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,! ,9SUFFICI5CY ( ,ECONOMIC ,MAT]IALISM 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,RUDOLPH ,ROCK] 

,TEXT 3 

#a4 ,! ,9SUFFICI5CY ( ,ECONOMIC ,MAT]IALISM 

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,! ,D,E,E,P,] WE TRACE ! POLITICAL 9FLU5CES 9 HI/ORY1 ! MORE >E WE CONV9C$ ?AT ! 0WILL TO P[]0 HAS UP TO N[ BE5 ONE ( ! /RONGE/ MOTIVES 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( HUMAN SOCIAL =MS4 ,! IDEA ?AT ALL POLITICAL & SOCIAL EV5TS >E BUT ! RESULT ( GIV5 ECONOMIC CONDITIONS & CAN BE EXPLA9$ BY !M CANNOT 5DURE C>EFUL CONSID]ATION4 ,?AT ECONOMIC CONDITIONS & ! SPECIAL =MS ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION HAVE PLAY$ A P>T 9 ! EVOLUTION ( HUMANITY EV]YONE KN[S :O HAS BE5 S]I\SLY TRY+ TO REA* ! F\NDATIONS ( SOCIAL PH5OM5A4 ,?IS FACT WAS WELL KN[N BE=E ,M>X SET \T TO EXPLA9 IT 9 HIS MANN]4 ,A :OLE L9E ( EM95T ,FR5* SOCIALI/S LIKE ,SA9T,SIMON1 ,CONSID]ANT1 ,L\IS ,BLANC1 ,PR\DHON & MANY O!RS HAD PO9T$ TO IT 9 !IR WRIT+S1 & IT IS KN[N ?AT ,M>X REA*$ SOCIALISM BY ! /UDY ( !SE V]Y WRIT+S4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! RECOGNITION ( ! 9FLU5CE & SIGNIFICANCE ( ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ON ! /RUCTURE ( SOCIAL LIFE LIES 9 ! V]Y NATURE ( SOCIALISM4 

,IT IS NOT ! CONFIRMATION ( ?IS HI/ORICAL & PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPT :I* IS MO/ /RIK+ 9 ! ,M>XI/ =MULA1 BUT ! POSITIVE =M 9 :I* ! CONCEPT IS EXPRESS$ & ! K9D ( ?9K+ ON :I* ,M>X BAS$ IT4 ,ONE SEES DI/9CTLY ! 9FLU5CE ( ,HEGEL1 :OSE DISCIPLE ,M>X HAD BE54 ,NONE BUT ! 0PHILOSOPH] ( ! ,ABSOLUTE10 ! 9V5TOR ( 0HI/ORICAL NECESSITIES0 & 0HI/ORIC MISSIONS0 C\LD HAVE IMP>T$ TO HIM SU* SELFASSURANCE ( JUDGM5T4 ,ONLY ,HEGEL C\LD HAVE 9SPIR$ 9 HIM ! BELIEF ?AT HE HAD REA*$ ! F\NDATION ( ! 0LAWS ( SOCIAL PHYSICS01 ACCORD+ TO :I* EV]Y SOCIAL PH5OM5ON MU/ BE REG>D$ AS A DET]M9I/IC MANIFE/ATION ( ! NATURALLY NECESS>Y C\RSE ( EV5TS4 ,9 FACT1 ,M>X'S SUCCESSORS HAVE COMP>$ 0ECONOMIC MAT]IALISM0 ) ! DISCOV]IES ( ,COP]NICUS & ,KEPL]1 & NO LESS A P]SON ?AN ,5GELS HIMSELF MADE ! ASS]TION ?AT1 ) ?IS 9T]PRETATION ( HI/ORY1 SOCIALISM HAD BECOME A SCI5CE4 

,IT IS ! FUNDAM5TAL ]ROR ( ?IS !ORY ?AT IT PUTS ! CAUSES ( SOCIAL PH5OM5A ON A P> ) ! CAUSES ( ME*ANI/IC EV5TS 9 NATURE4 ,SCI5CE CONC]NS ITSELF EXCLUSIVELY ) ! PH5OM5A :I* >E DISPLAY$ 9 ! GREAT FRAME :I* WE CALL ,NATURE1 :I* >E CONSEQU5TLY LIMIT$ BY SPACE & TIME & AM5ABLE TO ! CALCULATIONS ( HUMAN ?\<T4 ,= ! REALM ( NATURE IS A WORLD ( 9N] CONNECTIONS & ME*ANICAL NECESSITIES :]E EV]Y EV5T OCCURS ACCORD+ TO ! LAWS ( CAUSE & EFFECT4 ,9 ?IS WORLD !RE IS NO ACCID5T4 ,ANY >BITR>Y ACT IS UN?9KABLE4 ,= ?IS REASON SCI5CE DEALS ONLY ) /RICT FACTS2 ANY S+LE FACT :I* RUNS CONTR>Y TO PREVI\S EXP]IM5TS & DOES NOT H>MONIZE ) ! !ORY CAN OV]?R[ ! MO/ KE5LY REASON$ DOCTR9E4 

,9 ! WORLD ( METAPHYSICAL ?\<T ! PRACTICAL /ATEM5T ?AT ! EXCEPTION PROVES ! RULE MAY HAVE VALIDITY1 BUT 9 SCI5CE NEV]4 ,AL?\< ! =MS NATURE PRODUCES >E ( 9F9ITE V>IETY1 EV]Y ONE ( !M IS SUBJECT TO ! SAME UNALT]ABLE LAWS4 ,EV]Y MOVEM5T 9 ! COSMOS OCCURS ACCORD+ TO /RICT1 9EXORABLE RULES1 JU/ AS DOES ! PHYSICAL EXI/5CE ( EV]Y CREATURE ON E>?4 ,! LAWS ( \R PHYSICAL EXI/5CE >E NOT SUBJECT TO ! :IMS ( HUMAN WILL4 ,!Y >E AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( \R BE+ & \R EXI/5CE W\LD BE UN?9KABLE )\T !M4 ,WE >E BORN1 ABSORB N\RI%M5T1 DISC>D ! WA/E MAT]IAL1 MOVE1 PROCREATE & APPROA* DISSOLUTION )\T BE+ ABLE TO *ANGE ANY P>T ( ! PROCESS4 ,NECESSITIES EV5TUATE H]E :I* TRANSC5D \R WILL4 ,MAN CAN MAKE ! =CES ( NATURE SUBS]VI5T TO HIS 5DS1 TO A C]TA9 EXT5T HE CAN GUIDE !IR OP]ATION 9TO DEF9ITE C\RSES1 BUT HE CANNOT /OP !M4 ,IT IS JU/ AS IMPOSSIBLE TO SIDETRACK ! SEP>ATE EV5TS :I* CONDITION \R PHYSICAL EXI/5CE4 ,WE CAN REF9E ! EXT]NAL ACCOMPANY+ PH5OM5A & FREQU5TLY ADJU/ !M TO \R WILL1 BUT ! EV5TS !MSELVES WE CANNOT EXCLUDE FROM \R LIVES4 ,WE >E NOT COMPELL$ TO CONSUME \R FOOD 9 ! %APE :I* NATURE (F]S IT TO US OR TO LIE D[N TO RE/ 9 ! FIR/ CONV5I5T PLACE1 BUT WE CANNOT KEEP FROM EAT+ OR SLEEP+1 LE/ \R PHYSICAL EXI/5CE %\LD COME TO A SUDD5 5D4 ,9 ?IS WORLD ( 9EXORABLE NECESSITIES !RE IS NO ROOM = HUMAN DET]M9ATION4 

,IT WAS ?IS V]Y MANIFE/ATION ( AN IRON LAW 9 ! ET]NAL C\RSE ( COSMIC & PHYSICAL EV5TS :I* GAVE MANY A KE5 BRA9 ! IDEA ?AT ! EV5TS ( HUMAN SOCIAL LIFE W]E SUBJECT TO ! SAME IRON NECESSITY & C\LD CONSEQU5TLY BE CALCULAT$ & EXPLA9$ BY SCI5TIFIC ME?ODS4 ,MO/ HI/ORICAL !ORIES HAVE ROOT 9 ?IS ]RONE\S CONCEPT1 :I* C\LD F9D A PLACE 9 MAN'S M9D ONLY BECAUSE HE PUT ! LAWS ( PHYSICAL BE+ ON A P> ) ! AIMS & 5DS ( M51 :I* CAN ONLY BE REG>D$ AS RESULTS ( !IR ?9K+4 

,WE DO NOT D5Y ?AT 9 HI/ORY1 ALSO1 !RE >E 9N] CONNECTIONS :I*1 EV5 AS 9 NATURE1 CAN BE TRAC$ TO CAUSE & EFFECT4 ,BUT 9 SOCIAL EV5TS IT IS ALWAYS A MATT] ( A CAUSALITY ( HUMAN AIMS & 5DS1 9 NATURE ALWAYS ( A CAUSALITY ( PHYSICAL NECESSITY4 ,! LATT] OCCUR )\T ANY CONTRIBUTION ON \R P>T2 ! =M] >E BUT MANIFE/ATIONS ( \R WILL ,RELIGI\S IDEAS1 E?ICAL CONCEPTS1 CU/OMS1 HABITS1 TRADITIONS1 LEGAL OP9IONS2 POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS1 9/ITUTIONS ( PROP]TY1 =MS ( PRODUCTION1 & SO ON1 >E NOT NECESS>Y IMPLICATIONS ( \R PHYSICAL BE+1 BUT PURELY RESULTS ( \R DESIRE = ! A*IEVEM5T ( PRECONCEIV$ 5DS4 ,EV]Y IDEA ( PURPOSE IS A MATT] ( BELIEF :I* ELUDES SCI5TIFIC CALCULATION4 ,9 ! REALM ( PHYSICAL EV5TS ONLY ! MU/ C\NTS4 ,9 ! REALM ( BELIEF !RE IS ONLY PROBABILITY3 ,IT MAY BE SO1 BUT IT DOES NOT HAVE TO BE SO4 

,EV]Y PROCESS :I* >ISES FROM \R PHYSICAL BE+ & IS RELAT$ TO IT1 IS AN EV5T :I* LIES \TSIDE ( \R VOLITION4 ,EV]Y SOCIAL PROCESS1 H[EV]1 >ISES FROM HUMAN 9T5TIONS & HUMAN GOAL SETT+ & OCCURS )9 ! LIMITS ( \R VOLITION4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 IT IS NOT SUBJECT TO ! CONCEPT ( NATURAL NECESSITY4 

