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,! ,RE=MATION & ! ,NEW ,/ATE 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,RUDOLPH ,ROCK] 

,TEXT 3 

#f4 ,! ,RE=MATION & ! ,NEW ,/ATE 

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,9 ! ,RE=MATION ( ! NOR!RN C\NTRIES1 READILY DI/+UI%ABLE BY ITS RELIGI\S CONCEPTS FROM ! ,R5AISSANCE ( ! ,LAT9 PEOPLE1 :]E ! CONCEPTS W]E DOM9ANTLY PAGAN1 TWO DIFF]5T T5D5CIES MU/ BE C>EFULLY DI/+UI%$2 ! MASS REVOLUTION ( ! PEASANTS & ( ! L[] SECTIONS ( SOCIETY 9 ! CITIES1 & ! SO-CALL$ ,PROTE/ANTISM1 :I* 9 ,BOHEMIA AS WELL AS 9 ,5GL& & 9 ,G]MANY & ! ,SC&I-NAVIAN C\NTRIES WORK$ T[>D A SEP>ATION ( ! *UR* & /ATE & /ROVE TO CONC5TRATE ALL P[] 9 ! H&S ( ! /ATE4 ,! MEMORY ( ! POPUL> REVOLUTION1 DR[N$ 9 BLOOD BY ! RIS+ ,PROTE/ANTISM & ITS PR9CELY & PRIE/LY REPRES5TATIVES1 WAS LAT] 7AS USUAL7 DEFAM$ & BELITTL$ BY ! VICTORS4 ,& AS 9 ! WRIT+ ( CURR5T HI/ORY ! SUCCESS OR FAILURE ( A CAUSE >E ! DET]M9+ FACTORS1 IT WAS 9EVITABLE ?AT 9 LAT] TIMES ! ,RE=MATION %\LD BE REG>D$ AS NO?+ MORE ?AN ! MOVEM5T ( ,PROTE/ANTISM4 

,! REVOLUTION>Y URGE ( ! MASSES WAS DIRECT$ NOT ONLY AGA9/ ! ,ROMAN ,PAPACY1 BUT WAS MEANT TO ABOLI% SOCIAL 9EQUALITIES & ! PR]OGATIVES ( ! RI* & P[]FUL4 ,! LEAD]S ( ! POPUL> MOVE-M5T FELT ?AT !SE W]E A MOCK]Y ( ! PURE ,*RI/IAN TEA*+ ( ! EQUALITY ( M54 ,EV5 AFT] ! *UR* HAD A*IEV$ ITS P[] ! SPIRIT ( ! E>LY ,*RI/IAN CONGREGATIONS1 ) !IR COMMUNAL MODE ( LIFE & ! FEEL+ ( BRO!RHOOD ANIMAT+ !M1 HAD NEV] BE5 QUITE =GOTT5 AMONG ! PEOPLE4 ,! ORIG9 ( MONA/ICISM WAS TO BE TRAC$ TO ?IS CAUSE2 LIKEWISE1 ! SPIRIT ( MILL5NIALISM1 ! BELIEF 9 A ?\S& YE> REIGN ( PEACE1 FRE$OM & COMMON POSSESSIONS4 ,?IS F\ND AN E*O ALSO 9 ! SPEE*ES ( ,JOA*IM ( ,FLORIS & ,ALM>I* ( ,B5A4 

,!SE TRADITIONS REMA9$ ALIVE AMONG ! ,BOGOMILI 9 ,BULG>IA & ,S]VIA1 & AMONG ! ,CA?>I ( ! ,LAT9 C\NTRIES4 ,!Y K9DL$ ! C\RAGE ( !IR FAI? AMONG ! ,WALD5SES & ! H]ETICAL SECTS ( ,LANGU$OC & AMONG ! ,HUMILIATI & ! ,APO/OLIC ,BRE?R5 9 ,NOR!RN ,ITALY1 ) !IR 9N] LI<T4 ,WE F9D !M AMONG ! ,BEGU9ES & ,BE<>DES 9 ,FL&]S1 AMONG ! ,ANABAPTI/S ( ,HOLL& & ( ,SWITZ]L& & ! ,LOLL>DS 9 ,5GL&4 ,!Y LIV$ 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y POPUL> MOVEM5TS 9 ,BOHEMIA & 9 ! CONF$]ACIES ( ! ,G]MAN PEASANTS1 :O UNIT$ 9 ! ,BUNDS*UH & ! ,POOR ,CONRAD TO BREAK ! YOKE ( S]FDOM4 ,IT WAS ! SPIRIT ( !SE TRADITIONS :I* DESC5D$ UPON ! ,5?USIA/S ( ,ZWICKAU & GAVE TO ! REVOLUTION>Y ACTION ( ,?OMAS ,MUNZ] SO P[]FUL AN IMPULSE4 

,AGA9/ SOME ( !SE MOVEM5TS ! *UR* ) ! HELP ( ! TEMPORAL P[]S ORGANIZ$ REGUL> CRUSADES1 AS AGA9/ ! ,BOGOMILI & ,ALBIG5SES1 :]EBY :OLE C\NTRIES W]E = DECADES FILL$ ) MURD] & RAP9E & ?\S&S W]E SLAU<T]$4 ,BUT !SE BLOODY P]SECUTIONS ONLY CONTRIBUT$ TO ! SPREAD ( ?OSE MOVEM5TS4 ,?\S&S ( FUGITIVES ROAM$ ?R\< O!R L&S & C>RI$ !IR DOCTR9ES TO NEW GR\PS4 ,?AT BETWE5 MO/ ( ! H]ETICAL SECTS ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS EXI/$ HAS BE5 FULLY PROV$ BY HI/ORICAL RESE>*4 ,SU* RELATION%IPS CAN BE %[N BETWE5 ! ,BOGOMILI & C]TA9 SECTS 9 ,RUSSIA & ,NOR!RN ,ITALY1 BETWE5 ! ,WALD5SES & SIMIL> SECTS 9 ,G]MANY & ,BOHEMIA1 BETWE5 ! ,BAPTI/S 9 ,HOLL&1 ,5GL&1 ,G]MANY & ,SWITZ]L&4 

,ALL ! PEASANT REVOLTS 9 ,NOR!RN ,ITALY1 ,FL&]S1 ,FRANCE1 ,5GL&1 ,G]MANY1 ,BOHEMIA1 FROM ! ?IRTE5? TO ! SIXTE5? C5TURY1 W]E 9SPIR$ BY !SE MOVEM5TS1 & GIVE US TODAY A FAIRLY CLE> PICTURE ( ! FEEL+ & ?9K+ ( L>GE SECTIONS ( ! PEOPLE ( ?AT P]IOD4 ,:ILE WE CANNOT SPEAK ( A UNIFI$ MOVEM5T1 WE NOTICE A :OLE S]IES ( MOVEM5TS :I* PREC$$ ! GREAT ,RE=MATION1 & PRODUC$ IT4 ,! WELL-KN[N D]ISIVE SONG ( ! ,5GLI% ,LOLL>DS1 

,:5 ,ADAM DELV$ & ,EVA SPAN 

,:O WAS !N ! G5TLEMAN8 

C\LD WELL HAVE S]V$ MO/ ( !SE MOVEM5TS AS A LEITMOTIF4 ,! REAL POPUL> MOVEM5T ( ! ,RE=MATION P]IOD S\<T NO ALLIANCE ) PR9CES & NOBLES1 = ) SURE 9/9CT ITS LEAD]S RECOGNIZ$ !M AS IMPLACABLE 5EMIES ( ! PEOPLE1 :O W\LD M>* NOT ) !M BUT AGA9/ !M4 ,& S9CE MO/ ( ! GREAT RE=M]S1 LIKE ,WYCLIFFE1 ,HUSS1 ,LU!R1 & O!RS HAD FIR/ TAK5 ROOT AMONG ! MOVEM5TS ( ! PEOPLE1 ! RIS+ ,PROTE/ANTISM WAS ORIG9ALLY V]Y CLOSELY CONNECT$ ) !SE4 ,?IS SITUATION *ANG$ V]Y RAPIDLY1 H[EV]1 AS ! SOCIAL ANTI!SIS BETWE5 ! TWO OBJECTIVES BECAME EV] MORE %>PLY ACC5TUAT$ & IT WAS %[N ?AT L>GE SECTIONS ( ! PEOPLE W\LD NOT BE CONT5T ) M]ELY 0AWAY FROM ,ROME40 

