,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #b ,RELIGION & ,POLITICS #aicgaicg ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,RUDOLPH ,ROCK] ,TEXT 3 #b4 ,RELIGION & ,POLITICS4 ,R,E,L,I,G,I,O,N ,& ,P,O,L,I,T,I,C,S4 ,! ,R,O,O,T,S ,( ,! ,P,[,] ,I,D,E,A4 ,! ,O,R,I,G,9 ,( ,R,E,L,I,G,I,\,S ,C,O,N,C,E,P,T,I,O,N,S4 ,A,N,I,M,I,S,M ,& ,F,E,T,I,%,I,S,M4 ,! ,S,A,C,R,I,F,I,C,E4 ,! ,F,E,E,L,+ ,( ,D,E,P,5,D,5,C,E4 ,E,F,F,E,C,T ,( ,T,],R,E,/,R,I,A,L ,P,[,] ,O,N ,! ,%,A,P,E ,( ,R,E,L,I,G,I,\,S ,C,O,N,S,C,I,\,S,N,E,S,S4 ,R,E,L,I,G,I,O,N ,& ,S,L,A,V,],Y4 ,! ,R,E,L,I,G,I,\,S ,F,\,N,D,A,T,I,O,N,S ,( ,A,L,L ,R,U,L,],%,I,P4 ,T,R,A,D,I,T,I,O,N4 ,M,O,S,E,S4 ,H,A,M,M,U,R,A,B,I4 ,! ,P,H,>,A,O,H,S4 ,! ,L,A,W,S ,( ,M,A,N,U4 ,! ,P,],S,I,A,N ,D,I,V,9,E ,K,+,D,O,M4 ,L,A,M,A,I,S,M4 ,A,L,E,X,&,] ,& ,C,A,E,S,>,O,P,A,P,I,S,M4 ,C,A,E,S,>,I,S,M ,9 ,R,O,M,E4 ,! ,9,C,A4 ,G,5,<,I,S ,K,H,A,N4 ,P,[,] ,& ,! ,P,R,I,E,/,H,O,O,D4 ,*,U,R,* ,& ,/,A,T,E4 ,R,\,S,S,E,A,U4 ,R,O,B,E,S,P,I,],R,E4 ,N,A,P,O,L,E,O,N4 ,M,U,S,S,O,L,9,I ,& ,! ,V,A,T,I,C,A,N4 ,F,A,S,C,I,S,M ,& ,R,E,L,I,G,I,O,N4 ,9 ,A,L,L EPO*S ( ?AT HI/ORY :I* IS KN[N TO US1 TWO =CES >E APP>5T ?AT >E 9 CON/ANT W>F>E4 ,!IR ANTAGONISM1 OP5 OR VEIL$1 RESULTS FROM ! 9TR9SIC DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! =CES !MSELVES & BETWE5 ! ACTIVITIES 9 :I* !Y F9D EXPRESSION4 ,?IS IS CLE> TO ANYONE :O APPROA*ES ! /UDY ( HUMAN SOCIAL /RUCTURES )\T READY-=MULAT$ HYPO!SES OR FIX$ S*EMES ( 9T]PRETATION1 ESPECIALLY TO ANYONE :O SEES ?AT HUMAN OBJECTIVES & PURPOSES >E NOT SUBJECT TO ME*ANICAL LAWS1 AS >E COSMIC EV5TS 9 G5]AL4 ,WE >E SPEAK+ H]E ( ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC ELEM5TS 9 HI/ORY1 :I* C\LD ALSO BE CALL$ ! GOV]NM5TAL & SOCIAL ELEM5TS4 ,/RICTLY SPEAK+1 ! CONCEPTS ( ! POLITICAL & ! ECONOMIC >E 9 ?IS CASE CONCEIV$ SOME:AT TOO N>R[LY2 = 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 ALL POLITICS HAS ITS ROOTS 9 ! RELIGI\S CONCEPTS ( M51 :ILE EV]Y?+ ECONOMIC IS ( A CULTURAL NATURE1 & IS CONSEQU5TLY 9 ! MO/ 9TIMATE RELATION%IP ) ! VALUECREAT+ =CES ( SOCIAL LIFE2 SO ?AT WE >E PLA9LY COMPELL$ TO SPEAK ( AN 9N] OPPOSITION BETWE5 RELIGION & CULTURE4 ,POLITICAL & ECONOMIC1 GOV]NM5TAL & SOCIAL1 OR1 9 A L>G] S5SE1 RELIGI\S & CULTURAL MANIFE/ATIONS1 HAVE MANY PO9TS ( CONTACT3 !Y ALL SPR+ FROM HUMAN NATURE1 & CONSEQU5TLY !RE >E BETWE5 !M 9N] RELATIONS4 ,WE >E H]E SIMPLY CONC]N$ TO GET A CLE>] VIEW ( ! CONNECTION :I* EXI/S BETWE5 !SE MANIFE/ATIONS4 ,EV]Y POLITICAL =M 9 HI/ORY HAS ITS DEF9ITE ECONOMIC F\NDATIONS :I* >E ESPECIALLY M>K$ 9 ! LAT] PHASES ( SOCIAL ADVANCEM5T4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IT IS UND5IABLE ?AT ! =MS ( POLITICS >E SUBJECT TO ! *ANGES 9 ! CONDITIONS ( ECONOMIC & G5]AL CULTURAL LIFE1 & ) !M ASSUME NEW ASPECTS4 ,BUT ! 9N] *>ACT] ( ALL POLITICS ALWAYS REMA9S ! SAME1 JU/ AS ! 9N] *>ACT] ( EA* & EV]Y RELIGION NEV] *ANGES1 DESPITE ! ALT]ATION ( ITS \TW>D =M4 ,RELIGION & CULTURE HAVE !IR ROOTS 9 MAN'S 9/9CT ( SELF-PRES]VATION1 :I* 5D[S !M ) LIFE & =M2 BUT1 ONCE COME TO LIFE1 EA* FOLL[S ITS [N C\RSE1 S9CE !RE >E NO ORGANIC TIES BETWE5 !M1 SO ?AT1 LIKE ANTAGONI/IC />S1 !Y PURSUE OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS4 ,ONE :O OV]LOOKS ?IS ANTAGONISM OR1 = :ATEV] REASON1 FAILS TO GIVE IT ! CONSID]ATION IT DES]VES1 WILL NEV] BE ABLE TO SEE CLE>LY ! 9N] CONCAT5ATION ( SOCIAL EV5TS4 ,AS TO :]E ! REALM ( RELIGION PROP] BEG9S1 OP9IONS >E DIVID$ TO ?IS DAY2 BUT IT IS FAIRLY AGRE$ ?AT ! F\NDATION ( MAN'S RELIGI\S CONCEPTS IS NOT TO BE F\ND 9 SPECULATIVE PHILOSOPHY4 ,WE HAVE COME TO RECOGNIZE ?AT ,HEGEL'S NOTION1 ?AT ALL RELIGION M]ELY DEMON/RATES ! ELEVATION ( ! SPIRIT TO ! ,ABSOLUTE1 & !RE=E TRIES TO F9D ! UNION ( ! HUMAN ) ! DIV9E1 CAN ONLY BE REG>D$ AS AN EMPTY FIGURE ( SPEE* :I* 9 NO WAY EXPLA9S ! ORIG9 ( RELIGION4 ,! 0,PHILOSOPH] ( ! ,ABSOLUTE10 :O 5D[S EV]Y NATION ) A SPECIAL HI/ORICAL MISSION1 IS EQUALLY >BITR>Y :5 HE ASS]TS ?AT EV]Y PEOPLE 9 HI/ORY IS ! BE>] ( A TYPICAL =M ( RELIGION3 ! ,*9ESE ( ! RELIGION ( MOD]ATION1 ! ,*ALDEANS ( ! RELIGION ( PA91 ! ,GREEKS ( ! RELIGION ( BEAUTY1 & SO ON1 UNTIL AT LA/ ! L9E ( RELIGI\S SY/EMS 5DS 9 ,*RI/IANITY1 0! REVEAL$ RELIGION10 :OSE COMMUNICANTS RECOGNIZE 9 ! P]SON ( ,*RI/ ! UNION ( ! HUMAN ) ! DIV9E4 ,SCI5CE HAS MADE M5 MORE CRITICAL4 ,WE REALIZE N[ ?AT ALL RESE>* 9TO ! ORIG9 & GRADUAL %AP+ ( RELIGION MU/ USE ! SAME ME?ODS :I* TODAY S]VE SOCIOLOGY & PSY*OLOGY 9 TRY+ TO COMPREH5D ! PH5OM5A ( SOCIAL & M5TAL LIFE 9 !IR BEG9N+S4 ,! ONCE WIDELY HELD VIEW ( ! ,5GLI% PHILOLOGI/1 ,MAX ,MULL]1 :O ?\D+ NATURE WOR%IP AS ! FIR/ =M ( RELIGION1 H>DLY F9DS ADH]5TS TODAY4 ,MO/ ( ! PRES5T LEAD]S ( E?NOLOGICAL RELIGI\S RESE>* >E ( ! OP9ION ?AT ANIMISM1 ! BELIEF 9 ! T$1 IS TO BE REG>D$ AS ! FIR/ /AGE ( RELIGI\S CONSCI\SNESS 9 MAN4 ,! :OLE MODE ( LIFE ( NOMADIC PRIMITIVE MAN1 HIS RELATIVE IGNORANCE1 ! M5TAL 9FLU5CE ( HIS DREAM PICTURES1 HIS LACK ( UND]/&+ :5 CONFRONT$ ) DEA?1 ! COMPULSORY FA/S HE (T5 HAD TO 5DURE ALL ?IS MADE HIM A NATURAL BORN CLAIRVOYANT1 ) :OM ! BELIEF 9 ILY FE>4 ,?IS FE> TR\BL$ HIM ALL ! MORE AS HE WAS H]E CONFRONT$1 NOT ) AN ORD9>Y 5EMY1 BUT ) UNSE5 =CES :I* C\LD NOT BE MET BY SIMPLE MEANS4 ,FROM ?IS >OSE QUITE SPONTANE\SLY ! DESIRE TO SECURE ! GOOD WILL ( ?OSE P[]S1 TO ESCAPE !IR WILES & E>N !IR FAVOR BY :ATEV] MEANS4 ,IT IS ! NAK$ URGE = SELF-PRES]VATION ( PRIMITIVE MAN :I* H]E F9DS EXPRESSION4 ,FROM ANIMISM SPRANG FETI%ISM1 ! IDEA ?AT ! E FIRMLY CONV9C$ ?AT E PLACES :I* >E HAUNT$4 ,! RELIGI\S RITUAL ( ,LAMAISM & ?AT ( ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* >E ALSO 9 !IR ESS5CE FETI%ISM4 ,AS TO :E!R ANIMISM & ! FIR/ CRUDE CONCEPTS ( FETI%ISM CAN ALREADY BE REG>D$ AS RELIGION1 OP9IONS DIFF]2 BUT ?AT H]E IS TO BE S\T+ PO9T ( ALL RELIGI\S CONCEPTS CAN H>DLY BE D\BT$4 ,RELIGION PROP] BEG9S ) ! ALLIANCE BETWE5 0OSE 9 HIS BRA9 ! IDEA ( SACRIFICE &1 AS REPEAT$ EXP]I5CE PROV$ TO HIM ?AT ! LIFE ( ! SLA9 ANIMAL OR 5EMY DEP>T$ ) ! /REAM+ BLOOD1 HE E>LY LE>N$ TO RECOGNIZE ?AT BLOOD IS 9DE$ 0A MO/ PECULI> JUICE40 ,?IS RECOGNITION ALSO GAVE ! IDEA ( SACRIFICE A SPECIFIC *>ACT]4 ,! BLOOD(F]+ WAS C]TA9LY ! FIR/ =M ( ! RITE ( SACRIFICE & WAS1 MOREOV]1 NECESSITAT$ BY ! PRIMITIVE HUNTSMAN'S LIFE4 ,! IDEA ( ! BLOOD (F]+1 :I* WAS D\BTLESS AMONG ! OLDE/ PRODUCTS ( RELIGI\S CONSCI\SNESS1 P]SI/S 9 ! GREAT RELIGI\S SY/EMS ( ! PRES5T4 ,! SYMBOLIC TRANSMUTATION ( BREAD & W9E 9 ! ,*RI/IAN ,EU*>I/ 9TO ! 