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,POLTAVA 

#aibcaibc 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN 

,TEXT 3 

,FROM MY COPY ( ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN'S ,MY ,DISILLUSIONM5T 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,NEW ,YORK ,D\BL$AY1 ,PAGE @& ,COMPANY1 #a#i#b#c4 

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,P,O,L,T,A,V,A 

,9 ! G5]AL DISLOCATION ( LIFE 9 ,RUSSIA & ! BREAK+ D[N ( H] ECONOMIC MA*9]Y ! RAILROAD SY/EM HAD SUFF]$ MO/4 ,! SUBJECT WAS DISCUSS$ 9 ALMO/ EV]Y MEET+ & EV]Y ,SOVIET PAP] (T5 WROTE AB\T IT4 ,BETWE5 ,PETROGRAD & ,MOSC[1 H[EV]1 ! REAL /ATE ( AFFAIRS WAS NOT SO NOTICEABLE1 ?\< ! MA9 /ATIONS W]E ALWAYS OV]CR[D$ & ! PEOPLE WAIT$ = DAYS TRY+ TO SECURE PLACES4 ,/ILL1 TRA9S BETWE5 ,PETROGRAD & ,MOSC[ RAN FAIRLY REGUL>LY4 ,IF ONE WAS =TUNATE 5\< TO PROCURE ! NECESS>Y P]MISSION TO TRAVEL1 & A TICKET1 ONE C\LD MANAGE TO MAKE ! J\RNEY )\T P>TICUL> DANG] TO LIFE OR LIMB4 ,BUT ! F>!R S\? ONE W5T ! MORE APP>5T BECAME ! DISORGANIZATION4 ,BROK5 C>S DOTT$ ! L&SCAPE1 DISABL$ 5G9ES LAY ALONG ! R\TE1 & FREQU5TLY ! TRACKS W]E TORN UP4 ,EV]Y:]E 9 ! ,UKRA9A ! /ATIONS W]E FILL$ TO SUFFOCATION1 ! PEOPLE MAK+ A WILD RU% :5EV] A TRA9 WAS SI<T$4 ,MO/ ( !M REMA9$ = WEEKS ON ! PLAT=MS BE=E SUCCE$+ 9 GETT+ 9TO A TRA94 ,! /EPS & EV5 ! RO(S ( ! C>S W]E CR[D$ BY M5 & WOM5 LOAD$ ) BUNDLES & BAGS4 ,AT EV]Y /ATION !RE WAS A SAVAGE SCRAMBLE = A BIT ( SPACE4 ,SOLDI]S DROVE ! PASS5G]S (F ! /EPS & ! RO(S1 & (T5 !Y HAD TO RESORT TO >MS4 ,YET SO DESP]ATE W]E ! PEOPLE & SO DET]M9$ TO GET TO SOME PLACE :]E !RE WAS HOPE ( SECUR+ A LITTLE FOOD1 ?AT !Y SEEM$ 9DIFF]5T TO >RE/ & RISK$ !IR LIVES CONT9U\SLY 9 ?IS MODE ( TRAVEL4 ,AS A RESULT ( ?IS SITUATION !RE W]E NUMB]LESS ACCID5TS1 SCORES ( TRAVEL]S BE+ (T5 SWEPT TO !IR DEA? BY L[ BRIDGES4 ,!SE SI<TS HAD BECOME SO COMMON ?AT PRACTICALLY NO ATT5TION WAS PAID TO !M4 ,TRAVEL+ S\?W>D & ON \R RETURN WE FREQU5TLY WITNESS$ !SE SC5ES4 ,CON/ANTLY ! ME%OT*NIKI .<PEOPLE ) BAGS.> MOBB$ ! C>S 9 SE>* ( FOOD1 OR :5 RETURN+ LAD5 ) !IR PRECI\S BURD5 ( FL\R & POTATOES4 

,DAY & NI<T ! T]RIBLE SC5ES KEPT REPEAT+ !MSELVES AT EV]Y /ATION4 ,IT WAS BECOM+ A TORTURE TO TRAVEL 9 \R WELL-EQUIPP$ C>4 ,IT CONTA9$ ONLY SIX P]SONS1 LEAV+ CONSID]ABLE ROOM = MORE2 YET WE W]E =BIDD5 TO %>E IT ) O!RS4 ,IT WAS NOT ONLY BECAUSE ( ! DANG] ( 9FECTION OR ( 9SECTS BUT BECAUSE ! ,MUSEUM EFFECTS & ! MAT]IAL COLLECT$ W\LD HAVE SURELY VANI%$ HAD WE ALL[$ /RANG]S ON BO>D4 ,WE S\<T TO SALVE \R CONSCI5CE BY P]MITT+ WOM5 & *ILDR5 OR CRIPPLES TO TRAVEL ON ! RE> PLAT=M ( \R C>1 ?\< EV5 ?AT WAS CONTR>Y TO ORD]S4 

