,MUHSAM1 ,]I*3 ,HIS LIFE1 HIS WORK1 HIS M>TYRDOM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,AUGU/9 ,S\*Y 

,TEXT 3 

,! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,BACKGR\ND 

,LESS HI<LY DEVELOP$ ?AN IT WAS 9 O!R C\NTRIES1 AN>*ISM 9 ,G]MANY HAS PRODUC$ ONLY A H&FUL ( COMBATANTS & ?9K]S4 ,SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC /ATE-WOR%IP OV]:ELM$ ALL LIB]T>IAN ?\<T2 ITS REPRES5TATIVES W]E NOT FI<T]S2 !Y PREF]R$ TO DESCRIBE ! /RUGGLES ?AT O!RS W]E FI<T+4 

,BESIDES ,LASSALLE1 :O MAY HAVE POSSESS$ MORE MILITANT QUALITIES1 EV5 ?\< !Y W\LD LEAD HIM TO COLLABORATION ) ! RUL+ CLASSES1 NEI!R ,K>L ,M>X1 NOR ,FR$]ICK ,5GELS1 NOR EV5 ,KAUTSKY OR ,CUN[1 C\LD BE DESCRIB$ AS MILITANTS 9 ! /RICT S5SE ( ! WORD4 ,! ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION ( #aiah MI<T P]HAPS HAVE PROVID$ ! IMPETUS = ! CREATION ( A NEW TYPE ( REVOLUTION>Y 9 ! WORK]S MOVEM5T1 BUT /ATI/ & AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 9 ALLIANCE ) ! B\RGEOISIE1 /IFL$ ALL ATTEMPTS TO CULTIVATE FREE1 REVOLUTION>Y P]SONALITIES4 

,EV5 AMONG ! M>TYRS ( ! ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION1 !RE >E FEW REALLY REVOLUTION>Y FIGURES4 ,IT IS UND\BT$LY TRUE ?AT AMONG ?OSE :O FELL 9 ! ,REVOLUTION ?AT BEGAN 9 ,NOVEMB] ( #a#i#a#h1 ONE F9DS /RONG P]SONALITIES1 BUT AMONG ?OSE :O W]E WELL KN[N1 NOT ALL ( !M DES]VE ! NAME ( FI<T]S1 S9CE SOME W]E PLAC$ BY *ANCE 9 ,M9I/]IAL POSITIONS1 :]E !Y W]E EXPOS$ TO & ATTRACT$ ! HATR$ ( ! REACTION>IES4 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 ,K>L ,LIEBKNE*T1 ,LEO ,JOGIS*ES1 ,LEV9E1 & P]HAPS ALSO ,KURT ,EISN] & ,G>EIS1 W]E EXCEPTIONS 9 ! C\NTRY ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 :OSE LEAD]1 ,EB]T1 ADMITT$ ?AT HE 0HAT$ REVOLUTION LIKE ! PLAGUE0 &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 HAT$ ! REVOLUTION>IES MO/ ( ALL4 ,?US1 WE NE$ NOT LOOK = REVOLUTION>Y MILITANTS AMONG ! RANKS ( ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 S9CE ! LATT] DID NOT PROVIDE A SUITABLE T]RA9 = !IR DEVELOPM5T4 

,IF Y\ WANT TO F9D IDEALI/IC FIGURES 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,G]MAN WORK]S MOVEM5T1 Y\ HAVE TO GO BACK TO ! TIME ( ! ANTI-SOCIALI/ LAWS4 ,AUGU/ ,RE9SDORF & ,JOHANN ,MO/ W]E M5 :O W5T F> BEYOND ! N>R[ CIRCLES ( ! P>TY 9 !IR ?\<T & ACTION4 ,9 ! PURELY !ORETICAL DOMA91 FROM ALMO/ A C5TURY AGO1 WE HAVE ,MAX ,/IRN]1 & !N HIS SUCCESSOR1 ! POET ,H5RY ,MACKAY1 :OSE AUDACI\S ?9K+ HAS NOT BE5 MAT*$ TO ?IS DAY2 BUT M5 :O UNIT$ ! !ORY & PRACTICE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE1 LIKE ,KROPOTK9 9 ,RUSSIA1 ,MALATE/A 9 ,ITALY1 OR ,PR\DHON 9 ,FRANCE1 W]E R>E 9 ,G]MANY4 

,9 \R TIME TWO P]SONALITIES /& \T :O MI<T V]Y WELL 9 ! NOT-SO-DI/ANT FUTURE BE C\NT$ AMONG ! CLASSIC FIGURES ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ,G]MANY3 ,GU/AV ,L&AU] & ,]I* ,MUHSAM4 ,IF ! =M] CAN BE COMP>$ TO ,PR\DHON1 ! LATT]1 9 ACCORDANCE ) HIS NATURE1 CAN BE COMP>$ TO A ,BAKUN9 TRANSPLANT$ 9TO ,G]MAN CONDITIONS4 ,BO? CAME FROM ! B\RGEOISIE1 NOT FROM ! PROLET>IAT4 ,IT CAN BE %[N ?AT A GREAT NUMB]1 IF NOT ! MAJORITY1 ( ! SO-CALL$ GUIDES ( ! MILITANT PROLET>IAT CAME FROM ! RANKS ( ! PETTY & MIDDLE B\RGEOISIE1 & SOME EV5 CAME FROM ! HAUTE B\RGEOISIE4 ,ALL ! GREAT ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>IES1 FROM ,LAVROV TO ,BAKUN91 & FROM ,ALEX&] ,H]Z5 TO ,KROPOTK9 & ,L591 CAME FROM ! NOBILITY OR ! B\RGEOISIE1 & RECEIV$ ! MO/ CONV5TIONAL B\RGEOIS $UCATION4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( ,G]MANY & ,FRANCE1 AS WELL AS O!R C\NTRIES4 ,M>X WAS BORN 9TO A ,JEWI% FAMILY ( ,RABBIS 9 A COM=TABLE B\RGEOIS 5VIRONM5T2 ,LASSALLE CAME FROM A FAMILY ( ,JEWI% :OLESAL]S2 ,5GELS WAS AN 9DU/RIALI/1 & ONLY ,BEBEL1 & FROM ! PREVI\S G5]ATION1 ,JOHANN ,MO/1 & BE=E HIM ,WEITL+1 W]E BORN AMONG ! PROLET>IAT OR ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE2 BUT A L>GE NUMB] ( SOCIALI/ !ORETICIANS W]E CONNECT$ BY BIR? & BY !IR *>ACT] TO ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,L&AU] & ,MUHSAM W]E ALSO DESC5D$ FROM B\RGEOIS FAMILIES4 ,! =M]1 FROM S\!RN ,G]MANY1 ! LATT]1 FROM ! COA/4 ,BO? 5JOY$ A CLASSICAL $UCATION & W]E 9T5D$ BY !IR P>5TS TO BECOME LIB]AL PR(ESSIONALS4 ,BUT BO? TOOK ! ROAD TO ! PROLET>IAT4 

,IT WAS DUR+ ! P]IOD ( ! ANTI-SOCIALI/ LAWS & %ORTLY !REAFT] ?AT OPPOSITION AGA9/ ! (FICIAL SOCIAL DEMOCRACY FIR/ APPE>$ 9 ,G]MANY1 AN OPPOSITION ?AT REBELL$ AGA9/ ! P>TY'S ADAPTATION ( ITS POLITICS & TACTICS TO ?OSE ( ! B\RGEOISIE & ! RUL+ CLASSES4 ,?IS MOVEM5T ( ! 0Y\NG0 WAS SPIRITUALLY N\RI%$ BY ! EXAMPLE ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ! ,LAT9 C\NTRIES1 :I* WAS MORE REVOLUTION>Y & LESS P>LIAM5T>IAN1 & C>RI$ ON ! TRADITION ( ! ,BAKUN9I/ ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL2 IT W\LD ALSO F9D 9SPIRATION 9 ! EXAMPLE ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T ?AT WAS FL\RI%+ AT ?AT TIME 9 ,FRANCE1 :I* C\NT$ AMONG ITS PROPON5TS ! BRO!RS ,RECLUS1 ,KROPOTK91 ,JEAN ,GRAVE & O!RS4 

,9 ,G]MANY TWO FACTIONS OR CURR5TS SOON EM]G$ FROM ! RANKS ( ! OPPOSITIONAL MOVEM5T ( ! 0Y\NG01 & !SE CURR5TS TOOK QUITE DIFF]5T PA?S1 NOT SO MU* AS A RESULT ( !IR SPIRITUAL ATTITUDE AS BECAUSE ( !IR PRACTICAL GOALS4 ,ONE CURR5T1 :I* F\ND MO/ ( ITS REPRES5TATIVES FROM AMONG ! 9TELLECTUALS1 EMPHASIZ$ ACTION ON ! SPIRITUAL PLANE4 ,A MOVEM5T ( Y\NG WRIT]S >OSE L$ BY ! BRO!RS ,H>T1 ,BRUNO ,WILLE1 ,GU/AV ,L&AU] & ,B5$IKT ,FRI$L&]1 :O W]E LAT] JO9$ BY ,>NO ,HOLZ & ,G]H>T ,HAUPTMANN4 ,AT ?AT TIME ! SOCIALLY CRITICAL DRAMAS ( ,IBS5 W]E FA%IONABLE 9 ,G]MANY1 :OSE WORKS1 H[EV]1 W]E NOT ALL[$ TO BE P]=M$4 ,) ! SUPPORT ( ! WORK]S ( ,B]L9 !SE WRIT]S & >TI/S F\ND$ A MOVEM5T = A FREE !AT]1 ONE ?AT DID NOT BY ANY MEANS ABIDE BY ! ACCEPT$ =MAL ES!TICS1 BUT :I* PLAC$ SOCIAL CRITICISM AT ! C5T] ( ITS ACTION1 & ?US S\<T TO S]VE ! LATT] PURPOSE 9 A LIT]>Y1 >TI/IC & !ATRICAL =M4 ,GU/AV ,L&AU]1 ,MUHSAM'S SPIRITUAL M5TOR1 TOOK AN ACTIVE P>T 9 ! MOVEM5T4 ,! SECOND FIELD ( ACTIVITY 5GAG$ 9 BY ?IS CIRCLE WAS ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! MORAL P[] ( ! *UR*4 ,) Y\?FUL ZEAL1 & ) AN EXTRAORD9>Y 5]GY1 ?IS MOVEM5T DECL>$ W> ON ,PURITANISM & ! OMNIPOT5CE ( ! /ATE *UR*4 ,?IS WAS ! ]A ( NATURALISM1 & AN 9T5SIVE PROPAG&A WAS UNLEA%$ AGA9/ ! OBSOLETE ,*RI/IAN DOGMAS4 ,AFT] A %ORT TIME !SE EF=TS L$ HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( PEOPLE TO LEAVE ! /ATE *UR*ES4 ,BY ?IS MEANS1 AS WELL1 A P[]FUL BL[ WAS DELIV]$ AGA9/ ! BELIEF 9 ,GOD-GIV5 TEMPORAL AU?ORITY ( ! RUL+ CLASS4 

,! O!R CURR5T ( ! 0Y\NG0 OPPOSITION 5GAG$ 9 ACTION ON ! TRADE UNION PLANE4 ,?IS WAS ! ]A ( ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,G]MAN C5TRAL TRADE UNION F$]ATIONS4 ,! LEAD]S ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY WANT$ ! WORK]S TRADE UNION GR\PS TO CON/ITUTE A MASS BASE & A DOCILE TOOL = !IR P>LIAM5T>Y ASPIRATIONS4 ,! P>TY CLAIM$ ?AT SOCIALISM W\LD BE CREAT$ BY ! P>TY ITSELF BY WAY ( ! PEOPLE'S FREE ,/ATE1 :51 ONCE ! MASSES RAISE ! P>TY TO ! HI<E/ E*ELONS ( P[]1 ! P>TY ATTA9S A P>LIAM5T>Y MAJORITY4 ,?IS VIEW RESULT$ 9 P>LIAM5T>Y POLITICS BE+ CONSID]$ TO BE ! CRUCIAL LEV] = *ANGE AMONG ! MO/ IMPORTANT P>T ( ! WORK]S MOVEM5T1 & ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS W]E SUPPOS$ TO SUBORD9ATE !IR GOALS TO ! P>LIAM5T>Y POLITICS ( ! P>TY4 ,! 0Y\NG0 OPPOSITION PROTE/$ AGA9/ ?IS POLICY1 & MA9TA9$ ?AT ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS MU/ BE S*OOLS ( SOCIALISM4 ,?IS OPPOSITION ALSO F\<T AGA9/ ! C5TRALIZATION ( P[] 9 ! H&S ( ! EXECUTIVE COMMITTEES ( ! TRADE F$]ATIONS1 BY MEANS ( :I*1 ON ! ONE H&1 ! P>TY S\<T TO A*IEVE ITS POLITICAL AIMS &1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! PURELY ECONOMIC ACTIONS ( ! WORK]S C\LD BE HELD 9 *ECK4 ,LAT]1 :5 ! PROPAG&A = ! G5]AL /RIKE AS A DEVICE TO A*IEVE ! WORK]S ECONOMIC DEM&S WAS DISSEM9AT$1 P>TICUL>LY BY ,DR4 ,FREIDEB]G1 ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC P>TY LEAD]%IP & ! EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ( ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS TRI$ TO F9D A WAY TO USE ?IS =M ( DIRECT ACTION ON ! P>T ( ! WORK]S = ! PURPOSES ( ELECTORAL PROPAG&A & ! CONQUE/ ( UNIV]SAL1 EQUAL1 SECRET & DIRECT SUFFRAGE1 :I* !Y CALL$ ! POLITICAL MASS /RIKE4 

,BO? OPPOSITION CURR5TS1 H[EV]1 ! ONE ?AT WAS FOCUS$ ON 9TELLECTUAL PROPAG&A & ! ONE ?AT WAS DEVOT$ ABOVE ALL TO ACTION ON BEHALF ( ! ECONOMIC LIB]ATION ( ! PROLET>IAT1 HELD ! SAME VIEWS ON MANY PO9TS & W]E WORK+ T[>DS ! SAME GOAL4 ,9 IMP]IAL ,G]MANY1 MILIT>ISM HAD BECOME A T]RIBLE P[]1 & SOCIAL DEMOCRACY C\LD NOT 5TIRELY AVOID BE+ 9FLU5C$ BY IT4 ,AUGU/ ,BEBEL1 ! ACKN[L$G$ LEAD] ( ! P>TY1 WAS ! SON ( A NONCOMMISSION$ (FIC]1 & DID NOT FI<T AGA9/ MILIT>ISM AS SU*1 BUT ONLY C]TA9 EXCESSES ( MILIT>ISM1 9 ! NAME ( ! P>TY4 ,WILHELM ,LIEBKNE*T1 ! FA!R ( ! ,K>L ,LIEBKNE*T :O WAS ASSASS9AT$ DUR+ ! ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION1 DEF5D$ ! ,PRUSSIAN MILIT>Y /ATE 9 #ahg AS A BULW>K AGA9/ ! ,CZ>I/ ,EMPIRE ( ! KN\T4 0,IF !RE W]E TO BE A W> AGA9/ ,RUSSIA1 ,I W\LD %\LD] A RIFLE1 EV5 AT MY AGE01 ,AUGU/ ,BEBEL DECL>$ 9 ! ,G]MAN ,REI*/AG4 ,NOR WAS IT PURELY BY *ANCE ?AT ,BEBEL1 :O REPRES5T$ ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 9 ! ,REI*/AG'S MILIT>Y COMMITTEE1 WAS SUCCE$$ BY ,GU/AV ,NOSKE1 ! FIELD M>%AL ( ,G]MAN REACTION 9 ITS FI<T AGA9/ ! WORK]S MOVEM5T4 

,! OPPOSITION 9 ! ,G]MAN WORK]S MOVEM5T1 DRIV5 BY ITS COMBATIV5ESS & ITS GOALS1 WAS 9CREAS+LY ASSUM+ A MORE CLE>LY AN>*I/ *>ACT]4 ,IT DECL>$ ITS OPPOSITION TO P>LIAM5T>ISM1 MILIT>ISM1 & 9TELLECTUAL OPPRESSION BY ! CL]GY1 & ADVOCAT$ ! ME?ODS ( DIRECT ACTION1 DEF5D+ ! AUTONOMY ( GR\PS & ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE4 ,! 9TELLECTUAL OPPOSITION S\<T A NEW CULTURAL LIFE )\T 9T]F]5CE BY ! ,/ATE2 ! TRADE UNION OPPOSITION ( ! 0LOCALI/S0 WANT$ TO TRANS=M ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS 9TO ! VEHICLES ( ! ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS ( SOCIALI/ SOCIETY1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! 9T]PRETATION ( ?IS GOAL ?AT WAS PROP\ND$ BY ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,! DEVELOPM5T ( ?IS OPPOSITION WAS 9T]RUPT$ BY ! WORLD W>4 ,DUR+ ! ,REVOLUTION1 = A BRIEF TIME1 ! MAJOR DIFF]5CES ?AT SEP>AT$ ! V>I\S CURR5TS W]E TEMPOR>ILY OV]COME4 ,9 ! REVOLUTION>Y UPRIS+1 & ESPECIALLY 9 ! ,BAV>IAN ,C\NCIL ,REPUBLIC1 NOT ONLY DID ! SYNDICALI/ & AN>*I/ T5D5CIES UNITE1 BUT !RE WAS ALSO FRUITFUL COOP]ATION BETWE5 ! ,9DEP5D5T ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY1 :I* HAD BE5 =M$ DUR+ ! W>1 & ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 

,IT WAS NOT LONG BE=E ! 0Y\NG0 OPPOSITION MOVEM5T CLE>LY DEVELOP$ AS AN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T ?AT S\<T TO UNITE ALL ! =CES ?AT C>RI$ ON ! /RUGGLE = ! ECONOMIC1 SPIRITUAL & SOCIAL EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT \TSIDE ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY4 ,)9 ?IS AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 !RE APPE>$ A MAN :O /OOD \T AS A RESULT ( HIS 9TELLECTUAL QUALITIES & ! IMPRESSIV5ESS ( HIS P]SONALITY4 ,?IS WAS ,GU/AV ,L&AU]4 ,( ! V>I\S CURR5TS ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 IT WAS ! AN>*I/-COMMUNI/ CURR5T ?AT EM]G$ AS ! DOM9ANT CURR5T 9 ! 5D4 ,GU/AV ,L&AU]1 :O HAD PA9/AK+LY /UDI$ ! SOCIALI/ S*OOLS ( ,5GL& & ,FRANCE1 DECL>$ 9 FAVOR ( ,P4,J4 ,PR\DHON1 ! GREATE/ ( ALL ! LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/S4 ,9 ORD] TO A*IEVE PRACTICAL 9FLU5CE1 ,L&AU] F\ND$ A 0,SOZIALI/IS*5 ,BUND04 ,L&AU] WANT$ TO PROVIDE A PO9T ( CONV]G5CE1 \TSIDE ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY & ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS1 = ALL ?OSE SOCIALI/S :O S\<T TO FREE !MSELVES FROM ! CO]CION ( ! ,/ATE & ! EXPLOITATION ( ! CAPITALI/S & :O REALLY WANT$ TO BEG9 TO LIVE A SOCIALI/ LIFE4 ,AGA9/ ! DOCTR9ES ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 ACCORD+ TO :I* SOCIALISM W\LD MATURE AS ! FRUIT ( ! TREE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T & W\LD >RIVE AUTOMATICALLY AFT] ! NECESS>Y COLLAPSE ( ! CAPITALI/ SOCIAL ORD]1 BUT ?AT )\T ?IS DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM SOCIALISM CANNOT BE A*IEV$1 ,L&AU]1 9 HIS CLASSIC1 ,= ,SOCIALISM .<,= ,SOCIALISM4 ,TELOS ,PRESS1 ,/4 ,L\IS1 #a#i#g#h4 ,AVAILABLE ONL9E AT3 HTTP3_/_/!AN>*I/LIBR>Y4ORG_/LIBR>Y_/GU/AV-L&AU]-CALL-TO-SOCIALISM.>1 EXPRESS$ ! SIMPLE ?\<T ?AT SOCIALISM IS NOT B\ND TO A P>TICUL> ECONOMIC =M & IT WILL ALWAYS BE POSSIBLE = M5 :O WANT IT BADLY 5\<4 ,IF SOCIALISM WAS 0RAIS$0 BY ! ,M>XI/S TO ! CATEGORY ( 0SCI5CE01 ,L&AU] /ROVE TO RETURN IT UND] ! RUBRIC ( REAL LIFE1 SO ?AT IT C\LD BE ACCESSIBLE TO ALL M54 ,HE CALL$ UPON ! WORK]S NOT TO WAIT = ! ,M>XI/ JUBILEE :5 MANK9D WILL BE MADE HAPPY AS A RESULT ( ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL AFT] ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! EXPROPRIATORS1 BUT TO /RIVE TO BR+ AB\T A LIV+ SOCIALISM N[4 ,IF ! ,M>XI/S ALWAYS SPOKE AB\T MAN BE+ ! PRODUCT ( HIS 5VIRONM5T1 ,L&AU] CALL$ ! ATT5TION ( HIS CONTEMPOR>IES1 ) HIS 9COMP>ABLE RHETORICAL PASSION1 TO ! FACT ?AT ! HI/ORICALLY-ATTA9$ CONDITIONS W]E ULTIMATELY ! RESULT ( M5'S ACTIONS1 & ?AT A TRANS=MATION ( !IR MUTUAL BEHAVIOR MU/ F9ALLY LEAD TO NEW CONDITIONS4 ,SOCIALISM WAS ?US = ,L&AU] 0! T5D5CY ( WILL ( UNIT$ P]SONS TO CREATE SOME?+ NEW = ! SAKE ( AN IDEAL04 ,) !SE WORDS1 HE BEGAN HIS FAM\S ,= ,SOCIALISM1 :I* WAS FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 #aih BUT :I* WAS REPR9T$ 9 V>I\S $ITIONS DUR+ ! ,NOVEMB] ,REVOLUTION & ! FOLL[+ YE>S4 

,?IS APPEAL TO SOCIALISM F\ND AN E*O 9 ONLY A SMALL P>T ( ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT2 ! MASSES W]E = ! MO/ P>T /ILL 9 ! SPIRITUAL GRIPS ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,EV5 9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 IT WAS GREET$ ) ONLY P>TIAL APPROBATION BY ! ,SOZIALI/IS*E ,BUND ?AT WAS F\ND$ BY ,L&AU]4 ,9 ONE SECTOR1 H[EV]1 ,L&AU]'S BOOK WAS RECEIV$ ) 5?USIASM4 ,]I* ,MUHSAM JO9$ ! ,SOZIALI/IS*E ,BUND & F\ND$ A LOCAL BRAN* ( ! ORGANIZATION 9 ,MUNI*4 ,FROM !N ON HE WAS AT ,L&AU]'S SIDE1 & AGITAT$ ALONGSIDE HIM2 BO? PLAY$ ACTIVE LEAD+ ROLES 9 ! ,BAV>IAN ,REVOLUTION1 AFT] ! DEFEAT ( :I* ,L&AU] WAS BRUTALLY MURD]$ BY ! H5*M5 ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRAT ,NOSKE1 :O WAS M9I/] ( W> 9 ,B]L94 ,MUHSAM1 >RE/$ A FEW DAYS LAT]1 B>ELY ESCAP$ ! T]RIBLE FATE ( HIS FRI5D & M5TOR4 ,HE WAS S5T5C$ TO FIFTE5 YE>S 9 PRISON1 BUT F\RTE5 YE>S LAT] HE W\LD FALL VICTIM TO ! REACTION1 MURD]$ NO LESS CRUELLY & BRUTALLY ?AN ,GU/AV ,L&AU]4 

,= MORE ?AN ?IRTY YE>S ,]I* ,MUHSAM /OOD \T AS A LEAD+ FIGURE 9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 9 :I* HE OCCUPI$ A SPECIAL POSITION1 WELL KN[N & HI<LY E/EEM$ BY ! CLASS-CONSCI\S PROLET>IAT ( ,G]MANY4 ,HIS ACTIVITIES & HIS BRILLIANT IDEAS1 EXPRESS$ 9 HIS 9COMP>ABLE RHETORIC1 MADE HIM ONE ( ! MO/ WELL KN[N REPRES5TATIVES ( ,G]MAN AN>*ISM4 ,HIS C>E]1 HIS LIFE & HIS ACTIVITY1 HIS IDEAS & HIS %OCK+ FATE1 >E SET =? 9 ! FOLL[+ PAGES4 

,MAN & ,AU?OR 

,]I* ,MUHSAM WAS BORN ON ,APRIL #f1 #ah< 9 ,B]L91 ! SON ( A PH>MACI/ ( ,JEWI% ORIG94 ,AT ! AGE ( SIX WEEKS HE WAS BR\<T TO ,LUBECK BY HIS P>5TS4 ,!Y WANT$ !IR SON TO BE A PH>MACI/ SO HE C\LD TAKE OV] ! FAMILY BUS9ESS & !RE=E BE ASSUR$ ( A LIVELIHOOD4 ,!Y S5T HIM TO ! ,KA?R9EUM 9 ,LUBECK4 ,!RE1 HE WAS PUNI%$ = SOCIALI/ AGITATION4 ,HE RECEIV$ HIS ,BACCALAUREATE AT ,P>*IM1 ,S*LESWIG-,HOL/E91 & !N W5T TO WORK AT HIS FA!R'S PH>MACY 9 ,LUBECK4 

,HAV+ E>N$ HIS DEGREE1 HE BEGAN TO WORK AT HIS FA!R'S PH>MACY4 ,BUT1 AS ! Y\NG PH>MACI/ COMP\ND$ ! DRUGS1 HIS ?\<TS W&]$ 9 ! REALMS ( POETRY1 !AT]1 LIT]ATURE & F9ALLY MILITANT POLITICS4 ,?IS AUGUR$ *ANGE4 ,9 HIS VE9S RAN ! SEE?+ BLOOD ( A ,PEGASUS2 HE DID NOT HAVE ! APTITUDE TO REMA9 ) HIS RETORTS & HE REBELL$ AGA9/ ALL M5TAL DULLNESS4 ,HE 9UNDAT$ EV]Y?+ 9 A MORDANT SATIRE ?AT BUR/ =? FROM HIS SPIRIT4 ,COMP\ND+ DRUGS WAS AN OCCUPATION ?AT WAS TOO BOR+ = ! YE>N+ SPIRIT ( ! EAG] Y\?1 :O FELT NO SATISFACTION AT ALL 9 ! P]=MANCE ( ?IS TASK4 ,AS A RESULT ( HIS CON/ANT 9ATT5TION1 :I* C\LD HAVE HAD FATAL CONSEQU5CES1 ! C>E] ?AT HIS FA!R PLANN$ = HIM WAS 9T]RUPT$4 ,HE DEVOT$ HIMSELF TO LIT]>Y /UDIES1 & ?ANKS TO HIS ZEAL & TO HIS EVID5T P[]S ( D$ICATION HE SOON EXHIBIT$ PR(\ND KN[L$GE NOT JU/ ( CONTEMPOR>Y LIT]ATURE1 BUT ALSO ( ! PHILOSOPHICAL LIT]ATURE ( ! WORLD4 

,HE WAS A PH>MACI/ UNTIL HIS #b#d? YE>--ACCORD+ TO 9=MATION PROVID$ BY HIS COMPANION1 :O TOOK REFUGE 9 ,PRAGUE AFT] HIS TRAGIC DEA?--SP5D+ SOME TIME 9 ,B]L9 AFT] HE REA*$ ! AGE ( #b#b4 

,9 ,B]L9 HE CAME 9TO CONTACT ) ! CIRCLE ( LIT]ATI & ,BOHEMIANS :O W]E GR\P$ >\ND ! ,S*E]B>T BRO!RS4 ,! OLD] ( ! ,S*E]B>T BRO!RS1 :O HAD ALREADY A*IEV$ FAME & RESPECT1 QUICKLY DISCOV]$ ! BRILLIANT QUALITIES ( ! Y\NG ,MUHSAM & BECAME FA/ FRI5DS ) HIM4 ,TOGE!R1 !Y COLLABORAT$ ON ! PRODUCTION ( A SATIRICAL MAGAZ9E4 

,MUHSAM !N ATTEMPT$ TO PUBLI% A HUMOR MAGAZ9E ON HIS [N ACC\NT1 BUT BECAUSE ( HIS LACK ( MEANS ONLY A FEW ISSUES W]E PUBLI%$4 ,BO? MAGAZ9ES CONTA9$ BETT] WRIT+ ?AN ,SIMPLIZISSIMUS1 :I* WAS F\ND$ %ORTLY !REAFT] 9 ,MUNI* & = :I* ,MUHSAM W\LD BE AN ASSIDU\S CONTRIBUTOR4 

,HE WAS AB\T #bd YE>S OLD :5 HE MET ,GU/AV ,L&AU] & COLLABORAT$ ) HIM ON ! ,SOZIALI/1 GA9+ RECOGNITION = HIS PROPAG&A AGA9/ SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & P>LIAM5T>ISM4 

,9 #aif HE WAS 9 ,MUNI*1 AT ?AT TIME ! C5T] ( LIT]>Y & >TI/IC ,G]MANY4 ,IT WAS 9 ,MUNI* ?AT ! MO/ FAM\S PA9T]S & AU?ORS CONGREGAT$1 ! BRO!RS ,MANN1 ,LEON ,FEU*TWANG]1 ! DRAMATI/ ,FRANK ,W$EK9D & MANY O!RS4 ,DUR+ ONE ( HIS VISITS TO ,MUNI* ,MUHSAM MET ,PET] ,ALT5B]G & MADE CONTACTS ) ,VI5NESE LIT]>Y CIRCLES4 ,HIS EF=TS DUR+ !SE E>LY YE>S TOOK ! =M ( POEMS ?AT W]E PUBLI%$ 9 V>I\S MAGAZ9ES & 9 A BOOK ?AT APPE>$ 9 #aid UND] ! TITLE ( ,DIE ,WU/E4 ,9 #aie HE WAS 9 ,ASCONA1 :]E HE MET 9T]NATIONALLY KN[N AN>*I/S1 ! ,AU/RIAN ECONOMI/ ,GUMPL[ICZ1 ! WELL-KN[N ,ZURI* DOCTOR1 ,DR4 ,BRUPA*]1 ! BRO!RS ,NA*T1 ,B]TONI 7FROM ,G5EVA71 & O!RS4 ,?IS EXP]I5CE PLAY$ NO SMALL ROLE 9 HIS J\RNEY T[>DS AN>*ISM4 

,WE %ALL N[ TRANSCRIBE ! FOLL[+ EXC]PT FROM A LETT] FROM HIS COMPANION3 

0,9 #aif ,MUHSAM MOV$ TO ,MUNI*4 ,!RE1 HIS MO/ F]TILE P]IOD AS A POET BEGAN4 ,9 #aig HE PUBLI%$ HIS SECOND VOLUME ( V]SES3 ,D] ,KRAT]4 ,HE WAS A CONTRIBUTOR TO ,SIMPLIZISSIMUS & ,JUG5D & P]=M$ 9 ! CAB>ETS 9 SATIRICAL TOPICAL PIECES TO MAKE MONEY4 ,HE F\ND$ ! AN>*I/ GR\P ,TAT 9 ,MUNI*4 ,?IS GR\P WAS BY NO MEANS 9ACTIVE4 ,DUR+ ! #aii UNEMPLOYM5T CRISIS 9 ,MUNI*1 ?IS GR\P DESIGN$ SOME PO/]S ?AT W]E PA/$ ON ! WALLS ( ! CITY ) ?IS TEXT3 ',UNEMPLOY$1 COME \T ( Y\R ROOMS6 ,MEET ON ! ,M>I5PLATZ6 ,COME ON FOOT & SIL5TLY DEMON/RATE AGA9/ Y\R POV]TY4' ,ON ! APPO9T$ DAY ! DEMON/RATION TOOK PLACE 9 ,MUNI* & COMPLETELY P>ALYZ$ TRAFFIC AS IT PASS$ D[N ! /REETS4 ,! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS REPUDIAT$ ?IS GREAT DEMON/RATION1 & TOLD ! WORK]S3 ',DO NOT LET Y\RSELF BE L$ BY UNSCRUPUL\S PROVOCATEURS4' ,BUT 9 RESPONSE TO ! DEMON/RATION ! CITY IMM$IATELY 9/ITUT$ A S]IES ( CON/RUCTION PROJECTS & ! UNEMPLOYM5T CRISIS CAME TO AN 5D4 ,! GR\P ,TAT HAD ASSUM$ ! MISSION ( PROPAG&IZ+ AMONG ! SO-CALL$ LUMP5PROLET>IAT 7! PROLET>IAT 9 RAGS .<SIC.>74 ,ONE ( ITS 9ITIATIVES WAS ! ACTION UND]TAK5 AGA9/ ! ,SPANI% CONSULATE AFT] ,FRANCISCO ,F]R] WAS %OT4444 ,AFT]W>DS1 ,MUHSAM W5T TO ,B]L9 & !RE HE WAS >RE/$ & HE & HIS FRI5DS W]E TRI$ 9 ,MUNI* = DI/URBANCE ( ! PUBLIC ORD]4 ,DUR+ ?IS TRIAL1 ?ANKS TO ! ATTITUDE ( ! LUMP5PROLET>IAT1 HE WAS DECL>$ 9NOC5T = LACK ( EVID5CE4 ,9 ,APRIL #aiaa HE F\ND$ ! MON?LY J\RNAL ,KA91 :I* APPE>$ REGUL>LY UNTIL ,AUGU/ #a#i#a#d1 DESPITE MAJOR F9ANCIAL DIFFICULTIES4 ,ONCE ! W> BROKE \T ! MAGAZ9E HAD TO SUSP5D PUBLICATION DUE TO ITS OPPOSITION TO MILIT>ISM & TO ! /ATI/ P>TY ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 & ITS POLEMICS AGA9/ ! SOCIAL ORD]1 ! POLICE & ,PURITANISM1 BUT ABOVE ALL AGA9/ ! C5SOR%IP44440 