,SEP>ATION FROM ! ,ROMAN *UR* C\LD ONLY BE DESIRABLE TO ! PR9CES ( ! NOR!RN C\NTRIES AS LONG AS ?IS SEP>ATION 9VOLV$ NO FUR!R CONSEQU5CES1 & LEFT !IR POLITICAL & ECONOMIC PR]OGATIVES UNT\*$4 ,! BREAK ) ,ROME NOT ONLY 9CREAS$ !IR [N AU?ORITY1 IT ALSO PREV5T$ ! REGUL> EXPORT ( GREAT SUMS ( MONEY FROM ! L&1 = :I* !Y HAD SU* NE$ AT HOME4 ,FUR!RMORE1 IT GAVE !M ! OPPORTUNITY TO SEIZE ! *UR* E/ATES & TO PUT ! RI* RETURNS 9TO !IR [N TREASURY4 ,IT WAS !SE CONSID]ATIONS :I* 9DUC$ ! PR9CES & NOBLES ( ! NOR!RN C\NTRIES TO LEAD ! ,RE=MATION4 ,! PETTY QU>RELS ( !OLOGIANS H>DLY 9T]E/$ !M1 BUT ! SEP>ATION FROM ,ROME %[$ !M DEF9ITE ADVANTAGES 9 PROSPECT :I* W]E NOT TO BE DESPIS$4 ,H5CE IT WAS PR(ITABLE TO FOLL[ ! 0VOICE ( CONSCI5CE0 & TO PATRONIZE ! NEW PROPHETS4 ,MOREOV] ! !OLOGICAL SPOKESM5 ( ! ,RE=MATION DID NOT MAKE TOO GREAT RELIGI\S DEM&S UPON ! ,PROTE/ANT PR9CES4 ,9/EAD1 !Y 5DEAVOR$ E>NE/LY TO %[ ! RUL]S ! TEMPORAL ADVANTAGES ( ! MATT]4 ,?US ,HUSS SPOKE TO !M 9 ! LANGUAGE !Y BE/ UND]/OOD3 0,O YE FAI?FUL K+S1 PR9CES1 LORDS1 & KNI<TS1 AWAKE FROM ! LE?>GIC DREAMS ) :I* ! PRIE/S HAVE PUT A SPELL ON Y\4 ,EXT]M9ATE 9 Y\R DOM9IONS ! ,SIMONI/ H]ESY-DO NOT P]MIT !M 9 Y\R L&S TO EXTORT MONEY TO Y\R DISADVANTAGE40 .<#a.> 

,! SPIRITUAL LEAD]S ( ,PROTE/ANTISM TURN$ FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ TO ! TEMPORAL RUL]S ( !IR L&S1 :OSE ASSI/ANCE SEEM$ TO !M ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y TO SECURE VICTORY = !IR CAUSE4 ,BUT AS !Y ALSO HAD TO BE C>EFUL NOT TO BREAK ) ! 5RAG$ PEOPLE1 !Y /ROVE1 AL?\< VA9LY1 TO RECONCILE ! POPUL> MOVEM5T ) ! SELFI% AIMS ( ! PR9CES & NOBLES4 ,?IS ATTEMPT WAS DOOM$ TO FAILURE1 AS ! SOCIAL CLEFT HAD BECOME TOO WIDE TO BE BRIDG$ BY A FEW PETTY CONCESSIONS4 ,! MORE COMPLIANT ! ,RE=M]S %[$ !MSELVES TO ! MA/]S1 ! FUR!R !Y BECAME REMOV$ FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ! PEOPLE & DEF9ITELY >RAY$ AGA9/ !M4 ,?IS WAS ESPECIALLY ! CASE ) ,LU!R1 :O POSSESS$ ! LEA/ SOCIAL FEEL+ ( ALL ( !M1 & :OSE SPIRITUAL VISION WAS SO N>R[ ?AT HE ACTUALLY IMAG9$ ! GREAT MOVEM5T C\LD BE BR\<T TO A CLOSE BY ! F\NDATION ( A NEW *UR*4 

,LIKE ,HUSS1 ,LU!R QUOT$ ,PAUL TO PROVE ?AT PR9CES >E NOT SUBJECT TO ! GU>DIAN%IP ( ! *UR* BUT >E CALL$ ( ,GOD TO RULE OV] PRIE/ & BI%OP4 ,9 HIS APPEAL1 0,TO ! ,*RI/IAN ,NOBILITY ( ! ,G]MAN ,NATION01 HE TRI$ TO PROVE ?AT ACCORD+ TO ! DOCTR9ES ( ,HOLY ,WRIT1 !RE WAS 9 REALITY NO PRIE/LY CA/E BUT ONLY A PRIE/LY FUNCTION :I* ANYONE C\LD S]VE :O POSSESS$ ! NECESS>Y ABILITY & ! CONFID5CE ( HIS CONGREGATION4 ,FROM ?IS IT FOLL[$ ?AT ! *UR* HAD NO RI<T TO EX]CISE TEMPORAL P[]2 ?AT BELONG$ TO ! /ATE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,LU!R'S CONCEPT ALL P[] %\LD BE VE/$ 9 ! /ATE1 :I* WAS APPO9T$ BY ,GOD HIMSELF TO GU>D ! PUBLIC ORD]4 ,9 EFFECT1 9 ?IS CONCEPT ! :OLE POLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE ( ,PROTE/ANTISM EXHAU/$ ITSELF4 

,PROTE/ANTISM HAD FRE$ ! CONSCI5CE ( MAN FROM ! GU>DIAN%IP ( ! *UR* ONLY TO B>T] IT TO ! /ATE4 ,9 ?IS ! 0,PROTE/ANT MISSION0 ( ,M>T9 ,LU!R1 :O CALL$ HIMSELF ,GOD'S S]VANT1 BUT WAS 9 REALITY ONLY ! S]VANT ( ! /ATE & ITS M9ION1 COMPLETELY EXHAU/$ ITSELF4 ,IT WAS ?IS 9NATE S]VILITY :I* 5ABL$ HIM TO BETRAY ! ,G]MAN PEOPLE TO ! PR9CES1 & TOGE!R ) !M TO LAY ! F\NDATION /ONES ( A NEW *UR* :I* 9 PRIVATE AGREEM5T SOLD ITSELF BODY & S\L TO ! /ATE & PROCLAIM$ ! WILL ( ! PR9CES & NOBLES AS ,GOD'S COMM&M5T4 ,LU!R ACCOMPLI%$ ! UNHOLY UNION ( RELIGION ) ! 9T]E/S ( ! /ATE4 ,HE LOCK$ ! LIV+ SPIRIT 9TO ! PRISON ( ! WORD & ?US BECAME ! H]ALD ( ?AT DEAD-LETT] LE>N+ :I* 9T]PRETS ,*RI/'S REVELATIONS TO SUIT ! /ATE2 :I* MAKES ( M5 HUMBLE GALLEY SLAVES1 L$ TO ! PORTAL ( ,P>ADISE TO COMP5SATE !M BY ! LIFE ET]NAL = ! SLAV]Y ( ?IS WORLD4 