0FLE% & BLOOD0 ( ,*RI/ IS AN EXAMPLE ( ?IS4 ,SACRIFICE BECAME ! C5TRAL PO9T ( ALL RELIGI\S USAGES & FE/IVITIES1 :I* MANIFE/$ !MSELVES ALSO 9 9CANTATION1 DANCE & SONG1 & GRADUALLY CONGEAL$ 9TO SPECIFIC RITUALS4 ,IT IS V]Y LIKELY ?AT ! (F]+ ( SACRIFICE WAS AT FIR/ A PURELY P]SONAL AFFAIR & ?AT EA* C\LD MAKE ! (F]+ SUIT$ TO HIS NE$1 BUT ?IS CONDITION PROBABLY DID NOT LA/ LONG BE=E IT WAS REPLAC$ BY A PR(ESSIONAL PRIE/HOOD ( ! TYPE ( ! M$IC9E M51 ,%AMANS1 ,GANGAS1 & SO ON4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( FETI%ISM 9TO TOTEMISM1 BY :I* NAME1 AFT] AN ,9DIAN WORD1 WE CALL ! BELIEF 9 A TRIBAL DEITY1 USUALLY EMBODI$ 9 ! =M ( AN ANIMAL FROM :I* ! TRIBE D]IV$ ITS ORIG91 HAS ESPECIALLY FAVOR$ ! EVOLUTION ( A SPECIAL MAGICIANPRIE/HOOD4 ,) ?AT1 RELIGION TOOK ON A SOCIAL *>ACT] :I* IT DID NOT HAVE BE=E4 ,:5 WE REG>D RELIGION 9 ! LIILY ! FEEL+ ( MAN'S DEP5D5CE ON HI<]1 UNKN[N P[]S4 ,TO SEE WAYS & MEANS TO MAKE !SE P[]S FAVORABLY 9CL9$ T[>D HIM 5D TO PROTECT HIMSELF FROM !IR H>MFUL 9FLU5CES1 MAN IS IMPELL$ BY ! 9/9CT ( SELF-PRES]VATION4 ,?US >ISES RITUAL1 :I* GIVES TO RELIGION ITS EXT]NAL *>ACT]4 ,?AT ! IDEA ( SACRIFICE CAN BE TRAC$ BACK TO ! CU/OM1 PREVAIL+ 9 ! PRIMITIVE HUMAN 9/ITUTIONS & ORGANIZATIONS ( PRIMEVAL TIMES1 ( GIV+ ! TRIBAL LEAD]S & *IEFS VOLUNT>Y OR COMPULSORY PRES5TS1 IS AN ASSUMPTION :I* HAS SOME POSSIBILITY4 ,! ASS]TION ?AT PRIMITIVE MAN )\T ?IS 9/ITUTION W\LD NEV] HAVE >RIV$ AT ! IDEA ( SACRIFICE SEEMS TO US TOO BOLD4 ,RELIGI\S CONCEPTS C\LD ONLY ORIG9ATE :5 ! QUE/ION ( ! :Y & H[ ( ?+S >OSE 9 ! BRA9 ( MAN4 ,BUT ?IS PRESUPPOSES CONSID]ABLE M5TAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT IS1 !RE=E1 TO BE ASSUM$ ?AT A LONG P]IOD HAD TO PASS BE=E ?IS QUE/ION C\LD 5GAGE HIM4 ,! CONCEPT :I* PRIMEVAL MAN =MS ( ! WORLD >\ND HIM1 IS PRIM>ILY ( A S5SU\S NATURE2 JU/ AS A *ILD RECOGNIZES ! OBJECTS ( HIS 5VIRONM5T PRIM>ILY S5SU\SLY & USES !M LONG BE=E ANY QUE/ION CONC]N+ !IR ORIG9 >ISES 9 HIM4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ) MANY SAVAGE PEOPLE IT REMA9S TODAY ! CU/OM TO LET ! T$ ONES P>TICIPATE AT MEALS1 JU/ AS NE>LY ALL ( ! FE/IVITIES ( PRIMITIVE TRIBES >E CONNECT$ ) SACRIFICIAL RITES4 ,!RE=E1 IT IS QUITE POSSIBLE ?AT ! IDEA ( SACRIFICE C\LD HAVE >IS5 )\T ANY PREC$+ RELAT$ SOCIAL CU/OM4 ,BE ?AT AS IT MAY1 ! FACT REMA9S ?AT 9 EV]Y RELIGI\S SY/EM :I* MADE ITS APPE>ANCE 9 ! C\RSE ( MILL5NIUMS !RE WAS MIRROR$ ! DEP5D5CY ( MAN UPON A HI<] P[] :I* HIS [N IMAG9ATION HAD CALL$ 9TO BE+ & :OSE SLAVE HE HAD BECOME4 ,ALL GODS HAD !IR TIME1 BUT RELIGION ITSELF1 9 ! CORE ( ITS BE+1 HAS ALWAYS REMA9$ ! SAME DESPITE ALL *ANGES 9 ITS \TW>D =M4 ,ALWAYS IT IS ! ILLUSION TO :I* ! REAL ESS5CE ( MAN IS (F]$ AS A SACRIFICE2 ! CREATOR BECOMES ! SLAVE ( HIS [N CREATURE )\T EV] BECOM+ CONSCI\S ( ! TRAG$Y ( ?IS4 ,ONLY BECAUSE !RE HAS NEV] BE5 ANY *ANGE 9 ! 9MO/ ESS5CE ( ALL & EV]Y RELIGION C\LD ! WELL KN[N ,G]MAN RELIGI\S TEA*]1 ,KO5IG1 BEG9 HIS BOOK = 9/RUCTION 9 ! ,CA?OLIC RELIGION ) !SE WORDS3 0,RELIGION 9 G5]AL IS ! RECOGNITION & V5]ATION ( ,GOD & SPECIFICALLY ( ! RELATION%IP ( MAN TO ,GOD AS HIS SUPREME RUL]40 ,?US WAS RELIGION EV5 9 ITS POOR PRIMITIVE BEG9N+ MO/ 9TIMATELY 9T]GR[N ) ! IDEA ( MII\S DIV9ITIES W]E 9 !IR ORIG9S EXPRESSIONS ( ! CONCEPTS 9 :I* ! IDEA ( P[] WAS EMBODI$4 ,NOT )\T REASON DO ALL ADVOCATES ( ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY TRACE ITS ORIG9 BACK TO ,GOD4 ,= DOES NOT ! ,GODHEAD APPE> TO !M ! EPITOME ( ALL P[] & /R5G?8 ,9 ! V]Y E>LIE/ MY?S ! H]OES1 CONQU]ORS1 LAWGIV]S1 TRIBAL ANCE/ORS APPE> AS GODS OR DEMIGODS2 = !IR GREATNESS & SUP]IORITY C\LD ONLY HAVE DIV9E ORIG94 ,?US WE >RIVE AT ! F\NDATIONS ( EV]Y SY/EM ( RUL]%IP & RECOGNIZE ?AT ALL POLITICS IS 9 ! LA/ 9/ANCE RELIGION1 & AS SU* TRIES TO HOLD ! SPIRIT ( MAN 9 ! *A9S ( DEP5D5CE4 ,:E!R RELIGI\S FEEL+ IS ALREADY 9 ITS E>LIE/ BEG9N+S ONLY AN AB/RACT REFLECTION ( T]RE/RIAL 9/ITUTIONS ( P[]1 AS ,NORDAU & O!RS MA9TA9$1 IS A QUE/ION :I* IS OP5 TO DISCUSSION4 ,?OSE :O REG>D ! ORIG9AL CONDITION ( MANK9D AS ONE ( 0W> ( ALL AGA9/ ALL10 AS ,HOBBES & HIS NUM]\S FOLL[]S HAVE DONE1 WILL BE READILY 9CL9$ TO SEE 9 ! MALEVOL5T & VIOL5T *>ACT] ( ! ORIG9AL DEITIES A FAI?FUL C\NT]P>T ( ! DESPOTIC *IEFTA9S & W>LIKE LEAD]S :O KEPT BO? !IR [N TRIBESM5 & /RANG]S 9 FE> & T]ROR4 ,IT IS NOT SO LONG S9CE WE SAW ! PRES5T 0SAVAGES0 9 A QUITE SIMIL> LITS ( ! WORLD GAVE US PRO( ( H[ FUNDAM5TALLY FALSE ?IS CONCEPT IS4 ,?AT PRIMITIVE MAN DID AS A RULE PICTURE HIS SPIRITS & GODS AS VIOL5T & T]RIBLE NE$ NOT NECESS>ILY BE TRAC$ TO E>?LY MODELS4 ,EV]Y?+ UNKN[N 79COMPREH5SIBLE TO ! SIMPLE M9D7 AFFECTS ! SPIRIT AS UNCANNY & FE>SOME4 ,IT IS ONLY A /EP FROM ! UNCANNY TO ! GRUESOME1 TO ! HORRIBLE1 ! FRIGUM5T4 ,BUT EV5 IF WE >E NOT COMPELL$ TO TRACE EV]Y RELIGI\S CONCEPT TO SOME EX]CISE ( E>?LY P[]1 IT IS A FACT ?AT 9 LAT] EPO*S ( HUMAN EVOLUTION ! \T] =MS ( RELIGION W]E FREQU5TLY DET]M9$ BY ! P[] NE$S ( 9DIVIDUALS OR SMALL M9ORITIES 9 SOCIETY4 ,EV]Y 9/ANCE ( RUL]%IP ( P>TICUL> HUMAN GR\PS OV] O!RS WAS PREC$$ BY ! WI% TO APPROPRIATE ! PRODUCT ( LABOR1 ! TOOLS1 OR ! WEAPONS ( ?OSE O!RS OR TO DRIVE !M FROM SOME T]RITORY :I* SEEM$ MORE FAVORABLE = ! W9N+ ( A LIVELIHOOD4 ,IT IS V]Y PROBABLE ?AT = A LONG TIME ! VICTORS CONT5T$ !MSELVES ) ?IS SIMPLE =M ( ROBB]Y &1 :5 !Y MET RESI/ANCE1 SIMPLY MASSACR$ !IR OPPON5TS4 ,BUT GRADUALLY IT WAS DISCOV]$ ?AT IT WAS MORE PR(ITABLE TO EXACT TRIBUTE FROM ! VANQUI%$ OR TO SUBJECT !M TO A NEW ORD] ( ?