,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #c ,! ,MIDDLE ,AGES3 ,*UR* & ,/ATE #aicgaicg ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,RUDOLPH ,ROCK] ,TEXT 3 #c4 ,! ,MIDDLE ,AGES3 ,*UR* & ,/ATE ,! ,F,U,N,D,A,M,5,T,A,L ,P,R,9,C,I,P,L,E ,( ,P,[,]4 ,*,R,I,/,I,A,N,I,T,Y ,& ,! ,/,A,T,E4 ,P,A,P,I,S,M4 ,A,U,G,U,/,9,E',S ,C,I,T,Y ,( ,G,O,D4 ,! ,H,O,L,Y ,*,U,R,*4 ,! ,/,R,U,G,G,L,E ,= ,W,O,R,L,D ,D,O,M,9,I,O,N4 ,G,R,E,G,O,R,Y ,V,I,I1 ,9,N,O,C,5,T ,I,I,I4 ,! ,E,F,F,E,C,T ,( ,P,[,] ,O,N ,I,T,S ,P,O,S,S,E,S,S,O,R,S4 ,R,O,M,E ,& ,! ,G,],M,A,N,S4 ,G,],M,A,N,I,C ,C,A,E,S,>,I,S,M4 ,! ,/,R,U,G,G,L,E ,= ,R,O,M,E4 ,! ,=,E,I,G,N ,D,O,M,9,I,O,N4 ,! ,S,U,B,M,],S,I,O,N ,( ,O,L,D ,S,O,C,I,A,L ,9,/,I,T,U,T,I,O,N,S4 ,>,I,/,O,C,R,A,C,Y ,& ,R,O,Y,A,L,T,Y4 ,F,E,U,D,A,L,I,S,M ,& ,S,],F,D,O,M4 ,! ,F,R,A,N,K,I,% ,E,M,P,I,R,E4 ,*,>,L,E,M,A,G,N,E ,& ,! ,P,A,P,A,C,Y4 ,/,R,U,G,G,L,E ,B,E,T,W,E,5 ,E,M,P,],O,R ,& ,P,O,P,E4 ,E,V,],Y P[] IS ANIMAT$ BY ! WI% TO BE ! ONLY P[]1 BECAUSE 9 ! NATURE ( ITS BE+ IT DEEMS ITSELF ABSOLUTE & CONSEQU5TLY OPPOSES ANY B> :I* REM9DS IT ( ! LIMITS ( ITS 9FLU5CE4 ,P[] IS ACTIVE CONSCI\SNESS ( AU?ORITY4 ,LIKE ,GOD1 IT CANNOT 5DURE ANY O!R ,GOD BESIDE IT4 ,?IS IS ! REASON :Y A /RUGGLE = HEGEMONY IMM$IATELY BREAKS \T AS SOON AS DIFF]5T P[] GR\PS APPE> TOGE!R OR HAVE TO KEEP 9SIDE ( T]RITORIES ADJAC5T TO ONE ANO!R4 ,ONCE A /ATE HAS ATTA9$ ! /R5G? :I* P]MITS IT TO MAKE DECISIVE USE ( ITS P[] IT WILL NOT RE/ SATISFI$ UNTIL IT HAS A*IEV$ DOM9ANCE OV] ALL NEIE DEAL+ ) ! P]SON ( ! ABSOLUTE MON>* ( =M] TIMES1 ! NATIONAL UNITY ( A CON/ITUTIONALLY ELECT$ REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T1 OR ! C5TRALI/IC AIMS ( A P>TY :I* HAS MADE ! CONQUE/ ( P[] ITS SLOGAN4 ,! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE ( BAS+ EV]Y SOCIAL ACTIVITY UPON A DEF9ITE NORM :I* IS NOT SUBJECT TO *ANGE IS ! 9DISP5SABLE PRELIM9>Y ASSUMPTION ( EV]Y WILL TO P[]4 ,H5CE ! URGE = \TW>D SYMBOLS PRES5T+ ! ILLUSION ( A PALPABLE UNITY 9 ! EXPRESSION ( P[] 9 :OSE MY/ICAL GREATNESS ! SIL5T REV]5CE ( ! FAI?FUL SUBJECT CAN TAKE ROOT4 ,?IS WAS CLE>LY RECOGNIZ$ BY DE ,MAI/RE :5 HE SAID3 0,)\T ! ,POPE1 NO SOV]EIGNTY2 )\T SOV]EIGNTY1 NO UNITY2 )\T UNITY1 NO AU?ORITY2 )\T AU?ORITY1 NO FAI?40 ,YES1 )\T AU?ORITY1 NO FAI?1 NO FEEL+ 9 MAN ( DEP5D5CE ON A HI<] P[]2 9 %ORT1 NO RELIGION4 ,& FAI? GR[S 9 PROPORTION TO ! EXT5T ( ITS SPH]E ( 9FLU5CE1 TO ! SCOPE ( ITS AU?ORITY4 ,! POSSESSORS ( P[] >E ALWAYS ANIMAT$ BY ! DESIRE TO EXT5D !IR 9FLU5CE &1 IF !Y >E NOT 9 A POSITION TO DO SO1 TO GIVE !IR FAI?FUL SUBJECTS AT LEA/ ! ILLUSION ( ! B\NDLESSNESS ( ?IS 9FLU5CE1 & ?US TO /R5G!N !IR FAI?4 ,! FANTA/IC TITLES ( ORI5TAL DESPOTS S]VE AS EXAMPLES4 ,:]E ! OPPORTUNITY (F]S1 ! POSSESSORS ( P[] >E NOT CONT5T ) VA+LORI\S TITLES2 !Y SEEK RA!R BY EV]Y DEVICE ( DIPLOMATIC CUNN+ & BRUTE =CE TO EXT5D !IR SPH]E ( P[] AT ! CO/ ( O!R P[] GR\PS4 ,EV5 9 ! SMALLE/ P[] UNITS !RE SLUMB]S LIKE A HIDD5 SP>K ! WILL TO WORLD DOM9ION2 EV5 ?\< IT CAN AWAK5 TO A DEV\R+ FLAME ONLY UND] SPECIALLY FAVORABLE CIRCUM/ANCES1 IT ALWAYS REMA9S ALIVE1 IF ONLY AS A SECRET WI% CONCEPT4 ,!RE IS DEEP MEAN+ 9 ! DESCRIPTION :I* ,RABELAIS GIVES US 9 HIS 0,G>GANTUA0 ( ! PETTY K+1 ,PICRO*OLE1 :OM ! MILD1 YIELD+ DISPOSITION ( HIS NEIS BECAUSE !RE W]E NO LONG] ANY WORLDS = HIM TO CONQU]1 HAS A SYMBOLIC MEAN+4 ,IT %[S US MO/ CLE>LY ! REAL ESS5CE ( ALL /RUGGLES = P[]4 ,! DREAM ( ! ]ECTION ( A WORLD EMPIRE IS NOT SOLELY A PH5OM5ON ( ANCI5T HI/ORY4 ,IT IS ! LOGICAL RESULT ( ALL P[] ACTIVITY & NOT CONF9$ TO ANY DEF9ITE P]IOD4 ,S9CE ,CAES>ISM P5ETRAT$ 9TO ,EUROPE ! VISION ( WORLD DOM9ION HAS NEV] DISAPPE>$ FROM ! POLITICAL HORIZON1 AL?\< IT HAS UND]GONE MANY *ANGES ?R\< ! APPE>ANCE ( NEW SOCIAL CONDITIONS4 ,ALL ! GREAT ATTEMPTS TO A*IEVE UNIV]SAL DOM9ION1 LIKE ! GRADUAL EVOLUTION ( ! ,PAPACY1 ! =MATION ( ! EMPIRE ( ,*>LEMAGNE1 ! TWO AIMS :I* FURNI%$ ! BASIS ( ! CONTE/ BETWE5 ! IMP]IAL & PAPAL P[]S1 ! CREATION ( ! GREAT ,EUROPEAN DYNA/IES & ! CONTE/ :I* LAT] NATIONALI/ /ATES WAG$ = ! HEGEMONY 9 ! WORLD1 HAVE ALWAYS TAK5 PLACE ACCORD+ TO ! ,ROMAN MODEL4 ,& EV]Y:]E ! UNIFICATION ( POLITICAL & SOCIAL P[] FACTORS OCCURR$ ACCORD+ TO ! SAME S*EME1 *>ACT]I/IC ( ! MANN] ( G5ESIS ( ALL P[]4 ,*RI/IANITY HAD BEGUN AS A REVOLUTION>Y MASS MOVEM5T1 & ) ITS DOCTR9E ( ! EQUALITY ( M5 BE=E ! SILY AS ! ?IRD C5TURY ,*RI/IANITY HAD FULLY ADAPT$ ITSELF TO EXI/+ CONDITIONS4 ,! SPIRIT ( !OLOGY HAD BE5 VICTORI\S OV] ! VITAL ASPIRATIONS ( ! MASSES4 ,! MOVEM5T HAD COME 9TO CLOS] T\* ) ! /ATE :I* IT HAD ONCE D5\NC$ AS ! 