,!RE IS NO NECESSITY = A ,FLA!AD ,9DIAN WOMAN TO PRESS ! HEAD ( H] NEWBORN *ILD BETWE5 TWO BO>DS TO GIVE IT ! DESIR$ =M4 ,IT IS BUT A CU/OM :I* F9DS ITS EXPLANATION 9 ! BELIEFS ( M54 ,:E!R M5 PRACTICE POLYGAMY1 MONOGAMY OR CELIBACY IS A QUE/ION ( HUMAN PURPOSIV5ESS & HAS NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! LAWS ( PHYSICAL EV5TS & !IR NECESSITIES4 ,EV]Y LEGAL OP9ION IS A MATT] ( BELIEF1 NOT CONDITION$ BY ANY PHYSICAL NECESSITY :ATSOEV]4 ,:E!R A MAN IS A ,MOHAMM$AN1 A ,JEW1 A ,*RI/IAN OR A WOR%IP] ( ,SATAN HAS NOT ! SLI<TE/ CONNECTION ) HIS PHYSICAL EXI/5CE4 ,MAN CAN LIVE 9 ANY ECONOMIC RELATION%IP1 CAN ADAPT HIMSELF TO ANY =M ( POLITICAL LIFE1 )\T AFFECT+ 9 ! SLI<TE/ ! LAWS TO :I* HIS PHYSICAL BE+ IS SUBJECT4 ,A SUDD5 CESSATION ( GRAVITATION W\LD BE UN?9KABLE 9 ITS RESULTS4 ,A SUDD5 CESSATION ( \R BODILY FUNCTIONS IS TANTAM\NT TO DEA?4 ,BUT ! PHYSICAL EXI/5CE ( MAN W\LD NOT HAVE SUFF]$ ! SLI<TE/ LOSS IF HE HAD NEV] HE>D ( ! ,CODE ( ,HAMMURABI1 ( ! ,PY?AGOREAN !OREM OR ! MAT]IALI/IC 9T]PRETATION ( HI/ORY4 

,WE >E H]E /AT+ NO PREJUDIC$ OP9ION1 BUT M]ELY AN E/ABLI%$ FACT4 ,EV]Y RESULT ( HUMAN PURPOSIV5ESS IS ( 9DISPUTABLE IMPORTANCE = MAN'S SOCIAL EXI/5CE1 BUT WE %\LD /OP REG>D+ SOCIAL PROCESSES AS DET]M9I/IC MANIFE/ATIONS ( A NECESS>Y C\RSE ( EV5TS4 ,SU* A VIEW CAN ONLY LEAD TO ! MO/ ]RONE\S CONCLUSIONS & CONTRIBUTE TO A FATAL CONFUSION 9 \R UND]/&+ ( HI/ORICAL EV5TS4 

,IT IS D\BTLESS ! TASK ( ! HI/ORIAN TO TRACE ! 9N] CONNECTION ( HI/ORICAL EV5TS & TO MAKE CLE> !IR CAUSES & EFFECTS1 BUT HE MU/ NOT =GET ?AT !SE CONNECTIONS >E ( A SORT QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE ( NATURAL PHYSICAL EV5TS & MU/ !RE=E HAVE QUITE A DIFF]5T VALUATION4 ,AN A/RONOM] IS ABLE TO PR$ICT A SOL> ECLIPSE OR ! APPE>ANCE ( A COMET TO A SECOND4 ,! EXI/5CE ( ! PLANET ,NEPTUNE WAS CALCULAT$ 9 ?IS MANN] BE=E A HUMAN EYE HAD SE5 IT4 ,BUT SU* PRECISION IS ONLY POSSIBLE :5 WE >E DEAL+ ) ! C\RSE ( PHYSICAL EV5TS4 ,= ! CALCULATION ( HUMAN MOTIVES & 5D RESULTS !RE IS NO C\NT]P>TS BECAUSE !SE >E NOT AM5ABLE TO ANY CALCULATIONS :ATSOEV]4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO CALCULATE OR PR$ICT ! DE/9Y ( TRIBES1 RACES1 NATIONS1 OR O!R SOCIAL UNITS4 ,IT IS EV5 IMPOSSIBLE TO F9D COMPLETE EXPLANATIONS ( !IR PA/4 ,= HI/ORY IS1 AFT] ALL1 NO?+ BUT ! GREAT >5A ( HUMAN AIMS & 5DS1 & EV]Y !ORY ( HI/ORY1 CONSEQU5TLY1 A MATT] ( BELIEF F\ND$ AT BE/ ONLY ON PROBABILITY2 IT CAN NEV] CLAIM UN%AKABLE C]TA9TY4 

,! ASS]TION ?AT ! DE/9Y ( SOCIAL /RUCTURES IS DET]M9ABLE ACCORD+ TO ! LAWS ( A SO CALL$ 0SOCIAL PHYSICS0 IS ( NO GREAT] SIGNIFICANCE ?AN ! CLAIM ( ?OSE WISE WOM5 :O PRET5D TO BE ABLE TO READ ! DE/9IES ( MAN 9 TEA CUPS OR 9 ! L9ES ( ! H&S4 ,TRUE1 A HOROSCOPE CAN BE CA/ = PEOPLES & NATIONS BUT ! PROPHECIES ( POLITICAL & SOCIAL A/ROLOGY >E ( NO HI<] VALUE ?AN ! PROGNO/ICATIONS ( ?OSE :O CLAIM TO BE ABLE TO READ ! DE/9Y ( A MAN 9 ! CONFIGURATION ( ! />S4 

,?AT A !ORY ( HI/ORY MAY CONTA9 IDEAS ( IMPORTANCE = ! EXPLANATION ( HI/ORICAL EV5TS IS UND5IABLE4 ,WE >E ONLY OPPOS$ TO ! ASS]TION ?AT ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY IS SUBJECT TO ! SAME 7OR SIMIL>7 LAWS AS EV]Y PHYSICAL OR ME*ANICAL OCCURR5CE 9 NATURE4 ,?IS FALSE1 5TIRELY UNW>RANT$ ASS]TION CONTA9S ANO!R DANG]4 ,ONCE WE HAVE BECOME US$ TO ?R[+ ! CAUSES ( NATURAL EV5TS & ?OSE ( SOCIAL *ANGES 9TO ONE TUB1 WE >E ONLY TOO 9CL9$ TO LOOK = A FUNDAM5TAL FIR/ CAUSE1 :I* W\LD 9 A MEASURE EMBODY ! LAW ( SOCIAL GRAVITATION1 UND]LY+ ALL HI/ORICAL EV5TS4 ,:5 ONCE WE HAVE GONE SO F>1 IT IS EASY TO OV]LOOK ALL ! O!R CAUSES ( SOCIAL /RUCTURES & ! 9T]ACTIONS RESULT+ FROM !M4 

,EV]Y CONCEPT ( MAN :I* CONC]NS ITSELF ) ! IMPROVEM5T ( ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS UND] :I* HE LIVES1 IS PRIM>ILY A WI% CONCEPT BAS$ ONLY ON PROBABILITY4 ,:]E SU* >E 9 QUE/ION1 SCI5CE REA*ES ITS LIMITS1 = ALL PROBABILITY IS BAS$ ONLY ON ASSUMPTIONS :I* CANNOT BE CALCULAT$1 WEI<$ OR MEASUR$4 ,:ILE IT IS TRUE ?AT = ! F\NDATION ( A WORLDVIEW LIKE1 = 9/ANCE1 SOCIALISM1 IT IS POSSIBLE TO CALL UPON ! RESULTS ( SCI5TIFIC 9VE/IGATION1 ! CONCEPT ITSELF DOES NOT BECOME SCI5CE1 BECAUSE ! REALIZATION ( ITS AIM IS NOT DEP5D5T UPON FIX$1 DET]M9I/IC PROCESSES1 AS IS EV]Y EV5T 9 PHYSICAL NATURE4 ,!RE IS NO LAW 9 HI/ORY :I* %[S ! C\RSE = EV]Y SOCIAL ACTIVITY ( MAN4 ,:5EV] UP TO N[ ! ATTEMPT HAS BE5 MADE TO PROVE ! EXI/5CE ( SU* A LAW1 ! UTT] FUTILITY ( ! EF=T HAS AT ONCE BECOME APP>5T4 

,MAN IS UNCONDITIONALLY SUBJECT ONLY TO ! LAWS ( HIS PHYSICAL BE+4 ,HE CANNOT *ANGE HIS CON/ITUTION4 ,HE CANNOT SUSP5D ! FUNDAM5TAL CONDITIONS ( HIS PHYSICAL BE+ NOR ALT] !M ACCORD+ TO HIS WI%4 ,HE CANNOT PREV5T HIS APPE>ANCE ON E>? ANY MORE ?AN HE CAN PREV5T ! 5D ( HIS E>?LY PILGRIMAGE4 ,HE CANNOT *ANGE ! ORBIT ( ! /> ON :I* HIS LIFE CYCLE RUNS ITS C\RSE & MU/ ACCEPT ALL ! CONSEQU5CES ( ! E>?'S MOTION 9 SPACE )\T BE+ ABLE TO *ANGE IT 9 ! SLI<TE/4 ,BUT ! %AP+ ( HIS SOCIAL LIFE IS NOT SUBJECT TO ?IS NECESS>Y C\RSE BECAUSE IT IS M]ELY ! RESULT ( HIS WILL+ & DO+4 ,HE CAN ACCEPT ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS UND] :I* HE LIVES AS =EORDA9$ BY A DIV9E WILL OR REG>D !M AS ! RESULT ( UNALT]ABLE LAWS NOT SUBJECT TO HIS VOLITION4 ,9 ! LATT] CASE1 BELIEF WILL WEAK5 HIS WILL & 9DUCE HIM TO ADJU/ HIMSELF TO GIV5 CONDITIONS4 ,BUT HE CAN ALSO CONV9CE HIMSELF ?AT ALL SOCIAL =MS POSSESS ONLY A CONDITION$ EXI/5CE & CAN BE *ANG$ BY HUMAN H& & HUMAN M9D4 ,9 ?IS CASE HE WILL TRY TO REPLACE ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS UND] :I* HE LIVES ) O!RS & BY HIS ACTION PREP>E ! WAY = A RE%AP+ ( SOCIAL LIFE4 

,H[EV] FULLY MAN MAY RECOGNIZE COSMIC LAWS HE WILL NEV] BE ABLE TO *ANGE !M1 BECAUSE !Y >E NOT HIS WORK4 ,BUT EV]Y =M ( HIS SOCIAL EXI/5CE1 EV]Y SOCIAL 9/ITUTION :I* ! PA/ HAS BE/[$ ON HIM AS A LEGACY FROM REMOTE ANCE/ORS1 IS ! WORK ( M5 & CAN BE *ANG$ BY HUMAN WILL & ACTION OR MADE TO S]VE NEW 5DS4 ,ONLY SU* AN UND]/&+ IS TRULY REVOLUTION>Y & ANIMAT$ BY ! SPIRIT ( ! COM+ AGES4 ,:OEV] BELIEVES 9 ! NECESS>Y SEQU5CE ( ALL HI/ORICAL EV5TS SACRIFICES ! FUTURE TO ! PA/4 ,HE EXPLA9S ! PH5OM5A ( SOCIAL LIFE1 BUT HE DOES NOT *ANGE !M4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT ALL FATALISM IS ALIKE1 :E!R ( A RELIGI\S1 POLITICAL OR ECONOMIC NATURE4 ,:OEV] IS CAU<T 9 ITS SN>E IS ROBB$ !REBY ( LIFE'S MO/ PRECI\S POSSESSION2 ! IMPULSE TO ACT ACCORD+ TO HIS [N NE$S4 ,IT IS ESPECIALLY DANG]\S :5 FATALISM APPE>S 9 ! G[N ( SCI5CE1 :I* N[ADAYS SO (T5 REPLACES ! CASSOCK ( ! !OLOGIAN2 !RE=E WE REPEAT3 ,! CAUSES :I* UND]LIE ! PROCESSES ( SOCIAL LIFE HAVE NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! LAWS ( PHYSICAL & ME*ANICAL NATURAL EV5TS1 = !Y >E PURELY ! RESULTS ( HUMAN PURPOSE1 :I* IS NOT EXPLICABLE BY SCI5TIFIC ME?ODS4 ,TO MIS9T]PRET ?IS FACT IS A FATAL SELFDECEPTION FROM :I* ONLY A CONFUS$ NOTION ( REALITY CAN RESULT4 