+S BY RUL+ OV] !M2 !REBY LAY+ ! F\NDATION = SLAV]Y4 ,?IS WAS ALL ! EASI] AS MUTUAL SOLID>ITY EXT5D$ ONLY TO MEMB]S ( ! SAME TRIBE & F\ND ITS LIMITS !RE4 ,ALL SY/EMS ( RUL]%IP W]E ORIG9ALLY =EIGN RUL]%IPS1 :]E ! VICTORS =M$ A SPECIAL PRIVILEG$ CLASS & SUBJECT$ ! VANQUI%$ TO !IR WILL4 ,AS A RULE IT WAS NOMADIC HUNT] TRIBES :I* IMPOS$ !IR RULE UPON SETTL$ & AGRICULTURAL PEOPLE4 ,! CALL+ ( ! HUNT]1 :I* CON/ANTLY MAKES GREAT DEM&S ON MAN'S ACTIVITY & 5DURANCE1 MAKES HIM BY NATURE MORE W>LIKE & PR$ATORY4 ,BUT ! F>M] :O IS TI$ TO HIS ACRE1 & :OSE LIFE AS A RULE RUNS MORE PEACEFULLY & LESS DANG]\SLY1 IS 9 MO/ CASES NO FRI5D ( VIOL5T DISPUTE4 ,HE IS1 !RE=E1 SELDOM EQUAL TO ! ONSET ( W>LIKE TRIBES & SUBMITS COMP>ATIVELY EASILY IF ! =EIGN RULE IS NOT TOO OPPRESSIVE4 ,ONCE ! VICTOR HAS TA/$ ! SWEETS ( P[] & LE>N$ TO VALUE ! ECONOMIC ADVANTAGES :I* IT GIVES1 HE IS EASILY 9TOXICAT$ BY HIS PRACTICE ( P[]4 ,EV]Y SUCCESS SPURS HIM ON TO NEW ADV5TURES1 = IT IS 9 ! NATURE ( ALL P[] ?AT ITS POSSESSORS CON/ANTLY /RIVE TO WID5 ! SPH]E ( !IR 9FLU5CE & TO IMPOSE !IR YOKE ON WEAK] PEOPLES4 ,?US GRADUALLY A SEP>ATE CLASS EVOLV$ :OSE OCCUPATION WAS W> & RUL]%IP OV] O!RS4 ,BUT NO P[] CAN 9 ! LONG RUN RELY ON BRUTE =CE ALONE4 ,BRUTAL =CE MAY BE ! IMM$IATE MEANS = ! SUBJUGATION ( M51 BUT ALONE IT IS 9CAPABLE ( MA9TA9+ ! RULE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL OR ( A SPECIAL CA/E OV] :OLE GR\PS ( HUMANITY4 ,= ?AT MORE IS NE$$2 ! BELIEF ( MAN 9 ! 9EVITABILITY ( SU* P[]1 ! BELIEF 9 ITS DIV9ELY WILL$ MISSION4 ,SU* A BELIEF IS ROOT$ DEEPLY 9 MAN'S RELIGI\S FEEL+S & GA9S P[] ) TRADITION1 = ABOVE ! TRADITIONAL HOV]S ! RADIANCE ( RELIGI\S CONCEPTS & MY/ICAL OBLIGATION4 ,?IS IS ! REASON :Y ! VICTORS FREQU5TLY IMPOS$ !IR GODS UPON ! VANQUI%$1 = !Y RECOGNIZ$ V]Y CLE>LY ?AT A UNIFICATION ( RELIGI\S RITES W\LD FUR!R !IR [N P[]4 ,IT USUALLY MATT]$ LITTLE TO !M IF ! GODS ( ! VANQUI%$ CONT9U$ TO BE ON %[ SO LONG AS ?IS WAS NOT DANG]\S TO !IR LEAD]%IP1 & SO LONG AS ! OLD GODS W]E ASSIGN$ A ROLE SUBORD9ATE TO ?AT ( ! NEW ONES4 ,BUT ?IS C\LD ONLY HAPP5 :5 !IR PRIE/S FAVOR$ ! RUL]%IP ( ! VICTORS OR !MSELVES P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! DRIVE = POLITICAL P[]1 AS (T5 HAPP5$4 ,?US IT IS EASY TO PROVE ! POLITICAL 9FLU5CE ON ! LAT] RELIGI\S =MS ( ! ,BABYLONIANS1 ,*ALDEANS1 ,EGYPTIANS1 ,P]SIANS1 ,H9DUS1 & MANY O!RS4 ,& JU/ AS EASILY CAN ! FAM\S MONO!ISM ( ! ,JEWS BE TRAC$ TO ! /RUGGLE = ! POLITICAL UNIFICATION ( ! >IS+ MON>*Y4 ,ALL SY/EMS ( RUL]%IP & DYNA/IES ( ANTIQUITY D]IV$ !IR ORIG9 FROM SOME GODHEAD1 & !IR POSSESSORS SOON LE>N$ TO RECOGNIZE ?AT ! BELIEF ( !IR SUBJECTS 9 ! DIV9E ORIG9 ( ! RUL] WAS ! ONE UN%AKABLE F\NDATION ( EV]Y K9D ( P[]4 ,FE> ( ,GOD WAS ALWAYS ! M5TAL PRELIM9>Y ( VOLUNT>Y SUBJECTION4 ,?IS ALONE IS NECESS>Y2 IT =MS ! ET]NAL F\NDATION ( EV]Y TYRANNY UND] :ATEV] MASK IT MAY APPE>4 ,VOLUNT>Y SUBJECTION CANNOT BE =C$2 ONLY BELIEF 9 ! DIV9ITY ( ! RUL] CAN CREATE IT4 ,IT HAS1 !RE=E1 BE5 UP TO N[ ! =EMO/ AIM ( ALL POLITICS TO AWAK5 ?IS BELIEF 9 ! PEOPLE & TO MAKE IT A M5TAL FIXTURE4 ,RELIGION IS ! PREVAIL+ PR9CIPLE 9 HI/ORY2 IT B9DS ! SPIRIT ( MAN & =CES HIS ?\ ( FALL+ 9TO A BOTTOMLESS ABYSS :I* *A9S MAN TO ! OLD =MS ( ?+S AS !Y >E4 ,?AT DET]M9$ *AMPION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( ABSOLUTE P[]1 ,L\IS DE ,BONALD1 UND]/OOD ! CONNECTION BETWE5 RELIGION & POLITICS V]Y WELL :5 HE WROTE ! WORDS3 0,GOD IS ! SOV]EIGN P[] OV] ALL ?+S2 ! GODMAN IS ! P[] OV] ALL MANK9D2 ! HEAD ( ! /ATE IS ! P[] OV] ! SUBJECTS2 ! HEAD ( ! FAMILY IS ! P[] 9 HIS [N H\SE4 ,BUT AS ALL P[] IS MADE 9 ! IMAGE ( ,GOD & ORIG9ATES ) ,GOD1 !RE=E ALL P[] IS ABSOLUTE40 ,ALL P[] HAS ITS ROOTS 9 ,GOD1 ALL RUL]%IP IS 9 ITS 9MO/ ESS5CE DIV9E4 ,MOSES RECEIV$ DIRECTLY FROM ! H& ( ,GOD ! TABLES ( ! LAW1 :I* BEG9 ) ! WORDS3 0,I AM ! ,LORD1 ?Y ,GOD1 ?\ %ALT HAVE NO O!R GODS BE=E ME10 & :I* SEAL$ ! COV5ANT ( ! ,LORD ) HIS PEOPLE4 ,! FAM\S /ONE ON :I* ! LAWS ( ,HAMMURABI >E RECORD$1 :I* HAVE C>RI$ ! NAME ( ! ,BABYLONIAN K+ ?R\< ! MILL5NIUMS1 %[S US ,HAMMURABI BE=E ! FACE ( ! SUN GOD ,*AMAS*4 ,! 9TRODUCTION :I* PREC$ES ! /ATEM5T ( ! LAW BEG9S ?US3 ,:5 ,ANU1 ! EXALT$1 ! K+ ( ! ,ANUNNAKI1 & ,BEL1 ! LORD ( HEAV5 & E>?1 :O C>RIES ! DE/9Y ( ! WORLD 9 HIS H&1 P>TITION$ ! MASSES ( MANK9D TO ,M>DUK1 ! FIR/BORN ( ,EA1 ! DIV9E LORD ( ! LAW1 !Y MADE HIM GREAT AMONG ! ,IGIGI4 ,9 ,BABYLON !Y PROCLAIM$ HIS EXALT$ NAME1 :I* IS PRAIS$ 9 ALL L&S :I* !Y HAVE DE/9$ TO HIM = HIS K+DOM1 & :I* IS ET]NAL AS >E HEAV5 & E>?4 ,AFT]W>DS ,ANU & ,BEL MADE GLAD ! BODY ( MANK9D :5 !Y CALL$ UPON ME1 ! GLORI\S RUL] & GODFE>+ ,HAMMURABI1 ?AT ,I MAY E/ABLI% JU/ICE UPON E>?1 DE/ROY ! WICK$ & ! RU?LESS1 W>D (F ! /RONG & SUCCOR ! WEAK1 REIGN LIKE ! SUN GOD OV] ! DE/9Y ( BLACKHAIR$ M5 & ILLUM9E ! L&4 ,9 ,EGYPT1 :]E ! RELIGI\S CULT UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( A P[]FUL PRIE/LY CA/E HAD %[N ITS P[] 9 ALL SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS1 ! DEIFICATION ( ! RUL] HAD ASSUM$ QUITE UNCANNY =MS4 ,! ,PH>AOH1 OR PRIE/-K+1 WAS NOT ALONE ! REPRES5TATIVE ( ,GOD ON E>?1 HE WAS HIMSELF A GOD & RECEIV$ GODLIKE HONORS4 ,ALREADY 9 ! AGE ( ! FIR/ SIX DYNA/IES ! K+S W]E REG>D$ AS SONS ( ! SUN GOD1 ,RA4 ,*UFU 7,*EOPS71 9 :OSE REIGN ! GREAT PYRAMIDS W]E BUILT1 CALL$ HIMSELF 0! 9C>NATE ,HORUS40 ,9 A VAULT$ CAVE AT ,IBRIM1 ,K+ ,AM5HOTEP ,I,I,I WAS PICTUR$ AS A GOD 9 A CIRCLE ( O!R GODS4 ,?IS SAME RUL] ALSO BUILT A TEMPLE AT ,SOLEB :]E RELIGI\S V5]ATION WAS (F]$ TO HIS [N P]SON4 ,:5 HIS SUCCESSOR1 ,AM5HOTEP ,I,V1 LAT] ON PROHIBIT$ 9 ,EGYPT ! V5]ATION ( ANY O!R GOD1 & RAIS$ ! CULT ( ! RADIANT SUN GOD1 ,ATON1 :O BECAME ALIVE 9 ! P]SON ( ! K+1 TO ! DIGNITY ( A /ATE RELIGION1 IT WAS D\BTLESS POLITICAL MOTIVES :I* MOV$ HIM TO IT4 ,! UNITY ( FAI? WAS TO BE MADE TO R5D] PO/*AISE S]VICE TO ! UNITY ( E>?LY P[] 9 ! H&S ( ! ,PH>AOHS4 ,9 ! OLD ,H9DU LAWBOOK ( ,MANU IT IS WRITT53 ,GOD HAS MADE ! ,IC+ ?AT HE MAY PROTECT CREATION4 ,= ?IS PURPOSE HE TOOK P>TS FROM ,9DRA1 FROM ! W9DS1 FROM ,JAMA1 FROM ! SUN1 FROM FIRE1 FROM ! HEAV5S1 FROM ! MOON & FROM ! LORD ( CREATION4 ,!RE=E1 S9CE ! K+ HAS BE5 CREAT$ FROM P>TS ( !SE LORDS ( ! GODS1 HIS GLORY \T%9ES ! SPL5DOR ( ALL CREAT$ BE+S1 & LIKE ! SUN HE BL9DS ! EYE & ! HE>T1 & NO ONE CAN LOOK 9TO HIS