORN 9 ! FLE% ( BO? ( !M = POLITICAL REASONS4 

,AFT] ! ,?IRTY ,YE>S' ,W>1 FROM :OSE DEVA/AT+ CONSEQU5CES ,G]MANY HAD H>DLY RECOV]$ AFT] TWO C5TURIES1 EV]Y PROSPECT = ! F\NDATION ( A ,G]MAN UNIFI$ /ATE COMPLETELY VANI%$4 ,= ALL ?AT1 ! C\RSE ( POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T !RE WAS SIMIL> TO ?AT 9 MO/ ( ! O!R ,EUROPEAN /ATES4 ,! SEP>ATE T]RITORIAL /ATES1 MORE ESPECIALLY ! L>G] ONES1 LIKE ,AU/RIA1 ,BR&5BURG-,PRUSSIA1 ,SAXONY1 ,BAV>IA1 /ROVE TO IMITATE ! MON>*IES ( ! ,WE/ 9 !IR 9N] /RUCTURE & TO MAKE !IR ECONOMIC-POLITICAL PLANS EFFECTIVE )9 !IR [N BORD]S4 ,( C\RSE !IR RUL]S C\LD NOT ?9K ( PLAY+ ! SAME P>T AS !IR GREAT NEI<BORS 9 ! WE/-! ECONOMIC LAG ( ! ,G]MAN C\NTRIES & ! T]RIBLE W\NDS ! LONG W> HAD 9FLICT$ ON ! :OLE L& DID NOT P]MIT IT4 ,SO !Y W]E FREQU5TLY COMPELL$ TO PUT !MSELVES UND] ! PROTECTION ( EXI/+ GREAT /ATES4 

,AS ! DISA/R\S W> HAD ROBB$ ,G]MANY ( ALMO/ TWO-?IRDS ( ITS POPULATION & LAID WA/E 5ORM\S SECTIONS ( ! L&1 ! SEP>ATE /ATES HAD TO BE PR9CIPALLY CONC]N$ AB\T POPULATION2 = ) ! 9CREASE ( ! 9HABITANTS ! P[] ( ! /ATE GR[S4 ,SO TAXES W]E IMPOS$ UPON UNM>RI$ WOM51 & EV5 POLYGAMY WAS FLIRT$ )1 9 ORD] TO PUT ! C\NTRY ON ITS FEET AGA94 ,MO/ ( ALL1 !Y /ROVE TO BUILD UP AGRICULTURE1 :]EBY ! HOME POLICY ( MO/ ( ! ,G]MAN /ATES RECEIV$ AN IMPULSE T[>D FEUDALISM1 :I* 9 ! ABSOLUTE /ATES TO ! WE/ HAD BE5 MORE & MORE =C$ 9TO ! BACKGR\ND BY 9CREAS+ M]CANTILISM4 

,AT ! SAME TIME ! L>G] ,G]MAN /ATES PURSU$ ! POLICY ( TRANS=M+ !IR L&S 9TO SELF-CONTA9$ ECONOMIC T]RITORIES4 ,TO ?IS 5D ! COMM]CIAL PR]OGATIVES ( ! CITIES W]E ABROGAT$1 & EV]Y TRADE WAS SUBJECT$ TO A SPECIAL ORD9ANCE4 ,?US1 ABOVE ALL1 !Y /ROVE = ! DEVELOPM5T ( TRADE & MANUFACTURES BY COMM]CIAL TREATIES1 PROHIBITION ( IMPORTS & EXPORTS1 PROTECTIVE T>IFFS1 PREMIUMS = EXPORTS1 & SO ON1 TO PUT FRE% MONEY 9TO ! /ATE TREASURIES4 ,?US1 ,WILLIAM ,I ( ,PRUSSIA1 9 HIS POLITICAL TE/AM5T1 /RONGLY URG$ HIS SUCCESSOR TO CONC]N HIMSELF AB\T ! SUCCESS ( MANUFACTURES1 ASSUR+ HIM ?AT HE W\LD !REBY 9CREASE HIS REV5UES & PUT HIS C\NTRY 9TO A FL\RI%+ CONDITION4 

,BUT :ILE1 ON ! ONE H&1 ! SPECULATIONS ( ! SMALL] RUL]S = ! 9CREASE ( !IR REV5UES HELP$ TO FUR!R ! FEW MANUFACTURES ( !IR C\NTRIES TO A C]TA9 DEGREE1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! :OLE FLOOD ( S5SELESS ORD9ANCES MADE C]TA9 ?AT 9DU/RY C\LD NOT REALLY DEVELOP1 BUT MU/ = HUNDR$S ( YE>S REMA9 FETT]$ BY !SE OLD LEGAL =MS4 ,IT IS1 !RE=E1 A COMPLETE MISCONCEPTION ( HI/ORICAL FACT TO MA9TA9 ?AT PRODUCTION WAS FUR!R$ BY ! RIS+ ( ! NATIONALI/ /ATES ( ,EUROPE & ESPECIALLY ?AT !IR EXI/5CE PROVID$ ! CONDITIONS NECESS>Y = ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RY4 ,! V]Y CONTR>Y IS TRUE4 ,! ABSOLUTI/ NATIONAL /ATE >TIFICIALLY 9HIBIT$ & H9D]$ = C5TURIES ! DEVELOPM5T ( ECONOMIC 9/ITUTIONS 9 EV]Y C\NTRY4 ,ITS B>B>\S W>S1 :I* WA/$ MANY P>TS ( ,EUROPE & FUR!R$ RAP9E1 CAUS$ ! BE/ A*IEVEM5TS ( 9DU/RIAL TE*NIQUE TO BE =GOTT51 (T5 TO BE REPLAC$ BY ANTIQUAT$1 LABORI\S ME?ODS4 ,S5SELESS ORD9ANCES KILL$ ! SPIRIT ( ECONOMY1 DE/ROY$ ALL FREE 9C5TIVE & ALL CREATIVE ACTIVITY1 )\T :I* A DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RY & ECONOMIC RE=MS IS QUITE UN?9KABLE4 