,?IS APPLIES TO ALL !ORIES ( HI/ORY BAS$ ON ! NECESSITY ( ! C\RSE ( SOCIAL EV5TS4 ,IT APPLIES ESPECIALLY TO HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM1 :I* TRACES EV]Y HI/ORICAL EV5T TO ! PREVAIL+ CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION & TRIES TO EXPLA9 EV]Y?+ FROM ?AT4 ,NO ?9K+ MAN 9 ?IS DAY CAN FAIL TO RECOGNIZE ?AT ONE CANNOT PROP]LY EVALUATE AN HI/ORICAL P]IOD )\T CONSID]+ ECONOMIC CONDITIONS4 ,BUT MU* MORE ONESID$ IS ! VIEW :I* MA9TA9S ?AT ALL HI/ORY IS M]ELY ! RESULT ( ECONOMIC CONDITIONS1 UND] :OSE 9FLU5CE ALL O!R LIFE PH5OM5A HAVE RECEIV$ =M & IMPR9T4 

,!RE >E ?\S&S ( EV5TS 9 HI/ORY :I* CANNOT BE EXPLA9$ BY PURELY ECONOMIC REASONS1 OR BY !M ALONE4 ,IT IS QUITE POSSIBLE TO BR+ EV]Y?+ )9 ! T]MS ( A DEF9ITE S*EME1 BUT ! RESULT IS USUALLY NOT WOR? ! EF=T4 ,!RE IS SC>CELY AN HI/ORICAL EV5T TO :OSE %AP+ ECONOMIC CAUSES HAVE NOT CONTRIBUT$1 BUT ECONOMIC =CES >E NOT ! ONLY MOTIVE P[]S :I* HAVE SET EV]Y?+ ELSE 9 MOTION4 ,ALL SOCIAL PH5OM5A >E ! RESULT ( A S]IES ( V>I\S CAUSES1 9 MO/ CASES SO 9W>DLY RELAT$ ?AT IT IS QUITE IMPOSSIBLE CLE>LY TO SEP>ATE ONE FROM ! O!R4 ,WE >E ALWAYS DEAL+ ) ! 9T]PLAY ( V>I\S CAUSES :I*1 AS A RULE1 CAN BE CLE>LY RECOGNIZ$ BUT CANNOT BE CALCULAT$ ACCORD+ TO SCI5TIFIC ME?ODS4 

,!RE >E HI/ORICAL EV5TS ( ! DEEPE/ SIGNIFICANCE = MILLIONS ( M5 :I* CANNOT BE EXPLA9$ BY !IR PURELY ECONOMIC ASPECTS4 ,:O W\LD MA9TA91 = 9/ANCE1 ?AT ! 9VASIONS ( ,ALEX&] W]E CAUS$ BY ! CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION ( HIS TIME8 ,! V]Y FACT ?AT ! 5ORM\S EMPIRE ,ALEX&] CEM5T$ TOGE!R ) ! BLOOD ( HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S FELL TO RU9 SOON AFT] HIS DEA? PROVES ?AT ! MILIT>Y & POLITICAL A*IEVEM5TS ( ! ,MAC$ONIAN WORLD CONQU]OR W]E NOT HI/ORICALLY DET]M9$ BY ECONOMIC NECESSITIES4 ,JU/ AS LITTLE DID !Y 9 ANY WAY ADVANCE ! CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION ( ! TIME4 ,:5 ,ALEX&] PLANN$ HIS W>S1 LU/ = P[] PLAY$ A F> MORE IMPORTANT P>T ?AN ECONOMIC NECESSITY4 ,! DESIRE = WORLD CONQUE/ HAD ASSUM$ ACTUALLY PA?OLOGICAL =MS 9 ! AMBITI\S DESPOT4 ,HIS MAD P[] OBSESSION WAS A LEAD+ MOTIVE 9 HIS :OLE POLICY1 ! DRIV+ =CE ( HIS W>LIKE 5T]PRISES1 :I* FILL$ A L>GE P>T ( ! !N KN[N WORLD ) MURD] & RAP9E4 ,IT WAS ?IS P[] OBSESSION :I* MADE ! ,CAES>O-,PAPISM ( ! ORI5TAL DESPOT APPE> SO ADMIRABLE TO HIM & GAVE HIM HIS BELIEF 9 HIS DEMIGOD-HOOD4 

,! WILL TO P[] :I* ALWAYS EMANATES FROM 9DIVIDUALS OR FROM SMALL M9ORITIES 9 SOCIETY IS 9 FACT A MO/ IMPORTANT DRIV+ =CE 9 HI/ORY4 ,! EXT5T ( ITS 9FLU5CE HAS UP TO N[ BE5 REG>D$ F> TOO LITTLE1 AL?\< IT HAS FREQU5TLY BE5 ! DET]M9+ FACTOR 9 ! %AP+ ( ! :OLE ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL LIFE4 

,! HI/ORY ( ! ,CRUSADES WAS D\BTLESS AFFECT$ BY /RONG ECONOMIC MOTIVES4 ,VISIONS ( ! RI* L&S ( ! ,ORI5T MAY HAVE BE5 = MANY A ,SIR ,LACKL& OR ,LORD ,HAVE,NAU<T A F> /RONG] URGE ?AN RELIGI\S CONVICTIONS4 ,BUT ECONOMIC MOTIVES ALONE W\LD NEV] HAVE BE5 SUFFICI5T TO SET MILLIONS ( M5 9 ALL C\NTRIES 9 MOTION IF !Y HAD NOT BE5 P]MEAT$ BY ! OBSESSION ( FAI? SO ?AT !Y RU%$ ON RECKLESSLY :5 ! CRY1 0,GOD WILLS IT60 WAS S\ND$1 AL?\< !Y HAD NOT ! SLI<TE/ NOTION ( ! 5ORM\S DIFFICULTIES :I* ATT5D$ ?IS /RANGE ADV5TURE4 ,! P[]FUL 9FLU5CE ( RELIGI\S CONVICTION ON ! PEOPLE ( ?AT TIME IS PROV$ BY ! SO-CALL$ ,*ILDR5'S ,CRUSADE ( ! YE> #a#b#a#b4 ,IT WAS 9/ITUT$ :5 ! FAILURE ( ! =M] CRUSAD+ >MIES BECAME MORE & MORE APP>5T1 & PI\S ZEALOTS PROCLAIM$ ! TID+S ?AT ! SACR$ SEPUL*] C\LD ONLY BE LIB]AT$ BY ?OSE ( T5D] AGE1 ?R\< :OM ,GOD W\LD REVEAL A MIRACLE TO ! WORLD4 ,IT WAS SURELY NO ECONOMIC MOTIVE :I* P]SUAD$ ?\S&S ( P>5TS TO S5D ?OSE :O W]E DE>E/ TO !M TO C]TA9 DEA?4 

,BUT EV5 ! ,PAPACY1 :I* HAD AT FIR/ ONLY HESITAT+LY RESOLV$ ON CALL+ ! ,*RI/IAN WORLD TO ! FIR/ ,CRUSADE1 WAS MOV$ TO IT F> MORE BY P[]-POLITICAL ?AN BY ECONOMIC MOTIVES4 ,9 !IR /RUGGLE = ! HEGEMONY ( ! *UR* IT WAS V]Y CONV5I5T = ITS LEAD]S TO HAVE MANY A WORLDLY RUL]1 :O MI<T HAVE BECOME OB/REP]\S AT HOME1 KEPT BUSY A LONG TIME 9 ! ,ORI5T :]E HE C\LD NOT DI/URB ! *UR* 9 ! PURSUIT ( ITS PLANS4 ,TRUE1 !RE W]E O!RS1 AS1 = 9/ANCE1 ! ,V5ETIANS1 :O SOON RECOGNIZ$ :AT GREAT ECONOMIC ADVANTAGES W\LD ACCRUE TO !M FROM ! ,CRUSADES2 !Y EV5 MADE USE ( !M TO EXT5D !IR RULE OV] ! ,DALMATIAN ,COA/1 ! ,IONIC ,ISLES & ,CRETE4 ,BUT TO D$UCE FROM ?IS ?AT ! ,CRUSADES W]E 9EVITABLY DET]M9$ BY ! ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION ( ! P]IOD W\LD BE %E] NONS5SE4 

,:5 ! ,*UR* DET]M9$ UPON ITS W> ( EXT]M9ATION AGA9/ ! ,ALBIG5SES1 :I* CO/ ! LIVES ( MANY ?\S&S1 MADE WA/E ! FREE/1 9TELLECTUALLY MO/ ADVANC$ L& 9 ,EUROPE1 DE/ROY$ ITS HI<LY DEVELOP$ CULTURE & 9DU/RY1 MAIM$ ITS TRADE & LEFT A DECIMAT$ & BITT]LY IMPOV]I%$ POPULATION BEH9D1 IT WAS L$ 9TO ITS FI<T AGA9/ H]ESY BY NO ECONOMIC CONSID]ATIONS :ATSOEV]4 ,:AT IT F\<T = WAS ! UNIFICATION ( FAI?1 :I* WAS ! F\NDATION ( ITS EF=TS AT POLITICAL P[]4 ,LIKEWISE1 ! ,FR5* K+DOM1 :I* LAT] ON SUPPORT$ ! *UR* 9 ?IS W>1 WAS ANIMAT$ PR9CIPALLY BY POLITICAL CONSID]ATIONS4 ,IT BECAME 9 ?IS BLOODY /RUGGLE ! HEIR ( ! ,C\NT ( ,LANGU$OC1 :]EBY ! :OLE S\!RN P>T ( ! C\NTRY CAME 9TO ITS H&S1 NATURALLY GREATLY /R5G!N+ ITS EF=TS = C5TRALIZATION ( P[] ,IT WAS1 !RE=E1 PR9CIPALLY BECAUSE ( ! POLITICAL MOTIVES ( *UR* & /ATE ?AT ! ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T ( ONE ( ! RI*E/ L&S 9 ,EUROPE WAS VIOL5TLY 9T]RUPT$1 & ! ANCI5T HOME ( A SPL5DID CULTURE WAS CONV]T$ 9TO A WA/E ( RU9S4 

,! GREAT CONQUE/ BY ! ,>ABS1 & ESPECIALLY !IR 9CURSION 9TO ,SPA9 :I* />T$ ! ,SEV5 ,HUNDR$ ,YE>S' ,W>1 CANNOT BE EXPLA9$ BY ANY /UDY1 H[EV] ?OR\<1 ( ! CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION ( ?AT TIME4 ,IT W\LD BE USELESS TO TRY TO PROVE ?AT ! DEVELOPM5T ( ECONOMIC CONDITIONS WAS ! GUID+ =CE ( ?AT MI<TY EPO*4 ,! CONTR>Y IS H]E MO/ PLA9LY APP>5T4 ,AFT] ! CONQUE/ ( ,GRANADA1 ! LA/ /RON<OLD ( ! ,MOORS1 !RE >OSE 9 ,SPA9 A NEW POLITICO-RELIGI\S P[] UND] :OSE BANEFUL 9FLU5CE ! :OLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T ( ! C\NTRY WAS SET BACK HUNDR$S ( YE>S4 ,SO EFFECTIVE WAS ?IS 9CUBUS ?AT ! CONSEQU5CES >E NOTICEABLE TO ?IS DAY OV] ! :OLE ,IB]IAN ,P59SULA4 ,EV5 ! 5ORM\S /REAMS ( GOLD1 :I* AFT] ! DISCOV]Y ( ,AM]ICA P\R$ 9TO ,SPA9 FROM ,MEXICO & ! =M] ,9CA ,EMPIRE1 C\LD NOT /AY ITS ECONOMIC DECL9E2 9 FACT1 ONLY HA/5$ IT4 