FACE4 ,HE IS FIRE & AIR1 SUN & MOON4 ,HE IS ! GOD ( RIE AN*OR$ 9 ! TRADITIONS ( FAI?4 ,QUITE E>LY ! ,BRAHMANS 5T]$ 9TO A COMPACT ) ! W>RIOR CA/E TO %>E ) IT ! RUL]%IP ( ! PEOPLE ( ,9DIA1 :]E9 ! PRIE/CA/E WAS ALWAYS C>EFUL TO SEE ?AT ! REAL P[] REMA9$ 9 !IR H&S1 ?AT ! K+ REMA9$ A TOOL ( !IR DESIRES4 ,PRIE/S & W>RIORS W]E BO? ( DIV9E ORIG91 ! ,BRAHMANS SPRANG FROM ! HEAD ( ,BRAHMA1 ! W>RIORS FROM ,BRAHMA'S BREA/4 ,BO? HAD ! SAME OBJECTIVE & ! LAW COMM&$3 0,! TWO CA/ES MU/ ACT 9 UNISON1 = NEI!R CAN DO )\T ! O!R40 ,9 ?IS MANN] >OSE ! SY/EM ( ,CAES>O,PAPISM1 9 :I* ! UNION ( RELIGI\S & POLITICAL LU/ = P[] F\ND ITS FULLE/ EXPRESSION4 ,9 ANCI5T ,P]SIA1 ALSO1 ! RUL] WAS ! LIV+ 9C>NATION ( DIV9ITY4 ,:5 HE 5T]$ A T[N HE WAS RECEIV$ BY ! ,MAGI 9 :ITE G>M5TS & ) ! *ANT+ ( RELIGI\S SONGS4 ,! ROAD ALONG :I* HE WAS C>RI$ WAS /REWN ) MYRTLE BRAN*ES & ROSES & ON ! SIDE /OOD SILV] ALT>S ON :I* 9C5SE WAS BURN$4 ,HIS P[] WAS UNLIMIT$1 HIS WILL ! HIE OCCASIONS DID HE %[ HIMSELF TO ! PEOPLE1 & :5 HE APPE>$ ALL HAD TO GROVEL 9 ! DU/ & HIDE !IR FACES4 ,9 ,P]SIA1 ALSO1 !RE W]E CA/ES & AN ORGANIZ$ PRIE/LY CLASS1 :I*1 :ILE IT DID NOT HAVE ! OMNIPOT5T P[] ( ?AT ( ,9DIA1 WAS1 NEV]!LESS1 ! FIR/ CA/E 9 ! L&1 :OSE REPRES5TATIVES1 AS ! CLOSE/ C\NCIL ( ! K+1 ALWAYS HAD ! OPPORTUNITY TO MAKE !IR 9FLU5CE FELT & DEF9ITELY TO AFFECT ! DE/9Y ( ! REALM4 ,CONC]N+ ! P>TS PLAY$ BY ! PRIE/S 9 ! SOCIAL ORD]1 WE >E 9=M$ BY A PASSAGE 9 ! ,Z5DAVE/A :I* READS3 ,?\< Y\R GOOD WORKS W]E MORE NUM]\S ?AN ! LEAVES ( ! TREES1 ! DROPS ( RA91 ! />S 9 HEAV51 OR ! S&S ( ! SEA1 !Y W\LD NOT PR(IT Y\1 IF !Y W]E NOT PLEAS+ TO ! ,DE/UR 7PRIE/74 ,TO GA9 ! FAVOR ( ?IS GUIDE ON ! WAY ( SALVATION Y\ MU/ FAI?FULLY GIVE TO HIM ! TI! ( ALL Y\ POSSESS1 ( Y\R GOODS1 ( Y\R L&1 & ( Y\R MONEY4 ,IF Y\ HAVE SATISFI$ ! ,DE/UR1 Y\R S\L WILL HAVE ESCAP$ ! TORTURES ( HELL1 & Y\ WILL F9D PEACE 9 ?IS WORLD & HAPP9ESS 9 ! ONE BEYOND2 = ! ,DE/URS >E TEA*]S ( RELIGION1 !Y KN[ ALL ?+S1 & !Y GRANT ABSOLUTION TO ALL MANK9D4 ,FUHI1 :OM ! ,*9ESE DESIGNATE AS ! FIR/ RUL] ( ! ,CELE/IAL ,K+DOM1 & :O1 ACCORD+ TO !IR *RONICLES1 IS SAID TO HAVE LIV$ AB\T TW5TYEIS 9 !IR PICTURES AS A MAN ) A FI% TAIL1 LOOK+ LIKE A ,TRITON4 ,TRADITION ACCLAIMS HIM AS ! REAL AWAK5] ( ! ,*9ESE PEOPLE1 :O1 BE=E HIS COM+1 LIV$ 9 ! WILD]NESS 9 SEP>ATE GR\PS LIKE PACKS ( ANIMALS1 & W]E ONLY ?R\< HIM %[N ! WAY TO A SOCIAL ORD] :I* HAD ITS F\NDATION 9 ! FAMILY & ! V5]ATION ( ANCE/ORS4 ,ALL DYNA/IES :I* S9CE ?AT TIME HAVE SUCCE$$ ONE ANO!R 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,K+DOM HAVE TRAC$ !IR ORIG9 FROM ! GODS4 ,! ,EMP]OR CALL$ HIMSELF ! 0,SON ( ,HEAV502 & S9CE ,*9A NEV] HAD AN ORGANIZ$ PRIE/LY CLASS1 ! PRACTICE ( ! CULT1 9 SO F> AS IT CONC]N$ ! /ATE RELIGION1 RE/$ 9 ! H&S ( ! HID$ AS A DESC5DANT ( ,AMAT]ASU1 ! SUN GODDESS1 :O 9 ?AT C\NTRY IS WOR%IP$ AS ! HINATION ( ! GODHEAD1 :]E=E HIS PALACE IS CALL$ 0,MIYA10 ?AT IS1 %R9E ( ! S\L4 ,EV5 9 ! TIME ( ! ,%OGUNATE1 :5 ! LEAD]S ( ! MILIT>Y CA/E = HUNDR$S ( YE>S EX]CIS$ ! REAL RUL]%IP ( ! L&1 & ! ,MIKADO PLAY$ ONLY ! P>T ( A DECORATIVE FIGURE1 ! SANCTITY ( HIS P]SON REMA9$ 9VIOLATE 9 ! EYES ( ! PEOPLE4 ,LIKEWISE1 ! F\NDATION ( ! MI*1 IS ASCRIB$ BY TRADITION TO ! WORK ( ! GODS4 ,! SAGA REC\NTS H[ ,MANCO ,CAPAC ) HIS WIFE1 ,OCLLO ,HUACO1 APPE>$ ONE DAY TO ! NATIVES ( ! HI< PLATEAU ( ,CUZCO1 PRES5T$ HIMSELF TO !M AS ,9TIP*URI1 ! SON ( ! SUN1 & 9DUC$ !M TO ACKN[L$GE HIM AS !IR K+4 ,HE TAUOSE UND] ! MIY1 SMOK+ C5S]S1 ! V5]ATION ( RELICS1 & ! TONSURE ( ! PRIE/4 ,AT ! HEAD ( ! /ATE /&S ! ,DALAI-,LAMA & ! ,BOGDO-,LAMA1 OR ,P5TS*5RH9POTS*E4 ,! =M] IS REG>D$ AS ! 9C>NATION ( ,GAUTAMA1 ! SACR$ F\ND] ( ! ,BUDDHI/ RELIGION2 ! LATT] AS ! LIV+ P]SONIFICATION ( ,TSONGKAPA1 ! GREAT RE=M] ( ,LAMAISM TO HIM1 EV5 AS TO ! ,DALAI ,LAMA1 DIV9E HONORS >E (F]$1 EXT5D+ EV5 TO HIS MO/ 9TIMATE PHYSICAL PRODUCTS4 ,G5S & CONQUE/S ONCE HELD HALF ! WORLD 9 T]ROR1 QUITE OP5LY US$ RELIGION AS ! *IEF 9/RUM5T ( HIS P[] POLICY2 AL?\< HE HIMSELF APP>5TLY BELONG$ 9 ! CLASS ( 05LID$ HIM AS A DESC5DANT ( ! SUN1 BUT AS 9 HIS 5ORM\S REALM1 :I* EXT5D$ FROM ! BANKS ( ! ,DNIEP] TO ! ,*9ESE ,SEA1 !RE LIV$ M5 ( ! MO/ V>I$ RELIGI\S CONVICTIONS1 HIS CLEV] 9/9CT RECOGNIZ$ ?AT HIS RULE OV] ! SUBJECT$ NATIONS EV5 AS OV] ! CORE PEOPLE ( HIS REALM1 C\LD ONLY BE CONFIRM$ ?R\< PRIE/LY P[]4 ,HIS ,SUNPAPACY NO LONG] SUFFIC$4 ,NE/ORIAN ,*RI/IANS1 ,MOHAMM$ANS1 ,BUDDHI/S1 ,CONFUCIANI/S & ,JEWS 9HABIT$ HIS L&S BY ! MILLION4 ,HE HAD TO BE ! HI< PRIE/ ( EV]Y RELIGI\S CULT4 ,) HIS ,NOR?-,ASIA/IC ,%AMANI/S HE CULTIVAT$ MAGIC & 9QUIR$ ( ! ORACLE :I* MANIFE/$ ITSELF 9 ! CRACKS ( ! %\LD] BLADES ( %EEP :5 ?R[N 9TO FIRE4 ,SUNDAYS HE W5T TO ,MASS1 CELEBRAT$ COMMUNION ) W9E1 HELD DISCUSSIONS ) ,*RI/IAN PRIE/S4 ,ON ! ,SABBA? HE W5T TO ! SYNAGOGUE & %[$ HIMSELFAS ,*AHAN1 AS ,COH54 ,ON ,FRIDAYS HE HELD A SORT ( ,SELAMIK & WAS JU/ AS GOOD A ,CALIPH AS1 LAT] ON1 ! ,TURK 9 ,CON/ANT9OPLE4 ,BUT PREF]ABLY HE WAS A ,BUDDHI/2 HELD RELIGI\S DISC\RSES ) ,LAMAS1 & EV5 SUMMON$ ! ,GR& ,LAMA ( ,SSATYA TO HIM2 = S9CE HE 9T5D$ TO *ANGE ! C5T] ( HIS REALM TO ,BUDDHI/IC T]RITORY 9 ,NOR!RN ,ASIA1 HE CONCEIV$ ! GR&IOSE PLAN ( SETT+ UP ,BUDDHISM AS ! /ATE RELIGION4 .<#a.> ,& DID NOT ,ALEX&] ( ,MAC$ONIA1 :OM HI/ORY CALLS 0,! ,GREAT10 ACT ) ! SAME CALCULATION1 APP>5TLY ANIMAT$ BY ! SAME MOTIVES1 AS1 LONG AFT]1 ,G5MY ?R\< ! BURN+ DES]TS ( ,LIBYA TO CONSULT ! ORACLE ( ,ZEUS,AMMON 9 ! OASIS ( ,SIVA4 ,! COMPLIANT PRIE/S GREET$ HIM AS ! SON ( ! 0,GREAT ,GOD0 & (F]$ HIM DIV9E HONORS4 ,?US ,ALEX&] BECAME A GOD & APPE>$ BE=E ! ,P]SIANS 9 HIS SECOND CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ,D>IUS AS A DESC5DANT ( ! MIY SUCCESSES1 SET ASIDE ALL LIMITS TO HIS SELFE/EEM & BL9D$ HIM TO ALL REALITY4 ,HE 9TRODUC$ AT HIS C\RT ! C]EMONY ( ! ,P]SIAN K+S :I* SYMBOLIZ$ ! COMPLETE SUBJECTION ( ALL MANK9D TO ! POT5T WILL ( ! DESPOT4 ,9DE$1 9 HIM1 ! 