,ANO!R FEATURE :I* CAUS$ US CONSID]ABLE ANNOYANCE WAS ! 9SCRIPTION ON \R C>1 :I* READ3 ,EXTRAORD9>Y ,COMMISSION ( ! ,MUSEUM ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,\R FRI5DS AT ! ,MUSEUM HAD ASSUR$ US ?AT ! 0TITLE0 W\LD HELP US TO SECURE ATT5TION AT ! /ATIONS & W\LD ALSO BE EFFECTIVE 9 GETT+ \R C> ATTA*$ TO SU* TRA9S AS WE NE$$4 ,BUT ALREADY ! FIR/ FEW DAYS PROV$ ?AT ! 9SCRIPTION R\S$ POPUL> FEEL+ AGA9/ US4 ,! NAME 0,EXTRAORD9>Y ,COMMISSION0 SIGNIFI$ TO ! PEOPLE ! ,T*EKA4 ,!Y PAID NO ATT5TION TO ! O!R WORDS1 BE+ T]RORIZ$ BY ! FIR/4 ,E>LY 9 ! J\RNEY WE NOTIC$ ! S9I/] LOOKS ?AT MET US AT ! /ATIONS & ! UNWILL+NESS ( ! PEOPLE TO 5T] 9TO FRI5DLY CONV]SATION4 ,PRES5TLY IT DAWN$ ON US :AT WAS WRONG2 BUT IT REQUIR$ CONSID]ABLE EF=T TO EXPLA9 ! MISUND]/&+4 ,ONCE PUT AT HIS EASE1 ! SIMPLE ,RUSSIAN OP5$ UP HIS HE>T TO US4 ,A K9D WORD1 A SOLICIT\S 9QUIRY1 A CIG>ETTE1 *ANG$ HIS ATTITUDE4 ,ESPECIALLY :5 ASSUR$ ?AT WE W]E NOT ,COMMUNI/S & ?AT WE HAD COME FROM ,AM]ICA1 ! PEOPLE ALONG ! R\TE W\LD S(T5 & BECOME MORE TALKATIVE1 SOMETIMES EV5 CONFID5TIAL4 ,!Y W]E UNSOPHI/ICAT$ & PRIMITIVE1 (T5 CRUDE4 ,BUT ILLIT]ATE & UNDEVELOP$ AS !Y W]E1 !SE PLA9 FOLK W]E CLE> AB\T !IR NE$S4 ,!Y W]E UNSPOIL$ & POSSESS$ ( A DEEP FAI? 9 ELEM5T>Y JU/ICE & EQUALITY4 ,I WAS (T5 MOV$ ALMO/ TO TE>S BY !SE ,RUSSIAN PEASANT M5 & WOM5 CL++ TO ! /EPS ( ! MOV+ TRA91 EV]Y MOM5T 9 DANG] ( !IR LIVES1 YET REMA9+ GOODHUMOR$ & 9DIFF]5T TO !IR MIS]ABLE CONDITION4 ,!Y W\LD EX*ANGE /ORIES ( !IR LIVES OR SOMETIMES BREAK \T 9 ! MELODI\S1 SAD SONGS ( ! S\?4 ,AT ! /ATIONS1 :ILE ! TRA9 WAIT$ = AN 5G9E1 ! PEASANTS W\LD GA!R 9TO GR\PS1 =M A L>GE CIRCLE1 & !N SOMEONE W\LD BEG9 TO PLAY ! ACCORDION1 ! BY/&]S ACCOMPANY+ ) SONG4 ,IT WAS /RANGE TO SEE !SE HUNGRY & RAGG$ PEASANTS1 HUGE LOADS ON !IR BACKS1 /&+ AB\T 5TIRELY =GETFUL ( !IR 5VIRONM5T1 P\R+ !IR HE>TS \T 9 FOLK SONGS4 ,A PECULI> PEOPLE1 !SE ,RUSSIANS1 SA9T & DEVIL 9 ONE1 MANIFE/+ ! HI<E/ AS WELL AS ! MO/ BRUTAL IMPULSES1 CAPABLE ( ALMO/ ANY?+ EXCEPT SU/A9$ EF=T4 ,I HAVE (T5 WOND]$ :E!R ?IS LACK DID NOT TO SOME EXT5T EXPLA9 ! DISORGANIZATION ( ! C\NTRY & ! TRAGIC CONDITION ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 

