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,! ,RISE ( ! ,NATIONAL ,/ATE 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,RUDOLPH ,ROCK] 

,TEXT 3 

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,E,V,],Y POLITICAL P[] TRIES TO SUBJECT ALL GR\PS 9 SOCIAL LIFE TO ITS SUP]VISION &1 :]E IT SEEMS ADVISABLE1 TOTALLY TO SUPPRESS !M2 = IT IS ONE ( ITS MO/ VITAL ASSUMPTIONS ?AT ALL HUMAN RELATIONS %\LD BE REGULAT$ BY ! AG5CIES ( GOV]NM5TAL P[]4 ,?IS IS ! REASON :Y EV]Y IMPORTANT PHASE 9 ! CULTURAL RECON/RUCTION ( SOCIAL LIFE HAS BE5 ABLE TO PREVAIL ONLY :5 ITS 9N] SOCIAL CONNECTIONS W]E /RONG 5\< TO PREV5T ! 5CROA*M5TS ( POLITICAL P[] OR TEMPOR>ILY TO ELIM9ATE !M4 

,AFT] ! D[NFALL ( ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE !RE >OSE ALMO/ EV]Y:]E 9 ,EUROPE B>B>IC /ATES :I* FILL$ ! C\NTRIES ) MURD] & RAP9E & WRECK$ ALL ! F\NDATIONS ( CULTURE4 ,?AT ,EUROPEAN HUMANITY AT ?AT TIME WAS NO2 TOTALLY SUBM]G$ 9 ! SL\< ( UTT] B>B>ISM1 WAS [+ TO ?AT P[]FUL REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T :I* SPREAD ) A/ONI%+ UNI=MITY OV] ALL P>TS ( ! CONT95T & IS KN[N TO HI/ORY AS 0! REVOLT ( ! COMMUNITIES40 ,EV]Y:]E M5 REBELL$ AGA9/ ! TYRANNY ( ! NOBLES1 ! BI%OPS1 & GOV]NM5TAL AU?ORITY & F\<T ) >M$ H&S = ! LOCAL 9DEP5D5CE ( !IR COMMUNITIES & A READJU/M5T ( ! CONDITIONS ( !IR SOCIAL LIFE4 

,9 ?IS MANN] ! VICTORI\S COMMUNITIES WON !IR 0*>T]S0 & CREAT$ !IR CITY CON/ITUTIONS 9 :I* ! NEW LEGAL /ATUS F\ND EXPRES-SION4 ,BUT EV5 :]E ! COMMUNITIES W]E NOT /RONG 5\< TO A*IEVE FULL 9DEP5D5CE !Y =C$ ! RUL+ P[] TO F>-REA*+ CONCES-SIONS4 ,?US EVOLV$ FROM ! T5? TO ! FIFTE5? C5TURY ?AT GREAT EPO* ( ! FREE CITIES & ( F$]ALISM :]EBY ,EUROPEAN CULTURE WAS PRES]V$ FROM TOTAL SUBM]SION & ! POLITICAL 9FLU5CE ( ! >IS+ ROYALTY WAS = A LONG TIME CONF9$ TO ! NON-URBAN C\NTRY4 ,! M$IEVAL COMMUNE WAS ONE ( ?OSE CON/RUCTIVE SOCIAL SY/EMS :]E LIFE 9 ITS C\NTLESS =MS FL[$ FROM ! SOCIAL P]IPH]Y T[>D A COMMON C5T] &1 ALWAYS *ANG+1 5T]$ 9TO ! MO/ MANIFOLD CONNECTIONS1 OP5+ = MAN EV] NEW \TLOOKS = HIS SOCIAL BE+4 ,AT SU* TIMES ! 9DIVIDUAL FEELS HIMSELF AN 9DEP5D5T MEMB] ( SOCIETY2 :I* MAKES HIS WORK FRUITFUL1 GIVES W+S TO HIS SPIRIT & PREV5TS HIS M5TAL /AGNATION4 ,& ?IS COMMUNAL SPIRIT1 ALWAYS AT WORK 9 A ?\S& PLACES1 :I* BY ! V]Y FULLNESS ( ITS MANIFE/ATIONS 9 EV]Y FIELD ( HUMAN ACTIVITY %APES ITSELF 9TO A UNIFI$ CULTURE1 HAS ITS [N ROOTS 9 ! COMMUNITY & F9DS EXPRESSION 9 EV]Y ASPECT ( COMMUNAL LIFE4 

,9 SU* A SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T MAN FEELS FREE 9 HIS DECISIONS1 AL?\< 9T]GR[N 9 C\NTLESS WAYS ) ! COMMUNITY4 ,IT IS ?IS V]Y FRE$OM ( ASSOCIATIONS :I* GIVES =CE & *>ACT] TO HIS P]SONALITY & MORAL CONT5T TO HIS WILL4 ,HE C>RIES ! 0LAW ( ! ASSOCIATION0 9 HIS [N BREA/1 & H5CE ANY EXT]NAL COMPULSION APPE>S TO HIM S5SELESS & 9COMPREH5SIBLE4 ,HE FEELS1 H[EV]1 ! FULL RESPONSIBILITY >IS+ FROM HIS SOCIAL RELATIONS ) HIS FELL[M51 & HE MAKES IT ! BASIS ( HIS P]SONAL CONDUCT4 

,9 ?AT GREAT P]IOD ( F$]ALISM :5 SOCIAL LIFE WAS NOT YET FIX$ BY AB/RACT !ORY & EV]YONE DID :AT ! NECESSITY ( ! CIRCUM/ANCES DEM&$ ( HIM1 ALL C\NTRIES W]E COV]$ BY A CLOSE NET ( FRAT]NAL ASSOCIATIONS1 TRADE GUILDS1 *UR* P>I%ES1 C\NTY ASSOCIATIONS1 CITY CON-F$]ATIONS1 & C\NTLESS O!R ALLIANCES >IS+ FROM FREE AGREEM5T4 ,AS DICTAT$ BY ! NECESSITIES ( ! TIME !Y W]E *ANG$ OR COMPLETELY RECON/RUCT$1 OR EV5 DISAPPE>$1 TO GIVE PLACE TO :OLLY NEW LEAGUES )\T HAV+ TO AWAIT ! 9ITIATIVE ( A C5TRAL P[] :I* GUIDES & DIRECTS EV]Y?+ FROM ABOVE4 ,! M$IEVAL COMMUNITY WAS 9 ALL FIELDS ( ITS RI* SOCIAL & VITAL ACTIVITIES >RANG$ *IEFLY ACCORD+ TO SOCIAL1 NOT GOV]NM5TAL1 CONSID]ATIONS4 ,?IS IS ! REASON :Y ! M5 ( TODAY1 :O FROM ! CRADLE TO ! GRAVE >E CONT9UALLY SUBJECT$ TO ! 0ORD]+ H&0 ( ! /ATE1 F9D ?IS EPO* FREQU5TLY QUITE 9COM-PREH5SIBLE4 ,9 FACT1 ! F$]ALI/IC >RANGEM5T ( SOCIETY ( ?AT EPO* IS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! LAT] TYPES ( ORGANIZATION & ! C5TRALIZ+ T5D5CIES >IS+ ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! MOD]N /ATE1 NOT ONLY BY ! =M ( ITS PURELY TE*NICAL ORGANIZATION1 BUT PR9CIPALLY BY ! M5TAL ATTITUDES ( M51 :I* F\ND EXPRESSION 9 SOCIAL UNION4 

