,MY?S & ,LEG5DS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 

,TEXT 3 

,ORGANIZE6 IS />T+ A NEW S]IES1 ,MY?S & ,LEG5DS1 :I* WILL TAKE A LOOK AT V>I\S ',SACR$ ,C[S'1 DIAGNOSE ,B,S,E & RECOMM5D CULL+4 

,G&HI 

  

,WE KICK (F ) A LOOK AT ! 'SA9T' ( NONVIOL5CE1 ,MAHATMA ,G&HI4 

,MAHATMA ,G&HI IS (T5 CIT$ BY PACIFI/S AS ! %9+ EXAMPLE ( H[ NONVIOL5T CIVIL DISOB$I5CE WORKS SUCCESSFULLY4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 !SE PEANS ( PRAISE LEAVE \T A CLOSE /UDY ( ,G&HI'S ROLE 9 ! ,9DIAN /RUGGLE = '9DEP5D5CE'1 & JU/ AS IMPORTANTLY1 :O W]E HIS CLASS ALLIES 9 ?AT /RUGGLE4 

,BY #aiai ! ,9DIAN CAPITALI/ CLASS HAD DECID$ !Y WANT$ 9DEP5D5CE FROM ! ,BRITI% RUL]S4 ,H[EV]1 AS CAN BE IMAG9$1 ! ,BRITI% W]E RELUCTANT TO AGREE TO ?IS & A PROPAG&A CAMPAIGN = )DRAWAL HAD NO EFFECT4 ,9DIAN WORK]S & PEASANTS ALSO RES5T$ ! YOKE ( ,BRITI% DOM9ATION4 ,9 RESPONSE TO A MASS RALLY AT ,AMRITS> 9 ! ,PUNJAB1 ,G5]AL ,DY] ORD]$ ! MA*9E-GUNN+ ( ! CR[D1 RESULT+ 9 OV] #c DEAD & MANY ?\S&S W\ND$4 

,! ,9DIAN CAPITALI/ CLASS CAME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT AFT] ! FAILURE ( ! PROPAG&A CAMPAIGN1 MASS ACTION WAS NECESS>Y TO GA9 9DEP5D5CE4 ,H[EV]1 !Y W]E HAUNT$ BY ! SPECT] ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION1 :I* HAD PROGRESS$ FROM DEMOCRATIC DEM&S TO \TRI<T SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,!Y RECEIV$ ! ANSW] TO !IR PRAY]S 9 ,G&HI1 :O HAD ALREADY L$ SEV]AL CAMPAIGNS ( CIVIL DISOB$I5CE 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA AGA9/ ! RACI/ LAWS !RE4 ,HE ?US HAD A C]TA9 CR$IBILITY1 & WAS ALSO NOT H9D]$ BY ANY ID5TIFICATION ) ANY P>TICUL> REGION ( ! SUB-CONT95T4 

,TRU/EES 

  

,HIS !ORIES ( CIVIL DISOB$I5CE W]E ROOT$ 9 ,H9DU !OLOGY4 ,HE PREA*$ ! UNITY ( CLASSES AMONG ,9DIANS1 ! RI* TO BE 0TRU/EES0 TO ! POOR4 ,?IS MESSAGE ( CLASS UNITY WAS VITAL IF HE WAS TO CREATE AN ALLIANCE BETWE5 ! 9DU/RIALI/S & ! RI* PEASANTS4 ,9DIAN CAPITALI/S 5?USIA/ICALLY WELCOM$ !SE IDEAS1 & HE WAS F9ANC$ BY SOME ( ! LEAD+ 9DU/RIALI/S 9 ,WE/ ,9DIA1 ! ,S>ABHAIS1 TEXTILE MAGNATES 9 ! ,GUJ>AT1 & ! ,BIRLAS1 SECOND L>GE/ 9DU/RIALI/ GR\P 9 ALL ( ,9DIA4 ,MILLIONS ( RUPEES W]E GIV5 TO HIM OV] A P]IOD ( #be YE>S4 ,! RI* PEASANTS & %OPKEEP]S ALSO PROVID$ A POOL ( ACTIVI/S = HIS ,CONGRESS ,P>TY4 ,G&HI1 DUE TO HIS SIMPLICITY ( LIFE /YLE1 WAS ABLE TO MOBILIZE PEASANTS & WORK]S BEH9D HIM 9 ! CAUSE ( NATIONALISM1 :]E ! ,9DIAN POLITICIANS 9 TOP HATS & MORN+ SUITS W\LD HAVE F\ND IT V]Y DIFFICULT4 ,HE FACILITAT$ A CROSS-CROSS ALLIANCE = NATIONALISM4 

,G&HI HAD ADVOCAT$ HIS DOCTR9ES ( NONVIOL5CE FROM E>LY ON4 ,?IS DID NOT /OP HIM FROM SUPPORT+ ! ,BRITI% 9 #ahii 9 ! ,BO] ,W>1 VOLUNTE]+ TO HELP !M & ORGANIZ+ AN AMBULANCE CORPS4 ,AS HE SAID1 0,AS LONG AS ! SUBJECTS [E ALLEGIANCE TO A /ATE1 IT IS !IR CLE> DUTY G5]ALLY TO ACCOMMODATE !MSELVES1 & TO ACCORD !IR SUPPORT1 TO ! ACTS ( ! /ATE04 ,:5 ,G&HI WAS ORGANIZ+ A MASS M>* 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA 9 #a#i#a#c1 TO OBTA9 RI<TS = ,9DIANS !RE1 ! :ITE RAILWAY WORK]S W5T ON /RIKE OV] PAY & CONDITIONS4 ,G&HI IMM$IATELY CANCEL$ HIS M>*1 SAY+ ?AT CIVIL RESI/]S %\LD NOT TAKE ADVANTAGE ( A GOV]NM5T'S DIFFICULTY 4,ON ! \TBREAK ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 ,G&HI ACTIVELY RECRUIT$ = ! ,BRITI% W> EF=T1 DESPITE HIS 'PACIFISM'4 ,ON ! \TBREAK ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 HE PUBLICLY PL$G$ NOT TO EMB>RASS ! ,BRITI%1 & W\LD L5D MORAL SUPPORT TO ! ,ALLIES4 

,OBEY 

  