,WE REA*$ ,POLTAVA 9 ! MORN+4 ,! CITY LOOK$ *E]FUL 9 ! BRI<T SUNLI<T1 ! /REETS L9$ ) TREES1 ) LITTLE G>D5 PAT*ES BETWE5 !M4 ,VEGETABLES 9 GREAT V>IETY W]E GR[+ ON !M1 & IT WAS REFRE%+ TO NOTE ?AT NO F5CES W]E AB\T & /ILL ! VEGETABLES W]E SAFE1 :I* W\LD SURELY NOT HAVE BE5 ! CASE 9 ,PETROGRAD OR ,MOSC[4 ,APP>5TLY !RE WAS NOT SO MU* HUNG] 9 ?IS CITY AS 9 ! NOR?4 

,TOGE!R ) ! ,EXP$ITION ,SECRET>Y ,I VISIT$ ! GOV]NM5T HEADQU>T]S4 ,9/EAD ( ! USUAL ,ISPOLKOM .<,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,SOVIET.> ,POLTAVA WAS RUL$ BY A REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEE KN[N AS ! ,REVKOM4 ,?IS 9DICAT$ ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKI HAD NOT YET HAD TIME TO ORGANIZE A ,SOVIET 9 ! CITY4 ,WE SUCCE$$ 9 GETT+ ! *AIRMAN ( ! ,REVKOM 9T]E/$ 9 ! PURPOSE ( \R J\RNEY & HE PROMIS$ TO COOP]ATE & TO ISSUE AN ORD] TO ! V>I\S DEP>TM5TS ?AT MAT]IAL BE COLLECT$ & PREP>$ = US4 ,\R GRACI\S RECEPTION AUGUR$ GOOD RETURNS4 

,9 ! ,BUREAU = ! ,C>E ( ,MO!RS & ,9FANTS ,I MET TWO V]Y 9T]E/+ WOM5--ONE ! DAU<T] ( ! GREAT ,RUSSIAN WRIT]1 ,KOROL5KO1 ! O!R ! =M] *AIRMAN ( ! ,SAVE-!-,*ILDR5 ,SOCIETY4 ,LE>N+ ( ! PURPOSE ( MY PRES5CE 9 ,POLTAVA ! WOM5 (F]$ !IR AID & 9VIT$ ME TO VISIT !IR S*OOL & ! NE>-BY HOME ( ,KOROL5KO4 

,! S*OOL WAS LOCAT$ 9 A SMALL H\SE SET DEEP 9 A BEAUTIFUL G>D51 ! PLACE H>DLY VISIBLE FROM ! /REET4 ,! RECEPTION ROOM CONTA9$ A RI* COLLECTION ( DOLLS ( EV]Y V>IETY4 ,!RE W]E H&SOME ,UKRA9IAN LASSIES1 COMPET+ 9 COLORFUL DRESS & HEADGE> ) !IR BEAUTIFUL SI/]S FROM ! ,CAUCASUS2 DA%+ ,COSSACKS FROM ! ,DON LOOK$ PR\DLY AT !IR LESS GRACEFUL BRO!RS FROM ! ,VOLGA4 ,!RE W]E DOLLS ( EV]Y DESCRIPTION1 REPRES5T+ LOCAL CO/UMES ( ALMO/ EV]Y P>T ( ,RUSSIA4 ,! COLLECTION ALSO CONTA9$ V>I\S TOYS1 ! H&WORK ( ! VILLAGES1 & BEAUTIFUL DESIGNS ( ! KU/>NY MANUFACTURE1 REPRES5T+ GR\PS ( *ILDR5 9 ,RUSSIAN & ,SIB]IAN PEASANT ATTIRE 