0REALM ( ,SATAN10 & UND] ITS 9FLU5CE HAD ACQUIR$ AN AMBITION = POLITICAL P[]4 ,?US1 FROM ! ,*RI/IAN CONGREGATION !RE EVOLV$ A *UR* :I* FAI?FULLY GU>D$ ! P[] IDEAS ( ! ,CAES>S :5 ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE FELL TO RU9 9 ! /ORMS ( ! GREAT MIGRATION ( PEOPLES4 ,! SEAT ( ! ,BI%OP ( ,ROME 9 ! V]Y HE>T ( ! WORLD EMPIRE GAVE HIM FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ A POSITION ( DOM9ANT P[] OV] ALL O!R ,*RI/IAN CONGREGATIONS4 ,= ,ROME REMA9$1 EV5 AFT] ! DECL9E ( ! EMPIRE1 ! HE>T ( ! WORLD1 ITS C5T]1 9 :I* ! LEGACY ( T5 TO FIFTE5 CULTURES REMA9$ ALIVE & HELD ! WORLD UND] ITS SPELL4 ,FROM H]E1 TOO1 RE9S W]E PUT UPON ! Y\NG1 /ILL UNUS$ P[]S ( ! NOR!RN B>B>IANS UND] :OSE IMPETU\S ASSAULTS ! EMPIRE ( ! ,CAES>S HAD BROK5 D[N4 ,! TEA*+S ( ,*RI/IANITY1 EV5 ?\< ALREADY DEG5]AT$1 TAM$ !IR SAVAGE MOOD1 PUT FETT]S ON !IR WILL & REVEAL$ TO !IR LEAD]S NEW ME?ODS1 :I* OP5$ UNEXPECT$ VI/AS TO !IR AMBITIONS4 ,) CLEV] CALCULATION ! DEVELOP+ ,PAPACY H>NESS$ ! /ILL UNUS$ 5]GIES ( ! 0B>B>IAN0 & MADE !M S]VE ITS 5DS4 ,) !IR HELP IT LAID ! F\NDATION ( A NEW WORLD P[]1 :I* WAS = MANY C5TURIES TO GIVE TO ! LIVES ( ! PEOPLES ( ,EUROPE A DEF9ITE DIRECTION4 ,:5 ,AUGU/9E WAS GETT+ READY TO SET =? HIS IDEAS 9 HIS ,CITY ( ,GOD1 ,*RI/IANITY HAD ALREADY UND]GONE A COMPLETE 9N] TRANS=MATION4 ,FROM AN ANTI-/ATE MOVEM5T IT HAD BECOME A /ATE-AFFIRM+ RELIGION :I* HAD ABSORB$ A NUMB] ( ALI5 ELEM5TS4 ,BUT ! Y\NG *UR* WAS /ILL DECK$ \T 9 MANY COLORS2 IT LACK$ ! SY/EMATIC DRIVE T[>D A GREAT POLITICAL UNITY :I* CONSCI\SLY & ) FULL CONVICTION /E]S T[>D ! CLE>LY DEF9$ GOAL ( A NEW WORLD DOM9ION4 ,AUGU/9E GAVE IT ?IS GOAL4 ,HE FELT ! FRID A ?\S& DIFF]5T GOALS1 H[ 9 CRAZY *AOS !Y :IRL$ AB\T EA* O!R &1 SC>CELY BORN1 W]E SCATT]$ BY ! W9DS OR DI$ FRUITLESS1 BECAUSE !Y LACK$ AIM & DIRECTION4 ,AFT] MANIFOLD /RUGGLES HE CAME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT M5 LACK$ A UNIFI$ P[] :I* %\LD PUT AN 5D TO DISCORD & COLLECT ! SCATT]$ =CES = ! S]VICE ( A HI<] PURPOSE4 ,AUGU/9E'S ,CITY ( ,GOD HAS NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! ORIG9AL TEA*+S ( ,*RI/IANITY4 ,PRECISELY = ?IS REASON HIS WORK C\LD BECOME ! !ORETICAL F\NDATION ( AN ALL-EMBRAC+ ,CA?OLIC WORLD CONCEPT :I* MADE ! R$EMPTION ( HUMANITY DEP5D5T UPON ! AIMS ( A *UR*4 ,AUGU/9E KNEW ?AT ! OV]LORD%IP ( ! *UR* HAD TO BE DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 ! FAI? ( M5 IF IT WAS TO HAVE P]MAN5CE4 ,HE /ROVE TO GIVE ?IS FAI? A BASIS :I* C\LD NOT BE %AK5 BY ANY ACUT5ESS ( 9TELLECT4 ,H5CE1 HE BECAME ! REAL F\ND] ( ?AT !OLOGICAL !ORY ( HI/ORY :I* ATTRIBUTES EV]Y EV5T AMONG ! PEOPLES ( ! E>? TO ! WILL ( ,GOD1 ON :I* MAN CAN HAVE NO 9FLU5CE4 ,DUR+ ! FIR/ C5TURY ,*RI/IANITY HAD DECL>$ W> AGA9/ ! FUNDAM5TAL IDEAS ( ! ,ROMAN /ATE & ALL ITS 9/ITUTIONS1 & HAD CONSEQU5TLY BR\?LY ?+S >E TRANSITORY10 & 0TRUE PEACE HAS ITS ABODE ONLY 9 HEAV540 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 0,! TRUE BELIEV] MU/ NOT CONDEMN W> BUT MU/ LOOK UPON IT AS A NECESS>Y EVIL1 AS A PUNI%M5T :I* ,GOD HAS IMPOS$ UPON M54 ,= W> IS1 LIKE PE/IL5CE & FAM9E & ALL O!R EVILS1 ONLY A VISITATION ( ,GOD = ! *A/ISEM5T ( M5 = !IR BETT]M5T1 & TO PREP>E !M = SALVATION40 ,BUT TO MAKE ! DIV9E GOV]NM5T COMPREH5SIBLE TO M5 !RE IS NE$$ A VISIBLE P[]1 ?R\< :I* ,GOD MAY MANIFE/ HIS HOLY WILL & GUIDE S9N]S ON ! RI?1 ! GUID+ H& ( ,PROVID5CE1 :I* ALONE DOES :AT IS RI? IS MO/ IMP]ATIVELY DEM&$ 9 ORD] TO SAVE S\LS FROM DAMNATION & PREP>E M5 = ! HEAV5LY ,J]USALEM4 ,BUT S9CE ! *UR* IS ! SOLE PROCLAIM] ( ,GOD'S WILL1 H] *>ACT] MU/ NE$S BE 9TOL]ANT1 = MAN HIMSELF CANNOT KN[ :AT IS GOOD & :AT IS EVIL4 ,%E CANNOT MAKE ! SLII/OTLE 5JOY$ A COMP>ABLE AU?ORITY4 ,AUGU/9E BE/[$ ON M5 ! BELIEF 9 AN 9EVITABLE FATE & WELD$ ?IS BELIEF TO ! /RUGGLE = POLITICAL UNIFICATION ( ! *UR*1 :I* FELT ITSELF CALL$ UPON TO RE/ORE ! LO/ WORLD DOM9ION ( ,ROMAN ,CAES>ISM & TO MAKE IT SUBS]VI5T TO A F> HI<] PURPOSE4 ,! BI%OPS ( ,ROME N[ HAD A GOAL :I* GAVE !IR AMBITION WIDE SCOPE4 ,BUT BE=E ?IS GOAL C\LD BE ATTA9$ & ! *UR* CONV]T$ 9TO A P[]FUL TOOL = A POLITICAL PURPOSE1 ! LEAD]S ( ! O!R ,*RI/IAN CONGREGATIONS HAD TO BE MADE AM5ABLE TO ?IS PURPOSE4 ,UNTIL ?IS C\LD BE ACCOMPLI%$ ! WORLD DOM9ION ( ! ,PAPACY REMA9$ A