,! M>RIAGE ( ,F]D9& ( ,>AGON ) ,ISABELLA ( ,CA/ILE LAID ! F\NDATION ( A ,*RI/IAN MON>*Y 9 ,SPA9 :OSE RI<T H& WAS ! ,GR& ,9QUISITOR4 ,! CEASELESS W> AGA9/ ! ,MOORI% P[] WAG$ UND] ! BANN] ( ! *UR* HAD FUNDAM5TALLY *ANG$ ! M5TAL & SPIRITUAL ATTITUDE ( ! ,*RI/IAN POPULATION & HAD CREAT$ ! CRUEL RELIGI\S FANATICISM :I* KEPT ,SPA9 %R\D$ 9 D>KNESS = HUNDR$S ( YE>S4 ,ONLY UND] SU* PRECONDITIONS C\LD ?AT FRI<TFUL CL]ICOPOLITICAL DESPOTISM EVOLVE1 :I* AFT] DR[N+ ! LA/ LIB]TIES ( ! ,SPANI% CITIES 9 BLOOD1 LAY ON ! L& LIKE A HORRIBLE 9CUBUS = ?REE HUNDR$ YE>S4 ,UND] ! TYRANNICAL 9FLU5CE ( ?IS UNIQUE P[] ORGANIZATION ! LA/ REMNANT ( ,MOORI% CULTURE WAS BURI$1 AFT] ! ,JEWS & ,>ABS HAD FIR/ BE5 EXPELL$ FROM ! C\NTRY4 ,:OLE PROV9CES :I* HAD =M]LY RESEMBL$ FL[]+ G>D5S W]E *ANG$ TO UNPRODUCTIVE WA/ES BECAUSE ! IRRIGAT+ SY/EMS & ! ROADS ( ! ,MOORS HAD BE5 P]MITT$ TO FALL 9TO RU94 ,9DU/RIES1 :I* HAD BE5 AMONG ! FIR/ 9 ,EUROPE1 VANI%$ ALMO/ COMPLETELY FROM ! L& & ! PEOPLE REV]T$ TO LONG ANTIQUAT$ ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION4 

,ACCORD+ TO ! DATA ( ,F]N&O ,G>RIDO !RE W]E AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! SIXTE5? C5TURY 9 ,SEVILLE SIXTE5 HUNDR$ SILK WEAV]S' LOOMS :I* EMPLOY$ ONE HUNDR$ & ?IRTY ?\S& WORK]S4 ,BY ! 5D ( ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY !RE W]E ONLY ?REE HUNDR$ LOOMS 9 ACTION4 

,IT IS NOT KN[N H[ MANY LOOMS !RE W]E 9 ,TOL$O 9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY BUT !RE W]E WOV5 !RE F\R HUNDR$ & ?IRTYFIVE ?\S& P\NDS ( SILK ANNUALLY1 EMPLOY+ #c#h1#d#h#d P]SONS4 ,BY ! 5D ( ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY ?IS 9DU/RY HAD TOTALLY VANI%$4 ,9 ,SEGOVIA !RE W]E AT ! 5D ( ! SIXTE5? C5TURY #f1 LOOMS = WEAV+ CLO?1 AT ?AT TIME REG>D$ AS ! BE/ 9 ,EUROPE4 ,BY ! BEG9N+ ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY ?IS 9DU/RY HAD SO DECL9$ ?AT =EIGN WORK]S W]E IMPORT$ TO TEA* ! ,SEGOVIANS ! WEAV+ & DYE+ ( CLO?4 ,! CAUSES ( ?IS DECL9E W]E ! EXPULSION ( ! ,MOORS1 ! DISCOV]Y & SETTL+ ( ,AM]ICA1 & ! RELIGI\S FANATICISM :I* EMPTI$ ! WORK ROOMS & 9CREAS$ ! NUMB] ( ! PRIE/S & MONKS4 ,:5 ONLY ?REE HUNDR$ LOOMS REMA9$ 9 ,SEVILLE ! NUMB] ( MONA/]IES !RE HAD 9CREAS$ TO SIXTY-TWO & ! CL]GY EMBRAC$ #a#d1 P]SONS4.<#a.> 

,& ,ZANCADA WRITES CONC]N+ ?AT P]IOD3 0,9 ! YE> #afee SEV5TE5 GUILDS DISAPPE>$ FROM ,SPA92 TOGE!R ) !M ! WORK]S 9 IRON1 /EEL1 COPP]1 LEAD1 SULFUR1 ! ALUM 9DU/RY & O!RS40.<#b.> 

,EV5 ! CONQUE/ ( ,AM]ICA BY ! ,SPANI>DS1 :I* DEPOPULAT$ ! ,IB]IAN ,P59SULA & LUR$ MILLIONS ( M5 AWAY 9TO ! NEW WORLD1 CANNOT BE EXPLA9$ EXCLUSIVELY BY 0! ?IR/ = GOLD10 H[EV] LIVELY ! GRE$ ( ! 9DIVIDUAL MAY HAVE BE54 ,:5 WE READ ! HI/ORY ( ! CELEBRAT$ CONQUI/A1 WE RECOGNIZE1 ) ,PRESCOTT1 ?AT IT RESEMBLES LESS A TRUE ACC\NT+ ( ACTUAL EV5TS ?AN ONE ( ! C\NTLESS ROMANCES ( KNI<T ]RANTRY :I*1 9 ,SPA9 ESPECIALLY1 W]E SO LOV$ & VALU$4 

,IT WAS NOT SOLELY ECONOMIC REASONS :I* REPEAT$LY 5TIC$ COMPANIES ( D>+ ADV5TUR]S 9TO ! FABL$ ,EL ,DORADO BEYOND ! GREAT WA/E ( WAT]S4 ,GREAT EMPIRES LIKE ?OSE ( ,MEXICO & ! ,9CA /ATE :I* CONTA9$ MILLIONS1 BESIDES POSSESS+ A FAIRLY HI< DEGREE ( CULTURE1 W]E CONQU]$ BY A H&FUL ( DESP]ATE ADV5TUR]S :O DID NOT HESITATE TO USE ANY MEANS1 & W]E NOT REPELL$ BY ANY DANG]1 BECAUSE !Y DID NOT VALUE !IR [N LIVES ANY TOO HI<LY4 ,?IS FACT BECOMES EXPLICABLE ONLY :5 WE TAKE A CLOS] VIEW ( ?IS UNIQUE HUMAN MAT]IAL1 H>D5$ BY DANG]1 :I* ?R\< A SEV5 HUNDR$ YE>S' W> HAD BE5 GRADUALLY EVOLV$4 ,ONLY AN EPO* 9 :I* ! IDEA ( PEACE AMONG M5 MU/ HAVE SEEM$ LIKE A FAIRY TALE \T ( A LONGVANI%$ PA/ & 9 :I* ! C5TURIES-LONG W>S1 WAG$ ) EV]Y CRUELTY1 APPE>$ AS ! NORMAL CONDITION ( LIFE1 C\LD HAVE EVOLV$ ! WILD RELIGI\S FANATICISM *>ACT]I/IC ( ! ,SPANI>DS ( ?AT TIME4 ,?US BECOMES EXPLICABLE ?AT PECULI> URGE CON/ANTLY TO SEEK ADV5TURE4 ,= A MI/AK5 CONCEPT ( HONOR1 FREQU5TLY LACK+ ALL REAL BACKGR\ND1 A MAN WAS 9/ANTLY READY TO RISK HIS LIFE4 ,IT IS NO ACCID5T ?AT IT WAS 9 ,SPA9 ?AT ! *>ACT] ( ,DON ,QUIXOTE WAS EVOLV$4 ,P]HAPS ?AT !ORY GOES TOO F> :I* SEEKS TO REPLACE ALL SOCIOLOGY BY ! DISCOV]IES ( PSY*OLOGY1 BUT IT IS UND5IABLE ?AT ! PSY*OLOGICAL CONDITION ( M5 HAS A /RONG 9FLU5CE 9 ! %AP+ ( MAN'S SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T4 

,HUNDR$S ( O!R EXAMPLES MI<T BE CIT$ FROM :I* IT IS CLE>LY APP>5T ?AT ECONOMICS IS NOT ! C5T] ( GRAVITY ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T 9 G5]AL1 EV5 ?\< IT HAS 9DISPUTABLY PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 ! =MATIVE PROCESSES 9 HI/ORY1 A FACT :I* %\LD NOT BE OV]LOOK$ ANY MORE ?AN IT %\LD BE EXCESSIVELY OV]E/IMAT$4 ,!RE >E EPO*S :5 ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ECONOMIC CIRCUM/ANCES 9 ! C\RSE ( SOCIAL EV5TS BECOMES SURPRIS+LY CLE>1 BUT !RE >E O!RS :]E RELIGI\S OR POLITICAL MOTIVES OBVI\SLY 9T]F]E >BITR>ILY ) ! NORMAL C\RSE ( ECONOMICS & = A LONG TIME 9HIBIT ITS NATURAL DEVELOPM5T OR =CE IT 9TO O!R *ANNELS4 ,HI/ORICAL EV5TS LIKE ! ,RE=MATION1 ! ,?IRTY ,YE>S' ,W>1 ! GREAT REVOLUTIONS 9 ,EUROPE1 & MANY O!RS1 >E NOT COMPREH5SIBLE AT ALL AS PURELY ECONOMIC4 ,WE MAY H[EV] READILY ADMIT ?AT 9 ALL !SE EV5TS ECONOMIC FACTORS PLAY$ A P>T & HELP$ TO BR+ !M AB\T4 

,?IS MISAPPREH5SION BECOMES /ILL MORE S]I\S :5 WE TRY TO ID5TIFY ! V>I\S SOCIAL /RATA ( A DEF9ITE EPO* AS M]ELY ! TYPICAL REPRES5TATIONS ( QUITE DEF9ITE ECONOMIC 9T]E/S4 ,SU* A VIEW NOT ONLY N>R[S ! G5]AL FIELD ( VIEW ( ! S*OL>1 BUT IT MAKES ( HI/ORY AS A :OLE A DI/ORT$ PICTURE :I* CAN BUT LEAD US ON TO WRONG CONCLUSIONS4 ,MAN IS NOT PURELY ! AG5T ( SPECIFIC ECONOMIC 9T]E/S4 ,! B\RGEOISIE1 = 9/ANCE1 HAS 9 ALL C\NTRIES :]E IT A*IEV$ SOCIAL IMPORTANCE1 FREQU5TLY SUPPORT$ MOVEM5TS :I* W]E BY NO MEANS DET]M9$ BY ITS ECONOMIC 9T]E/S1 BUT (T5 /OOD 9 OP5 OPPOSITION TO !M4 ,ITS FI<T AGA9/ ! *UR*1 ITS 5DEAVORS = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( LA/+ PEACE AMONG ! NATIONS1 ITS LIB]AL & DEMOCRATIC VIEWS REG>D+ ! NATURE ( GOV]NM5T1 :I* BR\<T ITS REPRES5TATIVES 9TO %>PE/ CONFLICT ) ! TRADITIONS ( K+%IP BY ! GRACE ( ,GOD1 & MANY O!R CAUSES = :I* IT HAS AT SOME TIME %[N 5?USIASM >E PRO(S ( ?IS4 