,! LADIES ( ! HOLLY RELAT$ ! /ORY ( ! ,SAVE-!-,*ILDR5 ,SOCIETY4 ,! ORGANIZATION 9 EXI/5CE = A NUMB] ( YE>S1 WAS ( V]Y LIMIT$ SCOPE UNTIL ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION4 ,!N NEW ELEM5TS MA9LY ( REVOLUTION>Y TYPE1 JO9$ ! SOCIETY4 ,!Y /ROVE TO EXT5D ITS WORK & TO PROVIDE NOT ONLY = ! PHYSICAL WELL-BE+ ( ! *ILDR5 BUT ALSO TO $UCATE !M1 TEA* !M TO LOVE WORK1 & DEVELOP !IR APPRECIATION ( BEAUTY4 ,TOYS & DOLLS1 MADE *IEFLY ( WA/E MAT]IAL1 W]E EXHIBIT$ & ! PROCE$S APPLI$ TO ! NE$S ( ! *ILDR54 ,AFT] ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION1 :5 ! ,BOL%EVIKI POSSESS$ !MSELVES ( ,POLTAVA1 ! SOCIETY WAS REPEAT$LY RAID$ & SOME ( ! 9/RUCTORS >RE/$ ON SUSPICION ?AT ! 9/ITUTION WAS A C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y NE/4 ,! SMALL H& :I* REMA9$ W5T ON1 H[EV]1 ) !IR EF=TS ON BEHALF ( ! *ILDR54 ,!Y SUCCE$$ 9 S5D+ A DELEGATION TO ,LUNA*>SKY TO APPEAL = P]MISSION TO C>RY ON !IR WORK4 ,LUNA*>SKY PROV$ SYMPA!TIC1 ISSU$ ! REQUE/$ DOCUM5T1 & EV5 PROVID$ !M ) A LETT] TO ! LOCAL AU?ORITIES PO9T+ \T ! IMPORTANCE ( !IR LABORS4 

,BUT ! SOCIETY CONT9U$ TO BE SUBJECT$ TO ANNOYANCE & DISCRIM9ATION4 ,TO AVOID BE+ *>G$ ) SABOTAGE ! WOM5 (F]$ !IR S]VICES TO ! ,POLTAVA ,DEP>TM5T ( ,$UCATION4 ,!RE !Y WORK$ FROM N9E 9 ! MORN+ TILL ?REE 9 ! AFT]NOON1 DEVOT+ !IR LEISURE TIME TO !IR S*OOL4 ,BUT ! ANTAGONISM ( ! ,COMMUNI/ AU?ORITIES WAS NOT APPEAS$3 ! SOCIETY REMA9$ 9 DISFAVOR4 

,! WOM5 PO9T$ \T ?AT ! ,SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T PRET5D$ TO /& = SELF-DET]M9ATION & YET EV]Y 9DEP5D5T EF=T WAS BE+ DISCR$IT$ & ALL 9ITIATIVE DISC\RAG$1 IF NOT 5TIRELY SUPPRESS$4 ,NOT EV5 ! ,UKRA9IAN ,COMMUNI/S W]E P]MITT$ SELF-DET]M9ATION4 ,! MAJORITY ( ! *IEFS ( ! DEP>TM5TS W]E ,MOSC[ APPO9TEES1 & ,UKRA9A WAS PRACTICALLY DEPRIV$ ( OPPORTUNITY = 9DEP5D5T ACTION4 ,A BITT] /RUGGLE WAS GO+ ON BETWE5 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,UKRA9A & ! ,C5TRAL AU?ORITIES 9 ,MOSC[4 ,! POLICY ( ! LATT] WAS TO CONTROL EV]Y?+4 

,! WOM5 W]E DEVOT$ TO ! CAUSE ( ! *ILDR5 & WILL+ TO SUFF] MISUND]/&+ & EV5 P]SECUTION = ! SAKE ( !IR 9T]E/ 9 ! WELF>E ( !IR *>T$4 ,BO? HAD UND]/&+ & SYMPA?Y ) ! ,REVOLUTION1 ?\< !Y C\LD NOT APPROVE ( ! T]RORI/IC ME?ODS ( ! ,BOL%EVIKI4 ,!Y W]E 9TELLIG5T & CULTUR$ PEOPLE & ,I FELT !IR HOME AN OASIS 9 ! DES]T ( ,COMMUNI/ ?\<T & FEEL+4 ,BE=E ,I LEFT ! LADIES SUPPLI$ ME ) A COLLECTION ( ! *ILDR5'S WORK & SOME EXQUISITE COLOR DRAW+S BY ,MISS ,KOROL5KO1 BEGG+ ME TO S5D ! ?+S TO ,AM]ICA AS SPECIM5S ( !IR LABORS4 ,!Y W]E V]Y EAG] TO HAVE ! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE LE>N AB\T !IR SOCIETY & ITS EF=TS4 