DREAM4 ,! *UR* HAD FIR/ TO BE 9T]NALLY UNIT$ BE=E %E C\LD ?9K TO IMPOSE H] WILL ON ! HOLD]S ( TEMPORAL P[]4 ,?IS WAS NO EASY TASK1 = ! ,*RI/IAN CONGREGATIONS REMA9$ = A LONG TIME M]ELY LOOSE GR\PS :I* ELECT$ !IR [N PRIE/S & LEAD]S & C\LD AT ANY TIME DEPOSE !M IF !Y DID NOT PROVE FIT = !IR (FICE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 EV]Y CONGREGATION HAD ! SAME RIG] CONGREGATIONS DID1 H[EV]1 GRADUALLY A*IEVE GREAT] DIGNITY BECAUSE ( !IR WID] CIRCLES ( 9FLU5CE4 ,?US ! CONV5TION ( ,NICEA GRANT$ !M A C]TA9 MONITOR%IP OV] ! SMALL] CONGREGATIONS BY MAK+ !M METROPOLITANS & >*BI%OPS4 ,BUT ! RII\S C\NTRIES W]E FREQU5TLY :OLLY DEP5D5T ON ! HOLD]S ( TEMPORAL P[] = !IR AU?ORITY & RID !IR GOAL IS PROV$ BY ! CLEV] USE !Y KNEW H[ TO MAKE ( ! NOTORI\S 0,ISIDORIAN ,DECRETALS0 :I* ! WELL KN[N HI/ORIAN1 ,RANKE1 HAS DESCRIB$ AS 0A QUITE CONSCI\S1 V]Y WELL CONCEIV$1 BUT PAT5T =G]Y02 A JUDGM5T :I* IS H>DLY DISPUT$ ANY:]E TODAY4 ,H[EV]1 BE=E ! POSSIBILITY ( ! =G]Y ( !SE DOCUM5TS WAS ADMITT$ !Y HAD ALREADY A*IEV$ !IR PURPOSE4 ,ON !IR AU?ORITY ! POPE WAS CONFIRM$ AS ! VIC]OY ( ,GOD ON E>?1 TO :OM ,PET] HAD 5TRU/$ ! KEYS ( HEAV54 ,! :OLE ( ! CL]GY WAS SUBJECT$ TO HIS WILL4 ,HE WAS CONC$$ ! RI$ ?AT 9 ALL DISPUTES BETWE5 ! TEMPORAL /ATES & ! CL]GY ! DECISION WAS TO LIE 9 ! LA/ 9/ANCE ) ! POPE4 ,!REBY ! CL]IC WAS TO BE )DRAWN 5TIRELY FROM ! JURISDICTION ( ! TEMPORAL P[]1 SO ?AT HE MI$ ?AT ! BI%OP ( ,ROME WAS NOT RESPONSIBLE TO ANY JUDGE BUT ,GOD2 & TW5TY YE>S BE=E ! APPE>ANCE ( ! 0,ISIDORIAN ,DECRETALS0 ! ,C\NCIL ( ,P>IS 7#h#b#i7 DECL>$ ?AT ! K+ WAS SUBJECT TO ! *UR* & ! P[] ( ! PRIE/ /OOD ABOVE EV]Y WORLDLY P[]4 ,!SE =G$ DECRETALS C\LD1 !RE=E1 ONLY HAVE ! PURPOSE ( GIV+ TO ! CLAIMS ( ! *UR* ! /AMP ( LEGALITY4 ,) ,GREGORY ,V,I,I 7#a#g#c-#h#e7 BEG9S ! REAL HEGEMONY ( ! ,PAPACY1 ! ]A ( ! 0*UR* TRIUMPHANT40 ,HE WAS ! FIR/ :O QUITE PUBLICLY & )\T ANY LIMITATIONS ASS]T$ ! PR]OGATIVE ( ! *UR* OV] EV]Y WORLDLY P[]1 & EV5 BE=E HIS ASC5T ( ! PAPAL ?RONE HE HAD WORK$ ) IRON P]SI/5CY T[>D ?IS GOAL4 ,ABOVE ALL1 HE 9TRODUC$ FUNDAM5TAL *ANGES 9TO ! *UR* ITSELF TO MAKE IT A MORE S]VICEABLE TOOL = HIS PURPOSES4 ,HIS IMPLACABLE SEV]ITY BR\RI$ \T1 WAS N[ IMPOS$ EFFECTIVELY4 ,9 ?IS MANN] HE CREAT$ = HIMSELF AN 9T]NATIONAL >MY :I* WAS NOT B\ND BY ANY 9TIMATE WORLDLY TIES & :OSE LEA/ MEMB] FELT HIMSELF A REPRES5TATIVE ( ! PAPAL WILL4 ,HIS WELL-KN[N SAY+ ?AT 0! *UR* C\LD NEV] FREE ITSELF FROM ! S]VITUDE TO TEMPORAL P[] UNTIL ! PRIE/ WAS FRE$ FROM WOMAN0 CLE>LY 9DICATES ! GOAL HE S\ITY1 SUPPORT+ IT PR9CIPALLY BY ! ,CITY ( ,GOD ( ,AUGU/9E4 ,/>T+ ) ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! *UR* AS 9/ITUT$ BY ,GOD HIMSELF1 HE CONCLUDES ?AT 9 EV]Y ONE ( HIS DECISIONS ! WILL ( ,GOD IS REVEAL$ & ?AT ! POPE1 AS ,GOD'S VIC]OY N E>?1 IS ! PROCLAIM] ( ?IS DIV9E WILL4 ,CONSEQU5TLY ANY DISOB$I5CE ( HIM IS DISOB$I5CE TO ,GOD4 ,EV]Y TEMPORAL P[] IS BUT ! WEAK WORK ( M51 AS IS AT ONCE APP>5T FROM ! FACT ?AT ! /ATE HAS ABOLI%$ EQUALITY AMONG M5 & ?AT ITS ORIG9 CAN BE TRAC$ ONLY TO BRUTAL =CE & 9JU/ICE4 ,ANY K+ :O DOES NOT UNCONDITIONALLY SUBMIT HIMSELF TO ! COMM&S ( ! *UR* IS A SLAVE ( ! DEVIL & AN 5EMY ( ,*RI/IANITY4 ,IT IS ! *UR*'S TASK TO UNITE HUMANITY 9 A GREAT COMMUNITY RUL$ ONLY BY ,GOD'S LAWS1 REVEAL$ TO !M BY ! M\? ( ! POPE4 ,GREGORY F\ACT] = A REALIZATION ( !SE AIMS1 & AL?\< HE F9ALLY FELL A VICTIM TO HIS [N POLICY1 HE NEV]!LESS SUCCE$$ 9 E/ABLI%+ ! HEGEMONY ( ! *UR* & 9 MAK+ IT = C5TURIES ! MO/ P[]FUL FACTOR 9 ,EUROPEAN HI/ORY4 ,HIS IMM$IATE SUCCESSORS1 H[EV]1 POSSESS$ NEI!R ! MONKI% E>NE/NESS NOR ! B\NDLESS 5]GY *>ACT]I/IC ( ,GREGORY & !RE= SUFF]$ MANY A SETBACK 9 !IR CONTE/S ) TEMPORAL P[]4 ,BUT ) ,9NOC5T ,I,I,I 7#a#a#i#h-#a#b#a#f7 ! PAPAL SCEPT] FELL TO A MAN :O HAD NOT ONLY ,GREGORY'S CLE>NESS ( AIM & UNB5DABLE WILL BUT F> EXCELL$ HIM 9 NATURAL ABILITY4 ,9NOC5T ,I,I,I A*IEV$ = ! *UR* H] HID9ALS ) ! DESPOTIC WILL ( AN AUTOCRAT NOT RESPONSIBLE TO ANYONE & TREAT$ ! POSSESSORS ( TEMPORAL P[] ) AN >ROGANCE NO ONE ( HIS PR$ECESSORS HAD D>$ TO ASSUME4 ,TO ! ,PATRI>* ( ,CON/ANT9OPLE HE WROTE !SE PR\D WORDS3 0,GOD DID NOT ONLY LAY ! DOM9ION ( ! *UR* 9 ,PET]'S H&S1 HE ALSO APPO9T$ HIM TO BE ! RUL] ( ! :OLE WORLD40 ,TO ! 