,! OLD CITY WAS NOT ONLY AN 9DEP5D5T POLITICAL ORGANISM1 IT ALSO CON/ITUT$ A SEP>ATE ECONOMIC UNIT1 :OSE ADM9I/RATION WAS SUBJECT TO ITS GUILDS ,SU* AN ORGANIZATION HAD NECESS>ILY TO BE F\ND$ ON A ,CONT9UAL ADJU/M5T ( ECONOMIC 9T]E/S4 ,?IS WAS 9 FACT ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! OLD CITY CULTURE4 ,?IS WAS ! MORE NATURAL BECAUSE %>P CLASS DI/9CTIONS W]E = A LONG TIME ABS5T 9 ! OLD CITIES1 & ALL CITIZ5S W]E !RE=E EQUALLY 9T]E/$ 9 ! /ABILITY ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,LABOR1 AS SU*1 (F]$ NO OPPORTUNITY = ! ACCUMULATION ( RI*ES SO LONG AS ! MAJOR P>T ( ITS PRODUCTS W]E US$ BY ! 9HABITANTS ( ! CITY & ITS NE>E/ 5VIRONS4 ,! OLD CITY KNEW SOCIAL MIS]Y AS LITTLE AS DEEP 9N] ANTAGONISMS4 ,SO LONG AS ?IS CONDITION PREVAIL$ ! 9HABITANTS W]E EASILY CAPABLE ( >RANG+ !IR AFFAIRS !MSELVES1 BECAUSE NO %>P SOCIAL CONTRA/S EXI/$ TO DI/URB ! 9H]5T UNION ( ! CITIZ5S4 ,H5CE F$]ALISM1 F\ND$ ON ! 9DEP5D5CE & ! EQUALITY ( RI<TS ( ALL ITS MEMB]S1 WAS ! ACCEPT$ =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 9 ! M$IEVAL COMMUNITIES1 ) :I* ! /ATE1 9S(> AS IT EXI/$ AT ALL1 HAD TO COME TO T]MS4 ,! *UR*1 LIKEWISE1 = A LONG TIME1 DID NOT D>E TO DI/URB !SE =MS1 S9CE ITS LEAD]S RECOGNIZ$ CLE>LY ?AT ?IS RI* LIFE ) ITS UNLIMIT$ V>IETY ( SOCIAL ACTIVITIES WAS DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 ! G5]AL CULTURE ( ! P]IOD4 

,PRECISELY BECAUSE ! M5 ( ?AT P]IOD W]E SO DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 !IR FRAT]NAL ASSOCIATIONS & LOCAL 9/ITUTIONS !Y LACK$ ! MOD]N CONCEPT ( ! 0NATION0 & 0NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS0 DE/9$ TO PLAY SU* A MIS*IEV\S ROLE 9 ! COM+ C5TURIES4 ,! MAN ( ! F$]ALI/IC P]IOD D\BTLESS POSSESS$ A /RONG S5TIM5T = ! HOMEL&1 BECAUSE HE WAS MU* MORE CLOSELY CONNECT$ ) ! HOMEL& ?AN >E ! M5 ( TODAY4 ,H[EV]1 NO MATT] H[ 9TIMATELY HE FELT HIMSELF RELAT$ ) ! SOCIAL LIFE ( HIS VILLAGE OR CITY1 !RE NEV] EXI/$ BETWE5 HIM & ! CITIZ5S ( ANO!R COMMUNITY ?OSE RIGID1 9SURM\NTABLE B>RI]S :I* >OSE ) ! APPE>ANCE ( ! NATIONAL /ATES 9 ,EUROPE4 ,M$IEVAL MAN FELT HIMSELF TO BE B\ND UP ) A S+LE1 UNI=M CULTURE1 A MEMB] ( A GREAT COMMUNITY EXT5D+ OV] ALL C\NTRIES 9 :OSE BOSOM ALL PEOPLE F\ND !IR PLACE4 ,IT WAS ! COMMUNITY ( ,*RI/5DOM :I* 9CLUD$ ALL ! SCATT]$ UNITS ( ! ,*RI/IAN WORLD & SPIRITUALLY UNIFI$ !M4 

,*UR* & EMPIRE LIKEWISE HAD ROOT 9 ?IS UNIV]SAL IDEA1 EV5 ?\< ANIMAT$ BY DIFF]5T MOTIVES4 ,= POPE & EMP]OR ,*RI/IANITY WAS ! NECESS>Y IDEOLOGICAL BASIS = ! REALIZATION ( A NEW WORLD DOM9ION4 ,= M$IEVAL MAN IT WAS ! SYMBOL ( A GREAT SPIRITUAL COMMUNITY1 :]E9 W]E EMBODI$ ! MORAL 9T]E/S ( ! TIME4 ,! ,*RI/IAN IDEA ALSO WAS ONLY AN AB/RACT CONCEPT1 LIKE ?AT ( ! FA!RL& & ( ! NATION-) ?IS DI/9CTION1 H[EV]1 ?AT :ILE ! ,*RI/IAN IDEA UNIT$ !M1 ! IDEA ( ! NATION SEP>AT$ & ORGANIZ$ !M 9TO ANTAGONI/IC CAMPS4 ,! DEEP] ! CONCEPT ( ,*RI/IANITY TOOK ROOT 9 M51 ! EASI] !Y OV]CAME ALL B>RI]S BETWE5 !MSELVES & O!RS1 & ! /RONG] LIV$ 9 !M ! CONSCI\SNESS ?AT ALL BELONG$ TO ONE GREAT COMMUNITY & /ROVE T[>D A COMMON GOAL4 ,BUT ! MORE ! 0NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS0 F\ND 5TRANCE AMONG !M1 ! MORE DISRUPTIVE BECAME ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 !M & ! MORE RU?LESSLY WAS EV]Y?+ :I* !Y HAD HAD 9 COMMON PU%$ 9TO ! BACKGR\ND TO MAKE ROOM = O!R CONSID]ATIONS4 