,M$IEVAL MAN HAD NOT YET KN[N ! /ATE 9 ! REAL S5SE ( ! WORD4 ,! CONCEPT ( A C5TRAL P[] :I* =CES EV]Y VITAL ACTIVITY 9TO DEF9ITE =MS & GUIDES M5 FROM ! CRADLE TO ! GRAVE UPON ! LEAD+ /R+S ( A HI<] AU?ORITY WAS /RANGE TO HIM4 ,HIS IDEAS ( RI<T W]E BAS$ ON CU/OM TRANSMITT$ TO HIM BY TRADITION4 ,HIS RELIGI\S FEEL+ RECOGNIZ$ ! 9COMPLET5ESS ( ALL HUMAN SY/EMS & MADE HIM 9CL9$ TO FOLL[ HIS [N C\NSEL1 & TO HELP HIMSELF & TO %APE HIS RELATIONS ) HIS FELL[M5 9 CON=MITY ) ! ANCI5T CU/OMS ( MUTUAL AGREEM5T4 ,:5 ! RIS+ /ATE BEGAN TO UND]M9E !SE RI<TS & RAIS$ ITS CAUSE TO ! CAUSE ( ,GOD1 HE F\<T AGA9/ ! 9JU/ICE :I* WAS BE+ DONE TO HIM4 ,?IS IS ! REAL MEAN+ ( ! GREAT POPUL> MOVEM5TS ( ! AGE ( ! ,RE=MATION1 :I* 5DEAVOR$ TO GIVE TO ! 0FRE$OM ( ! ,EVANGELICAL ,*RI/IAN MAN0-AS ,LU!R CALL$ IT-A SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE4 

,ONLY AFT] ! POPUL> MOVEM5T HAD BE5 DR[N$ 9 SEAS ( BLOOD1 :ILE ,LU!R1 0! BELOV$ MAN ( ,GOD10 BLESS$ ! BUT*]S ( ! 9SURG5T ,G]MAN PEASANTS1 DID VICTORI\S ,PROTE/ANTISM RAISE ITS HEAD & GAVE ! /ATE & ITS LEGAL CONTROL ( AFFAIRS A RELIGI\S SANCTION1 BLOODILY PUR*AS$ ) ! GRUESOME SLAU<T] ( A HUNDR$ & ?IRTY ?\S& M52 ,?US WAS ACCOMPLI%$ ! 0RECONCILIATION BETWE5 RELIGION & LAW10 AS ,HEGEL LAT] *OSE TO CALL IT4 ,! NEW !OLOGY WAS TAU<T BY ! LAWY]S4 ,! DEAD-LETT] LE>N+ ( ! LAW KILL$ CONSCI5CE OR 9V5T$ A *EAP SUB/ITUTE4 ,! ?RONE WAS TRANS=M$ 9TO AN ALT> ON :I* MAN WAS SACRIFIC$ TO ! NEW IDOLS4 0,POSITIVE LAW0 BECAME DIV9E REVELATION2 ! /ATE1 ! REPRES5TATIVE ( ,GOD ON E>?4 

,9 ! O!R C\NTRIES1 TOO1 ,PROTE/ANTISM PURSU$ ! SAME 5DS EV]Y:]E2 IT BETRAY$ ! PEOPLE & MADE ( ! ,RE=MATION AN AFFAIR ( ! PR9CES & ! PRIVILEG$ SECTIONS ( SOCIETY4 ,! MOVEM5T />T$ BY ,WYCLIFFE 9 ,5GL&1 :I* SPREAD TO O!R C\NTRIES1 ESPECIALLY TO ,BOHEMIA1 WAS PRIM>ILY ( POLITICAL *>ACT]4 ,WYCLIFFE F\<T ! POPE BECAUSE ! POPE HAD EMBRAC$ ! CAUSE ( ,FRANCE1 ,5GL&'S MORTAL 5EMY1 & HAD DEM&$ ( ! ,5GLI% GOV]NM5T ?AT ! K+DOM %\LD CONT9UE TO REG>D ITSELF AS A VASSAL ( ! ,HOLY ,SEE & PAY TRIBUTE TO IT1 AS ,JOHN ,LACKL& HAD DONE TO ,9NOC5T ,I,I,I4 ,BUT ?OSE TIMES W]E PASS$4 ,:5 ,PHILIP ,I,I,I ( ,FRANCE BRAV$ ! BAN ( ,BONIFACE ,V,I,I,I & COMPELL$ HIS SUCCESSOR TO TAKE UP HIS RESID5CE AT ,AVIGNON1 ! UNLIMIT$ RUL]%IP ( ! ,PAPACY RECEIV$ A BL[ FROM :I* IT NEV] RECOV]$4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! ,5GLI% P>LIAM5T C\LD CALMLY D>E TO ANSW] ! POPE'S DEM&S ) ! DECL>ATION ?AT NO K+ WAS EV] EMP[]$ TO SURR5D] ! C\NTRY'S 9DEP5D5CE TO ! POPE4 

,WYCLIFFE AT FIR/ M]ELY DEF5D$ ! COMPLETE 9DEP5D5CE ( ! TEMPORAL P[] FROM ! *UR* & ONLY ADVANC$ TO A CRITICISM ( *UR*LY DOGMAS AFT] HE HAD BECOME CONV9C$ ?AT ! QUE/ION W\LD NEV] BE SETTL$ )\T A BOLD BREAK ) PAPISM4 ,BUT :5 ! GREAT PEASANT REBELLION 9 ,5GL& BROKE \T & ! REVOLT+ HORDES ( ,WAT ,TYL] & ,JOHN ,BALL BR\<T ! K+ & ! GOV]NM5T 9TO GREATE/ DANG]1 ,WYCLIFFE'S OPPON5TS EMBRAC$ ! OPPORTUNITY TO RAISE !IR PUBLIC ACCUSATION AGA9/ HIM4 ,WYCLIFFE DECL>$ ?AT HE DID NOT SANCTION ! ACTION ( ! REBELLI\S PEASANTS2 BUT HE DID IT ) A G5TL5ESS ( UND]/&+ = ! SUFF]+S ( ! POOR :I* COMP>$ MO/ FAVORABLY ) ! ,B]S]K] RAGE :]E) ,LU!R 9 HIS NOTORI\S SCRE$ 0AGA9/ ! ROBB+ & MURD]+ PEASANTS0 5C\RAG$ ! ,G]MAN PR9CES TO BUT*] !M M]CILESSLY4 

,:51 LAT] ON1 ,H5RY ,V,I,I,I COMPLET$ ! BREA* ) ! PAPAL *UR* & CONFISCAT$ ITS E/ATES1 HE MADE HIMSELF ! HEAD ( ! NEW /ATE *UR*1 :I* WAS COMPLETELY UND] ! DOM9ANCE ( ! TEMPORAL P[]4 ,:5 ! SAME ,H5RY HAD LAUN*$ A VIRUL5T EPI/LE AGA9/ ,LU!R1 ONLY1 SOON AFT]1 TO DEF5D ! 0NATIONAL 9T]E/0 AGA9/ ! ,PAPACY1 HE DID BUT PROVE ?AT 9 ,5GL& ALSO-TEMPORAL ADVANTAGES POSSESS$ A GREAT] 9T]E/ = ! T5ANT ( ! CR[N ?AN 0! PURE WORD ( ,GOD0 ( ! NEW DOCTR9E4 