,EA* ( ,G&HI'S MASS CAMPAIGNS ( CIVIL DISOB$I5CE 7#a#i#b-#a#i#b#b1 #a#i#c-#a#i#c#c1#a#i#d#b7 TOOK PLACE :5 ,BRITI% CAPITALISM WAS 9 TR\BLE4 ,EA* CRISIS BROKE A FEW MORE L9KS ) ,BRITA94 ,!Y ALSO /R5G!N$ ! ,9DIAN CAPITALI/S4 ,FAIR 5\<1 ONE CAN >GUE1 IT WAS GOOD TACTICS TO ATTACK ,BRITI% IMP]IALISM :5 IT WAS 9 DIFFICULTIES4 ,:AT ,G&HI FAIL$ TO DO WAS TIE ! SECOND CAMPAIGN TO A MASSIVE WORK+ CLASS UPSURGE1 9 CONJUNCTION ) A MASS CAMPAIGN AGA9/ A ,BRITI% ,P>LIAM5T>Y ,COMMISSION T\R+ ,9DIA 7BO? 9 #a#i#b#h74 ,9/EAD HE WAIT$ TILL #aic TO LAUN* ! CAMPAIGN4 ,HE REJECT$ ! IDEA ( TEAM+ WORK]S /RUGGLES ) A CAMPAIGN = ,BRITI% )DRAWAL BECAUSE HE WAS AN ADVOCATE ( PEACE BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T CLASSES ( ,9DIA4 

,G&HI NEV] QUE/ION$ ! CONCEPT ( 0LEGALITY0 EI!R4 ,HE TOLD HIS SUPPORT]S TO OBEY ! LAW & HE ALWAYS 9SI/$ ?AT ! ,BRITI% HAD A 0LEGAL RI<T0 TO >RE/ !M4 ,ONCE >RE/$1 ! CAMPAIGN]S W]E TOLD TO CUT !MSELVES (F FROM EV]Y?+ \TSIDE & PASSIVELY AWAIT !IR RELEASE4 

,:5 9 ,APRIL #aidf ,9DIAN SAILORS MUT9I$ 9 ,BOMBAY & ,9DIAN SOLDI]S REFUS$ TO FIRE ON !M1 ,G&HI'S ,CONGRESS ,P>TY REFUS$ TO SUPPORT !M1 :I* EFFECTIVELY BROKE ! MUT9Y4 ,WORK]S DEMON/RAT$ !IR SUPPORT 9 MASS /RIKES1 & ! ?\<T ( WORK]S & RANK-&-FILE SOLDI]S COMB9+ 9 ACTION MU/ HAVE BE5 TR\BL+ TO ,G&HI4 

,G&HI'S USE ( ! ,H9DU RELIGION AS JU/IFICATION = CIVIL DISOB$I5CE WAS DISA/R\S4 ,NOT ONLY DID IT ALI5ATE ! MEMB]S ( O!R RELIGIONS 9 ,9DIA1 PR9CIPALLY ! ,MUSLIMS1 BUT IT LEGITIMIZ$ ! CA/E SY/EM4 ,G&HI OPPOS$ ONE CA/E OPPRESS+ ANO!R1 BUT HE NEV] CAME \T 9 FAVOR ( ! ABOLITION ( ! CA/E SY/EM ITSELF4 ,MANY 0UNT\*ABLES0 W]E ALI5AT$ 9 ?IS WAY4 ,! MASSACRES ?AT TOOK PLACE AFT] 9DEP5D5CE W]E AT LEA/ P>TLY DUE TO ,G&HI'S RELUCTANCE TO 9CLUDE ! ,MUSLIMS )9 HIS ,CONGRESS ,P>TY4 

,AL?\< ,G&HI ADMITT$ ?AT HE HAD READ C]TA9 LIB]T>IAN ?9K]S1 PR9CIPALLY ,KROPOTK91 HE HAD V]Y LITTLE 9 COMMON ) !IR IDEAS4 ,:ILE ,KROPOTK9 WAS COMMITT$ TO ! 5D ( CLASS SOCIETY1 ,G&HI NEV] REPUDIAT$ EI!R ! CLASS OR ! CA/E SY/EM1 & NEV] TRI$ TO REA* \T TO ! WORK+ CLASS1 9 ,9DIA OR 9T]NATIONALLY4 ,= ?AT MATT]1 HIS ,PURITANISM1 HIS DISLIKE ( SEXUALITY1 HIS CULT ( M>TYRDOM1 HAVE V]Y LITTLE TO DO ) MILITANT AN>*ISM4 

,*E ,GUEV>A 

  

,9 ! SECOND ( \R S]IES WE LOOK AT ! LIFE & IDEAS ( ,]NE/O ,*E ,GUEV>A4 ,*E HAS BE5 9 ! NEWS A LOT LATELY1 ) HIS REMA9S BE+ DUG UP 9 ,BOLIVIA & REBURI$ 9 ,CUBA1 ! PUBLICATION ( HI!RTO UNKN[N PHOTOS ( HIS ,BOLIVIAN CAMPAIGN & TWO NEW BIOGRAPHIES4 ,! H]OIC CULT ?AT HAS DEVELOP$ >\ND HIM HAS TAK5 ON NEW LIFE4 ,:IL/ HIS IMAGE -- ON ,T-%IRTS1 PO/]S1 & BE] LABELS- CONT9UES TO MAKE MONEY = CAPITALI/S1 !RE SEEMS TO BE A REVIVAL AMONG ! Y\NG 9 ! IDEA ( ,*E AS IDEALI/IC H]O & FI<T] = FRE$OM4 ,?IS H]O CULT SEEMS TO HAVE 9FECT$ MANY Y\NG RADICALS1 SOME ( :OM REG>D !MSELVES AS AN>*I/S4 

,! TRU? MAY BE UNPALATABLE TO MANY4 ,AFT] ALL1 ! ,*E CULT IS /ILL US$ TO OBSCURE ! REAL NATURE ( ,CA/RO'S ,CUBA1 ONE ( ! F9AL BA/IONS ( ,/AL9ISM4 ,AS JAD$ ,/AL9I/S & FELL[-TRAVEL+ ,TROTSKYI/S CELEBRATE ,*E'S ANNIV]S>Y WE TAKE A LOOK AT ! REAL MAN BEH9D ! LEG5D4 

,BORN 9 ,>G5T9A TO A ,CUBAN >I/OCRATIC FAMILY :O HAD FALL5 ON H>D TIMES BUT :O /ILL HAD MU* WEAL?1 ,GUEV>A HAD A COM=TABLE UPBR++4 ,:5 ,JUAN & ,EVA ,P]ON />T$ ON !IR RISE TO P[]1 US+ POPULISM & APPEALS TO WORK]S & PEASANTS TO 9/ALL A REGIME ?AT HAD MANY FASCI/ *>ACT]I/ICS 7#a#i#d#d-#a#i#e#b7 ,GUEV>A WAS /ILL A Y\?4 ,AT ?IS P]IOD HE SEEM$ REM>KABLY DIS9T]E/$ 9 POLITICS & FAIL$ TO (F] ANY OP9IONS = OR AGA9/ ! ,P]ON REGIME4 