,A NUMB] ( DIFF]5T CAUSES CONTRIBUT$ TO ! DECL9E ( ! M$IEVAL CITY CULTURE4 ,! 9CURSIONS ( ! ,MONGOLS & ,TURKS 9TO ! ,EA/ ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES & ! ,SEV5 ,HUNDR$ ,YE>S' ,W> ( ! LITTLE ,*RI/IAN /ATES AT ! NOR? ( ! ,IB]IAN P59SULA AGA9/ ! ,>ABS GREATLY FAVOR$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( /RONG /ATES 9 ! ,EA/ & ! ,WE/ ( ! CONT95T4 ,PR9CIPALLY1 H[EV]1 PR(\ND *ANGES HAD TAK5 PLACE )9 ! CITIES !MSELVES :]EBY ! F$]ALI/ COMMUNITIES W]E UND]M9$ & A WAY MADE = A REORGANIZATION ( ! CONDITIONS ( LIFE4 ,! OLD CITY WAS A COMMUNE :I* = A LONG TIME C\LD H>DLY BE DESIGNAT$ AS A /ATE4 ,ITS MO/ IMPORTANT TASK CONSI/$ 9 E/ABLI%+ A FAIR ADJU/M5T ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC 9T]E/S )9 ITS BORD]S4 ,EV5 :]E MORE EXT5SIVE UNIONS W]E =M$1 AS = 9/ANCE 9 ! C\NTLESS LEAGUES ( V>I\S CITIES TO GU>D !IR COMMON SECURITY1 ! PR9CIPLE ( FAIR ADJU/M5T & FREE ASSOCIATION PLAY$ A DECID+ ROLE2 & AS EV]Y COMMUNITY )9 ! F$]ATION 5JOY$ ! SAME RI<TS AS ALL ! O!RS1 = A LONG TIME NO REAL POLITICAL P[] C\LD BE MA9TA9$4 

,?IS CONDITION1 H[EV]1 WAS ?OR\<LY *ANG$ BY ! GRADUAL 9CREASE ( ! P[] ( COMM]CIAL CAPITAL1 DUE PRIM>ILY TO =EIGN TRADE4 ,! CREATION ( A MONEY ECONOMY & ! DEVELOPM5T ( DEF9ITE MONOPOLIES SECUR$ COMM]CIAL CAPITAL AN EV] GR[+ 9FLU5CE BO? )9 & )\T ! CITY1 LEAD+ NECESS>ILY TO F>-REA*+ *ANGES4 ,BY ?IS ! 9N] UNITY ( ! COMMUNE WAS LOOS5$1 GIV+ PLACE TO A GR[+ CA/E SY/EM & LEAD+ NECESS>ILY TO A PROGRESSIVE 9EQUALITY ( SOCIAL 9T]E/S4 ,! PRIVILEG$ M9ORITIES PRESS$ EV] MORE DEF9ITELY T[>DS A C5TRALIZATION ( ! POLITICAL =CES ( ! COMMUNITY & GRADUALLY REPLAC$ ! PR9CIPLES ( MUTUAL ADJU/M5T & FREE ASSOCIATION BY ! PR9CIPLE ( P[]4 

,EV]Y EXPLOITATION ( PUBLIC ECONOMY BY SMALL M9ORITIES LEADS 9EVITABLY TO POLITICAL OPPRESSION1 JU/ AS1 ON ! O!R H&1 EV]Y SORT ( POLITICAL PR$OM9ANCE MU/ LEAD TO ! CREATION ( NEW ECONOMIC MONOPOLIES & H5CE TO 9CREAS$ EXPLOITATION ( ! WEAKE/ SECTIONS ( SOCIETY4 ,! TWO PH5OM5A ALWAYS GO H& 9 H&4 ,! WILL TO P[] IS ALWAYS ! WILL TO EXPLOITATION ( ! WEAKE/2 & EV]Y =M ( EXPLOITATION F9DS ITS VISIBLE EXPRESSION 9 A POLITICAL /RUCTURE :I* IS COMPELL$ TO S]VE AS ITS TOOL4 ,:]E ! WILL TO P[] MAKES ITS APPE>ANCE1 !RE ! ADM9I/RATION ( PUBLIC AFFAIRS *ANGES 9TO A RUL]%IP ( MAN OV] MAN2 ! COMMUNITY ASSUMES ! =M ( ! /ATE4 

,! TRANS=MATION ( ! OLD CITY 9 FACT TOOK PLACE ALONG ?IS L9E4 ,M]CANTILISM 9 ! P]I%+ CITY REPUBLICS L$ LOGICALLY TO A DEM& = L>G] ECONOMIC UNITS2 & BY ?IS ! DESIRE = /RONG] POLITICAL =MS WAS GREATLY /R5G!N$4 ,= ! PROTECTION ( ITS 5T]PRISES COMM]CIAL CAPITAL NE$$ A /RONG POLITICAL P[] ) ! NECESS>Y MILIT>Y =CES1 :I* W\LD RECOGNIZE ITS 9T]E/S & PROTECT !M AGA9/ ! COMPETITION ( O!RS4 ,?US ! CITY GRADUALLY BECAME A SMALL /ATE1 PAV+ ! WAY = ! COM+ NATIONAL /ATE4 ,! HI/ORIES ( ,V5ICE1 ,G5OA & MANY O!R FREE CITIES1 ALL %[ US ! SEP>ATE PHASES ( ?IS EVOLUTION & ITS 9EVITABLE ACCOMPANY+ PH5OM5A1 A DEVELOPM5T :I* WAS LAT] UNEXPECT$LY FAVOR$ BY ! DISCOV]Y ( ! PASSAGE TO ,9DIA & ( ,AM]ICA4 ,BY ?IS ! SOCIAL F\NDATIONS ( ! M$IEVAL COMMUNITY1 ALREADY WEAK5$ BY 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL /RUGGLES1 W]E %AK5 9 !IR 9MO/ CORE2 & :AT LITTLE REMA9$ 9 !M FIT = FUTURE DEVELOPM5T WAS LAT] TOTALLY DE/ROY$ BY VICTORI\S ABSOLUTISM4 ,! FUR!R !SE 9N] DIS9TEGRATIONS PROGRESS$ ! MORE ! OLD COMMUNES LO/ !IR ORIG9AL SIGNIFICANCE1 UNTIL AT LA/ ONLY A WA/E ( DEAD =MS REMA9$1 FELT BY M5 AS AN OPPRESSIVE BURD54 ,?US1 LAT]1 ! ,R5AISSANCE BECAME A REBELLION ( M5 AGA9/ ! SOCIAL TIES ( ! PA/1 A PROTE/ ( 9DIVIDUALISM AGA9/ ! =CEFUL 5CROA*M5T ( ! SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T4 

,) ! AGE ( ! ,R5AISSANCE A NEW EPO* COMM5C$ 9 ,EUROPE1 CAUS+ A F>-REA*+ REVOLUTION 9 ALL TRADITIONAL VIEWS & 9/ITUTIONS4 ,! ,R5AISSANCE WAS ! BEG9N+ ( ?AT GREAT P]IOD ( REVOLUTIONS 9 ,EUROPE :I* IS NOT YET CONCLUD$ TODAY4 ,9 SPITE ( ALL SOCIAL CONVULSIONS WE HAVE NOT YET SUCCE$$ 9 F9D+ AN 9N] ADJU/M5T ( ! MANIFOLD DESIRES & NE$S ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! SOCIAL TIES ( ! COMMUNITY :]EBY !Y %ALL COMPLEM5T EA* O!R & GR[ TOGE!R4 ,?IS IS ! FIR/ REQUISITE ( EV]Y GREAT SOCIAL CULTURE4 ,EVOLUTION>Y POSSIBILITIES >E FIR/ SET FREE BY SU* A CONDITION ( SOCIAL LIFE1 & CAN !N BE BR\<T TO FULL DEVELOPM5T4 ,! M$IEVAL CITY CULTURE HAD ITS ROOTS 9 ?IS CONDITION BE=E IT WAS 9FECT$ ) ! G]MS ( DIS9TEGRATION4 