,9 ,BOHEMIA1 :]E ! G5]AL SITUATION WAS ALREADY V]Y T5SE1 IT BECAME ACC5TUAT$ BY ! NATIONAL ANTAGONISMS BETWE5 ! ,CZE*S & ! ,G]MANS1 9 CONSEQU5CE :]E( ! ,RE=MATION ASSUM$ !RE AN EXCEPTIONALLY VIOL5T EXPRESSION4 ,! REAL ,HUSSITE MOVEM5T BECAME PROM95T 9 ,BOHEMIA ONLY AFT] ! DEA? ( ,HUSS & ,J]OME ( ,PRAGUE AT ! /AKE4 ,! PREA*+S ( ,HUSS HAD BE51 ON ! :OLE1 ONLY ! TRACTS ( ,WYCLIFFE1 :I* ! ,CZE* RE=M]S TRANSLAT$ = !IR C\NTRY M5 9TO !IR [N LANGUAGE4 ,HUSS1 LIKE ,WYCLIFFE1 URG$ ! COMPLETE LIB]ATION ( ! TEMPORAL P[] FROM ! PETTY GU>DIAN%IP ( ! *UR*4 ,! *UR* WAS TO CONC]N ITSELF ONLY ) ! SALVATION ( M5'S S\LS & TO /& ALO( FROM EV]Y TEMPORAL GOV]NM5TAL (FICE4 ,( ! 0TWO :ALES10 AS ,PET] ,*ELCICKY HAD CALL$ *UR* & /ATE1 ,HUSS W\LD CONC$E ONLY TO ! /ATE ! P[] OV] TEMPORAL ?+S4 ,! *UR* MU/ BE POOR1 MU/ R5\NCE ALL E>?LY TREASURE1 & ! PRIE/S MU/ BE AM5ABLE TO TEMPORAL GOV]NM5T EV5 AS ANY O!R SUBJECTS4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! PRIE/LY (FICE WAS TO BE OP5 ALSO TO LAYM51 PROVID$ !Y POSSESS$ ! NECESS>Y MORAL QUALITIES4 ,HE CONDEMN$ ! MORAL DEG5]ACY :I* HAD BECOME PREVAL5T AMONG ! PRIE/HOOD1 TURN+ ) ESPECIAL SEV]ITY AGA9/ ! TRAFFIC 9 9DULG5CES1 AT ?AT TIME MO/ %AMELESSLY PRACTIC$ BY ! *UR*1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,BOHEMIA4 ,BESIDES ! PURELY POLITICAL DEM&S1 :I* ALONE 9T]E/ US H]E & :I*1 BE+ UND]/OOD1 APPE> ESPECIALLY FAVORABLE TO ! NOBILITY1 ,HUSS MADE A NUMB] ( !OLOGICAL DEM&S DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! ORAL CONFESSION1 ! M5DICANT MONKS1 ! DOCTR9E ( PURGATORY & O!R ITEMS4 ,BUT :AT PR9CIPALLY SECUR$ HIM ! SUPPORT ( ! ,CZE* POPULATION WAS HIS TEA*+ ?AT ! PAY+ ( TI!S WAS NO DUTY & HIS SPECIALLY NATIONALI/IC POSITION AGA9/ ! ,G]MANS1 REG>D$ BY ! ,CZE*S AS DESPOIL]S ( !IR C\NTRY4 

,! ,CALIXT9ES & ,UTRAQUI/S1 .<#b.> TO :I* SECTS *IEFLY ! NOBILITY & ! RI*] CITIZ5S ( ,PRAGUE BELONG$1 HAD BE5 EASILY SATISFI$ ) ! REALIZATION ( !SE DEM&S & REFUS$ ALL SOCIAL RE=MS1 BE+ PR9CIPALLY CONC]N$ ) ! ACQUISITION ( ! RI* *UR* E/ATES &1 = ! RE/1 ) PEACE & ORD] 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,BUT ! REAL POPUL> MOVEM5T1 COMPRIS+ MA9LY ! PEASANTS & ! POOR] CITY POPULATION1 PU%$ FUR!R & DEM&$ ESPECIALLY ! LIB]ATION ( ! PEASANTS FROM ! YOKE ( S]FDOM :I* SO HEAVILY OPPRESS$ ! RURAL DI/RICTS4 ,ALREADY ,*>LES ,V HAD BE5 COMPELL$ TO /AY ! NOBLES FROM PUTT+ \T ! EYES & CUTT+ (F ! H&S & FEET ( !IR S]FS = ! SLI<TE/ TRANSGRESSION4 ,! MOVEM5T ( ! SO-CALL$ ,TABORITES .<#c.> EMBRAC$ ESPECIALLY ALL DEMOCRATIC ELEM5TS ( ! PEOPLE UP TO ! COMMUNI/S & *ILIA/S & WAS 9SPIR$ ) AN >D5T C\RAGE = BATTLE4 

,IT WAS 9EVITABLE ?AT BETWE5 !SE TWO MOVEM5TS ( ! ,HUSSITE AGITATION VIOL5T CONT5TIONS W]E SOON] OR LAT] B\ND TO >ISE2 !Y W]E DELAY$ ONLY BY ! G5]AL POLITICAL CONDITION ( ! TIMES4 ,:5 ! ,G]MAN ,EMP]OR ,SIGISMUND1 AFT] ! SUDD5 DEA? ( HIS BRO!R ,W5CESLAUS1 BECAME ! WE>] ( ! ,BOHEMIAN CR[N1 ! :OLE L& WAS SEIZ$ BY A MI<TY COMMOTION4 ,= BY ! EMP]OR'S DA/>DLY BREA* ( FAI? ,HUSS HAD BE5 COMPELL$ TO M\NT ! PYRE1 AFT] :I* ,SIGISMUND WAS REG>D$ 9 ALL ,BOHEMIA AS ! SWORN 5EMY ( ALL RE=M MOVEM5TS4 ,SOON AFT] HIS ASC5T ( ! ?RONE1 9 ,M>*1 #a#d#b1 ,POPE ,M>T9 ,V 9 A SPECIAL BULL CALL$ ALL ,*RI/5DOM TO A CRUSADE AGA9/ ! ,BOHEMIAN H]ESY1 & AN >MY ( #a#e1 M5 RECRUIT$ FROM ALL P>TS ( ,EUROPE MOV$ AGA9/ ! ,HUSSITES4 ,N[ REVOLT >OSE ALL OV] ! L& TO A DEV\R+ FLAME4 ,CALIXT9ES & ,TABORITES1 ?REAT5$ BY ! SAME IMM$IATE DANG]1 LET !IR 9N] DIFF]5CES RE/ = ! TIME BE+ & UNIT$ QUICKLY = COMMON DEF5SE4 ,UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! AG$ ,ZIZKA1 AN EXP]I5C$ W>RIOR1 ! FIR/ CRUSAD+ >MY WAS BLOODILY & DECISIVELY BEAT54 ,BUT ?AT DID NOT 5D ! /RUGGLE2 POPE & EMP]OR CONT9U$ !IR ATTACKS AGA9/ ! ,BOHEMIAN H]ESIES2 & ?US DEVELOP$ ONE ( ! BLOODIE/ ( W>S1 WAG$ ON BO? SIDES ) FRI<TFUL CRUELTY4 ,AFT] ! ,HUSSITES HAD EXPELL$ ! 5EMY FROM !IR [N C\NTRY !Y 9VAD$ ! NEI<BOR+ /ATES1 WA/$ CITIES & VILLAGES1 & BY !IR IRRESI/IBLE BRAV]Y BECAME ! T]ROR ( !IR FOES4 

,?IS BRUTAL W>F>E LA/$ = TWELVE YE>S1 UNTIL ! ,HUSSITES PUT ! LA/ >MY ( ! CRUSAD]S TO FI<T 9 ! BATTLE ( ,TAUS4 ,! RESULT ( ! PEACE NEGOTIATIONS1 CONCLUD$ AT ! ,C\NCIL ( ,BASLE1 WAS ! 0COMPACT ( ,PRAGUE10 :I* GAVE ! ,HUSSITES F>-REA*+ CONCESSIONS 9 MATT]S ( FAI? &1 ABOVE ALL1 ANN\NC$ ! R5UNCIATION BY ! *UR* ( ITS E/ATES :I* ! ,CZE* NOBILITY HAD APPROPRIAT$4 

,?IS CONCLUD$ ! W> AGA9/ ! EXT]NAL 5EMIES1 BUT ONLY TO MAKE PLACE = CIVIL W>4 ,DUR+ ! %ORT BREA?+ SPELLS P]MITT$ ! ,HUSSITES 9 ! W> AGA9/ POPE & EMP]OR ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ,CALIXT9ES & ,TABORITES HAD FLAM$ UP ANEW1 REPEAT$LY LEAD+ TO BLOODY CONFLICTS4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ! ,CALIXT9ES HAD REPEAT$LY />T$ NEGOTIATIONS ) ! POPE & ! EMP]OR4 ,& SO IT WAS 9EVITABLE ?AT AFT] ! CONCLUSION ( PEACE1 9 :I* \TCOME !Y W]E *IEFLY 9/RUM5TAL1 !Y %\LD BE SUPPORT$ AGA9/ ! ,TABORITES BY !IR =M] 5EMIES TO ! BE/ ( !IR ABILITY4 ,9 ,MAY1 #a#d#c#d1 !RE OCCURR$ BETWE5 ! TWO P>TIES ! MURD]\S BATTLE ( ,LIPAN1 9 :I* ?IRTE5 ?\S& ,TABORITES W]E KILL$ & !IR >MY ALMO/ COMPLETELY ANNIHILAT$4 