,! SPIRIT ( ! Y\NG POET WAS NOT CONT5T ) LIT]>Y ACTIVITY ALONE4 ,IMM$IATELY AFT] ! ]A :5 ,NIETZS*E1 ,IBS51 ,TOL/OY & ,/R9DB]G HAD 9FLU5C$ ! SPIRITUAL LIFE ( ,EUROPE1 A DECADE AFT] ,>NO ,HOLZ 9AUGURAT$ NATURALISM 9 LIT]ATURE1 BY MEANS ( :I* ! POV]TY & MIS]Y ( ! BIG CITY1 UNTIL !N SCORN$ BY POETS AS TOO PROSAIC A TOPIC1 BECAME ! OBJECT ( LYRICAL POETRY1 NO >TI/ :O ASPIR$ TO FRE$OM & TRU? C\LD REMA9 UNMOV$ BY ! SOCIAL PROBLEM4 ,MUHSAM WAS AHEAD ( HIS TIME 9 HIS RECOGNITION ?AT ALL SPIRITUAL CREATION & ESPECIALLY ! ACTIVITIES ( WRIT]S CANNOT BE DIVORC$ FROM ! PROGRESSIVE ASPIRATIONS ( MANK9D1 & P>TICUL>LY ?OSE ( ! PROLET>IAT1 = FRE$OM & JU/ICE4 ,FROM ! V]Y FIR/ PAGE HE WROTE ! Y\NG POET NEV] BELONG$ TO ?AT CATEGORY ( ES!TE = :OM >T & LIT]ATURE ONLY EXI/$ AS A RESULT ( !IR EF=TS & = !IR B5EFIT ALONE4 ,= ,MUHSAM >T WAS ! MEANS ( EXPRESSION ( ! P]SONALITY ?AT WAS 5GAG$ 9 SPIRITUAL /RUGGLE1 & LIKE ?AT P]SONALITY1 ITS ACTIVITY C\LD NOT BE DISCONNECT$ FROM ! COMMUNITY4 ,>TI/IC CREATION 9 ! S]VICE ( ! TOTALITY1 9 NATURES AS S5SITIVE AS ?AT ( ,MUHSAM1 C\LD NOT JU/ TURN !IR BACKS ON ! 9JU/ICES ( CURR5T SOCIETY1 ! OPPRESSION ( ! P]SONALITY BY ! ,/ATE & ! EXPLOITATION ( ! MASSES BY ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC SY/EM4 ,MUHSAM PUT ! LIT]>Y ACTIVITY ( ! POET & DRAMATI/ AT ! S]VICE ( ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ OPPRESSION & DOM9ATION1 & DEM&$ ?AT ! O!R POETS & DRAMATI/S DO SO AS WELL4 ,LONG BE=E 0PROLET>IAN >T0 HAD BECOME A FA%IONABLE SLOGAN1 DUR+ ! P]IOD PRIOR TO ! WORLD W> & BE=E ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 ,MUHSAM CALL$ = AN >T AT ! S]VICE ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y AGITATION4 ,HE WAS A TRAILBLAZ] ( POLITICAL >T1 :I*1 ESPECIALLY AFT] ! REVOLUTIONS 9 C5TRAL ,EUROPE1 BECAME ! C5T] ( ALL >TI/IC CREATION4 

,JU/ AS ,MUHSAM RIDICUL$ ! SO-CALL$ PURE ES!TES ) !SE WORDS3 0,I DON'T C>E :AT !Y CALL !MSELVES1 CRAZY OR DECAD5T01 SO HE ALSO CA/IGAT$ B\RGEOIS $UCATION1 :OSE PR9CIPLE 5D CONSI/S 9 $UCAT+ ! Y\? = ! HUNT = WEAL?4 

,HE DIRECT$ A NO LESS MORDANT CRITIQUE AT SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC RE=MISM1 :I* HAD GR[N IMM5SELY 9 ! PRE-W> P]IOD4 ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 5JOY$ 0ONE VICTORY AFT] ANO!R0 DUR+ ! FIR/ DECADE ( ! C5TURY4 ,EA* SUCCE$+ ELECTION SAW ITS VOTE 9CREASE1 BUT ) ?IS \TW>D GR[? IT LO/ MORE & MORE ( ITS SOCIALI/ CONT5T2 IT HAD BE5 A LONG TIME S9CE ANY TRACE ( REVOLUTION>Y 5?USIASM C\LD BE F\ND )9 IT4 ,! IDEA ?AT SOCIALISM C\LD BE A*IEV$ :5 ! P>TY OBTA9S MAJORITY SUPPORT 9 P>LIAM5T /IFL$ ALL O!R IDEOLOGIES4 ,MUHSAM & HIS FRI5DS1 :O W]E NOT MEMB]S ( ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS & DID NOT BELONG TO ! P>TY EI!R1 EXPRESS$ MU* MORE RADICAL OP9IONS & W]E MU* MORE D>+ 9 !IR IDEAS & !IR ASPIRATIONS ?AN ! GREAT P>TY4 ,!Y COMPRIS$ TO SOME EXT5T A LIT]>Y ,BOHEMIA :]E !Y LIV$ )\T PREJUDICES2 !Y HAD EMANCIPAT$ !MSELVES FROM ! B\RGEOIS VIEW ( ! WORLD & W]E 9SPIR$ BY A FAI? 9 ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,MUHSAM NOT ONLY WORK$ ) ! P5 AS A WRIT]1 HE WAS ALSO A P]=M]1 RECIT+ HIS [N V]SES 9 CAB>ETS & !AT]S4 ,IT WAS 9 A ,ZURI* CAB>ET ?AT ,MUHSAM FIR/ READ ! POEM AB\T ! 0REVOLUTION>Y LAMPLI<T]0 ?AT W\LD BECOME A CLASSIC ( REVOLUTION>Y ,G]MAN POETRY4 ,9 ?IS POEM ,MUHSAM REVEALS HIS SKILLS AS A GREAT >TI/ & LIT]>Y CREATOR ?AT W\LD LAT] MAKE HIM SO FAM\S & SU* A FE>$ ADV]S>Y4 ,HE *ANG$ ! WORD 0REVOLUTION>Y0 A LITTLE & CREAT$ ! WORD 0,REVOLUZZ]0 7SOME?+ LIKE A REVOLUTION>Y1 BUT 9 A PEJORATIVE S5SE7 & ?US EXPRESS$ BY MEANS ( HIS CREATIVE POETIC G5IUS ! NEF>I\S & RIDICUL\S ATTITUDE ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 :I* WAS PURSU+ ALLEG$LY REVOLUTION>Y 5DS1 BUT 9 REALITY WAS AFRAID ( ! REVOLUTION & AFRAID ( ITS [N PROCLAIM$ REVOLUTION>Y GOALS :I*1 9 ORD] TO AVOID HAV+ TO 5GAGE 9 /RUGGLE1 IT PROJECT$ 9TO ! MY?ICAL FUTURE4 ,! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY WAS NOT A P>TY ( REAL REVOLUTION>IES1 BUT ( ,REVOLUZZ]1 VA91 CONCEIT$1 LI>S4 ,! POEM SPEAKS ( A REVOLUTION>Y1 A LAMPLI<T] BY TRADE1 :O JO9$ ) O!R REVOLUTION>IES TO />T ! REVOLUTION4 ,!Y ADVANCE BOLDLY D[N ! /REETS :]E ! LAMPLI<T] WAS CLEAN+ ! /REETLI<TS4 ,! REVOLUTION>IES KNOCK$ D[N ! LAMPPO/S TO MAKE B>RICADES1 & ! LAMPLI<T] BEGAN TO %\T AT !M & DEM& ?AT !Y RESPECT HIS LAMPS2 S9CE !Y IGNOR$ HIM HE W5T HOME1 EMBITT]$1 TO WRITE A BOOK :OSE PURPOSE WAS TO H>MONIZE ! REVOLUTION ) RESPECT = & CLEANL9ESS ( ! /REETLI<TS4 

,ALL ( ?IS IS EXPRESS$ ) HUMOR & BIT+ S>CASM4 

,IT WAS DUR+ ?IS P]IOD ?AT ,MUHSAM WROTE HIS FIR/ PLAY1 A COM$Y1 ,DIE ,HO*/APL]1 :I* WAS PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#f4 ,HE HAD PREVI\SLY PUBLI%$ HIS IMPRESSIONS ( ,SWITZ]L& 9 A WORK ?AT WAS PUBLI%$ UND] ! IMPR9T ( ,ASCONA4 ,OV] ! NEXT FEW YE>S HE BECAME QUITE WELL KN[N 9 ! >TI/IC WORLD ( ,MUNI*1 = HIS C>EFREE BUT WITTY LIFE/YLE4 ,MUNI* BECAME ! SC5E ( AN >TI/IC ,BOHEMIA1 & ,MUHSAM WAS CONSID]$ TO BE ITS LEAD]4 ,HE E>N$ ?IS TITLE AS A RESULT ( HIS *>M+ WIT & HIS BRILLIANT REP>TEE4 ,HE SPORT$ AN UNKEMPT BE>D & A %OCK ( WAVY & DI%EVEL$ HAIR1 & :5 HE APPE>$ 9 CAB>ETS ! PHILI/9ES & WELL-MANN]$ CITIZ5S LAU<$ AT HIM1 & HE WAS PICTUR$ 9 ALL ! C>ICATURES AS ! SPECT] ( T]ROR4 ,NUM]\S ANECDOTES SPREAD CONC]N+ HIS ACTIVITIES1 & EV5 ?\< NOT ALL ( !M W]E TRUE1 !Y CONTRIBUT$ TO ! FACT ?AT :5EV] A GOOD B\RGEOIS HE>D ! NAME ,MUHSAM HE ALWAYS ASSOCIAT$ IT ) SOME?+ MON/R\S4 ,WE %ALL M5TION A C\PLE ( !SE ANECDOTES 9 ORD] TO %[ ! K9D ( LIFE HE L$3 

,ONCE1 :5 A SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC REPORT] AT A WORK]S CONGRESS TOLD HIM1 0,BUT ,]I*1 Y\ HAVE SU* A NICE CLEAN COLL> TODAY01 HE RESPOND$ )\T MISS+ A BEAT3 0,?AT DOES NOT MATT]1 Y\NG FELL[1 :5 ONE'S HE>T IS DIRTY04 ,) ?IS RIPO/E HE TORE ! DISGUISE FROM B\RGEOIS MORALITY3 BEH9D ITS BEAUTIFUL WORDS IT G5]ALLY CONCEALS ! MO/ CRASS EGOISM1 BEH9D ! CLEAN %IRT IS A DIRTY HE>T4 ,BUT ! MAN REMA9S ! SAME2 A VILLA9 IS NOT 5NOBL$ :5 HE TRIES TO HIDE HIS VILLA9Y BEH9D A WELL-GROOM$ APPE>ANCE4 ,?IS WAS ! MEAN+ ( HIS LACONIC RESPONSE4 

,AFT] ! PUBLICATION ( HIS FIR/ PLAY1 0,DIE ,HO*/APL]01 HE WROTE ! SATIRIC PIECE 5TITL$1 0,GLAUBE1 ,LIEBE1 ,H(FNUNG04 ,BE=E HE WAS S*$UL$ TO GIVE A PUBLIC READ+ ( ?IS PLAY 9 #aii 9 ,B]L91 ,MUHSAM WROTE A LETT] TO ! ,NATIONALZEITUNG AB\T ! UPCOM+ EV5T3 

0,]I* ,MUHSAM1 ! WELL-KN[N POET1 :OSE LIFE/YLE1 IT W\LD SEEM1 HAS DEF9ITIVELY SET ! /&>D = ! POPUL> CONCEPT ( ! LIT]>Y GYPSY = ! ,B]L9 SC5E1 HAS PROV5 TO BE EV5 MORE 9 LOVE ) ! !AT] ?AN WAS PREVI\SLY BELIEV$4 ,HIS FIR/ WORK1 0,DIE ,HO*/APL]0 HAS N[ BE5 FOLL[$ BY ANO!R4444 ,IT IS AB\T ! GROTESQUE TRANS=MATION ( A PA/OR :OSE WELL-GR\ND$ EXI/5CE IS TURN$ UPSIDE D[N & DEBAU*ES 9TO A LIFE ( ADV5TURE4 ,IT WILL REM9D Y\ A LITTLE ( ! GREAT 0,PR(ESSOR ,UNRAT0 ( ,HE9RI* ,MANN4 ,MUHSAM HAS READ ?IS PLAY BE=E A CIRCLE ( >TI/S & HAS MET ) MANY SIGNS ( APPROVAL4 ,N[ WE MU/ SEE :E!R OR NOT ! PUBLIC WILL LIKE ?IS D>+ ]OTIC-BURLESQUE PIECE40 

,?R\<\T ! PRE-W> YE>S ,MUHSAM WAS A CONTRIBUTOR TO ! MAGAZ9E1 ,MORG51 A ,G]MAN J\RNAL DEVOT$ TO CULTURE1 $IT$ BY PR(ESSOR ,W]N] ,SOMB>T1 ,RI*>D ,/RAUSS1 & ! GREAT HI/ORIAN ,GEORG ,BR&ES1 & TO :I* ! POET ,HUGO VON ,H(MANN/HAL FREQU5TLY CONTRIBUT$4 ,ON ! OCCASION ( ! ,EUL5BURG-,MAXIMILIAN ,H>D5 AFFAIR1 A SC&AL\S TRIAL ?AT CAUS$ ALMO/ AS MU* A /IR 9 ,G]MANY AS ! ,DREYFUS ,AFFAIR DID %ORTLY BE=E 9 ,FRANCE1 ,MUHSAM OP5LY TOOK ! SIDE ( ! FAM\S PUBLICI/ ,H>D5 & WROTE A PAMPHLET DEF5D+ HIM ) ! TITLE1 0,DIE ,JAGD AUF ,H>D501 9 :I* HE ALL[$ HIS AN>*I/ CONVICTIONS TO BE REVEAL$4 ,9 ?IS PAMPHLET HE CONDEMNS ! TWO-FAC$ MORALITY ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY & ADVOCATES A FREE1 BUT RESPONSIBLE1 MORALITY4 ,MAXIMILIAN ,H>D51 ! MO/ IMPORTANT & MO/ BRILLIANT PUBLICI/ 9 ,G]MANY1 REPORT$ ON C]TA9 GO+S-ON 9 ! IMM$IATE 5T\RAGE ( ! ,G]MAN ,EMP]OR 9 HIS MAGAZ9E ,ZUKUNFT4 ,HE WROTE AB\T ! P]SONAL FRI5DS ( ,WILHELM ,I,I1 ! PR9CE ,EUL5BURG & ! ,C\NT ,MOLTKE & AB\T !IR 0,LIEB5B]G ,R\ND ,TABLE01 FOCUS+ 9 P>TICUL> ON ! MALE FRI5D%IPS ( !SE P]SONALITIES & %$D+ A UNIQUE LI<T ON !M4 ,!RE W]E V>I\S TRIALS ?AT BR\<T TO LI<T ACC\NTS ( HOMOSEXUALITY & P]JURY1 AFT] :I* ,H>D5 WAS S5T5C$ TO SEV]AL MON?S 9 PRISON1 AL?\< HE NEV] SP5T A DAY 9 PRISON4 ,9 HIS PAMPHLET ON ?IS CASE1 ! ?IRTY-YE> OLD ,MUHSAM DEPICT$ MORALITY AS ! TACIT AGREEM5T ( ! VA/ MAJORITY CONC]N+ ! LIMITATIONS ( !IR COMMON 9T]E/S2 A MAJORITY ?AT1 ON ! BASIS ( ITS PHYSICAL P[]1 IS CALL$ ! TOTALITY4 ,?AT :I* IS 9 CONFLICT ) ! FEEL+S & ! WILL ( ! MASSES IS IMMORAL4 ,! WILL ( ! MAJORITY HAS CREAT$ RES\RCES = ITS IMPOSITION & TO 5SURE ITS UNCONDITIONAL AU?ORITY4 ,!SE RES\RCES >E ! PUBLIC RULES & PRESCRIPTIONS ALONG ) !IR FUNCTION>IES ( ,*UR* & ,/ATE4 ,!SE >E ! WRITT5 LAWS1 ! ORD]S1 ! ORD9ANCES1 ! PUNI%M5TS ) !IR (FICIALS ( ,GOD & ,K+1 PRIE/S1 POLICEM5 & POLITICIANS4 ,MUHSAM DEF5D$ ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! P]SONALITY & EMBRAC$ ,H>D5'S /ATEM5T AB\T SEXUAL MORALITY3 0,! CONCEPT ( PUBLICLY CONTROLLABLE HONOR /OPS AT ! NAVEL2 :AT HAPP5S BEL[ ?AT PO9T1 IS NOBODY ELSE'S BUS9ESS1 :E!R ( RI<T OR LEFT04 ,9 ! FACE ( ?IS GREAT TRIAL ( BEHAVIOR & SC&AL ,MUHSAM PROCLAIM$1 9 HIS [N 9IMITABLE /YLE1 COMPLETE 0G5ITAL FRE$OM01 & ?US REJECT$ ! PROP]TY-BAS$ MORALITY ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY 9 ! FIELD ( LOVE AS WELL4 

,DUR+ ! /RIKE ( ! ,B]L9 COMMUNICATIONS WORK]S 9 ! FALL ( #a#i#c#b1 ,MUHSAM MET ) ! $ITORIAL COMMITTEE ( A MAJOR ,B]L9 DAILY NEWSPAP]1 & ASK$ ! $ITORS3 0,G5TLEM51 DO Y\ KN[ :O HAS ORGANIZ$ ! FIR/ /RIKE 9 ! COMMUNICATIONS 9DU/RY844440 ,S9CE HE DID NOT OBTA9 A RESPONSE1 ,MUHSAM TOLD !M3 0,IT'S SIMPLY ,LISI/RATA01 & HE LEFT AMID ! D]ISORY LAU<T] ( ! $ITORS4 

,! P]IOD ( ! RISE TO B\RGEOIS RESPECTABILITY ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY WAS SIMULTANE\SLY A *APT] 9 ! DECL9E ( REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS 9 ! ,G]MAN WORK]S MOVEM5T4 ,! AN>*I/S & LOCALI/S1 & !N ! SYNDICALI/S1 W]E TOO WEAK TO PREV5T ! /AGNATION ( ! WORK]S MOVEM5T4 ,:5 ! ,EUL5BURG SC&AL ( ! ,G]MAN ,EMP]OR'S 5T\RAGE WAS MADE PUBLIC1 IT WAS NOT ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY ?AT ASSUM$ ! LEAD]%IP ( ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ A BE/IAL SY/EM4 ,IT WAS ! GREAT PUBLICI/ ( ! ,G]MAN ,EMPIRE1 ,MAXIMILIAN ,H>D51 :O WAS 9 ! VANGU>D ( ! /RUGGLE ) HIS MAGAZ9E1 ,ZUKUNFT4 ,:5 ,H>D5 WAS P]SECUT$ BECAUSE ( HIS >TICLES & PUT ON TRIAL1 IT WAS ,MUHSAM :O W\LD BREAK HIS KNI<TLY LANCES = ,H>D51 WRIT+ ! PAMPHLET1 ,DIE ,JAGD AUF ,H>D51 :I* FIR/ APPE>$ 9 #a#i#h4 ,) ?IS PAMPHLET1 ,MUHSAM FIR/ MADE HIS NAME AMONG ! PUBLIC AS A BRILLIANT POLITICAL PUBLICI/1 :O ATTRACT$ NOT ONLY ! SYMPA?IES ( ALL M5 ( LIB]AL ?\<T1 BUT ALSO ! ATT5TION ( ! POLICE & JUDICIAL AU?ORITIES4 

,IT WAS DUR+ ?IS P]IOD ?AT ,MUHSAM BECAME A V]Y CLOSE FRI5D ( ,L&AU]4 ,! LATT]1 LIKE ,MUHSAM1 WAS A DI/+UI%$ AU?OR1 & WAS L9K$ BY ! /RONGE/ BONDS TO ! PROLET>IAT4 ,HE HAD ALREADY SP5T TWO DECADES 9 ! /RUGGLE = LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM4 ,BESIDES HIS LIT]>Y ACTIVITY1 ,L&AU] WAS PRIM>ILY OCCUPI$ ) PROPAG&A = ! AN>*I/ IDEOLOGY AMONG ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT4 ,MUHSAM DISCOV]$ 9 HIM A COMRADE 9 >MS & A FRI5D1 TO :OM HE REMA9$ FAI?FUL UNTIL ,L&AU]'S TRAGIC 5D4 ,MUHSAM WAS AN AN>*I/ BY S5TIM5T & BY HIS 9VET]ATE 9/9CT = FRE$OM EV5 BE=E HE WAS EXPOS$ TO AN>*I/ IDEAS4 ,! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC P>TY & ! TRADE UNIONS W]E TOO 5CUMB]$ BY ! WEI<T ( BUREAUCRACY = ,MUHSAM TO JO9 !M4 ,HE REJECT$ ! IDEA ( ! NECESSITY ( ! ,/ATE2 HE ?\<T P>LIAM5T>ISM WAS CORRUPT+ & H>MFUL2 HE F\<T AGA9/ MILIT>ISM4 ,) VIEWS LIKE !SE !RE WAS NO PLACE AT ALL = HIM 9 ! RANKS ( ! ,/ATE-APPROV$ SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,9/EAD1 HE WAS MU* MORE 9T]E/$ 9 ! DISSID5TS 9 ALL FIELDS & HE WAS ALWAYS CLOS] TO !IR WAY ( ?9K+4 ,:5 ,GU/AV ,L&AU] READ HIS SPEE* 9 #aii ?AT W\LD LAT] BECAME FAM\S UND] ! NAME ( ,= ,SOCIALISM1 ,MUHSAM WAS ONE ( ,L&AU]'S FIR/ & MO/ 5?USIA/IC SUPPORT]S4 ,:AT ,L&AU] HAD BE5 TELL+ ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT ?IRTY-FIVE YE>S AGO WAS NOT DELIV]$ FROM \TSIDE ! PROLET>IAT4 ,L&AU] HAD LIV$ = MORE ?AN TW5TY YE>S 9 ! WORK]S MOVEM5T & ?AT WAS :]E HE C>RI$ ON HIS /RUGGLE2 IT WAS ! UND]/&+ D]IV$ FROM TW5TY YE>S ( EXP]I5CE ?AT RESONAT$ 9 HIM & GAVE HIM ! RI<T & ! DUTY TO SPEAK & TO ISSUE ! APPEAL = SOCIALISM4 ,MUHSAM HAD SEV]AL YE>S ( EXP]I5CE 9 ! SPIRITUAL CIRCLE ( ! SAME IDEAS ?AT ,L&AU] WAS PROCLAIM+1 & W\LD REMA9 ONE ( ! MO/ BRILLIANT SPOKESP]SONS = ! ,L&AU]IAN 9T]PRETATION ( SOCIALISM4 

,L&AU] US$ ! WORD SOCIALISM1 BUT HE GAVE IT A COMPLETELY DIFF]5T1 LIB]T>IAN MEAN+4 ,AN>*Y WAS = HIM ! NEGATIVE P>T1 ! NEGATION ( ! CURR5T =MS ( RULE ( SOCIETY ?AT >E EXPRESS$ 9 ! =M ( ! ,/ATE & CAPITALISM & >E MA9TA9$ ) ! HELP ( A SY/EM ( C5TRALIZ$ OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION4 ,!SE =MS MU/ BE OV]?R[N & NEW1 SOCIALI/ =MS MU/ BE PUT 9 !IR PLACE4 ,= HIM1 SOCIALISM WAS ! POSITIVE P>T2 IT MEANS ! LIB]T>IAN RECON/RUCTION ( HUMAN SOCIETY4 ,( P>TICUL> VALUE 9 ,L&AU]'S ,= ,SOCIALISM WAS HIS CRITIQUE ( ,M>XISM1 A ,M>XISM ?AT CLOAK$ ITSELF 9 CLASSICAL =MS & :I* IS /ILL ACCEPT$ BY ! DECEIV$ SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC WORK]S4 

,L&AU] CALL$ = ! =MATION ( SOCIALI/ LEAGUES4 ,!SE LEAGUES MU/ ONCE & = ALL PUT AN 5D TO ! ET]NAL COOP]ATION 9 P>LIAM5TS1 TO ! CAPITALI/S & TO ! ,/ATE2 !Y MU/ DECL>E W> ON ALL ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY 9 EV]Y DOMA9 ( SOCIAL LIFE1 SIMULTANE\SLY SITUAT+ !MSELVES \TSIDE ( CAPITALI/ LIFE & REALLY DEVOT+ !MSELVES TO ! CON/RUCTION ( ! SOCIALI/ WAY ( LIFE4 

,]I* ,MUHSAM =M$ A LOCAL *APT] ( ,L&AU]'S ,SOCIALI/ ,LEAGUE 9 ,MUNI*1 AS WE HAVE ALREADY M5TION$4 ,! CONF]5CES IT HELD ADDRESS$ ! \TCA/S ( SOCIETY1 ! L[E/ RANKS ( ! PROLET>IAT1 & PREA*$ TO !M !IR RI<T TO LIVE1 :I* SOCIETY HAD TAK5 FROM !M4 ,!SE CONF]5CES W]E DEEM$ AS SUBV]SIVE ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN PUBLIC SOCIAL ORD] & ! PUBLIC PROSECUTOR'S (FICE FIL$ *>GES AGA9/ ,MUHSAM4 ,AT ?AT TIME ! SONG ( ! G5]AL /RIKE WAS ON EV]YBODY'S LIPS1 & ! G5]AL /RIKE IS /ILL V]Y MU* ALIVE TODAY AMONG ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT ( ,G]MANY4 ,IT WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY ! MELODY ( ! ,FR5* SONG3 0,N\S NE V\LONS NI ,DIEU NI MAITRE01 BUT IT HAD ITS [N WORDS4 ,AT A TIME :5 ! ,G]MAN WORK]S MOVEM5T WAS DEBAT+ = & AGA9/ ! G5]AL /RIKE1 ,MUHSAM PUT HIS H& TO HIS LYRE & SANG = ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT ! SONG ?AT WILL ALWAYS E*O & W\LD BE LIKE A MANIFE/O 9 FAVOR ( ! G5]AL /RIKE4 

,HIS MAGAZ9E1 ,KA9 7#a#i#a#a-#a#i#a#d7 WAS 9T5D$ TO EXPRESS ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ A SOCIAL ORD] ?AT1 ACCORD+ TO HIM1 HAD ORIG9AT$ 9 ! G5]ATION ( ,CA94 ,EV]Y ISSUE WAS WRITT5 5TIRELY BY HIM ALONE4 ,! SUBTITLE ( ! MAGAZ9E IS3 0,NO COLLABORATORS >E DESIR$4 ,ALL >TICLES COME FROM ! P5 ( ! $ITOR40 ,?IS MON?LY MAGAZ9E WAS DEVOT$ TO CRITICISM ( SOCIETY1 ! !AT] & >T4 ,BUT IT WAS NOT JU/ CRITICAL2 IT ALSO PROPAGAT$ AN>*I/ IDEAS4 ,IT HAD ! ADVANTAGE ( BE+ SOLD 9 ALL ! NEWS KIOSKS & BOOK/ORES AT ! TRA9 /ATIONS & HAD A L>GE READ]%IP1 COMPOS$ ( PEOPLE :O W\LD HAVE NEV] O!RWISE EV5 CONSID]$ READ+ AN>*I/ ESSAYS4 ,! ORIG9ALITY1 ! SPIRIT & ! HUMOR ( ! $ITOR & HIS FAME AS A !AT] CRITIC & AS A SATIRICAL POET SPREAD ?R\<\T ,G]MANY2 ,]I* ,MUHSAM F\ND A PLACE 9 ! ,G]MAN LIT]>Y & IDEOLOGICAL WORLD4 ,AFT] A DECADE ( ACTIVITY1 HE HAD NOT JU/ BECOME WELL KN[N1 BUT HE HAD CONTRIBUT$ NO SMALL AM\NT TO ! SPREAD ( AN>*I/ IDEAS TO A MU* BROAD] AUDI5CE ?AN W\LD HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE )\T HIS MAGAZ9E4 

,IT WAS 9 ?IS SPIRIT ?AT ,MUHSAM ACT$ AS A TR\BLEMAK] & 9EXORABLY EXPOS$1 ) HIS MORDANT CRITICISM1 ! EVILS ( ! CAPITALI/ SOCIAL ORD] RI<T UP TO ! \TBREAK ( ! W>4 ,KA9 WAS =C$ TO SUSP5D PUBLICATION 9 ,JULY #a#i#a#d4 ,HIS VIEWS HAD NOT *ANG$1 AS DID ?OSE ( SO MANY ( HIS LIT]>Y COLLEAGUES4 ,HE REMA9$ FAI?FUL TO HIS IDEALS & ATTEMPT$ TO CONT9UE ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ MILIT>ISM DUR+ ! W>4 ,BUT HE 5C\NT]$ A WORLD ( 9COMPREH5SION4 ,AT FIR/ HE /OOD ALONE1 9 CON/ANT CONTACT ) A FEW AN>*I/ FRI5DS1 ESPECIALLY ) ,GU/AV ,L&AU]4 ,LAT]1 :5 ! WORLD W> /ILL REFUS$ TO 5D1 ! DISCONT5T AGA9/ ! RUL]S GREW & HE F\ND COMRADES :O F\<T BY HIS SIDE4 ,HE WANT$ TO CONV9CE A NUMB] ( FAM\S P]SONALITIES TO TAKE P>T 9 AN ACTION = PEACE4 ,! POLICE W]E 9=M$ ( HIS PLANS1 H[EV]1 & AS A RESULT HE WAS KEPT UND] CON/ANT POLICE SURVEILLANCE UNTIL ! 5D ( ! W>4 

,BUT ! FRONTS COLLAPS$ 9 #a#i#a#h1 & ) ?IS COLLAPSE ! REVOLUTION CAME1 & = ,MUHSAM IT WAS A NEW /AGE ( HIS ACTIVITY1 A NEW *APT] ( /RUGGLE 9 HIS TEMPE/U\S LIFE4 

,MUHSAM & ! ,BAV>IAN ,C\NCIL ,REVOLUTION 

,DUR+ ! W> ,MUHSAM HAD TRI$ TO CONV9CE V>I\S LEFT W+ P]SONALITIES TO JO9 A MOVEM5T CALL+ = PEACE )\T 9DEMNIFICATIONS OR SANCTIONS4 ,AS A RESULT ( ?IS ACTIVITY HE WAS F9ALLY >RE/$4 ,:5 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION TOOK PLACE1 HE PASSIONATELY DECL>$ HIS SUPPORT = ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S & PEASANTS ( ,RUSSIA4 ,HE WAS CONFID5T ?AT A REVOLUTION 9 ,G]MANY W\LD PUT AN 5D TO ! BUT*]Y ( ! W>4 ,& HE WORK$ TO BR+ ?IS REVOLUTION AB\T1 S5S+ ?AT IT WAS AN IRRESI/IBLE =CE4 

,A COMPLETE HI/ORY ( ! ,G]MAN REVOLUTION HAS YET TO BE WRITT52 NOR HAS A HI/ORY ( ! ,BAV>IAN C\NCIL REPUBLIC BE5 WRITT51 :I* WAS ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT & SIGNIFICANT *APT]S ( ?AT REVOLUTION4 ,! ACC\NTS WE POSSESS ORIG9AT$ FROM ! CAMP ( ! REACTION>IES1 ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS OR ! COMMUNI/S4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ! LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/S & ! AN>*I/S :O P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! ,BAV>IAN REVOLUTION HAVE WRITT5 NO HI/ORICAL WORKS4 

,IT IS !RE=E MO/ GRATIFY+ ?AT COMRADE ,MUHSAM1 :O WAS ONE ( ! MO/ ACTIVE 9DIVIDUALS 9 ! ,BAV>IAN REVOLUTION1 HAS SPOK5 ( HIS EXP]I5CES DUR+ ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD OR1 AS HE SAYS1 HE PROVID$ AN 0EYEWITNESS REPORT ( ! EV5TS FROM ,EISN] TO ,LEV9E04 

,]I* ,MUHSAM WAS DECL>$ GUILTY ( HI< TREASON ON ,JULY #a#b1 #aiai BY ! ,MUNI* C\RT & CONDEMN$ TO FIFTE5 YE>S IMPRISONM5T4 ,ON ,DECEMB] #b1 #a#i#b#d1 HE WAS RELEAS$ FROM ! PRISON AT ,NI$]S*ON5FELD2 HIS S5T5CE HAD BE5 COMMUT$ TO EI<T YE>S & HE WAS RELEAS$ ON P>OLE = ! NEXT ?REE YE>S4 ,ON ,JULY #a#d1 #a#i#b#h1 ! NATIONAL AMNE/Y LAW TOOK EFFECT4 ,MUHSAM WAS RELEAS$ FROM ! T]MS ( HIS P>OLE & ! ,BAV>IAN ,JU/ICE ,M9I/RY WAS =C$ TO RETURN TO HIM ! MAT]IALS ?AT IT HAD HELD UNTIL !N4 ,MUHSAM ?US REGA9$ POSSESSION ( HIS MANUSCRIPTS1 AMONG :I* WAS ! ONE ?AT WE %ALL UTILIZE = ! ACC\NT ?AT FOLL[S4 

,MUHSAM'S TEXT REFLECTS ONLY HIS [N P]SONAL EXP]I5CES4 ,HE WANT$ TO V9DICATE HIMSELF ) RESPECT TO ! ACCUSATIONS ?AT HAD BE5 LEVEL$ AGA9/ HIM BY ! COMMUNI/S &1 ) ?IS PURPOSE 9 M9D1 FOLL[+ ! ADVICE ( ONE ( HIS COMRADES 9 PRISON1 HE WROTE ?IS PAMPHLET & CAUS$ IT BE S5T TO ,L591 :O1 AS ,MUHSAM PO9TS \T1 ACKN[L$G$ ITS RECEIPT & READ IT4 ,! PAMPHLET IS WOR? READ+ & IS ESS5TIAL = ANYONE :O WANTS TO GET AN IDEA ( ! CONDITIONS ?AT L$ TO ! PROCLAMATION ( ! ,BAV>IAN ,C\NCIL ,REPUBLIC4 

,S9CE ?IS ANALYSIS IS AIM$ AT NON-,G]MAN READ]S1 :OM WE MU/ ASSUME CANNOT READ ,G]MAN1 WE W\LD LIKE TO PROVIDE A BRIEF SUMM>Y ( ! SITUATION 9 ,BAV>IA UP TO ! MOM5T ( ! PROCLAMATION ( ! ,C\NCIL ,REPUBLIC4 