,! PRES5T TIME AF=DS ! BE/ POSSIBLE ILLU/RATION ( SU* ACTION4 ,RI<T N[1 :5 A CRISIS ( UNHE>D-( EXT5T HAS SMITT5 ! :OLE CAPITALI/ WORLD & IS PU%+ ALL NATIONS EQUALLY T[>D ! ABYSS1 ! /RUCTURE ( ! NATIONALI/ /ATE PROVES AN 9SURM\NTABLE OB/ACLE TO RELIEV+ ?IS FRI<TFUL CONDITION OR EV5 TEMPOR>ILY SUPPRESS+ ITS EVILS4 ,NATIONAL SELFI%NESS HAS ?US F> BLOCK$ EV]Y E>NE/ ATTEMPT AT RECIPROCAL UND]/&+ & HAS CON/ANTLY /RIV5 TO MAKE CAPITAL \T ( ITS NEI<BORS' NE$S4 ,EV5 ! MO/ PRON\NC$ ADVOCATES ( ! CAPITALI/ ORD] RECOGNIZE MORE & MORE ! FATALITY ( ?IS CONDITION4 ,BUT 0NATIONAL CONSID]ATIONS0 TIE !IR H&S & CONDEMN TO /]ILITY 9 ADVANCE EV]Y PROPOSAL & EV]Y ATTEMPT AT SOLUTION FROM :ATEV] S\RCE !Y MAY COME4 

.<#a.> ,KROPOTK9 HAS SET =? 9 V]Y CONV9C+ =M H[ BY ! COLLAPSE ( ! M$IEVAL CITY CULTURE & ! =CIBLE SUPPRESSION ( ALL F$]ALI/ COOP]ATIVE >RANGEM5TS ! 9DU/RIAL EVOLUTION ( ,EUROPE RECEIV$ A BL[ :I* CRIPPL$ H] BE/ TE*NICAL =CES & PUT !M \T ( S]VICE4 ,H[ GREAT ?IS SET-BACK WAS CAN BE MEASUR$ BY ! FACT ?AT ,JAMES ,WATT1 ! 9V5TOR ( ! /EAM 5G9E1 WAS = TW5TY YE>S UNABLE TO MAKE USE ( HIS 9V5TION BECAUSE HE C\LD F9D 9 ALL ,5GL& NO ME*ANIC ABLE TO BORE A TRUE CYL9D] = HIM1 ?\< HE C\LD HAVE F\ND MANY SU* 9 ANY ( ! L>G] M$IEVAL CITIES4 7,PET] ,KROPOTK91 ,MUTUAL ,AID-A ,FACTOR 9 ,EVOLUTION47 

.<#b.> ,! WORD 0MANUFACTURE0 IS D]IV$ FROM MANU FAC]E1 0TO MAKE ?+S BY H&40 

.<#c.> ,RI* MAT]IAL CONC]N+ ?IS EPO* IS CONTA9$ 9 ! GREAT WORK ( ,M4 ,K[ALEWSKI21 ,! ,ECONOMIC ,DEVELOPM5T ( ,EUROPE TILL ! ,BEG9N+ ( ! ,CAPITALI/ ,]A4 ,B]L91 #a#i#a-#a#i#a#d4 

.<#d.> ,V]Y COMPLETE 9=MATION CONC]N+ ! HI/ORY ( ?IS COMPANY1 :I* WAS TO PLAY SO IMPORTANT A P>T 9 ,5GLI% =EIGN COMM]CE1 IS CONTA9$ 9 ! BOOKS ( ,BECKLE ,WILSON1 ,L$G] & ,SWORD1 7,LONDON1 #a#i#c71 & ,W4 ,W4 ,HUNT]1 ,HI/ORY ( ,BRITI% ,9DIA 7,LONDON1 #a#h#i#i74 

,COMM5DABLE BOOKS AB\T ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,5GLI% 9DU/RY1 MONOPOLIES & ORD9ANCES ( ! ANCI5T REGIME1 >E ,T4 ,E4 ,ROG]S1 ,SIX ,C5TURIES ( ,WORK & ,WAGES1 ,! ,ECONOMIC ,9T]PRETATION ( ,HI/ORY & ,A ,HI/ORY ( ,AGRICULTURE & ,PRICES 9 ,5GL&4 ,MU* 9/RUCTIVE MAT]IAL IS CONTA9$ 9 ,ADAM ,SMI?'S ,AN ,9QUIRY 9TO ! ,NATURE & ,CAUSES ( ! ,WEAL? ( ,NATIONS1 & ! FIR/ VOLUME ( ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL4 

.<#e.> ,RI* MAT]IAL CONC]N+ ! HI/ORY ( ! ,HUDSON ,BAY ,COMPANY IS CONTA9$ 9 ! EXCELL5T WORK1 ,HI/ORY ( ,CANADIAN ,WEAL?1 BY ,GU/AVUS ,MY]S 7,*ICAGO1 #a#i#a#d74 

,FROM 3 ,FLAG4,BLACK5$4NET4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aicf 3 ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #g -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #i1 #bag 3 ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #g -- ,ADD$4 

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