,EV5TS 9 ,GUATEMALA W]E TO *ANGE ?IS4 ,>B5Z1 A LEFTI/ >MY (FIC]1 WAS ELECT$ AS ,PRESID5T4 ,9 #aieb HE NATIONALIZ$ ! PROP]TY ( ! ,UNIT$ ,FRUIT ,COMPANY1 A MAJOR ,U,S COMPANY :I* [N$ MU* L& & HAD GREAT ECONOMIC & POLITICAL 9FLU5CE4 ,HE ALSO BEGAN TO NATIONALIZE ! L& ( ! LOCAL BIG RAN*]S & F>M]S4 ,GUEV>A WAS CAU<T UP 9 5?USIASM = ?IS EXP]IM5T 9 'SOCIALISM' :I* 9FECT$ MIDDLE CLASS ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN Y\?4 ,JU/ BE=E A TRIP TO ,GUATEMALA HE WROTE3 0 ,I HAVE SWORN BE=E A PICTURE ( ! OLD & M\RN$ COMRADE ,/AL9 ?AT ,I WON'T RE/ UNTIL ,I SEE !SE CAPITALI/ OCTOPUSES ANNIHILAT$04 

,>MY 

  

,GUEV>A WAS 9 ,GUATEMALA :5 A ,U,S BACK$ 9VASION =CE SMA%$ ! ,>B5Z REGIME4 ,HE WAS ABLE TO FLEE TO ,MEXICO4 ,H]E HE JO9$ UP ) ! ,CUBANS >\ND ,FIDEL ,CA/RO & HIS BRO!R ,RAUL4 ,9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#e#f1 ,*E & #h O!R MEMB]S ( ! ,JULY #bf ,MOVEM5T 7,J#b#f,M7 F\ND$ BY ,FIDEL HAD L&$ 9 ,CUBA TO C>RY ON A GU]RILLA CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! ,U,S BACK$ DICTATOR ,BATI/A4 ,H]E ,*E PROV$ TO BE ! MO/ AU?ORIT>IAN & BRUTAL ( ! GU]RILLA LEAD]S4 ,9 FACT ,*E W5T AB\T TURN+ VOLUNTE] B&S ( GU]RILLAS 9TO A CLASSIC ,>MY1 ) /RICT DISCIPL9E & HI]>*Y4 ,AS HE HIMSELF WROTE3 0,DUE TO ! LACK ( DISCIPL9E AMONG ! NEW M5444 IT WAS NECESS>Y TO E/ABLI% A RIGID DISCIPL9E1 ORGANIZE A HI< COMM& & SET UP A ,/AFF04 ,HE DEM&$ ! DEA? P5ALTY = 09=M]S1 9SUBORD9ATES1 MAL+]]S & DES]T]S04 ,HE HIMSELF P]SONALLY C>RI$ \T EXECUTIONS4 ,9DE$ ! FIR/ EXECUTION C>RI$ \T AGA9/ AN 9=M] BY ! ,CA/ROI/S WAS UND]TAK5 BY ,*E4 ,HE WROTE3 0,I 5D$ ! PROBLEM GIV+ HIM A %OT ) A 4#c#b PI/OL 9 ! RI<T SIDE ( ! BRA904 ,ON ANO!R OCCASION HE PLANN$ ON %OOT+ A GR\P ( GU]RILLAS :O HAD GONE ON HUNG] /RIKE BECAUSE ( BAD FOOD4 ,FIDEL 9T]V5$ TO /OP HIM4 ,ANO!R GU]RILLA :O D>$ TO QUE/ION ,*E WAS ORD]$ 9TO BATTLE )\T A WEAPON6 

,AP>T FROM ! DRIVE T[>DS MILIT>IZATION 9 ! GU]RILLA GR\PS1 ,*E ALSO HAD ANO!R IMPORTANT DUTY4 ,HE ACT$ AS ! MA9 SPREAD] ( ,/AL9ISM )9 ,J#b#f,M4 ,HE SECRETLY WORK$ T[>DS AN ALLIANCE ) ! ,POPUL> ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY 7! ,CUBAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY74 ,UP TO !N !RE W]E V]Y FEW ,/AL9I/S )9 ,J#b#f,M & O!R ANTI-,BATI/A GR\PS LIKE ! ,DIRECTORATE & ! AN>*I/S W]E /AUN*LY ANTI-,/AL9I/4 ,! COMMUNI/S W]E HI<LY UNPOPUL> AMONG ! ANTI-,BATI/A =CES4 ,!Y HAD BE5 JUNIOR P>TN]S ( ! REGIME & HAD OP5LY CONDEMN$ ,CA/RO'S PREVI\S ATTACKS ON ,BATI/A 9 #a#i#e#c4 ,!Y BELAT$LY JO9$ ! GU]RILLA W>4 

,) ! ,CA/ROITE VICTORY 9 #a#i#e#i1 ,*E1 ALONG ) HIS ,/AL9I/ BUDDY ,RAUL ,CA/RO1 WAS PUT 9 *>GE ( BUILD+ UP /ATE CONTROL4 ,HE PURG$ ! >MY1 C>RI$ \T RE$UCATION CLASSES )9 IT1 & WAS SUPREME PROSECUTOR 9 ! EXECUTIONS ( ,BATI/A SUPPORT]S1 #ee BE+ %OT 9 ! FIR/ FEW MON?S4 ,HE WAS SE5 AS EXTREMELY RU?LESS BY ?OSE :O SAW HIM AT WORK4 ,!SE KILL+S AGA9/ SUPPORT]S ( ! OLD REGIME1 SOME ( :OM HAD BE5 IMPLICAT$ 9 TORTURE & MURD]1 WAS EXT5D$ 9 #aif TO ?OSE 9 ! WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T :O CRITICIZ$ ! ,CA/RO REGIME4 ,! AN>*I/S & AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S HAD !IR PRESS CLOS$ D[N & MANY MILITANTS W]E ?R[N 9 PRISON4 ,*E WAS DIRECTLY IMPLICAT$ 9 ?IS4 ,?IS WAS FOLL[$ 9 #aifb ) ! BANN+ ( ! ,TROTSKYI/S & ! IMPRISONM5T ( !IR MILITANTS4 ,*E SAID3 0,Y\ CANNOT BE = ! REVOLUTION & BE AGA9/ ! ,CUBAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY04 ,HE REPEAT$ ! OLD LIES AGA9/ ! ,TROTS ?AT !Y W]E AG5TS ( IMP]IALISM & PROVOCATEURS4 ,HE HELP$ SET UP A SECRET POLICE1 ! ,C-#b & HAD A KEY ROLE 9 CREAT+ ! ,COMMITTEES = ! ,DEF5SE ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 :I* W]E LOCALLY & REGIONALLY BAS$ BODIES = SPY+ ON & CONTROLL+ ! MASS ( ! POPULATION4 