,MUHSAM'S COMPANION WROTE ! FOLL[+ AB\T ?OSE DAYS3 

0,9 #a#i#a#h1 :5 ! FIR/ /RIKES BROKE \T AMONG ! MUNITIONS WORK]S1 ,MUHSAM WAS CALL$ UPON ONE MORN+ 9 ,M>* BY ! WORK]S AT ! ,KRUPP WORKS & *E]FULLY WELCOM$3 ',]I*1 COME TO SPEAK TO ! WORK]S 9 ! MUNITIONS FACTORIES'4 ,HE 5?USIA/ICALLY ACCEPT$ ! (F]4 ,MUHSAM1 ,EISN]1 ,FE*5BA* & ,UNT]LEITN]1 :O WAS A METALWORK] AT ,KRUPP1 SPOKE AT ! V>I\S FACTORIES & L$ A DEMON/RATION4 ,EISN] WAS >RE/$1 ALONG ) ,FE*5BA* & ,UNT]LEITN]4 ,!N ,MUHSAM ORGANIZ$ A M>* TO ! POLICE /ATION ) ! AN>*I/ ,SONDHEIM] 9 ORD] TO FREE ! PRISON]S4 ,ON ! FOLL[+ DAY1 ,MUHSAM & ,SONDHEIM] W]E >RE/$ AT !IR HOMES & TRANSPORT$ TO =C$ LABOR AT ,TRAUN/E91 :]E !Y W\LD REMA9 UNTIL ,NOVEMB] #e1 #a#i#a#h4 ,EISN] HAD ALREADY BE5 RELEAS$ FROM PRISON ON ,NOVEMB] #c40 

0,!RE WAS A RALLY AT ,TREFL] 79 ,MUNI*71 :]E PR(ESSOR ,MAX ,WEB]1 FROM ,HEIDELB]G1 WAS TO SPEAK 9 FAVOR ( NATIONAL DEF5SE4 ,]I* WAS ALL[$ TO ADDRESS ! CR[D FIR/4 ,HE %\T$1 ',D[N ) ! W>6 ,WE DEM& PEACE6'1 ETC4 ,WE L$ ! CR[D TO ,HACK]KELL]4 ,!RE1 ,EISN] SPOKE4 ,AU] ADDRESS$ O!R CR[DS AT O!R LOCATIONS4 ,BECAUSE ! PLACE WAS SO CR[D$ IT WAS RESOLV$1 DESPITE ! W9T] CONDITIONS1 ?AT ! ORATORS W\LD SPEAK FROM ! /EPS AT ,!RESI5WIESE4 ,!RE1 ONLY ,EISN] & ,AU] SPOKE4 ,! FIR/1 AGA9/ ! W>2 ! SECOND1 9 FAVOR ( A DEMON/RATION = PEACE4 ,MUHSAM %\T$ ONLY ONE WORD3 ',REVOLUTION6' ,TO :I* ,EISN] & ,AU] RESPOND$3 ',DO NOT ALL[ Y\RSELVES TO BE PROVOK$ BY !SE WORDS'4 ,& ! PROPOSAL ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS TO MEET ON ,NOVEMB] #g AT ! ,!RESI5WIESE = A DEMON/RATION AGA9/ NATIONAL DEF5SE & = PEACE WAS ACCEPT$4 ,ON ?AT DAY1 !RE WAS NOT ONE S+LE BUS9ESS 9 ALL ( ,MUNI* ?AT WAS OP54 ,B\RGEOIS & WORK]S GA!R$ AT ! ,!RESI5WIESE 9 VA/ CR[DS4 ,AU] & ,EISN] SPOKE4 ,A PEACEFUL DEMON/RATION M>*$ T[>DS ,FRI$5S5GEL4 ,:ILE ! TWO SPEAK]S W]E ADDRESS+ ! CR[DS1 A W\ND$ SAILOR APPE>$1 UNFURL$ AN 5ORM\S R$ FLAG1 & %\T$3 ',LONG LIVE ! REVOLUTION6'4 ,]I*1 SOME ( \R FRI5DS & ,I W]E /RUCK DUMB BY ! APP>ITION ( ?IS SAILOR4 ',LET'S GO ) HIM1' ,MUHSAM SAID1 '!SE PEOPLE >E ! TRAITORS TO ! FA!RL&'4 ,& WE JO9$ ?IS REVOLUTION>Y SAILOR4 ,9 ! SEA ( HUMANITY WE LO/ CONTACT ) ! SAILORS4 ,WE W5T ) \R FRI5DS 9 ! DEMON/RATION T[>DS ,MAXIMILIAN/RASSE4444 ,WE >RIV$ AT ! ,TURK5KAS]NE B>RACKS1 :]E ! K+'S P]SONAL REGIM5TAL GU>D WAS /ATION$4 ,!RE1 WE W]E ONCE AGA9 JO9$ BY \R SAILORS4 ,!Y N[ HAD A TRUCK & !IR HUGE FLAG4 ,!RE W]E AB\T T5 ( !M4 ,MUHSAM CLIMB$ UP 9TO ! TRUCK & %\T$3 ',BAV>IA IS A REPUBLIC6 ,! K+ IS DE?RON$6' ,& ! SOLDI]S1 TIR$ ( ! W>1 LEFT !IR B>RACKS4 ,WE W5T ) ?IS REGIM5T FROM ONE B>RACKS TO ANO!R & ALL ( !M SURR5D]$ )\T A %OT BE+ FIR$4 ,\R TROOP WAS RECEIV$ 5?USIA/ICALLY4 ,! LA/ B>RACKS1 :I* HO/$ ! ,SECOND ,9FANTRY ,REGIM5T1 PUT UP A FI<T BUT HAD TO SURR5D] & ,MUHSAM ONLY LAT] REALIZ$ ?AT IT WAS A MI/AKE TO ALL[ !SE M5 TO REMA9 NEUTRAL4 ,:ILE ! REVOLUTION>Y SOLDI]S W]E BESIEG+ ! B>RACKS1 ,EISN] WAS NAM$ PRIME M9I/] AT ! ,MA?AS] BE]-HALL4 ,MUHSAM OBS]V$3 ',WE HAVE PROVID$ ! FIREWORKS = ! PRIME M9I/]'40 

0,?AT WAS :5 ! /RUGGLE ( ! RADICALS AGA9/ ! MOD]ATES1 ( ! REVOLUTION>IES AGA9/ ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 BEGAN44440 

,! REVOLUTION BROKE \T 9 ,MUNI* TWO DAYS BE=E IT DID 9 ,B]L91 ON ,NOVEMB] #g1 #a#i#a#h4 ,A C\NCIL ( WORK]S & SOLDI]S WAS =M$ ?AT CON/ITUT$ ! /RONGE/ BULW>K ( ! ,BAV>IAN REVOLUTION UNTIL ,APRIL #a#i#a#i4 ,! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS IMM$IATELY =M$ A GOV]NM5T 9 :I* ,KURT ,EISN] WAS NAM$ AS PRIME M9I/]4 ,! ,C\NCIL ( REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S HAD RES]V$ ! RI<T TO COOP]ATE 9 GOV]NM5T AFFAIRS1 & ON ! SECOND DAY ( ITS EXI/5CE ,MUHSAM WAS ADMITT$ TO ITS RANKS & %ORTLY !REAFT] SO WAS ,GU/AV ,L&AU]1 BO? ( :OM W]E WELL KN[N EV5 BE=E ! W> AS AN>*I/S4 ,LAT]1 AT ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,WORK]S 7! 0,R4,A4,R4071 A WORK]S ,C\NCIL WAS =M$ AFT] ELECTIONS HELD AMONG ! FACTORY C\NCILS4 ,?R\<\T ! C\NTRY ELECTIONS W]E HELD = ! ,C\NCILS ( WORK]S1 PEASANTS & SOLDI]S4 ,! ,WORK]S ,C\NCIL ( ,MUNI* RESOLV$1 AT ITS FIR/ SESSION1 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( LIB]T>IAN ELEM5TS1 NOT TO ADMIT PAID P>TY OR TRADE UNION (FICIALS 9TO ITS RANKS4 ,?IS WAS A BL[ AGA9/ ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC P>TY & ! RE=MI/ TRADE UNIONS1 & AS ! EV5TS UNFOLD$ ! DISAGREEM5TS BETWE5 ! V>I\S CURR5TS ( ! PROLET>IAT BECAME MORE PRON\NC$4 ,! MEMB]S ( ! ,R4,A4,R4 BELONG$ = ! MO/ P>T TO ! ,9DEP5D5T ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY4 ,! PROLET>IAT WAS DIVID$ AS FOLL[S3 FIR/1 ! MEMB]S ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY2 SECOND1 ! SUPPORT]S ( ! ,9DEP5D5T ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY2 ?IRD1 ?OSE :O SUPPORT$ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY2 & F\R?1 ! AN>*I/ T5D5CY1 :I* HAD NO ORGANIZATION BEH9D IT4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY DID NOT EXI/ UNTIL ! \TBREAK ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 BUT WAS =M$ OV] ! C\RSE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y EV5TS4 ,AT FIR/1 ! FUTURE COMMUNI/S W]E ACTIVE 9 ! ,SP>TACI/ ,LEAGUE4 ,]I* ,MUHSAM =M$1 TOGE!R ) SOME ( HIS COMRADES1 A ,LEAGUE ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,9T]NATIONALI/S ( ,BAV>IA1 :I*1 DUR+ ! E>LY /AGE ( ! REVOLUTION1 WON ! SYMPA?IES ( ! GREAT MASSES ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 UNTIL ITS 9FLU5CE DECL9$ AS ?AT ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9CREAS$4 

,! GOV]NM5T WAS 9 ! H&S ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 :O1 9 FOLL[+ ! DIRECTIVES ( ! NATIONAL ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY1 CALL$ = ! CONVOCATION ( A ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY4 ,EISN]1 ! PRIME M9I/]1 WAS AFRAID1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! ,R4,A4,R4 W\LD (F] RESI/ANCE TO ! ELECTIONS TO ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY1 & ORD]$ TWELVE WELL KN[N MEMB]S ( ! ,R4,A4,R4 & ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY TO BE >RE/$ ON ,JANU>Y #a1 #a#i#a#i1 AMONG :OM W]E ,]I* ,MUHSAM & ,LEV9E1 ! LEAD] ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 ,MUNI*4 ,AS A RESULT ( !SE >RE/S1 ,KURT ,EISN] SUFF]$ A LOSS ( PRE/IGE 9 ! EYES ( ! WORK]S ( ,MUNI*2 BUT HE DID NOT !REBY GA9 ! CONFID5CE ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,EISN] WAS A PACIFI/ & OPPOS$ ,G]MAN *AUV9ISM & MILIT>ISM4 ,?IS WAS :Y HE WAS LAT] ASSASS9AT$ BY ,C\NT ,>CO4 ,?IS TIME1 H[EV]1 ,EISN] HAD TO YIELD BE=E ! PRESSURE ( ! MASSES ( WORK]S & RELEAS$ ! PRISON]S4 ,EISN] WAS ASSASS9AT$ ON ,FEBRU>Y #b1 #a#i#a#i4 ,?IS WAS A SIGNAL = ! PROLET>IAT TO PROCE$ ) MORE RADICAL MEASURES ?AN IT HAD PREVI\SLY EMPLOY$ AGA9/ ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>IES4 ,! REPUTATION ( ! C\NCIL REPUBLIC WAS 9CREAS+ DAILY1 BUT IT WAS 9CAPABLE ( CONSOLIDATION4 ,! ,CONGRESS ( ,C\NCILS WAS COMPOS$ ( REPRES5TATIVES ( ALL ! T5D5CIES ( ! PROLET>IAT & :5 ON ,FEBRU>Y #bh A PROPOSAL L>GELY DRAFT$ BY ,MUHSAM WAS SUBMITT$ ?AT CALL$ = ! PROCLAMATION ( ! ,BAV>IAN ,C\NCIL ,REPUBLIC1 IT WON ! SUPPORT ( ONLY #g DELEGATES1 AGA9/ #bcd OPPOS$4 ,! ,CONGRESS 9/EAD VOT$ TO RECOGNIZE ! ,DIET1 :]E ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS HELD A MAJORITY4 

,9 OPPOSITION TO ! DEM&S ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S ( ,MUNI*1 A CONF]5CE WAS CONVOK$ ON ,M>* #g BY ! ,9DEP5D5T ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS ( ,B]L9 9 ALLIANCE ) ! RI<T W+ SOCIALI/S & ! MOD]ATE ,PEASANT ,LEAGUE2 ?IS CONF]5CE ADOPT$ A COMPROMISE SOLUTION 9 ORD] TO SATISFY ALL SECTORS4 

,?IS COMPROMISE SOLUTION DEM&$ ?AT ! ,DIET APPO9T A SOCIALI/ M9I/] & ALSO RECOGNIZE ! ,C\NCILS ( WORK]S & SOLDI]S4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S DID NOT CONS5T TO ?IS & CONT9U$ TO DEM& ! PROCLAMATION ( ! ,C\NCIL ,REPUBLIC4 ,?IS DEM& BECAME ALL ! MORE 9SI/5T & CLAMOR\S :5 ON ,M>* #ba NEWS >RIV$ 9 ,MUNI* ( ! PROCLAMATION ( ! ,C\NCIL ,REPUBLIC ( ,HUNG>Y4 ,! GOV]NM5T BECAME N]V\S & PUT ITS FAI? 9 AN ATTEMPT TO PACIFY ! WORK+ CLASS MASSES BY MEANS ( ! PROPOSALS ( ! M9I/] ( SOCIALIZATION1 ,NEURA?4 ,BUT ?IS DID NOT PREV5T ! MASSES FROM P]SI/+ 9 !IR DEM& = A ,C\NCIL ,REPUBLIC4 

,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY HAD PLAY$ NO ROLE 9 ! EV5TS UP UNTIL ?IS PO9T4 ,MUHSAM1 ACCORD+ TO HIS [N ACC\NT1 WAS ALWAYS NAM$ AS AN ORATOR = ?IS P>TY1 AL?\< HE WAS NOT A MEMB]1 AN 9S9UATION ?AT GREW MORE P]SUASIVE ) EA* PASS+ DAY4 ,DUR+ ,M>* #a#i#a#i1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY B[$ BE=E ,MUHSAM4 ,BUT 9 ! FOLL[+ WEEKS ! TRAGIC EV5TS ( ! ,BAV>IAN ,REVOLUTION TOOK PLACE4 

,ON ! F\R? ( ,APRIL1 OR ! PREVI\S DAY1 ! PROLET>IAT ( ,AUGSBURG DECL>$ A G5]AL /RIKE1 DEM&+ ! PROCLAMATION 9 ,BAV>IA ( ! ,C\NCIL ,REPUBLIC4 ,!Y S5T A DELEGATE1 BY ! NAME ( ,NIEKIS*1 TO ,MUNI*1 9 ORD] TO 9CITE ! GOV]NM5T TO PROCLAIM ! ,C\NCIL ,REPUBLIC4 ,! ,MUNI* GOV]NM5T1 COMPOS$ ( MAJORITY SOCIAL DEMOCRATS & 9DEP5D5T SOCIALI/S1 WAS COMPLETELY 9 AGREEM5T ) ! PROPOSAL & WAS PREP>$ TO =M1 ALONG ) ! O!R T5D5CIES ( ! PROLET>IAT1 A ,REPUBLIC ( ,WORK]S ,C\NCILS AFT] ! ,HUNG>IAN MODEL4 ,SOME PRELIM9>Y MEET+S W]E HELD ?AT W]E ATT5D$ BY MEMB]S ( ! ,R4,A4,R4 & ! GOV]NM5T1 :]E IT WAS PUBLICIZ$ ?AT ! C\NT]REVOLUTION S\<T TO 9T]V5E 9 ORD] TO PREV5T ,NEURA?'S SOCIALIZATION PLANS FROM BE+ IMPLEM5T$4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY WAS NOT PRES5T AT !SE DELIB]ATIONS :]E ! PROCLAMATION ( ! ,C\NCIL ,REPUBLIC WAS BE+ DEBAT$1 NOR DID !Y LAT] S5D (FICIAL REPRES5TATIVES TO TAKE P>T 9 ! PROCE$+S4 ,! G5]AL \TL9ES ( ! ,C\NCIL ,REPUBLIC W]E PROPOS$ & ! PEOPLE :O W]E TO S]VE AS PEOPLE'S COMMISS>S W]E ELECT$4 ,! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS PROPOS$ ?AT ?OSE :O W]E CURR5TLY S]V+ AS GOV]NM5T M9I/]S %\LD H5CE=? S]VE AS PEOPLE'S COMMISS>S4 ,L&AU] & ,MUHSAM OBJECT$ TO ?IS PROPOSAL4 ,9 ! 5D1 ! PROBLEM ( :O %\LD BE NAM$ AS PEOPLE'S COMMISS>S WAS RESOLV$4 ,A PROVISIONAL ,C\NCIL GOV]NM5T WAS PROCLAIM$ 9 :I* ! MAJORITY SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 ! 9DEP5D5TS1 ! COMMUNI/S & ! AN>*I/S W\LD P>TICIPATE4 ,L&AU] HAD TO ACCEPT ! POSITION ( ,COMMISS> ( ,PUBLIC ,$UCATION4 ,BUT S9CE ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY DID NOT ATT5D1 ! SESSION WAS PO/PON$4 

,ON ! NI<T ( ,APRIL #d ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! P>TIES & T5D5CIES M5TION$ ABOVE MET AGA94 ,9 ! MID/ ( ! DEBATES A DELEGATION FROM ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY >RIV$--CONSI/+ ( P]SONS FROM ,B]L9 :O UNTIL !N W]E COMPLETELY UNKN[N--DECL>+ ?AT !IR P>TY W\LD NOT P>TICIPATE 9 ! ,C\NCIL GOV]NM5T4 ,MUHSAM ASSUM$ ?AT ?IS P>TY WANT$ ALL ! P[] 9 ITS H&S 9 ORD] TO EX]CISE A P>TY DICTATOR%IP1 RA!R ?AN ! P[] ( ! 5TIRE PROLET>IAT4 ,?IS DECL>ATION ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY GAVE ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! MAJORITY SOCIAL DEMOCRATS ! EXCUSE TO PROPOSE ?AT ! SESSION BE PO/PON$ ONCE AGA94 ,!Y DECL>$ ?AT1 9 VIEW ( ! SITUATION CREAT$ BY ! ATTITUDE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 ! PROCLAMATION ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,C\NCILS %\LD BE PO/PON$ = #dh H\RS4 ,9 VA91 ,L&AU] & ,MUHSAM ATTEMPT$ TO CONV9CE ! ASSEMBLY ( ! DANG] ( ?IS DELAY2 ! MAJORITY APPROV$ ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS' PROPOSAL4 

,ON ,APRIL #f ! ASSEMBLY ( ! V>I\S P>TIES MET ONCE AGA94 ,BUT NONE ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC M9I/]S W]E PRES5T2 ONLY A FEW REPRES5TATIVES ( ! MAJORITY P>TY ATT5D$4 ,9/EAD1 ! 9DEP5D5TS1 :O HAD S5T !IR MO/ \T/&+ REPRES5TATIVES1 DOM9AT$ ! DEBATE1 AMONG :OM WAS ,]N/ ,TOLL]4 ,! ,R4,A4,R4 WAS PRES5T 9 FULL =CE1 :ILE ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY HAD ONCE AGA9 REFUS$ TO ATT5D4 ,SOME MEMB]S ( ! ,R4,A4,R41 :O W]E ALSO MEMB]S ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 DECL>$ !IR READ9ESS TO COLLABORATE1 EV5 IF !IR P>TY W\LD NOT DO SO4 ,! ASSEMBLY OV]:ELM+LY VOT$ = ! PROCLAMATION ( ! ,C\NCIL ,REPUBLIC4 ,AMONG ! MEMB]S ELECT$ TO ! PROVISIONAL ,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>S W]E3 ,DR4 ,LIPP1 AN ,9DEP5D5T ,SOCIALI/1 ,COMMISS> = ,=EIGN ,AFFAIRS2 ,SOLDMANN1 AN ,9DEP5D5T ,SOCIALI/1 ,COMMISS> ( ! ,9T]IOR2 ,PAULKUM1 AN ,9DEP5D5T ,SOCIALI/1 ,COMMISS> ( ,TRADE2 ,KUBL]1 A MEMB] ( ! ,PEASANT ,C\NCIL1 ,COMMISS> ( ,JU/ICE2 ,SILVIO ,GESELL1 A WELL KN[N AN>*I/ & PHYSIOCRAT1 MO/ FAM\S = HIS !ORY ( MONEY1 :I* WAS BAS$ ON ! WORK ( ,PR\DHON1 ,COMMISS> ( ,F9ANCE2 ,HAG5MEI/]1 AN ,9DEP5D5T ,SOCIALI/1 ,COMMISS> ( ,PUBLIC ,WELF>E2 ,GU/AV ,L&AU]1 AN AN>*I/1 ,COMMISS> ( ,PUBLIC ,$UCATION2 & ,KILL]1 AN ,9DEP5D5T ,SOCIALI/1 ,COMMISS> ( ,MILIT>Y ,AFFAIRS4 

,! ,C\NCIL ,REPUBLIC WAS PROCLAIM$ ON ,MONDAY1 ,APRIL #g4 ,BUT ! FACT ?AT NEI!R ! MAJORITY SOCIALI/S NOR ! COMMUNI/S GAVE IT !IR :OLEHE>T$ SUPPORT R5D]$ ! PROCLAMATION SOME:AT PREC>I\S FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+4 ,MUHSAM RELATES ?AT IT WAS DECID$ ?AT ! PROM95T MEMB]S ( ! ,R4,A4,R4 %\LD SPEAK AT V>I\S LOCATIONS 9 ,MUNI*1 & ?AT !Y TREAT$ ! DAY LIKE A HOLIDAY4 ,BUT EV5 AS ! PROCLAMATION WAS BE+ BROADCA/1 C]TA9 UNPLEASANT EV5TS W]E TAK+ PLACE ?AT 9DICAT$ ?AT ! WORK]S DID NOT 5TIRELY SUPPORT ! ,C\NCIL ,REPUBLIC & ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE HAD NO FE> ( ?IS ,REPUBLIC1 S9CE !Y SAW ! DISCORD ?AT AFFLICT$ ! PROLET>IAN CAMP & UND]/OOD ?AT ?IS GREAT OCCASION W\LD NOT LA/ MU* LONG]4 

,! ,C\NCIL ,REPUBLIC ONLY FUNCTION$ = SIX DAYS4 ,! MAJORITY SOCIALI/S HAD =M$ A C\NT]-GOV]NM5T 9 ,BAMB]G & 9CIT$ ! RURAL >EAS AGA9/ ! ,MUNI* ,C\NCIL ,REPUBLIC4 ,:ILE ! ,C\NCIL REGIME ACQUIR$ MORE & MORE SUPPORT]S 9 ! S\? ( ,BAV>IA1 9 ! NOR? ANY SYMPA?IES IT MAY HAVE G>N]$ W]E R$UC$ BY ! SL&]\S CAMPAIGN WAG$ BY ! MAJORITY SOCIALI/S & ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,ALREADY1 ON ,APRIL #e1 9 ,WURZBURG1 !RE W]E >M$ CLA%ES BETWE5 ! SUPPORT]S ( ! ,C\NCIL ,REPUBLIC & ! B\RGEOISIE1 & ! PROLET>IAT WAS DEFEAT$ & ! SUPPORT]S ( ! ,C\NCIL ,REPUBLIC W]E >RE/$4 ,! WORK]S ( ,MUNI* /ILL TRI$ TO SALVAGE ! SITUATION1 & CONVOK$ AN ASSEMBLY ( ALL ! FACTORY C\NCILS1 :]E EXHORTATIONS TO ! UNITY ( ! :OLE PROLET>IAT W]E ISSU$ & PROCLAMATIONS 9 ?IS S5SE W]E DEVIS$4 ,BUT ! COMMUNI/S ALWAYS REMA9$ ALO(4 ,ON ! NI<T ( ,APRIL #a#c1 ,MUHSAM WAS >RE/$ ) A NUMB] ( O!R (FICIALS ( ! ,C\NCIL ,REPUBLIC1 AFT] :I* !Y W]E BR\<T TO ! TRA9 /ATION & TRANSPORT$ TO ! NOR? ( ,BAV>IA4 ,:5 ! WORK]S ( ,MUNI* F\ND \T1 !Y BESIEG$ ! TRA9 /ATION 9 ORD] TO FREE !IR COMRADES1 BUT !Y W]E TOO LATE4 

,UP TO ?IS PO9T WE HAVE FOLL[$ ,MUHSAM'S N>RATIVE4 ,IT PROVIDES A FAI?FUL ACC\NT ( HIS ACTIVITY4444 

,AFT] ! >RE/S ( ! MEMB]S ( ! ,R4,A4,R4 & ( MANY MEMB]S ( ! ,C\NCIL GOV]NM5T1 ! ,C\NCIL REGIME C\LD NO LONG] FUNCTION4 ,! COMMUNI/S GOT :AT !Y WANT$4 ,!Y =M$ A NEW GOV]NM5T COMPOS$ SOLELY ( COMMUNI/S1 :I* C\LD NOT RELY ON AS MU* SUPPORT FROM ! PROLET>IAT AS ITS PR$ECESSOR4 ,! MAJORITY SOCIALI/S & ! B\RGEOISIE CALL$ UPON ! ,REI* TO HELP !M AGA9/ ?IS GOV]NM5T4 ,! NATIONAL GOV]NM5T S5T ,NOSKE1 :O L$ HIS TROOPS AGA9/ ,MUNI* & OV]?REW ! COMMUNI/ ,C\NCIL GOV]NM5T4 ,L&AU] HAD NO POSITION 9 ! SECOND ,C\NCIL GOV]NM5T1 BUT ! REACTION>IES HAT$ HIM MORE ?AN ANYONE ELSE4 ,HE WAS BRUTALLY ASSASS9AT$ BY ! 9VAD+ TROOPS AS ONE ( ! MO/ DANG]\S 5EMIES ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,LEV9E WAS KILL$1 & A L>GE NUMB] ( REVOLUTION>IES HAD TO SUFF] ! RAGE ( ! REACTION>IES4 ,SO 5D$ ! ,BAV>IAN REVOLUTION4 

,]I* ,MUHSAM SPEAKS ( ! COMMUNI/S ) A GREAT DEAL ( MOD]ATION 9 HIS MEMOIR4 ,HE DISCUSSES HIS [N TACTICAL %ORTCOM+S AT L5G? & EXPRESSES ! VIEW ?AT ! COMMUNI/S HAD ! MO/ APPROPRIATE TACTICAL ORI5TATION4 ,HE REPRODUCES1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 A CONV]SATION HE HAD ) ,AXELROD1 9 :I* ! LATT] SAYS ?AT ! COMMUNI/S DID NOT SUPPORT ! FIR/ ,C\NCIL ,REPUBLIC BECAUSE IT HAD NOT BE5 SUFFICI5TLY PREP>$4 ,IF ?IS WAS 9DE$ ! CAUSE ( ! COMMUNI/ POLICY VIS-A-VIS ! FIR/ ,C\NCIL ,REPUBLIC1 !N ! COMMUNI/ ORATORS1 ) ,LEV9E AT !IR HEAD1 %\LD HAVE OP5LY EXPLA9$ !IR POSITION BE=E ! ,C\NCIL ASSEMBLY4 ,9/EAD1 ACCORD+ TO ,MUHSAM'S ACC\NT1 !Y ONLY UTT]$ A FEW TRITE EXPRESSIONS1 L\DLY D5\NC+ ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS ) :OM !Y DID NOT WANT TO COLLABORATE4 ,?IS S*ISMATIC TACTIC ( ! COMMUNI/ P>TY !N L$ TO ! S]I\S DIFFICULTIES ?AT RESULT$ 9 A DEPLORABLE WEAK5+ ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,MUHSAM'S PAMPHLET1 :I* IS BO? A DEF5SE & A JU/IFICATION1 IS AN 9DICTM5T ( ! COMMUNI/ P>TY1 :I* AT ?AT TIME1 :5 IT WAS /ILL 9 DIAP]S1 :5 IT HAD ONLY EXI/$ = A FEW MON?S1 ASPIR$ ) CRIM9AL >ROGANCE = ABSOLUTE SOV]EIGNTY1 AN ABSURD RULE :I* IT DEF9$ ) RIDICUL\S PRESUMPTU\SNESS AS ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 BUT :I* 9 REALITY C\LD ONLY BE ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! P>TY OV] ! PROLET>IAT4 ,MUHSAM HAS %[N US1 CONTR>Y TO HIS 9T5TIONS1 OR 9 ANY EV5T )\T EXPLICITLY SAY+ SO1 H[ ! COMMUNI/ P>TY WAS EXCLUSIVELY 5GAG$ 9 ! PURSUIT ( ITS [N P>TY 9T]E/S1 EV5 AT ! RISK ( SPLITT+ ! PROLET>IAN =CES AT ! MO/ DECISIVE MOM5T ( ! REVOLUTION4 

,ON ! BASIS ( ! ABOVE CONSID]ATIONS1 WE CAN CONCLUDE ?AT ! PROLET>IAT IS ALWAYS SOLD \T & BETRAY$ :5 IT TRU/S A POLITICAL P>TY & ?AT ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION IS ONLY EFFECTIVELY UND]WAY :5 IT KN[S H[ TO REMA9 9DEP5D5T ( ALL P>TISAN POLITICS & 9FLU5CE4 

,)9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 AFT] ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 & AFT] ! EV5TS 9 ,HUNG>Y1 ,BAV>IA1 ,G]MANY1 ,ITALY1 ,>G5T9A & ,SPA91 ! QUE/ION ( :AT ! AN>*I/S %\LD DO 9 A REVOLUTION WAS DEBAT$4 ,! FACT ?AT AN>*I/S & AN>*OSYNDICALI/S HAVE TO TAKE AN ACTIVE P>T 9 REVOLUTION>Y UPRIS+S--CONC]N+ ?IS QUE/ION !RE IS NO DIV]G5CE ( OP9ION4 ,DISAGREEM5T ONLY >ISES ) REG>D TO ! PROBLEM ( :AT ! REVOLUTION>IES MU/ DO ONCE !Y EM]GE VICTORI\S FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLES4 ,IF ! 5TIRE POPULATION W]E TO SUPPORT ! AN>*I/S & FOLL[ !IR ADVICE1 !N ! PROBLEM W\LD BE QUICKLY & EASILY RESOLV$4 ,BUT S9CE1 UP UNTIL ! PRES5T1 ! AN>*I/S HAVE ALWAYS COMPRIS$ ONLY A M9ORITY--& ?IS WILL BE TRUE = ! =ESEEABLE FUTURE--!Y MU/ DECIDE H[ !Y >E GO+ TO CONDUCT !MSELVES ) RESPECT TO ! O!R T5D5CIES ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT4 

,IT WAS ,BAKUN9'S POSITION ?R\<\T HIS LIFE1 & 9 ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS 9 :I* HE P>TICIPAT$1 ?AT ! ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN ELEM5TS MU/ ORGANIZE TO TAKE ! LEAD]%IP ( ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE4 ,! LOGICAL CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS IS ?AT 9 REVOLUTION>Y P]IODS ! AN>*I/S1 TOO1 WILL ISSUE DECREES & WILL HAVE TO UTILIZE >M$ P[] TO SEE TO IT ?AT !Y >E OBEY$4 ,9 ORD] TO SAFEGU>D REVOLUTION>Y 9SURRECTIONS1 ! AN>*I/S WILL HAVE TO TAKE REVOLUTION>Y MEASURES :I* WILL BE P]CEIV$ BY ?OSE UPON :OM !Y >E IMPOS$ AS =MS ( PRESSURE & CO]CION4 ,DUR+ ?IS P]IOD1 !RE IS NO 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM = ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>IES & !IR FOLL[]S4 ,9 SU* CIRCUM/ANCES1 AN>*I/S MI<T EASILY DISCOV] ?AT !IR ACTIONS CONTRADICT !IR CONVICTIONS4 ,9 A S5SE1 ?IS IS AN 9T]NAL TRAG$Y ( AN>*ISM4 

,MALATE/A1 A DISCIPLE ( ,BAKUN91 ACCEPT$ ! IMPLICATIONS ( ?IS CONUNDRUM1 AT LEA/ DUR+ HIS LA/ YE>S4 ,:5 REVOLUTION>Y ,ITALY 9 #aiai & #aib SAW HIM AS ITS SAVIOR & ITS LIB]ATOR & PRAIS$ HIM 9 !SE T]MS2 :5 ! GREAT MASSES ( ! WORK]S BELIEV$ ?AT HE W\LD BE ! ,ITALIAN ,L593 ! *OS5 LEAD] ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PEOPLE HAD TO DISAPPO9T ! MASSES4 ,HE DID NOT WANT TO BE EI!R A REVOLUTION>Y LEAD] OR A DICTATOR4 ,HE DEF5D$ ! PO9T ( VIEW ?AT IT WAS NOT ! MISSION ( ! AN>*I/S TO CREATE1 AFT] ! REVOLUTION1 UNIT>Y ECONOMIC & POLITICAL =MS = ! 5TIRE POPULATION4 ,! SOCIALI/S & ! COMMUNI/S CAN DO ?AT4 ,! MISSION ( ! AN>*I/S WAS ! CON/ANT /RUGGLE1 EV5 UND] REVOLUTION>Y CONDITIONS1 AGA9/ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( NEW AU?ORITIES & = FRE$OM4 

,PLAT=MISM1 :I* HAS BE5 ADVOCAT$ BY ,>%9OV 9 ! MO/ CLE> & CONCISE MANN] )9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 CA/ ! PROBLEM 9 ANO!R LI<T4 ,IT WAS /RESS$ ?AT ! AN>*I/S MU/ CREATE A P[]FUL REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION1 FOLL[+ ! MODEL & ! *>ACT] ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY ( ,RUSSIA4 ,?IS ORGANIZATION MU/ BE RESPONSIBLE = DEF5D+ ! REVOLUTION & ALSO = ! ORGANIZATION ( ! NEW FREE SOCIETY 9 ! ECONOMIC1 CULTURAL & SOCIAL DOMA9S4 

,= ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/S ( ,G]MANY ! PROBLEM WAS SE5 FROM A DIFF]5T P]SPECTIVE4 ,= ! 9HABITANTS ( A HI<LY 9DU/RIALIZ$ C\NTRY1 ) AN EXTRAORD9>Y CONC5TRATION ( 9DU/RIAL LIFE 9 A FEW SECTORS1 MAK+ SURE ?AT !Y WILL BE F$ ON ! DAY AFT] ! REVOLUTION MU/ BE ! FIR/ PRIORITY4 ,!Y ELABORAT$ A K9D ( S*EMATIC1 ACCORD+ TO :I* ! F$]ATIONS ( WORK]S SYNDICATES ?AT EXT5D ACROSS ! 5TIRE C\NTRY & EMBRACE EV]Y 9DU/RIAL SECTOR 9 ECONOMIC LIFE WILL BE RESPONSIBLE = MAK+ SURE ?AT ON ! DAY AFT] ! \TBREAK ( ! REVOLUTION !RE WILL BE BREAD = ALL4 ,?IS W\LD MITIGATE ! ?REAT ( C\NT]REVOLUTION2 & IT W\LD ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY R$UCE ! NE$ TO IMPLEM5T CO]CIVE MEASURES1 MEASURES ?AT W\LD D\BTLESS IMPLY A BL[ AGA9/ 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM FROM ! />T4 

,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN ADOPTS ! SAME PO9T ( VIEW 9 A BOOK ?AT HAS SO F> ONLY BE5 PUBLI%$ 9 ,5GLI%3 ,N[ & ,AFT] .<,N[ & ,AFT]3 ,! ,A,B,C ( ,COMMUNI/ ,AN>*ISM1 ,VANGU>D ,PRESS1 #a#i#b#i--,TRANSLATOR'S ,NOTE.>4 ,HE MA9TA9S ?AT VIOL5CE WILL BE NECESS>Y 9 9V]SE PROPORTION TO ! DEGREE TO :I* ! PEOPLE'S FOOD SUPPLY IS GU>ANTE$1 :I* VIEWPO9T IS BAS$ = ! MO/ P>T ON ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,9 MY #aib BOOK1 ,WIE LEBT D] ,>BEIT] UND ,BAU] 9 ,RUSSL& .<,! ,WORK]S & ,PEASANTS ( ,RUSSIA & ,UKRA9E3 ,H[ ,DO ,!Y ,LIVE81 FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 ,G]MAN 9 #a#i#b#b--,TRANSLATOR'S ,NOTE.>1 ,I EXPRESS$ ! SAME OP9ION4 ,I PO9T$ \T ?AT ! FAVORITE SLOGAN ( ! ,UKRA9E COMMUNI/S--0,HE :O DOES NOT WORK1 WILL NOT EAT01 :I* 9 REALITY WAS MORE S]I\SLY VIOLAT$ BY ! SOVIET BUREAUCRACY ?AN BY ANYONE ELSE--GAVE RISE TO MISUND]/&+S AMONG ! POPULATION & L$ MANY TO ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y CAMP4 ,A M9IMUM ( ! MEANS ( LIFE MU/ BE GU>ANTE$ TO ALL AFT] ! REVOLUTION4 

,BUT ! VIEW ( ! ,G]MAN AN>*OSYNDICALI/S1 LIKE ?AT ESP\S$ BY ,B]KMAN & ! ONE ,I HOLD1 SIDE/EPS ! REAL PROBLEM4 ,! QUE/ION ( ! USE ( REVOLUTION>Y VIOL5CE & ! OPPRESSION ( C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS & CONSPIRACIES IS NOT !REBY RESOLV$4 ,! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y =CES DO NOT D]IVE !IR P[] EXCLUSIVELY FROM PURELY MAT]IAL MOTIVES & FACTORS1 BUT FROM MORAL ONES AS WELL4 

,! AN>*I/S 9 ! ,BAV>IAN ,C\NCIL ,REPUBLIC W]E =C$ TO TAKE A PRACTICAL POSITION ) REG>D TO ?IS QUE/ION4 ,AFT] ,KURT ,EISN] WAS ASSASS9AT$ ON ,FEBRU>Y #b#a1 HO/AGES :O W]E MEMB]S ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T W]E SEIZ$ 9 ,MUNI*4 ,! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY PROPOS$ AT ! ,C\NCIL ,CONGRESS ( ,M>* #f ?AT ! HO/AGES %\LD BE UNCONDITIONALLY RELEAS$4 ,IT WAS ,GU/AV ,L&AU]1 :OSE VOICE ATTRACT$ ! S]I\S ATT5TION ( EV5 ! B\RGEOIS PRESS DUE TO HIS CULTURAL /ATUS & HIS IMPORTANCE = ,G]MAN LIT]ATURE1 :O MADE A PASSIONATE SPEE* AGA9/ ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC PROPOSAL1 A SPEE* ?AT ,]I* ,MUHSAM APPROV$ ( )\T RES]VATIONS4 ,L&AU] SAID3 

0,HO/AGES HAVE ALWAYS BE5 TAK5 9 CRITICAL SITUATIONS 9 SOCIETY4 ,& IT W\LD BE RIDICUL\S TO SAY ?AT WE LIVE 9 A /ABLE SOCIETY4 ,:AT PREV5TS US FROM SAY+ ?IS8 ,WE >E /ILL ?REAT5$ BY ! C\NT]REVOLUTION4 ,I AM NOT AFRAID ( IT1 BUT ,I WILL DEF5D MYSELF AGA9/ IT4 ,I AM AN ADVOCATE ( TAK+ MEASURES ( DEF5SE AGA9/ IT 9S(> AS ! ?REAT EXI/S1 9S(> AS SU* MEASURES >E NECESS>Y4444 ,! /ATEM5T MADE BY ! =M] ,M9I/] ( ,W> VON ,HELL+RA? TO SOMEONE :O HAD BE5 >RE/$1 ',N[ WE FI<T FIRE ) FIRE'1 WILL PROBABLY ALSO APPLY TO US 9 \R /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! C\NT]REVOLUTION4444 ,I DO NOT ?9K IT IS RI<T TO APPEAL TO \R COMPASSION & SAY3 ',SET ! HO/AGES FREE'4 ,WE MU/ FIR/ KN[ JU/ :AT \R SITUATION IS4444 ,WE HAVE TO P5ETRATE 9TO ! WAY ! PROLET>IAT FEELS 9 ORD] NOT TO SQU&] \R COMPASSION ON ?IS CIRCLE ( ,KRESS VON ,KRESS5/E9 & ! RE/4 ,IF ! TIME COMES1 & IT JU/ MI<T1 :5 ! POOR B\RGEOIS1 :O WAS ! DAY BE=E A RI* B\RGEOIS1 IS COMPELL$ BY CIRCUM/ANCES1 ,I SAY BY CIRCUM/ANCES1 TO SWEEP ! /REETS1 TO CLEAN ! SEW]S1 !N IT WILL BE POSSIBLE = SOMEONE :O CAN NO LONG] FEEL COMPASSION = ! PROLET>IANS1 TO DIRECT !IR COMPASSION T[>DS ! B\RGEOIS4 ,& ,I SAY ?AT ,I HAVE ALWAYS HAD COMPASSION = ! PROLET>IANS :O W]E =C$ TO 5GAGE 9 SU* TOILSOME LABORS = DECADES1 & ,I HAVE COMPASSION = ! VICTIMS ( SOCIETY1 :E!R !Y >E ?IEVES1 CON M51 EV]Y K9D ( RASCAL2 = ! VICTIMS ( \R SOCIAL CONDITIONS :O SUFF] 9 ! PRISONS & >E TRANS=M$ 9TO HABITUAL CRIM9ALS2 & IF ,I W]E TO POSSESS1 9 ADDITION1 EV5 ONE DROP ( COMPASSION LEFT OV]1 :I* IS UNC]TA91 ,I MI<T ALSO HAVE COMPASSION = ,KRESS VON ,KRESS5/E91 ,BUTTMANN & ! $ITOR ,LE*MAN1 :O W]E TAK5 HO/AGE4 ,RI<T N[ ,I HAVE NO ROOM = ?IS COMPASSION 9 MY HE>T1 :I* IS O!RWISE CAPACI\S 5\<1 BECAUSE ALL MY COMPASSION IS DIS*>G$ = ! MIS]Y ( ! PROLET>IANS1 & ! MIS]Y ( ! UNEMPLOY$4444 ,AS LONG AS WE DO NOT KN[ :E!R WE >E SAFE1 AS LONG AS WE HAVE TO FI<T AGA9/ A NAMELESS & ANONYM\S TRIBE ( >I/OCRATS1 B\RGEOISIE & CONSPIRATORS1 WE CANNOT YIELD TO ! ,C5TRAL ,C\NCIL4444 ,I AM AW>E ( ! FACT ?AT 9 ,BAMB]G1 ! FIR/ PLANK ( ! DEM&S ( ! B\RGEOIS P>TIES IS ! RELEASE ( ! HO/AGES1 & ! SECOND ONE IS ! OLD CAPITALI/ MONOPOLY ( ! PRESS--!Y DID NOT EXPRESS IT ?AT WAY2 NATURALLY1 !Y SAID1 ',FRE$OM ( ! PRESS MU/ BE REE/ABLI%$'44440 

,?IS SPEE* BY ,GU/AV ,L&AU]1 :I* ,]I* ,MUHSAM REPR9T$ 9 ,MAY #aibi ON ! T5? ANNIV]S>Y ( ,L&AU]'S ASSASS9ATION1 NOT ONLY HAD ,MUHSAM'S :OLEHE>T$ SUPPORT1 BUT ALSO ADDRESS$ ! PROBLEM ( :AT ! AN>*I/S %\LD DO 9 ! REVOLUTION FROM ! PRACTICAL P]SPECTIVE4 ,?AT IT WAS PRECISELY ,GU/AV ,L&AU] :O W\LD MAKE SU* A SPEE*1 :51 %ORTLY BE=E1 9 HIS ESSAY1 0,BRIEFE AUS D] FRANZOSIS*] ,REVOLUTION01 HE QUOT$ ,LAVAT]1 :O OPPOS$ ! EXECUTIONS ?AT TOOK PLACE 9 ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION 9 ! NAME ( LIB]TY1 ) LEGITIMATE MORAL 9DIGNATION1 DEMON/RATES MORE CLE>LY ?AN ANY?+ ELSE ?AT ! REVOLUTION ALSO OBLIGES ! AN>*I/S TO RESORT TO MEANS ?AT !Y W\LD REJECT 9 NON-REVOLUTION>Y TIMES4 

,]I* ,MUHSAM WAS A ,BAKUN9I/ 9 ! S5SE ?AT HE CONSID]$ ! =MATION ( A REVOLUTION>Y EXECUTIVE ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y = ! P]IOD ( ! REVOLUTION & HE ALSO S\<T TO CONF] UPON ?IS EXECUTIVE ! P[] TO ISSUE DECREES & TO IMPLEM5T !M1 SO ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y CONQUE/S ON ! ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL & SOCIAL T]RA9S C\LD BE DEF5D$ & =TIFI$4 

,! POSITION ! AN>*I/S ASSUME 9 ! NEXT REVOLUTION WILL P]HAPS FALL SOME:]E BETWE5 ! VIEWS ( ,MALATE/A & ,>%9OV4 ,AN>*I/S & AN>*OSYNDICALI/S WILL HAVE TO ASPIRE TO EX]CISE AS MU* 9FLU5CE AS POSSIBLE 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y EV5TS BY P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! ,COMMITTEES 9 ALL DOMA9S ( ! SOCIAL =MATION1 :I* MU/ BE REORI5T$ BY ! REVOLUTION T[>DS A NEW PA?1 ONE ?AT IS ECONOMICALLY EGALIT>IAN & POLITICALLY LIB]T>IAN = ! CLASSES ?AT HAVE UP UNTIL N[ BE5 EXPLOIT$ & OPPRESS$4 

,IT IS 9 ?IS S5SE ?AT ,MUHSAM & ,GU/AV ,L&AU]1 ! ADMIR] ( ,PR\DHON1 W]E ,BAKUN9I/S 9 !IR ACTIVITIES 9 ! ,BAV>IAN ,C\NCIL ,REPUBLIC2 & ?IS REVOLUTION>Y DISPOSITION & ?IS ACTIVITY W]E BEQUEA!D BY ,MUHSAM AS HIS LEGACY TO ! Y\NG] G5]ATION ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,IF IT FOLL[S ?IS ROAD AN>*ISM WILL EXP]I5CE A NEW REG5]ATION & WILL FULFILL ! HOPES ( ?OSE :O1 AFT] ! DEFEAT ( ! WORK]S AT ! H&S ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & BOL%EVISM1 >E SEEK+ NEW IDEALS & NEW GOALS4 

,MUHSAM 9 ! ,WEIM> ,REPUBLIC 

,AFT] ,MUHSAM WAS RELEAS$ FROM ! =TRESS ( ,NI$]S*ON5FELD1 9 ,BAV>IA1 :]E HE HAD BE5 HELD = ALMO/ SIX YE>S1 9 ,M>* #a#i#b#e1 HE W5T TO ,B]L94 ,?\S&S ( WORK]S RALLI$ AT ! TRA9 /ATION TO WELCOME ! SURVIVOR ( ! ,BAV>IAN ,C\NCIL ,REPUBLIC1 :O HAD TO PAY DE>LY = HIS ACTIVITY ON BEHALF ( ! PROLET>IAT & ! REVOLUTION1 AFT] ! LATT]1 BY ! UNAID$ EF=TS ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 WAS BLOODILY REPRESS$4 

,MUHSAM FELT \T ( PLACE 9 HIS NEW CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,:5 ! PRISON DOORS CLOS$ BEH9D HIM1 ,G]MANY WAS /ILL 9 ! MID/ ( A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION4 ,! FIR/ ATTEMPT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S & PEASANTS TO F\ND A SOCIALI/ ,C\NCIL ,REPUBLIC WAS %ATT]$ BY ! =CES ( REACTION SUPPORT$ BY ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY2 REACTION HAD WON ! FIR/ BATTLE AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION1 BUT ! C\NTRY WAS F> FROM PACIFI$2 ! JUNK]S & 9DU/RIALI/S /ILL FELT ?AT !IR DOM9ANT POSITIONS W]E 9 DANG]1 EV5 ?\< !Y HAD BE5 SAV$ ) ! HELP ( ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY DUR+ ! CRITICAL MON?S ( #a#i#a#h1 & ,G]MANY UND]W5T ! TRANSITION FROM ! ,MON>*Y TO ! DEMOCRATIC ,REPUBLIC2 ! P[] ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT HAD NOT BE5 TOTALLY CRU%$4 ,:51 9 #a#i#b1 ONE YE> AFT] ! FALL ( ! ,BAV>IAN ,C\NCIL ,REPUBLIC1 ! REACTION>Y =CES1 ) ! ,EHRH>DT ,BRIGADE1 ,LUD5DORFF & ,LUTTWITZ1 & UND] ! COMM& ( ! FAM\S ,KAPP1 ATTEMPT$ TO C>RY \T ! FIR/ L>GE SCALE C\P TO RE/ORE ! OLD POLITICAL P[]S1 ! WORK]S MOVEM5T WAS /ILL CAPABLE ( RESPOND+ TO ?IS REACTION>Y PUTS* ) A BRILLIANTLY EXECUT$ G5]AL /RIKE & BY MEANS ( >M$ RESI/ANCE :I* BR\<T ! C\P TO AN UNEXPECT$ 5D & DEFEAT4 ,ONE YE> LAT]1 ! REBELLION BROKE \T 9 C5TRAL ,G]MANY4 ,IT WAS SUPPRESS$1 S9CE IT WAS NOT ! ACTION ( ! 5TIRE UNIT$ WORK+ CLASS1 BUT A P>TICUL> ACTION ON ! P>T ( ! COMMUNI/S1 LAUN*$ AT ! COMM& ( ,MOSC[ TO S]VE ! PURPOSES ( ,RUSSIAN =EIGN POLICY4 ,A YE> LAT]1 ! SO-CALL$ WORK]S GOV]NM5T ( ,SAXONY WAS =M$1 :I* WAS COMPOS$ ( 9DEP5D5T SOCIAL DEMOCRATS & COMMUNI/S4 ,NOSKE1 ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC M9I/] ( DEF5SE1 S5T ,REI*SWEHR TROOPS AGA9/ ?IS GOV]NM5T4 ,?UR+IA WAS OCCUPI$ BY >MY TROOPS1 BECAUSE ! WORK]S !RE W]E NOT SATISFI$ ) A *ANGE 9 POLITICAL REPRES5TATIVES 9 ! ,/ATE & ) ! 9TRODUCTION ( G5]AL SUFFRAGE4 

,:OEV] LIV$ AMONG ! PEOPLE & EXP]I5C$ ON A DAILY BASIS ! RESI/ANCE ! PROLET>IAT FAC$1 KNEW ?AT ! REVOLUTION WAS DEF9ITIVELY BURI$4 ,NOR WAS IT POSSIBLE TO EXPECT A REACTIVATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ACTIONS ) HELP FROM ,RUSSIA4 ,BUT ! WORLD LOOK$ V]Y DIFF]5T TO SOMEONE :O HAD LO/ CONTACT ) ! \TSIDE WORLD S9CE ! DAYS ( ! REVOLUTION & WAS COMPELL$ TO RECAPITULATE 9 HIS IMAG9ATION ! REVOLUTION>Y DAYS1 9 ORD] TO KEEP ALIVE ! ASSOCIATION BETWE5 ! SIL5T LIFE ( PRISON & ! PA/4 

,?IS WAS :AT HAPP5$ NOT ONLY TO ,MUHSAM BUT ALSO TO ALL ?OSE :O1 LIKE HIM1 W]E IMPRISON$ = MANY YE>S1 & FILL$ UP ! PRES5T TIME & ! FUTURE PRIM>ILY ) ! EV5TS ( ! PA/ ONCE !Y W]E RELEAS$4 ,:]EAS WE1 ,MUHSAM'S COMRADES 9 >MS & 9 IDEAS1 HAD LONG CONSID]$ ! REVOLUTION ( #aiai SOLD \T & BETRAY$ & ?US T]M9AT$1 = HIM IT WAS /ILL AFLAME4 ,UPON LEAV+ PRISON1 HE TOOK UP ! ?READ ( HIS PROPAG&A ACTIVITIES AT ! PO9T HE LEFT (F 9 #a#i#a#i4 ,ONE YE> AFT] HIS RELEASE FROM PRISON HE F\ND$ ! MON?LY MAGAZ9E1 ,FANAL1 :I* AT FIR/ WAS HIS P]SONAL MAGAZ9E1 BUT LAT] BECAME ! ORGAN ( ! ,AN>*I/ ,UNION4 ,HE US$ ! MAGAZ9E SOLELY = HIS AN>*I/ PROPAG&A1 :ILE HIS PUBLICATIONS PRIOR TO ! W> /ILL S]V$ LIT]>Y 5DS4 ,MUHSAM HAD PASS$ ?R\< ! PURIFY+ FIRE ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,! EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT1 :I* HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 ( SU* GREAT 9T]E/ TO HIM & DUR+ ! REVOLUTION BECAME HIS TRUE LIFE'S GOAL1 HAD N[ BECOME ! SOLE CONT5T ( HIS LIFE4 ,HE WROTE MO/ ( ! >TICLES ?AT APPE>$ 9 ! MAGAZ9E4 ,HIS >TICLES ON CURR5T AFFAIRS W]E WRITT5 ) AN ELEGANCE ?AT IS SELDOM F\ND 9 ANY LEFT W+ J\RNALS4 ,BUT HE WAS ALWAYS C>EFUL1 :ILE CONSID]+ ALL K9DS ( POLITICAL & ECONOMIC EV5TS1 TO HI<LI<T ! AN>*I/ PO9T ( VIEW1 :I* = HIM WAS ! />T+ PO9T & ! SPUR4 ,! IRREPROA*ABLE LIT]>Y =M & ! BRILLIANT /YLE ( HIS ESSAYS 9 ,FANAL ATTRACT$ ! ATT5TION ( AN EXT5SIVE AUDI5CE TO HIS WORKS1 SO ?AT NOT ONLY HIS COMRADES 9 IDEAS1 BUT ALSO MANY MEMB]S ( ! PUBLIC ) POLITICAL & LIT]>Y 9T]E/S BECAME FAMILI>IZ$ ) AN>*I/ IDEAS ?ANKS TO ,MUHSAM4 

,TO MAKE 5DS MEET & TO SUPPORT HIS FAMILY1 ,MUHSAM WROTE %ORT LIT]>Y SKET*ES & >TICLES AB\T ,G]MAN LIT]ATURE 9 ! DEMOCRATIC-B\RGEOIS PRESS4 ,BUT MORE ?AN HALF ( HIS DAILY WORK WAS DEVOT$ TO PROPAGAT+ HIS AN>*I/ IDEAS &1 ESPECIALLY AFT] HAV+ BE5 RELEAS$ FROM PRISON1 TO SOLICIT+ AID = POLITICAL PRISON]S4 ,MUHSAM WAS NOT JU/ AN EXCELL5T PROPAG&I/1 BUT ALSO A S5SITIVE MAN ) DELICATE FEEL+S1 AMONG :OSE BASIC TRAITS A SPIRIT ( SOLID>ITY1 GOODNESS & SCRUPUL\SNESS /OOD \T4 ,HE FELT ! MAT]IAL NE$S ( ! PRISON]S AS IF !Y W]E HIS [N4 ,HE WAS ! PURE/ IDEALI/4 ,HE WAS NOT ! K9D ( IDEALI/ :O PURSUES UNREAL FANTASIES OR A NEBUL\S OR IMAG9>Y ROMANTICISM1 BUT ! K9D :O1 ) BO? FEET ON ! SOLID GR\ND ( REAL LIFE1 REBELL$ AGA9/ RESI/ANCE & = :OM ! IDEAL S]V$ AS A BRIDGE T[>DS A NEW WORLDLY REALITY )\T /ATE OPPRESSION & )\T CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION1 T[>DS A REALITY BAS$ ON FRE$OM1 ON ! WELL BE+ ( ALL & ON BEAUTY4 

,AFT] HIS AN>*I/ PROPAG&A1 HIS PR9CIPLE ACTIVITY WAS WORK ON BEHALF ( POLITICAL PRISON]S4 ,HE SPOKE AT HUNDR$S ( MEET+S 9 FAVOR ( FREE+ ! PRISON]S4 ,HE VISIT$ ! PRISONS & ! JAILS1 9T]V5+ TO ALLEVIATE ! CONDITIONS ( ! PRISON]S1 TO PROVIDE READ+ MAT]IAL = !M1 & HE WAS ALWAYS 9T]E/$ 9 LOOK+ AFT] !IR PHYSICAL & SPIRITUAL WELF>E4 ,H[ MANY VICTIMS ( CLASS JU/ICE HE HELP$ SAVE ) HIS %>P P51 H[ MANY MISC>RIAGES ( JU/ICE HE PREV5T$6 ,HE 5DUR$ PRIVATION1 BUT HE SP5T 5TIRE DAYS TO COLLECT MONEY = S5D+ A PROLET>IAN ) TUB]CULOSIS TO A SANATORIUM 9 ! M\NTA9S1 :OSE HEAL? HAD BE5 RU9$ BY IMPRISONM5T4 ,ONE R>ELY MEETS A PROPAG&I/ :O IS AS 9SPIR$ BY SU* A PR(\ND LOVE = ALL LIV+ CREATURES AS WAS ,]I* ,MUHSAM4 ,HE (T5 TRAVEL$ ALL ! WAY ACROSS ,G]MANY ON BORR[$ MONEY TO VISIT AN 9NOC5T MAN S5T5C$ TO PRISON OR A POLITICAL PRISON]1 9 ORD] TO GIVE !M ADVICE & HOPE4 

,BUT HE DID NOT CAMPAIGN ONLY ON BEHALF ( ! POLITICAL PRISON]S ( ,G]MANY4 ,!RE W]E NO BORD]S = HIM :5 IT WAS A MATT] ( DEF5D+ ! VICTIMS ( CLASS JU/ICE4 ,:E!R IT WAS ,SACCO & ,VANZETTI1 ! P]SECUT$ BLACKS1 OR ,MOONEY & ,BILL+ 9 ,AM]ICA1 OR ! WORK]S ( COLOR 9 ! COLONIES1 ! FOLL[]S ( ,G&HI'S NON-COOP]ATION MOVEM5T OR ! P]SECUT$ COMBATANTS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( ,OCTOB]1 HE WAS ALWAYS ON !IR SIDE & PLAC$ HIS PASSIONATE ELOQU5CE & HIS GREAT LIT]>Y TAL5TS AT !IR S]VICE ) ALL HIS MORAL & MAT]IAL RES\RCES4 

,AFT] ! MURD] ( ,SACCO & ,VANZETTI HE SET TO V]SE1 AT ! REQUE/ ( ! PROLET>IAN AN>*OSYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATION ( ,B]L91 ! REAL DRAMA ( ! TWO AN>*I/ M>TYRS4 ,! WORK APPE>$ UND] ! TITLE ( ,/AATSRASON & WAS P]=M$ BY ,B]L9 ACTORS4 ,IT MAY HAVE BE5 ONE ( ! BE/ >TI/IC TREATM5TS ( ?IS AFFAIR2 AN AFFAIR ?AT ALREADY HAD SU* A DRAMATIC *>ACT]4 ,S9CE ?IS POEM CANNOT BE PUBLICLY RECIT$ 9 ,G]MANY AFT] ! VICTORY ( NATIONAL-SOCIALISM1 ! WORK]S ORGANIZATIONS ( ! C\NTRIES :]E FASCISM HAS NOT YET COME TO P[] MU/ SEE TO IT ?AT ! RECITAL ( ?IS POEM %\LD PRES]VE ! MEMORY ( ! TWO ,ITALIAN AN>*I/S MURD]$ 9 ! C\NTRY ( ! DOLL> AS WELL AS ! MEMORY ( ! AN>*I/ POET :O WROTE ,/AATSRASON4 

,MUHSAM'S LIT]>Y ACTIVITY WAS QUITE WIDE-RANG+ DUR+ ! P]IOD ?AT EXT5D$ FROM ! \TBREAK ( ! W> TO ! PUBLICATION ( ,/AATSRASON4 ,HE WROTE A POLEMICAL PIECE 9 #aiad 5TITL$1 0,DIE ,FREIV]MAHLT501 9 :I* HE PROCLAIMS ! RI<TS ( FREE HUMAN BE+S ( DIFF]5T G5D]S TO UNITE 9 AMOR\S ASSOCIATION & TO LIVE TOGE!R )\T /ATE OR ECCLESIA/ICAL SANCTION4 ,DUR+ ! W> & :ILE HE WAS 9 PRISON1 HE WROTE A L>GE NUMB] ( POEMS ?AT W]E PUBLI%$ 9 #aib UND] ! TITLE1 ,BR5N5DE ,]DE3 ,V]SE E9ES ,KAMPF]S4 ,ONE YE> LAT] HE ADDRESS$ ! P]5NIAL PROBLEM ( ! TRAITOR1 ! PROBLEM ( ,JUDAS 9 ! WORK]S MOVEM5T1 9 A PLAY4 ,IT IS A PLAY :OSE BACKGR\ND IS ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S MOVEM5T1 & ITS 0H]O0 IS A TRAITOR4 ,?IS PLAY WAS /AG$ BY ! FAM\S DIRECTOR ,PISCATOR 9 ,B]L9 & WAS A MAJOR SUCCESS4 ,ALL ! WORK+ CLASS P]IODICALS PRAIS$ ?IS PLAY1 :ILE ! B\RGEOIS PRESS CONDEMN$ IT = ITS PROLET>IAN & REVOLUTION>Y CONT5T4 

,AFT] HIS RELEASE FROM PRISON1 HE WROTE A LITTLE PAMPHLET1 0,/&RE*T 9 ,BAY]N01 9 :I* HE CA/IGAT$ ! DISGRACEFUL CLASS JU/ICE ( ! ,BAV>IAN ,C\RTS4 ,ONCE \T ( PRISON1 HE WORK$ ON AN $ITION ( POLEMICAL WRIT+S & MANIFE/OS ?AT HE WROTE OV] A P]IOD ( TW5TY YE>S1 :I* WAS PUBLI%$ 9 #aibe UND] ! TITLE1 0,AL>M04 ,9 ?AT SAME YE> HE WROTE A NUMB] ( REVOLUTION>Y1 CLASS /RUGGLE1 BURLESQUE & M>*+ SONGS1 :I* W]E PUBLI%$ UND] ! TITLE1 0,REVOLUTION04 

,MUHSAM WAS A POET ( UNIQUE DYNAMIC P[]4 ,HE WAS A MAN ( HIS TIME2 HE SWAM 9 ITS CURR5T1 BUT HE DID NOT LET HIMSELF BE DRAGG$ ALONG BY IT4 ,9/EAD1 HE S\<T HIS [N CURR5T1 9 ORD] TO PU% EV5TS 9 A DIFF]5T DIRECTION4 ,9 ?IS CURR5T ( FRE$OM1 AT ! M>G9S ( ! VA/ SWAMP ( ! SOCIAL CONS]VATORS & B5EFICI>IES 9 ! BODY ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 ,MUHSAM F\ND HIMSELF 9 ! COMPANY ( ?OSE :O ALSO ACCEPT$ ! REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CY4 ,?US1 ,MUHSAM TOOK UP ! CAUSE ( A MAN :O WAS REJECT$ BY MANY 0REVOLUTION>IES03 ,MAX ,HOLZ4 ,9 #aibf HE PUBLI%$ A PAMPHLET 5TITL$1 0,G]E*TIGKEIT FUR ,MAX ,HOLZ01 9 :I* HE SET =?1 AT ! LEVEL ( ! MO/ DETAIL$ PSY*OLOGICAL ANALYZES1 & 9 A TRULY LIB]T>IAN & AN>*I/ MANN]1 ! SOCIAL MOTIVATIONS & IMPULSES ( ! SO-CALL$ GANG LEAD] ,HOLZ 9 ! 9SURRECTION 9 C5TRAL ,G]MANY4 ,JU/ AS HE DID :5 HE WAS ?IRTY YE>S OLD1 :5 HE SO BRAVELY /OOD UP = ,H>D51 HE DID NOT HESITATE AT ! AGE ( FIFTY TO WRITE AN EXCULPATORY ESSAY 9 DEF5SE ( A REVOLUTION>Y COMBATANT ANA!MIZ$ BY ! 5TIRE B\RGEOIS PRESS1 & TO SOME EXT5T BY ! WORK+ CLASS PRESS AS WELL1 AS A B&IT *IEF4 ,MUHSAM DID NOT P]CEIVE HIS TASK AS ONE ( >RANG+ WORDS ?AT W\LD HAVE A P]FECT MET]1 )\T WORRY+ AB\T ! CONT5T4 ,HE 9T]PRET$ ! MISSION ( ! POET 9 HUMAN SOCIETY QUITE DIFF]5TLY4 ,TO SET D[N WORDS ON PAP] WAS = HIM A JOB1 LIKE ANY O!R4 ,BUT ! POET IS ! B5EFICI>Y ( ! R>E GIFT ?AT ONE :O IS NOT A POET DOES NOT POSSESS3 HE IS FAMILI> ) & A CREATOR ( ! MOTIONS ( ! HUMAN S\L & ( ! 9CL9ATIONS ( ! HE>T4 ,HE FEELS & UND]/&S :AT MOTIVATES ! 9DIVIDUAL2 :AT =CES >E AT WORK )9 HIM2 & BY :AT LAWS OR COMPLEX CAUSES HUMAN BE+S BEHAVE 9 ONE WAY RA!R ?AN ANO!R4 ,IF A COMPLEX MAN1 OR ANY MAN = ?AT MATT]1 >RIVES BY WAY ( ! UNFOLD+ ( A MULTITUDE ( CAUSES AT ACTIONS ?AT >E H>D TO EXPLA91 & :I* >E CONDEMN$ BY ! MASSES BECAUSE !Y DO NOT UND]/& !M1 !N IT IS ! MISSION ( ! MAN :O POSSESSES AN 9TUITIVE KN[L$GE ( ! HUMAN S\L1 ! POET1 TO BE SIMULTANE\SLY JUDGE1 DOCTOR & CRIM9OLOGI/ & TO REPORT ON ! OBSCURE =CES ( HUMAN NATURE4 ,MUHSAM UND]/OOD ?IS MISSION ?AT ! MOD]N ]A IMPOS$ UPON ! POET1 & PURSU$ IT 5?USIA/ICALLY & ) PR(\ND S]I\SNESS4 ,JU/ AS ,KLEI/'S ,MI*AEL ,KOHLHAAS ONCE >\S$ SYMPA?Y & G>N]$ SUPPORT1 ,MUHSAM DEMON/RAT$ ?AT ,MAX ,HOLZ1 9 ! PROLET>IAN & SOCIAL CONTEXT1 WAS A MAN :O CANNOT BE CONDEMN$ AS A CRIM9AL1 BUT :O DID :AT HE DID \T ( LOVE = ! PROLET>IAT1 TO :I* HE BELONG$ & 9 :OSE EMANCIPATORY /RUGGLE HE TOOK P>T1 & ?AT :AT IS REALLY DES]V+ ( CONDEMNATION IS ! CURR5T EXPLOITATIVE SOCIETY4 

,9 ! SAME YE> ,MUHSAM PUBLI%$1 UND] ! TITLE1 0,SAMMLUNG3 ,AUSWAHL AUS DEM DI*T]IS*5 ,W]K01 ON ! OCCASION ( HIS #e? BIR?DAY1 A COLLECTION ( HIS MO/ IMPORTANT POEMS1 & ONE YE> LAT]1 9 #a#i#b#i1 HE PUBLI%$ HIS ACC\NT ( ! ,BAV>IAN ,C\NCIL ,REPUBLIC1 :I* APPE>$ UND] ! TITLE1 0,VON ,EISN] BIS ,LEV9E04 

,MEAN:ILE1 HE WORK$ TIRELESSLY ON ! PROPAGATION ( HIS AN>*I/ VIEWS4 ,AS ! REACTION>Y =CES GREW 9 /R5G?1 HIS ACTIVITIES W]E ONCE AGA9 H9D]$4 ,9 ,JULY #aica ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC POLICE *IEF ( ,B]L91 ,GRZES9SKI1 BANN$ ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! AN>*I/ MAGAZ9E PUBLI%$ BY ,MUHSAM1 ,FANAL1 = F\R MON?S4 ,) ! GR[+ REACTION>Y BACKLA%1 ! CIRCLE ( ?OSE :O MET TO DISCUSS AN>*I/ IDEAS WAS DIM9I%$4 ,! CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS BACKLA%1 TOGE!R ) ! V]Y HI< UNEMPLOYM5T RATE & ! 9CREAS+ POV]TY ( ! PROLET>IANS1 WAS A F9ANCIAL CRISIS = ! 5TIRE WORK]S MOVEM5T4 ,FANAL WAS ALSO AFFECT$ BY !SE CONDITIONS4 ,:5 ! F\R-MON? BAN EXPIR$1 ,MUHSAM DID NOT POSSESS ! MEANS TO CONT9UE TO PUBLI% ! MAGAZ9E4 ,HE DI/RIBUT$ OCCASIONAL CIRCUL>S TO HIS FRI5DS & COMRADES & F9ALLY1 AS A REPLACEM5T = ,FANAL1 HE WROTE A WORK ?AT SUMM>IZ$ ! VIEW ( ! WORLD & ( LIFE ?AT ANIMAT$ ! MAGAZ9E4 ,MUHSAM SET =?1 AS HE PO9T$ \T1 ! BASIC FEATURES ( HIS AN>*I/ DOCTR9E4 ,! ESSAY 9 :I* HE DID SO APPE>$ UND] ! TITLE ( 0,DIE ,BEFREIUNG D] ,GESELLS*AFT VOM ,/AAT ,WAS I/ KOMMUNI/IS*] ,AN>*ISMUS80 9 #a#i#c#c4 ,?IS ESSAY MU/ BE CONSID]$ AS ! MO/ MATURE EXPRESSION ( ,MUHSAM'S AN>*ISM4 