,A LONG L9E ( 9CID5TS HAD CONTRIBUT$ TO BR+ AB\T A PR(\ND REVOLUTION 9 M5'S ?\<T4 ,! DOGMAS ( ! *UR*1 UND]M9$ BY ! %ATT]+ CRITICISM ( ! NOM9ALI/S1 HAD LO/ MU* ( !IR =M] 9FLU5CE4 ,LIKEWISE1 ! MY/ICISM ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 ALREADY CLASS$ AS H]ESY BECAUSE IT PROCLAIM$ AN IMM$IATE RELATION BETWE5 ,GOD & MAN1 HAD LO/ ITS EFFECTIV5ESS & YIELD$ PLACE TO MORE E>?LY CONSID]ATIONS4 ,! GREAT VOYAGES ( DISCOV]Y ( ! ,SPANI>DS & ! ,PORTUGUESE HAD GREATLY WID5$ ! \TLOOK ( ,EUROPEAN MAN & HAD TURN$ HIS ?\<TS TO E>? AGA94 ,= ! FIR/ TIME S9CE ! SUBM]SION ( ! ANCI5T WORLD ! SCI5TIFIC SPIRIT REVIV$ AGA91 BUT UND] ! UNLIMIT$ DOM9ANCE ( ! *UR* IT F\ND A HOME ONLY AMONG ! ,>ABS & ,JEWS 9 ,SPA94 ,H]E IT BUR/ ! OPPRESSIVE FETT]S ( A S\LLESS S*OLA/ICISM & BECAME TOL]ANT ( 9DEP5D5T ?\<T4 ,AS MAN !N TURN$ T[>D ,NATURE & H] LAWS IT WAS 9EVITABLE ?AT HIS FAI? 9 A ,DIV9E PROVID5CE %\LD BECOME %AK51 = P]IODS ( NATURAL SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE HAVE NEV] BE5 PROPITI\S = RELIGI\S FAI? 9 ! MIRACUL\S4 

,FUR!RMORE1 IT BECAME EV] CLE>] ?AT ! DREAM ( ! ,RESPUBLICA ,*RI/IANA1 ! UNION ( ALL ,*RI/5DOM UND] ! POPE'S %EPH]D'S CROOK1 WAS AT AN 5D4 ,9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! >IS+ NATIONALI/ /ATES ! *UR* HAD BE5 =C$ 9TO ! RE>4 ,FUR!RMORE1 EV5 9 ITS [N CAMP1 ! =CES ( DIS9TEGRATION W]E BECOM+ CON/ANTLY /RONG]1 LEAD+ 9 ! NOR!RN C\NTRIES TO OP5 SECESSION4 ,:5 9 ADDITION TO ALL ?IS WE CONSID] ! GREAT ECONOMIC & POLITICAL *ANGES 9 ! BODY ( ! OLD SOCIETY WE CAN UND]/& ! CAUSES ( ?AT GREAT SPIRITUAL REVOLUTION1 ! EFFECTS ( :I* >E P]CEPTIBLE EV5 TODAY4 

,! ,R5AISSANCE HAS BE5 CALL$ ! />T+ PO9T = MOD]N MAN1 :O AT ?AT TIME FIR/ BECAME AW>E ( HIS P]SONALITY4 ,IT CANNOT BE D5I$ ?AT ?IS ASS]TION IS P>TLY BAS$ ON TRU?4 ,9 FACT MOD]N MAN HAS BY NO MEANS EXHAU/$ HIS H]ITAGE FROM ! ,R5AISSANCE4 ,HIS ?\<T & HIS FEEL+ 9 MANY WAYS BE> ! IMPR9T ( ?AT P]IOD1 ?\< HE LACKS A L>GE P>T ( ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! MAN ( ! ,R5AISSANCE4 ,IT IS NO ACCID5T ?AT ,NIETZS*E1 & ) HIM ! PROTAGONI/S ( AN EXAGG]AT$ 9DIVIDUALISM1 :O UN=TUNATELY DO NOT POSSESS ,NIETZS*E'S 9TELLECT1 >E SO MU* 9CL9$ TO REV]T TO ?AT P]IOD ( 0LIB]AT$ PASSIONS0 & 0! ROAM+ BLOND BEA/0 9 ORD] TO GIVE !IR IDEAS A HI/ORICAL BACKGR\ND4 ,JACOB ,BURCKH>DT CITES 9 HIS WORK1 ,! ,CULTURE ( ! ,R5AISSANCE 9 ,ITALY1 A WOND]FUL PASSAGE FROM ! SPEE* ( ,PICO DELLA ,MIR&OLA AB\T ! DIGNITY ( MAN1 :I* IS ALSO APPLICABLE TO ! TW(OLD *>ACT] ( ! ,R5AISSANCE4 ,! ,CREATOR IS SPEAK+ TO ,ADAM3 

0,9 ! MIDDLE ( ! WORLD HAVE ,I PLAC$ !E ?AT ?\ MAY/ ! MORE EASILY LOOK AB\T !E & SEE ALL ?AT IS !RE9 CONTA9$4 ,I CREAT$ !E AS A BE+ NEI!R CELE/IAL NOR T]RE/RIAL1 NEI!R MORTAL NOR IMMORTAL1 ONLY ?AT ?\ MAY/ BE ?9E [N FREE CREATOR & MA/]4 ,?\ CAN/ DEG5]ATE 9TO ! BEA/ OR RE%APE ?YSELF 9TO A GODLIKE BE+4 ,! BEA/S BR+ ) !M FROM ! MO!R'S WOMB ALL !Y W]E MEANT TO HAVE2 ! HI<E/ SPIRITS AMONG !M >E FROM ! BEG9N+1 OR SOON AFT]1 :AT !Y WILL REMA9 ?R\< ALL ET]NITY4 ,?\ ALONE HA/ ! P[] ( DEVELOPM5T1 ( GR[? ACCORD+ TO FREE WILL4 ,?\ HA/ ! G]M ( AN ALL-EMBRAC+ LIFE 9 !E40 

,! EPO* ( ! ,R5AISSANCE WE>S1 9 FACT1 A ,JANUS HEAD1 BEH9D :OSE D\BLE BR[ CONCEPTS CLA%1 DIFF]5CES >ISE4 ,FROM ! ONE SIDE IT DECL>$ W> AGA9/ ! DEAD SOCIAL /RUCTURE ( A VANI%$ P]IOD & FRE$ MAN FROM ! NET ( SOCIAL TIES :I* HAD LO/ !IR FITNESS = HIM & W]E FELT ONLY AS RE/RA9TS4 ,FROM ! O!R SIDE IT LAID ! F\NDATION ( ! PRES5T P[] POLICIES ( ! SO-CALL$ 0NATIONAL 9T]E/S0 & DEVELOP$ ! TIES ( ! MOD]N /ATE4 ,!SE HAVE BE5 ! MORE DE/RUCTIVE BECAUSE !Y HAVE NOT SPRUNG FROM FREE ASSOCIATION = ! PROTECTION ( COMMON 9T]E/S1 BUT HAVE BE5 IMPOS$ UPON M5 FROM ABOVE TO PROTECT & EXT5D ! PRIVILEGES ( SMALL M9ORITIES 9 SOCIETY4 