5VOY ( ! ,FR5* K+1 ,PHILIPPE ,AUGU/US1 HE SAID3 0,TO PR9CES IS GIV5 P[] ONLY OV] E>?1 BUT ! PRIE/ RULES ALSO OV] HEAV54 ,! PR9CE HAS P[] ONLY OV] ! BODIES ( HIS SUBJECTS1 ! PRIE/ HAS P[] ALSO OV] ! S\LS ( M54 ,!RE=E ! PRIE/HOOD IS AS HI< ABOVE EV]Y TEMPORAL P[] AS IS ! S\L ABOVE ! BODY 9 :I* IT DWELLS40 ,9NOC5T =C$ ! :OLE TEMPORAL P[] ( ,EUROPE UND] HIS WILL4 ,HE NOT ONLY 9T]F]$ 9 ALL DYNA/IC AFFAIRS1 HE EV5 >RANG$ ! M>RIAGES ( ! TEMPORAL RUL]S & COMPELL$ !M TO OBTA9 A DIVORCE 9 CASE ! UNION DID NOT SUIT HIM4 ,OV] ,SICILY1 ,NAPLES & ,S>D9IA HE RUL$ AS ACTUAL MON>*2 ,CA/ILE1 ,LEON1 ,NAV>RE1 ,PORTUGAL1 & ,>AGON W]E TRIBUT>Y TO HIM4 ,HIS WILL WAS OBEY$ 9 ,HUNG>Y1 ,BOSNIA1 ,S]BIA1 ,BULG>IA1 ,POL&1 ,BOHEMIA1 & 9 ! ,SC&9AVIAN C\NTRIES4 ,HE 9T]F]$ 9 ! CONTE/ BETWE5 ,PHILIP ( ,SWABIA & ,OTTO ,I,V = ! ,G]MAN IMP]IAL CR[N & GAVE IT TO ,OTTO1 ONLY TO TAKE IT AWAY FROM HIM AGA9 LAT] & CONF] IT ON ,FR$]ICK ,I,I4 ,9 HIS QU>REL ) ! ,5GLI% K+1 ,JOHN ,LACKL&1 HE PROCLAIM$ AN 9T]DICT OV] HIS REALM1 & NOT ONLY =C$ ! K+ TO COMPLETE SUBMISSION BUT EV5 COMPELL$ HIM TO ACCEPT HIS [N C\NTRY AS A FIEF FROM ! POPE & TO PAY A TRIBUTE = ?IS CLEM5CY4 ,9NOC5T ?\ 9 ONE P]SON & SAW 9 ! TEMPORAL RUL]S ONLY VASSALS ( HIS P[]1 TRIBUT>Y TO HIM4 ,9 ?IS S5SE HE WROTE TO ! ,K+ ( ,5GL&3 0,GOD HAS F\ND$ K+%IP & PRIE/HOOD ON ! *UR* SO ?AT ! PRIE/HOOD IS ?US K+LY & K+%IP PRIE/LY2 AS IS APP>5T FROM ! ,EPI/LES ( ,PET] & ! LAWS ( ,MOSES4 ,!RE=E DID ! ,K+ ( ,K+S SET ONE ABOVE ALL1 :OM HE APPO9T$ HIS ,VIC]OY ON E>?40 ,BY ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ORAL CONFESSION & ! ORGANIZATION ( M5DICANT MONKS1 ,9NOC5T CREAT$ = HIMSELF A P[] ( TREM5D\S SCOPE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 HE MADE FREE USE ( HIS /RONGE/ WEAPON1 ! BAN ( ! *UR*1 :I* ) UNYIELD+ RESOLUTION HE IMPOS$ UPON :OLE C\NTRIES 9 ORD] TO MAKE ! TEMPORAL RUL]S SUBMISSIVE TO HIM4 ,9 A L& HIT BY ! BAN ALL *UR*ES REMA9$ CLOS$4 ,NO BELLS CALL$ ! FAI?FUL TO PRAY]4 ,!RE W]E NEI!R BAPTISMS NOR W$D+S1 NO CONFESSIONS W]E RECEIV$1 NO DY+ W]E GIV5 EXTREME UNCTION & NO DEAD BURI$ 9 SANCTIFI$ GR\ND4 ,ONE CAN IMAG9E ! T]RIBLE EFFECTS ( SU* A /ATUS ON ! SPIRIT ( M5 AT A TIME :5 FAI? WAS REG>D$ AS SUPREME4 ,JU/ AS ,9NOC5T TOL]AT$ NO EQUAL P[]1 HE LIKEWISE P]MITT$ NO DOCTR9E :I* DEP>T$ 9 ! LEA/ FROM ! USAGE ( ! *UR*1 EV5 ?\< 5TIRELY IMBU$ ) ! SPIRIT ( TRUE ,*RI/IANITY4 ,! T]RIBLE CRUSADE AGA9/ H]ESY 9 ! S\? ( ,FRANCE1 :I* *ANG$ ONE ( ! MO/ FL\RI%+ L&S 9 ,EUROPE 9TO A DES]T1 BE>S BLOODY WITNESS TO ?IS4 ,! DOM9ANT AMBITI\S SPIRIT ( ?IS FE>FUL MAN BALK$ AT NO MEANS TO GU>D ! UNLIMIT$ AU?ORITY ( ! *UR*4 ,H[EV]1 HE ALSO WAS BUT ! SLAVE ( A FIX$ IDEA :I* KEPT HIS SPIRIT PRISON] & E/RANG$ IT FROM ALL HUMAN CONSID]ATION4 ,HIS P[] OBSESSION MADE HIM LONELY & MIS]ABLE4 ,IT BECAME HIS P]SONAL EVIL G5IUS1 AS IT DOES ) MO/ ( ?OSE :O PURSUE ! SAME 5D4 ,?US HE SPOKE ONCE CONC]N+ HIMSELF3 0,I HAVE NO LEISURE TO PURSUE O!R WORLDLY ?+S2 ,I CAN SC>CELY F9D TIME TO BREA!4 ,TRULY1 SO COMPLETELY MU/ ,I LIVE = O!RS ?AT ,I HAVE BECOME A /RANG] TO MYSELF40 ,IT IS ! SECRET CURSE ( EV]Y P[] ?AT IT BECOMES FATAL1 NOT ONLY TO ITS VICTIMS BUT TO ITS POSSESSORS4 ,! B>E ?\IS+ FROM ITS [N ILLUSIONS1 :I* CO]CES EV]Y?+ COM+ 9TO CONTACT ) IT 9TO FIX$ =M4 ,& ALL !SE =MS CONT9UE TO LIVE 9 TRADITION EV5 AFT] ! LA/ SP>K ( LIFE HAS DI$ 9 !M1 & LIE LIKE AN 9CUBUS ON ! SPIRIT :I* SUBMITS TO !IR 9FLU5CE4 ,?IS1 TO !IR SORR[1 ! ,G]MANIC & AFT] !M ! ,SLAVIC TRIBES ! PEOPLE :O HAD REMA9$ LONGE/ IMMUNE TO ! P]NICI\S 9FLU5CE ( ,ROMAN ,CAES>ISM HAD TO LE>N4 ,EV5 AFT] ! ,ROMANS HAD SUBJUGAT$ ! ,G]MAN L&S FROM ! ,RH9E TO ! ,ELBE !IR 9FLU5CE WAS CONF9$ ALMO/ 5TIRELY TO ! WE/]N T]RITORY4 ,! 9HOSPITALITY ( ! C\NTRY1 COV]$ ) 5ORM\S =E/S & SWAMPS1 NEV] GAVE !M AN OPPORTUNITY TO CONFIRM !IR DOM9ION4 ,:5 BY A CONF$]ATION ( ,G]MAN TRIBES ! ,ROMAN >MY WAS ALMO/ COMPLETELY ANNIHILAT$ 9 ! ,TEUTOBURG] ,=E/ & MO/ ( ! /RONIS5 = ! ,G]MANS1 ?R\< ,ROMAN 9FLU5CE1 A MU* MORE DANG]\S 5EMY 9 !IR [N CAMP1 TO :I* !IR LEAD]S ESPECIALLY SOON SURR5D]$4 ,! ,G]MAN TRIBES :OSE HABITAT = A LONG TIME EXT5D$ FROM ! ,DANUBE TO ! ,BALTIC & FROM ! ,RH9E TO ! ,ELBE 5JOY$ A RA!R F>-REA*+ 9DEP5D5CE4 ,MO/ ( ! TRIBES W]E ALREADY P]MAN5TLY SETTL$ :5 !Y CAME 9 CONTACT ) ! ,ROMANS2 ONLY ! EA/]N P>T ( ! C\NTRY WAS /ILL SEMI-NOMADIC4 ,FROM ,ROMAN RECORDS & LAT] S\RCES IT IS APP>5T ?AT ! SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ( ! ,G]MANS WAS /ILL V]Y PRIMITIVE4 ,! V>I\S TRIBES W]E =M$ BY FAMILIES CONNECT$ ) EA* O!R BY BLOOD RELATION%IPS2 AS A RULE A HUNDR$ ( !SE LIV$ 9 SCATT]$ SETTLEM5TS ON ! SAME