,MUHSAM HAD CON/ANTLY /RIV51 ) REG>D BO? TO HIS [N LIFE & ) REG>D TO HIS ATTEMPT TO 9FLU5CE ! \TSIDE WORLD1 TO PROPAGATE HIS IDEAL4 

,TOGE!R ) HIS ORATORICAL & LIT]>Y ACTIVITIES 9 EV]Y SECTOR ( ! POPULATION1 HE DEVOT$ SPECIAL EF=TS DUR+ HIS LA/ YE>S TO REGR\P ! DISP]S$ REMNANTS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S MOVEM5T TO 9CITE IT TO A SPIRIT$ /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! FASCI/ ?REAT4 ,HIS EF=TS 9 ?IS REG>D1 ALONG ) ?OSE ( HIS FRI5DS & COMRADES 9 ! /RUGGLE1 FAIL$ 9 ! FACE ( ! >ROGANCE ( ! BIG P>TIES ?AT CALL$ !MSELVES PROLET>IAN P>TIES & HAD BR&I%$ ! BANN] ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 BUT :I* ACTUALLY HAD NO 9T5TION AT ALL ( 5GAG+ 9 CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,!IR FATE C\LD NOT BE DET]R$4 ,MUHSAM'S ACTIVITIES CAME TO AN 5D AT FIR/ ) HIS >RE/4 ,?AT WAS :5 HIS M>TYRDOM BEGAN4 ,! UNEQUAL /RUGGLE ?AT ,MUHSAM HAD F\<T = SIXTE5 MON?S %[S US NOT JU/ ! POET & ! WRIT]1 ! PROPAG&I/ & ! AGITATOR1 BUT ABOVE ALL ! H]O4 ,HIS H]OISM DUR+ ! LA/ YE> & A HALF ( HIS LIFE MADE HIM AN IMMORTAL M>TYR ( ! PROLET>IAN CAUSE & ]ECT$ A MONUM5T TO HIS MEMORY 9 ! HE>TS ( ! EXPLOIT$ & ! OPPRESS$ ( ALL TIMES & ALL C\NTRIES4 

,]I* ,MUHSAM & ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA 

,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,G]MANY & ITS REPRES5TATIVES HAD PRES5T$ ,]I* ,MUHSAM AS A SEMI-COMMUNI/ & SEMI-BOL%EVIK4 ,IT CIT$ HIS FRI5DLY RELATIONS T[>DS ! ,BOL%EVIKS DUR+ ! ,BAV>IAN ,C\NCIL ,REVOLUTION1 & ! DECL>ATIONS 9 :I* ,MUHSAM1 FROM BEH9D B>S1 HAD MADE 9 #aib 9 DEF5SE ( ! ,SOVIET ,REPUBLIC1 AS WELL AS ! FACT ?AT ,MUHSAM HAD BE5 A MEMB] ( ! ,R$ ,AID ORGANIZATION = YE>S4 

,IF ,MUHSAM (T5 HAD TO DEF5D HIMSELF AGA9/ COMMUNI/ CALUMNIES :ILE HE WAS ALIVE1 AFT] HIS DEA?1 :5 HE WAS NO LONG] ABLE TO DEF5D HIMSELF1 ! CALUMNIES DIRECT$ AGA9/ HIM W]E SURE TO CONT9UE4 

,MUHSAM'S ATTITUDE T[>DS ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA WAS1 DUR+ ! FIR/ YE>S ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 /RICTLY CONNECT$ ) HIS ACTIVITIES 9 ! ,BAV>IAN ,C\NCIL ,REVOLUTION4 ,DUR+ ! LATT] REVOLUTION1 & = SIX YE>S AFT]W>DS1 :5 ,MUHSAM WAS IMPRISON$ 9 ! =TRESSES ( ,BAV>IA1 HIS IMPRESSIONS ( ! SITUATION 9 ,RUSSIA W]E CONFUS$ BY A LACK ( ACCURATE KN[L$GE4 ,?IS SAME CIRCUM/ANCE WAS REPEAT$LY 5C\NT]$ 9 HIS MAGAZ9E1 ,FANAL1 & ON MANY O!R OCCASIONS4 ,:5 ! COMMUNI/ ,PAUL ,W]N] WROTE A PAMPHLET AB\T ! ,BAV>IAN ,C\NCIL ,REPUBLIC1 :I* DEPICT$ ! CONDUCT ( ,MUHSAM & ,L&AU] 9 A FALSE LI<T1 ,MUHSAM FELT OBLIG$ TO RESPOND4 ,:ILE 9 PRISON HE WROTE A 0P]SONAL REPORT0 ?AT HE S5T TO ,L591 SO ?AT ! LATT] C\LD JUDGE HIS CONDUCT & ?AT ( ,L&AU]4 ,MUHSAM WROTE ! FOLL[+ CONC]N+ ?IS EPISODE 9 HIS MAGAZ9E1 ,FANAL1 ,VOLUME #c1 ,ISSUE ,NO4 #g1 9 #a#i#b#i3 

0,IT WAS TACITLY AGRE$ ?AT ,L59 %\LD BE ! JUDGE ( :E!R1 DUR+ ! DECISIVE DAYS ( ,APRIL #d-#a#b ( #a#i#a#i1 ! CONDUCT ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY L$ BY ,LEV9E OR ?AT ( ! AN>*I/S1 ?AT IS1 ! CONDUCT ( ,L&AU] & MYSELF1 WAS MORE ADVISABLE FROM A REVOLUTION>Y P]SPECTIVE4 ,?IS IS :Y MY REPORT WAS PREFAC$ ) ! NOTICE1 ',= ! $IFICATION ( ! CREATOR ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOVIET ,REPUBLIC1 9 ! H&S ( COMRADE ,L59'4 ,CONC]N+ ! 9T]NAL /RUGGLES AMONG ! REVOLUTION>IES 9 ,RUSSIA ITSELF1 9 #a#i#b1 NOT EV5 ! LEA/ NEWS HAD REA*$ MY CELL1 SO ?AT AT ?AT TIME IT WAS 9 MY VIEW 5TIRELY UND]/&ABLE TO 5?USIA/ICALLY ACKN[L$GE ,L59 AS ! REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ,SOVIET SY/EM1 S9CE ,I HAD NOT EV5 ! LEA/ IDEA ( ?AT SY/EM HAV+ BE5 FALSIFI$ AS ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! P>TY4 ,9 ANY EV5T1 ,L59--:E!R HE WAS 9=M$ BY WAY ( MY REPORT OR BY O!R MEANS--DID NOT DECL>E HIS SUPPORT = ! TACTICS ( ! ,BAV>IAN COMMUNI/S40 ,MUHSAM ALSO SAID1 LAT] 9 ! SAME >TICLE3 0,! ,RUSSIA ( ! PRES5T .<#a#i#b#i.>1 :I* PREV5TS FREE ELECTIONS TO ! ,C\NCILS & RE/RICTS ! RI<TS ( ! ,C\NCILS1 HAS NOT EV5 PRES]V$ ! APPE>ANCE1 BUT ONLY ! WORDS1 ,SOVIET ,REPUBLIC40 ,CONC]N+ HIS EXCULPATORY REPORT ( #a#i#b1 ,MUHSAM SAYS 9 ! SAME >TICLE1 N9E YE>S LAT]3 

0,TODAY !RE IS NO NE$ TO JU/IFY ! CONDUCT ( ! ,BAV>IAN AN>*I/S TO ! P>TY COMMUNI/S1 BUT !RE IS A NE$ TO RESPOND TO ! OBJECTIONS ?AT SOME AN>*I/ COMRADES !MSELVES MI<T MAKE 9 ! NAME ( \R G5]AL LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES4 ,TO TAKE AN EXAMPLE AT R&OM3 9 MY REPORT !RE >E EXPRESSIONS ?AT MI<T SEEM /RANGE4 ,MY [N 9T]PRETATIONS ( ?AT TIME CASUALLY UTILIZE SU* T]MS AS COMMUNI/1 SP>TACI/ OR BOL%EVI/4 ,IT W\LD BE GOOD TO NOT CONF] SU* AN EXCESSIVE VALUE ON ! WORDS1 BUT TO EXAM9E ! MATT] 9 DEP?4 ,DUR+ ! P]IOD ( ! REVOLUTION !SE CONCEPTS W]E MIX$ TOGE!R & CONFUS$4 ,! LABEL1 'COMMUNI/'1 DID NOT AT ?AT TIME MEAN A MEMB] ( ! COMMUNI/ P>TY1 & ,I ?9K ?AT AN AN>*I/ COMMUNI/ TODAY W\LD NOT CEASE TO BE A COMMUNI/ JU/ BECAUSE A ,M>XI/ P>TY HAS APPROPRIAT$ ! NAME4 ,9 #a#i#a#f1 ! WORD1 ',BOL%EVIK'1 DID NOT YET HAVE ! /RICTLY ORGANIZATIONAL MEAN+ IT HAS TODAY2 IT MEANT = US1 SIMPLY1 SUPPORT = ! SLOGAN3 ',ALL ,P[] TO ! ,C\NCILS'1 :I* S9CE ! REVOLUTION ( ,OCTOB] #aiag HAD BE5 PROPAGAT$ AS ! BASIC ,BOL%EVIK DEM&1 & :I* ! AN>*I/S ACCEPT$ & /ILL ACCEPT4 ,TODAY ! WORD1 ',BOL%EVIK'1 UND\BT$LY BELONGS TO ?OSE :O EMPLOY IT AS ! NAME ( A P>TY2 !SE >E ! SAME PEOPLE :O NO LONG] WANT TO KN[ ANY?+ AB\T ! UNIFY+ =MULA ( ! REVOLUTION3 ',ALL ,P[] TO ! ,C\NCILS'1 & 9 ITS PLACE WAVE ! FLAG ( A ',WORK]S & ,PEASANTS ,GOV]NM5T' OV] ! PROLET>IAN FUTURE4 ,AS = ! NAME ',SP>TACI/'1 IT WAS1 S9CE ,NOVEMB] #a#i#a#h1 ! *>ACT]I/IC CAT*ALL WORD = ! REBELLION ?AT 5SU$ 9 ,G]MANY4 ,IT HAD ORIG9ALLY D5OM9AT$ ,LIEBKNE*T'S GR\P & ! GR\PS ( 9DEP5D5T REVOLUTION>IES DUR+ ! W> ?AT HAD CREAT$ ! ORGANIZATION 5TIRELY SPONTANE\SLY & VOLUNT>ILY1 BUT IT WAS AFT]W>DS US$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE & ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS AS AN EXPRESSION = EV]Y?+ !Y F\ND DI/URB+4 ,SP>TACUS WAS ! T]ROR ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 & H5CE A TITLE ( HONOR = ! REVOLUTION>Y4 ,?IS MU/ BE RECALL$1 9 LI<T ( ! FACT ?AT TODAY1 BO? BY P>TY COMMUNI/S AS WELL AS AN>*I/S1 !RE HAS BE5 AN ATTEMPT TO TRANSF] TO ! PA/ ! LIMITATIONS ( ! CONCEPTS ?AT HAVE LONG S9CE BE5 IMPR9T$ ) DI/9CTIVE MEAN+S4 ,9 ! EXCIT+ P]IOD ( ! REVOLUTION 9 PROGRESS1 TO CALL SOMEONE A SP>TACI/1 A ,BOL%EVIK1 A COMMUNI/ OR AN>*I/ WAS JU/ A WAY TO CALL ?AT P]SON A REVOLUTION>Y1 & ?AT IS AS IT %\LD BE1 BECAUSE ! REVOLUTION BR+S AB\T UNITY40 

0,SOME?+ DIFF]5T W\LD HAPP5 ) ! EXPRESSION1 'DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT'4444 ,! REGIME ( ,/AL9 9 ,RUSSIA1 :I* IS DI/9CT 9 A SOCIAL S5SE1 BUT NOT ) REG>D TO POLITICAL ME?ODS1 FROM FASCISM1 IS EXPRESSLY ACKN[L$G$ BY ! SUPPORT]S ( ?AT SY/EM AS ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,IF ,L&AU]1 ,I & ! O!R AN>*I/ P>TICIPANTS 9 ! ,BAV>IAN ,REVOLUTION HAD PROCLAIM$ ?AT WE W]E 9 FAVOR ( A SIMIL> SLOGAN1 IF WE HAD APPROV$ ( IT OR CONS5T$ TO IT )\T RESI/ANCE1 !N ! REPROA* ?AT WE HAD AB&ON$ ! PR9CIPLES ( AN>*I/ ?\<T W\LD HAVE BE5 JU/IFI$4 ,BUT NO?+ WAS F>!R FROM \R 9T5TIONS ?AN TO UND]/& ! GOV]NM5TAL P[] ( A CLIQUE AS ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,WE US$ ! WORD AS IT REFLECT$ ! CONT5T ?AT RESULTS FROM ! DEM&3 ',ALL ,P[] TO ! ,C\NCILS'4 ,BUT WE C\LD NOT R5\NCE ! WORD1 BECAUSE ! REVOLUTION>Y MASSES ASSUM$ IT AS ! =MULA ( !IR CLASS RI<TS & WE W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 UND]/OOD IF WE HAD ATTEMPT$ TO DISSUADE !M FROM DO+ SO4 ,ONCE1 :5 ,L&AU] PRES5T$ CLE> DEM&S = ! SECUR+ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS AT ! ,CONGRESS ( ,C\NCILS1 A SOCIAL DEMOCRAT %\T$3 ',?IS IS PURE DICTATOR%IP6'1 & ,L&AU] REPLI$3 ',YES1 IT IS ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! REVOLUTION'4 ,! =MULA1 'DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT' NEV] MEANT ANY?+ ELSE TO US ?AN ! VIOL5T SAFEGU>D+ ( ! REVOLUTION AGA9/ ATTACK & ! SUPPRESSION ( ! DEFEAT$ P[]1 MEASURES ?AT ! PROLET>IAN CLASS NE$S IF IT DOES NOT WANT TO AB&ON ITS VICTORY )\T A /RUGGLE4 ,IT WAS 9 ?IS S5SE ?AT ,I US$ ! WORD1 & ?IS HAS UN=TUNATELY CAUS$ ME TO LOSE PRECI\S FRI5DS4 ,BUT ,I DECL>E ?AT ) REG>D TO ?IS MATT] NO?+ HAS *ANG$ AS F> AS ,I AM CONC]N$4 ,I /ILL BELIEVE TODAY 9 ! NE$ = REVOLUTION>Y DECREES1 DICTAT$ BY ! PROLET>IAT'S C\NCILS1 9 ORD] TO DEPRIVE ! B\RGEOISIE ( ! PLEASURE ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION4 ,I /ILL BELIEVE TODAY 9 ! NE$ = REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEES ?AT1 AS 9 ,BAKUN9'S MANIFE/O ( ,SEPTEMB] #b#f1 #ahg = ! ,COMMUNE ( ,LYON1 'EX]CISE ALL P[] UND] ! DIRECT CONTROL ( ! PEOPLE'4 ,IT WAS ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS ?AT WE AN>*I/S S\<T TO BR+ AB\T :5 WE PROCLAIM$ ! ,C\NCIL ,REPUBLIC1 ! ,C\NCIL ,DICTATOR%IP1 :I* WE CALL$1 9 CON=MANCE ) ! USAGE ( ! PROLET>IANS1 ! 'DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT'4 ,AFT] ! SUBSEQU5T EV5TS 9 ,RUSSIA UN=TUNATELY JU/IFI$ ALL ! FE>S EXPRESS$ BY ! AN>*I/S OV] ! PREVI\S DECADES REG>D+ ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC AGITATION 9 FAVOR ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 & S9CE ?IS T]M HAS1 9 ! CONSCI\SNESS ( BROAD SECTORS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT1 ACQUIR$ ! MEAN+ ( P>TY DICTATOR%IP1 UND] :OSE AU?ORITY ! PROLET>IAT MU/ REMA91 IT IS CLE> ?AT ! EXPRESSION1 'DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT' NO LONG] MEANS :AT WE W\LD HAVE LIK$ IT TO MEAN40 

,9 ORD] TO PROVIDE ! MO/ EFFECTIVE SUPPORT = ! COMRADES :O W]E /ILL SUFF]+ 9 ! PRISONS & =TRESSES1 ,MUHSAM1 AFT] HE WAS RELEAS$ FROM PRISON 9 #a#i#b#e1 ?\<T ?AT ! BE/ WAY TO DO SO WAS TO JO9 ! ,R$ ,AID ASSOCIATION4 ,HE SP5T F\R YE>S AS A MEMB] ( ?IS SUPPOS$LY NONP>TY ORGANIZATION1 UNTIL HE BECAME CONV9C$ ?AT IT WAS NOT A NONP>TY ORGANIZATION AT ALL1 BUT A BRAN* ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 & HE SUBMITT$ HIS RESIGNATION4 ,9 A LETT] DAT$ ,JANU>Y #a#h1 #aibi ADDRESS$ TO ! PRESID5T ( ,R$ ,AID1 HE SET =? HIS REASONS = LEAV+ ! ORGANIZATION4 ,! MO/ DECISIVE ONE WAS ?AT ,R$ ,AID WAS !N SEEK+ TO 5GAGE 9 A FUND RAIS+ CAMPAIGN = ! C5TRAL ORGAN ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,G]MANY4 ,HE W5T ON TO SAY3 0,BECAUSE ( MY P>TICIPATION ON ! COMMITTEES & ON BEHALF ( ,R$ ,AID1 ,I HAVE ATTRACT$ A GREAT DEAL ( HO/ILITY AMONG REVOLUTION>Y CIRCLES2 ,I HAVE EXPOS$ MY VIEWS = YE>S AT A TIME TO ! MO/ S]I\S MISUND]/&+S2 BUT ,I 5DUR$ ALL ( ?IS = ! COMRADES :O >E HOP+1 AS ! VICTIMS ( CLASS JU/ICE 9 ! PRISONS & =TRESSES1 = ! SOLID>IC COOP]ATION ( ALL WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS40 

,= ?OSE COMRADES :O W]E /ILL 9 ! PRISONS1 ,MUHSAM SP5T F\R YE>S AS A MEMB] ( ,R$ ,AID1 UNTIL HE F9ALLY FELT ?AT HE HAD TO RESIGN4 

,BUT IT WAS NOT :5 HE QUIT ! ,G]MAN ,R$ ,AID SOCIETY1 BUT AFT] HE WAS RELEAS$ FROM PRISON & BECAME AW>E ( ! FACT ?AT ! REVOLUTION>IES W]E P]SECUT$ 9 ,RUSSIA1 ?AT HE WORK$ ON BEHALF ( !IR LIB]ATION & DEM&$ ?AT ! ,SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T RELEASE ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y COMBATANTS ( ,OCTOB]4 ,ON ! OCCASION ( ! T5? ANNIV]S>Y ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 ! ,MOSC[ EV5+ NEWSPAP]1 0,WETS*]NIAYA ,MOSKWA01 ASK$ HIM TO SUBMIT AN >TICLE 9 COMMEMORATION ( ! EV5T1 & HE WROTE A LETT] TO ?IS NEWSPAP] 9 :I* HE SAID3 

0,ON ! OCCASION ( ! T5? ANNIV]S>Y ( ! ,REVOLUTION ( ,OCTOB]1 ALL MY S5TIM5TS & DESIRES >E PASSIONATELY DEVOT$ TO ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S & PEASANTS ( ! ,RUSSIA ( ! ,SOVIETS4 ,MY GREATE/ DESIRE IS ?AT ! SPIRIT ( FRAT]NITY %\LD ALSO F9D AN EXT]NAL EXPRESSION BY A DECREE ( COMPLETE & UNCONDITIONAL AMNE/Y = ALL ! IMPRISON$1 EXIL$ & P]SECUT$ REVOLUTION>IES1 REG>DLESS ( :AT GR\P OR P>TY !Y BELONG TO1 S9CE 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#g1 !Y W]E P>T ( ! PROLET>IAT1 UND] ! R$ FLAG & ) ! SLOGAN1 ',ALL ,P[] TO ! ,SOVIETS'1 & ALL ( !M HELP$ TO DEFEAT ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT W\LD BE GRATIFI$ IF1 BY MEANS ( AN AMNE/Y = ! AN>*I/S1 SYNDICALI/S1 MAXIMALI/S1 LEFT SOCIAL REVOLUTION>IES & SUPPORT]S ( ! WORK]S OPPOSITION1 A CONFLICT :I* HAS R5D]$ ALL ! ASPIRATIONS = ! UNITY ( ! PROLET>IANS IMPOSSIBLE & HAS H9D]$ ! /RUGGLE = ! LIB]ATION ( ! PROLET>IAN POLITICAL PRISON]S 9 ! CAPITALI/ ,/ATE1 C\LD !REBY BE OV]COME40 

,MUHSAM DEVOT$ ALL HIS 5]GY TO ! LIB]ATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>IES 9 ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA4 ,:5 V>I\S LEFT W+ REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,G]MANY =M$ A JO9T COMMITTEE ON ! T5? ANNIV]S>Y ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION = ! PURPOSE ( BR++ AB\T ! LIB]ATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN COMBATANTS ( ,OCTOB]1 ,]I* ,MUHSAM & ! AN>*I/ ASSOCIATION HE F\ND$ W]E 9 ! FRONT L9E ( ITS ACTIVITIES4 ,HE SPOKE AT V>I\S MEET+S & DEM&$ 9 ! PRESS1 ) HIS P[]FUL P51 ?AT ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y COMBATANTS %\LD BE RELEAS$4 ,& HE WORK$ ) SPECIAL >DOR = ! LIB]ATION ( ! WELL-KN[N SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y ,M>IA ,SPIRIDONOVA4 

,! CLAIMS MADE BY ! COMMUNI/S ?AT ,MUHSAM HAD BE5 V]Y CLOSE TO ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA >E1 AS CAN BE D$UC$ FROM HIS [N WRIT+S1 NO?+ BUT MY/IFICATIONS4 ,MUHSAM WAS1 LIKE ALL AN>*I/S1 AN 5EMY ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,/ATE1 BUT HE WAS A DEF5D] ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 

,! AN>*I/ ?\<T ( ,MUHSAM & HIS CONCEPT ( LIFE 

,AL?\< HE HAD BE5 PUBLICLY ADVOCAT+ AN>*I/ IDEAS S9CE ! TURN ( ! C5TURY1 HE DID NOT PRES5T A DETAIL$ EXPOSITION ( HIS AN>*I/ VIEWS UNTIL ,NOVEMB] #a#i#c#b1 :5 HE PUBLI%$ 0,DIE ,BEFREIUNG D] ,GESELLS*AFT VOM ,/AAT04 ,IT WAS BY NO MEANS A SIGN ( WEAKNESS 9 ! BRILLIANT AU?OR & CRITICAL SPIRIT ?AT HE HAD NOT PREVI\SLY WRITT5 ANY AN>*I/ PROPAG&A PAMPHLETS4 ,HIS WORK TOOK ! =M ( POEMS & >TICLES ( V>I\S L5G?S1 ESSAYS 9 LIT]>Y MAGAZ9ES1 SPEE*ES BROADCA/ ON ! RADIO OR AT PUBLIC MEET+S4 ,HE ADVOCAT$ ! AN>*I/ VIEW ( ! WORLD 9 HUNDR$S ( MAGAZ9E >TICLES & TOOK ADVANTAGE ( EV]Y OPPORTUNITY TO REVEAL NEW V>IATIONS ( ! GOALS & ME?ODS ( ! AN>*I/ /RUGGLE4 ,!RE W]E ALWAYS SPECIAL CASES OR COLLECTIVE PH5OM5A TO :I* HE W\LD REF]1 & HE W\LD USE !SE 9/ANCES TO ILLU/RATE ALL ! ASPECTS ( AN>*I/ ?\<T TO OPPOSE ! CURR5T SOCIAL ORD] OR ! /ATE SOCIALI/ IDEAS ( ! ,M>XI/S4 

,MUHSAM'S AN>*I/ LIT]ATURE WAS UNLIKE ?AT PRODUC$ BY ALL O!R AN>*I/ WRIT]S1 ESPECIALLY BECAUSE HE DOES NOT QUOTE ?IS OR ?AT !ORETICIAN TO SUPPORT ! CORRECTNESS ( HIS VIEWS 9 CONTRA/ TO ?OSE ( O!R AN>*I/ ?9K]S4 ,HE SKET*$ HIS DEPICTION ( AN>*I/ IDEOLOGY1 :I* EA* P]SON MAY ADD TO OR SUBTRACT FROM ACCORD+ TO HIS 9CL9ATION & BY ! READ+ ( :I* HE MAY =TIFY OR *ALL5GE HIS [N CONVICTIONS4 

,= ,MUHSAM1 AN>*ISM IS ! DOCTR9E ( FRE$OM AS ! BASIS ( HUMAN SOCIETY4 0,HE :O RAISES ! FRE$OM ( ! P]SONALITY TO ! CATEGORY ( A LEV] = ! 5TIRE HUMAN COMMUNITY1 & :O1 CONV]SELY1 MAKES ! FRE$OM ( SOCIETY EQUIVAL5T TO ! FRE$OM ( ALL ?OSE HUMAN BE+S :O >E L9K$ TO IT 9 COMMUNITY1 HAS ! RI<T TO CALL HIMSELF AN AN>*I/4 ,HE :O BELIEVES1 H[EV]1 ?AT M5 MU/ BE SUBJECT--:E!R = ! PURPOSES ( ORD]1 OR ( SOCIETY1 OR ( ! ALLEG$ 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM--TO EXT]NAL CO]CION1 HAS NO RI<T TO CALL HIMSELF AN AN>*I/40 

,BY COMMUNISM ,MUHSAM UND]/&S ! SOCIAL RELATION BAS$ ON ! COMMUNITY ( GOODS1 :I* ALL[S EA* P]SON TO WORK ACCORD+ TO HIS ABILITIES & TO CONSUME ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S4 ,HE BELIEV$ ?AT ?IS ECONOMIC =M PROVID$ A MORE SECURE GU>ANTEE ( ! BASIC SOCIALI/ DEM& = EQUAL RI<TS = ALL ! MEMB]S ( SOCIETY ?AN COLLECTIVISM OR MUTUALISM1 :I* SEEK TO E/ABLI% A /&>D ( EQUIVAL5CE = ! COMMON %>E ( ! PRODUCTS 9 RELATION ) ! LABOR P]=M$4 ,MUHSAM DID NOT TAKE A POSITION VIS-A-VIS ! V>I\S S*OOLS ( ! SOCIALI/ OR AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS4 ,HE WAS ( ! OP9ION ?AT LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM ALL[S 5\< ROOM = DIFF]5T POSSIBILITIES4 ,ONLY ! EXP]IM5TS & EXP]I5CES ( ! FUTURE1 HE MA9TA9$1 WILL E/ABLI% ! PROPORTIONS REQUIR$ BY ! FREE SATISFACTION ( NE$S 9 RELATION TO ! P>TICUL> PROP]TIES ( GOODS DE/9$ = P]SONAL CONSUMPTION4 

,HE DID1 H[EV]1 RESOLUTELY DI/ANCE HIMSELF FROM ?OSE :O W]E EXCLUSIVELY 09DIVIDUALI/ AN>*I/S01 :O SAW EGOTI/ICAL ADVANCEM5T OR ! IMPOSITION ( ONE'S P]SONALITY AS ! ONLY MEANS = ! NEGATION ( ! ,/ATE & AU?ORITY & REJECT$ SOCIALISM & ALL SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 9 G5]AL AS OPPRESSION ( ! SELF-SUFFICI5T EGO4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,MUHSAM1 0SOCIALISM IS1 CONSID]$ ECONOMICALLY1 A CLASSLESS SOCIETY1 :]E ! L& & ALL ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION >E )DRAWN FROM PRIVATE CONTROL1 & ?US NEI!R L& R5T NOR 5TREPR5EURIAL PR(IT NOR ! SURR5D] ( LABOR P[] = A WAGE OR SAL>Y1 WILL DEPRIVE ! H&S & ! BRA9S ( ?OSE :O LABOR ( ! PRODUCT ( !IR EF=TS4 ,9/EAD ( PRIVATE OR ,/ATE EXPLOITATION1 !RE IS ! PLANN$ COMMON ADM9I/RATION ) COLLECTIVE PROP]TY2 9/EAD ( ! PRIVILEG$ M9ORITY ( [N]S 9 EA* C\NTRY1 ! TOTALITY UNIT$ 9 ! PEOPLE1 9 ALL C\NTRIES40 

0,SOCIALISM IS1 BESIDES AN ECONOMIC CONCEPT1 A MORAL & SPIRITUAL VALUE4 ,= IT NOT ONLY MEANS ! RATIONAL REGULATION ( LABOR1 ( DI/RIBUTION & CONSUMPTION & !RE=E ! SATISFACTION ( ALL ! NATURAL NE$S ( MAT]IAL LIFE = ALL2 IT ALSO MEANS ! SATISFACTION ( ?AT MORAL DEM& :OSE REJECTION CON/ITUTES A MORE S]I\S 9JURY TO M5 & :OSE ABS5CE IS MORE HUMILIAT+ ?AN HUNG] & ANY CORPORAL PRIVATIONS3 ! DEM& = EQUAL RI<TS40 

,SOCIALISM1 = ,MUHSAM1 AS = HIS M5TOR ,L&AU]1 IS NOT ONLY A PROBLEM ( ! SATISFACTION ( PHYSICAL HUNG]1 BUT ALSO A PROBLEM ( A MORAL ORD]4 ,AN>*I/ SOCIALISM SEEKS ! FRE$OM ( ! P]SONALITY & ! EQUAL RI<T TO EXI/5CE = ALL1 REG>DLESS ( H[ MU* !RE IS TO %>E4 ,! DEM& = EQUALITY 9DICATES ?AT1 REG>DLESS ( ! EXI/+ QUANTITY ( MAT]IAL GOODS1 !Y MU/ ALL BE DI/RIBUT$ 9 AN EQUITABLE MANN]4 ,EI!R EV]YONE HAS NO?+1 OR EV]YONE HAS A LITTLE2 9 ?IS WAY NO ONE CAN BE DISPLEAS$4 ,:51 H[EV]1 !RE IS ONLY A LITTLE ( SOME?+ TO DI/RIBUTE1 & IT IS UNJU/LY DI/RIBUT$1 SOME RECEIV+ MU* & O!RS NOT 5\< TO LIVE1 !N 9JU/ICE >ISES & ! F\NDATIONS ( ! MORAL ORD] >E %ATT]$4 

,9 ?IS CONNECTION1 ,MUHSAM *ALL5G$ ! ,M>XI/S4 ,! LATT]1 ,MUHSAM SAID1 0>E MI/AK5 9 !IR ASSUMPTION ?AT ! 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL QUALITIES ( MAN ME*ANICALLY >ISE FROM ! ECONOMIC =MS ( PRODUCTION1 ?AT ! RELIGI\S1 JURIDICAL & SCI5TIFIC IDEAS ( AN ]A >E NO?+ BUT AN IDEOLOGICAL SUP]/RUCTURE ( ! MAT]IALI/ REALITIES4 ,9 ?IS REG>D !RE IS AN UN9T]RUPT$ CIRCULATION1 :I* DOES NOT ALL[ = ANY DIFF]5TIATION 9 ! ORD] ( SUCCESSION4 ,CAPITALISM NE$S SPIRITUAL CONDITIONS AS MU* AS MAT]IAL CONDITIONS 9 ORD] TO IMPOSE ITS RULE ON ! PEOPLES2 IT MU/ PLACATE ! SPIRIT ( M5 BY SOLICIT\S ATT5TION TO !IR $UCATION & TRA9+ SO ?AT !Y WILL 5DURE ! 9IQUITY ( EXPLOITATION & 9EQUALITY AS UNALT]ABLE CONDITIONS ( FATE4 ,SOCIALISM ALSO REQUIRES SPIRITUAL PREP>ATION = ITS REALIZATION1 & = ITS JU/IFICATION1 NOT JU/ = PROVID+ MAT]IAL B5EFITS TO ! MAJORITY ( M51 BUT ALSO = ITS MORAL CONT5T4 ,BUT ?IS JU/IFICATION IS ONLY POSSIBLE IF SOCIALISM IS ACKN[L$G$ & DEMON/RAT$ TO BE A SPIRITUAL VALUE ABOVE & BEYOND ITS CAPACITY = DEVELOP+ MAT]IAL VALUES4 ,! R5OVATION ( ECONOMIC RELATIONS 9 SOCIALISM CAN ONLY BE EFFECTIVE UND] ! SUN ( EQUAL RI<TS1 ) ! SIMULTANE\S R5OVATION ( ! MORAL RELATIONS BETWE5 M52 = ONLY R5OVAT$ MORAL RELATIONS >E CAPABLE ( CREAT+ A COHESIVE SOCIALISM 9 ! ECONOMIC DOMA9 FROM 9DIVIDUALISM & 9EQUALITY40 