,MISSILE ,DEAL 

  

,*E WAS ! MA9 L9K1 9DE$ ! >*ITECT1 ( ! 9CREAS+LY CLOS] RELATION BETWE5 ,CUBA & ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 ,! NUCLE> MISSILE DEAL :I* ALMO/ RESULT$ 9 A NUCLE> W> 9 #aifb WAS 5G9E]$ AT ! ,CUBAN 5D BY ,*E4 ,:5 ! ,RUSSIANS BACK$ D[N 9 ! FACE ( ,U,S ?REATS1 ,*E WAS FURI\S & SAID ?AT IF HE HAD BE5 9 *>GE ( ! MISSILES1 HE W\LD HAVE FIR$ !M (F6 

,BY #a#i#f#c1 ,*E HAD REALIZ$ ?AT ,RUSSIAN ,/AL9ISM WAS A %AMBLES AFT] A VISIT TO ,RUSSIA :]E HE SAW ! CONDITIONS ( ! MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE1 ?IS AFT] 0,SOVIET-/YLE PLANN+0 9 ! ,CUBAN ECONOMY HAD BE5 PU%$ ?R\< BY HIM4 ,9/EAD ( COM+ TO SOME LIB]T>IAN CRITIQUE ( ,/AL9ISM1 HE EMBRAC$ ,*9ESE ,/AL9ISM4 ,HE D5\NC$ ! ,SOVIET ,UNION'S POLICY ( PEACEFUL CO-EXI/5CE1 :I* ACKN[L$G$ ?AT ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA WAS ! ,U,S,A'S BACKY>D1 & GAVE LITTLE OR NO SUPPORT TO ANY MOVEM5T AGA9/ ,AM]ICAN CONTROL4 ,FIDEL WAS N[ OBSESS$ ) SAV+ ! ,CUBAN ECONOMY1 HIMSELF >GU+ = APPEASEM5T4 ,AGA9/ ?IS ,*E TALK$ AB\T SPREAD+ >M$ /RUGGLE ?R\< ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 IF NECESS>Y US+ NUCLE> W> TO HELP ?IS COME AB\T6 

,%AMBLES 

  

,IT WAS ON ?IS BASIS ?AT ,*E LEFT ,CUBA NEV] TO RETURN4 ,HE W5T TO ! ,CONGO1 :]E HE WORK$ ) ! ,CONGOLESE ,LIB]ATION ,>MY1 SUPPORT$ BY ! ,*9ESE ,/AL9I/S4 ,?IS WAS A %AMBLES ( A CAMPAIGN1 & ,*E 5D$ UP ISOLAT$ ) MANY ( HIS B& DEAD4 ,DESPITE ?IS1 ,*E /ILL BELIEV$ 9 GU]RILLA /RUGGLE WAG$ BY A T9Y >M$ M9ORITY4 ,HIS F9AL1 FATAL1 CAMPAIGN WAS 9 ,BOLIVIA4 

,?IS ALSO WAS A FIASCO4 ,BAS+ HIMSELF ONCE MORE ON OLD ,CA/ROI/ /RATEGIES1 HE FAIL$ TO RELATE TO ! 9DU/RIAL WORK+ CLASS4 ,! ,BOLIVIAN WORK+ CLASS1 & ESPECIALLY ! T9 M9]S1 HAD A REC5T RECORD ( MILITANCY & CLASS CONSCI\SNESS4 ,! PEASANTS1 ON ! O!R H&1 AMONG :OM ,*E HOP$ TO CREATE AN >M$ 9SURRECTION1 HAD BE5 DEMOBILIZ$ BY ! L& RE=MS ( #a#i#e#b4 ,SO1 ,*E WAS UNABLE TO RELATE TO EI!R WORK]S OR PEASANTS4 ,! LOCAL ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY FAIL$ TO SUPPORT HIM4 ,ROBB$ ( SUPPORT1 ,*E WAS SURR\ND$ 9 ! ,&EAN FOO?ILLS1 CAPTUR$ & EXECUT$4 

,YES1 ,*E WAS V]Y BRAVE PHYSICALLY4 ,YES1 HE WAS S+LE-M9D$LY DEVOT$ TO :AT HE SAW AS ! REVOLUTION & SOCIALISM4 ,YES1 HE REFUS$ ! PRIVILEGE & LUXURY GRANT$ TO O!R LEAD]S ( ,CA/ROI/ ,CUBA1 TAK+ AN AV]AGE WAGE & WORK+ H>D 9 HIS V>I\S GOV]NM5T JOBS4 ,BUT MANY MILIT>I/S1 FASCI/S & RELIGI\S FANATICS %>E !SE *>ACT]I/ICS ( BRAV]Y & SELF-SACRIFICE4 ,*E'S GOOD LOOKS & 'M>TYR'S' DEA? TURN$ HIM 9TO AN ICON1 AN ICON DULY EXPLOIT$ BY ALL ?OSE WANT+ TO TURN A FA/ BUCK SELL+ 'REVOLUTION>Y' *IC4 

,BUT GOOD LOOKS & BRAV]Y CAM\FLAGE :AT ,*E REALLY WAS4 ,A RU?LESS AU?ORIT>IAN & ,/AL9I/1 :O EXPRESS$ ADMIRATION = ! ,P]ONI/A AU?ORIT>IAN NATIONALI/S1 ,*E ACT$ AS A WILL+ TOOL ( ! ,SOVIET BLOC 9 SPREAD+ !IR 9FLU5CE4 ,EV5 :5 HE FELL \T ) ! ,U,S,S,R AB\T ! POSSIBILITY ( GU]RILLA W> 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 HE /ILL REMA9$ A CONV9C$ ,/AL9I/ ) ADMIRATION = ,*9A & ,NOR? ,KOREA4 ,HE HAD NO DISAGREEM5TS ) ! ,SOVIETS AB\T :AT SORT ( SOCIETY HE WANT$ -A BUREAUCRATIC AU?ORIT>IAN /ATE-CAPITALI/ SET UP ) CONTEMPT = ! MASSES4 