,IT WILL NOT DO TO >GUE ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE UND] ! /EADILY GR[+ 9FLU5CE ( ITS ECONOMIC 9T]E/S QUICKLY =GOT ! IDEALS ( ITS Y\? OR BASELY BETRAY$ !M4 ,:5 WE COMP>E ! /ORM & /RESS P]IOD ( ! SOCIALI/IC MOVEM5T 9 ,EUROPE ) ! PRACTICAL POLITICS ( ! MOD]N LABOR P>TIES1 WE >E SOON CONV9C$ ?AT ! PRET5D$ REPRES5TATIVES ( ! PROLET>IAT >E 9 NO POSITION TO ATTACK ! B\RGEOISIE = ITS 9N] *ANGES4 ,NONE ( !SE P>TIES HAS1 DUR+ ! WOR/ CRISIS :I* ! CAPITALI/ WORLD HAS EV] PASS$ ?R\<1 MADE EV5 ! SLI<TE/ ATTEMPT TO 9FLU5CE ECONOMIC CONDITIONS 9 ! SPIRIT ( SOCIALISM4 ,YET NEV] BE=E W]E ECONOMIC CONDITIONS RIP] = A COMPLETE TRANS=MATION ( CAPITALI/IC SOCIETY4 ,! :OLE CAPITALI/IC ECONOMIC SY/EM HAS GOTT5 \T ( CONTROL4 ,! CRISIS1 :I* =M]LY WAS ONLY A P]IODIC PH5OM5ON ( ! CAPITALI/IC WORLD1 HAS = YE>S BECOME ! NORMAL CONDITION ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,CRISIS 9 9DU/RY1 CRISIS 9 AGRICULTURE1 CRISIS 9 COMM]CE1 CRISIS 9 F9ANCE6 ,ALL HAVE UNIT$ TO PROVE ! 9ADEQUACY ( ! CAPITALI/IC SY/EM4 ,NE>LY ?IRTY MILLION M5 >E CONDEMN$ = LIFE TO MIS]ABLE BEGG>Y 9 ! MID/ ( A WORLD :I* IS BE+ RU9$ BY ITS SURPLUS4 ,BUT ! SPIRIT IS LACK+@<! SOCIALI/IC SPIRIT ?AT /RIVES = A FUNDAM5TAL RECON/RUCTION ( SOCIAL LIFE & IS NOT CONT5T ) PETTY PAT*WORK1 :I* M]ELY PROLONGS ! CRISIS BUT CAN NEV] HEAL ITS CAUSES4 ,NEV] BE=E HAS IT BE5 SO CLE>LY PROV$ ?AT ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ALONE CANNOT *ANGE ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE1 UNLESS !RE >E PRES5T 9 M5 ! SPIRITUAL & 9TELLECTUAL PR]EQUISITES TO GIVE W+S TO !IR DESIRES & UNITE !IR SCATT]$ =CES = COMMUNAL WORK4 

,BUT ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES1 & ! TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS1 :I* >E P]MEAT$ ) !IR IDEAS1 HAVE NOT ONLY FAIL$ :5 IT BECAME A QUE/ION ( ! ECONOMIC RECON/RUCTION ( SOCIETY2 !Y HAVE EV5 %[N !MSELVES 9CAPABLE ( GU>D+ ! POLITICAL LEGACY ( ! B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY2 = !Y HAVE EV]Y:]E YIELD$ UP LONG-WON RI<TS & LIB]TIES )\T A /RUGGLE & HAVE 9 ?IS MANN] AID$ ! ADVANCE ( FASCISM 9 ,EUROPE1 EV5 ?\< AGA9/ !IR WILL4 

,9 ,ITALY1 ONE ( ! MO/ PROM95T REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY BECAME ! P]PETRATOR ( ! FASCI/ C\P D'ETAT7 & A :OLE GR\P ( ! BE/-KN[N LABOR LEAD]S1 ) ,D',>AGONA AT !IR HEAD1 M>*$ ) FLY+ BANN]S 9TO ,MUSSOL9I'S CAMP4 

,9 ,SPA91 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY WAS ! ONLY ONE :I* MADE PEACE ) ! DICTATOR1 ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A4 ,LIKEWISE TODAY1 9 ! GLORI\S ]A ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 :OSE H&S >E R$ ) ! BLOOD ( MURD]$ WORK]S1 ?AT P>TY PROVES ITSELF ! BE/ GU>D ( ! CAPITALI/IC SY/EM & WILL+LY (F]S ITS S]VICES = ! LIMITATION ( POLITICAL RI<TS4 

,9 ,5GL&1 WE WITNESS ! PECULI> SPECTACLE ( ! BE/-KN[N & ABLE/ LEAD]S ( ! ,LABOR ,P>TY SUDD5LY TURN+ 9TO ! NATIONALI/IC CAMP1 BY :I* ACTION !Y 9FLICT$ ON ! P>TY1 :OSE ADVOCATES !Y HAD BE5 = DECADES1 A CRU%+ DEFEAT4 ,ON ?IS OCCASION ,PHILIP ,SN[D5 *>G$ AGA9/ HIS =M] COMRADES ?AT 0!Y HAD ! 9T]E/ ( !IR CLASS MORE 9 VIEW ?AN ! GOOD ( ! /ATE10 A REPROA* :I* UN=TUNATELY IS NOT JU/IFI$ BUT :I* IS V]Y *>ACT]I/IC ( 0,HIS ,LORD%IP10 AS HE IS N[ CALL$4 

,9 ,G]MANY1 ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY AS WELL AS ! TRADE UNIONS HAVE SUPPORT$ ) ALL !IR P[]S ! NOTORI\S ATTEMPTS ( ! GREAT CAPITALI/ 9DU/RIALI/S AT ! 0RATIONALIZATION0 ( 9DU/RY1 :I* HAS REACT$ SO CATA/ROPHICALLY UPON LABOR & HAS GIV5 A MORALLY /AGNAT$ B\RGEOISIE ! OPPORTUNITY TO RECUP]ATE FROM ! %OCKS :I* ! LO/ W> HAD GIV5 !M4 ,EV5 A PRET5TI\SLY REVOLUTION>Y LABOR P>TY LIKE ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 ,G]MANY APPROPRIAT$ ! NATIONALI/IC SLOGANS ( REACTION1 BY :I* CONTEMPTU\S D5IAL ( ALL SOCIALI/IC PR9CIPLES !Y HOP$ TO TAKE ! W9D \T ( ! SAILS ( ?REAT5+ FASCISM4 

,TO !SE EXAMPLES MANY MORE MI<T BE ADD$ TO %[ ?AT ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ORGANIZ$ SOCIALI/IC LABOR H>DLY HAVE ! RI<T TO REPROA* ! B\RGEOISIE ) POLITICAL UNRELIABILITY OR TREASON TO ITS =M] IDEALS4 ,! REPRES5TATIVES ( LIB]ALISM & B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY %[$ AT REC5T ELECTIONS AT LEA/ A DESIRE TO PRES]VE APPE>ANCES1 :ILE ! PRET5D$ DEF5D]S ( PROLET>IAN 9T]E/S AB&ON$ !IR =M] IDEALS ) %AMELESS COMPLAC5CY 9 ORD] TO DO ! WORK ( !IR OPPON5TS4 

,A LONG L9E ( LEAD+ POLITICAL ECONOMI/S1 UN9FLU5C$ BY ANY SOCIALI/IC CONSID]ATIONS1 HAVE EXPRESS$ !IR CONVICTION ?AT ! CAPITALI/IC SY/EM HAS HAD ITS DAY & ?AT 9 PLACE ( AN UNCONTROLL$ PR(IT ECONOMY A PRODUCTION=USE ECONOMY BAS$ ON NEW PR9CIPLES MU/ BE 9/ITUT$ IF ,EUROPE IS NOT TO BE RU9$4 ,NEV]!LESS1 IT BECOMES EV5 MORE APP>5T ?AT SOCIALISM AS A MOVEM5T HAS 9 NO WISE GR[N TO MEET ! SITUATION4 ,MO/ ( ITS REPRES5TATIVES HAVE NEV] ADVANC$ BEYOND %ALL[ RE=M1 & !Y WA/E !IR =CES 9 FACTIONAL FI<TS AS PURPOSELESS AS !Y >E DANG]\S1 :I* 9 !IR IDIOTIC 9TOL]ANCE REM9D US ( ! BEHAVIOR ( M5TALLY PETRIFI$ *UR* ORGANIZATIONS4 ,SMALL WOND] ?AT HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( SOCIALI/S FELL 9TO DESPAIR & LET !MSELVES BE CAU<T BY ! RATCAT*]S ( ! ,?IRD ,REI*4 

,IT C\LD BE OBJECT$ H]E ?AT ! NECESSITIES ( LIFE ITSELF1 EV5 )\T ! ASSI/ANCE ( ! SOCIALI/S1 W]E WORK+ T[>D ! ALT]ATION ( EXI/+ ECONOMIC CONDITIONS1 BECAUSE A CRISIS ) NO WAY \T BECOMES AT LA/ UN5DURABLE4 ,WE DO NOT D5Y ?IS1 BUT WE FE> ?AT ) ! PRES5T CESSATION 9 ! SOCIALI/IC LABOR MOVEM5T !RE MAY OCCUR AN ECONOMIC RECON/RUCTION AB\T :I* ! PRODUC]S WILL HAVE ABSOLUTELY NO?+ TO SAY4 ,!Y WILL BE CONFRONT$ ) ! ACCOMPLI%$ FACTS :I* O!RS HAVE CREAT$ = !M1 SO ?AT 9 ! FUTURE1 TOO1 !Y WILL HAVE TO BE CONT5T ) ! P>T ( COOLIES :I* HAD BE5 PLANN$ = !M ALL ! :ILE4 ,UNLESS ALL SIGNS DECEIVE US1 WE >E M>*+ ) GIANT /RIDES T[>D AN EPO* ( /ATE CAPITALISM1 :I* IS LIKELY TO ASSUME = ! WORK]S ! %APE ( A MOD]N SY/EM ( BONDAGE 9 :I* MAN MAY BE REG>D$ AS M]ELY AN 9/RUM5T ( PRODUCTION1 & ALL P]SONAL FRE$OM WILL BE ABSOLUTELY EXT+UI%$4 