,! ,R5AISSANCE MADE AN 5D ( ! S*OLA/ICISM ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES & FRE$ HUMAN ?\<T FROM ! FETT]S ( !OLOGICAL CONCEPTS1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME IT PLANT$ ! G]MS ( A NEW POLITICAL S*OLA/ICISM & GAVE ! IMPULSE TO \R MOD]N /ATE-!OLOGY :OSE DOGMATISM YIELDS 9 NO WAY TO ?AT ( ! *UR* & EQUALLY ) IT DE/ROYS & 5SLAVES ! SPIRIT ( MAN4 ,ALONG ) ! OLD 9/ITUTIONS ( ! COMMUNITY IT ALSO DE/ROY$ !IR E?ICAL VALUE )\T SEEM+ ABLE TO PROVIDE AN EFFECTIVE SUB/ITUTE4 ,?US ! ,R5AISSANCE DEVELOP$ SIMPLY 9TO A REVOLT ( MAN AGA9/ SOCIETY1 & SACRIFIC$ ! S\L ( ! COMMUNITY = AN AB/RACT CONCEPT ( FRE$OM :I* WAS ITSELF BAS$ ON A MISCONCEPTION4 ,! FRE$OM IT /ROVE = WAS BUT A FATEFUL ILLUSION1 = IT LACK$ ?OSE SOCIAL PR9CIPLES BY :I* ALONE IT C\LD SURVIVE4 

,TRUE FRE$OM EXI/S ONLY :]E IT IS FO/]$ BY ! SPIRIT ( P]SONAL RESPONSIBILITY4 ,RESPONSIBILITY T[>DS ONE'S FELL[M5 IS AN E?ICAL FEEL+ >IS+ FROM HUMAN ASSOCIATIONS & HAV+ JU/ICE = EA* & ALL AS ITS BASIS4 ,ONLY :]E ?IS PR9CIPLE IS PRES5T IS SOCIETY A REAL COMMUNITY1 DEVELOP+ 9 EA* ( ITS MEMB]S ?AT PRECI\S URGE T[>D SOLID>ITY :I* IS ! E?ICAL BASIS ( EV]Y HEAL?Y HUMAN GR\P+4 ,ONLY :5 ! FEEL+ ( SOLID>ITY IS JO9$ TO ! 9N] URGE = SOCIAL JU/ICE DOES FRE$OM BECOME A TIE UNIT+ ALL2 ONLY UND] ?IS CONDITION DOES ! FRE$OM ( FELL[M5 BECOME1 NOT A LIMITATION1 BUT A CONFIRMATION & GU>ANTEE ( 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM4 

,:]E ?IS PR]EQUISITE IS MISS+1 P]SONAL FRE$OM LEADS TO UNLIMIT$ DESPOTISM & ! OPPRESSION ( ! WEAK BY ! /RONG- :OSE ALLEG$ /R5G? IS 9 MO/ CASES F\ND$ LESS ON M5TAL SUP]IORITY ?AN ON BRUTAL RU?LESSNESS & OP5 CONTEMPT = ALL SOCIAL FEEL+4 ,! REVOLUTION ( ! ,R5AISSANCE DID 9 FACT LEAD TO SU* A SITUATION4 ,AS ITS *OS5 LEAD]S %OOK (F ALL ! E?ICAL RE/RA9TS ( ! PA/ & CONTEMN$ EV]Y CONSID]ATION ( ! WELF>E ( ! COMMUNITY AS P]SONAL WEAKNESS1 !Y DEVELOP$ ?AT EXTREME EGO-CULT :I* FEELS B\ND BY NO COMM&M5T ( SOCIAL MORALITY & VALUES P]SONAL SUCCESS ABOVE ANY TRULY HUMAN FEEL+4 ,?US1 FROM SO-CALL$ 0HUMAN FRE$OM0 NO?+ C\LD EM]GE BUT ! FRE$OM ( ! ,MA/] ,MAN1 :O WELCOM$ ANY PROMIS+ MEANS = GA9+ P[]4 ,CONTEMPTU\S ( ALL FEEL+ = JU/ICE1 HE WAS PREP>$ TO MAKE HIS ROAD EV5 OV] CORPSES4 

,! CONCEPT ( ! HI/ORICAL SIGNIFICANCE ( ! ,GREAT ,MAN1 :I* TODAY IS AGA9 ASSUM+ OM9\S PROPORTIONS1 WAS DEVELOP$ BY ,MA*IAVELLI ) IRON LOGIC4 ,HIS TREATISE ON ! PR9CE IS ! 9TELLECTUAL PRECIPITATE ( A TIME :51 ON ! POLITICAL HORIZON1 GLEAM$ ! GRUESOME WORDS ( ! ,ASSASS9S2 0,NO?+ IS TRUE2 EV]Y?+ IS P]MITT$60 ,! MO/ ABOM9ABLE CRIME1 ! MO/ CONTEMPTIBLE ACT1 BECOMES A GREAT DE$1 BECOMES A POLITICAL NECESSITY1 AS SOON AS ! ,MA/] ,MAN PUTS 9 APPE>ANCE4 ,E?ICAL CONSID]ATIONS HAVE VALIDITY ONLY = ! PRIVATE USE ( WEAKL+S2 = 9 POLITICS !RE IS NO MORAL VIEWPO9T1 BUT SOLELY QUE/IONS ( P[]1 = :OSE SOLUTION ANY MEANS IS JU/IFIABLE :I* PROMISES SUCCESS4 ,MA*IAVELLI R$UC$ ! AMORALITY ( /ATE P[] TO A SY/EM & TRI$ TO JU/IFY IT ) SU* CYNICAL FRANKNESS ?AT IT WAS FREQU5TLY ASSUM$1 & IS /ILL SOMETIMES ASSUM$ TODAY1 ?AT HIS ,PR9CIPE IS ONLY A BURN+ SATIRE ON ! DESPOTS ( ?AT TIME1 OV]LOOK+ ! FACT ?AT ?IS DOCUM5T WAS WRITT5 M]ELY = ! PRIVATE USE ( ONE ( ! ,M$ICI1 & WAS NOT AT ALL 9T5D$ = ! PUBLIC2 = :I* REASON IT WAS NOT PUBLI%$ UNTIL AFT] ITS AU?OR'S DEA?4 