,) ?IS ! POPUL> MOVEM5T WAS DEF9ITELY DEFEAT$1 & !RE BEGAN H>D TIMES = ! POOR POPULACE ( CITY & VILLAGE4 ,BUT ?US E>LY IT BECAME APP>5T ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y POPUL> MOVEM5T1 :I* BY ITS [N OR O!RS' FAULT HAD COME TO BE 9VOLV$ 9 A PROTRACT$ W>1 WAS =C$ BY CIRCUM/ANCES TO AB&ON ITS ORIG9AL AIMS1 BECAUSE MILIT>Y DEM&S EXHAU/ ALL SOCIAL =CES & !REBY NULLIFY ALL CREATIVE ACTIVITY = ! DEVELOPM5T ( NEW =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,W> NOT ONLY AFFECTS HUMAN NATURE CALAMIT\SLY 9 G5]AL BY CON/ANT APPEAL TO ITS MO/ BRUTAL & CRUEL MOTIVES1 BUT ! MILIT>Y DISCIPL9E :I* IT DEM&S AT LA/ /IFLES EV]Y LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T AMONG ! PEOPLE & !N SY/EMATICALLY BRE$S ! DEGRAD+ BRUTALITY ( BL9D OB$I5CE1 :I* HAS ALWAYS BE5 ! FA!R ( ALL REACTION4 

,?IS ! ,TABORITES1 TOO1 HAD TO LE>N4 ,!IR OPPON5TS1 ! PR(ESSORS ( ,PRAGUE ,UNIV]SITY1 ACCUS$ !M ( /RIV+ = A CONDITION :]E 0!RE W\LD BE NO K+ NOR RUL] NOR SUBJECTS ANY:]E ON E>?1 ALL CONTROL & GUIDANCE W\LD CEASE1 NONE C\LD COMPEL ANO!R TO ANY?+1 & ALL W\LD DWELL 9 EQUALITY LIKE BRO!RS & SI/]S40 ,IT WAS SOON APP>5T ?AT ! W> DROVE !M CON/ANTLY F>!R AWAY FROM ?IS GOAL1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE !IR MILIT>Y LEAD]S SUPPRESS$ ) BLOODY =CE ALL ! LIB]T>IAN T5D5CIES )9 ! MOVEM5T1 BUT BECAUSE ! NATIONALI/ SPIRIT :I* ANIMAT$ !M & :I* 9 ! C\RSE ( ?IS T]RIBLE W> 9CREAS$ TO :ITE HEAT1 NECESS>ILY E/RANG$ !M MORE & MORE FROM ALL TRULY HUMANIT>IAN CONSID]ATIONS1 )\T :I* NO TRULY REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T CAN EV] SUCCE$4 ,ONCE M5 HAVE BECOME US$ TO ! ?\<T ?AT ALL PROBLEMS ( SOCIAL LIFE HAVE TO BE SETTL$ BY =CE1 !Y LOGICALLY >RIVE AT DESPOTISM1 EV5 ?\< !Y GIVE IT ANO!R NAME & HIDE ITS TRUE *>ACT] BEH9D SOME MISLEAD+ TITLE4 ,& ?US IT HAPP5$ 9 ,TABOR4 ,! YOKE ( RE/RICTION BORE MORE & MORE HEAVILY ON ! CITIZ5S & CRU%$ ! SPIRIT ?AT HAD ONCE ANIMAT$ !M4 ,PET] ,*ELCICKY1 A =]UNN] ( ,TOL/OY & ONE ( ! FEW 9N]LY FREE M5 ( ?AT EPO*1 :O OPPOS$ BO? *UR* & /ATE1 DESCRIB$1 9 ! FOLL[+ WEI<TY WORDS1 ! T]RIBLE CONDITION 9TO :I* PROTRACT$ W> HAD PLUNG$ ! C\NTRY3 

4 4 4 & !N SOMEONE FILLS VILE D5S ) ?IEVES & COMMITS VIOL5CE1 ROBB]Y1 & MURD] & AT ! SAME TIME IS A S]VANT ( ,GOD & DOES NOT C>RY ! SWORD 9 VA94 ,& TRULY HE DOES NOT C>RY IT 9 VA91 BUT RA!R TO DO ALL SORTS ( 9JU/ICE1 VIOL5CE1 ROBB]Y1 OPPRESSION ( ! LABOR+ POOR4 ,& !REBY HAVE !SE V>I\S LORDS TORN ! PEOPLE ASUND] & 9CIT$ !M AGA9/ ONE ANO!R4 ,EV]YONE DRIVES HIS PEOPLE LIKE A H]D TO BATTLE AGA9/ O!RS4 ,?US BY !SE MANY MA/]S ! :OLE PEASANTRY HAS BE5 MADE FAMILI> ) MURD]1 = !Y GO AB\T >M$1 ALWAYS READY = BATTLE4 ,!REBY ALL BRO!RLY LOVE IS 9FILTRAT$ ) BLOODLU/ & SU* T5SION CREAT$ AS EASILY LEADS TO CONTE/1 & MURD] RESULTS4 .<#d.> 

,9 ,SW$51 :]E ! Y\NG DYNA/Y F\ND$ BY ,GU/AVUS ,VASA IMPOS$ ,PROTE/ANTISM ON ! PEOPLE = PURELY POLITICAL MOTIVES1 ! ,RE=MATION ASSUM$ QUITE A PECULI> *>ACT]4 ,IT WAS BY NO MEANS HOLY ZEAL = ! NEW DIV9E DOCTR9ES ?AT CAUS$ ,GU/AVUS ,I TO BREAK ) ,ROME1 BUT SIMPLY V]Y SOB] POLITICAL MOTIVES UNIT$ ) HI<LY IMPORTANT ECONOMIC CONSID]ATIONS4 ,SEV]AL GRAVE MI/AKES ( ! PAPAL P[] GREATLY FAVOR$ ! SUCCESS ( HIS PLANS4 

,SOON AFT] ! COMM5CEM5T ( HIS REIGN ! K+ HAD ADDRESS$ A MO/ RESPECTFUL LETT] TO ! POPE REQUE/+ HIM TO APPO9T NEW ,SW$I% BI%OPS :O W\LD BE 0CONC]N$ TO GU>D ! RI<TS ( ! ,*UR* )\T 5CROA*+ UPON ?OSE ( ! ,CR[N40 ,MORE ESPECIALLY ,GU/AVUS WI%$ ! POPE TO CONFIRM AS ,>*BI%OP ( ,UPSALA ! NEWLY NOM9AT$ ,PRIMUS ,JOHANNIS ,MAGNI1 :OSE PR$ECESSOR1 ,GU/AVUS ,TROLLE1 HAD BE5 CONDEMN$ BY ! ,RIGSDAG AS A TRAITOR BECAUSE HE HAD 9VIT$ ! ,DANI% K+1 ,*RI/IAN ,I,I1 9TO ! L& TO OV]?R[ ! REG5T1 ,/5 ,/URE4 ,GU/AVUS HAD PROMIS$ ! POPE TO 0PROVE HIMSELF A FAI?FUL SON ( ! ,*UR*0 & HE ASSUM$ ?AT ! ,VATICAN W\LD RESPOND TO HIS WI%ES ,BUT ! POPE1 BADLY ADVIS$ BY HIS C\NSELORS1 BELIEV$ ?AT ,GU/AVUS' REIGN W\LD NOT LA/ LONG1 & ) UNYIELD+ 9SI/5CE DEM&$ ! RE9/ATEM5T ( ,GU/AVUS ,TROLLE4 ,) ?AT ! DIE WAS CA/4 ,GU/AVUS C\LD NOT HAVE YIELD$ TO ?IS DEM& EV5 IF HE HAD 9T5D$ TO AVOID AN OP5 BREA* ) ,ROME4 ,AL?\< ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ! ,SW$I% PEOPLE W]E GOOD ,CA?OLICS & WANT$ NO?+ TO DO ) ,LU!R1 A R5EWAL ( ! ,DANI% DOM9ION APPE>$ EV5 LESS 5DURABLE TO ! FREE ,SW$I% PEASANTS4 ,! BLOODY TYRANNY ( ! FATU\S DESPOT1 ,*RI/IAN ,I,I HAD GIV5 !M PL5TY ( CAUSE = FE>4 ,H5CE ! K+ C\LD RISK ! BREA* ) PAPISM :I*1 SECRETLY1 HE D\BTLESS DESIR$4 ,BUT AL?\< ,SW$5 SEP>AT$ FROM ! ,HOLY ,SEE1 & ! K+ !REAFT] FAVOR$ ! PREA*+ ( ,PROTE/ANTISM1 ! *UR* S]VICE REMA9$ ! SAME4 