,ECONOMIC CONDITIONS CAN1 UND] C]TA9 CIRCUM/ANCES1 BECOME SO ACUTE ?AT A *ANGE 9 ! EXI/+ SOCIAL SY/EM IS A VITAL NECESSITY4 ,IT IS ONLY A QUE/ION 9 :I* DIRECTION WE %ALL !N MOVE4 ,WILL IT BE A ROAD TO FRE$OM1 OR WILL IT RESULT M]ELY 9 AN IMPROV$ =M ( SLAV]Y :I*1 :ILE IT SECURES = MAN A MEAG] LIV+1 WILL ROB HIM ( ALL 9DEP5D5CE ( ACTION8 ,?IS1 & ?IS ONLY1 IS ! QUE/ION4 ,! SOCIAL CON/ITUTION ( ! ,9CA ,EMPIRE SECUR$ = EV]Y ONE ( ITS SUBJECTS ! NECESS>Y MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE1 BUT ! L& WAS SUBJECT TO AN UNLIMIT$ DESPOTISM1 :I* CRUELLY PUNI%$ ANY OPPOSITION TO ITS COMM& & DEGRAD$ ! 9DIVIDUAL TO A WILL-LESS TOOL ( ! /ATE P[]4 

,/ATE CAPITALISM MI<T BE A WAY \T ( ! PRES5T CRISIS1 BUT MO/ ASSUR$LY IT W\LD NOT BE A ROAD TO SOCIAL FRE$OM4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT W\LD SUBM]GE M5 9 A SL\< ( S]VITUDE :I* W\LD MOCK AT ALL HUMAN DIGNITY4 ,9 EV]Y PRISON1 9 EV]Y B>RACK !RE IS A C]TA9 EQUALITY ( SOCIAL CONDITION4 ,EV]YONE HAS ! SAME FOOD1 ! SAME CLO!S1 R5D]S ! SAME S]VICE1 OR P]=MS ! SAME TASK2 BUT :O W\LD AFFIRM ?AT SU* A CONDITION PRES5TS AN 5D WOR? WORK+ =8 

,IT MAKES A DIFF]5CE :E!R ! MEMB]S ( A SOCIAL ORGANIZATION >E MA/]S ( !IR FATE1 CONTROL !IR [N AFFAIRS & HAVE ! 9ALI5ABLE RI<T TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! ADM9I/RATION ( !IR COMMUNAL 9T]E/S1 OR >E BUT ! 9/RUM5TS ( AN EXT]NAL WILL OV] :I* !Y POSSESS NO 9FLU5CE :ATSOEV]4 ,EV]Y SOLDI] HAS ! RI<T TO %>E ! COMMON RATIONS BUT HE IS NOT P]MITT$ TO HAVE A JUDGM5T ( HIS [N4 ,HE MU/ BL9DLY OBEY ! ORD]S ( HIS SUP]IOR1 SIL5C+1 IF NE$ BE1 ! VOICE ( HIS [N CONSCI5CE1 = HE IS BUT A P>T ( A MA*9E :I* O!RS SET 9 MOTION4 

,NO TYRANNY IS MORE UN5DURABLE ?AN ?AT ( AN ALL-P[]FUL BUREAUCRACY :I* 9T]F]ES ) ALL ! ACTIVITIES ( M5 & LEAVES ITS /AMP ON !M4 ,! MORE UNLIMIT$ ! P[] ( ! /ATE OV] ! LIFE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 ! MORE IT CRIPPLES HIS CREATIVE CAPACITIES & WEAK5S ! =CE ( HIS P]SONAL WILL4 ,/ATE CAPITALISM1 ! MO/ DANG]\S ANTI!SIS ( REAL SOCIALISM1 DEM&S ! SURR5D] ( ALL SOCIAL ACTIVITIES TO ! /ATE4 ,IT IS ! TRIUMPH ( ! MA*9E OV] ! SPIRIT1 ! RATIONALIZATION ( ALL ?\<T1 ACTION & FEEL+ ACCORD+ TO ! FIX$ NORMS ( AU?ORITY1 & CONSEQU5TLY ! 5D ( ALL REAL 9TELLECTUAL CULTURE4 ,?AT ! FULL SCOPE ( ?IS ?REAT5+ DEVELOPM5T HAS NOT BE5 GRASP$ UP TO N[1 ?AT ! IDEA ?AT IT IS NECESSITAT$ BY CURR5T ECONOMIC CONDITIONS HAS EV5 BE5 ACCEPT$1 MAY WELL BE REG>D$ AS ONE ( ! MO/ FATEFUL SIGNS ( ! TIMES4 

,! DANG]\S MANIA :I* SEES 9 EV]Y SOCIAL PH5OM5ON ONLY ! 9EVITABLE RESULT ( CAPITALI/IC ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION HAS IMPLANT$ 9 M5 ! CONVICTION ?AT ALL SOCIAL EV5TS >ISE FROM DEF9ITE NECESSITY & >E ECONOMICALLY UNALT]ABLE4 ,?IS FATALI/IC NOTION C\LD ONLY RESULT 9 CRIPPL+ M5'S P[] ( RESI/ANCE1 & CONSEQU5TLY MAK+ !M RECEPTIVE TO A COMPROMISE ) GIV5 CONDITIONS1 NO MATT] H[ HORRIBLE & 9HUMAN !Y MAY BE4 

,EV]Y ONE KN[S ?AT ECONOMIC CONDITIONS HAVE AN 9FLU5CE ON ! *ANGES 9 SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,H[ M5 WILL REACT 9 !IR ?\<TS & ACTIONS TO ?IS 9FLU5CE IS ( GREAT IMPORTANCE1 H[EV]1 9 DET]M9+ :AT /EPS !Y MAY DECIDE TO TAKE TO 9ITIATE AN OBVI\SLY NECESS>Y *ANGE M ! CONDITIONS ( LIFE4 ,BUT IT IS JU/ ! ?\<TS & ACTIONS ( M5 :I* REFUSE TO ACCEPT ! IMPR9T ( ECONOMIC MOTIVES ALONE4 ,:O W\LD1 = 9/ANCE1 MA9TA9 ?AT ! ,PURITANISM :I* HAS DECID$LY 9FLU5C$ ! SPIRITUAL DEVELOPM5T ( ,ANGLO-,SAXON PEOPLE UP TO ! PRES5T DAY TAS ! NECESS>Y RESULT ( ! ECONOMIC CAPITALI/IC ORD] !N 9 ITS 9FANCY1 OR :O W\LD TRY TO PROVE ?AT ! ,WORLD ,W> WAS ABSOLUTELY CONDITION$ BY ! CAPITALI/IC SY/EM & WAS CONSEQU5TLY UNAVOIDABLE8 

,ECONOMIC 9T]E/S UND\BT$LY PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 ?IS W> AS !Y HAVE 9 ALL O!RS1 BUT !Y ALONE W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 ABLE TO CAUSE ?IS FATAL CATA/ROPHE4 ,M]ELY ! SOB] /ATEM5T ( CONCRETE ECONOMIC PURPOSES W\LD NEV] HAVE SET ! GREAT MASSES 9 MOTION4 ,IT WAS !RE=E NECESS>Y TO PROVE TO !M ?AT ! QU>REL = :I* !Y W]E TO KILL O!RS1 = :I* !Y W]E TO BE KILL$ !MSELVES1 WAS 0! GOOD & RI<TE\S CAUSE40 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ONE SIDE F\<T 0AGA9/ ! ,RUSSIAN DESPOTISM10 = ! 0LIB]ATION ( ,POL&0@<&1 ( C\RSE1 = ! 09T]E/S ( ! FA!RL&10 :I* ! ,ALLIES HAD 0CONSPIR$0 TO DE/ROY4 ,& ! O!R SIDE F\<T 0= ! TRIUMPH ( ,DEMOCRACY0 & ! 0OV]?R[ ( ,PRUSSIAN MILIT>ISM0 & 0?AT ?IS W> %\LD BE ! LA/ W>40 

,IT MI<T BE URG$ ?AT BEH9D ALL ! CAM\FLAGE BY :I* ! PEOPLE W]E FOOL$ = OV] F\R YE>S !RE /OOD1 AFT] ALL1 ! ECONOMIC 9T]E/S ( ! POSSESS+ CLASSES4 ,BUT ?AT IS NOT ! PO9T4 ,! DECISIVE FACTOR IS ?AT )\T ! CONT9U\S APPEAL TO M5'S E?ICAL FEEL+S1 TO !IR S5SE ( JU/ICE1 NO W> W\LD HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE4 ,! SLOGAN1 0,GOD PUNI% ,5GL&60 & ! CRY1 0,DEA? TO ! ,HUNS60 A*IEV$ 9 ! LA/ W> F> GREAT] MIRACLES ?AN DID ! B>E ECONOMIC 9T]E/S ( ! POSSESS+ CLASSES4 ,?IS IS PROV$ BY ! FACT ?AT BE=E M5 CAN BE DRIV5 TO W> !Y MU/ BE LA%$ 9TO A C]TA9 PIT* ( PASSION & BY ! FUR!R FACT ?AT ?IS PASSION CAN ONLY BE >\S$ BY SPIRITUAL & MORAL MOTIVES4 

,DID NOT ! V]Y PEOPLE :O YE> AFT] YE> HAD PROCLAIM$ TO ! WORK+ MASSES ?AT EV]Y W> 9 ! ]A ( CAPITALISM SPR+S FROM PURELY ECONOMIC MOTIVES1 AT ! \TBREAK ( ! ,WORLD ,W> AB&ON !IR HI/ORICPHILOSOPHICAL !ORY & RAISE ! AFFAIRS ( ! NATION ABOVE ?OSE ( ! CLASS8 ,& !SE W]E ! ONES :O1 ) ,M>XI/ C\RAGE ( CONVICTION1 SUPPORT$ ! /ATEM5T 9 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O3 0,! HI/ORY ( ALL SOCIETY UP TO N[ HAS BE5 ! HI/ORY ( CLASS /RUGGLES40 

,L59 & O!RS HAVE ATTRIBUT$ ! FAILURE ( MO/ ( ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! W> TO ! LEAD]S' FE> ( ASSUM+ RESPONSIBILITY1 & ) BITT] WORDS !Y HAVE FLUNG ?IS LACK ( C\RAGE 9 !IR FACES4 ,ADMITT+ ?AT !RE IS A GREAT DEAL ( TRU? 9 ?IS ASS]TION@<AL?\< WE MU/ BEW>E 9 ?IS CASE ( G5]ALIZ+ TOO FREELY@< :AT IS PROV$ BY IT8 

,IF IT WAS 9DE$ FE> ( RESPONSIBILITY & ! LACK ( MORAL C\RAGE :I* 9DUC$ ! MAJORITY ( ! SOCIALI/ LEAD]S TO SUPPORT ! NATIONAL 9T]E/S ( !IR RESPECTIVE C\NTRIES1 !N ?IS IS BUT A FUR!R PRO( ( ! CORRECTNESS ( \R VIEW4 ,C\RAGE & C[>DICE >E NOT CONDITION$ BY ! PREVAIL+ =MS ( PRODUCTION BUT HAVE !IR ROOTS 9 ! PSY*IC FEEL+S ( M54 ,BUT IF PURELY PSY*IC MOTIVES C\LD HAVE SU* A COMPELL+ 9FLU5CE ON ! LEAD]S ( A MOVEM5T NUMB]+ MILLIONS ?AT !Y AB&ON$ !IR FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES EV5 BE=E ! COCK HAD CR[$ ?RICE1 & M>*$ ) ! WOR/ FOES ( ! SOCIALI/IC LABOR MOVEM5T AGA9/ ! SOCALL$ H]$IT>Y 5EMY1 ?IS ONLY PROVES ?AT M5'S ACTIONS CANNOT BE EXPLA9$ BY CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION1 ) :I* !Y (T5 /& 9 %>PE/ CONTRA/4 ,EV]Y EPO* 9 HI/ORY PROVIDES SUP]ABUNDANT EVID5CE ( ?IS4 