,MA*IAVELLI DID NOT JU/ DRAW HIS IDEAS FROM HIS 9N] CONSCI\SNESS4 ,HE M]ELY R$UC$ TO A SY/EM ! COMMON PRACTICES ( ! AGE ( ,L\IS ,X,I1 ,F]D9& ! ,CA?OLIC1 ,ALEX&] ,V,I1 ,CES>E ,BORGIA1 ,FRANCESCO ,S=ZA & O!RS4 ,!SE RUL]S W]E AS H&Y ) POISON & DAGG] AS ) ROS>Y & SCEPT] & DID NOT P]MIT !MSELVES TO BE 9FLU5C$ 9 ! LEA/ BY MORAL CONSID]ATIONS 9 ! PURSUIT ( !IR PLANS = POLITICAL P[]4 ,I,I ,PR9CIPE IS A TRUE PORTRAIT ( EV]Y ONE ( !M4 ,SAYS ,MA*IAVELLI3 

,A PR9CE NE$ NOT POSSESS ALL ! ABOVE-M5TION$ VIRTUES1 BUT HE %\LD HAVE ! REPUTATION ( POSSESS+ !M4 ,I EV5 V5TURE TO SAY ?AT IT IS V]Y H>MFUL TO POSSESS !M & CON/ANTLY TO OBS]VE !M2 BUT TO APPE> PI\S1 TRUE1 HUMAN1 ,GOD-FE>+1 ,*RI/IAN1 IS USEFUL4 ,IT IS ONLY NECESS>Y AT ONCE SO TO %APE ONE'S *>ACT] AS TO BE ABLE :5 IT IS NECESS>Y TO BE ALSO ! OPPOSITE ( !SE4 ,IT MU/1 !RE=E1 BE UND]/OOD ?AT A PR9CE1 ESPECIALLY A NEW PR9CE1 CANNOT BE EXPECT$ TO OBS]VE :AT IS REG>D$ AS GOOD BY O!R M51 = TO MA9TA9 HIS POSITION HE MU/ (T5 (F5D AGA9/ TRU?1 FAI?1 HUMANITY1 M]CY1 & RELIGION4 ,!RE=E HE MU/ POSSESS A CONSCI5CE CAPABLE ( TURN+ ACCORD+ TO ! W9DS ( *ANG+ =TUNE &1 AS WE HAVE SAID1 NOT NEGLECT ! GOOD :5 IT IS FEASIBLE BUT ALSO DO ! BAD :5 IT IS NECESS>Y4 ,A PR9CE MU/ !RE=E BE V]Y C>EFUL NEV] TO UTT] A WORD NOT FULL ( ! ABOVE-M5TION$ FIVE VIRTUES4 ,ALL ?AT ONE HE>S ( HIM MU/ EXUDE COMPASSION1 TRU?1 HUMANITY1 M]CY1 & PIETY2 & NO?+ IS MORE NECESS>Y ?AN TO GU>D ! APPE>ANCE ( !SE VIRTUES1 = M5 JUDGE 9 G5]AL MORE BY ! EYE ?AN BY ! FEEL+1 = ALL CAN SEE1 BUT ONLY FEW CAN FEEL4 ,EV]YONE SEES :AT Y\ APPE> TO BE1 FEW FEEL :AT Y\ REALLY >E2 & !SE DO NOT D>E TO OPPOSE ! OP9ION ( ! MASS GU>D$ BY ! MAJE/Y ( ! ,/ATE4 ,( M5'S ACTS1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE ( ! PR9CES :O HAVE NO JUDGE OV] !M1 WE EV] REG>D BUT ! RESULT4 ,LET ! PR9CE1 !RE=E1 SEE TO IT ?AT HE MA9TA9S HIS DIGNITY4 ,! MEANS WILL EV] BE REG>D$ AS HONORABLE & BRAVE BY EV]YONE4 ,= ! COMMON H]D EV] REG>D BUT ! APPE>ANCE & ! RESULT ( A MATT]2 & ! WORLD IS FULL ( ! COMMON H]D4 .<#a.> 

,:AT ,MA*IAVELLI /AT$ H]E 9 FRANK WORDS 7BLUNTLY BECAUSE ONLY MEANT = ! E> ( A DEF9ITE RUL]7 WAS ONLY ! UNADORN$ PR(ESSION ( FAI? ( ! REPRES5TATIVES ( EA* & EV]Y P[] POLICY4 ,IT IS1 !RE=E1 IDLE TO TALK ( 0,MA*IAVELLISM40 ,:AT ! ,FLOR5T9E /ATESMAN SET =? SO CRISPLY & CLE>LY & SO UNEQUIVOCALLY HAS ALWAYS BE5 PRACTIC$ & WILL ALWAYS BE PRACTIC$ AS LONG AS PRIVILEG$ M9ORITIES 9 SOCIETY HAVE ! NECESS>Y P[] TO SUBDUE ! GREAT MAJORITY & TO ROB !M ( ! FRUITS ( !IR LABOR4 ,OR IS ONE TO BELIEVE ?AT \R PRES5T SECRET DIPLOMACY USES O!R PR9CIPLES8 ,AS LONG AS ! WILL TO P[] PLAYS A P>T 9 ! COMMUNAL LIFE ( M51 SO LONG WILL ?OSE MEANS BE JU/IFI$ :I* >E BE/ = ! W9N+ & ! MA9T5ANCE ( P[]4 ,:ILE ! \T] =M ( P[] POLICY1 N[ AS ALWAYS1 MU/ NE$S ADJU/ ITSELF TO ! TIMES & CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! 5DS IT PURSUES ALWAYS REMA9 ! SAME & HALL[ ANY MEANS S]VICEABLE TO ITS PURPOSES2 = P[] IS 9H]5TLY AMORAL & TRANSGRESSES AGA9/ EV]Y PR9CIPLE ( HUMAN JU/ICE1 :I* FEELS ?AT ALL PRIVILEGE ( 9DIVIDUALS OR SPECIAL CA/ES >E A DI/URBANCE ( SOCIAL EQUILIBRIUM1 & CONSEQU5TLY IMMORAL4 ,IT W\LD !N BE S5SELESS TO ASSUME ?AT ! ME?ODS ( P[] >E BETT] ?AN ! 5DS !Y S]VE4 

,:AT ,MA*IAVELLI R$UC$ TO A SY/EM WAS NAK$1 UNA%AM$ REASONS ( /ATE4 ,IT WAS QUITE CLE> ?AT BRUTAL P[] POLICY WAS UNGUID$ BY E?ICAL PR9CIPLES4 ,!RE=E HE DEM&$1 ) ! %AMELESS FRANKNESS *>ACT]I/IC ( HIM 7! TRAIT REALLY DOES NOT QUITE CON=M TO ! PR9CIPLES ( HIS [N 0,MA*IAVELLISM071 ?AT M5 :O CANNOT DO )\T ! SUP]FLU\S LUXURY ( PRIVATE CONSCI5CE HAD BETT] LEAVE POLITICS ALONE4 ,?AT ,MA*IAVELLI SO COMPLETELY EXPOS$ ! 9N] WORK+S ( P[] POLITICS1 ?AT HE EV5 DESPIS$ TO GLOSS OV] ! MO/ 9CONV5I5T DETAILS ) EMPTY PHRASES & HYPOCRITICAL WORDS1 IS HIS *IEF M]IT4 