0,HELL5E10 ! MEGALOMANIA ( B>B>IC TYRANNY A*IEV$ ITS MO/ G5U9E EXPRESSION4 ,ALEX&] WAS ! FIR/ TO TRANSPLANT ,CAES>ISM & ! IDEA ( ! DIV9ITY ( ! K+ TO ,EUROPE1 = UP TO N[ IT HAD ONLY PROSP]$ ON ,ASIATIC SOIL1 :]E ! /ATE HAD DEVELOP$ ) ! LEA/ H9DRANCE & :]E ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 RELIGION & POLITICS HAD COME TO E>LIE/ MATURITY4 ,WE MU/ NOT CONCLUDE FROM ?IS1 H[EV]1 ?AT WE >E H]E CONC]N$ ) A SPECIAL PROCLIVITY ( A RACE4 ,! PREVAL5CE :I* ,CAES>ISM HAS S9CE ATTA9$ 9 ,EUROPE IS PAT5T PRO( ?AT WE >E H]E DEAL+ ) A SPECIAL TYPE ( ! 9/9CT ( RELIGI\S V5]ATION1 :I*1 UND] SIMIL> CIRCUM/ANCES1 MAY APPE> AMONG M5 ( ALL RACES & NATIONS4 ,IT IS NOT TO BE D5I$1 H[EV]1 ?AT ITS \TW>D =MS >E B\ND UP ) ! CONDITIONS ( ITS SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,IT WAS FROM ! ,ORI5T1 TOO1 ?AT ! ,ROMANS TOOK OV] ,CAES>ISM & DEVELOP$ IT 9 A MANN] ?AT CAN H>DLY BE OBS]V$ E>LI] 9 ANY O!R C\NTRY4 ,:5 ,JULIUS ,CES> RAIS$ HIMSELF TO ! DICTATOR%IP ( ,ROME1 HE TRI$ TO ROOT HIS P[] 9 ! RELIGI\S CONCEPTS ( ! PEOPLE4 ,HE TRAC$ ! ORIG9 ( HIS FAMILY FROM ! GODS & CLAIM$ ,V5US AS AN ANCE/RESS4 ,HIS EV]Y EF=T WAS DIRECT$ T[>D MAK+ HIMSELF ! UNLIMIT$ RUL] ( ! REALM & 9TO AN ACTUAL GOD1 :OM NO 9T]RELATION%IP CONNECT$ ) ORD9>Y MORTALS4 ,HIS /ATUE WAS SET AMONG ?OSE ,( ! SEV5 K+S ( ,ROME1 & HIS ADH]5TS QUICKLY SPREAD ! RUMOR ?AT ! ,ORACLE HAD DESIGNAT$ HIM TO BE ! SOLE RUL] ( ! REALM1 9 ORD] TO CONQU] ! ,P>?IANS :O ?US F> HAD DEFI$ ! ,ROMAN P[]4 ,HIS IMAGE WAS PLAC$ AMONG ?OSE ( ! IMMORTAL GODS ( ! ,POMPA ,CIRC5SIS4 ,A /ATUE ( HIM WAS ]ECT$ 9 ! ,TEMPLE ( ,QUIR9US1 & ON ITS P$E/AL ! 9SCRIPTION READ3 0,TO ! UNCONQU]ABLE GOD40 ,A COLLEGE WAS E/ABLI%$ 9 HIS HONOR AT ,LUP]CI & SPECIAL PRIE/S W]E APPO9T$ TO S]VE HIS DIV9ITY4 ,CES>'S MURD] PUT A SUDD5 5D TO HIS AMBITI\S PLANS1 BUT HIS SUCCESSORS COMPLET$ HIS WORK1 SO ?AT PRES5TLY !RE %ONE AB\T ! EMP]OR ! AURA ( ! GODHEAD4 ,!Y ]ECT$ ALT>S TO HIM & R5D]$ TO HIM RELIGI\S V5]ATION4 ,CALIGULA1 :O HAD ! AMBITION TO RAISE HIMSELF TO ! HIS ) !SE WORDS3 0,JU/ AS M51 :O H]D %EEP & OX51 >E NOT !MSELVES %EEP & OX51 BUT ( A NATURE SUP]IOR TO !SE1 SO >E ?OSE :O HAVE BE5 SET AS RUL]S ABOVE M51 NOT M5 LIKE ! O!RS1 BUT GODS40 ,! ,ROMANS1 :O DID NOT F9D IT OBJECTIONABLE ?AT ! LEAD]S ( !IR >MY HAD DIV9E HONORS (F]$ TO !M 9 ! ,ORI5T & ,GREECE1 AT FIR/ PROTE/$ AGA9/ ! CLAIM ?AT ! SAME %\LD BE DEM&$ ( ,ROMAN CITIZ5S1 BUT !Y GOT US$ TO IT AS QUICKLY AS DID ! ,GREEKS 9 ! TIME ( !IR SOCIAL DECL9E1 & SUBSID$ QUIETLY 9TO C[>DLY SELF-DEBASEM5T4 ,NOT ALONE DID NUMB]S ( POETS & >TI/S S\ND ! PRAISE ( 0! DIV9E ,CES>0 CONT9U\SLY ?R\<\T ! L&2 ! PEOPLE & ! ,S5ATE1 TOO1 \TDID !MSELVES 9 CR++ HUMILITY & DESPICABLE S]VILITY4 ,VIRGIL 9 HIS ,5EID GLORIFI$ ,CES> ,AUGU/US 9 SLAVI% FA%ION1 & LEGIONS ( O!RS FOLL[$ HIS EXAMPLE4 ,! ,ROMAN A/ROLOG]1 ,FIRMICUS ,MAT]NUS1 :O LIV$ 9 ! REIGN ( ,CON/ANT9E1 DECL>$ 9 HIS WORK ,DE ]RORIBUS PR(AN>UM RELIGIOSUM3 0,CES> ALONE IS NOT DEP5D5T ON ! />S4 ,HE IS ! LORD ( ! :OLE WORLD1 :I* HE GUIDES BY ! FIAT ( ! HIRY+ ON & COMPLETION ( ALL ?AT OCCURS40 ,! DIV9E HONORS :I* W]E (F]$ TO ! ,BYZANT9E EMP]ORS >E EV5 TODAY EMBRAC$ 9 ! MEAN+ ( ! WORD 0,BYZANT9E40 ,9 ,BYZANTIUM ! RELIGI\S HONORS PAID TO ! EMP]OR CULM9AT$ 9 ! ,K[,T[1 AN OLD ,ORI5TAL CU/OM :I* REQUIR$ ! ORD9>Y MORTAL TO PRO/RATE HIMSELF & TO T\* ! E>? ) HIS =EHEAD4 ,! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE FELL 9 RU9S4 ,! MEGALOMANIA ( ITS RUL]S1 :I* 9 ! C\RSE ( ! C5TURIES HAD L$ TO ! EXT9CTION ( ALL HUMAN DIGNITY 9 MILLIONS ( !IR SUBJECTS1 ! HORRIBLE EXPLOITATION ( ALL SUBJECT PEOPLES1 & ! 9CREAS+ CORRUPTION 9 ! :OLE EMPIRE1 HAD ROTT$ M5 MORALLY1 KILL$ !IR SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS & ROBB$ !M ( ALL P[] ( RESI/ANCE4 ,?US 9 ! LONG RUN !Y C\LD NOT )/& ! ATTACK ( ! SOCALL$ 0B>B>IANS0 :O ASSAIL$ ! P[]FUL REALM FROM ALL SIDES4 ,BUT ! 0,SPIRIT ( ,ROME10 AS ,S*LEGEL CALL$ IT1 LIV$ ON1 JU/ AS ! SPIRIT ( ,CAES>O,PAPISM LIV$ ON AFT] ! DECL9E ( ! GREAT ,EA/]N ,EMPIRE & GRADUALLY 9FECT$ ! UNTAM$ Y\NG =CES ( ! ,G]MANIC TRIBES :OSE MILIT>Y LEAD]S HAD TAK5 OV] ! FATEFUL LEGACY ( ! ,CAES>S2 & ,ROME LIV$ ON 9 ! ,*UR*1 :I* DEVELOP$ ,CAES>ISM 9 ! %APE ( ,PAPISM TO ! HILES ,V & ,PHILIP ,I,I2 9 ! ,B\RBONS1 ! ,/U>TS1 & ! DYNA/IES ( ! ,CZ>S4 ,:ILE ! P]SON ( ! RUL] IS NO LONG] WOR%IP$ DIRECTLY AS A GOD1 HE IS K+ 0BY ! GRACE ( ,GOD0 & RECEIVES ! SIL5T V5]ATION ( HIS SUBJECTS1 TO :OM HE APPE>S AS A BE+ ( A SUP]IOR ORD]4 ,! GOD CONCEPT *ANGES 9 ! C\RSE ( TIME1 JU/ AS ! /ATE CONCEPT HAS SE5 MANY *ANGES4 ,BUT ! 9N]MO/ *>ACT] ( ALL RELIGION REMA9S EV]MORE UNT\*$1 JU/ AS ! K]NEL ( ALL POLITICS HAS NEV] UND]GONE A *ANGE4 ,IT IS ! PR9CIPLE ( P[] :I* ! POSSESSORS ( E>?LY & CELE/IAL AU?ORITY MADE EFFECTIVE AGA9/ M51 & IT IS ALWAYS ! RELIGI\S FEEL+ ( DEP5D5CE :I* =CES ! MASSES TO OB$I5CE4 ,! HEAD ( ! /ATE IS NO LONG] WOR%IP$ AS A GOD 9 PUBLIC TEMPLES1 BUT HE SAYS ) ,L\IS ,X,I,V1 0,I AM ! /ATE60 ,BUT ! /ATE IS ! E>?LY PROVID5CE :I* WAT*ES OV] MAN & DIRECTS HIS /EPS ?AT HE MAY NOT DEP>T FROM ! WAY ( ! LAW4 ,! WIELD] ( ! =CE ( ! /ATE IS1 !RE=E1 ONLY ! HI< PRIE/ ( A P[] :I* F9DS ITS EXPRESSION 9 POLITICS JU/ AS REV]5CE = ,GOD F9DS IT 9 RELIGION4 ,AL?\< ! PRIE/ IS ! M$IATOR BETWE5 MAN & ?IS HI<] P[] ON :I* ! SUBJECT FEELS HIMSELF DEP5D5T & :I*1 !RE=E1 BECOMES FATE TO HIM1 ,VOLNEY'S CONT5TION ?AT RELIGION IS ! 9V5TION ( ! PRIE/ %OOTS WIDE ( ! M>K2 = !RE W]E RELIGI\S CONCEPTS LONG BE=E !RE WAS A PRIE/LY CA/E4 ,IT CAN ALSO BE SAFELY ASSUM$ ?AT ! PRIE/ HIMSELF WAS ORIG9ALLY CONV9C$ ( ! CORRECTNESS ( HIS UND]/&+4 ,BUT GRADUALLY !RE DAWN$ ON HIM ! IDEA ( :AT UNLIMIT$ P[] ! BL9D BELIEF & GLOOMY FE> ( HIS FELL[M5 HAD PUT 9TO HIS H&S1 & :AT B5EFIT C\LD ACCRUE TO HIM FROM ?IS4 ,?US AWOKE 9 ! PRIE/ ! CONSCI\SNESS ( P[]1 & ) ?IS ! LU/ = P[]1 :I* GREW CON/ANTLY GREAT] AS ! PRIE/HOOD BECAME MORE & MORE DEF9ITELY A SEP>ATE CA/E 9 SOCIETY4 ,\T ( ! LU/ = P[] !RE DEVELOP$ ! 