,*E MAY LOOK LIKE ! >*ETYPAL ROMANTIC REVOLUTION>Y4 ,9 REALITY HE WAS A TOOL ( ! ,/AL9I/ P[] BLOCS & A P>TISAN ( NUCLE> W>4 ,HIS ATTITUDES & ACTIONS REVEAL HIM TO BE NO FRI5D ( ! WORK+ MASSES1 :E!R !Y BE WORK]S OR PEASANTS4 

,HAILE ,SELASSIE 

  

,EMP]OR ,HAILE ,SELASSIE ,I ( ,E?IOPIA HAS ALMO/ UNIV]SALLY BE5 REMEMB]$ AS A K9DLY B5EFACTOR1 YET ! EVID5CE SUGGE/+ O!RWISE IS OV]:ELM+4 ,IT IS >GU$ ?AT HE IMPLEM5T$ MANY RE=MS 9 HIS C\NTRY & ,RA/AF>IANS BELIEVE HIM TO BE ,GOD 9C>NATE 7AS PROPHESI$ BY ,M>CUS ,G>VEY1 :O SURELY DES]VES HIS [N ,MY?S & ,LEG5DS PAGE87 BUT H[ JU/IFI$ >E !SE SUGGE/IONS8 

,IF WE TAKE AS />T+ PO9T ,FASCI/ ,ITALY'S 9VASION ( ,E?IOPIA WE F9D ,SELASSIE FLEE+ TO ,BRITA9 9 A BRAVE ATTEMPT TO RALLY SUPPORT = HIS C\NTRY4 ,HE REMA9$ 9 ,BA? = ! DURATION ( ! W>1 BUT ON RETURN+ TO TAKE HIS PLACE ON ! ?RONE HE BECAME P>ANOID AB\T ! P>TISANS :O HAD /AY$ & F\<T ! ,ITALIANS1 FE>+ !IR BRAV]Y & PREF]R+ OBSEQUI\SNESS4 ,?US1 !Y W]E GRADUALLY REMOV$ FROM POSITIONS ( AU?ORITY & REPLAC$ ) ?OSE :O HAD COLLABORAT$ ) ! ,ITALIANS AS HE KNEW !Y C\LD BE EASILY KEPT 9 L9E & W\LD BE OP5 TO ! ME?ODS ,SELASSIE US$ TO CONTROL HIS DIGNIT>IES4 ,SELASSIE'S ME?ODS ( ASS]T+ & A*IEV+ & MA9TA9+ P[] 9VOLV$ BRE$+ AN ATMOSPH]E ( DI/RU/ & CORRUPTION1 :]E GOV]NM5T (FICIALS W\LD 9=M ON EA* O!R 9 A CON/ANT VY+ = P[]1 EA* WANT+ TO BE NOTIC$ & PROMOT$ BY ! ,EMP]OR1 AS ! F9ANCIAL REW>DS C\LD BE GREAT4 

,E?IOPIA HAD MU* 9 COMMON ) ANY O!R CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,= 9/ANCE1 />V+ PEASANTS FELT !MSELVES PRIVILEG$ TO EV5 SEE A RI* P]SON 9 ! FLE% 7%ADES ( ! HOMELESS 9 ,BRITA9 GRIEV+ OV] A REC5TLY DECEAS$ ,PR9CESS74 ,TO A*IEVE ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS1 ,SELASSIE W\LD ?R[ CRUMBS TO ! POOR & BRIBE ! RI*4 ,AN EXAMPLE ( ?IS WAS HIS PRACTICE ( ?R[+ COPP]S TO ! POOR TO CELEBRATE HIS BIR?DAY EA* YE>4 

,ALWAYS ,SELASSIE HAD TO EX]CISE ABSOLUTE CONTROL1 PUNI%+ ?OSE :O UND]M9$ HIS AU?ORITY1 TWO EXAMPLES BE+ ,PR9CE ,IMRU & ,TEKELE ,WOLDA ,HAW>IAT4 ,PR9CE ,IMRU GAVE SOME ( HIS L&S TO ! PEASANTRY )\T ! ,EMP]ORS P]MISSION & AS A RESULT HE WAS EXIL$ =M ,E?IOPIA = TW5TY YE>S = 0DISLOYALTY04 ,TEKELE ,HAW>IAT1 A CELEBRAT$ W> H]O1 REFUS$ BRIBES & SPECIAL PRIVILEGES & SO WAS IMPRISON$ & F9ALLY EXECUT$ BY DECAPITATION4 ,IF ,SELASSIE C\LDN'T HAVE SOMEONE 9 ! PALM ( HIS H& !N HE W\LD GET RID ( !M4 

,PROGRESSIVE 

  

,! IMAGE ,SELASSIE LIK$ TO PROJECT TO ! ,WE/ WAS ALWAYS ONE ( BE+ SOMEH[ PROGRESSIVE4 ,TO ?IS 5D MANY Y\NG/]S W]E S5T ABROAD TO BE $UCAT$1 ?\< :5 !Y RETURN$ ,SELASSIE'S MEGALOMANIA & GRE$ MEANT ?AT ?IS $UCATION C\LD NEV] BE EMPLOY$ TO 9ITIATE ANY RE=MS 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,YET1 AS WE HAVE SAID1 ,SELASSIE IS REMEMB]$ BY MANY AS A GREAT RE=M]4 ,RA!R ?AN BE+ 9T]E/$ 9 RE=M1 ,SELASSIE WAS 9T]E/$ 9 'DEVELOPM5T'4 ,?IS ALL[$ HIM TO APPEAL = FUNDS TO HELP ?IS PROCESS4 ,TO ?IS 5D HOSPITALS1 BRIDGES1 FACTORIES ETC4 W]E BUILT1 ALL BE>+ ! NAME ( ! EMP]OR4 ,BUT AS ! MONEY P\R$ 9TO ,E?IOPIA MU* ( IT WAS MISAPPROPRIAT$ BY ,SELASSIE & HUNDR$S ( MILLIONS ( DOLL>S F\ND !IR WAY 9TO HIS P]SONAL BANK ACC\NTS4 ,! ,WE/1 H[EV]1 CONT9U$ TO BACK ,SELASSIE1 :O !Y REG>D$ AS A BULW>K AGA9/ 'COMMUNISM' 9 ,AFRICA4 