,:AT ,GU/AVUS PR9CIPALLY DESIR$ WAS UND] SOME PRETEXT TO CONFISCATE ! E/ATES ( ! *UR*1 :I* 9 ,SW$5 W]E V]Y RI*4 ,AFT] SOME CAUTI\S ATTEMPTS 9 ?IS DIRECTION1 :I* >\S$ ! OPPOSITION ( HIS [N BI%OPS1 HE F9ALLY DROPP$ ! MASK ( IMP>TIALITY &1 9 ORD] TO C>RY ?R\< HIS POLITICAL PLANS1 ANN\NC$ HIMSELF AS AN OP5 5EMY ( ! *UR*4 ,9 #a#e#b#f1 HE SUPPRESS$ ALL ! ,CA?OLIC PUBLI%+ H\SES 9 ! C\NTRY & SEIZ$ TWO-?IRDS ( ! *UR*'S 9COME TO LIQUIDATE ! DEBTS ( ! /ATE4 ,LAT]1 :5 A S]I\S CONT5TION >OSE BETWE5 ! K+ & ! SPIRITUAL DIGNIT>IES CONC]N+ ! FUR!R CONFISCATION ( *UR* PROP]TIES1 ,GU/AVUS ,VASA GRADUALLY ABOLI%$ ALL ! PR]OGATIVES ( ! *UR*ES & MADE !M SUBS]VI5T TO ! /ATE4 

,! K+ C\LD NOT1 H[EV]1 TAKE SU* /EPS RELY+ SOLELY ON HIS [N P[]1 = ! PEASANTS W]E DEF9ITELY OPPOS$ TO ! SO-CALL$ 0*UR* RE=MS0 & W]E ESPECIALLY \TRAG$ BY ! !FT ( *UR* PROP]TY4 ,H[ LITTLE ! PEOPLE C>$ = ,LU!RANISM IS APP>5T FROM ! FACT ?AT ! PEASANTRY FREQU5TLY ?REAT5$ TO M>* ON ,/OCKHOLM & DE/ROY ?AT 0SPIRITUAL ,SODOM10 AS !Y CALL$ ! CAPITAL BECAUSE ( ITS ,PROTE/ANT T5D5CIES4 ,!IR OPPOSITION COMPELL$ ! K+ & HIS SUCCESSORS TO RELY MORE & MORE ON ! NOBILITY2 & ! NOBLES GRANT$ !IR ASSI/ANCE TO ! ,CR[N ONLY = A PRICE4 ,NOT ONLY W]E A GREAT P>T ( ! *UR* E/ATES YIELD$ TO ! NOBILITY TO PUR*ASE !IR FAVOR1 BUT ! PEASANTS W]E PRESS$ BY ROYALTY EV] DEEP] 9TO S]VITUDE TO ! NOBILITY TO RETA9 !IR GOOD HUMOR4 

,NATURALLY1 ! ANTAGONI/IC ATTITUDE ( ! PEASANT POPULATION REPEAT$LY BR\<T ! Y\NG DYNA/Y 9TO A V]Y DANG]\S POSITION4 ,! ,SW$I% PEASANTS1 :O HAD NEV] KN[N S]FDOM DUR+ M$IEVAL TIMES1 POSSESS$ A /RONG 9FLU5CE 9 !IR C\NTRY4 ,IT WAS !Y :O HAD ELECT$ ,GU/AVUS ,VASA K+ TO FOIL ! SECRET MA*9ATIONS ( ! ,DANI% P>TY4 ,N[1 :5 ! K+ TRI$ TO IMPOSE UPON ! C\NTRY A NEW FAI?1 & FUR!R BURD5$ ! PEASANTS ) HEAVY TAXES1 !RE >OSE FREQU5T & S]I\S DISAGREEM5T BETWE5 ! ,CR[N & ! PEOPLE4 ,FROM #aebf TO #a$c ,GU/AVUS HAD TO FI<T NOT FEW] ?AN SIX UPRIS+S ( ! PEASANTS4 ,:ILE !SE W]E NOT AT LA/1 IT IS TRUE1 COMPLETELY SUCCESSFUL1 !Y DID =CE ! K+ TO CURB SOME:AT HIS EV] GR[+ LU/ = ABSOLUTE P[]4 

,GU/AVUS ,VASA KNEW V]Y WELL ?AT = WEAL OR WOE HIS-DYNA/Y WAS 9EXTRICABLY 5TW9$ ) ,PROTE/ANTISM4 ,BY HIS CONFISCATION ( *UR* E/ATES & ! PUBLIC EXECUTION AT ,/OCKHOLM ( TWO ,CA?OLIC BI%OPS HE HAD BURN$ ALL HIS BRIDGES BEH9D HIM & WAS OBLIG$ TO PURSUE ! PA? HE HAD TAK54 ,H5CE1 9 HIS WILL1 HE MO/ URG5TLY ADJUR$ HIS SUCCESSORS TO REMA9 TRUE TO ! NEW FAI?1 = ONLY ?US C\LD ! DYNA/Y CONT9UE TO PROSP]4 

,?US ,PROTE/ANTISM WAS 9 ,SW$5 FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ A PURELY DYNA/IC AFFAIR1 SY/EMATICALLY IMPOS$ ON ! PEOPLE4 ,?AT ,GU/AVUS ,VASA WAS CONV]T$ TO ,PROTE/ANTISM FROM 9N] CONVICTION IS ,JU/ AS MU* A FAIRY TALE AS ! ASS]TION ?AT HIS LAT] SUCCESSOR1 ,GU/AVUS ,ADOLPHUS1 ONLY ) A HEAVY HE>T & AGA9/ HIS WILL1 9VAD$ ,G]MANY TO AID HIS H>D-PRESS$ FELL[ RELIGIONI/S4 ,= SU* A PURPOSE NEI!R 0! SN[ K+10 AS HIS 5EMIES CALL$ HIM1 NOR HIS CLEV] *ANCELLOR1 ,OX5/I]NA1 W\LD HAVE SP5T A P5NY4 ,:AT !Y W]E AFT] WAS UNLIMIT$ DOM9ION OV] ! ,BALTIC1 & = SU* A PURPOSE ANY PI\S LIE WAS ACCEPTABLE4 

,:]EV] ,PROTE/ANTISM ATTA9$ TO ANY 9FLU5CE IT REVEAL$ ITSELF AS A FAI?FUL S]VANT ( ! RIS+ ABSOLUTISM & GRANT$ ! /ATE ALL ! RI<TS IT HAD D5I$ TO ! ,ROMAN ,*UR*4 ,?AT ,CALV9ISM F\<T ABSOLUTISM 9 ,5GL&1 ,FRANCE & ,HOLL& IS NOT SIGNIFICANT1 =1 ) ?IS EXCEPTION3 IT WAS LESS FREE ?AN ANY O!R PHASE ( ,PROTE/ANTISM4 ,?AT IT OPPOS$ ABSOLUTISM 9 ?OSE C\NTRIES IS EXPLA9$ BY ! SPECIAL SOCIAL CONDITIONS PREVAIL+ 9 !M4 ,AT ITS S\RCE IT WAS UN5DURABLY DESPOTIC1 & DET]M9$ ! 9DIVIDUAL FATE ( M5 F> MORE COMPLETELY ?AN ! ,ROMAN ,*UR* HAD EV] TRI$ TO DO4 ,NO O!R RELIGION HAS HAD SU* A DEEP & P]MAN5T 9FLU5CE ON M5'S P]SONAL LIVES4 ,WAS NOT ! 09N] CONV]SION0 ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT DOCTR9ES ( ,CALV98 ,& HE CONT9U$ TO CONV]T TILL NO?+ WAS LEFT ( HUMANITY4 