0WILL TO P[]10 & ) ?AT !RE EVOLV$ 9 ! PRIE/HOOD A PECULI> NE$4 ,IMPELL$ BY ?IS1 !Y TRI$ TO DIRECT ! RELIGI\S FEEL+S ( BELIEV]S 9TO DEF9ITE C\RSES & SO TO %APE ! IMPULSES ( !IR FAI? AS TO MAKE !M S]VE ! PRIE/LY QUE/ = P[]4 ,ALL P[] WAS AT ! \TSET PRIE/LY P[] & 9 ITS 9MO/ ESS5CE HAS REMA9$ SO TILL ?IS DAY4 ,ANCI5T HI/ORY KN[S MANY 9/ANCES :]E ! ROLE ( ! PRIE/ FUZ$ ) ?AT ( ! RUL] & LAWGIV] 9 ONE P]SON4 ,EV5 ! D]IVATION ( C\NTLESS LORDLY TITLES FROM NAMES 9 :I* ! PRIE/LY FUNCTION ( !IR =M] BE>]S IS CLE>LY REVEAL$1 PO9TS ) C]TA9TY TO ! COMMON ORIG9 ( RELIGI\S & TEMPORAL P[]4 ,ALEX&] ,UL> HIT ! NAIL ON ! HEAD :5 HE SAID 9 HIS BRILLIANT ESSAY1 0,POLITICS10 ?AT ! ,PAPACY NEV] 5GAG$ 9 TEMPORAL POLITICS1 BUT ?AT EV]Y TEMPORAL RUL] HAS ALWAYS TRI$ TO PLAY PAPAL POLITICS4 ,?IS IS ALSO ! REASON :Y EV]Y SY/EM ( GOV]NM5T1 )\T DI/9CTION ( =M1 HAS A C]TA9 BASIC !OCRATIC *>ACT]4 ,EV]Y *UR* IS CON/ANTLY /RIV+ TO EXT5D ! LIMITS ( ITS P[]1 & TO PLANT ! FEEL+ ( DEP5D5CE DEEP] 9 ! HE>TS ( M54 ,BUT EV]Y TEMPORAL P[] IS ANIMAT$ BY ! SAME DESIRE1 SO 9 BO? CASES ! EF=TS TAKE ! SAME DIRECTION4 ,JU/ AS 9 RELIGION ,GOD IS EV]Y?+ & MAN NO?+1 SO 9 POLITICS ! /ATE IS EV]Y?+1 ! SUBJECT NO?+4 ,! TWO MAXIMS ( CELE/IAL & E>?LY AU?ORITY1 0,I AM ! ,LORD ?Y ,GOD60 & 0,BE YE SUBJECT UNTO AU?ORITY60 SPR+ FROM ! SAME S\RCE & >E UNIT$ AS >E ! ,SIAMESE TW9S4 ,! MORE MAN LE>N$ TO V5]ATE 9 ,GOD ! EPITOME ( ALL P]FECTION1 ! DEEP] HE SANKHE1 ! REAL CREATOR ( ,GOD9TO A MIS]ABLE E>?WORM1 9TO A LIV+ 9C>NATION ( ALL E>?LY NULLITY & WEAKNESS4 ,! !OLOGIAN & SCRIBE NEV] TIR$ ( ASSUR+ HIM ?AT HE WAS 0A S9N] CONCEIV$ 9 S910 :O C\LD ONLY BE SAV$ FROM ET]NAL DAMNATION BY A REVELATION ( ,GOD'S COMM&M5TS & /RICT OB$I5CE TO !M4 ,& :5 ! =M] SUBJECT & PRES5T CITIZ5 5D[$ ! /ATE ) ALL ! QUALITIES ( P]FECTION1 HE DEGRAD$ HIMSELF TO AN IMPOT5T & *ILDI% PUPPET ON :OM ! LEGAL PUNDITS & /ATE!OLOGIANS NEV] CEAS$ TO IMPRESS ! %AMEFUL CONVICTION ?AT 9 ! CORE ( HIS BE+ HE WAS AFFLICT$ ) ! EVIL IMPULSES ( ! BORN TRANSGRESSOR1 :O C\LD ONLY BE GUID$ ON ! PA? ( (FICIALLY DEF9$ VIRTUE BY ! LAW ( ! /ATE4 ,! DOCTR9E ( ORIG9AL S9 IS FUNDAM5TAL NOT ONLY 9 ALL ! GREAT RELIGI\S SY/EMS1 BUT 9 EV]Y !ORY ( ! /ATE4 ,! COMPLETE DEGRADATION ( MAN1 ! FATEFUL BELIEF 9 ! WOR?LESSNESS & S9FULNESS ( HIS [N NATURE1 HAS EV] BE5 ! FIRME/ F\NDATION ( ALL SPIRITUAL & TEMPORAL AU?ORITY4 ,! DIV9E 0,?\ %ALT60 & ! GOV]NM5TAL 0,?\ MU/60 COMPLEM5T EA* O!R P]FECTLY3 COMM&M5T & LAW >E M]ELY DIFF]5T EXPRESSIONS ( ! SAME IDEA4 ,?IS IS ! REASON :Y NO TEMPORAL P[] UP TO N[ HAS BE5 ABLE TO DISP5SE ) RELIGION1 :I* IS 9 ITSELF ! FUNDAM5TAL ASSUMPTION ( P[]4 ,:]E ! RUL]S ( ! /ATE OPPOS$ = POLITICAL REASONS A C]TA9 =M ( RELIGI\S SY/EM1 IT WAS ALWAYS EASY TO 9TRODUCE SOME O!R SY/EMS ( BELIEF MORE FAVORABLE TO !IR PURPOSES4 ,EV5 ! SO-CALL$ 05LI$ ?AT 9 HIS K+DOM 0EV]YONE C\LD BE SAV$ ACCORD+ TO HIS [N FA%ION10 HE ASSUM$1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT SU* SALVATION W\LD 9 NO WISE CONFLICT ) HIS [N P[]S4 ,! MU* LAUD$ TOL]ATION ( ! GREAT ,FR$]ICK W\LD HAVE LOOK$ QUITE DIFF]5T IF HIS SUBJECTS1 OR EV5 A P>T ( !M1 HAD CONCEIV$ ! IDEA ?AT !IR SALVATION MID+ HIS LAWS1 AS ! ,DUKHOBORS TRI$ TO DO 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,NAPOLEON ,I1 :O AS A Y\NG >TILL]Y (FIC] HAD CALL$ !OLOGY A 0CESSPOOL ( EV]Y SUP]/ITION & CONFUSION0 & HAD MA9TA9$ ?AT 0! PEOPLE %\LD BE GIV5 A H&BOOK ( GEOMETRY 9/EAD ( A CATE*ISM0 RADICALLY *ANG$ HIS PO9T ( VIEW AFT] HE HAD MADE HIMSELF ,EMP]OR ( ! ,FR5*4 ,NOT ONLY ?AT2 ACCORD+ TO HIS [N CONFESSION1 HE = A LONG TIME FLIRT$ ) ! IDEA ( A*IEV+ WORLD RUL]%IP ) ! AID ( ! POPE2 HE EV5 RAIS$ ! QUE/ION :E!R A /ATE C\LD MA9TA9 ITSELF )\T RELIGION4 ,& HE HIMSELF GAVE ! ANSW]3 0,SOCIETY CANNOT EXI/ )\T 9EQUALITY ( PROP]TY & ! 9EQUALITY NOT )\T RELIGION4 ,A MAN :O IS DY+ ( HUNG]1 NEXT TO ONE :O HAS TOO MU*1 C\LD NOT POSSIBLY RECONCILE HIMSELF TO IT IF IT W]E NOT = A P[] :I* SAYS TO HIM3 ',IT IS ! WILL ( ,GOD ?AT H]E ON ,E>? !RE MU/ BE RI* & POOR1 BUT YOND]1 9 ET]NITY1 IT WILL BE DIFF]5T4' ,! %AMELESS FRANKNESS ( ?IS UTT]ANCE COMES ALL ! MORE CONV9C+LY FROM A MAN :O HIMSELF BELIEV$ 9 NO?+1 BUT :O WAS CLEV] 5\< TO RECOGNIZE ?AT NO P[] CAN 9 ! LONG RUN MA9TA9 ITSELF IF IT IS NOT CAPABLE ( TAK+ ROOT 9 ! RELIGI\S CONSCI\SNESS ( MANK9D4 ,! CLOSE CONNECTION BETWE5 RELIGION & POLITICS IS1 H[EV]1 NOT CONF9$ TO ! FETI%I/ P]IOD ( ! /ATE1 :5 PUBLIC P[] /ILL F\ND ITS HI*4 ,IT W\LD BE A BITT] ILLUSION TO ASSUME ?AT 9 ! MOD]N LAW ( ! CON/ITUTIONAL /ATE ?IS RELATION%IP HAD BE5 FUNDAM5TALLY ALT]$4 ,JU/ AS 9 LAT] RELIGI\S SY/EMS ! GOD IDEA BECAME MORE AB/RACT & IMP]SONAL1 SO HAS ! CONCEPT ( ! /ATE LO/ MO/ ( ITS CONCRETE *>ACT] AS P]SONIFI$ 9 ! S+LE RUL]4 ,BUT EV5 9 ?OSE C\NTRIES :]E ! SEP>ATION ( *UR* & /ATE HAD BE5 PUBLICLY ACCOMPLI%$1 ! 9T]RELATION BETWE5 ! TEMPORAL P[] & RELIGION AS SU* HAS 9 NO WAY BE5 *ANG$4 ,H[EV]1 ! PRES5T POSSESSORS ( P[] HAVE FREQU5TLY TRI$ TO CONC5TRATE ! RELIGI\S IMPULSES ( !IR CITIZ5S EXCLUSIVELY ON ! /ATE1 9 ORD] ?AT !Y MIE !IR P[] ) ! *UR*4 ,IT IS A FACT ?AT ! GREAT PIONE]S ( ! MOD]N CON/ITUTIONAL /ATE HAVE EMPHASIZ$ ! NECESSITY ( RELIGION = ! PROSP]ITY ( ! GOV]NM5TAL P[] JU/ AS 5]GETICALLY AS DID =M]LY ! ADVOCATES ( PR9CELY ABSOLUTISM4 ,?US1 ,R\SSEAU1 :O 9 HIS WORK1 ,! ,SOCIAL ,CONTRACT1 9FLICT$ SU* 9CURABLE W\NDS ON ABSOLUTE MON>*Y1 DECL>$ QUITE FRANKLY3 ,9 ORD] ?AT AN EVOLV+ PEOPLE %\LD LE>N TO VALUE ! SACR$ FUNDAM5TALS ( /ATECRAFT1 & OBEY ! ELEM5T>Y PR9CIPLES ( /ATE LAW1 IT IS NECESS>Y ?AT ! EFFECT %\LD BECOME CAUSE4 ,! SOCIAL SPIRIT :I* W\LD BE ! RESULT ( ! CON/ITUTION W\LD HAVE TO PLAY ! LEAD+ P>T 9 ! CREATION ( ! CON/ITUTION1 & M51 EV5 BE=E ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! LAWS1 W\LD HAVE TO BE ?AT :I* !Y W\LD BECOME ?R\< !SE LAWS4 ,BUT S9CE ! LAWGIV] CAN NEI!R COMPEL NOR CONV9CE1 HE MU/ NE$S TAKE REFUGE 9 A HI<] AU?ORITY :I*1 )\T EXT]NAL PRESSURE1 IS ABLE TO P]SUADE M5 & 5?USE !M )\T HAV+ TO CONV9CE !M4 ,?IS IS ! REASON :Y ! F\ND+ FA!RS ( ! NATION HAVE AT ALL TIMES FELT COMPELL$ TO TAKE REFUGE 9 HEAV5 & TO HONOR ! GODS = REASONS ( POLITICS4 ,?US W\LD M51 :O >E SUBJECT TO BO? ! LAWS ( ! /ATE & ?OSE ( NATURE1 VOLUNT>ILY BE OB$I5T TO ! P[] :I* HAS =M$ BO? MAN & ! /ATE1 & UND]/&+LY C>RY ! BURD5 :I* ! =TUNE ( ! /ATE IMPOSES ON !M4 ,IT IS ?IS HI<] UND]/&+1 TRANSC5D+ ! M5TAL VISION ( ORD9>Y M51 :OSE DICTUM ! LEGISLATOR PUTS 9TO ! M\? ( ! GODHEAD1 ?US C>RY+ ALONG BY RESPECT = A HI<] P[] ?OSE :O >E NOT SUBMISSIVE TO HUMAN WISDOM4 .