,9 ! SIXTIES1 :5 ,SELASSIE HAD BEGUN TO LOSE HIS GRIP FOLL[+ AN ATTEMPT$ C\P D'ETAT1 HE F\ND IT NECESS>Y TO PAY ,>MY (FIC]S & HIS ,POLICE OBSC5E AM\NTS ( MONEY TO MA9TA9 LOYALTY & ORD]4 ,?US1 9 A C\NTRY ( #c MILLION F>M]S & #a1 POLICE & MILIT>Y P]SONNEL1 #a.0 ( ! /ATE BUDGET WAS ALLOCAT$ TO ! F>M]S & #d.0 TO ! >MY & ! COPS4 

,SUMPT\S ,BANQUETS 

  

,SELASSIE BR$ CORRUPTION 9 ,E?IOPIA1 HE MA9TA9$ A BACKW>D & 9HUMAN SY/EM 9 :I* MILLIONS ( HIS SUBJECT LIV$ ,9 DEGRAD+ POV]TY1 OPPRESSIVE MIS]Y & IGNORANCE4 ,NO:]E 9 ! WORLD WAS ! GULF BETWE5 RI* & POOR GREAT]4 ,9 #aigc ,JONA?AN ,DIMBLEBY VISIT$ NOR!RN ,E?IOPIA & MADE ! FILM :I* WAS TO SIGNAL ! 5D = ,SELASSIE4 ,! FILM = ! FIR/ TIME %[$ ?AT PEOPLE W]E />V+ TO DEA? 9 !IR MULTITUDES1 DESPITE ! MONEY = 'DEVELOPM5T' :I* WAS BE+ PUMP$ 9TO ! C\NTRY4 ,AT ! ,PALACE ! SPL5DOR & RI*ES SEEM$ TO KN[ NO B\NDS4 ,! JUXTAPOSITION+ ( ! TWO CONTRA/+ IMAGES 9 ! FILM WAS /RIK+2 ! PIGS ) !IR SUMPTU\S BANQUETS W]E GR[+ FATT] ON ! BACKS ( WALK+ SKELETONS4 ,( C\RSE ?IS HUNG] SUIT$ ,SELASSIE AS PEOPLE C\LD H>DLY REBEL :5 !Y W]E />V+ TO DEA?4 ,!RE WAS 9 FACT1 H[EV]1 PL5TY ( GRA9 9 ,E?IOPIA4 ,BUT L&[N]S TOOK ! H>VE/ FROM ! PEASANTS1 GRA9 PRICES D\BL$ & ! F>M]S :O GREW ! GRA9 C\LD NOT AF=D TO BUY IT4 

,AS ! DY+ CONT9U$1 WE/]N J\RNALI/S W]E NO LONG] ALL[$ 9TO ,NOR!RN ,E?IOPIA4 ,SELASSIE PREF]R$ TO %[ (F HIS GREAT 'DEVELOPM5TS' TO ! WORLD PRESS4 ,! SUFF]+ C\LD NOT BE HIDD5 9DEF9ITELY SO1 AS ! SITUATION BECAME A BIGG] & BIGG] EMB>RASSM5T TO ! ,EMP]OR1 ! ,POLICE BEGAN TO KILL (F ! />V+ 5 MASSE4 

,IT IS IRONIC ?AT ,SELASSIE LIK$ TO PROJECT AN IMAGE ( HIMSELF TO ! WORLD ( A K9D1 TOL]ANT & B5EVOL5T S\L1 YET ?OSE 9 HIS C\NTRY :O DETRACT$ FROM ?IS IMAGE W]E USUALLY EXECUT$4 ,SUPPORT]S ( ,SELASSIE C\LD >GUE ?AT IT WAS HIS UND]L+S & NOT HE ?AT W]E RESPONSIBLE = ! ATROCITIES & CORRUPTION1 ! ,EMP]OR BE+ KEPT 9 TOTAL IGNORANCE ( ! SITUATION4 ,A LOOK AT ! FACTS %[S ?IS TO BE IMPOSSIBLE4 ,SELASSIE KNEW :AT HE WAS DO+ :5 HE /UFF$ ! MONEY /OL5 FROM HIS SUBJECTS UND] HIS MATTRESS & 5C\RAG$ O!RS 9 HIS EMPLOY TO DO LIKEWISE4 ,POLI% J\RNALI/ ,RYSZ>D ,KAPUSC9SKI WROTE ( ,SELASSIE3 0! ,EMP]OR HIMSELF AMASS$ HIS GREAT RI*ES4 ,! OLD] HE GREW1 ! GREAT] BECAME HIS GRE$1 HIS PITIABLE CUPIDITY444HE & HIS PEOPLE TOOK MILLIONS FROM ! /ATE TREASUR] & LEFT CEMET]IES FULL ( PEOPLE :O HAD DI$ ( HUNG]1 CEMET]IES VISIBLE FROM ! W9D[S ( ! ROYAL PALACE0 7,! ,EMP]OR 7#a#i#h#d7 ,PICADOR P4#a#f74 

,HAILE ,SELASSIE WAS NOT ,GOD OR A GREAT RE=M]2 BUT A CALL\S1 GRE$Y1 ?IEV+ AUTOCRAT1 :O %\LD BE REMEMB]$ = ! MURD]+ LEA* ?AT HE WAS4 

,EVITA 

  

,ORGANIZE6 CONT9UES ITS S]IES ,MY?S & ,LEG5DS ) A LOOK AT ,EVA ,P]ON4 ,TURN$ 9TO A ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN SA9T1 WOR%IP$ BY ?\S&S ( ,>G5T9IANS1 ! SUBJECT ( AN ,&REW ,LLOYD ,WEBB] MUSICAL & MORE REC5TLY A FILM />R+ ,MADONNA1 0,EVITA0 HAS BE5 ! SUBJECT ( MU* ATT5TION OV] ! YE>S4 ,P>T ( ?IS CULT IS DUE TO H] WORK+ CLASS BACKGR\ND1 H] ABILITY TO BECOME A 0WORK+ GIRL MAKES GOOD0 :I* APPEAL$ TO A ,TORY LIKE ,LLOYD ,WEBB] TUN+ 9TO ! ,?AT*]ITE YUPPIE BOOM :]E SOME PEOPLE FROM A WORK+ CLASS UPBR++ W]E ABLE TO MAKE L>GE SUMS ( MONEY4 ,ALSO SUP]FICIALLY APPEAL+ >E H] APP>5T *AMPION+ ( ! POOR & H] WELF>E RE=MS :I* APPEALS TO A ,LABORITE LIKE ,ALAN ,P>K]1 DIRECTOR ( ! FILM & SUPPORT] ( OLD ,LABOR4 

,HITL] 

  