,MUHSAM1 AS A DEF5D] ( COMMUNI/ AN>*ISM1 BY DEM&+ ECONOMIC EQUALITY AS ! F\NDATION ( ! RELATIONS BETWE5 M51 CONSID]$ ! SOCIAL TRANS=MATION1 9 CONTRA/ TO ! DOCTR9ES ( ,M>XISM1 :I* ONLY HAVE A MAT]IAL ORI5TATION1 NOT AS ! S+LE CONT5T ( HIS ASPIRATION1 BUT AS ONE ( ! 9ELUCTABLE CONDITIONS = ! VA/ SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION ?AT EMBRACES ALL ! RELATIONS ( LIFE4 ,BUT ,MUHSAM DOES NOT WANT TO BE UND]/OOD AS SAY+ ?AT EQUALITY MEANS SIMPLY EQUALIZATION4 ,IT MEANS3 EQUAL RI<TS = ALL4 ,HE EXPRESSLY ADMITS ?AT ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION LEADS TO A P>TICUL> K9D ( BEHAVIOR = BO? CAPITALI/S & PROLET>IANS4 0,! ,M>XI/ =MULA1 H[EV]1 ACCORD+ TO :I* MAN'S EXI/5CE DET]M9ES HIS CONSCI\SNESS1 AS HIS EXI/5CE IS *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! ECONOMIC /ATE1 IS EXTREMELY DEBATABLE4 ,! CONSCI\SNESS ( MAN IS DET]M9$ BY1 9 ADDITION TO MAT]IAL VALUES1 NUM]\S IMPRESSIONS & SOMETIMES RECEIVES FROM PSY*OLOGICAL MOTIVES ! /RONGE/ /IMULUS EV5 ) REG>D TO P>TICIPATION 9 CAPITALI/ AFFAIRS4 ,TOGE!R ) ! CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION1 ! CONDITIONS ?AT EMANATE FROM *>ACT] MAY ALSO PLAY A ROLE1 OR FROM ONE'S SPIRITUAL *>ACT]I/ICS1 OR ONE'S CONNECTIONS ) O!R PEOPLE1 ! CLIMATE1 & COSMIC EV5TS2 & CONDUCT CAN BE /IMULAT$ BY S5SATIONS ?AT ORIG9ATE 9 ! MORAL S5SE 9DEP5D5TLY ( ANY =M ( PRODUCTION40 

,9 OPPOSITION TO ,M>XI/ >ROGANCE1 ,MUHSAM SAID3 0,) LOGIC ALONE & EV5 ) ! SCI5TIFICALLY GILD$ DOCTR9E ( HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM ONE DOES NOT REFUTE ! ECONOMIC SY/EM ( CAPITALISM UNLESS Y\ FI<T IT OR REPLACE IT ) A BETT] SY/EM40 

,9 ,G]MANY ! MAJORITY ( ! WORK]S BELIEV$ 9 ! !ORY1 PREA*$ BY ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS & COMMUNI/S1 ( HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM4 ,?IS DOCTR9E MADE CAPITALISM 9TO A SOCIALLY NECESS>Y PH5OM5ON1 :I* CANNOT BE >BITR>ILY DISSOLV$1 NOT AT A P>TICUL> MOM5T BY ! WORK]S1 BUT ONLY AFT] A LONG S]IES ( REGUL> 9ELUCTABLE DEVELOPM5TS ?AT LEAD T[>DS SOCIALISM4 ,ALL ! NON-,M>XI/ PROPAG&I/S & ESPECIALLY ! AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S HAD TO FI<T AGA9/ ?IS !ORY1 S9CE ITS CONSEQU5CES EXCLUDE A VOLUNT>I/ HI/ORICAL DET]M9ATION BY ! PROLET>IAT1 EV5 ?\< !SE CONCLUSIONS W]E ESPECIALLY REJECT$ BY ! COMMUNI/S4 ,MUHSAM WAS ALSO =C$ TO CRITICIZE ?IS DOCTR9E4 ,HE DID SO 9 HIS PAMPHLET1 AS FOLL[S3 

0,FROM ! DEVELOPM5T & ACTION ( CAPITAL A LAW IS D]IV$ AS IF ! 9/ITUTIONS ?AT M5 HAVE CREAT$ W]E CONDITION$ BY NATURE ITSELF2 ?IS LAW IS ADORN$ ) ! PE>LS ( PHILOSOPHICAL KN[L$GE & UND5IABLE SCI5CE1 & TO ?OSE :O WANT TO OV]?R[ CAPITALISM & REPLACE IT ) SOCIALISM1 IT SAYS3 SOCIALISM CANNOT GR[ EXCEPT ON ! V]Y SAME BASIS AS CAPITALISM2 MAT]IALISM1 :I* IS ! BASIC MAT]IAL ( CAPITALISM1 MU/ BE RECOGNIZ$ BY HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM1 & !RE=E AS ! BASIC MAT]IAL ( EV]Y SOCIAL ORD]4 ,! MAT]IALI/ 9T]PRETATION TEA*ES ?AT CAPITALISM CAN ONLY BE :AT IT IS1 ! EXPRESSION ( MOD]N SLAV]Y1 ! DEP]SONALIZATION ( MAN1 ! SUBMISSION ( ! WILL TO ! ME*ANISM ( A PURELY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY1 BECAUSE1 EV5 :5 NOT !ORETICALLY1 BUT PRACTICALLY1 IT MAKES MAT]IAL USEFULNESS ! LEV] ( ALL SOCIAL =CES4 ,BUT Y\ SOCIALI/S1 SAY ! ,M>XI/S1 Y\ >E BETT] ?AN ! CAPITALI/S BECAUSE 9 ADDITION Y\ ALSO HAVE A !ORY3 GO & CREATE SOCIALISM1 & BASE Y\R WORK ON ! MAT]IALI/ ME?OD60 

0,C\LD A GREAT] S]VICE BE P]=M$ = ! HOLD]S ( CAPITALI/ P[] ?AN SU* A DOCTR9E (F]S8 ,IS NOT EV]Y?+ MORALLY JU/IFI$ :5 ! SOCIALI/S OPT = ! IDEA ?AT IS ! BASIS = !IR ACCURS$ SY/EM1 AS ! F\NDATION ( ! WORLD ITSELF8 ,! MEANS = ! DE/RUCTION ( A SOCIAL $IFICE ?AT IS CONSID]$ TO BE EVIL CAN BE =C$ BY ITS DEF5D]S 9TO ! H&S ( ITS ATTACK]S1 JU/ AS A FI<T AGA9/ >M$ OPPON5TS CAN ONLY BE UND]TAK5 ) >MS2 BUT HE :O WANTS1 = ! CON/RUCTION ( A NEW SOCIETY1 TO USE ! /ONES ( ! DE/ROY$ ONE1 WILL SIMULTANE\SLY BUILD ! NEW DOOR ?R\< :I* ! OLD SPIRIT MAY RETURN4 ,SOCIALISM HAS NO?+ 9 COMMON ) CAPITALISM1 NEI!R ) REG>D TO ITS ECONOMIC /RUCTURE NOR ) REG>D TO ITS IDEOLOGICAL CONCEPTS4 ,! FACT ?AT SOCIALISM MU/ REPLACE CAPITALISM IS NOT DUE TO ! PRACTICAL & EXP$I5T LOGIC ( ! ECONOMY1 BUT DUE TO ! MORAL CONSCI\SNESS ( ?\<T4 ,! HUNG] ( ! POOR IS REVOLT+ TO US1 BUT BECAUSE IT IS UNJU/60 

0,= ! DOGMATIC ,M>XI/S ?IS CRITIQUE WAS LIKE A R$ CAPE TO ! BULL4 ,MORALITY1 JU/ICE1 RECIPROCITY1 >E = ! ,M>XI/S 'IDEALI/' DEM&S :I*1 ACCORD+ TO !IR VIEW1 HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,! ,G]MAN ,M>XI/S CONDEMN$ ALL APPEALS TO SPIRITUALITY OR MORALITY4 ,SOCIALISM1 ACCORD+ TO !M1 COMES1 )\T MORAL CONC]NS1 FROM ! ECONOMIC PROCESS ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,Y\ W\LD HAVE TO BE AN AN>*I/ TO TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! P[] ( WILL1 JU/ICE & O!R S\RCES 5D[$ 9 ! MORAL ESS5CE ( MAN60 

,AFT] HAV+ CRITICIZ$ HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM & AFT] EXPLA9+ ! POSITION ( AN>*ISM ON MAN 9 RELATION TO SOCIETY & ON ! NE$ = SELF-RESPONSIBILITY1 ,MUHSAM CONSID]S ! PR9CIPLE ( ORGANIZATION4 ,HE CALLS = A COMPLETE RE=M ( ! PR9CIPLES ( ORGANIZATION 9 SOCIAL & ECONOMIC TRAFFIC4 ,:AT HE SAYS 9 ?IS REG>D IS NO?+ NEW = AN AN>*I/4 ,HE REF]S TO ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! ,/ATE & SOCIETY & RI<TLY CRITICIZES ! FALSE =MULATIONS ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS & COMMUNI/S :O >E ALWAYS SPEAK+ ( ! 0,CLASS ,/ATE01 )\T REALIZ+ ?AT EV]Y ,/ATE IS A ,CLASS ,/ATE1 EV5 ! SO-CALL$ PROLET>IAN ,/ATE4 

0,SPEAK+ ( A ,CLASS ,/ATE01 ,MUHSAM SAID1 0IS LIKE SPEAK+ ( IRON /EEL4 ,! ,/ATE IS NO?+ ELSE1 IT CAN BE NO?+ BUT AN EXECUTIVE C5TRALI/ S]VICE ( A SEP>ATE CLASS ( ! PEOPLE = ! DOM9ATION ( ! DIS9H]IT$ & SUBJUGAT$ CLASS ( ! PEOPLE4 ,! ADM9I/RATIVE /ATE PROC$URES !RE=E DIVIDE HUMAN SOCIETY 9TO A CLASS SOCIETY 9 ORD] TO PROTECT ! L& & ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION CREAT$ BY M5 AS ! PRIVATE PROP]TY ( ! PRIVILEG$ CLASS4 ,ONLY :]E ! RI<T ( ! MA/]S EXI/S 9 OPPOSITION TO ! RI<T ( ! SLAVES1 DOES ! ,/ATE MAKE S5SE1 DOES IT F9D WORK TO DO4 ,ONLY :5 ! DEVELOPM5T ( P]SONAL PROP]TY REA*ES ! /AGE :]E M5 >E EXPLOIT$1 DOES ! ,/ATE APPE>4 ,) ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM1 :I* MADE ! MAT]IAL PR9CIPLES ( EXPLOITATION ! C5T] ( MAN'S :OLE LIFE1 ! ,/ATE CON/ANTLY EXP&$ ! NET ( ! LAWS1 ( CO]CIVE & SURVEILLANCE MEASURES1 BY MEANS ( :I* ! PROLET>IAT IS MA9TA9$ 9 OB$I5CE TO ! PRIVILEG$ CLASS4 ,BUT1 ONCE AGA91 IT IS ! ,M>XI/ SOCIALI/S :O WANT TO USE1 9 ADDITION TO ! MAT]IALI/ VIEW ( ! WORLD1 ! C5TRALI/ =M ( ORGANIZATION1 ?AT TYPICAL SIGN ( ! CAPITALI/ ,/ATE1 AS F\NDATION = ! CON/RUCTION ( A SOCIETY EMANCIPAT$ FROM CAPITALISM40 

,AFT] REJECT+ C5TRALISM & DEPICT+ F$]ALISM AS A SOCIAL NETWORK ( GR\PS & P>TS ( ! :OLE1 AS A COMMUNITY FROM ! BOTTOM UP AS A GU>ANTEE = ! FRE$OM ( ! P]SONALITY1 ,MUHSAM ATTEMPTS TO PROVE ?AT SO-CALL$ ,/ATE SOCIALISM1 :I* IS MORE PROP]LY CALL$ ,/ATE CAPITALISM1 HAS NO?+ TO DO ) REAL SOCIALISM4 

0,& IT MAKES NO DIFF]5CE AT ALL ?AT ! ,/ATE %\LD BE CONQU]$ BY ! PROLET>IAT SO AS TO ACCOMMODATE IT1 OV] ! C\RSE ( A GRADUAL TRANS=MATION1 TO SOCIALI/ CONDITIONS ( LIFE1 OR ?AT 9 ! PLACE ( ! ,/ATE ( PRIVATE CAPITALISM DE/ROY$ BY ! REVOLUTION ANO!R ,/ATE WILL BE CREAT$1 9 :I* /ATE P[]S PASS 9 ADVANCE OV] ! HEADS ( ! CONSUM]S' DEM&S1 TO :I* !IR CONS5T IS NOT GIV54 ,DISPOSAL OV] & USE ( !IR WORK+ 5]GY4444 ,A ,/ATE IS NOT OV]?R[N BUT RE9=C$ :5 ! F\NDATIONS UPON :I* IT IS BUILT >E REPLAC$4 ,! F\NDATIONS ( ! ,/ATE >E ! CAPITALI/ CLASS CONDITIONS1 & IT MAKES NO DIFF]5CE ?AT ! CLASS CONTRADICTIONS PROCE$ FROM ! PRIVATE APPROPRIATION ( ! FEW ( ! L& & ! MEANS ( LABOR OR >E PRODUC$ BY ! TRANSF] ( ?IS APPROPRIATION TO A SELECTION ( /ATE REPRES5TATIVES4444 ,= ?OSE :O WORK IT MAKES NO DIFF]5CE IF ! FRUITS ( !IR LABOR 5D UP 9 A CORPORATION OR IF IT IS ! ,/ATE ?AT TAKES ! PRODUCT ( !IR LABOR4 ,! \TCOME IS = !M ! SAME3 ! PRODUCT ( !IR LABOR DOES NOT BELONG TO !M1 & !Y B5EFIT NOT FROM ! PRODUCT DIRECTLY1 BUT ONLY FROM !IR RECEIPT ( A WAGE = ITS PRODUCTION4 ,9 ! WAGES SY/EM NO?+ IS *ANG$ 9 ! LEA/ BY ! PASSAGE FROM PRIVATE CAPITALISM TO ,/ATE CAPITALISM2 BUT WAGE LABOR IS ITSELF *>ACT]I/IC ( EXPLOITATION40 

,MUHSAM M>%AL$ HIS ACUTE LOGICAL P[]S AGA9/ ! !ORY ( ! SO-CALL$ TRANSITIONAL ,/ATE BETWE5 CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM4 ,HE SAW CLE>LY ! BASIS ( ! ESS5CE ( ! ,/ATE & ,/ATE P[]4 0,! '/ATE ORD]' IS BAS$ ON ! PROCESS ( SELL+ PUBLIC S]VICES TO SEP>ATE EMPLOYES = ?IS GOAL ( ! TOTALITY4 ,IT WAS S\<T1 AFT] ! FALL ( ! CAPITALI/ SOCIAL ORD]1 TO E/ABLI% SOCIALISM BY ! SAME MEANS1 TO REPEAT ! PROCESS ?AT PRODUC$1 9 ! DIVISION ( SOCIAL FUNCTIONS = ! CULTIVATION ( ! L& & DEF5SE ( ! C\NTRY1 ! OPPRESSION ( ?OSE :O LABOR BY ?OSE :O >E >M$1 & ) IT ! DIVISION ( ! PEOPLE 9TO CLASSES &1 AS A RESULT1 ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! TOTALITY BY ! SO-CALL$ =TIFI$ M9ORITY1 EXPLOITATION1 CAPITALISM4 ,ADM9I/RATION SEP>AT$ FROM ! :OLE1 JU/ AS :5 ! W> *IEFS ( ! PA/ BECAME 9DEP5D5T AS A NOBILITY & =C$ ! PEOPLE TO ACCEPT A CONDITION ( S]VITUDE1 W\LD SOON BECOME AN 5D 9 ITSELF4 ,! EXPROPRIATION ( PRIVATE CAPITAL 9 FAVOR ( ! ,/ATE W\LD C]TA9LY CONDUCT ! PRODUCT ( LABOR BY O!R PA?S1 BUT IT W\LD NOT DIM9I% ! DEP5D5CE ( ?OSE :O WORK ON ! EXPLOITATIVE P[]S4 ,/ATE ADM9I/RATION1 BUREAUCRACY1 & ! GOV]NM5TAL APP>ATUS WILL GR[ EV] MORE MON/R\SLY2 & BECAUSE ALL RULE HAS ! 9CL9ATION TO DEVELOP 9TO AN IRREPLACEABLE & 9DISSOLUBLE 5DUR+ P[]1 IT WILL CONTROL ALL ACTIVITY ) $UCATIONAL & VIOL5T ME?ODS TO CAUSE ! WELL-BE+ ( AU?ORITY TO APPE> TO BE ! TRUE WELL-BE+ ( ALL4 ,AT ! 5D ( ?IS ROAD IS ! PATRIMONY ( ! BUREAUCRACY1 :I* NECESS>ILY IMPLIES ! ATTRIBUTION ( EXPLOITATION TO ! B5EFIT ( A HI<] CLASS1 ?AT IS1 ! COMPLETE REE/ABLI%M5T ( PRIVATE CAPITALISM ) ONLY DIFF]5T GR\PS ( [N]S & NEW WAYS ( EXPRESSION TO DECEIVE ! MASSES40 

,!SE AN>*I/ CONSID]ATIONS HAVE BE5 COMBAT$ BY ! ,M>XI/S ( ALL S*OOLS4 ,REC5TLY1 ,LEON ,TROTSKY HAS >RIV$ AT ID5TICAL RESULTS4 ,! LATT] PO9T$ \T1 9 SOME >TICLES CRITICAL ( ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA1 ?AT 9 ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA SURPLUS VALUE--:I* 9 ! C\NTRIES ( PRIVATE CAPITALISM IS CONSUM$ BY ! CAPITALI/S--IS ABSORB$ BY ! BUREAUCRACY4 ,) ?IS CLAIM ,TROTSKY HAS NOT JU/ PRON\NC$ A FATAL JUDGM5T ON ,RUSSIAN ,/ATE ,CAPITALISM1 BUT HAS ALSO DEALT A S]I\S BL[ TO ! ,M>XI/ DOCTR9E ( ! CONQUE/ ( ! ,/ATE BY ! PROLET>IAT & ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 MAK+ SOME CONCESSIONS TO AN>*I/ ?\<T4 ,BUT 9 ,TROTSKY ?IS PO9T ( VIEW IS NOT OBJECTIVE4 ,IF HE W]E 9 ,RUSSIA1 IF HE HAD NOT BE5 EXPELL$ BY ,/AL91 HE W\LD NOT BE SAY+ !SE ?+S TODAY4 

,9 HIS >GUM5T AGA9/ P[]1 :I* HE CONDEMNS1 ,MUHSAM NONE!LESS ACKN[L$GES VIOL5CE & CO]CION AS REVOLUTION>Y MEANS ( /RUGGLE4 ,! DIFF]5TIATION BETWE5 P[]1 ON ! ONE H&1 & VIOL5CE ON ! O!R1 SEEM$ TO HIM1 AS AN AN>*I/1 TO BE ( UNIQUE IMPORTANCE4 

,P[] IS BORN FROM C5TRALI/ & LEGISLATIVE AU?ORITY FROM A /ATE CONDITION4 ,IT TAKES ADVANTAGE ( ! AU?ORITY ?AT IS PREP>$ BY PSY*OLOGICAL 9FLU5CE1 BY BELIEFS & FAI? AT ! CO/ ( ?\<T & JUDGM5T4 ,P[] & AU?ORITY MU/ BE REJECT$ = ?IS REASON3 VIOL5CE IS ! ACT ( /RUGGLE1 & IS ALWAYS A MEANS = ! A*IEVEM5T ( AN 5D2 CO]CION IS UTILIZ$ 9 ! /RUGGLE & IS ! MEANS TO 5SURE ! A*IEVEM5T ( ! GOAL ( ! /RUGGLE4 ,!Y MU/ !RE=E BE ACCEPT$4 ,P[] IS A P]MAN5T /ATE ( VIOL5CE & CO]CION = ! SUPPRESSION ( ! YE>N+ = EQUALITY4 

,= ! SAME REASONS ?AT ,MUHSAM REJECT$ TEMPORAL AU?ORITY1 HE REJECT$ SPIRITUAL AU?ORITY AS WELL4 ,! OLDE/ & MO/ TE/$ WAY TO /IMULATE FAI? 9 AU?ORITY IS ! SW9DLE ( EXTRAT]RE/RIAL P[]S1 :OSE ORD]S MAN MU/ OBEY1 & BE=E :OSE JUDGM5T HE MU/ ANSW]4 ,JU/ AS HE REPUDIAT$ ! ,/ATE1 HE REPUDIAT$ ! ,*UR*4 0,GOD & ,/ATE1 ) ALL !IR ORGANS ( EXPRESSION3 *UR*1 GOV]NM5T1 JURISPRUD5CE1 MILIT>ISM1 POLICE1 BUREAUCRACY1 SULTANS1 VIZI]S1 M9I/]S1 SOV]EIGNS1 TREASUR]S1 CU/OMS (FIC]S1 FAKIRS & CAPITALI/S >E ! MO/ COMPLETE 9C>NATIONS ( C5TRALI/ AU?ORITY40 

,9 OPPOSITION TO HIS MA/] ,GU/AV ,L&AU]1 :O WANT$ TO E/ABLI% ! FREE SOCIETY ON ! BASIS ( ! FAMILY1 ,MUHSAM PRES5T$ ! FAMILY AS ! SE$B$ ( AU?ORITY4 ,HE REF]R$ TO ?AT 9/ITUTION ?AT GU>ANTEES ! PAT]NAL RI<T BY ! ,/ATE & ! ,*UR*4 ,G5D] RELATIONS CON/ITUTE ! ORIG9AL S\RCE ( ! LIFE ?AT MU/ BE FRE$ FROM ! 9T]V5TION ( ?IRD P>TIES4 ,:5 P[] 9T]V5ES 9 !SE RELATIONS1 ! CONSCI5CE ( MAN BECOMES A HOME = 9T]NAL PRIVATION4 ,RULES >E MADE = LOVE2 ! CL]GY1 ! ,/ATE1 ! ,*UR*1 & ALL AU?ORITIES >E EMB$D$ 9TO IT2 ! SEXUAL 9/9CT WAS US$ AS A S9FUL ACT = ! /IMULATION ( CONT9U\S TORM5TS ( CONSCI5CE = ! PURPOSE ( REVEAL+ ?AT ITS SATISFACTION WAS AN IMPURE DE$ :]E EXT]NAL AU?ORITIES DID NOT APPROVE4 

,9 ! CONTEMPOR>Y FAMILY MAN HAS ! P[] ( COMM&2 WOM5 & *ILDR5 >E KEPT 9 A SLAVI% DEP5D5CE1 & SELF-DET]M9ATION IS DEF9$ AS DISOB$I5CE2 ! WAYS *OS5 BY ! 9DIVIDUAL >E D5\NC$ AS DANG]\S4 ,! G5]ATOR ( *ILDR5 IS GRANT$ 9 TODAY'S PATRI>*AL FAMILY ) ATTRIBUTES ( C5TRAL COMM&4 ,SURVEILLANCE OV] ! WOMAN & ALL H] 9/9CTIVE LIFE & ! SAME SURVEILLANCE ON ! P>T ( ! WOMAN OV] ! MAN & HIS SEXUAL CONDUCT BECOME A 0MORAL DUTY02 ! *ILDR5 >E $UCAT$ FROM ! BEG9N+ 9 /RICT SUBORD9ATION & AT ! SAME TIME ! IMPULSE ( IMITATION IS 9/ILL$ 9 !M ) ! EXAMPLE ( PAT]NAL OMNIPOT5CE & ! ASPIRATION TO ACQUIRE P[] = !MSELVES4 ,9 ! AN>*I/ PHILOSOPHY ( ,MUHSAM NO?+ ?AT HUMAN BE+S DO TO OBTA9 MUTUAL PLEASURE IS IMMORAL2 ! 9T]V5TION ( A ?IRD P>TY 9TO !IR MUTUAL AGREEM5T IS ALWAYS IMMORAL4 

,! 9/ITUTION ( ! NUCLE> FAMILY PRODUCES A TRIBAL PRIDE ?AT IS A M9IATURE V]SION ( ! ,/ATE4 ,EV]Y FAMILY ?9KS ( ITSELF AS BETT] ?AN ! NEI<BOR+ FAMILY1 & ?IS BR+S 9 ITS WAKE ! DESIRE = SELF-AGGR&IZEM5T4 ,?IS H9D]S ALL F$]ATIVE COMMUNITY FROM ! BOTTOM UP 9 ! G]M9ATIVE SOCIAL CELL2 ! ASPIRATION TO ! G5]AL EQUALITY ( RI<TS IS OB/RUCT$ BY ! /IMULUS TO COMPETITION2 ! ?\<T ( HO/ILE LIMITATIONS1 )\T :I* NO C5TRAL P[] IS POSSIBLE1 IS ROOT$ 9 ! SOIL ( PRIVATE 9T]E/S1 & ! P[] ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,?US1 ! FAMILY 9 ITS CURR5T AU?ORIT>IAN =M FULFILLS ITS MISSION ( IMPLANT+ 9 ! Y\?1 ) ! S5SE ( FAMILY1 ! S5SE ( ,/ATE AT ! SAME TIME1 ! WILL TO P[] ( ! ,/ATE ITSELF1 ! ANIMOSITY AGA9/ O!R ,/ATES1 ! DEM& = CONQUE/1 OPPRESSION1 & EXPLOITATION ( PEOPLES ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! ,/ATE FRONTI]S1 & NATIONALISM4 

,9 ?IS WAY ! ,/ATE & NATIONALISM TAKE ROOT 9 ! AU?ORIT>IAN FAMILY1 BO? ( :I* >E =MS ( CO]CIVE AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETY1 :I* MU/ BE COMBAT$ BY AN>*Y BECAUSE !Y >E 5EMIES ( FRE$OM4 ,= ,MUHSAM1 FRE$OM IS ! C5TRAL CONCEPT ( ALL AN>*I/ ?\<T & ACTION4 ,ALL REVOLUTIONS >E UNLEA%$ BECAUSE ! LACK ( FRE$OM HAS BECOME 9TOL]ABLE1 & !IR RALLY+ CRIES >E ALWAYS = FRE$OM4 ,BUT ALL REVOLUTIONS HAVE UP UNTIL N[ FAIL$ OR HAVE GONE A/RAY FROM ! PA? ! REVOLUTION>IES WANT$ TO FOLL[ BECAUSE ! DEM& = FRE$OM WAS NOT SATISFI$4 ,! FRE$OM ?AT ! AN>*I/S >E FI<T+ = IS NOT ID5TICAL TO MULTIPLE LITTLE FRE$OMS1 BUT ! UNITY ( FRE$OM1 :I* EMBRACES ALL ! CIRCUM/ANCES ( LIFE1 ( ! ORD] ( ?+S EMANCIPAT$ FROM ALL AU?ORITY & ( ALL HI]>*Y4 

,9 HIS DESCRIPTION ( FRE$OM ,MUHSAM PAUSES TO RESPOND TO ! OBJECTION ?AT MO/ M5 DO NOT 5JOY ! B5EFITS ( FRE$OM BECAUSE ( !IR LACK ( 9DEP5D5CE & ?AT ?IS IS :Y LEAD]S >E NECESS>Y4 ,CONC]N+ ! PROBLEM ( LEAD]%IP1 :I* IS SU* AN IMPORTANT ISSUE TODAY1 ,MUHSAM PO9TS \T ?AT ! AN>*I/S REJECT LEAD]%IP ?AT IS 5D[$ ) A P]MAN5TLY ASSUR$ P[] ( COMM& & EFFICACY1 ?AT IS1 ALL LEAD]%IP 9 ,/ATE RULE1 BUREAUCRACY & P>TY COMMITTEES1 ALL DICTATOR%IP & ALL OLIG>*IC RULE4 0,BUT WE DO NOT REJECT ! USEFULNESS ( A DIRECTOR 9 A !AT] OR A PRESID5T ( AN ASSEMBLY OR A CAPTA9 ( A %IP4444 ,NO ONE WILL LEAD ! REVOLUTION ( ! FUTURE BECAUSE HE P]=M$ RESOLUTELY BE=E IT TAKES PLACE4 ,EA* P]SON MU/ LOOK \T = HIMSELF 9 EA* NEW SITUATION & ?US E>N ! RESPECT1 ! CONFID5CE &1 IF HE M]ITS IT1 ! SUPPORT ( HIS COMRADES4444 ,!RE >E SPOKESP]SONS1 !RE >E BORN LEAD]S1 ?AT IS1 !RE >E PEOPLE :O >E FOLL[$ BECAUSE !Y MO/ CLE>LY EXPRESS ! WILL ( ALL OR DEVOTE !MSELVES MO/ RESOLUTELY TO ACTION4 ,A LEAD] IS A P]SON :O /&S \T1 NOT ! P]SON :O MAKES LAWS OR IS TRAIL$ BY AN 5T\RAGE4444 ,!RE >E LEAD+ P]SONALITIES & MISSIONS ?AT BEFIT !M ?AT NO CONSCI5TI\S AN>*I/ W\LD BE A%AM$ ( ACKN[L$G+ & W\LD 9DE$ BE HAPPY TO DO SO4 ,TO DEVELOP ! P]SONALITY ( A LEAD] OR A GUIDE MEANS TO USE 9DIVIDUAL P[]S 9 ! S]VICE ( COMRAD]Y4 ,?IS IS DIFF]5T FROM ! AU?ORIT>IAN P]SONALITY1 BECAUSE ! AU?ORIT>IAN RAISES HIMSELF ABOVE AN OBSEQUI\S MASS & DEM&S BL9D OB$I5CE1 :ILE ! P]SONALITY CAN ONLY EXI/ & FUNCTION 9 CONNECTION ) A COMMUNITY ?AT RECEIVES ITS =CE FROM ! ABILITIES ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL4 ,9 SU* A COMMUNITY ! LEAD] IS NOT ! P]SON :O WANTS TO BE A MA/] LORD+ IT OV] SLAVES1 BUT ! P]SON :O1 DUE TO HIS GIFTS1 KN[S H[ TO /IMULATE HIS COMRADES :O 5JOY EQUAL RI<TS ) HIM = ! HI<E/ DEGREE ( VOLUNT>Y & WILL+ ACTION4 ,9 ! ,/ATE & 9 C5TRALI/ ORGANIZATIONS !RE >E *AUFFEURS & LACKEYS1 BUT NO GUID+ ( SPIRITS BY ! EXAMPLE ( MORAL 5]GY4 ,LEAD]%IP = PROP] BEHAVIOR 9 ! /RUGGLE & 9 LIFE PRESUPPOSES EGALIT>IAN COMRAD]Y & ! FREE ALLIANCE ( M540 

,9 ! SECOND P>T ( HIS PAMPHLET ,MUHSAM ADDRESSES ! WAY TO ! REALIZATION ( AN>*ISM4 ,! COMMUNI/ AN>*ISM HE PROCLAIMS IS REVOLUTION>Y 9 ITS CONCEPTION & ITS 5DS4 ,! WAY TO AN>*Y IS PRIM>ILY A PA? ( REVOLUTION>Y PREP>ATION 9 ?REE WAYS3 BY MEANS ( PROSELYTISM & PROPAG&A1 BY SELF-$UCATION & BY /RUGGLE4 ,H]E ,MUHSAM GOES BEYOND HIS FRI5D & M5TOR ,L&AU]4 ,:ILE ,L&AU] REJECT$ ! CLASS /RUGGLE AS 0,M>XI/01 ,MUHSAM1 ) SIMPLE BUT CONCLUSIVE LOGIC1 SAYS3 0,! /RUGGLE AGA9/ PROP]TY RI<TS MU/ BE C>RI$ \T BY ?OSE :O HAVE BE5 PREV5T$ FROM [N+ ANY?+2 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ EXPLOITATION & OPPRESSION BY ! EXPLOIT$ & ! OPPRESS$2 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! RI<TS ( ! MA/] BY ! SLAVES & ! DIS9H]IT$4444 ,! LIB]ATION ( SOCIETY FROM ! ,/ATE MU/ !RE=E BE C>RI$ \T1 PR9CIPALLY1 BY ! CLASS :OSE REPRESSION BY ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM REQUIRES ! ,/ATE1 :OSE DOCILITY IS 5G5D]$ BY ! AU?ORITY ( *UR* & S*OOL1 BY ! FOM5TATION ( NATIONAL & RACIAL VANITIES1 BY LAWS1 PUNI%M5TS1 TAXES1 UNEMPLOYM5T1 HUNG]1 POV]TY1 UNHAPP9ESS1 & BY HAV+ BE5 TREAT$ LIKE *ILDR5 & DEPRIV$ ( !IR DIGNITY4 ,TO BE LIB]AT$ FROM ! ,/ATE IS TO BE LIB]AT$ FROM CLASS SLAV]Y2 ! 5SLAV$ CLASS MU/ BE ! VEHICLE ( ! EMANCIPATORY /RUGGLE4 ,! /RUGGLE = COMMUNI/ AN>*ISM MU/ !RE=E BE F\<T DUR+ ! P]IOD ( REVOLUTION>Y PREP>ATION AS A CLASS /RUGGLE40 

,MUHSAM SUPPORT$ ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ TRADE UNIONS & PROCLAIM$ HIS OPPOSITION TO ! AN>*I/ ADV]S>IES ( AN>*OSYNDICALISM4 

0,! CONDUCT ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ! TRADE UNIONS !MSELVES1 AS HAS BE5 ! PRACTICE ( ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T1 IS TOTALLY IRREFUTABLE FROM ! LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ PO9T ( VIEW1 & HE :O JO9S ASSOCIATIONS = ECONOMIC /RUGGLE ) COMRADES ) ! SAME ASPIRATIONS DOES NOT ACT 9 CONTRADICTION TO AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES2 ?OSE :O ACT CONTR>Y TO AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES >E ?OSE :O ATTACK ! TRADE OR 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATIONS =M$ ACCORD+ TO F$]ATIVE PR9CIPLES BECAUSE !Y1 = MORE OR LESS PLAUSIBLE REASONS1 DO NOT WANT TO JO9 !M40 