,LEON>DO DA ,V9CI 5GRAV$ ON ! P$E/AL ( HIS EQUE/RIAN /ATUE ( ,FRANCESCO ,S=ZA ! WORDS3 ,ECCE ,DEUS6 70,:AT A ,GOD6074 ,9 !SE WORDS >E REVEAL$ ! FUNDAM5TAL *ANGES EV]Y:]E APP>5T AFT] ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! M$IEVAL SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,! GLAM\R ( ! GODHEAD HAD FAD$2 9 ITS PLACE ! ,MA/] ,MAN WAS 5D[$ ) NEW HONORS1 A REV]SION TO ! ,CES> CULT ( ! ,ROMANS4 ,! 0H]O0 BECAME ! EXECUTOR ( HUMAN DE/9Y1 ! CREATOR ( ALL ?+S ON E>?4 ,NO ONE HAS FUR!R$ ?IS H]O CULT MORE ?AN ,MA*IAVELLI4 ,NO ONE HAS BURN$ MORE 9C5SE TO ! 0/RONG 9DIVIDUAL0 ?AN HE4 ,ALL DEVOTEES ( H]OISM & H]O WOR%IP HAVE M]ELY DRUNK FROM HIS CUP4 

,! BELIEF 9 ! SURPASS+ G5IUS ( ! ,MA/] ,MAN IS ALWAYS MO/ NOTICEABLE 9 TIMES ( 9N] DISSOLUTION1 :5 ! SOCIAL TIES ?AT HAVE B\ND M5 BECOME LOOS5$ & ! 9T]E/S ( ! COMMUNITY YIELD PLACE TO ! SPECIAL 9T]E/S ( PRIVILEG$ M9ORITIES4 ,! DIFF]5CE ( SOCIAL AMBITIONS & OBJECTIVES1 :I* ALWAYS LEADS TO %>P] CONTRA/S )9 ! COMMUNITY & TO ITS DIS9TEGRATION 9TO OPPOS+ CA/ES & CLASSES1 CONT9UALLY UND]M9ES ! F\NDATIONS ( COMMUNAL FEEL+4 ,BUT :]E ! SOCIAL 9/9CT IS CONT9UALLY DI/URB$ & WEAK5$ BY ALT]ATION ( ! EXT]NAL CONDITIONS ( LIFE1 !RE ! 9DIVIDUAL GRADUALLY LOSES HIS EQUILIBRIUM & ! PEOPLE BECOMES ! MOB4 ,! MOB IS NO?+ BUT ! UPROOT$ PEOPLE DRIV5 HI!R & ?I!R ON ! /REAM ( EV5TS4 ,IT MU/ FIR/ BE COLLECT$ AGA9 9TO A NEW COMMUNITY ?AT NEW =CES MAY >ISE 9 IT & ITS SOCIAL ACTIVITIES BE AGA9 DIRECT$ T[>D A COMMON GOAL4 

,:]E ! PEOPLE BECOME ! MOB1 ! TIME IS FAVORABLE = ! GR[? ( ! 0,GREAT ,MAN10 ( ! 0RECOGNIZ$ ,MA/] ,MAN40 ,ONLY 9 SU* P]IODS ( SOCIAL DIS9TEGRATION IS IT POSSIBLE = ! 0H]O0 TO IMPOSE HIS WILL UPON ! O!RS & TO =CE ! MOB UND] ! YOKE ( HIS 9DIVIDUAL DESIRES4 ,! TRUE COMMUNITY P]MITS NO RUL]%IP TO >ISE BECAUSE IT UNITES M5 BY ! 9N] BONDS ( COMMON 9T]E/S & MUTUAL RESPECT13 NE$+ NO EXT]NAL COMPULSION4 ,RUL]%IP & EXT]NAL COMPULSION ALWAYS APPE> :]E ! 9T]NAL TIES ( ! COMMUNITY FALL 9TO DECAY & COMMUNAL FEEL+ DIES4 ,:5 ! SOCIAL BOND ?REAT5S TO BE BROK5 ! RUL]%IP ( COMPULSION 5T]S TO HOLD TOGE!R BY =CE :AT WAS ONCE UNIT$ 9TO A COMMUNITY BY FREE AGREEM5T & P]SONAL RESPONSIBILITY4 

,! ,R5AISSANCE WAS A TIME ( SU* DISSOLUTION4 ,! PEOPLE *ANG$ TO ! MOB1 & FROM ! MOB WAS =M$ ! NATION1 :I* WAS TO S]VE AS /EPP+ /ONE TO ! NEW /ATE4 ,?IS ORIG9 IS V]Y 9/RUCTIVE1 = IT %[S ?AT ! :OLE P[] APP>ATUS ( ! NATIONAL /ATE & ! AB/RACT IDEA ( ! NATION HAVE GR[N ON ONE TREE4 ,IT IS NOT BY *ANCE ?AT ,MA*IAVELLI1 ! !ORETICIAN ( MOD]N P[] POLITICS1 WAS ALSO ! W>ME/ DEF5D] ( NATIONAL UNITY1 :I* PLAY$ FROM !N ON ! SAME P>T = ! NEW /ATE AS ! UNITY ( ,*RI/IANITY HAD PLAY$ = ! *UR*4 

,IT WAS NOT ! PEOPLE :O BR\<T AB\T ?IS NEW CONDITION1 = NO 9N] NECESSITY DROVE !M TO ?IS DIVISION1 NOR C\LD !Y D]IVE ANY B5EFIT FROM IT4 ,! NATIONAL /ATE IS ! DEF9ITE RESULT ( ! WILL TO TEMPORAL P[]1 :I* 9 PURSUIT ( ITS PURPOSES HAD F\ND A P[]FUL ,SUPPORT 9 COMM]CIAL CAPITAL1 :I* NE$$ ITS HELP4 ,! PR9CES IMPOS$ !IR WILL ON ! PEOPLE & RESORT$ TO ALL SORTS ( TRICKS TO KEEP !M COMPLIANT1 SO ?AT LAT] IT APPE>$ AS IF ! DIVISION ( ,*RI/5DOM 9TO NATIONS HAD ORIG9AT$ ) ! PEOPLE !MSELVES1 :]EAS ACTUALLY !Y W]E BUT ! UNCONSCI\S TOOLS ( ! SPECIAL 9T]E/S ( ! PR9CES4 