,EVA ,DU>TE WAS BORN 9 A VILLAGE #ae MILES TO ! WE/ ( ,BU5OS ,AIRES4 ,! FACTS ( H] E>LY LIFE >E OBSCURE1 NOT LEA/ BECAUSE ( H] EF=TS 9 LAT] LIFE TO MAKE \T ?AT %E WAS Y\NG] & HAD COME FROM A POOR] BACKGR\ND ?AN WAS TRUE4 ,:5 H] FA!R DI$ AT SEV51 ! F9ANCIAL POSITION ( H] FAMILY TOOK A PLUNGE4 ,BY #a#i#c#d1 H[EV]1 ,EVA'S MO!R HAD 9CREAS$ H] WEAL? BY H] RUNN+ ( A BO>D+-H\SE4 

,EVA ,DU>TE MOV$ TO ,BU5OS ,AIRES1 :]E %E BECAME AN ACTRESS4 ,%E WAS A SUCCESSFUL RADIO P]=M] 9 #aidc :5 ! ,>MY OV]?REW ! ,CA/ILLO GOV]NM5T4 ,REALIZ+ ?AT ! ,>MY W]E ! IMPORTANT PEOPLE TO KN[ N[1 ,EVA ,DU>TE BECAME ! LOV] ( ,COLONEL ,IMB]T1 ,M9I/] ( ,PO/S & ,TELEGRAPHS4 ,BUT H] AIMS W]E HI<]4 ,%E DELIB]ATELY S\<T \T ,COLONEL ,JUAN ,P]ON1 SE5 AS ! /RONG MAN AMONG ! COLONELS4 ,P]ON1 AN >D5T ADMIR] ( ,HITL]1 HAD BE5 A DRIV+ =CE 9 ! ,GR\P ( ,UNIT$ ,(FIC]S ?AT HAD 5G9E]$ ! C\P4 

,P]ON REALIZ$ ! REGIME C\LD NOT SURVIVE = LONG )\T ! HELP ( O!R SECTORS ( ,>G5T9IAN SOCIETY \TSIDE ! MILIT>Y4 ,HE LOOK$ = ! ACTIVE SUPPORT ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,HE WAS PUT 9 *>GE ( ! M9I/RY ( ,LABOR AS A FIR/ /EP 9 ?IS MANEUV]4 ,P]ON FIR/ MET ,EVA ,DU>TE AT A CONC]T GIV5 = SURVIVORS ( AN E>?QUAKE 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#d#d4 ,! *>ITY WORK %E DID !RE WAS TO BECOME A L>GE P>T ( H] FUTURE C>E]4 ,! PUBLICITY GIV5 FROM ! *>ITY WORK PUT H] 9 ! SPOTLI<T1 HELP+ H] 9 H] %[BUS9ESS C>E]4 ,P]ON WAS ALSO US+ ! E>?QUAKE TRAG$Y TO PUT HIMSELF =W>D AS A *AMPION ( ! POOR1 9DE$ ,EVA ,DU>TE SANG HIS PRAISES ON ! RADIO BE=E %E HAD MET HIM4 ,AT ! CONC]T ,EVA JETTISON$ ,IMB]T1 & BECAME ,P]ON'S LOV]4 

,CORPORATISM 

  

,AS A RESULT ,EVA ,DU>TE BEGAN TO GET LEAD+ ROLES 9 RADIO PLAYS1 AS WELL AS />T+ TO APPE> 9 MOVIES4 ,N[ 

,P]ON BECAME ,M9I/] ( ,W>1 AN IMPORTANT POSITION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME HE HAD BE5 BUILD+ UP HIS CONTROL ( ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,! UNION LEAD]S W]E COM+ TOGE!R 9 AN ALLIANCE TO =CE A RE=MI/ PROJECT ON ,>G5T9IAN SOCIETY4 ,?IS CO9CID$ ) ,P]ON'S POPULI/ PLANS1 BAS$ ON ! TACTICS ( ,MUSSOL9I1 TO B9D ! UNIONS TO HIM4 ,HE 5C\RAG$ A RANK & FILE LEAD]1 ,CIPRIANO ,REYES1 TO SET UP A MEAT-PACK]S UNION 9 OPPOSITION TO ! ONE CONTROLL$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/S4 ,9 RETURN = A NO-/RIKE PL$GE ,P]ON 5G9E]$ A SMALL WAGE RISE & BETT] CONDITIONS4 ,?IS TACTIC ( CORPORATISM1 FULLY 9TEGRAT+ ! UNIONS 9TO ! ,/ATE APP>ATUS & ?US CONTROLL+ ! WORK+ CLASS1 WAS MET ) HO/ILITY BY SECTIONS ( ! RUL+ CLASS1 ! >I/OCRACY1 ! L&[N]S & BIG RAN*]S1 :O W]E W$D$ TO ! OLD IDEAS ( \TRI<T REPRESSION4 ,P]ON DID ?IS TOO ) ! METALWORK]S1 :]E A UNION L$ BY A ,TROTSKYI/1 WAS SET UP 9 OPPOSITION TO ! ,COMMUNI/S6 ,:]E HE C\LD NOT CONTROL1 \TRI<T REPRESSION WAS US$1 AS ) ! BUILD+ WORK]S4 ,?OSE :O OBJECT$ TO ,P]ON'S POLITICS W]E IMPRISON$ & TORTUR$4 

,EVA BECAME A KEY PLAY] 9 ?IS /RATEGY4 ,BY N[ ,P]ON HAD BECOME ,VICE-,PRESID5T4 ,HE 9CREAS+LY US$ NATIONALI/ RHETORIC AGA9/ ,BRITI% =EIGN 9VE/M5T & 9T]E/S 9 ,>G5T9A 7,BRITI% COMPANIES [N$ MO/ ( ! 9FRA/RUCTURE- ,>G5T9A WAS VIRTUALLY A ,BRITI% COLONY74 ,! L&[N]S & 9DU/RIALI/S =C$ ,P]ON TO RESIGN 9 #a#i#d#e1 AFT] A WAVE ( PROTE/S & /RIKES TO DEF5D ! RE=MS PUT ?R\< BY ,P]ON4 ,:5 ,P]ON WAS >RE/$1 ,EVA ?REW H]SELF 9TO FR5ETIC ACTIVITY TO BUILD UP SUPPORT AMONG ! UNIONS4 ,IT IS RUMOR$ ?AT ! L>GE AM\NTS ( CA% US$ DUR+ ?IS CAMPAIGN WAS FROM ?AT %E HAD EMBEZZL$ FROM ! E>?QUAKE FUND4 ,9 ALLIANCE ) ,CIPRIANO ,REYES1 %E VISIT$ MANY FACTORIES1 DOCKS & UNION ,H,QS1 S++ ! PRAISES ( ,P]ON AS ! WORK]S' FRI5D4 ,?IS CULM9AT$ 9 A MASS DEMON/RATION ON ,OCTOB] #a#g?1 :5 #e1 WORK]S DEMON/RAT$ 9 ! CAPITAL4 