,SUBSEQU5TLY ,I HAD ! OPPORTUNITY ( MEET+ ,KOROL5KO :O WAS /ILL V]Y FEEBLE FROM HIS REC5T ILLNESS4 ,HE LOOK$ ! PATRI>*1 V5]ABLE & B5IGN2 HE QUICKLY W>M$ ONE'S HE>T BY HIS MELODI\S VOICE & ! F9E FACE ?AT LIT UP :5 HE SPOKE ( ! PEOPLE4 ,HE REF]R$ AFFECTIONATELY TO ,AM]ICA & HIS FRI5DS !RE4 ,BUT ! LI<T FAD$ \T ( HIS EYES & HIS VOICE QUIV]$ ) GRIEF AS HE SPOKE ( ! GREAT TRAG$Y ( ,RUSSIA & ! SUFF]+S ( ! PEOPLE4 

0,Y\ WANT TO KN[ MY VIEWS ON ! PRES5T SITUATION & MY ATTITUDE T[>D ! ,BOL%EVIKI80 HE ASK$4 0,IT W\LD TAKE TOO LONG TO TELL Y\ AB\T IT4 ,I AM WRIT+ TO ,LUNA*>SKY A S]IES OR LETT]S = :I* HE HAD ASK$ & :I* HE PROMIS$ TO PUBLI%4 ,! LETT]S DEAL ) ?IS SUBJECT4 ,FRANKLY SPEAK+1 ,I DO NOT BELIEVE !Y WILL EV] APPE> 9 PR9T1 BUT ,I %ALL S5D Y\ A COPY ( ! LETT]S = ! ,MUSEUM AS SOON AS !Y >E COMPLETE4 ,!RE WILL BE SIX ( !M4 ,I CAN GIVE Y\ TWO RI<T N[4 ,BRIEFLY1 MY OP9ION IS SUMM>IZ$ 9 A C]TA9 PASSAGE 9 ONE ( !SE LETT]S4 ,I SAID !RE ?AT IF ! G5D>MES ( ! ,CZ> W\LD HAVE HAD ! P[] NOT ONLY TO >RE/ BUT ALSO TO %OOT US1 ! SITUATION W\LD HAVE BE5 LIKE ! PRES5T ONE4 ,?AT IS :AT IS HAPP5+ BE=E MY EYES EV]Y DAY4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKI CLAIM ?AT SU* ME?ODS >E 9SEP>ABLE FROM ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,BUT ,I CANNOT AGREE ) !M ?AT P]SECUTION & CON/ANT %OOT+ WILL S]VE ! 9T]E/S ( ! PEOPLE OR ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,IT WAS ALWAYS MY CONCEPTION ?AT REVOLUTION MEANT ! HI<E/ EXPRESSION ( HUMANITY & ( JU/ICE4 ,9 ,RUSSIA TO-DAY BO? >E ABS5T4 ,AT A TIME :5 ! FULLE/ EXPRESSION & COOP]ATION ( ALL 9TELLECTUAL & SPIRITUAL =CES >E NECESS>Y TO RECON/RUCT ! C\NTRY1 A GAG HAS BE5 PLAC$ UPON ! :OLE PEOPLE4 ,TO D>E QUE/ION ! WISDOM & EFFICACY ( ! SO-CALL$ DICTATOR%IP OR ! PROLET>IAT ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY LEAD]S IS CONSID]$ A CRIME4 ,WE LACK ! SIMPLE/ REQUISITES ( ! REAL ESS5CE ( A SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 & YET WE PRET5D TO HAVE PLAC$ \RSELVES AT ! HEAD ( A WORLD REVOLUTION4 ,POOR ,RUSSIA WILL HAVE TO PAY DE>LY = ?IS EXP]IM5T4 ,IT MAY EV5 DELAY = A LONG TIME FUNDAM5TAL *ANGES 9 O!R C\NTRIES4 ,! B\RGEOISIE WILL BE ABLE TO DEF5D ITS REACTION>Y ME?ODS BY PO9T+ TO :AT HAS HAPP5$ 9 ,RUSSIA40 

,) HEAVY HE>T ,I TOOK LEAVE ( ! FAM\S WRIT]1 ONE ( ! LA/ ( ! GREAT LIT]>Y M5 :O HAD BE5 ! CONSCI5CE & ! SPIRITUAL VOICE ( 9TELLECTUAL ,RUSSIA4 ,AGA9 ,I FELT HIM UTT]+ ! CRY ( ?AT P>T ( ! ,RUSSIAN 9TELLIG5TSIA :OSE SYMPA?IES W]E 5TIRELY ) ! PEOPLE & :OSE LIFE & WORK W]E 9SPIR$ ONLY BY ! LOVE ( !IR C\NTRY & ! 9T]E/ = ITS WELF>E4 