,IT IS1 !N1 A PAT5T ]ROR TO EXPLA9 ! LATE W> SOLELY AS ! NECESS>Y RESULT ( OPPOS+ ECONOMIC 9T]E/S4 ,CAPITALISM W\LD /ILL BE CONCEIVABLE IF ! SO CALL$ 0CAPTA9S ( WORLD 9DU/RY0 %\LD AGREE 9 AN AMICABLE MANN] CONC]N+ ! POSSESSION ( S\RCES ( RAW MAT]IALS & ! SPH]ES ( M>KET & EXPLOITATION1 JU/ AS ! [N]S ( ! V>I\S ECONOMIC 9T]E/S )9 A C\NTRY COME TO T]MS )\T HAV+ TO SETTLE !IR DIFF]5CES ON EA* OCCASION ) ! SWORD4 ,!RE EXI/ ALREADY QUITE A NUMB] ( 9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS = PRODUCTION 9 :I* ! CAPITALI/S ( C]TA9 9DU/RIES HAVE GOTT5 TOGE!R TO E/ABLI% A DEF9ITE QUOTA = ! PRODUCTION ( !IR GOODS 9 EA* C\NTRY4 ,9 ?IS MANN] !Y HAVE REGULAT$ ! TOTAL PRODUCTION ( !IR BRAN*ES BY MUTUAL AGREEM5T ON FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,/EEL ,TRU/ 9 ,EUROPE IS AN EXAMPLE ( IT4 ,BY SU* A REGULATION CAPITALISM LOSES NO?+ ( ITS ESS5TIAL *>ACT]2 ITS PRIVILEGES REMA9 UNT\*$4 ,9 FACT1 ITS MA/]Y OV] ! >MY ( ITS WAGE SLAVES IS CONSID]ABLY /R5G!N$4 

,CONSID]$ PURELY ECONOMICALLY1 ! ,W> WAS !RE=E BY NO MEANS 9EVITABLE4 ,CAPITALISM C\LD HAVE SURVIV$ )\T IT4 ,9 FACT1 ONE CAN ASSUME ) C]TA9TY ?AT IF ! DIRECTORS ( ! CAPITALI/IC ORD] C\LD HAVE ANTICIPAT$ ! W>'S RESULTS IT W\LD NEV] HAVE HAPP5$4 

,IT WAS NOT SOLELY ECONOMIC 9T]E/S :I* PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 ! LATE W>1 BUT MOTIVES ( POLITICAL P[]1 :I* 9 ! 5D DID MO/ TO LET LOOSE ! CATA/ROPHE4 ,AFT] ! DECL9E ( ,SPA9 & ,PORTUGAL1 ! DOM9ANT P[] 9 ,EUROPE HAD FALL5 TO ,HOLL&1 ,FRANCE & ,5GL&1 :O OPPOS$ EA* O!R AS RIVALS4 ,HOLL& QUICKLY LO/ ITS LEAD+ POSITION1 & AFT] ! ,PEACE ( ,BR$A ITS 9FLU5CE ON ! C\RSE ( ,EUROPEAN POLITICS GREW GRADUALLY LESS4 ,BUT ,FRANCE ALSO HAD LO/ AFT] ! ,SEV5 ,YE>S' ,W> A L>GE P>T ( ITS =M] PR$OM9ANCE & C\LD NEV] RECOV] IT1 ESPECIALLY S9CE ITS F9ANCIAL DIFFICULTIES BECAME CON/ANTLY MORE ACUTE & L$ TO ?AT UNEXAMPL$ OPPRESSION ( ! PEOPLE FROM :I* ! ,REVOLUTION SPRANG4 ,NAPOLEON LAT] MADE 5ORM\S EF=TS TO RECOV] = ,FRANCE ! POSITION %E HAD LO/ 9 ,EUROPE1 BUT HIS GIGANTIC EF=TS W]E )\T RESULT4 ,5GL& REMA9$ ! IMPLACABLE 5EMY ( ,NAPOLEON1 :O SOON RECOGNIZ$ ?AT HIS PLANS = WORLD P[] C\LD NEV] COME TO FRUITION AS LONG AS ! 0NATION ( %OPKEEP]S10 AS HE CONTEMPTU\SLY CALL$ ! ,5GLI%1 WAS UNCONQU]$4 ,NAPOLEON LO/ ! GAME AFT] ,5GL& HAD ORGANIZ$ ALL ,EUROPE AGA9/ HIM4 ,S9CE !N ,5GL& HAS MA9TA9$ ITS LEAD+ POSITION 9 ,EUROPE1 9DE$ 9 ! :OLE WORLD4 

,BUT ! ,BRITI% ,EMPIRE IS NOT A CONT9U\S T]RITORY AS O!R EMPIRES W]E BE=E IT4 ,ITS POSSESSIONS >E SCATT]$ OV] ALL ! FIVE CONT95TS1 & !IR SECURITY IS DEP5D5T UPON ! POSITION ( P[] :I* ,BRITA9 OCCUPIES 9 ,EUROPE4 ,EV]Y ?REAT TO ?IS POSITION IS A ?REAT TO ! CONT9U$ POSSESSION ( COLONIES BY ,5GL&4 ,AS LONG AS ON ! CONT95T ! =MATION ( ! MOD]N GREAT /ATES1 ) !IR GIGANTIC >MIES & FLEETS1 !IR BUREAUCRACY1 !IR CAPITALI/IC 5T]PRISES1 !IR HI<LY DEVELOP$ 9DU/RIES1 !IR =EIGN TRADE AGREEM5TS1 !IR EXPORTS & !IR GR[+ NE$ ( EXPANSION C\LD /ILL BE OV]LOOK$1 ,BRITA9'S POSITION AS A WORLD P[] REMA9$ FAIRLY UNT\*$2 BUT ! /RONG] ! CAPITALI/IC /ATES ( ! CONT95T BECAME1 ! MORE HAD ,BRITA9 TO FE> = ITS HEGEMONY4 ,EV]Y ATTEMPT BY A ,EUROPEAN P[] TO SECURE NEW TRADE1 OR T]RITORY SUPPLY+ RAW MAT]IALS1 TO FUR!R ITS EXPORT BY TRADE AGREEM5TS ) =EIGN C\NTRIES1 & TO GIVE ITS PLANS = EXPANSION ! WIDE/ POSSIBLE ROOM1 9EVITABLY L$ SOON] OR LAT] TO A CONFLICT SOME:]E ) ,BRITI% SPH]ES ( 9T]E/ & HAD ALWAYS TO LOOK = HIDD5 OPPOSITION BY ,BRITA94 

,= ?IS REASON IT NECESS>ILY BECAME ! *IEF CONC]N ( ! ,BRITI% =EIGN POLICY TO PREV5T ANY P[] FROM OBTA9+ PR$OM9ANT 9FLU5CE ON ! CONT95T1 OR1 :5 ?IS WAS UNAVOIDABLE1 TO USE ITS :OLE SKILL TO PLAY ONE P[] AGA9/ ! O!R4 ,!RE=E1 ! DEFEAT ( ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I BY ! ,PRUSSIAN >MY & ,BISM>CK'S DIPLOMACY C\LD ONLY BE V]Y WELCOME TO ,BRITA91 = ,FRANCE'S P[] WAS !REBY CRIPPL$ = DECADES4 ,BUT ,G]MANY'S DEVELOPM5T ( ITS MILIT>Y P[]1 ! 9ITIATION ( ITS COLONIAL POLICY &1 MO/ ( ALL1 ! BUILD+ ( ITS FLEET & ITS /EADILY GR[+ PLANS = EXPANSION 7AS ITS 0URGE TO EA/W>D0 BECAME 9CREAS+LY NOTICEABLE & DI/A/EFUL TO ! ,5GLI%7 CONJUR$ UP A DANG] = ! ,BRITI% ,EMPIRE ?AT ITS REPRES5TATIVES C\LD NOT AF=D TO DISREG>D4 

,?AT ,BRITI% DIPLOMACY UNHESITAT+LY US$ ANY MEANS TO OPPOSE ! DANG] IS NO PRO( ?AT ITS DIRECTORS W]E BY NATURE MORE TREA*]\S OR UNSCRUPUL\S ?AN >E ! DIPLOMATS ( O!R C\NTRIES4 ,! IDLE TALK AB\T 0P]FIDI\S ,ALBION0 IS JU/ AS SILLY AS ! *ATT] AB\T 0A CIVILIZ$ W>F>E40 ,IF ,BRITI% DIPLOMACY PROV$ SUP]IOR TO ?AT ( ! ,G]MANS1 IF IT WAS CLEV]] 9 ITS SECRET 9TRIGUES1 IT WAS SO ONLY BECAUSE ITS REPRES5TATIVES HAD HAD MU* LONG] EXP]I5CE & BECAUSE1 =TUNATELY = !M1 ! MAJORITY ( RESPONSIBLE ,G]MAN /ATESM5 FROM ,BISM>CK'S TIME W]E BUT WILL-LESS LACKEYS ( IMP]IAL P[]4 ,NONE ( !M HAD ! C\RAGE TO OPPOSE ! DANG]\S ACTIVITIES ( AN IRRESPONSIBLE PSY*OPA? & HIS V5AL CAM>ILLA4 

,H[EV]1 ! F\NDATION ( ?IS EVIL IS TO BE S\<T NOT 9 9DIVIDUAL P]SONS BUT 9 P[] POLITICS ITSELF1 IRRESPECTIVE ( :O PRACTICES IT OR :AT IMM$IATE AIMS IT PURSUES4 ,P[] POLITICS IS ONLY CONCEIVABLE AS MAK+ USE ( ALL MEANS1 H[EV] CONDEMNABLE !SE MAY APPE> TO PRIVATE CONSCI5CE1 SO LONG AS !Y PROMISE RESULTS1 CON=M TO REASONS ( /ATE & FUR!R ! /ATE'S 5DS4 

,MA*IAVELLI1 :O HAD ! C\RAGE TO COLLECT SY/EMATICALLY ! ME?ODS ( PROC$URE ( P[] POLITICS & TO JU/IFY !M 9 ! NAME ( REASONS ( /ATE1 HAS SET ?IS =? ALREADY 9 HIS 0,DISCORSI0 CLE>LY & DEF9ITELY3 0,IF WE >E DEAL+ ) ! WELF>E ( ! ,FA!RL& AT ALL1 WE MU/ NOT P]MIT \RSELVES TO BE 9FLU5C$ BY RI<T OR WRONG1 COMPASSION OR CRUELTY1 PRAISE OR BLAME4 ,WE MU/ CAVIL AT NO?+1 BUT WE MU/ ALWAYS GRASP AT ! MEANS :I* WILL SAVE ! LIFE ( ! C\NTRY & PRES]VE ITS FRE$OM40 