,POPULI/ 

  

,IT WAS ,EVA :O HAD %[N REM>KABLE RESOLVE :5 ,P]ON WAS WAV]+ & PREP>+ TO GO 9TO EXILE4 ,IT WAS %E :O WAS A *IEF >*ITECT 9 MOBILIZ+ ! MASSES 9 A POPULI/ %[ ( SUPPORT = ,P]ON4 

,! FOLL[+ YE> ,P]ON SWEPT TO P[] 9 A L&SLIDE ELECTION VICTORY4 ,9 ! NEXT #c YE>S ,EVA1 N[ (FICIALLY M>RI$ TO ,P]ON1 W\LD %[ H[ VALUABLE %E WAS TO ,P]ONISM 9 5*ANT+ ! MASSES1 TY+ !M 5?USIA/ICALLY TO ! REGIME & ?W>T+ ANY 9DEP5D5T ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,%E BEGAN TO DELIV] DRAMATIC ADDRESSES TO MASS MEET+S & OV] ! RADIO WAVES1 BR++ UP H] WORK+ CLASS CR$5TIALS1 CALL+ ON ! WORK+ CLASS TO BACK H] & ,P]ON4 ,9 ! MEANTIME %E CONT9U$ TO DO :AT %E HAD BE5 DO+ BE=E ,P]ON BECAME ,PRESID5T4 ,%E MOV$ H] RELATIVES 9TO POSITIONS ( P[]4 ,H] BRO!R BECAME ,P]ON'S PRIVATE SECRET>Y4 ,HUSB&S & LOV]S ( H] SI/] & MO!R W]E GIV5 9FLU5TIAL POSITIONS4 ,?IS NEPOTISM B5EFIT$ H] FAMILY -- IT ALSO ALL[$ H] ACCESS TO PROV9CIAL GOV]NM5T1 ! ,S5ATE1 ! JUDICI>Y1 COMMUNICATIONS1 & H] HUSB&'S DAILY S*$ULE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME %E SP5T A =TUNE ON JEWELRY1 HATS & CLO!S & AN EXTRAVAGANT LIFE/YLE- A LONG WAY FROM ! LIVES ( ! PEOPLE %E MADE H] IMPASSION$ SPEE*ES TO4 

,!N !RE WAS ! ,EVA ,P]ON ,F\NDATION4 ,%E HAD SET ?IS UP :5 %E HAD BE5 REFUS$ ! ,PRESID5CY ( A NATIONAL E/ABLI%M5T *>ITY SPONSOR$ BY UPP] CLASS WOM51 %ORTLY AFT] ,P]ON BECAME ,PRESID5T4 ,FROM A %[ ( EGOTISM1 ! ,F\NDATION DEVELOP$ 9TO A K9D ( WELF>E /ATE1 :I* BUILT HOSPITALS1 S*OOLS1 ORPHANAGES & OLD PEOPLES' HOMES1 DI/RIBUT+ FOOD1 M$IC9E & MONEY4 ,BUT EA* ACT ( ! ,F\NDATION WAS US$ AS A PUBLICITY /UNT TO %[ H[ B5EVOL5T ,EVA ,P]ON WAS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME MANY GIMMICKS W]E US$ AS GRI/ = ! PUBLICITY MILL4 ,V]Y POOR *ILDR5 W]E H\S$ & F$ = A FEW DAYS & !N FLUNG BACK 9TO POV]TY1 PESO NOTES W]E FLUNG AT R&OM 9TO ! CR[D4 ,AT ! SAME TIME MONEY WAS RAIS$ BY ! ,F\NDATION BY A COMPULSORY LEVY ON UNION MEMB]S 7#c DAYS PAY7 A NATIONAL LOTT]Y & 5=C$ CONTRIBUTIONS FROM ! 9DU/RIALI/S4 ,! ,F\NDATION GA9$ PUBLICITY = ,P]ONISM = ITS GOOD DE$S1 IT BOL/]$ POPUL> SUPPORT ?R\< ITS 0GOOD DE$S0- & ,EVA WAS ABLE TO DIV]T UP TO @s#g MILLION 9TO OV]SEAS ACC\NTS6 

,SA9T ( ! ,POOR 

  

,! YE>S #a#i#d#f-#i SAW WORK]S WAGES GO UP BY A ?IRD4 ,BUT 9 ,FEBRU>Y #aidi ! /OCK M>KET COLLAPS$ & AFT] ?IS ,P]ONISM BECAME MORE OP5LY ANTI-WORK+ CLASS1 ) AU/]ITY MEASURES BE+ 9TRODUC$4 ,SP5D+ WAS CUT BY #b.0 & REAL WAGES FELL BY #c#b.0 BETWE5 #aidi & #a#i#e#c4 ,9 #aie ,EVA ,P]ON ATTEMPT$ TO /OP A RAILWORK]S /RIKE4 ,:5 ! /RIKE ACTION SPREAD ! FOLL[+ YE>1 ! ,P]ONI/S DECL>$ MILIT>Y RULE1 SACK$ #c1 WORK]S & JAIL$ #c4 ,%E BEGAN TO BE ASSOCIAT$ ) ! BRUTAL ME?ODS ( ! REGIME4 

,H] E>LY DEA? 9 #aiea MEANT ?AT ! REPUTATION %E HAD BUILT UP WAS NOT TOO DAMAG$ BY ! 9CREAS+ ATTACKS ( ,P]ONISM ON ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,9 DEA? %E WAS TRANS=M$ 9TO A ,VIRG9 ,M>Y /YLE ICON1 A ,SA9T ( ! ,POOR1 EASILY MANAG$ 9 A PR$OM9ANTLY ,CA?OLIC C\NTRY4 ,9 REALITY %E WAS A CORRUPT & P[]-MAD MANIPULATOR ( ! MASSES1 HELP+ BR+ AB\T1 9 ,JUAN ,P]ON'S [N WORDS 30,A FASCISM ?AT IS C>EFUL TO AVOID ALL ! ]RORS ( ,MUSSOL9I04 

7,S\RCE3 ,RETRIEV$ ON ,MAY #a#c1 #bac FROM WEB4>*IVE4ORG1 WEB4>*IVE4ORG1 WEB4>*IVE4ORG & WEB4>*IVE4ORG47 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,MY?S & ,LEG5DS -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/