,9 ! EV5+ ,I VISIT$ A RELATIVE ( ,KOROL5KO1 A V]Y SYMPA!TIC OLD LADY :O WAS ! *AIRMAN ( ! ,POLTAVA ,POLITICAL ,R$ ,CROSS4 ,%E TOLD ME MU* AB\T ?+S ?AT ,KOROL5KO HIMSELF WAS TOO MODE/ TO M5TION4 ,OLD & FEEBLE AS HE WAS1 HE WAS SP5D+ MO/ ( HIS TIME 9 ! ,T*EKA1 TRY+ TO SAVE ! LIVES ( ?OSE 9NOC5TLY CONDEMN$ TO DEA?4 ,HE FREQU5TLY WROTE LETT]S ( APPEAL TO ,L591 ,GORKI1 & ,LUNA*>SKY1 BEGG+ !M TO 9T]V5E TO PREV5T S5SELESS EXECUTIONS4 ,! PRES5T *AIRMAN ( ! ,POLTAVA ,T*EKA WAS A MAN REL5TLESS & CRUEL4 ,HIS SOLE SOLUTION ( DIFFICULT PROBLEMS WAS %OOT+4 ,! LADY SMIL$ SADLY :5 ,I TOLD H] ?AT ! MAN HAD BE5 V]Y GRACI\S TO ! MEMB]S ( \R ,EXP$ITION4 0,?AT WAS = %[10 %E SAID1 0WE KN[ HIM BETT]4 ,WE HAVE DAILY OCCASION TO SEE HIS GRACI\SNESS FROM ?IS BALCONY4 ,H]E PASS ! VICTIMS TAK5 TO SLAU<T]4 0 

,POLTAVA IS FAM\S AS A MANUFACTUR+ C5T] ( PEASANT H&ICRAFTS4 ,BEAUTIFUL L951 EMBROID]Y1 LACES1 & BASKET WORK W]E AMONG ! PRODUCTS ( ! PROV9CE'S 9DU/RY4 ,I VISIT$ ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,SOCIAL ,ECONOMY1 ! SOVN>KHOZ1 :]E ,I LE>N$ ?AT ?OSE 9DU/RIES W]E PRACTICALLY SUSP5D$4 ,ONLY A SMALL COLLECTION REMA9$ 9 ! ,DEP>TM5T4 0,WE US$ TO SUPPLY ! :OLE WORLD1 EV5 ,AM]ICA1 ) \R KU/>NY WORK10 SAID ! WOMAN 9 *>GE :O HAD =M]LY BE5 ! HEAD ( ! ,ZEM/VO :I* TOOK SPECIAL PRIDE 9 FO/]+ ?OSE PEASANT EF=TS4 0,\R NE$LEWORK WAS KN[N ALL OV] ! C\NTRY AS AMONG ! F9E/ SPECIM5S ( >T1 BUT N[ IT HAS ALL BE5 DE/ROY$4 ,! PEASANTS HAVE LO/ !IR >T IMPULSE1 !Y HAVE BECOME BRUTALIZ$ & CORRUPT$40 ,%E WAS BEMOAN+ ! LOSS ( PEASANT >T AS A MO!R DOES ?AT ( H] *ILD4 