,! 9T]NAL DIS9TEGRATION ( PAPAL P[]1 & ESPECIALLY ! GREAT *UR* S*ISM 9 ! NOR!RN C\NTRIES1 GAVE ! TEMPORAL RUL]S ! OPPORTUNITY TO TURN LONG-HELD PLANS 9TO REALITY & TO GIVE !IR P[] A NEW F\NDATION 9DEP5D5T ( ,ROME4 ,BUT ?IS DISRUPT$ ! GREAT WORLDWIDE UNITY :]EBY ,EUROPEAN HUMANITY HAD BE5 SPIRITUALLY & M5TALLY UNIT$ & :]E9 ! GREAT CULTURE ( ! F$]ALI/ P]IOD HAD HAD ITS FIRME/ ROOT4 ,IT IS SOLELY BECAUSE ,PROTE/ANTISM HAS BE5 REG>D$1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! NOR!RN C\NTRIES1 AS A GREAT SPIRITUAL ADVANCE OV] ,CA?OLICISM ?AT ! FATEFUL RESULT ( ! ,RE=MATION HAS BE5 ALMO/ TOTALLY OV]LOOK$4 .<#b.> ,& AS ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION ( ,EUROPE HAD TAK5 ! SAME C\RSE ALSO 9 ,CA?OLIC L&S1 & AS ! NATIONAL /ATE HAD !RE ESPECIALLY A*IEV$ ITS HI<E/ P]FECTION 9 ! =M ( ! ABSOLUTE MON>*Y1 ! 5ORM\S CONSEQU5CES ( ?IS EV5T1 RESULT+ 9 ! SEP>ATION ( ,EUROPE 9TO NATIONS1 W]E ALL ! MORE EASILY OV]LOOK$4 

,IT WAS 9 FUR!RANCE ( ! POLITICAL AIMS ( ! NATIONAL /ATE ?AT ITS PR9CELY F\ND]S SET UP DIFF]5CES 9 PR9CIPLES BETWE5 !IR [N & =EIGN PEOPLES & /ROVE TO DEEP5 & CONFIRM !M1 = !IR :OLE EXI/5CE DEP5D$ UPON !SE >TIFICIALLY CREAT$ DIFF]5CES4 ,!RE=E !Y ATTA*$ IMPORTANCE TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( DIFF]5T LANGUAGES 9 ! DIFF]5T C\NTRIES1 & !Y HAD A LOVE = DEF9ITE TRADITIONS1 :I* !Y 5VELOP$ 9 A VEIL ( MY/ICISM & TRI$ TO KEEP ALIVE AMONG ! PEOPLE2 = ! 9ABILITY TO =GET IS ONE ( ! FIR/ REQUISITES ( 0NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS40 ,& S9CE AMONG ! PEOPLE ONLY ! 0HOLY0 TOOK ROOT1 IT BEHOOV$ !M TO GIVE TO NATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS ! APPE>ANCE ( HOL9ESS & 9 P>TICUL> TO SURR\ND ! P]SON ( ! RUL] ) ! GLAM\R ( DIV9ITY4 

,9 ?IS MATT] ALSO ,MA*IAVELLI S]V$ AS A PIONE]1 = HE UND]/OOD ?AT A NEW ]A HAD >RIV$ & HE C\LD 9DICATE ITS TR5D4 ,HE WAS ! FIR/ DECID$ SUPPORT] ( ! NATIONAL /ATE AGA9/ ! POLITICAL AMBITIONS ( ! *UR*4 ,BECAUSE ! *UR* /OOD AS ! /RONGE/ B>RI] 9 ! WAY ( ! NATIONAL UNITY ( ,ITALY1 & !RE=E ( 0FREE+ ! L& FROM ! ,B>B>IANS10 HE F\<T IT MO/ DET]M9$LY & PROMOT$ ! SEP>ATION ( *UR* & /ATE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME HE TRI$ TO RAISE ! /ATE ON ! P$E/AL ( DIV9ITY1 AL?\< HE WAS NO ,*RI/IAN & HAD DEF9ITELY BROK5 ) ALL BELIEF 9 ! SUP]NATURAL4 ,BUT HE FELT DEEPLY ! IMPLICIT ,CONNECTION BETWE5 RELIGION & POLITICS & KNEW ?AT TEMPORAL P[] C\LD ONLY PROSP] :5 IT /OOD CLOSE TO ! S\RCE ( ALL AU?ORITY1 SO ?AT IT MI<T %9E ) ! LI<T ( DIV9ITY4 ,= REASONS ( /ATE1 !N1 ,MA*IAVELLI WI%$ TO PRES]VE RELIGION AMONG ! PEOPLE1 NOT AS A P[] ,\TSIDE ! /ATE1 BUT AS AN 9/RUM5TUM REGNI1 AS A TOOL ( GOV]NM5T BY /ATECRAFT4 ,!RE=E HE WROTE ) COLD-BLOOD$ REALISM 9 ! ELEV5? *APT] ( ! SECOND BOOK ( HIS ,DISC\RSES3 

,9 REALITY NO ONE HAS EV] 9TRODUC$ NEW LAWS AMONG ! PEOPLE )\T REF]R+ !RE9 TO ,GOD4 ,! DOCTR9ES W\LD O!RWISE NOT HAVE BE5 ACCEPT$1 = A WISE MAN CAN RECOGNIZE AS GOOD MU* ( :OSE EXCELL5CE HE CANNOT CONV9CE O!R M54 ,!RE=E DO GOV]NM5TS TAKE !IR REFUGE 9 DIV9E AU?ORITY4 

,! HI< PRIE/S ( MON>*I/IC POLITICS CONT9U$ TO WORK 9 ?IS DIRECTION4 ,!Y CREAT$ A NEW POLITICAL RELIGI\S FEEL+ :I* GRADUALLY TOOK %APE AS 0NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS0 &1 F]TILIZ$ BY MAN'S 9N] URGE = A =MULA1 BORE1 LAT]1 ! SAME /RANGE FRUIT AS DID =M]LY ! BELIEF 9 ,GOD'S ET]NAL PROVID5CE4 

.<#a.> ,NICCOLO ,MA*IAVELLI1 ,IL ,PR9CIPE4 

.<#b.> ,NOVALIS HAD CLE>LY GRASP$ ! DEEP] MEAN+ ( ?IS TREM5D\S POLITICAL *ANGE :5 HE WROTE3 

0,UN=TUNATELY ! PR9CES HAD 9T]F]$ 9 ?IS S*ISM1 & MANY US$ IT = ! CONFIRMATION & EXT5SION ( !IR TEMPORAL P[] & 9COME4 ,!Y W]E GLAD TO BE RELIEV$ ( ?AT HI< 9FLU5CE1 & TOOK ! NEW CONSI/ORIA UND] !IR FA!RLY PROTECTION4 ,!Y W]E MO/ EAG]LY CONC]N$ TO PREV5T ! COMPLETE UNION ( ! ,PROTE/ANT *UR*ES1 & ?US RELIGION WAS MO/ IRRELIGI\SLY 5CLOS$ )9 /ATE B\ND>IES2 :]EBY ! GR\ND WAS LAID = ! GRADUAL UND]M9+ ( RELIGI\S COSMOPOLITAN 9T]E/S4 ,?US RELIGION LO/ ITS GREAT POLITICAL PEACE-MAK+ 9FLU5CE1 ITS PECULI> ROLE AS ! UNIFY+ 9DIVIDUALIZ+ PR9CIPLE ( ,*RI/IANITY40 7,NOVALIS1 ,*RI/IANITY OR ,EUROPE4 ,FRAGM5T WRITT5 9 #a#g#i#i47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aicf 3 ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #e -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #i1 #bag 3 ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #e -- ,ADD$4 

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