<#b.> ,ROBESPI]RE FOLL[$ ! ADVICE ( ! MA/] TO ! LETT] & S5T ! ,HEB]TI/S & ! SOCALL$ 0,5RAGES0 TO ! SCAFFOLD BECAUSE !IR ANTIRELIGI\S PROPAG&A1 :I* WAS REALLY ANTI*UR*1 L[]$ ! REG>D = ! /ATE & UND]M9$ ITS MORAL F\NDATION4 ,! POOR ,HEB]TI/S6 ,!Y W]E JU/ AS FIRM BELIEV]S AS ! 0,9CORRUPTIBLE0 & HIS ,JACOB9 *UR* CONGREGATION1 BUT !IR V5]ATIONURGE MOV$ ALONG DIFF]5T L9ES1 & !Y W\LD ACKN[L$GE NO HI<] P[] ?AN ! /ATE1 :I* TO !M WAS ! HOLIE/ ( HOLIES4 ,!Y W]E GOOD PATRIOTS1 & :5 !Y SPOKE ( ! 0,NATION10 !Y W]E 5FLAM$ BY ! SAME RELIGI\S >DOR AS ! PI\S ,CA?OLIC :5 HE SPEAKS ( HIS ,GOD4 ,BUT !Y W]E NOT ! LEGISLATORS ( ! C\NTRY1 & CONSEQU5TLY !Y LACK$ ?AT FAM\S 0HI<] UND]/&+0 :I*1 ACCORD+ TO ,R\SSEAU1 TRANSC5DS ! M5TAL GRASP ( ORD9>Y M5 & :OSE DECISION ! LEGISLATOR IS C>EFUL TO HAVE CONFIRM$ FROM ! M\? ( ! GODHEAD4 ,ROBESPI]RE1 ( C\RSE1 POSSESS$ ?IS 0HI<] UND]/&+40 ,HE FELT HIMSELF TO BE ! LAWGIV] ( 0! ,REPUBLIC1 ONE & 9DIVISIBLE02 CONSEQU5TLY HE CALL$ A!ISM 0AN >I/OCRATIC AFFAIR10 & ITS ADH]5TS1 HIREL+S ( ,WILLIAM ,PITT4 ,JU/ SO TODAY1 9 ORD] TO EXCITE ! HORROR ( ! FAI?FUL1 DO ! P>TISANS ( ,BOL%EVISM D5\NCE AS 0C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y0 EV]Y IDEA :I* DOES NOT SUIT !M4 ,9 TIMES ( EXCITEM5T SU* A DESIGNATION IS DEADLY DANG]\S & TANTAM\NT TO 0,/RIKE HIM DEAD2 HE HAS BLASPHEM$ AGA9/ ,GOD60 ,?IS ! ,HEB]TI/S1 TOO1 HAD TO LE>N1 AS SO MANY BE=E & AFT] !M4 ,!Y W]E BELIEV]S1 BUT NOT OR?ODOX BELIEV]S2 CONSEQU5TLY ! GUILLOT9E HAD TO CONV9CE !M AS =M]LY ! /AKE DID ! H]ETICS4 ,9 HIS GREAT SPEE* BE=E ! CONV5TION 9 DEF5SE ( ! BELIEF 9 A HI<] BE+ ,ROBESPI]RE H>DLY DEVELOP$ AN ORIG9AL ?\IS MADE HA/E TO ANN\NCE ITS V5]ATION ( ! ,SUPREME ,BE+ 9 A SPECIAL MEMORIAL DECL>ATION4 ,ITS CONT5T1 LIKE ?AT ( ,ROBESPI]RE'S SPEE*1 WAS ROOT$ COMPLETELY 9 ,R\SSEAU'S IDEAS4 ,IT REF]R$ ) SPECIAL GU/O TO A PASSAGE 9 ! ,F\R? ,BOOK ( ! ,SOCIAL ,CONTRACT :I* SAID3 ,!RE EXI/S CONSEQU5TLY A PURELY CIVIC CONFESSION ( FAI? & ! SETTL+ ( ITS ,>TICLES IS EXCLUSIVELY A MATT] = ! HEAD ( ! /ATE4 ,IT IS H]E A QUE/ION NOT SO MU* ( RELIGI\S DOCTR9E AS ( UNIV]SAL VIEWS )\T :OSE GUIDANCE ONE CAN BE NEI!R A GOOD CITIZ5 NOR A FAI?FUL SUBJECT4 ,)\T BE+ ABLE TO COMPEL ANYONE TO BELIEVE 9 !M1 ! /ATE CAN BANI% ANYONE :O DOES NOT BELIEVE1 NOT AS A GODLESS ONE1 BUT AS ONE :O HAS VIOLAT$ ! ,SOCIAL ,CONTRACT & IS 9CAPABLE ( LOV+ ! LAW & JU/ICE ) HIS :OLE HE>T1 9CAPABLE 9 CASE ( NECESSITY ( SACRIFIC+ HIS LIFE TO HIS DUTY4 ,IF ANYONE1 AFT] ! PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE ( !SE CIVIC >TICLES ( FAI?1 ANN\NCES HIMSELF AS AN 9FIDEL1 HE DES]VES ! DEA? P5ALTY1 = HE HAS COMMITT$ ! GREATE/ ( ALL CRIMES4 ,HE HAS KN[+LY P]JUR$ HIMSELF 9 ! FACE ( ! LAW4 ,! Y\NG ,FR5* ,REPUBLIC WAS A H>DLY E/ABLI%$ P[]1 /ILL )\T TRADITION1 :I* HAD1 BESIDES1 >IS5 FROM ! OV]?R[ ( AN OLD SY/EM ( RUL]%IP :OSE DEEPLY ROOT$ 9/ITUTIONS W]E /ILL ALIVE 9 L>GE SECTIONS ( ! PEOPLE4 ,IT WAS1 !RE=E1 9CUMB5T ON H] MORE ?AN ON ANY O!R /ATE TO E/ABLI% H] Y\NG P[] 9 ! RELIGI\S CONSCI\SNESS ( ! PEOPLE4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! WIELD]S ( ! Y\NG P[] HAD 5D[$ ! /ATE ) DIV9E QUALITIES & HAD RAIS$ ! CULT ( ! 0,NATION0 TO A NEW RELIGION :I* HAD FILL$ ,FRANCE ) WILD 5?USIASM4 ,BUT ?AT HAD HAPP5$ 9 ! 9TOXICATION ( ! GREAT ,REVOLUTION1 :OSE FI]CE TEMPE/S W]E TO HAVE %ATT]$ ! OLD WORLD4 ,?IS EC/ASY C\LD NOT LA/ =EV]1 & ! TIME WAS TO BE ANTICIPAT$ :5 9CREAS+ SOBRIETY W\LD MAKE A PLACE = CRITICAL CONSID]ATION4 ,= ?IS NEW RELIGION LACK$ SOME?+TRADITION1 ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT ELEM5TS 9 ! /RUCTURE ( RELIGI\S CONSCI\SNESS4 ,IT WAS1 !RE=E1 ONLY AN ACT = REASONS ( /ATE1 :5 ,ROBESPI]RE DROVE ! 0,GODDESS ( ,REASON0 FROM ! TEMPLE & REPLAC$ H] BY ! CULT ( ! 0,SUPREME ,BE+10 ?US PROCUR+ = 0! ,REPUBLIC1 ONE & 9DIVISIBLE10 ! NECESS>Y SA9TLY HALO4 ,REC5T HI/ORY1 TOO1 %[S TYPICAL EXAMPLES ( ?IS SORT4 ,WE NE$ ONLY ?9K ( ,MUSSOL9I'S COMPACT ) ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*4 ,ROBESPI]RE HAD NEV] D5I$ ! EXI/5CE ( ,GOD1 NEI!R HAD ,R\SSEAU4 ,MUSSOL9I1 H[EV]1 WAS A PRON\NC$ A!I/ & A GRIM OPPON5T ( ALL RELIGI\S BELIEF2 & FASCISM1 TRUE TO ! ANTICL]ICAL TRADITIONS ( ! ,ITALIAN B\RGEOISIE1 APPE>$ AT FIR/ AS A DECID$ OPPON5T ( ! *UR*4 ,BUT AS A CLEV] /ATE!OLOGIAN1 ,MUSSOL9I SOON RECOGNIZ$ ?AT HIS P[] C\LD ONLY HAVE P]MAN5CE IF HE SUCCE$$ 9 ROOT+ IT 9 ! FEEL+ ( DEP5D5CE ( HIS SUBJECTS1 & 9 GIV+ IT AN \TW>D RELIGI\S *>ACT]4 ,) ?IS MOTIVE HE %AP$ ! EXTREME NATIONALISM 9TO A NEW RELIGION1 :I* 9 ITS EGOTI/ICAL EXCLUSIV5ESS1 & 9 ITS VIOL5T SEP>ATION FROM ALL O!R HUMAN GR\PS1 RECOGNIZ$ NO HI<] IDEAL ?AN ! FASCI/ /ATE & ITS PROPHET1 ,I,I ,DUCE4 ,LIKE ,ROBESPI]RE1 ,MUSSOL9I FELT ?AT HIS DOCTR9E LACK$ TRADITION1 & ?AT HIS Y\NG P[] WAS NOT IMPRESSIVE4 ,?IS MADE HIM CAUTI\S4 ,! NATIONAL TRADITION 9 ,ITALY WAS NOT FAVORABLE TO ! *UR*4 ,IT HAD NOT YET BE5 =GOTT5 ?AT ! ,PAPACY HAD ONCE BE5 ONE ( ! MO/ DANG]\S OPPON5TS ( NATIONAL UNIFICATION1 :I* HAD ONLY BE5 SUCCESSFUL AFT] AN OP5 CONFLICT ) ! ,VATICAN4 ,BUT ! M5 ( ! ,RISORGIM5TO1 ! CREATORS ( ,ITALY'S NATIONAL UNITY1 W]E NO ANTIRELIGI\S ZEALOTS4 ,!IR POLITICS W]E ANTICL]ICAL BECAUSE ! ATTITUDE ( ! ,VATICAN HAD =C$ !M TO IT4 ,!Y W]E NO A!I/S4 ,EV5 ?AT GRIM HAT] ( ! CL]GY1 ,G>IBALDI1 :O 9 ! 9TRODUCTION TO HIS MEMOIRS HAS WRITT5 ! WORDS3 0,! PRIE/ IS ! P]SONIFICATION ( ! LIE2 BUT ! LI> IS A ROBB]1 & ! ROBB] A MURD]]1 & ,I C\LD PROVE O!R DAMNABLE ATTRIBUTES ( ! PRIE/HOOD0EV5 ,G>IBALDI WAS NOT ONLY1 AS %[N BY HIS NATIONALI/ 5DEAVORS1 A DEEPLY RELIGI\S MAN1 BUT HIS :OLE CONCEPT ( LIFE WAS ROOT$ 9 A BELIEF 9 ,GOD4 ,& SO ! SEV5? ( HIS ,TWELVE ,>TICLES :I* 9 #ahfg W]E SUBMITT$ TO ! ,CONGRESS ( ! 