,CALV9 WAS ONE ( ! MO/ T]RIBLE P]SONALITIES 9 HI/ORY1 A ,PROTE/ANT ,TORQUEMADA1 A N>R[-HE>T$ ZEALOT1 :O TRI$ TO PREP>E M5 = ,GOD'S K+DOM BY ! RACK & :EEL4 ,CRAFTY & CUNN+1 DE/ITUTE ( ALL DEEP] FEEL+1 LIKE A G5U9E 9QUISITOR HE SAT 9 JUDGM5T UPON ! VISIBLE WEAKNESSES ( HIS FELL[M5 & 9/ITUT$ A REGUL> REIGN ( T]ROR 9 ,G5EVA4 ,NO POPE EV] WIELD$ COMPLET] P[]4 ,! *UR* ORD9ANCES REGULAT$ ! LIVES ( ! CITIZ5S FROM ! CRADLE TO ! GRAVE1 REM9D+ !M AT EV]Y /EP ?AT !Y W]E BURD5$ BY ! CURSE ( ORIG9AL S91 :I* 9 ! MURKY LI<T ( ,CALV9'S DOCTR9E ( PR$E/9ATION ASSUM$ AN ESPECIALLY SOMB] *>ACT]4 ,ALL JOY ( LIFE WAS =BIDD54 ,! :OLE L& WAS LIKE A P5IT5T'S CELL 9 :I* !RE WAS ROOM ONLY = 9N] CONSCI\SNESS ( GUILT & HUMILIATION4 ,EV5 AT W$D+S MUSIC & DANC+ W]E =BIDD54 ,9 ! !AT]S ONLY PIECES ) RELIGI\S CONT5T W]E (F]$4 ,AN UN5DURABLE C5SOR%IP TOOK C>E ?AT NO PR(ANE WRIT+S1 ESPECIALLY NO NOVELS1 W]E PR9T$4 ,AN >MY ( SPIES 9FE/$ ! L& & RESPECT$ ! RI<TS ( NEI!R HOME NOR FAMILY4 ,EV5 ! WALLS HAD E>S1 = ALL ! FAI?FUL W]E URG$ TO BECOME 9=M]S & FELT OBLIG$ TO BETRAY !IR FELL[S4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT TOO1 POLITICAL & RELIGI\S 0OR?ODOXY0 ALWAYS REA* ! SAME RESULT4 

,CALV9'S CRIM9AL CODE WAS A UNIQUE MON/ROSITY4 ,! LEA/ D\BT ( ! DOGMAS ( ! NEW *UR*1 IF HE>D BY ! WAT*DOGS ( ! LAW1 WAS PUNI%$ BY DEA?4 ,FREQU5TLY ! M]E SUSPICION WAS 5\< TO BR+ D[N ! DEA? S5T5CE1 ESPECIALLY IF ! ACCUS$ = SOME REASON OR O!R WAS UNPOPUL> ) HIS NEI<BORS4 ,A :OLE S]IES ( TRANSGRESSIONS :I* HAD BE5 =M]LY PUNI%$ ) %ORT IMPRISONM5T1 UND] ! RUL]%IP ( ,CALV9ISM L$ TO ! EXECUTION]4 ,! GALL[S1 ! :EEL & ! /AKE W]E BUSILY AT USE 9 ! 0,PROTE/ANT ,ROME10 AS ,G5EVA WAS FREQU5TLY CALL$4 ,! *RONICLES ( ?AT TIME RECORD GRUESOME ABOM9ATIONS1 AMONG ! MO/ HORRIBLE BE+ ! EXECUTION ( A *ILD = /RIK+ ITS MO!R1 & ! CASE ( ! ,G5EVA EXECUTION]1 ,JEAN ,GRANJAT1 :O WAS COMPELL$ FIR/ TO CUT (F HIS MO!R'S RI<T H& & !N TO BURN H] PUBLICLY BECAUSE1 ALLEG$LY1 %E HAD BR\<T ! PLAGUE 9TO ! L&4 ,BE/ KN[N IS ! EXECUTION ( ! ,SPANI% PHYSICIAN1 ,MIGUEL ,S]VETUS1 :O 9 #aeec WAS SL[LY ROA/$ TO DEA? OV] A SMALL FIRE BECAUSE HE HAD D\BT$ ,CALV9'S DOCTR9ES ( ! ,TR9ITY & PR$E/9ATION4 ,! C[>DLY & TREA*]\S MANN] 9 :I* ,CALV9 CONTRIV$ ! DE/RUCTION ( ! UN=TUNATE S*OL> ?R[S A GRUESOME LI<T ON ! *>ACT] ( ?AT T]RIBLE MAN1 :OSE CRUEL FANATICISM IS SO UNCANNY BECAUSE SO FRI<TFULLY CALM & REMOV$ FROM ALL HUMAN FEEL+4 .<#e.> 

,BUT AS HUMAN NATURE C\LD NOT1 = ALL ?AT1 BE EXT]M9AT$ BY PI\S PRET5SE1 SECRET DESIRES CONT9U$ TO GL[1 & CREAT$ EXT]NALLY ?AT MIS]ABLE C>E = APPE>ANCES & ?AT REVOLT+ HYPOCRISY *>ACT]I/IC ( ,PROTE/ANTISM 9 G5]AL & ( ,CALV9'S ,PURITANISM 9 P>TICUL>4 ,FUR!RMORE1 HI/ORICAL RESE>* HAS DISCOV]$ ?AT UND] ! RULE ( ,CALV9ISM MORAL DEG5]ATION & POLITICAL CORRUPTION FL\RI%$ TO A DEGREE NEV] KN[N BE=E4 

,S9CE ,CALV9 IS FREQU5TLY GIV5 CR$IT = MA9TA9+ DEMOCRATIC PR9CIPLES 9 POLITICAL ADM9I/RATION1 IT %\LD BE REMEMB]$ ?AT ,G5EVA WAS NO GREAT MON>*IC /ATE1 BUT A SMALL REPUBLIC1 & ?AT ! ,RE=M] WAS = ?IS REASON COMPELL$ TO ACCEPT ! DEMOCRATIC TRADITION4 ,FUR!RMORE1 IT MU/ NOT BE OV]LOOK$ ?AT 9 SO FANATICAL A TIME1 :5 M5 HAD LO/ ALL 9N] BALANCE & W]E UTT]LY )\T ANY REASONABLE CONSID]ATION1 IT WAS PRECISELY =MAL DEMOCRACY :I* C\LD BE/ S]VE ,CALV9 TO CONFIRM HIS P[]1 S9CE HE C\LD ANN\NCE IT AS ! WILL ( ! PEOPLE4 ,9 REALITY1 ! DEMOCRATIC APPEALS 9 ,CALV9'S POLICY W]E BUT A DECEITFUL CAM\FLAGE1 :I* C\LD NOT DISGUISE ! !OCRATIC *>ACT] ( HIS GOV]NM5T4 