,= ! P]FECT P[] POLITICS EV]Y CRIME DONE 9 ! S]VICE ( ! /ATE IS A M]ITORI\S DE$ IF IT IS SUCCESSFUL4 ,! /ATE /&S BEYOND GOOD & EVIL2 IT IS ! E>?LY ,PROVID5CE :OSE DECISIONS >E 9 !IR PR(UNDITY AS 9EXPLICABLE TO ! ORD9>Y SUBJECT AS IS ! FATE ORDA9$ = ! BELIEV] BY ! P[] ( ,GOD4 ,JU/ AS1 ACCORD+ TO ! DOCTR9ES ( !OLOGIANS & PUNDITS1 ,GOD 9 HIS UNFA?OMABLE WISDOM (T5 USES ! MO/ CRUEL & FRI<TFUL MEANS TO EFFECT HIS PLANS1 SO ALSO ! /ATE1 ACCORD+ TO ! DOCTR9ES ( POLITICAL !OLOGY1 IS NOT B\ND BY ! RULES ( ORD9>Y HUMAN MORALITY :5 ITS RUL]S >E DET]M9$ TO A*IEVE DEF9ITE 5DS BY A COLD-BLOOD$ GAMBLE ) ! LIVES & =TUNES ( MILLIONS4 

,:5 A DIPLOMAT FALLS 9TO A TRAP ANO!R HAS SET = HIM1 IT ILL BECOMES HIM TO COMPLA9 ( ! WILES & LACK ( CONSCI5TI\SNESS ( HIS OPPON5T1 = HE HIMSELF PURSUES ! SAME OBJECT1 FROM ! OPPOSITE SIDE1 & ONLY SUFF]S DEFEAT BECAUSE HIS OPPON5T IS BETT] ABLE TO PLAY ! P>T ( ,PROVID5CE4 ,ONE :O BELIEVES ?AT HE CANNOT EXI/ )\T ! ORGANIZ$ =CE :I* IS P]SONIFI$ 9 ! /ATE MU/ BE READY ALSO TO ACCEPT ALL ! CONSEQU5CES ( ?IS SUP]/ITI\S BELIEF1 TO SACRIFICE TO ?IS ,MOLO* ! MO/ PRECI\S ?+ HE [NS1 HIS [N P]SONALITY4 

,IT WAS PR9CIPALLY P[]-POLITICAL CONFLICT1 GR[+ \T ( ! FATEFUL EVOLUTION ( ! GREAT CAPITALI/IC /ATES1 :I* CONTRIBUT$ IMPORTANTLY TO ! \TBREAK ( ! ,WORLD ,W>4 ,S9CE ! PEOPLE1 & ESPECIALLY ! WORK]S1 ( ! V>I\S C\NTRIES NEI!R UND]/OOD ! S]I\SNESS ( ! SITUATION NOR C\LD SUMMON ! MORAL C\RAGE TO PUT UP A DET]M9$ RESI/ANCE TO ! SUBT]RANEAN MA*9ATIONS ( ! DIPLOMATS1 MILIT>I/S & PR(ITE]S1 !RE WAS NO P[] ON E>? :I* C\LD /AY ! CATA/ROPHE4 ,= DECADES EV]Y GREAT /ATE APPE>$ LIKE A GIGANTIC >MY CAMP :I* OPPOS$ ! O!RS1 >M$ TO ! TEE?1 UNTIL A SP>K F9ALLY SPRUNG ! M9E4 ,NOT BECAUSE ALL HAPP5$ AS IT HAD TO HAPP5 DID ! WORLD DRIVE ) OP5 EYES T[>D ! ABYSS1 BUT BECAUSE ! GREAT MASSES 9 EV]Y C\NTRY HAD NOT ! SLI<TE/ IDEA :AT A DESPICABLE GAME WAS BE+ PLAY$ BEH9D !IR BACKS4 ,!Y HAD TO ?ANK !IR 9CR$IBLE C>ELESSNESS & ABOVE ALL !IR BL9D BELIEF 9 ! 9FALLIBLE SUP]IORITY ( !IR RUL]S7 & SOCALL$ SPIRITUAL LEAD]S1 ?AT = OV] F\R YE>S !Y C\LD BE L$ TO SLAU<T] LIKE A WILL-LESS H]D4 

,BUT EV5 ! SMALL GR\P ( HI< F9ANCE & GREAT 9DU/RY1 :OSE [N]S SO UNMI/AKABLY CONTRIBUT$ TO ! RELEAS+ ( ! R$ FLOOD1 W]E NOT ANIMAT$ 9 !IR ACTIONS EXCLUSIVELY BY ! PROSPECT ( MAT]IAL GA94 ,! VIEW :I* SEES 9 EV]Y CAPITALI/ ONLY A PR(IT MA*9E MAY V]Y WELL MEET ! DEM&S ( PROPAG&A1 BUT IT IS CONCEIV$ MU* TOO N>R[LY & DOES NOT CORRESPOND TO REALITY4 ,EV5 9 MOD]N GIANT CAPITALISM ! P[]-POLITICAL 9T]E/S FREQU5TLY PLAY A L>G] P>T ?AN ! PURELY ECONOMIC CONSID]ATIONS1 AL?\< IT IS DIFFICULT TO SEP>ATE !M FROM EA* O!R4 ,ITS LEAD]S HAVE LE>N$ TO KN[ ! DELI<TFUL S5SATION ( P[]1 & ADORE IT ) ! SAME PASSION AS DID =M]LY ! GREAT CONQU]ORS1 :E!R !Y F9D !MSELVES 9 ! CAMP ( ! 5EMIES ( !IR GOV]NM5T1 LIKE ,HUGO ,/9NES & HIS FOLL[]S 9 ! TIME ( ! ,G]MANY MONEY CRISIS1 OR 9T]F]E DECISIVELY 9 ! =EIGN POLICY ( !IR [N C\NTRY4 

,! MORBID DESIRE TO MAKE MILLIONS ( M5 SUBMISSIVE TO A DEF9ITE WILL & TO =CE :OLE EMPIRES 9TO C\RSES :I* >E USEFUL TO ! SECRET PURPOSES ( SMALL M9ORITIES1 IS FREQU5TLY MORE EVID5T 9 ! TYPICAL REPRES5TATIVES ( MOD]N CAPITALISM ?AN >E PURELY ECONOMIC CONSID]ATIONS OR ! PROSPECT ( GREAT] MAT]IAL PR(IT4 ,! DESIRE TO HEAP UP EV] 9CREAS+ PR(ITS TODAY NO LONG] SATISFIES ! DEM&S ( ! GREAT CAPITALI/IC OLIG>*IES4 ,EV]Y ONE ( ITS MEMB]S KN[S :AT 5ORM\S P[] ! POSSESSION ( GREAT WEAL? PLACES 9 ! H&S ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! CA/E TO :I* HE BELONGS4 ,?IS KN[L$GE GIVES A TEMPT+ 9C5TIVE & CREATES ?AT TYPICAL CONSCI\SNESS ( MA/]Y :OSE CONSEQU5CES >E FREQU5TLY MORE DE/RUCTIVE ?AN ! FACTS ( MONOPOLY ITSELF4 ,IT IS ?IS M5TAL ATTITUDE ( ! MOD]N ,GR& ,SEIGNEUR ( 9DU/RY & HI< F9ANCE :I* CONDEMNS ALL OPPOSITION & WILL TOL]ATE NO EQUALITY4 

,9 ! GREAT /RUGGLES BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR ?IS BRUTAL SPIRIT ( MA/]Y (T5 PLAYS A MORE DECID$ P>T ?AN IMM$IATE ECONOMIC 9T]E/S4 ,! SMALL MANUFACTUR]S ( =M] TIMES /ILL HAD C]TA9 RA!R 9TIMATE RELATION%IPS TO ! MASSES ( ! WORK+ POPULATION & W]E CONSEQU5TLY ABLE TO HAVE MORE OR LESS UND]/&+ ( !IR POSITION4 ,MOD]N MONEY$ >I/OCRACY1 H[EV]1 HAS EV5 LESS RELATION%IP ) ! GREAT MASSES ( ! PEOPLE ?AN DID ! FEUDAL B>ONS ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY ) !IR S]FS4 ,IT KN[S ! MASSES SOLELY AS COLLECTIVE OBJECTS ( EXPLOITATION = ITS ECONOMIC & POLITICAL 9T]E/S4 ,IT HAS 9 G5]AL NO UND]/&+ ( ! H>D CONDITIONS ( !IR LIVES4 ,H5CE ! CONSCI5CELESS BRUTALITY1 ! P[] URGE1 CONTEMPTU\S ( ALL HUMAN RI<T1 & ! UNFEEL+ 9DIFF]5CE TO ! MIS]Y ( O!RS4 

,BECAUSE ( HIS SOCIAL POSITION !RE >E LEFT NO LIMITS TO ! P[] LU/ ( ! MOD]N CAPITALI/4 ,HE CAN 9T]F]E ) 9CONSID]ATE EGOISM 9 ! LIVES ( HIS FELL[M5 & PLAY ! P>T ( ,PROVID5CE = O!RS4 ,ONLY :5 WE TAKE 9TO CONSID]ATION ?IS PASSIONATE URGE = POLITICAL P[] OV] !IR [N PEOPLE AS WELL AS OV] =EIGN NATIONS >E WE ABLE REALLY TO UND]/& ! *>ACT] ( ! TYPICAL REPRES5TATIVES ( MOD]N CAPITALISM4 ,IT IS JU/ ?IS TRAIT :I* MAKES !M SO DANG]\S TO ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE ( ! FUTURE4 

,NOT )\T REASON DOES MOD]N MONOPOLI/IC CAPITALISM SUPPORT ! ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ & FASCI/ REACTION4 ,?IS REACTION IS TO HELP BEAT D[N ANY RESI/ANCE ( ! WORK+ MASSES1 9 ORD] TO SET UP A REALM ( 9DU/RIAL S]FDOM 9 :I* PRODUCTIVE MAN IS TO BE REG>D$ M]ELY AS AN ECONOMIC AUTOMATON )\T ANY 9FLU5CE :ATSOEV] ON ! C\RSE & *>ACT] ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL CONDITIONS4 ,?IS ,CES>EAN MADNESS /OPS AT NO B>RI]4 ,)\T COMPUNCTION IT RIDES R\<%OD OV] ?OSE A*IEVEM5TS ( ! PA/ :I* HAVE ALL TOO (T5 HAD TO BE PUR*AS$ ) ! HE>T'S BLOOD ( ! PEOPLE4 ,IT IS ALWAYS READY TO SMO!R ) BRUTAL VIOL5CE ! LA/ RI<TS & ! LA/ LIB]TIES :I* MI<T 9T]F]E ) ITS PLANS = HOLD+ ALL SOCIAL ACTIVITIES )9 ! RIGID =MS SET BY ITS WILL4 ,?IS IS ! GREAT DANG] :I* ?REAT5S US TODAY & :I* IMM$IATELY CONFRONTS US4 ,! SUCCESS OR FAILURE ( MONOPOLI/IC CAPITALI/IC P[] PLANS WILL DET]M9E ! /RUCTURE ( ! SOCIAL LIFE ( ! NE> FUTURE4 

#a4 ,F]N&O ,G>RIDO1 0,LA ,ESPANA CONTEMPORANEO40 ,TOME #a4 ,B>CELONA1 #a#h#f#e4 ,?IS WORK CONTA9S RI* MAT]IAL1 AS DO ,G>RIDO'S O!R WRIT+S1 ESPECIALLY HIS WORL31 ,HI/ORIA DE LAS ,CLASES ,TRABAJADORES4 

#b4 ,PRAX$ES ,ZANCADA1 ,EL OBR]O 5 ,ESPANA3 ,NOTAS P>A SU HISORIA POLITCIA Y SOCIAL4 ,B>CELONA #a#i#b4 

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