,DUR+ \R /AY 9 ,POLTAVA WE GOT 9 T\* ) REPRES5TATIVES ( V>I\S O!R SOCIAL ELEM5TS4 ,! REACTION ( ! ,ZIONI/S T[>D ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME WAS P>TICUL>LY 9T]E/+4 ,AT FIR/ !Y REFUS$ TO SPEAK ) US1 EVID5TLY MADE V]Y CAUTI\S BY PREVI\S EXP]I5CE4 ,IT WAS ALSO ! PRES5CE ( \R SECRET>Y1 A ,G5TILE1 ?AT >\S$ !IR DI/RU/4 ,I >RANG$ TO MEET SOME ( ! ,ZIONI/S ALONE1 & GRADUALLY !Y BECAME MORE CONFID5TIAL4 ,I HAD LE>N$ 9 ,MOSC[1 9 CONNECTION ) ! >RE/ ( ! ,ZIONI/S !RE1 ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKI W]E 9CL9$ TO CONSID] !M C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y4 ,BUT ,I F\ND ! ,POLTAVA ,ZIONI/S V]Y SIMPLE OR?ODOX ,JEWS :O C]TA9LY C\LD NOT IMPRESS ANY ONE AS CONSPIRATORS OR ACTIVE 5EMIES4 ,!Y W]E PASSIVE1 ?\< BITT] AGA9/ ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME4 ,IT WAS CLAIM$ ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKI MADE NO POGROMS & ?AT !Y DO NOT P]SECUTE ! ,JEWS1 !Y SAID2 BUT ?AT WAS TRUE ONLY 9 A C]TA9 S5SE4 ,!RE W]E TWO K9DS ( POGROMS3 ! L\D1 VIOL5T ONES1 & ! SIL5T ONES4 ,( ! TWO ! ,ZIONI/S CONSID]$ ! =M] PREF]ABLE4 ,! VIOL5T POGROM MI<T LA/ A DAY OR A WEEK2 ! ,JEWS >E ATTACK$ & ROBB$1 SOMETIMES EV5 MURD]$2 & !N IT IS OV]4 ,BUT ! SIL5T POGROMS CONT9U$ ALL ! TIME4 ,!Y CONSI/$ ( CON/ANT DISCRIM9ATION1 P]SECUTION1 & H\ND+4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKI HAD CLOS$ ! ,JEWI% HOSPITALS & N[ SICK ,JEWS W]E =C$ TO EAT TREIFE 9 ! ,G5TILE HOSPITALS4 ,! SAME APPLI$ TO ! ,JEWI% *ILDR5 9 ! ,BOL%EVIK FE$+ H\SES4 ,IF A ,JEW & A ,G5TILE HAPP5$ TO BE >RE/$ ON ! SAME *>GE1 IT WAS C]TA9 ?AT ! ,G5TILE W\LD GO FREE :ILE ! ,JEW W\LD BE S5T TO PRISON & SOMETIMES EV5 %OT4 ,!Y W]E ALL ! TIME EXPOS$ TO 9SULT & 9DIGNITIES1 NOT TO M5TION ! FACT ?AT !Y W]E DOOM$ TO SL[ />VATION1 S9CE ALL TRADE HAD BE5 SUPPRESS$4 ,! ,JEWS 9 ! ,UKRA9A W]E SUFF]+ A CONT9U\S SIL5T POGROM4 

,I FELT ?AT ! ,ZIONI/ CRITICISM ( ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME WAS 9SPIR$ BY A N>R[ RELIGI\S & NATIONALI/IC ATTITUDE4 ,!Y W]E ,OR?ODOX ,JEWS1 MO/LY TRADESM5 :OM ! ,REVOLUTION HAD DEPRIV$ ( !IR SPH]E ( ACTIVITY4 ,NEV]!LESS1 !IR PROBLEM WAS REAL--! PROBLEM ( ! ,JEW SUFFOCAT+ 9 ! ATMOSPH]E ( ACTIVE ANTI-,SEMITISM4 ,9 ,POLTAVA ! LEAD+ ,COMMUNI/ & ,BOL%EVIK (FICIALS W]E ,G5TILES4 ,!IR DISLIKE ( ! ,JEWS WAS FRANK & OP54 ,ANTI-,SEMITISM ?R\<\T ! ,UKRA9E WAS MORE VIRUL5T ?AN EV5 9 PRE-REVOLUTION>Y DAYS4 