PIECE ( L&1 H5CE ! DESIGNATION 0HUNDR$40 ,T5 TO TW5TY SU* HUNDR$S =M$ A TRIBE1 :OSE T]RITORY WAS DESIGNAT$ AS A C\NTY 7,GAU74 ,BY ! UNION ( RELAT$ TRIBES >OSE A PEOPLE4 ,! HUNDR$S DIVID$ ! L& AMONG !MSELVES1 & 9 SU* A MANN] ?AT P]IODIC REP>TITIONS W]E NECESS>Y4 ,FROM ?IS IT IS APP>5T ?AT = A LONG TIME PRIVATE [N]%IP ( L& DID NOT EXI/ AMONG !M1 & ?AT PRIVATE PROP]TY WAS LIMIT$ TO WEAPONS & HOMEMADE TOOLS & O!R OBJECTS ( DAILY USE4 ,! TILL+ ( ! SOIL WAS DONE MA9LY BY WOM5 & SLAVES4 ,A P>T ( ! M5 FREQU5TLY W5T ON W>&-BOOTY RAIDS :ILE ! O!R P>T TOOK ITS TURN AT /AY+ HOME & MA9TA9$ JU/ICE & RI >MS P>TICIPAT$4 ,AS A RULE !Y OCCURR$ AT ! TIME ( ! NEW MOON & W]E = A LONG TIME ! SUPREME 9/ITUTION ( ! ,G]MAN PEOPLE4 ,AT ! ,?+ ALL DIFF]5CES W]E ADJU/$4 ,! DIRECTOR ( PUBLIC ADM9I/RATION WAS ELECT$1 AS WELL AS ! COMM&] DUR+ W>4 ,AT !SE ELECTIONS ! P]SONAL *>ACT] & ! EXP]I5CE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL W]E AT FIR/ ! DET]M9+ FACTORS4 ,LAT] ON1 H[EV]1 ESPECIALLY :5 ! RELATIONS ) ! ,ROMANS BECAME MORE FREQU5T & MORE 9TIMATE1 ! SOCALL$ 0=EMO/ ONES0 OR ,FUR/5 70PR9CES07 W]E ELECT$ ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY FROM ! RANKS ( PROM95T FAMILIES1 :I*1 BY REASON ( REAL OR IMAG9$ S]VICES TO ! COMMUNITY1 HAD BE5 ! RECIPI5TS ( L>G] %>ES ( BOOTY1 TRIBUTE & PRES5TS1 & ?US A*IEV$ A /ATE ( WEAL? :I* P]MITT$ !M TO KEEP A RET9UE ( TRI$ W>RIORS & ?US1 QUITE NATURALLY1 TO A*IEVE C]TA9 PR]OGATIVES4 ,! (T5] ! ,G]MANS CAME 9 CONTACT ) ! ,ROMANS ! MORE AM5ABLE !Y BECAME TO =EIGN 9FLU5CE1 :I* C\LD NOT V]Y WELL BE O!RWISE1 S9CE ,ROMAN CULTURE & TE*NIQUE WAS 9 ALL RESPECTS SUP]IOR TO ! ,G]MAN4 ,EV5 BE=E ! CONQUE/ ( ,G]MANY BY ! ,ROMANS C]TA9 TRIBES HAD BEGUN TO MOVE1 HAD BE5 ASSIGN$ BY ! ,ROMAN RUL]S C]TA9 DI/RICTS1 & HAD 9 RETURN OBLIGAT$ !MSELVES TO S]VE 9 ! ,ROMAN >MY4 ,9 FACT1 ,G]MAN SOLDI]S HAD ALREADY PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 ! CONQUE/ ( ,GAUL BY ! ,ROMANS4 ,JULIUS ,CES> 5LI/$ MANY ,G]MAN SOLDI]S 9 HIS >MIES & WAS HIMSELF ALWAYS SURR\ND$ BY A M\NT$ BODYGU>D ( F\R HUNDR$ ,TEUTON W>RIORS4 ,MANY DESC5DANTS ( ,G]MANS :O HAD BE5 9 ,ROMAN S]VICE LAT] RETURN$ TO !IR HOMES & US$ ! BOOTY !Y HAD WON & ! EXP]I5CE !Y HAD GA9$ FROM ! ,ROMANS TO PRESS !IR [N C\NTRYM5 9TO !IR S]VICE4 ,?US ONE ( !M1 ,M>BOD1 SUCCE$$ 9 TIME 9 EXT5D+ HIS DOM9ION OV] QUITE A NUMB] ( ,G]MAN TRIBES & SUBJECT+ ALL ! L& BETWE5 ! ,OD] & ,ELBE FROM ,BOHEMIA TO ! ,BALTIC TO HIS 9FLU5CE4 ,& EV5 ,H]MAN1 0,! ,LIB]ATOR10 SUCCUMB$ TO ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,ROMAN WILL TO P[]1 :I* AFT] HIS RETURN HE TRI$ TO IMPOSE UPON HIS [N PEOPLE4 ,NOT 9 VA9 HAD ,H]MAN & ,M>BOD LIV$ 9 ,ROME & LE>N$ !RE :AT 5ORM\S ATTRACTION P[] HAS = ! AMBITIONS ( MAN4 ,H]MAN'S AMBITIONS = POLITICAL P[]1 :I* BECAME CON/ANTLY MORE APP>5T AFT] ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ,ROMAN HO/ HAD L$ TO ! LIB]ATION ( ,G]MANY FROM ,ROMAN RULE1 APPE> 9 A SOME:AT PECULI> LI NOT ONLY ?AT ! NOBLE ,*]USCAN HAD LE>N$ 9 ,ROME ! >T ( SUP]IOR W>F>E1 BUT ALSO ?AT ! /ATECRAFT ( ! ,ROMAN ,CAES>S HAD GIV5 HIS AMBITIONS A MISI1 ,BRUKT]I & O!RS P]MAN5T AFT] !Y HAD A*IEV$ ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ,ROMAN LEGIONS 9 ! ,TEUTOBURG] ,=E/4 ,AFT] ! F9AL RETREAT ( ! ,ROMANS HE SOON 5GAG$ 9 A BLOODY W> ) ,M>BOD1 ! ISSUE ( :I* WAS SOLELY ! RUL]%IP 9 ,G]MANY4 ,:5 ,H]MAN'S AIM TO RAISE HIMSELF FROM ! ELECT$ LEAD]%IP ( ! ,*]USKI TO K+%IP OV] ?IS & O!R TRIBES BECAME /ILL MORE CLE>LY APP>5T1 HE WAS TREA*]\SLY MURD]$ BY HIS [N RELATIVES4 ,BUT ! ,G]MANS W]E BY NO MEANS UNIT$ 9 !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,ROMANS4 ,!RE W]E AMONG !M NOBLE FAMILIES :O W]E QUITE DEF9ITELY ,ROMAN P>TISANS4 ,QUITE A NUMB] ( !M HAD RECEIV$ ,ROMAN HONORS & DI/9CTIONS1 ACCEPT$ ,ROMAN CITIZ5%IP1 & EV5 AFT] ! SO-CALL$ 0,H]MANNSS*LA*T0 70,H]MAN'S BATTLE07 /ILL FIRMLY ADH]$ TO ,ROME4 ,H]MAN'S [N BRO!R1 ,FLAVUS1 WAS AMONG !SE & SO WAS HIS FA!R9LAW1 ,SEGE/1 :O HAD DELIV]$ HIS [N DAUUS1 HAD BE5 W>N$ ( ! CONSPIRACY HAT*$ AGA9/ HIM1 BUT HIS CONFID5CE 9 ,H]MAN1 :O BECAUSE ( HIS RELIABILITY HAD BE5 MADE A ,ROMAN KNIN+S & BL9DLY W5T 9TO ! TRAP :I* ,H]MAN HAD SET = HIM4 ,)\T ?IS CUNN+ HYPOCRITICAL BREA* ( FAI? ON ,H]MAN'S P>T ! CELEBRAT$ 0,BATTLE ( ,LIB]ATION0 9 ! ,TEUTOBURG] ,=E/ W\LD NEV] HAVE HAPP5$4 ,EV5 A HI/ORIAN SO FAVORABLE TO ,G]MANY AS ,FELIX ,DAHN DESCRIB$ ?IS EV5T AS 0ONE ( ! MO/ TREA*]\S BREA*ES ( ! LAW ( NATIONS40 ,! ,G]MANIC TRIBES :O P>TICIPAT$ 9 ?IS CONSPIRACY TO FREE !MSELVES FROM ! HAT$ ,ROMAN RUL]%IP CAN H>DLY BE REPROA*$ = !IR ACTION4 ,BUT ON ,H]MAN P]SONALLY ?IS DESPICABLE BREA* ( FAI? RE/S ) D\BLE WEIMY WAS TO BE ONLY A MEANS = ! FUR!R+ ( HIS POLITICAL PLANS1 :I* W]E TO CULM9ATE 9 IMPOS+ A NEW YOKE ON ! LIB]AT$ PEOPLES4 ,IT IS 9 ! NATURE ( ALL AMBITIONS TO POLITICAL P[] ?AT ?OSE ANIMAT$ BY !M HESITATE AT NO MEANS :I* PROMISE SUCCESSEV5 ?