,PROTE/ANTISM DID1 !RE=E1 BY NO MEANS UNFOLD ! BANN] ( SPIRITUAL 9DEP5D5CE OR 0! RELIGION ( FRE$OM ( CONSCI5CE10 AS IS SO (T5 ASS]T$4 ,IT WAS 9 MATT]S ( FAI? JU/ AS 9TOL]ANT AS WAS ,CA?OLICISM1 & AS 9CL9$ TO ! BRUTAL P]SECUTION ( DISS5T]S4 ,IT BUT ASSI/$ ! TRANSF] ( ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY FROM ! RELIGI\S TO ! POLITICAL FIELD & !REBY WAK5$ ,CAES>O-,PAPISM TO NEW =MS & A NEW LIFE4 ,IT WAS 9 MANY RESPECTS MORE N>R[-M9D$ & M5TALLY MORE LIMIT$ ?AN ! HEADS ( ! OLD *UR*1 :OSE RI* EXP]I5CE1 KN[L$GE ( HUMAN NATURE & HI< 9TELLECTUAL CULTURE W]E SO TOTALLY LACK+ 9 ,PROTE/ANT LEAD]S4 ,IF ITS RAGE = P]SECUTION F\ND FEW] VICTIMS ?AN DID ! CONSI/5T 9TOL]ANCE ( ! PAPAL *UR* IT WAS SIMPLY BECAUSE ITS ACTIVITY WAS CONF9$ TO A N>R[] FIELD & CANNOT BE COMP>$ ) ! O!R4 

,T[>D ! RIS+ SCI5CE1 ,PROTE/ANTISM WAS AS 9NATELY ANTAGONI/IC AS ! ,CA?OLIC *UR*4 ,IT FREQU5TLY MANIFE/$ ITS ANTAGONISM EV5 MORE /RONGLY1 AS ! DEAD-LETT] BELIEFS ( ITS REPRES5TATIVES B>R$ EV]Y FRE] \TLOOK4 ,! TRANSLATION ( ! ,BIBLE 9TO ! V>I\S NATIONAL LANGUAGES L$ TO A QUITE UNIQUE RESULT4 ,TO ! GREAT F\ND]S ( ! ,PROTE/ANT DOCTR9E ! ,BIBLE WAS NOT A BOOK OR A COLLECTION ( BOOKS CONCEIV$ AS WRITT5 BY M51 BUT ! V]Y REVEAL$ WORD ( ,GOD4 ,= ?IS REASON 0,HOLY ,WRIT0 WAS = !M 9FALLIBLE4 ,!Y 9T]PRET$ ALL EV5TS ACCORD+ TO ! TEXT ( ! ,BIBLE & CONDEMN$ ALL KN[L$GE NOT 9 H>MONY ) ! WORDS ( ,SCRIPTURE4 ,?US1 TO ! ADH]5TS ( ! NEW *UR* ! LETT] BECAME EV]Y?+ & ! SPIRIT NO?+4 ,!Y LOCK$ REASON )9 ! *A9S ( A DEAD-LETT] FETI%ISM & W]E1 = ?IS REASON IF NO O!R1 9CAPABLE ( SCI5TIFIC ?\<T4 ,NOT = NO?+ HAD ,LU!R CALL$ REASON 0! :ORE ( ! DEVIL40 ,HIS JUDGM5T CONC]N+ ,COP]NICUS IS A MA/]PIECE ( ,PROTE/ANT ?9K+4 ,HE CALL$ ! GREAT S*OL> A FOOL & REFUT$ ! NEW COSMIC CONCEPT BY SIMPLY /AT+ ?AT IT IS WRITT5 9 ! ,BIBLE ?AT ,JO%UA COMM&$ ! SUN TO /& /ILL1 & NOT ! E>?4 

,FUR!RMORE1 ?IS RELIGI\S DEAD-LETT] FAI? WAS ! IMM$IATE PR$ECESSOR ( ! LAT] POLITICAL BELIEF 9 MIRACLES1 :I* SWE>S BY ! LETT] ( ! LAW & IS JU/ AS DISA/R\S 9 ITS RESULTS AS ! BL9D BELIEF 9 0,GOD'S WRITT5 ,WORD40 

,IT WAS ! M5TAL BONDAGE1 *>ACT]I/IC ( ALL ,PROTE/ANTISM1 :I* 9DUC$ ! HUMANI/S-:O HAD AT FIR/ WELCOM$ ! ,RE=MATION 9 NOR!RN L&S MO/ GLADLY-LAT] TO TURN AWAY1 :5 IT BECAME CLE> TO !M H[ MU* ( !OLOGICAL P]SECUTION & H[ LITTLE ( SPIRITUAL FRE$OM HAD 5TR5*$ ITSELF BEH9D ?IS MOVEM5T4 ,IT WAS NEI!R IRRESOLUTION NOR OV]-ANXIETY :I* 9FLU5C$ !IR ATTITUDE4 ,IT WAS ,PROTE/ANTISM'S LACK ( 9TELLECTUAL CULTURE & OBTUS5ESS ( FEEL+ :I* E/RANG$ ! LEAD]S ( HUMANISM4 ,MORE ?AN ?IS1 IT WAS ,PROTE/ANTISM'S NATIONALI/IC LIMITATIONS1 DE/ROY+ ! SPIRITUAL & CULTURAL TIES :I* UP TO !N HAD UNIT$ ! PEOPLES ( ,EUROPE4 ,BUT PR9CIPALLY1 TWO DIFF]5T MODES ( ?\<T EXI/$ H]E :I* C\LD HAVE NO G5U9E PO9T ( CONTACT4 ,:5 ,]ASMUS ( ,ROTT]DAM PUBLICLY ASK$ TO HAVE NAM$ TO HIM 0! M5 :O UND] ,LU!RISM HAD MADE M>K$ PROGRESS 9 SCI5CE10 HIS QUE/ION REMA9$ = MO/ ( HIS ,PROTE/ANT OPPON5TS ET]NALLY UN9TELLIGIBLE4 ,!Y S\<T1 NOT 9 SCI5CE1 BUT ONLY 9 ! WORD ( ! ,BIBLE1 TO F9D ! UNIQUE WAY TO ALL KN[L$GE4 ,]ASMUS'S QUE/ION %[S MO/ CLE>LY ! WID? ( ! GULF :I* HAD OP5$ BETWE5 ! TWO MOVEM5TS4 

.<#a.> ,C>L ,VOGL1 ,PET] ,*ELCICKY3 ,A ,PROPHET AT ! ,TURN ( ! ,TIME4 

.<#b.> 0,CALIXT9ES10 FROM ! ,LAT9 CALIX1 CUP2 0,UTRAQUI/S10 FROM ! ,LAT91 SUB UTRAQUE SPECIE 709 BO? =MS071 BECAUSE !Y RECEIV$ ! ,EU*>I/ 9 TWO =MS1 RECEIV+ FROM ! PRIE/ NOT ONLY BREAD BUT ALSO W9E1 :]E=E ! CUP BECAME ! SIGN ( ! ,HUSSITES4 ,?IS CU/OM1 H[EV]1 DID NOT ORIG9ATE ) ,HUSS1 BUT ) ,JACOB VON ,MIES1 ALSO CALL$ ,JACOBELLUS4 

.<#c.> '',TABORITES01 BECAUSE !Y HAD GIV5 TO A T[N :I* /OOD ON A HILL 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD ( ,PRAGUE1 ! BIBLICAL NAME ( ,TABOR4 ,TABOR REMA9$1 UNTIL ! ,SUPPRESSION ( ! ,TABORITES1 ! SPIRITUAL C5T] ( ! MOVEM5T1 & ITS 9HABITANTS PRACTIC$ A SORT ( COMMUNAL POSSESSION :I* MI<T BE CALL$ A W> COMMUNISM4 

.<#d.> ,PET] ,*ELCICKY4 ,! ,NET ( ,FAI?4 TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,G]MAN FROM ! OLD ,CZE*IC BY ,DR4 ,C>L ,VOGL4 ,DA*AU1 ,MUNI*1 #a#i#b#e1 P4 #a#d#e4 

.<#e.> ,! ,G5EVAN HI/ORIAN1 ,J4 ,B4 ,GALIFFE1 9 HIS TWO WRIT+S1 ,SOME ,PAGES ( ,EXACT ,HI/ORY1 & ,NEW ,PAGES COLLECT$ A MASS ( MAT]IAL FROM ! OLD *RONICLES & FILE RECORDS :I* GIVES A POSITIVELY %OCK+ PICTURE ( ! CONDITIONS PREVAIL+ 9 ,G5EVA AT ?AT TIME4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

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