,BUT AT ! SAME TIME ! SATIRICAL POET DEF5D$ ! AN>*I/S AGA9/ ! ACCUSATION ?AT !Y REJECT$ ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE4 ,HE DEF9$ POLITICS AS CONC]N = PUBLIC AFFAIRS4 ,:5 ! ,M>XI/S ACCUSE ! AN>*I/S ( BE+ 5EMIES ( POLITICS1 IT IS A SL&] ?AT IS 9T5D$ TO DISCR$IT AN>*ISM4 ,! AN>*I/ =MULA 9 ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE HAS ALWAYS BE53 0,REJECTION ( ALL POLITICS :OSE GOAL IS NOT DIRECTLY ! LIB]ATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS40 ,AN>*ISM DOES NOT EXCLUDE ANY ME?OD ( /RUGGLE ?AT GIVES ! COMBATANT ! MISSION ( P]SONALLY 9T]V5+ 9 A DIRECT WAY4 ,?IS IS :Y ! AN>*I/ WILL ALWAYS RECOMM5D /RIKES1 PASSIVE RESI/ANCE1 SABOTAGE1 BOYCOTT & SIMIL> ME?ODS ( CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,MUHSAM1 EV5 ?\< HE NEV] WORK$ 9 A FACTORY--:I* WAS ALSO TRUE ( ,PELL\TI]1 ,GRIFFUELHES1 ,SOREL & ALL ! WELL-KN[N SYNDICALI/S--WAS ( ! OP9ION ?AT ! WORK]S' /RUGGLE = HI<] PAY OR %ORT] H\RS 5HANC$ !IR S5SE ( SOLID>ITY & !IR 5?USIASM AS WELL AS !IR CONSCI\SNESS1 & MADE !M MORE COMBATIVE4 ,! CLASS /RUGGLE IS A CIRCUM/ANCE CREAT$ BY CAPITALISM ?AT ! WORK]S MU/ ASSUME & C>RY ON CONSCI5TI\SLY4 

,9 \R TIME IT IS IMPORTANT TO E/ABLI% ! DEGREE TO :I* AN 9DIVIDUAL'S P]SONALITY IS DEVOT$ TO ! CLASS /RUGGLE & ! /RUGGLE ( ! MASSES4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY HAS OPPOS$ ON EV]Y OCCASION ALL P]SONAL ACTIONS C>RI$ \T BY 9DIVIDUAL REVOLUTION>IES & HAS CONDEMN$ !M4 ,! P>TY PROCLAIM$ ITS CONDEMNATIONS ( !SE P]SONAL ACTIONS DUR+ A P]IOD :5 ! NATIONAL SOCIALI/S W]E CON/ANTLY ATTACK+1 BEAT+ & ASSASS9AT+ WELL-KN[N MEMB]S ( ! WORK]S MOVEM5T4 ,AT ?AT TIME IT WAS ( ! UTMO/ IMPORTANCE = ,G]MAN AN>*I/S TO TAKE A POSITION AGA9/ ! PROTE/S ( ! ,MOSC[ C5TRAL COMMITTEE & ITS ,G]MAN BRAN* (FICE AGA9/ 9DIVIDUAL T]ROR4 ,MUHSAM DID SO 9 HIS PAMPHLET4 0,DE$S ( 9DIVIDUAL VIOL5CE10 HE SAID1 0>E ACCORD+ TO ! ,M>XI/S TO BE REPUDIAT$1 BECAUSE !Y H9D] ! PLANN$ ACTION ( ! MASSES 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE & AS A RESULT PROVIDE ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y =CES ) ! WELCOME PRETEXT TO /RIKE BACK 9 REV5GE1 SO ?AT ! 5TIRE CLASS HAS TO PAY = ! CRIME ( ONE 9DIVIDUAL4 ,! BASIS = ?IS CONDEMNATION ( KILL+S1 >SON1 EXPROPRIATIONS & O!R POLITICALLY MOTIVAT$ ACTIONS IS QUITE OBVI\S4 ,IT DOES NOT D]IVE FROM MORAL CONSID]ATIONS1 :I* ONLY PLAY A V]Y SUBORD9ATE ROLE 9 ,M>XI/ ?\<T2 MASS T]ROR AS A POLITICAL MEANS ( /RUGGLE IS EXPRESSLY APPROV$ BY !SE 5EMIES ( 9DIVIDUAL T]ROR4 ,IT IS ! HO/ILITY ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN C5TRALI/S TO ALL 9DIVIDUAL DE$S ON ! P>T ( ! P]SONALITY ?AT ACTS 9 ACCORDANCE ) HIS [N REFLECTIONS2 !Y EV5 =BID ! SACRIFICE ( ONE'S LIFE ON BEHALF ( ONE'S REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS1 :5 ! DE$ IS NOT DECID$ UPON1 ORD]$ & SANCTION$ BY AU?ORITY40 

,! PROBLEM IS !RE=E H[ ! AN>*I/S %\LD CONDUCT !MSELVES )9 AN ORGANIZATION1 S9CE !Y ATTRIBUTE SU* GREAT VALUE TO ACTIONS & 9T]V5TIONS ON ! P>T ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,! AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION1 OR ! ORGANIZATIONS ?AT ! AN>*I/S RECOMM5D = ALL ( HUMANITY1 MU/ BE CON/RUCT$ UPON RESPECT = ! FRE$OM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,!RE MU/ BE NO C5TRAL COMMITTEE & NO LEAD]%IP CLIQUE 5D[$ ) SUPREME AU?ORITY2 ! DESIRE = COMM&1 P]SONAL AMBITION & C>E]ISM CANNOT >ISE 9 AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS1 BECAUSE !Y DO NOT (F] ANY SECURE C>E]S2 !RE IS NO OPPORTUNITY = C>E] ADVANCEM5T1 & ?AT IS :Y PEOPLE :O >E TRY+ TO RISE TO HI<] 9COME BRACKETS ON ! BACKS ( ! WORK]S KEEP AWAY FROM ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,NOR CAN ! AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION WORK = ITS [N PR(IT2 IT MU/ TAKE P>T 9 ALL COLLECTIVE ACTIONS1 IT MU/ HELP TO 9SPIRE !M1 GIVE !M 5C\RAGEM5T1 9FLU5CE ALL ! MOVEM5TS 9 PUBLIC LIFE1 9JECT ! SPIRIT ( FRE$OM 9TO ALL ! IMPULSES ( REVOLUTION>Y S5TIM5T4 ,IT IS NOT ( ! GREATE/ IMPORTANCE = AN>*I/S TO ORGANIZE 9 IDEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATIONS2 ! MO/ IMPORTANT ?+ = !M MU/ BE H[ TO PREP>E = ! ECONOMIC TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY BY ! AN>*I/S4 

,AN>*I/S HAVE ALWAYS BE5 ACCUS$ ( OP]AT+ ON ! PETTY B\RGEOIS T]RA9 ( ?\<T & ( NOT RIS+ TO ! LEVEL ( ! MAT]IALI/ DIALECTIC4 ,!Y >E V>I\SLY ACCUS$ ( BE+ UTOPIANS1 = !Y SEEK TO IMPROVE M5 FIR/ ( ALL & 0TO BUILD BY WAY ( ! EXPRESSION ( EV]Y TEMP]AM5T1 ) IDEALI/ BRICKS1 ! HI<E/ =M ( ECONOMY 9 SOCIALISM & COMMUNISM04 0,PRECISELY ! OPPOSITE IS TRUE10 ,MUHSAM SAID4 ,9 OP5 DEFIANCE ( ALL ,M>XI/ C5TRAL AU?ORITIES AN>*ISM REJECTS ALL ASPIRATIONS TO UNITE ! PROLET>IAT BY ANY O!R MEANS ?AN ON ! BASIS ( ECONOMIC F\NDATIONS4 

,MUHSAM ALSO >GU$ AGA9/ ?OSE AN>*I/S :O WANT$ TO PO/PONE EV]Y?+ UNTIL AFT] ! REVOLUTION4 0,AN>*I/S MU/ TRY TO CREATE 9/ITUTIONS 9 ! PRES5T1 PLANS = ! F$]ALI/ /RUCTURE ( ! ECONOMY 9 ! SOCIAL ORD] ?AT IS MATUR+ = ! REVOLUTION4 ,BECAUSE ! PEOPLE'S NE$ = FOOD DUR+ ! REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVAL MU/ BE ! CONC]N ( VOLUNT>ILY ASSOCIAT$ M51 ! AN>*I/S WILL HAVE TO SET !MSELVES ! TASK ( IMAG9+ ! DETAILS ( ! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION ( ! FUTURE SOCIETY & C>RY+ \T ! PRELIM9>Y WORK = ! TRANS=MATION ( ! CAPITALI/ 9TO ! SOCIALI/ ECONOMY4 ,! *ILDI% FANCY1 ACCORD+ TO :I* ! POSSESSION ( ! FACTORIES BY ! WORK]S & !IR SIMPLE CONT9U+ OP]ATION UND] ! CONTROL ( ! WORK]S WILL 9 ITSELF SIGNIFY ! PASSAGE ( ! REVOLUTION 9TO SOCIALISM1 IS AS ABSURD AS IT IS DANG]\S4 ,! POSSESSION ( ! FACTORIES IS C]TA9LY A MAGNIFIC5T MEANS ( /RUGGLE ( DIRECT 9T]V5TION1 BUT ONE ?AT IS SUITABLE = ! P]IOD BE=E & DUR+ ! P]IOD ( OV]?R[ ( CAPITALISM4 ,AFT] ! REVOLUTION :AT IS REQUIR$ IS ! COMPLETE TRANS=MATION ( ! ECONOMY4 ,! PREP>ATION = ?IS TRANS=MATION IS ! IMM$IATE PRACTICAL AFFAIR ( ! LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION>IES4 ,! AN>*I/S %\LD TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ?IS OPPORTUNITY TO 9VE/IGATE ! POSSIBILITIES ( SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION & TO /UDY H[ TO PROVIDE HEAL?Y ACCOMMODATIONS = ALL ! WORK]S1 ! ELD]LY1 ! SICK1 ! WOM5 & *ILDR52 TO /UDY :I* BA/IONS ( ,/ATE S]VITUDE1 ! PALACES & ! PRISONS1 ! C\R?\SES & PUBLIC BUILD+S WILL PROVE USEFUL = ?IS PURPOSE2 TO /UDY :I* E/ABLI%M5TS ( >T & KN[L$GE CAN BE TRANS=M$ 9TO E/ABLI%M5TS ( G5]AL 9/RUCTION2 :I* *UR*ES CAN BE CONV]T$ 9TO MEET+ HALLS1 COMMUNITY C5T]S & S*OOLS = $UCATION AGA9/ AU?ORITY & ! FAMILY1 OR 9TO FOCAL PO9TS ( PROSELYTISM = FRE$OM4 ,! AN>*I/S DO NOT DELIV] !IR PA9/AK+LY CALCULAT$ & DETAIL$ PROPOSALS TO GOV]NM5T DEP>TM5TS1 BUT TO ! RESPONSIBLE WORK+ CLASS AS A :OLE1 :I* WILL EXAM9E !M1 IMPROVE !M1 OV]SEE !IR EXECUTION BY ITS [N 9/ITUTIONS1 )\T EV] =GETT+ = A MOM5T ! ACTIVE COMMUNITY ( ALL4 ,!SE 9/ITUTIONS WILL EMBODY ! IMPULSIVE SOCIAL 5]GY ( ! REVOLUTION1 !Y WILL FROM ! V]Y MOM5T ( VICTORY GU>ANTEE & SAFEGU>D ! ORD] ( FRE$OM1 ! ECONOMY & ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! COMMUNITY 9 ! H&S ( ! SOCIALI/ WORK+ CLASS SOCIAL =MATIONS1 !Y WILL CREATE COMMUNI/ AN>*Y & WILL BE ! VEHICLES ( ! F$]ATION ( ! HUMAN & WORK+ CLASS ASSOCIATIONS 9 ! AN>*I/ COMMUNITY4 ,!SE 9/ITUTIONS >E ! FREE WORK]S & PEASANTS ,C\NCILS40 

,MUHSAM WAS A *AMPION ( ! ,C\NCILS4 ,IT IS ! ,C\NCIL IDEA ?AT IS MO/ *>ACT]I/IC ( HIS IDEA ( AN>*ISM4 ,AMONG ! V>I\S AN>*I/ T5D5CIES !RE >E /ILL DIV]G5T VIEWS ON ! C\NCIL SY/EM4 ,SOME >E 9 FAVOR ( IT2 SOME >E OPPOS$4 ,MUHSAM WAS A PASSIONATE ADVOCATE ( ! FREE C\NCIL SY/EM1 :I* 9 HIS VIEW HAD NO?+ TO DO ) ! SOVIET GOV]NM5T SU* AS IT EXI/S 9 ,RUSSIA TODAY4 ,SOME >E 9 FAVOR ( IT2 O!RS >E OPPOS$4 ,MUHSAM WAS EV5 ( ! VIEW ?AT IT IS ONLY 9 ! C\NCIL SY/EM ?AT ! REVOLUTION CAN PRES]VE FRE$OM4 ,H]E WE MU/ ATT5D TO ,MUHSAM'S [N WORDS1 SO ?AT HIS PO9T ( VIEW REG>D+ ?IS V]Y IMPORTANT PO9T CAN BE CL>IFI$3 

0,CONC]N+ ! ESS5CE1 ! MEAN+ & ! TASKS ( ! C\NCIL SY/EM10 ,MUHSAM SAID1 0! MO/ AMBIGU\S IDEAS COEXI/1 & EV5 9 ! LIB]T>IAN WORK+ CLASS ASSOCIATIONS !RE IS TOL]ATION = ! MO/ CONTRADICTORY 9T]PRETATIONS1 ) REG>D TO ! QUE/ION ( :E!R & TO :AT EXT5T C\NCILS MU/ BE CREAT$ & H[ !Y >E TO FUNCTION4444 ,EV5 :]E ! WORK]S & PEASANTS EM]G$ VICTORI\S FROM ! REVOLUTION UND] ! SLOGAN (1 ',ALL P[] TO ! ,C\NCILS'1 ! C\NCILS W]E TRANS=M$ 9TO S]VANTS ( ! ,/ATE & ! P>TY &1 9/EAD ( DET]M9+ PUBLIC ACTIVITY & ORI5T+ IT 9 A SOCIALI/ SPIRIT1 !Y W]E R$UC$ TO M]E TOOLS ( AU?ORITY4 ,:51 AS FREQU5TLY OCCURS1 ! AN>*I/S CONCLUDE FROM ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS ?AT ! :OLE IDEA ( ! C\NCILS HAS DEMON/RAT$ ITS ANTI-LIB]T>IAN *>ACT]1 !Y COMMIT ! SAME 9TELLECTUAL ]ROR ?AT IS COMMITT$ BY A P]SON :O WANTS TO D$UCE FROM ! CONDUCT ( ! ,/ATE'S JU/ICE SY/EM ?AT SOCIAL RI<TS CANNOT EXI/4 ,SU* FALSIFICATION ( ?\<T CAN NEV] REFUTE ! IDEA ( ! C\NCILS40 

0,9 TIMES ( REVOLUTION IT IS ! SPECIAL TASK ( ! C\NCILS TO C>RY \T ! CO]CIVE MEASURES ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS :I* >E NECESS>Y TO CRU% C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y PLOTS & TO PREV5T NEW GOV]NM5TAL 9/ITUTIONS FROM >IS+ :I*1 APP>5TLY SUPPORT+ C\NCIL P[] 9 ORD] TO =TIFY !IR [N P[] BEH9D ! C\NCILS1 UND] ! PRETEXT ( C\NT]+ ! ?REATS TO ! REVOLUTION1 CALL = A DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ORD] TO MAKE !MSELVES DICTATORS40 

,MUHSAM WAS 5TIRELY 9 FAVOR ( ! DEM&1 ',ALL P[] TO ! ,C\NCILS'1 A DEM& REJECT$ BY MANY AN>*I/S AS ,BOL%EVIK4 ,!Y P]CEIV$ ?AT ! SLOGAN1 ',ALL P[] TO ! ,C\NCILS' & ! =MULA1 ',DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,PROLET>IAT'1 W]E V]Y CLOSELY RELAT$1 & ,MUHSAM RECOGNIZ$ ?IS AS WELL4 ,HE WAS !RE=E COMPELL$ TO ADDRESS ! ISSUE ( DICTATOR%IP1 :I* = HIM1 AS ONE W\LD EXPECT FROM AN AN>*I/1 WAS ALL ! MORE NECESS>Y 9S(> AS MANY ( HIS COMRADES REJECT$ HIS VIEWS AS NON-AN>*I/4 ,H]E IS :AT HE SAID3 

0,AN>*I/S QUITE PRUD5TLY TRY TO USE ! EXPRESSION1 'DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT' AS SELDOM AS POSSIBLE1 EV5 ?\<1 9 ! PRECISE UND]/&+ ( ! CONCEPT ( ! C\NCILS1 & )\T ANY BIAS$ PRECONCEPTIONS1 IT CAN H>DLY BE UND]/OOD AS MEAN+ ANY?+ BUT ! CRU%+ ( ! RESI/ANCE AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION BY ! PROLET>IAN CLASS4 ,! VIOL5T REPRESSION ( C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y CONSPIRACIES BY >M$ /RUGGLE1 REVOLUTION>Y TRIBUNALS & ANY O!R APPROPRIATE K9D ( SECURITY MEASURES >E NECESS>Y TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! DEFEAT$ CLASS /ILL POSSESSES MEANS ( VIOL5CE & ! ?REAT EXI/S ( ATTACKS ON ! REVOLUTION>Y RI<TS ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,A REVOLUTION>Y DICTATOR%IP ( CLASS AGA9/ CLASS IS AN 9EVITABLE /AGE ( /RUGGLE1 BUT ?IS DICTATOR%IP IS NO?+ BUT ! REVOLUTION ITSELF4 ,H[EV]1 NO REVOLUTION>Y 9DIVIDUAL1 GR\P1 OR P>TY1 OR ANY FACTION ( ! REVOLUTION1 MU/ BE ATTRIBUT$ ) ! RI<T TO RULE & P]SECUTE SOCIALI/ PROLET>IANS1 REG>DLESS ( ! PRETEXT4 ,! ,M>XI/S UND]/& BY 'DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT' ! DICTATOR%IP ( A C5TRAL COMMITTEE ( ! P>TY1 TO :I* !Y ALSO GRANT ! P[] ( RULE OV] ! C\NCILS1 ! RI<T TO LEGISLATE1 ! RI<T TO TAX1 & ALL K9DS ( REPRES5TATIVE FUNCTIONS ON BEHALF ( ! REVOLUTION FROM DECL>ATIONS ( W> TO TREATIES ) =EIGN GOV]NM5TS4 ,?IS P>TY CLIQUE WAS SUPPOS$ TO OP]ATE AS A RUL+ P[] ONLY UNTIL ! COMPLETE E/ABLI%M5T ( SOCIALISM4 ,BUT S9CE ALL C5TRALI/ GOV]NM5T P[] IMPLIES ! ,/ATE1 & ) ! ,/ATE ! SWAY ( AU?ORITY1 & ! P>TICUL> POSITION ( ! PRIVILEG$1 & ! ATTACK ON EQUALITY1 SU* A DICTATOR%IP IS NO?+ BUT A NEW PREP>ATION = ! ROAD TO AN OPPRESSOR CLASS1 = A NEW K9D ( EXPLOITATION & = ALL ! EVILS ABOLI%$ BY ! REVOLUTION4 ,SOCIALISM WILL !RE=E NEV] BE A*IEV$ UND] ?IS SY/EM1 UND] ?IS ALLEG$ PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP1 & ! NEW ORD] WILL NEV] ABDICATE UNTIL IT IS OV]?R[N BY A NEW REVOLUTION 9 FAVOR ( ! C\NCILS4 ,! C\NCIL SY/EM IS A CREATIVE =CE1 )\T ! EMPLOYM5T ( ANY BUREAUCRACY1 )\T S]V+ ! P>TICUL> 9T]E/S ( 9DIVIDUALS1 )\T ANY K9D ( COMPREH5SIVE P[]1 & 9 ?IS RESPECT DEMON/RATES ITS AGREEM5T ) AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES4 ,ALL 9DIVIDUALS >E 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! C\NCIL ORGANIZATION1 & ! DISPAT* ( ?IS OR ?AT DELEGATE = ! PURPOSE ( OV]SEE+ ?IS OR ?AT S]VICE1 = ! DEBATE ON ?IS OR ?AT PLAN1 = ! DELIB]ATION OV] A PROBLEM ) REPRES5TATIVES FROM O!R C\NCILS1 = ! IMPLEM5TATION OR 9SPECTION ( A PROC$URE ?AT WAS CONSID]$ TO BE OR WAS DET]M9$ TO BE NECESS>Y = ! COMMUNITY1 = ACQUIR+ 9=MATION UPON :I* TO BASE A DECISION OR = ! EXAM9ATION ( A PROJECT UND]TAK5 BY ANO!R SECTOR1 DOES NOT CONF] UPON ! DELEGATES ANY PRIVILEGE COMP>$ TO ?OSE :O M&AT$ !M & 9 NO WAY RELEASES ! DELEGATES FROM !IR RESPONSIBILITIES AS DELEGATES44440 

0,:]EV] EXPLOITATION EXI/S 9 ANY =M1 ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ! C\NCILS MU/ BE EXCLUSIVELY ! 9/RUM5TS ( ! EXPLOIT$ & ! VICTIMS1 ?AT IS1 IF !Y >E PEASANT C\NCILS1 !Y MU/ RESPOND FIR/ ( ALL TO ! NE$S ( ! POOR PEASANTS1 ! DAY LABOR]S & ! VILLAGE POOR4 ,! URBAN WORK]S MU/ PAY P>TICUL> ATT5TION1 :5 CON/RUCT+ ! SOCIETY ( ! C\NCILS1 ?AT !Y >E C>EFUL TO OBS]VE ! F$]ALI/ *>ACT] ( ! SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+4 ,! ,C\NCIL ,/ATE1 :I* IS CLAIM$ TO BE A C5TRALI/ CONC5TRATION ( ! C\NCILS ( P>TICUL> T]RITORIES1 IS AN ABUSE ( ! ,C\NCIL IDEA = ! PURPOSE ( !IR ANNIHILATION & DIS5FRAN*ISEM5T4 ,A SOCIETY ( ,C\NCILS1 A ,C\NCIL ,REPUBLIC--! WORD1 ',REPUBLIC' BY NO MEANS IMPLIES A =M ( ,/ATE1 BUT SIGNIFIES ANY SELF-ADM9I/RATION ( A COMMUNITY BY ! PEOPLE--OR A ,C\NCIL ECONOMY1 >E ONLY IMAG9ABLE AS F$]ATIVE 9/ITUTIONS & CAN NEV] TAKE ! =M ( A ,/ATE OR FIT 9TO ! /RUCTURE ( A ,/ATE 9/ITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK4 ,! ,C\NCIL ,REPUBLIC IS E/ABLI%$ FROM ! BOTTOM UP4 ,ITS BASIC BUILD+ BLOCKS >E ! LOCAL URBAN & PEASANT C\NCILS4 ,!SE MAY BE 9=M$1 DEP5D+ ON !IR CONDITIONS & !IR NE$S1 VIA SPORADIC OR REGUL>LY S*$UL$ POPUL> ASSEMBLIES1 ( ! ACTIVITIES ( ! C\NCILS ( !IR DI/RICT OR WORKPLACE1 DEBATE1 CRITICIZE1 BROAD5 !IR P]SPECTIVES & PROPOSE !IR [N RESOLUTIONS4 ,!Y CAN ELECT COMMITTEES = P>TICUL> PURPOSES1 TO DEAL ) LOCAL PROBLEMS1 & !Y CAN DELEGATE TO P>TICUL> PEOPLE1 UND] ! CLOSE SCRUT9Y ( G5]AL AUDITORS1 ! EXECUTION ( M&AT$ TASKS4 ,!Y WILL RESOLVE ISSUES RELAT$ TO PUBLIC HEAL?1 CON/RUCTION1 TRAFFIC 9 CITY & VILLAGE1 $UCATIONAL & JURIDICAL AFFAIRS1 ! DEF5SE ( COMMON 9/ITUTIONS1 9 %ORT1 !Y WILL >RANGE AMONG !MSELVES EV]Y?+ ?AT CAN BE NATURALLY H&L$ BY ! DIRECTLY AFFECT$ P>TICIPANTS & LOCAL RESID5TS4 ,= EXAMPLE3 JU/ICE 9 ! ,/ATE CANNOT CREATE ANY RI<T1 BECAUSE IT JUDGES 9DIVIDUAL ACTIONS BY ! /&>DS E/ABLI%$ BY C5TRAL AU?ORITIES4 ,JU/ICE CAN ONLY BE S]V$ :]E ! P]SONALITY ?AT HAS BECOME SOCIALLY CULPABLE IS JUDG$ BY M5 :O UND]/& ! PSY*OLOGICAL & LOCAL CONDITIONS ( ! CASE1 )\T BE+ B\ND BY UNI=M PRESCRIPTIONS2 :]E NECESS>Y1 FUTURE H>M IS PREV5T$ = ! G5]AL GOOD4444 ,9 ! P]IOD ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TRANSITION ! LOCAL C\NCILS & ! CONGRESSES ( C\NCILS WILL BE =C$1 AT FIR/1 TO ATTRIBUTE TO ! MO/ ABLE 9DIVIDUALS1 ?OSE MO/ GIFT$ AS SPEAK]S & AS ORGANIZ]S = ! CONV9C+ ( ?OSE :O >E /ILL VACILLAT+1 /ILL 9 ! RUT ( /ATI/ WAYS1 ?OSE NOT ACCU/OM$ TO HAV+ CONFID5CE 9 !MSELVES1 ) AN 5TIRELY 9(F5SIVE AUTOCRATIC ROLE4 ,?IS WILL BE AN ISSUE ?AT ! AN>*I/S WILL HAVE TO WAT* VIGILANTLY TO PREV5T ! RISE ( ANY K9D ( AU?ORITY1 UNILAT]AL LEAD]%IP1 OR ABUSE1 & TO MAKE SURE ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT NEV] =GETS ITS MISSION1 :I* IS ?AT ( BE+ ! SPIRIT ( FRE$OM40 

0,IF ! ESS5CE ( ! C\NCILS IS UND]/OOD AS ! CONCEPT ( ! LIV+ H>MONY ( ! P]SONALITY & SOCIETY1 !N AN>*I/S CAN MAKE ! DEM&1 ',ALL P[] TO ! C\NCILS'1 )\T ANY RES]VATIONS4 ,MAYBE IT W\LD BE BETT] TO NEV] USE ! WORD1 'P[]'4 ,BUT ?IS DEM& HAS >IS5 PRECISELY 9 ! S5SE ?AT ALL ,/ATE ,P[] MU/ BE ANNIHILAT$1 ?AT ALL LEGISLATIVE & EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS MU/ BE EX]CIS$ BY ! REVOLUTION1 ?AT IS1 BY ! REVOLUTION>Y CLASS1 BY ! PROLET>IAT & ! PEASANTRY1 BY !IR REVOLUTION>Y 9/ITUTIONS1 ! C\NCILS1 :I* 9 TURN EMBODY ! TOTALITY ( ?OSE :O WORK = A LIV+4444 ,BUT S9CE ! DEM& = ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT HAS BECOME ! TRADEM>K ( ALL ,/ATE SOCIALI/S1 :O HAVE TRANS=M$ IT PRACTICALLY 9TO ! P[] ( ! RULE ( A P>TY CLIQUE1 & S9CE ! SOLUTION1 ',ALL P[] TO ! C\NCILS' IS ONLY PROCLAIM$ BY ! AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALI/S1 IT IS UNNECESS>Y TO WORRY AB\T ONE ,P[] BE+ OV]?R[N BY ANO!R 9 ?IS CASE4 ,IT W\LD1 H[EV]1 BE ADVISABLE1 9 ORD] TO EXCLUDE ANY CONFUSIONI/ 9T]PRETATION1 = ! AN>*I/S TO AGREE TO ! FOLL[+ COMPROMISE SOLUTION3 ,ALL RI<TS TO ! C\NCILS1 OR ALSO3 ',EV]Y?+ TO ! C\NCILS'1 ',ALL = ! C\NCILS1' OR1 :I* AM\NTS TO ! SAME ?+3 ',EV]Y?+ = EV]YBODY'40 

,9 ! PAGES ABOVE WE HAVE PROVID$ A COND5S$1 AL?\< NOT COMPREH5SIVE1 EXPOSITION ( ! IDEOLOGICAL & SPIRITUAL WORLD ( \R COMRADE1 ,]I* ,MUHSAM4 ,HIS IDEAS >E NOT AT ALL NEW = READ]S :O >E FAMILI> ) AN>*I/ ?\<T4 ,:AT MAY BE NEW1 H[EV]1 IS ONLY ! CONSI/5T AFFIRMATION ( ! IDEA ( ! C\NCILS & ! CL>IFICATION ( ! IDEA ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 :I* HE REJECT$ AS ! RULE ( A P>TY OR A CLIQUE1 BUT :I* HE ACCEPT$ AS VIOL5CE 9 ! REVOLUTION & AS CO]CIVE MEASURES TO SECURE ! REVOLUTION>Y CONQUE/S4 ,IT %\LD BE NOT$1 ) REG>D TO ,MUHSAM'S >GUM5TS1 ?AT ! LATT] COME FROM A TIME 9 :I* ! DEFEAT$ WORK+ CLASS WAS LAM5T+ ITS LO/ OPPORTUNITIES & WAS MAK+ AN EF=T TO UND]/& ITS PA/ MI/AKES4 ,MUHSAM BAS$ HIS >GUM5TS ON ,BAKUN91 BUT HE ALSO BAS$ !M ON ! EXP]I5CES ( ! ,RUSSIAN & ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTIONS1 & HE TRI$ TO ELABORATE A REVOLUTION>Y TACTIC & ! APPROPRIATE ORGANIZATION1 NOT ONLY TO DEF5D ! REVOLUTION>Y CONQUE/S1 BUT ALSO TO SAFEGU>D ! NEWLY->IS5 SOCIAL =MS CREAT$ BY ! REVOLUTION FROM ANY DEVIATIONS T[>D NEW =MS ( SLAV]Y4 

,WE MU/ NOT CONCLUDE \R EXPOSITION ( ,MUHSAM'S PR(ESSION ( FAI? 9 AN>*ISM )\T HI<LI<T+ ONE P>TICUL>LY IMPORTANT PO9T3 AN>*I/ MORALITY4 ,HE PROCLAIM$ ! DEM& MADE BY ALL AN>*I/S TO AVOID1 9 EV]Y CIRCUM/ANCE1 ! DEVI\S WAYS ( CONFLICT1 SL&]1 DEFAMATION1 ! CROOK$ PA?S = ! CONFUSION ( COMRADES & 5EMIES1 S9CE ?IS K9D ( 'ME?OD ( /RUGGLE'1 9TRODUC$ BY POLITICAL P>TIES 9TO ! WORK]S MOVEM5T1 BUT ABOVE ALL AS A RESULT ( ,L59'S WELL-KN[N RECOMM5DATIONS ?AT HAVE BECOME HABITUAL 9 ! COMMUNI/ P>TIES ( EV]Y C\NTRY1 UND]M9E ! P[] ( IDEAS1 :OSE =CE LIES 9 !IR PURITY4 0,! AU?ORIT>IAN ,M>XI/ P>TIES ATTRIBUTE NO VALUE :ATSOEV] TO MORALITY 9 ! /RUGGLE4 ,!Y DISPAT* G5]AL L9ES ( BEHAVIOR1 FROM ! TOP D[N1 TO !IR FOLL[]S1 BY MEANS ( :I* !Y BELIEVE !Y CAN GU>ANTEE !IR DISCIPL9E & OB$I5CE4 ,SUBMISSION TO !SE RULES1 :I* CAN *ANGE DEP5D+ ON ! CIRCUM/ANCES1 !Y CALL PROLET>IAN DISCIPL9E2 ALL P]SONAL REFLECTION BE=E ! 9ITIATION ( A /RUGGLE BY CONVICTIONS1 !Y CONDEMN AS B\RGEOIS PREJUDICE4 ,) ?IS K9D ( DIVISION BETWE5 B\RGEOIS & PROLET>IAN MORALITY1 ONE PLAYS ! MO/ DANG]\S GAME4 ,EQUALITY & RECIPROCITY CAN BE DEF9$ AS PROLET>IAN MORALITY AS OPPOS$ TO B\RGEOIS MORALITY ) ITS ME?ODS ( 5SLAVEM5T4 ,BUT IF Y\ TELL ! PROLET>IANS ?AT1 9 !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION !Y >E ALL[$ TO LIE & SL&]1 BACK/AB & BETRAY1 ON ANY OCCASION & EV5 )9 !IR [N /RUGGLES1 & ?AT !SE >E CLASS 9/RUM5TS1 !N !RE IS NO BETT] DEMON/RATION ?AT Y\ >E DEAL+ H]E ) ! CORRUPT+ MORALITY ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! SAME CORRUPT MORALITY ?AT MADE ! REVOLUTION AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE NECESS>Y 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 ,AN>*I/S REJECT A MORALITY ?AT D5IES ! ORIG9AL CONCEPTS ( RI<T & 9JU/ICE1 9 FAVOR ( MUTUAL TOL]ANCE1 & TRU?FULNESS TO ALL IS ! PRECONDITION ( VICTORY4 ,! ORD] ( FRE$OM DEP5DS ON ! S9C]ITY ( ALL ?OSE :O WANT TO E/ABLI% FRE$OM4 ,A NEW WORLD DOES NOT >ISE FROM V]BAL DECL>ATIONS4 ,! AN>*I/S1 :O WANT TO CREATE A NEW WORLD ( FRE$OM1 ( EQUALITY1 ( RECIPROCITY1 ( JU/ICE1 ( TRU? & ! ASSOCIATION ( ALL ) ALL1 HAVE TO CLO! !IR DECL>ATIONS ) !IR DE$S4 ,?AT IS1 !Y MU/ LEAD !IR LIVES AS !Y W\LD WANT EV]YONE TO LIVE 9 ! ,/ATELESS SOCIETY ( COMMUNISM40 

,& ?IS IS ! MO/ BEAUTIFUL /ATUE WE CAN BUILD TO COMMEMORATE ,]I* ,MUHSAM AFT] HIS T]RIBLE SUFF]+ & HIS TRAGIC DEA?3 S9CE HE PROVID$ ! MO/ SUBLIME EXAMPLE ( H[ TO LIVE A SIMPLE & UPRI<T LIFE1 BUT 9 A SELF-EFFAC+ WAY1 9 AGREEM5T ) HIS DOCTR9ES4 ,NO MATT] :AT HIS 5EMIES ACCUS$ HIM (1 !Y W\LD NEV] D>E TO IMPUGN HIS 9TEGRITY1 & ! FRANKNESS ( HIS ACTIVITY4 ,PRECISELY = ?IS REASON1 HE CAN S]VE AS ! MODEL = ALL ( US :O SEEK ! NEW MAN1 A MAN :O UNITES ! IDEAL & REALITY 9 HIMSELF & LIVES 9 AGREEM5T ) HIS PR9CIPLES4 