\< SU* SUCCESS MU/ BE PUR*AS$ BY TREASON1 LIES1 MEAN CUNN+1 & HYPOCRITICAL 9TRIGUE4 ,! MAXIM ?AT ! 5D JU/IFIES ! MEANS HAS ALWAYS BE5 ! FIR/ >TICLE ( FAI? ( ALL P[] POLITICS4 ,NO ,JESUITS W]E NE$$ TO 9V5T IT4 ,EV]Y P[]LU/FUL CONQU]OR1 EV]Y POLITICIAN1 SUBSCRIBES TO IT1 ,SEMITE & ,G]MAN1 ,ROMAN & ,MONGOL1 = ! BAS5ESS ( ME?OD IS AS CLOSELY RELAT$ TO P[] AS DECAY IS TO DEA?4 ,:51 LAT] ON1 ! ,HUNS P5ETRAT$ 9TO ,EUROPE1 COMPELL+ A NEW MIGRATION ( ! PEOPLES !Y5C\NT]$1 EV] D5S] HORDES ( ,G]MANIC TRIBES MOV$ T[>D ! S\? & S\?WE/ ( ! CONT95T1 ALWAYS COM+ 9TO CONTACT ) ! ,ROMANS & 5LI/+ 5 MASSE 9 ! ,ROMAN LEGIONS4 ,! ,ROMAN >MIES W]E ?OR\ #dgf PU%$ ! LA/ ,ROSNAN EMP]OR FROM HIS ?RONE & HAD HIMSELF PROCLAIM$ EMP]OR BY HIS SOLDI]S4 ,BUT HE ALSO WAS1 AFT] YE>S ( BLOODY /RUGGLE1 OV]COME BY ,!ODORIC1 ! K+ ( ! ,O/ROGO?S1 :O MURD]$ HIM ) HIS [N H&S AT ! FEA/ :I* WAS1 ) ALL SOLEMNITY1 TO CELEBRATE A TREATY ( PEACE4 ,ALL /ATE ORGANIZATIONS :I* W]E 9 ?AT P]IOD CREAT$ BY ! P[] ( ! SWORD! K+DOMS ( ! ,V&ALS1 ! ,O/ROGO?S & ,VISIGO?S1 ! ,LOMB>DS1 ! ,HUNSW]E IMBU$ ) ! IDEA ( ,CAES>ISM1 & !IR CREATORS FELT !MSELVES TO BE HEIRS ( ,ROME4 ,BUT 9 ! /RUGGLE = ,ROME & ,ROMAN POSSESSIONS ! OLD 9/ITUTIONS & TRIBAL HABITS ( ! ,G]MANS FELL 9TO DISUSE AS ( NO IMPORTANCE 9 ! NEW CONDITIONS4 ,TRUE1 SOME ISOLAT$ TRIBES C>RI$ !IR OLD CU/OMS 9TO ! ,ROMAN WORLD1 BUT !Y DECAY$ & P]I%$ !RE2 = !Y HAD LEFT BEH9D ! SOCIAL SOIL 9 :I* ALONE !Y C\LD FL\RI%4 ,?IS TRANSITION TOOK PLACE ALL ! FA/]1 S9CE ALREADY A CONSID]ABLE TIME BE=E ! GREAT MIGRATIONS SOME RA!R FUNDAM5TAL *ANGES HAD OCCURR$ 9 ! SOCIAL LIFE ( ! ,G]MANIC TRIBES4 ,?US1 ,TACITUS SPEAKS ( A NEW WAY ( P>TITION+ ! L& ACCORD+ TO ! PROM95CE ( ! V>I\S FAMILIES1 A PRACTICE ( :I* ,CES> MAKES NO M5TION4 ,& LIKEWISE ! ADM9I/RATION ( PUBLIC AFFAIRS PRES5TS A DIFF]5T PICTURE4 ,! 9FLU5CE ( ! SOCALL$ 0NOBLES0 & >MY LEAD]S HAD EV]Y:]E 9CREAS$4 ,ALL QUE/IONS ( SOCIAL IMPORTANCE W]E FIR/ DISCUSS$ AT SEP>ATE SESSIONS ( ! NOBLES & !N SUBMITT$ TO ! ,FOLK,?+S1 ) :I*1 H[EV]1 ! LA/ DECISION LAY4 ,BUT ! FOLL[]S :OM !SE NOBLES COLLECT$1 :O FREQU5TLY LIV$ ) !M & ATE AT !IR TABLES1 MU/ NATURALLY HAVE GIV5 !M A GREAT] 9FLU5CE AT ! POPUL> ASSEMBLIES4 ,H[ ?IS WORK$ \T IS CLE>LY APP>5T FROM ! FOLL[+ WORDS ( ,TACITUS3 0,HE E>NS LIFELONG DISGRACE & %AME :O 9 BATTLE DOES NOT FOLL[ HIS LORD TO ! DEA?4 ,TO DEF5D HIM1 TO PROTECT HIM1 EV5 TO CR$IT HIM ) HIS [N H]OIC DE$S1 IS ! W>RIOR'S SUPREME DUTY4 ,! PR9CE FIT ( ! ,G]MAN POPULATION WAS ALREADY P]MEAT$ BY ,ROMAN IDEAS & 9/ITUTIONS4 ,! NEW /ATE ORGANIZATIONS RESULT+ FROM ! GREAT MIGRATIONS ( ! TRIBES & PEOPLES NECESS>ILY HA/5$ ! 9T]NAL DECAY ( ! OLD 9/ITUTIONS4 ,ALL OV] ,EUROPE >OSE NEW DOM9IONS )9 :I* ! VICTORS =M$ A PRIVILEG$ CLASS :I* IMPOS$ !IR WILL ON ! WORK+ POPULATION & L$ A P>ASITIC LIFE AT !IR EXP5SE4 ,! VICTORI\S 9TRUD]S P>TITION$ L>GE SECTIONS ( ! CONQU]$ T]RITORY AMONG !MSELVES & MADE ! 9HABITANTS PAY TRIBUTE1 & 9 ?IS IT WAS 9EVITABLE ?AT ! *IEFTA9S %\LD FAVOR !IR [N FOLL[]S4 ,S9CE ! RELATIVELY SMALL NUMB] ( ! CONQU]ORS DID NOT P]MIT !M TO LIVE TOGE!R 9 L>GE FAMILIES ACCORD+ TO CU/OM1 BUT COMPELL$ !M TO SPREAD !MSELVES OV] ! L& TO MA9TA9 !IR P[]1 ! OLD TIES ( CONSANGU9ITY1 BAS$ ON ! CLOSE ASSOCIATION ( ! FAMILIES1 W]E LOOS5$ MORE & MORE4 ,! OLD CU/OMS GRADUALLY W5T \T ( USE TO MAKE WAY = NEW =MS ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,! POPUL> ASSEMBLY1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT 9/ITUTION ( ! ,G]MANIC TRIBES1 :]E ALL PUBLIC AFFAIRS W]E DISCUSS$ & DECID$1 GRADUALLY LO/ ITS OLD *>ACT]1 A *ANGE NECESSITAT$ BY ! EXT5T ( ! OCCUPI$ T]RITORY ,MEAN:ILE ! *IEFS & >MY LEAD]S CLAIM$ EV] GREAT] PR]OGATIVES :I* LOGICALLY GREW TO ROYAL P[]S4 ,! K+S1 MOREOV]1 9TOXICAT$ BY ,ROMAN 9FLU5CE1 W]E NOT SL[ TO ABOLI% ! LA/ REMNANTS ( DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS1 :I*1 ( C\RSE1 C\LD ONLY PROVE A H9DRANCE TO ! 