,AFT] LEAV+ ,POLTAVA WE CONT9U$ ON \R J\RNEY S\?1 BUT WE DID NOT GET F>!R ?AN ,FA/OV [+ TO ! LACK ( 5G9ES4 ,?AT ,T[N1 ONCE PROSP]\S1 WAS N[ IMPOV]I%$ & R$UC$ TO LESS ?AN ONE ?IRD ( ITS =M] POPULATION4 ,ALMO/ ALL ACTIVITY WAS AT A /&-/ILL4 ,WE F\ND ! M>KET PLACE1 9 ! C5T] ( ! T[N1 A MO/ 9SIGNIFICANT AFFAIR1 CONSI/+ ( A FEW /ALLS HAV+ SMALL SUPPLIES ( :ITE FL\R1 SUG>1 & BUTT]4 ,!RE W]E MORE WOMAN AB\T ?AN M5 & ,I WAS ESPECIALLY /RUCK BY ! /RANGE EXPRESSION 9 !IR EYES4 ,!Y DID NOT LOOK Y\ FULL 9 ! FACE2 !Y />$ PA/ Y\ ) A DUMB1 HUNT$ ANIMAL EXPRESSION4 ,WE TOLD ! WOM5 ?AT WE HAD HE>D MANY T]RIBLE POGROMS HAD TAK5 PLACE 9 ,FA/OV & WE WI%$ TO GET DATA ON ! SUBJECT TO BE S5T TO ,AM]ICA TO 5LI<T5 ! PEOPLE !RE ON ! CONDITION ( ! ,UKRA9IAN ,JEWS4 ,AS ! NEWS ( \R PRES5CE SPREAD MANY WOM5 & *ILDR5 SURR\ND$ US1 ALL MU* EXCIT$ & EA* TRY+ TO TELL H] /ORY ( ! HORRORS ( ,FA/OV4 ,FE>FUL POGROMS1 !Y RELAT$1 HAD TAK5 PLACE 9 ?AT CITY1 ! MO/ T]RIBLE ( !M BY ,D5IK91 9 ,SEPTEMB]1 #a#i#a#i4 ,IT LA/$ EI<T DAYS1 DUR+ :I* #d1 P]SONS W]E KILL$ :ILE SEV]AL ?\S& DI$ AS ! RESULT ( W\NDS & %OCK4 ,SEV5 ?\S& P]I%$ FROM HUNG] & EXPOSURE ON ! ROAD TO ,KIEV1 :ILE TRY+ TO ESCAPE ! ,D5IK9 SAVAGES4 ,! GREAT] P>T ( ! CITY HAD BE5 DE/ROY$ OR BURN$2 MANY ( ! OLD] ,JEWS W]E TRAPP$ 9 ! SYNAGOGUE & !RE MURD]$1 :ILE O!RS HAD BE5 DRIV5 TO ! PUBLIC SQU>E :]E !Y W]E SLAU<T]$4 ,NOT A WOMAN1 Y\NG OR OLD1 ?AT HAD NOT BE5 \TRAG$1 MO/ ( !M 9 ! V]Y SI<T ( !IR FA!RS1 HUSB&S1 & BRO!RS4 ,! Y\NG GIRLS1 SOME ( !M M]E *ILDR51 HAD SUFF]$ REPEAT$ VIOLATION AT ! H&S ( ! ,D5IK9 SOLDI]S4 ,I UND]/OOD ! DREADFUL LOOK 9 ! EYES ( ! WOM5 ( ,FA/OV4 

,M5 & WOM5 BESIEG$ US ) APPEALS TO 9=M !IR RELATIVES 9 ,AM]ICA AB\T !IR MIS]ABLE CONDITION4 ,ALMO/ EV]YONE1 IT SEEM$1 HAD SOME K9 9 ?AT C\NTRY4 ,!Y CR[D$ 9TO \R C> 9 ! EV5+S1 BR++ SCORES ( LETT]S TO BE =W>D$ TO ! ,/ATES4 ,SOME ( ! MESSAGES BORE NO ADDRESSES1 ! SIMPLE FOLK ?9K+ ! NAME SUFFICI5T4 ,O!RS HAD NOT HE>D FROM !IR ,AM]ICAN K9DR$ DUR+ ! YE>S ( W> & REVOLUTION BUT /ILL HOP$ ?AT !Y W]E TO BE F\ND SOME:]E ACROSS ! OCEAN4 ,IT WAS T\*+ TO SEE ! PEOPLE'S DEEP FAI? ?AT !IR RELATIVES 9 ,AM]ICA W\LD SAVE !M4 

,EV]Y EV5+ \R C> WAS FILL$ ) ! UN=TUNATES ( ,FA/OV4 ,AMONG !M WAS A P>TICUL>LY 9T]E/+ VISITOR1 A =M] ATTORNEY1 :O HAD REPEAT$LY BRAV$ ! POGROM MAK]S & SAV$ MANY ,JEWI% LIVES4 ,HE HAD KEPT A DI>Y ( ! POGROMS & WE SP5T A :OLE EV5+ LI/5+ TO ! READ+ ( HIS MANUSCRIPT4 ,IT WAS A SIMPLE RECITAL ( FACTS & DATES1 T]RIBLE 9 ITS UNADORN$ OBJECTIVITY4 ,IT WAS ! S\L CRY ( A PEOPLE CONT9U\SLY VIOLAT$ & TORTUR$ & LIV+ 9 DAILY FE> ( NEW 9DIGNITIES & \TRAGES4 ,ONLY ONE BRI<T SPOT !RE WAS 9 ! HORRIBLE PICTURE3 NO POGROMS HAD TAK5 PLACE UND] ! ,BOL%EVIKI4 ,! GRATITUDE ( ! ,FA/OV ,JEWS WAS PA!TIC4 ,!Y CLUNG TO ! ,COMMUNI/S AS TO A SAV+ /RAW4 ,IT WAS 5C\RAG+ TO ?9K ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME WAS AT LEA/ FREE FROM ?AT WOR/ ( ALL ,RUSSIAN CURSES1 POGROMS AGA9/ ,JEWS4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aibb 3 ,*APT] #b -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#d1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #b -- ,ADD$4 

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