0,LEAGUE = ,PEACE & ,FRE$OM0 9 ,G5EVA1 RUNS AS FOLL[S3 0,! ,CONGRESS ADOPTS ! RELIGION ( ,GOD1 & EA* ( ITS MEMB]S OBLIGATES ITSELF TO AID 9 SPREAD+ IT OV] ALL ! E>?40 ,& ,MAZZ9I1 ! LEAD] ( ,Y\NG ,ITALY1 & NEXT TO ,G>IBALDI ! =EMO/ FIGURE 9 ! /RUGGLE = NATIONAL UNITY1 WAS 9 ! DEP?S ( HIS S\L P]MEAT$ ) ! DEEPE/ RELIGI\S BELIEF4 ,HIS :OLE PHILOSOPHY WAS A CURI\S MIXTURE ( RELIGI\S E?ICS & NATIONAL-POLITICAL ASPIRATIONS :I*1 9 SPITE ( !IR DEMOCRATIC EXT]IOR1 W]E ( A ?OR\ACT]I/IC ( HIS AIM1 = ! NATION WAS TO HIM A RELIGI\S CONCEPT :I* HE /ROVE TO CONF9E )9 ! FRAME ( A POLITICAL *UR*4 ,MUSSOL9I1 H[EV]1 & ) HIM ! NUM]\S LEAD]S ( ,ITALIAN FASCISM1 DID NOT F9D !MSELVES 9 ?IS 5VIABLE POSITION4 ,!Y HAD BE5 GRIM ANTAGONI/S1 NOT ONLY ( ! *UR*1 BUT ( RELIGION AS SU*4 ,SU* A RECORD CON/ITUTES A HEAVY LOADESPECIALLY 9 A C\NTRY :OSE CAPITAL HAS BE5 = HUNDR$S ( YE>S ! C5T] ( A MI*$ 9TO ,ROME & PUT AN 5D TO ! TEMPORAL P[] ( ! ,PAPAL ,/ATES4 ,BUT ,MUSSOL9I WAS READY = ANY SACRIFICE4 ,TO PUR*ASE PEACE ) ! ,VATICAN1 HE RECREAT$1 ?\< 9 DIM9UTIVE =M1 ! ,PAPAL ,/ATES4 ,HE RECOMP5S$ ! ,POPE F9ANCIALLY = ! 9JU/ICE :I* HAD ONCE BE5 DONE TO ONE ( HIS PR$ECESSORS1 HE RECOGNIZ$ ,CA?OLICISM AS ! /ATE RELIGION1 & DELIV]$ TO ! PRIE/HOOD A CONSID]ABLE P>T ( ! PUBLIC $UCATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,IT WAS SURELY NO RELIGI\S OR MORAL REASON :I* MOV$ ,MUSSOL9I TO ?IS /EP1 BUT SOB] CONSID]ATIONS ( POLITICAL P[]4 ,HE NE$$ MORAL SUPPORT = HIS IMP]IALI/IC PLANS & C\LD BUT BE ESPECIALLY CONC]N$ TO REMOVE ! SUSPICION ) :I* ! O!R C\NTRIES REG>D$ HIM4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 HE S\GA9 IS A QUE/ION :I* DOES NOT CONC]N US H]E4 ,BUT ! FACT ?AT IT HAD TO BE EXACTLY ! 0ALMIY SU* ?+S MAY SEEM = ! FASCI/ /ATE 9 ITS 9N] POLITICSNO P]MAN5T P[] CAN BE F\ND$4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ,MUSSOL9I =GOT = ! TIME BE+ ! 0FASCI/ MIRACLE10 FROM :I* ! ,ITALIAN PEOPLE WAS SAID TO HAVE BE5 REBORN1 9 ORD] ?AT 0,ROME MIT ( ! WORLD40 ,HE S\D TO UND]M9E4 ,9 ,G]MANY1 :]E ! LEAD]S ( VICTORI\S FASCISM HAD NEI!R ! ADAPTABILITY NOR ! CLEV] 9SILY = !IR MI/AKE4 ,H[EV]1 ,HITL] & HIS 9TELLECTUAL ADVIS]S DID RECOGNIZE ?AT ! SOCALL$ 0TOTALIT>IAN /ATE0 MU/ HAVE ROOT 9 ! TRADITIONS ( ! MASSES 9 ORD] TO ATTA9 P]MAN5CE2 BUT :AT !Y CALL$ TRADITION WAS P>TLY ! PRODUCT ( !IR SICKLY IMAG9ATION1 & P>TLY CONCEPTS :I* HAD BE5 DEAD 9 ! M9DS ( ! PEOPLE = MANY C5TURIES4 ,EV5 GODS GR[ OLD & MU/ DIE & BE REPLAC$ BY O!RS MORE SUITABLE TO ! RELIGI\S NE$S ( ! TIMES4 ,! ONEEY$ ,WOTAN & ! LOVELY ,FREIA ) ! GOLD5 APPLES ( LIFE >E BUT %AD[ PATT]NS ( LONGPA/ AGES :I* NO 0MY? ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY0 CAN AWAK5 TO NEW LIFE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! ILLUSION ( A NEW 0,G]MAN ,*RI/IANITY ON A ,G]MANIC BASIS0 WAS 9F9ITELY ABSURD & %AMEFULLY /UPID4 ,IT WAS BY NO MEANS ! VIOL5T & REACTION>Y *>ACT] ( ,HITL]'S POLICY ?AT CAUS$ HUNDR$S ( ,CA?OLIC & ,PROTE/ANT CL]GY TO OPPOSE ! ,GLEI*S*ALTUNG ( ! *UR*4 ,IT WAS ! C]TA9 RECOGNITION ?AT ?IS BRA9LESS 5T]PRISE WAS IRREVOCABLY DOOM$ TO SUFF] A SETBACK1 & !Y W]E CLEV] 5\< NOT TO ASSUME RESPONSIBILITY = AN ADJU/M5T :I* MU/ PROVE DISA/R\S TO ! *UR*4 ,IT DID NOT PR(IT ! RUL]S ( ! ,?IRD ,REI* TO DRAG ! OB/REP]\S PRIE/S 9TO CONC5TRATION CAMPS & 9 ! BLOODY ,JUNE DAYS %OOT D[N 9 GANG/] FA%ION SOME ( ! MO/ PROM95T REPRES5TATIVES ( ,G]MAN ,CA?OLICISM4 ,!Y C\LD NOT ALLAY ! /ORM & F9ALLY HAD TO YIELD4 ,HITL]1 :O HAD BE5 ABLE TO BEAT D[N ! :OLE ,G]MAN LABOR MOVEM5T1 NUMB]+ MILLIONS1 )\T ANY OPPOSITION WOR? M5TION+1 HAD H]E BITT5 UPON A NUT HE C\LD NOT CRACK4 ,IT WAS ! FIR/ DEFEAT :I* HIS 9T]NAL POLICY SUFF]$1 & ITS CONSEQU5CES CANNOT YET BE E/IMAT$1 = DICTATOR%IPS >E H>D] HIT BY SU* SETBACKS ?AN ANY O!R =M ( GOV]NM5T4 ,! LEAD]S ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION F\ND !MSELVES CONFRONT$ ) A *UR* SO COMPLETELY ID5TIFI$1 9 FACT UNIFI$1 ) CZ>ISM ?AT COMPROMISE ) IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE2 !Y W]E COMPELL$ TO REPLACE IT ) SOME?+ ELSE4 ,?IS !Y DID BY MAK+ ! COLLECTIVI/ /ATE ! ONE OMNISCI5T & OMNIPOT5T GOD& ,L59 HIS PROPHET4 ,HE DI$ AT A QUITE CONV5I5T TIME & WAS PROMPTLY CANONIZ$4 ,HIS PICTURE IS REPLAC+ ! ICON1 & MILLIONS MAKE PILGRIMAGES TO HIS MAUSOLEUM 9/EAD ( TO ! %R9E ( SOME SA9T4 ,AL?\< PURELY ICONOCLA/IC1 SU* WORK IS VALUABLE1 = IT CLE>S ! GR\ND ( SUP]/ITI\S RUBBI%1 MAK+ IT READY = ! F9E /RUCTURE :I* WILL BE DEM&$ :5 ! LAT5T SPIRITUALITY ( MAN :O1 AS HAS BE5 TRULY SAID1 IS 9 HIS 9MO/ NATURE 9CURABLY RELIGI\S1 ASS]TS ITSELF4 ,! 5TIRE RELIGI\S POLICY ( ! PRES5T ,SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T IS 9 FACT ONLY A REPETITION ( ! GREAT ,HEB]TI/ MOVEM5T ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 ,! ACTIVITIES ( ! ,LEAGUE ( ,RUSSIAN ,A!I/S1 FAVOR$ BY ! GOV]NM5T1 >E DIRECT$ SOLELY AGA9/ ! OLD =MS ( ! *UR* FAI? BUT BY NO MEANS AGA9/ FAI? ITSELF4 ,9 REALITY ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5TAL A!ISM IS A RELIGI\S MOVEM5T1 ) ?IS DIFF]5CE ?AT ! AU?ORIT>IAN & RELIGI\S PR9CIPLES ( REVEAL$ RELIGION HAVE BE5 TRANSF]R$ TO ! POLITICAL FIELD4 ,! FAM\S ANTIRELIGI\S $UCATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN Y\?1 :I* HAS >\S$ ! UNIT$ PROTE/ ( ALL *UR* ORGANIZATIONS1 IS 9 REALITY A /RICTLY RELIGI\S $UCATION :I* MAKES ! /ATE ! C5T] ( ALL RELIGI\S ACTIVITIES4 ,IT SACRIFICES ! NATURAL RELIGION ( M5 TO ! AB/RACT DOGMA ( DEF9ITE POLITICAL FUNDAM5TALS E/ABLI%$ BY ! /ATE4 ,TO DI/URB !SE FUNDAM5TALS IS AS MU* TABOO 9 MOD]N ,RUSSIA AS W]E ! EF=TS ( H]ESY AGA9/ ! AU?ORITY ( ! OLD *UR*4 ,POLITICAL H]ESY F9DS NO W>M] WELCOME FROM ! REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,/ATE DICTATOR%IP ?AN DID RELIGI\S H]ESY FROM ! PAPAL *UR*4 ,LIKE EV]Y O!R RELIGION1 ! POLITICAL RELIGION ( ! ,BOL%EVI/ /ATE HAS ! EFFECT ( CONFIRM+ MAN'S DEP5D5CE ON A HI<] P[]1 & P]PETUAT+ HIS M5TAL SLAV]Y4 .<#a.> ,ALEX&] ,UL>1 ,DIE ,POLITIK4 ,FRANKFURT A_/,M4 #a#i#f1 ,S4 #d#d4 .<#b.> ,JEAN ,JACQUES ,R\SSEAU1 ,LE CONTRAT SOCIAL4 ,BOOK #a#a1 *4 #g4 ,FROM 3 ,FLAG4,BLACK5$4NET4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,NOVEMB] #c1 #aicf 3 ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #b -- ,PUBLICATION4 ,FEBRU>Y #i1 #bag 3 ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #b -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/