5L>GEM5T ( !IR [N P[]4 ,! >I/OCRACY1 LIKEWISE1 :OSE FIR/ BEG9N+S >E E>LY DISC]NIBLE AMONG ! ,G]MANS1 HAD BY ! RI* BOOTY 9 L&S :I* FELL TO !M 9 ! NEWLY CONQU]$ T]RITORY ACQUIR$ A QUITE NEW SOCIAL IMPORTANCE4 ,TOGE!R ) ! NOBLES ( ! SUBJECT$ PEOPLES1 :OM ! =EIGN RUL]S1 = WEII/OCRACY W]E AT FIR/ ONLY VASSALS ( ! K+1 TO :OM !Y HAD TO R5D] S]VICE 9 W>4 ,= ?IS !Y W]E REW>D$ BY RI* FIEFS AT ! CO/ ( ! CONQU]$4 ,BUT ! FEUDAL SY/EM1 :I* AT FIR/ B\ND ! NOBILITY TO ! ROYAL P[]1 ALREADY CONTA9$ ! G]MS :I* MU/ 9 TIME 5DANG] IT4 ,! ECONOMIC P[] :I* ! FEUDAL SY/EM GRADUALLY PUT 9TO ! H&S ( ! NOBLES >\S$ 9 !M NEW DESIRES & AMBITIONS1 =C+ !IR POSSESSORS 9TO A UNIQUE POSITION :I* WAS NOT FAVORABLE TO ! C5TRALIZATION ( K+LY P[]4 ,IT WAS CONTR>Y TO ! AMBITION ( ! NOBLES TO BE M]ELY MEMB]S ( ! K+'S RET9UE4 ,! P>T ( ! ,GR& ,SEIGNEUR :O RUL$ UNH9D]$ ON HIS [N POSSESSIONS )\T HAV+ TO OBEY M&ATES ( A HI<] P[]1 SUIT$ !M MU* BETT] &1 MO/ IMPORTANT1 IT OP5$ = !M WID] FIELDS = ! EXT5SION ( !IR [N P[]4 ,= 9 !M ALSO ! WILL TO P[] WAS ACTIVE1 URG+ !M TO ?R[ !IR ECONOMIC /R5G? 9TO ! BALANCE TO *ECK ! 9CREAS+ P[] ( ! K+S4 ,AS A MATT] ( FACT ! FEUDAL LORDS1 :O 9 TIME GREW 9TO LESS] OR GREAT] PR9CES1 SUCCE$$ = A LONG TIME 9 KEEP+ ! K+ COMPLIANT TO !IR WILL4 ,?US >OSE 9 ,EUROPE A NEW ORD] ( P>ASITES :O NO LONG] HAD ANY CLOSE RELATION%IP ) ! PEOPLE1 ! =EIGN 9TRUD]S BE+ NOT EV5 CONNECT$ ) ! SUBJECT PEOPLES BY TIES ( BLOOD4 ,FROM W> & CONQUE/ >OSE A NEW SY/EM ( HUMAN SLAV]Y :I* = C5TURIES LEFT ITS IMPR9T ON ! AGR>IAN SECTIONS ( ! C\NTRY4 ,BY ! 9SATIABLE GRE$ ( ! NOBLE L&LORDS ! PEASANTS W]E PLUNG$ EV] DEEP] 9TO MIS]Y & W]E ROBB$ ( ! LA/ LIB]TIES !Y HAD RETA9$ FROM =M] TIMES4 ,!Y W]E H>DLY REG>D$ ANY LONG] AS HUMAN BE+S4 ,BUT ! DOM9ION OV] =EIGN PEOPLE WORK$ DE/RUCTIVELY NOT ONLY ON ! SUBJECT P>T ( ! POPULATION2 IT UND]M9$ ! 9T]NAL RELATION%IP AMONG ! CONQU]ORS !MSELVES & DE/ROY$ !IR OLD TRADITIONS4 ,! =CE :I* HAD AT FIR/ ONLY BE5 EX]T$ AGA9/ ! SUBJUGAT$ PEOPLES WAS GRADUALLY EXT5D$ TO ! POOR] SECTIONS ( !IR [N TRIBES UNTIL !SE1 TOO1 SANK 9TO ! QUAGMIRE ( S]FDOM4 ,?US ! WILL TO P[] SMO!R$ ) IMPLACABLE CONSI/5CY ! WILL TO FRE$OM & 9DEP5D5CE :I* WAS ONCE SO DEEPLY ROOT$ AMONG ! ,G]MAN TRIBES4 ,BY ! SPREAD ( ,*RI/IANITY & ! CLOS] CONNECTION BETWE5 ! CONQU]ORS & ! *UR* ?IS BANEFUL DEVELOPM5T WAS /ILL FUR!R EXT5D$2 ! NEW RELIGION SMO!R$ ! LA/ REBELLI\S SP>KS 9 M5 & HABITUAT$ !M TO COME TO T]MS ) ! IMPOS$ CONDITIONS4 ,JU/ AS ! WILL TO P[] UND] ! ,ROMAN ,CAES>S HAD ROBB$ A :OLE WORLD ( ITS HUMANITY & HAD PLUNG$ IT 9TO ! HELL ( SLAV]Y1 SO IT LAT] DE/ROY$ ! FREE SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS ( ! B>B>IANS & ?RU/ !M 9TO ! MIS]Y ( S]FDOM4 ,AMONG ! NEWLY F\ND$ REALMS :I* >OSE 9 V>I\S P>TS ( ,EUROPE1 ?AT ( ! ,FRANKS A*IEV$ ! GREATE/ IMPORTANCE4 ,AFT] ! ,M]OV+IAN ,CLOVIS1 ,K+ ( ! ,SALIC ,FRANKS1 9 ! YE> #dhf HAD 9FLICT$ ON ! ,ROMAN VIC]OY1 ,SYG>IUS1 A DECISIVE DEFEAT1 HE SEIZ$ ! :OLE ( ,GAUL )\T 5C\NT]+ ANY OPPOSITION WOR? M5TION+4 ,AS ) ALL O!RS OBSESS$ BY ! DESIRE = P[]1 ,CLOVIS' APPETITE GREW BY :AT IT F$ ON4 ,NOT ONLY DID HE 5DEAVOR TO SECURE HIS 9T]NAL P[]1 HE ALSO EMBRAC$ EV]Y OPPORTUNITY TO EXT5D HIS FRONTI]S4 ,T5 YE>S AFT] HIS VICTORY OV] ! ,ROMANS HE DEFEAT$ ! >MY ( ! ,ALLEMANNI AT ,ZULPI* & UNIT$ !IR L&S ) HIS REALM4 ,AT ?AT TIME HE ALSO ACCEPT$ ,*RI/IANITY1 NOT FROM ANY 9N] CONVICTION BUT SIMPLY FROM POLITICAL CONSID]ATION4 ,9 ?IS MANN] >OSE 9 ,EUROPE A TEMPORAL P[] ( A NEW K9D4 ,! *UR*1 :I* NOT )\T REASON BELIEV$ ! ,FRANKI% RUL] C\LD PROVE S]VICEABLE AGA9/ H] MANY 5EMIES1 WAS SOON READY TO ALLY ITSELF ) ,CLOVIS1 ALL ! MORE AS H] POSITION WAS WEAK5$ BY ! DEFECTION ( ! ,>IANS &1 EV5 9 ,ROME ITSELF1 WAS ?REAT5$ BY DANG]\S OPPON5TS4 ,CLOVIS1 ONE ( ! CRUELE/ & MO/ FAI?LESS FELL[S :O EV] SAT UPON A ?RONE1 SOON REALIZ$ ?AT SU* AN ALLIANCE C\LD NOT HELP BUT FUR!R ! PLAN HE WAS AMBITI\SLY PURSU+ ) ALL ! GUILE ( HIS TREA*]\S *>ACT]4 ,SO HE HAD HIMSELF BAPTIZ$ AT ,RHEIMS & WAS DESIGNAT$ BY ! LOCAL BI%OP AS 0! MO/ ,*RI/IAN ( K+S0:I* H[EV]1 DID NOT PREV5T HIM FROM PURSU+ HIS 5DS BY MO/ UN,*RI/IAN MEANS4 ,! *UR*1 MOREOV]1 C\NT5ANC$ HIS BLOODY CRIMES1 = IT C\LD NOT OBJECT TO !M IF IT WI%$ TO MAKE ,CLOVIS USEFUL TO ITS P[]4 ,LAT] H[EV]1 :5 ! SUCCESSORS ( ,CLOVIS L$ 9 REALITY BUT A %AD[ EXI/5CE & ! RUL]%IP ( ! /ATE WAS ALMO/ COMPLETELY 9 ! H&S ( ! SOCALL$ 0,MAYORS ( ! ,PALACE0 :OSE T5URE BECAME H]$IT>Y UND] ,PEP9 ( ,H]E/AL1 ! POPE CONSPIR$ ) ,PEP9'S GR&SON1 ,PEP9 ! ,%ORT1 & ADVIS$ HIM TO MAKE HIMSELF K+4 ,PEP9 !N PUT ! LA/ ( ! ,M]OV+IAN K+S 9TO A CLOI/] & ?US BECAME ! F\ND] ( A NEW DYNA/Y ( ! ,FRANKI% K+DOM4 ,UND] HIS SON1 ,*>LEMAGNE1 ! ALLIANCE BETWE5 ! POPE & ! ,FRANKI% ROYAL H\SE REA*$ ITS HI*Y1 ! A*IEVEM5T ( :I* HAD BE5 ! MA9 OBJECT ( ,*>LEMAGNE'S LIFE1 AGA9 ASSUM$ DEF9ITE %APE4 ,! *UR*1 MOREOV]1 :I* PURSU$ A SIMIL> 5D1 C\LD ONLY WELCOME SU* AN ALLY4 ,EA* HAD NE$ ( ! O!R TO COMPLETE ITS PLANS = POLITICAL P[]4 ,! *UR* NE$$ ! SWORD ( ! TEMPORAL RUL] TO GU>D IT AGA9/ ITS 5EMIES2 H5CE IT BECAME ! *UR*'S HILEMAGNE1 MOREOV] C\LD NOT DISP5SE ) ! *UR*1 S9CE IT GAVE HIS RULE ! NE$$ 9N] RELIGI\S COHESION2 BE+ ! ONLY P[] :I* HAD PRES]V$ ! SPIRITUAL & CULTURAL H]ITAGE ( ! ,ROMAN WORLD ,9 ! *UR* WAS EMBODI$ ! :OLE CULTURE ( ! AGE4 ,IT HAD 9 ITS RANKS S*OL>S1 PHILOSOPH]S1 HI/ORIANS & POLITICIANS1 & ITS MONA/]IES W]E = A LONG TIME ! ONLY SPOTS :]E >T & 9DU/RY C\LD FL\RI% & :]E HUMAN WISDOM C\LD F9D AN ABID+ PLACE4 ,H5CE ! *UR* WAS A MO/ VALUABLE ALLY = ,*>LEMAGNE1 CREAT+ = HIM ! SPIRITUAL ATMOSPH]E NECESS>Y = ! MA9T5ANCE ( HIS 5ORM\S REALM4 ,= ?IS REASON HE TRI$ TO B9D ! CL]GY TO HIM BY ECONOMIC MEANSCOMPELL+ ! SUBJUGAT$ PEOPLE TO PAY TI!S TO ! *UR* & ?US SECUR+ TO ITS AG5TS AN ABUNDANT 9COME4 ,AN ALLY LIKE ! POPE WAS ALL ! MORE WELCOME TO ,*>LEMAGNE S9CE ! PR]OGATIVE ( P[] /ILL REMA9$ FIRMLY 9 HIS H&S1 & ! POPE WAS WISE 5\< TO PLAY = A TIME ! P>T ( A VASSAL TO ! ,FRANKI% RUL]4 ,:5 ! POPE WAS H>D BESET BY ! ,LOMB>D K+1 ,DESID]IUS1 ,*>LEMAGNE HA/5$ TO HIS AID ) AN >MY & PUT AN 5D TO ! DOM9ION ( ! ,LOMB>DS 9 ,NOR!RN ,ITALY4 ,= ?IS ! ,*UR* DISPLAY$ H] GRATITUDE :5 ON ,*RI/MAS DAY ( ! YE> #h 9 ,/4 ,PET]'S ,CA!DRAL ,LEO ,I,I,I PLAC$ ! IMP]IAL CR[N ON ! HEAD ( ! KNEEL+ ,*>LEMAGNE & PROCLAIM$ HIM 0,ROMAN ,EMP]OR ( ! ,FRANKI% ,NATION40 ,?IS ACT WAS MEANT TO DEMON/RATE TO HUMANITY ?AT FROM N[ ON ! ,*RI/IAN WORLD ( ! ,OCCID5T WAS TO BE UND] ! DIRECTION ( A TEMPORAL & A SPIRITUAL RUL]1 DESIGNAT$ BY ,GOD TO GU>D ! PHYSICAL & SPIRITUAL WELF>E ( ! ,*RI/IAN PEOPLE4 ,?US POPE & ,EMP]OR1 ) SEP>ATE ROLES1 BECAME SYMBOLS ( A NEW CONCEPT ( WORLD P[]1 :I* 9 ITS PRACTICAL EFFECTS WAS TO PREV5T PEACE 9 ,EUROPE = C5TURIES4 ,:ILE IT IS READILY UND]/&ABLE ?AT ! SAME WILL1 F$ BY ,ROMAN TRADITIONS1 HAD TO BR+ ! *UR* & MON>*Y TOGE!R1 IT WAS LIKEWISE 9EVITABLE ?AT AN HONORABLE SEP>ATION ( ! P>TS PLAY$ BY EA* C\LD NOT 5DURE4 ,IT LIES 9 ! NATURE ( EV]Y WILLTOP[] ?AT IT WILL TOL]ATE AN EQUALLY PRIVILEG$ P[] ONLY SO LONG AS IT CAN USE IT = ITS PURPOSES1 OR DOES NOT YET FEEL ITSELF /RONG 5\< TO 5GAGE 9 A FIGELY DEP5D5T ON EA* O!R1 !IR UNION W\LD REMA9 9TACT1 AT LEA/ \TW>DLY4 ,BUT IT WAS 9EVITABLE ?AT AS SOON AS ONE OR ! O!R ( !SE P[]S WAS /RONG 5\< TO /& ON ITS [N FEET ! /RUGGLE = PR$OM9ANCE W\LD BREAK \T BETWE5 !M & BE C>RI$ IMPLACABLY TO ! 5D4 ,?AT ! *UR* F9ALLY PROV$ VICTOR 9 ?IS FIB>IANS HAD TO BE PA9FULLY HABITUAT$1 ASSUR$ IT A MIATE POLITICAL 9T]E/S & CONSEQU5TLY C\LD NOT GIVE ,EUROPE ! NE$$ PROTECTION BY ITS [N P[]4 ,:ILE ,*>LEMAGNE LIV$1 ! ,PAPACY1 ) PRUD5T CALCULATION1 WAS CONT5T TO PLAY ! SECOND P>T1 BE+ ALMO/ 5TIRELY DEP5D5T ON ! PROTECTION ( ! ,FRANKI% RUL]4 ,HIS SUCCESSOR1 H[EV]1 ,L\IS ! ,PI\S1 A LIMIT$ & SUP]/ITI\S MAN1 BECAME M]ELY A TOOL 9 ! H&S ( ! PRIE/S4 ,POSSESS+ NEI!R ! M5TAL ABILITY NOR ! RECKLESS ACTIVITY ( HIS PR$ECESSOR1 HE C\LD NOT MA9TA9 ! EMPIRE :I* ,*>LEMAGNE HAD CEM5T$ TOGE!R ) /REAMS ( BLOOD & ) UNSCRUPUL\S =CE4 ,SO IT SOON FELL AP>T1 MAK+ ROOM = A NEW P>TITION ( ,EUROPE4 ,! ,PAPACY WAS TRIUMPHANT OV] ! :OLE >RAY ( TEMPORAL P[] & REMA9$ = HUNDR$S ( YE>S ! DOM9ANT 9/ITUTION ( ! ,*RI/IAN WORLD4 ,BUT :5 ?IS WORLD F9ALLY BECAME DISJO9T$ & EV]Y:]E 9 ,EUROPE ! NATIONAL /ATE CAME MORE & MORE 9TO ! =EGR\ND1 !N VANI%$ ALSO ! DREAM ( A UNIV]SAL WORLD DOM9ION UND] ! SCEPT] ( ! POPE1 SU* AS ,?OMAS ,AQU9AS HAD VISION$4 ,AL?\< ! *UR* OPPOS$ ! NEW DEVELOPM5T ( ?+S ) ALL H] P[]1 %E C\LD NOT 9 ! LONG RUN PREV5T ! TRANS=MATION ( ,EUROPE1 & HAD TO BE CONT5T TO MAKE ! BE/ POSSIBLE ADJU/M5T ) ! POLITICAL AMBITIONS ( ! >IS+ NATIONALI/ /ATES4 ,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,NOVEMB] #c1 #aicf 3 ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #c -- ,PUBLICATION4 ,FEBRU>Y #i1 #bag 3 ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #c -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/