,]I* ,MUHSAM WAS ?AT NEW MAN4 

,! ,M>TYRDOM ( ,]I* ,MUHSAM 9 ! ,?IRD ,REI* 

,LONG BE=E ! NATIONAL SOCIALI/S TOOK P[]1 ! MO/ WELL KN[N REPRES5TATIVES ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT HAD RECEIV$ PUBLICLY ISSU$ DEA? ?REATS4 ,]I* ,MUHSAM WAS ONE ( ?OSE :O W]E MO/ AT RISK4 ,HE HAD S]V$ AS NEI!R A DEPUTY NOR AS A M9I/] 9 ! ,WEIM> ,REPUBLIC2 BUT HE WAS DEPICT$ AS ONE ( ! MO/ DANG]\S H]ETICS & CORRUPT]S 9 ,G]MANY4 ,YE>S BE=E1 ,MUHSAM HAD /OOD ALONGSIDE ,K>L ,LIEBKNE*T1 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 ,GU/AV ,L&AU] & ! O!RS :O W]E ASSASS9AT$ 9 ! REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#h-#a#i#a#i1 & ! NATIONAL SOCIALI/S RU$ ! FACT ?AT HE WAS /ILL ALIVE4 ,! NATIONAL SOCIALI/ /ORM TROOP]S W]E 9CIT$ AGA9/ HIM4 ,HIS PHOTOGRAPH WAS REPRODUC$ 9 ! ,HITL]IAN PRESS SO ?AT ! HORDES W\LD BE ABLE TO RECOGNIZE HIM & ASSASS9ATE HIM %\LD ! OPPORTUNITY >ISE4 ,HE W\LD BE ONE ( ! VICTIMS ( ! FAM\S 0,NI<T ( ! ,LONG ,KNIVES01 ! ,SA9T ,B>?OLOMEW'S ,DAY MASSACRE ?AT ,G]MAN NATIONAL SOCIALISM WAS PLANN+4 

,! 9CITEM5T TO MURD] ,MUHSAM WAS C>RI$ TO ! MO/ EXTREME L5G?S BY ! DAILY NEWSPAP]1 ,D] ,ANGRIFF1 :OSE *IEF $ITOR AT ! TIME WAS ! CURR5T M9I/] ( PROPAG&A1 :I* CLAIM$ ?AT ,MUHSAM WAS RESPONSIBLE = ! %OOT+S ( HO/AGES DUR+ ! REVOLUTION>Y EV5TS 9 ,MUNI* 9 #a#i#a#i4 ,?IS FALSE ALLEGATION1 :I* WAS FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 ,DECEMB] #aicb 9 ! NATIONAL SOCIALI/ PRESS1 WAS REFUT$ BY ,MUHSAM'S COMPANION1 :O S5T A LETT] ( CL>IFICATION TO ! PRESS 9 :I* %E PROV$ ?AT ,]I* ,MUHSAM HAD ALREADY BE5 >RE/$ ON ,APRIL #a#c1 #aiai BY ! ,BAV>IAN GOV]NM5T1 :]EAS ! HO/AGES W]E NOT %OT UNTIL ,APRIL #b#e4 ,MUHSAM WAS !RE=E 9 PRISON :5 ! HO/AGES W]E %OT1 & C\LD NOT1 ( C\RSE1 BE HELD RESPONSIBLE = ?AT ACTION4 ,! NATIONAL SOCIALI/ PRESS P]SI/$1 H[EV]1 9 CONTRADICTION ( ALL ! EVID5CE1 TO 9CITE ITS READ]S TO MURD] ,MUHSAM4 ,! 5TIRE NATIONAL SOCIALI/ PRESS NETWORK1 AS WELL AS ! ,S,A & ,S,S 9 ! CONC5TRATION CAMPS1 HAD BE5 S5T PHOTOGRAPHS ( ,MUHSAM1 ) ! CAPTION3 0,! MURD]] ( HO/AGES1 ,]I* ,MUHSAM04 

,MUHSAM KNEW ?AT ! CAMPAIGN ( DEFAMATION & 9CITEM5T TO MURD] TO :I* HE WAS BE+ SUBJECT$ W\LD LEAD TO HIS ASSASS9ATION4 ,:5 IT BECAME CLE> ?AT ! PROLET>IAT W\LD (F] NO RESI/ANCE AT ALL TO ! SEIZURE ( P[] BY ! NATIONAL SOCIALI/S1 & ?AT !RE W\LD BE NO /RUGGLE 9 :I* HE C\LD P>TICIPATE1 ,MUHSAM RESOLV$ TO FLEE ,G]MANY 9 ORD] TO ESCAPE HIS P5D+ ASSASS9ATION4 ,HE C\LD OBTA9 ! NECESS>Y PAP]S TO LEAVE ,G]MANY1 BUT BECAUSE HE WAS SO POOR1 AS HE WAS ALL HIS LIFE1 HE FIR/ HAD TO GA!R TOGE!R ! MONEY HE NE$$1 MONEY ?AT W\LD BE 9DISP5SABLE TO PROVIDE = HIS SURVIVAL DUR+ ! FIR/ FEW DAYS ( HIS J\RNEY4 ,F9ALLY1 HAV+ MADE ! NECESS>Y >RANGEM5TS1 HE DECID$ TO FLEE TO ,PRAGUE4 ,ON ! EV5+ ( HIS DEP>TURE HE WAS AT MY H\SE4 ,WE PLEAD$ ) HIM TO /AY ?AT NI<T ) US1 BUT HE REFUS$1 BECAUSE HE DID NOT WANT TO UNNECESS>ILY WORRY HIS COMPANION4 ,?IS SCRUPLE W\LD PROVE TO BE HIS UNDO+4 

,HE HAD ! TRA9 TICKET = HIS TRIP 9 HIS WALLET & HE PR\DLY %[$ IT TO ME1 BECAUSE HE WAS GO+ TO A CITY :]E !Y SPEAK ,G]MAN1 S9CE HE CONFESS$ HE C\LD NOT LIVE V]Y LONG 9 AN 5VIRONM5T :]E ,G]MAN WAS NOT SPOK54 ,= HIM1 AS A CREATOR1 ! LANGUAGE 9 :I* HE WROTE HIS WORKS WAS AN 9DISP5SABLE VITAL ELEM5T4 ,IT WAS ! NI<T ( ! BURN+ ( ! ,REI*/AG4 ,WE KNEW NO?+ ( ! T]RIBLE CRIME ?AT WAS BE+ /AG$ BY ! NATIONAL SOCIALI/S AT ?AT V]Y MOM5T1 A CRIME AGA9/ ! ,G]MAN PEOPLE & AGA9/ ALL ( CIVILIZATION4 ,MUHSAM W5T HOME TO HIS AP>TM5T ) ! 9T5TION ( CAT*+ ! MORN+ TRA9 = ,PRAGUE4 ,BUT TWO H\RS BE=E ! TRA9 WAS S*$UL$ TO DEP>T1 HE WAS DRAGG$ \T ( B$ BY ! POLICE1 >RE/$ & BR\<T TO ! ,B]L9 POLICE PRISON4 

,DUR+ ! FIR/ FEW WEEKS AFT] HIS >RE/1 HE WAS HELD AT ! POLICE PRISON 9 ,B]L9 & !N 9 PREV5TIVE DET5TION AT ! PRISON 9 ,SP&AU4 ,!RE1 ! PRISON]S W]E UND] ORD9>Y P5AL ADM9I/RATION2 ! GU>DS W]E /ILL REPUBLICANS1 :O DID NOT MAKE DI/9CTIONS 9 ! WAY !Y TREAT$ ! PRISON]S1 SO ?AT ,MUHSAM & ! O!R POLITICAL PRISON]S W]E NOT TREAT$ ANY WORSE ?AN ! O!R DETA9EES4 ,BUT ?IS *ANG$ :5 ,MUHSAM & A NUMB] ( HIS O!R COMRADES 9 CAPTIVITY W]E TRANSPORT$ TO ! ,SONN5BURG CONC5TRATION CAMP1 :I* HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 A MILIT>Y PRISON & WAS N[ BE+ US$ AS A CONC5TRATION CAMP4 

,MUHSAM WAS IMM$IATELY SUBJECT$ TO BRUTAL MI/REATM5T BY ! ,HITL]IAN GU>DS :O ESCORT$ HIM TO ! CONC5TRATION CAMP 7!Y W]E SPECIALLY SELECT$ /ORM TROOP]S74 ,ONE PRISON]1 :O WAS ALSO S5T 9 ! SAME TRANSPORT TO ,SONN5BURG ) ,MUHSAM1 REC\NT$ ?AT ,MUHSAM HAD TO MAKE ! J\RNEY FROM ! TRA9 /ATION AT ,SONN5BURG TO ! CAMP1 C>RY+ HIS SUITCASE1 ON FOOT1 & AT ! SAME PACE AS ! SOLDI]S4 ,:5 HE FALT]$1 & TRIPP$ & FELL--HE WAS %ORTSI<T$ & H>D ( HE>+--HE WAS BEAT5 & =C$ TO M>* BY ! SOLDI]S4 ,ONE ,S,A TROOP] PULL$ \T HIS REVOLV] & WANT$ TO KILL ,MUHSAM ON ! SPOT1 BUT HE WAS PREV5T$ FROM DO+ SO4 ,EV5 ! ,SONN5BURG] ,ANZEIG]1 A NATIONAL SOCIALI/ NEWSPAP]1 FEATUR$ AN >TICLE AB\T H[ ,MUHSAM WAS MI/REAT$ :5 HE WAS BR\<T TO ! CONC5TRATION CAMP4 

,AT ! CAMP1 A V]ITABLE HELL BEGAN TO UNFOLD = ,MUHSAM4 ,PRISON]S :O HAD BE5 RELEAS$1 OR ESCAP$1 HAVE REPORT$ ON ! M>TYRDOM TO :I* ! PRISON]S W]E SUBJECT$4 ,=EIGN J\RNALI/S HAVE VISIT$ ! CAMP2 BUT ! PRISON]S DID NOT D>E TELL !M ANY?+1 = !Y KNEW ?AT !IR M>TYRDOM W\LD BE MU* WORSE LAT] IF !Y DID4 ,]I* ,MUHSAM SUFF]$ MORE ?AN ANYONE ELSE4 ,ONE ( HIS COMRADES 9 ! PRISON WROTE ! FOLL[+ AB\T ,MUHSAM'S ,CALV>Y3 

0,ALMO/ SIXTY YE>S OLD1 V]Y WEAK & ) A V]Y BAD HE>T1 HE WAS =C$ TO 5GAGE 9 ! H>DE/ =MS ( LABOR4 ,HE HAD TO *OP FIREWOOD1 MOP ! FLOORS1 WA% ! W9D[S1 ALL ( IT UND] ! 'P]SONAL ATT5TION' ( ! ,S,A TROOP]S4 ,DUR+ ! EX]CISE P]IODS1 HE WAS ISOLAT$ FROM ! GR\P1 HUMILIAT$1 9SULT$1 SLAPP$ & KICK$4 ,9 MY PRES5CE1 HE WAS BEAT5 SO BADLY 9 ! CELL ?AT HE FELL TO ! FLOOR & ,I ?\<T ?AT HE HAD BE5 KILL$4 ,:5 A FEW COMRADES & ,I TRI$ TO PICK UP ! UNCONSCI\S MAN1 WE W]E PREV5T$ FROM DO+ SO4 ,! TORTUR]S W5T & F\ND A BUCKET ( WAT] & DUMP$ IT ON HIM TO MAKE HIM COME >\ND4 ,?IS WAS 9 ,OCTOB] & IT WAS ALREADY V]Y COLD4 ,ALMO/ EV]Y TIME !RE WAS A *ANGE ( ! GU>D1 HE WAS CALL$ TO ! DOOR1 :]E HE WAS SLAPP$ & ABUS$4 ,AS A RESULT ( !SE REPEAT$ BEAT+S1 ,MUHSAM W5T TOTALLY DEAF4 ,AFT] ONE P>TICUL>LY S]I\S BEAT+1 ,MUHSAM WROTE A LETT] ( COMPLA9T TO ! COMM&ANT4 ,?IS LETT] WAS BR\<T TO ! BLOCK W>D51 :O DID NOT DELIV] IT TO ! COMM&ANT1 BUT 9/EAD =W>D$ IT TO ! GU>D :O HAD MI/REAT$ ,MUHSAM4 ,! GU>D COMM&] CAME 9TO \R CELL ) ! COMPLA9T 9 HIS H& &1 9FURIAT$1 BEGAN TO MI/REAT ,MUHSAM AGA9 & =C$ HIM TO )DRAW ! COMPLA9T4 ,! BEAT+S & ABUSE CONT9U$ :5EV] !RE WAS A *ANGE ( ! GU>D4 ,HE WAS !RE = ONE WEEK44440 

,ANO!R PRISON]1 :O MANAG$ TO ESCAPE FROM ?IS 9F]NO1 WROTE A L5G?Y ACC\NT ( ! ABUSE & MI/REATM5T ( ! PRISON]S 9 ! PRISONS & 9 ! CONC5TRATION CAMPS ( ! ,?IRD ,REI*4 ,?IS IS :AT HE SAID1 UND] ! PSEUDONYM ( ,PET] ,CORNELIUS1 AB\T ,MUHSAM3 

0',9 ! SECTION :]E ,I WAS HELD1 ,I WAS TALK+ TO A Y\NG COMRADE :O WAS WORK+ AS A CU/ODIAN'1 UNCLE ,BREM] RECALL$4 ',HE WAS JU/ COM+ D[N ! CORRIDOR NE> MY CELL4 ,! GU>D COMPANY WAS 9 ! C\RTY>D1 DRILL+ ! PRISON]S4 ,AS A DISABL$ W> VET]AN1 ,I WAS EXEMPT FROM !SE EX]CISES4 ,!RE W]E NO ,S,A TROOP]S OR POLICE PRES5T4 ,ALL WE HE>D WAS ! %\TS1 ! SMACKS & ?UDS ( ! BL[S & ! B>K+ ( ORD]S FROM ! C\RTY>D40 

0',! CU/ODIAN & ,I HAD BECOME FRI5DS1 & FROM HIM ,I F\ND \T EV]Y?+ ?AT W5T ON 9 ! CAMP4'0 

0',HE CAME TO ! DOOR ( MY CELL1 & SLID+ ! COV] (F ! PEEPHOLE--:AT WE CALL$ ! ',JUDAS'--SAID1 ',LI/51 !Y WANT TO MAKE HIM GO CRAZY1 !Y WANT TO %OOT HIM4 ,!Y TRI$1 BUT HE LAU<$ AT ALL ( !M & %[$ !M ?AT HE WAS SUP]IOR TO !M'40 

0',I W5T TO ! PEEPHOLE & ASK$ HIM3 ',PLEASE TELL ME1 :O >E Y\ TALK+ AB\T1 BUDDY8'0 

0',MUHSAM'1 HE SAID1 ',]I* ,MUHSAM'40 

0',I UND]/OOD4 ,HE WAS A ROCK 9 ! /ORMY SEA TO :I* ONE CL+S4 ,HE WAS A MODEL = US ALL4 ,WE ?\<T ( HIM1 AT NI<T DUR+ ! POGROMS1 :5 ! :IPS W]E CRACK+ 9 ! AIR1 :5 ! RUBB] TRUN*EONS W]E BEAT+ D[N ON \R BACKS1 \R >MS & \R FEET4'0 

0',IT WAS AT DAWN'1 ! CU/ODIAN SAID4 ',A SQUAD ( ,S,A TROOP]S 5T]$ HIS CELL4 ,! COMM&] WAS 9 ! LEAD2 HE READ1 ) FI]CE GE/URES1 AN ORD] ?AT WAS A DEA? S5T5CE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ORD]1 ,MUHSAM WAS TO BE %OT 9 HALF AN H\R4'0 

0',MUHSAM DID NOT EV5 LOOK AT ! MAN1 HE DID NOT DO HIM ! DIGNITY ( LOOK+ AT HIM4 ,HE WAS V]Y F> AWAY 9 HIS [N ?\<TS4 ,ON HIS LIPS1 !RE WAS A SMILE4'0 

0',F9I% ME (F AT ONCE1' HE SAID TO ! COMM&] ( ! SQUAD4 ',MY ROAD HAS BE5 A LONG ONE & ,I AM TIR$'40 

0',!Y HAD EXPECT$ ,MUHSAM TO ?R[ HIMSELF ONTO ! GR\ND1 TO BEG = =GIV5ESS & TO PLEAD = M]CY4 ,9/EAD1 !RE HE WAS /&+ BE=E !M1 A MAN ( UNCONQU]ABLE GREATNESS4'0 

0',EMBITT]$ & CONFUS$1 !Y DEP>T$4'0 

0',!Y BR\<T ,MUHSAM TO ! C\RTY>D4 ,! ,S,A SQUAD ?AT WAS TO C>RY \T ! EXECUTION WAS >M$ & READY4 ,!Y LOAD$ !IR RIFLES4 ,MUHSAM WAS /OOD UP ) HIS FACE TO A WALL4 ,ABOVE1 ! BLUE SKY1 :]E SOME LITTLE :ITE CL\DS W]E GA!R$1 :I* SEEM$ LIKE A H]D ( %EEP 9 SE>* ( ! PROTECTION ( ! %EPH]D AGA9/ ALL DANG]4 ,A MURD] ( CR[S FLEW OV] ! PRISON T[>DS ! NOR?4 ,ABOVE1 ALL WAS /ILL FREE4'0 

0',A /ORM TROOP] TOOK A %OVEL & H&$ IT TO ,MUHSAM1 %\T+3'0 

0',H]E6 ,TAKE ?IS %OVEL1 Y\ DIRTY ,JEW1 & DIG Y\R [N GRAVE4'0 

0',MUHSAM TOOK ! %OVEL1 C>EFULLY1 AS A MO!R W\LD H&LE H] BABY4 ,!N1 ) ! H&LE FIRMLY GRIPP$ 9 HIS H&S HE ?REW IT AT ! LEGS ( ! /ORM TROOP]1 RIPP$ OP5 HIS PRISON %IRT1 %[+ HIS B>$ BREA/1 & %\T$1 SO L\D ?AT Y\ C\LD HE> HIM ?R\<\T ! :OLE CAMP3'0 

0',H]E ,I AM4 ,%OOT1 Y\ DOGS2 BUT ,I DON'T HAVE TO DIG MY [N GRAVE4'0 

0',HE /OOD BE=E ! EXECUTION SQUAD AS !IR ACCUS]4 ,! ,S,A TROOP]S W]E SIL5T2 !Y W]E CONFUS$ & DID NOT KN[ :AT TO DO4'0 

0',F9ALLY1 ! COMM&] %\T$ AN ORD]4 ,!Y RETURN$ ,MUHSAM TO HIS CELL4 ,AS A RESULT ( HIS SPIRITUAL SUP]IORITY & ! /R5G? ( HIS S\L1 HE HAD WON'40 

0',WE HE>D /EPS COM+ D[N ! HALL1 & ! CU/ODIAN CLOS$ ! COV] ( ! PEEPHOLE4'0 

0',\T ( PRIDE & HAPP9ESS1 ,I BIT MY LIPS UNTIL !Y BL$'40 

0,UNCLE ,BREM] PAUS$ = A MOM5T1 !N HE CONT9U$30 

0',YES1 ,PET]1 !Y CAN MURD] US & ABUSE US4 ,!Y CAN DE/ROY \R FAMILIES1 IMPRISON \R MO!RS1 DAU<T]S1 FA!RS & SONS2 !Y CAN DO ANY?+ !Y WANT TO US1 BUT !Y CANNOT ROB US ( \R MORAL =CE & \R CONVICTIONS4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT WE >E SUP]IOR1 & ?IS IS ! S\RCE ( \R /R5G?2 ?AT IS :Y1 9 ! 5D1 WE %ALL BE VICTORI\S & WILL M>* T[>DS FRE$OM & SOCIALISM4'0 

,ANO!R COMRADE :O WAS IMPRISON$ ) ,MUHSAM REC\NTS ?AT ! BR[N-%IRT$ TORTUR]S WANT$ TO =CE ,]I* ,MUHSAM TO S+ ! 0,HOR/ ,WESSEL0 SONG1 & :5 HE REFUS$1 HE WAS BEAT5 SO SAVAGELY ?AT HE LO/ CONSCI\SNESS4 ,DUR+ ?AT NI<T1 H[EV]1 HE SANG ! BATTLE SONG ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT1 0,! ,9T]NATIONALE01 9 ! MORTAL SIL5CE ( ! CAMP4 ,HE WAS DRAGG$ FROM HIS CELL & BEAT5 AGA9 UNTIL HE HAD TO BE S5T TO ! 9FIRM>Y4 

,AFT] HE WAS RELEAS$ FROM ! 9FIRM>Y1 HE DID NOT RETURN TO ,SONN5BURG1 BECAUSE ! CAMP WAS DECOMMISSION$4 ,MUHSAM WAS !N BR\<T TO ! PRISON AT ,PLOTZ5SEE1 NE> ,B]L94 ,!RE1 HE WAS UND] ! SUP]VISION ( ORD9>Y GU>DS1 & HE WAS TREAT$ SOME:AT BETT]4 ,HE WAS ALL[$ TO WRITE 9 HIS DI>Y & WAS NOT TORTUR$4 ,A COMRADE :O WAS ALSO HELD AT ,PLOTZ5SEE WROTE ! FOLL[+ AB\T ,MUHSAM 9 AN >TICLE ?AT APPE>$ 9 ! COMMUNI/ NEWSPAP]1 ,GEG5 ,ANGRIFF3 

0,I SAW HIM = ! FIR/ TIME AT ,PLOTZ5SEE4 ,EV]Y DAY1 AFT] ! SECOND H\R ( RECREATION1 :I* TOOK PLACE AT T51 A SOLIT>Y MAN WALK$ ) RAPID /EPS ACROSS ! GREAT C\RTY>D4 ,HIS BODY WAS SOME:AT /OOP$1 HIS H&S BEH9D HIS BACK4 ,! GU>DS W]E WAT*+ HIM4 ,AT TIMES ?IS MAN RAIS$ HIS HEAD A LITTLE & LOOK$ AT ! R[ ( B>R$ W9D[S1 BUT !N L[]$ IT AGA9 & GAVE ! IMPRESSION ( BE+ DEEP 9 ?\<T4 ',?AT'S ,]I* ,MUHSAM'1 MY CELLMATE SAID DUR+ ! RECREATION P]IOD40 

0,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ,SEPTEMB]1 WE W]E TRANSPORT$ TO ,BR&5BURG1 TO ! OLD MILIT>Y PRISON4 ,DUR+ ! FIR/ ?REE WEEKS1 WE H>DLY EV5 KNEW WE W]E 9 ,BR&5BURG4 ,:51 E>LY 9 ! MORN+1 %ORTLY AFT] WE AWOKE1 & WE HE>D ! CRY1 ',JEWS1 GET \T H]E6'1 HE HAD TO GET HIS SPONGE & BUCKET4 ,HIS BODY WAS BATT]$ FROM LONG YE>S 9 PRISON4 ,HE WAS H>D ( HE>+4 ,HE C\LD H>DLY B5D OV]4 ,WE SOON BECAME AW>E ( HIS CONDITION & SQUABBL$ AMONG \RSELVES = ! RI<T TO DO HIS WORK2 BUT ?IS WAS TO NO AVAIL4 ,:5 ! PRISON GU>DS SAW ?IS1 HE WAS REASSIGN$ MORE WORK & HAD TO WA% ! /AIRWELLS AGA94 ,IF HE DID NOT WORK FA/ 5\<1 !Y KICK$ HIM40 

0,ONE NI<T1 WE HE>D ! H+ES ON ! IRON DOORS CREAK AGA93 ',ATT5TION6 ,EV]YONE ON !IR FEET6' ,TWO PRISON GU>DS APPE>$4 ',MUHSAM1 FRONT & C5T]6' ,ONE ( ! PRISON GU>DS1 A BIG FELL[ ) BROAD %\LD]S1 HAD A COPY ( ,>BEIT]TUMS 9 HIS H&4 ',MUHSAM1 H]E IS AN >TICLE AB\T Y\4' ,& !N HE ADDRESS$ ! RE/ ( US3 ',Y\ HAVE AN IMPORTANT FIGURE AMONG Y\6 ,MUHSAM1 :]E W]E Y\ 9 #a#i#a#i8 ,9 ,MUNI*8 ,W]5'T Y\ SOME K9D ( GOV]NM5T M9I/]8' ,]I* ,MUHSAM /OOD BE=E ! PRISON GU>D & SPOKE CALMLY4 ',9 #aiai ,I WAS A MEMB] ( ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,MUNI* ,C\NCIL ,REPUBLIC4' ,! PRISON GU>D RETORT$3 ',& :AT DID Y\ DO !RE8' ,MUHSAM ANSW]$1 ',I WAS TRY+ TO MAKE ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4' ',/UPIDITY6'1 ! GU>D %\T$1 & PUN*$ ,MUHSAM 9 ! FACE4 ,! O!R GU>D GAVE ,MUHSAM ANO!R PUN*4 ',TW5TY-TWO HO/AGES1 Y\ PIG2 Y\ HAD !M %OT4' ,]I* TRIPP$ OV] A B5* & FELL ON A /RAW MATTRESS4 ,! GU>DS FELL UPON HIM & CONT9U$ TO HIT HIM4 ,WE /OOD /ILL1 CL5*+ \R FI/S & \R TEE?1 & WE HAD TO BE CONT5T ) WAT*+ :AT HAPP5$4 ,EXP]I5CE HAD TAU<T US ?AT ! MO/ 9SIGNIFICANT GE/URE W\LD GET US TWO WEEKS ( PUNI%M5T & PUT US 9 ! HOSPITAL40 

0,! PRISON GU>DS PICK$ UP ,]I* & R\<LY TOLD HIM3 ',LET'S GO1 Y\ WON'T DIE 9 ?IS LITTLE HOLE4' ,ONE ( !M RO>$ AGA93 ',IS ?IS H[ Y\ DID IT 9 ,MUNI*8' ,ONE ( ,]I*'S EYES WAS BLE$+4 ,HIS VOICE QUIV]$ SLI<TLY4 ,HE SPOKE3 ',:5 ! TW5TY-TWO HO/AGES W]E %OT 9 ,MUNI*1 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T ?AT WAS 9 P[] AT ! TIME HAD ALREADY IMPRISON$ ME4' ,ONE ( ! PRISON GU>DS RAIS$ HIS FI/ AGA93 ',Y\ W]E 9 JAIL1 W]E Y\1 PIG8 ,Y\R MA/]S PUT Y\ 9 JAIL BECAUSE !Y W]E AFRAID ?AT Y\ W\LD BE %OT D[N 9 ! /REET1 & ?AT IS :Y Y\ W]E LEAD+ ! REVOLUTION FROM JAIL4 ,JEWI% PIG6' ,]I* ABSORB$ ANO!R PUN*4 ,HE FELL ONTO ! /RAW MATTRESS4 ,! PRISON GU>DS SURR\ND$ HIM1 PUN*+ & KICK+ HIM4 ,LAT] !Y TURN$ TO US1 & ONE ( !M SAID3 ',H]E Y\ CAN SEE JU/ H[ MIS]ABLE ! LEAD]S Y\ HAVE FOLL[$ >E4 ,HAVE Y\ F9ALLY UND]/OOD8' ,NONE ( US SAID A WORD4 ,WE /OOD ) \R FACES FROZ5 9 ANXIETY4 ,! PRISON GU>DS /RAI<T5$ UP !IR UNI=MS & LEFT4 ,! IRON DOORS CREAK$40 

0,ONE EV5+1 ! DOORS CREAK$ AGA93 ',MUHSAM1 GET \T H]E2 WE HAVE TO CUT Y\R HAIR4' ,WE C\LD HE> ,MUHSAM PROTE/+ ?R\< ! ,JUDAS & ?R\< ! DOOR4 ,TO NO AVAIL4 ,:5 HE RETURN$1 HE WAS COMPLETELY DISFIGUR$4 ,HIS HEAD WAS BALD & P>T ( HIS BE>D HAD BE5 %AV$4 ,IT WAS V]Y H>D TO MAKE ONESELF UND]/OOD :5 ONE TALK$ TO ,MUHSAM4 ,HIS HE>+ HAD BE5 IMPAIR$ AS A RESULT ( ALL ! BEAT+S HE HAD RECEIV$40 

0,! #b#d? ( ,OCTOB] WAS A HORRIBLE DAY4 ,9 ! EV5+1 WE HE>D IT AGA93 ',JEWS1 GET \T H]E6' ,?R\< ! IRON DOORS1 WE HE>D BL[S DELIV]$ ) REGUL> FREQU5CY4 ,AFT] AN H\R1 \R F\R ,JEWS RETURN$4 ,BUT ,MUHSAM WAS /ILL \TSIDE4 ,ONE TOLD ME3 ',FIR/ WE HAD TO PLAY LIKE *ILDR51 & WE HAD TO POKE EA* O!R ) \R F+]S2 !N WE HAD TO HIT EA* O!R ) \R H&S4 ,G5]ALLY1 WE FAK$ ! BL[S1 BUT :5 ! PRISON GU>D NOTIC$ ?IS1 HE SAID3 ',?AT IS NOT H[ IT IS DONE4 ,Y\ HAVE TO DO IT LIKE ?IS4' ,& HE HIT ,MUHSAM 9 ! FACE AS H>D AS HE C\LD4 ,WE HAD TO IMITATE HIM4 ,A HALF H\R LAT]1 ,MUHSAM RETURN$1 /AGG]+4 ,HIS FACE WAS BRUIS$ & SWOLL54 ,HIS EYES W]E BLOOD%OT4 ,:5 ! PRISON GU>DS LEFT1 HE FELL ON HIS /RAW MATTRESS4 ,WE TRI$ TO HELP HIM4 ',?OSE PIGS SPIT 9 MY M\?4'0 

0,ON ! FOLL[+ DAY1 HIS LEFT E> WAS 5ORM\SLY SWOLL51 & HIS E> CANAL HAD A L>GE BLI/]4 ,BO? ( HIS EYES W]E BLACK & BLUE1 & BLOOD%OT4 ,! GU>DS TAUNT$ HIM3 ',:]E DID Y\ GET ?OSE EYEGLASSES8' ,HE SP5T EI<T DAYS LIKE ?IS 9 ! PRISON )\T ANY M$ICAL TREATM5T4 ,!N HE WAS S5T TO ! 9FIRM>Y4 ,%ORTLY BE=E HE WAS TAK5 AWAY1 HE SAID TO ME3 ',Y\ KN[3 DEA? DOES NOT FRI<T5 ME4 ,BUT ?IS SL[ MURD]1 IT IS HORRIBLE4'0 

,ANO!R PRISON] AT ! ,BR&5BURG CAMP REC\NT$ H[ A MONKEY HAD ESCAP$ FROM A TRAVEL+ CIRCUS & F\ND HIS WAY 9TO ! CONC5TRATION CAMP4 ,! PRISON]S ADOPT$ ! ANIMAL1 & PLAY$ ) HIM1 ESPECIALLY ,MUHSAM1 :O WAS A GREAT LOV] ( ANIMALS4 ,9 ORD] TO TORTURE ,MUHSAM1 ! GU>DS TORM5T$ ! MONKEY & !N %OT HIM RI<T BE=E ,MUHSAM'S EYES4 

,ELEV5 DIFF]5T PRISON]S :O W]E 9C>C]AT$ ) ,MUHSAM MADE DECL>ATIONS BE=E WITNESSES & SUBMITT$ WRITT5 REPORTS CONC]N+ ! %OCK+ TORTURES TO :I* ,MUHSAM WAS SUBJECT$ 9 ! V>I\S PRISONS & CONC5TRATION CAMPS4 ,EV]Y DAY ,MUHSAM 5DUR$ M>TYRDOM1 BUT WORLD OP9ION REMA9$ SIL5T4 ,NONE ( ! T5S ( ?\S&S ( PRISON]S DETA9$ 9 ! CONC5TRATION CAMPS UND]W5T ! SAME T]RIBLE TORTURES ?AT W]E 9FLICT$ ON ,MUHSAM4 

,MUHSAM'S COMPANION1 :O HAD ALWAYS BRAVELY /OOD BY HIS SIDE1 LEFT ,G]MANY AFT] HIS MURD] & WROTE AN >TICLE 9 ,AUFRUF1 A MAGAZ9E PUBLI%$ 9 ,PRAGUE BY ! ,LEAGUE = ,HUMAN ,RI<TS1 REG>D+ ,MUHSAM'S LA/ DAYS3 

0,:51 = EXAMPLE1 9 ,JANU>Y ( ?IS YE> 7#a#i#c#d7 HE WAS EXPRESSLY ALL[$ TO RECEIVE HOT C(FEE1 AN ,S,A TROOP] YANK$ ! !RMOS \T ( MY H& & SAID !SE WORDS3 ',HALT6 ,Y\ WON'T BE TAK+ ANY ( ?IS LIQUOR TO ?AT FIL?Y ,JEW4' ,IT CAUSES ME A GREAT DEAL ( PA9 TO WRITE AB\T ! 9HUMAN WAY !Y TORTUR$ ,]I*4 ,H[ !Y BROKE HIS ?UMBS1 H[ !Y SPIT 9 HIS M\?1 H[ !Y MADE HIM EAT DIRT1 ETC4 ,MANY ( HIS COMRADES 9 PRISON VISIT$ ME AFT] !Y W]E FRE$1 & HALT+LY DESCRIB$ ,MUHSAM'S UNBREAKABLE SPIRIT4 ,:5 ,]I* ONCE AGA9 RETURN$ TO HIS COMRADES COV]$ ) BLOOD & SEMI-CONSCI\S1 AFT] ONE ( ! SADI/IC TORTURE SESSIONS1 & ONE ( HIS 9DIGNANT COMRADES WANT$ TO COMPLA9 AB\T HIS TREATM5T1 ,MUHSAM TOLD HIM3 ',DON'T BO!R2 GO PLAY A GAME ( *ESS2 ?AT W\LD BE BETT]4'0 

,IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO GO 9TO DETAILS AB\T ALL ! TORTURES TO :I* ,MUHSAM WAS SO BRUTALLY SUBJECT$4 ,AT ! ,ORANI5BURG CONC5TRATION CAMP1 ! LA/ CAMP TO :I* HE WAS S5T1 HIS SITUATION DID NOT IMPROVE4 ,IT WAS !RE ?AT HE W\LD BE MURD]$4 ,ON ! GREAT NI<T ( MURD]S ( ,JULY #c#a1 #a#i#c#d1 ,HITL] WANT$ TO LIQUIDATE ?OSE FRI5DS ( HIS ?AT W]E TOO CLOSE TO HIM AS WELL AS HIS 5EMIES4 ,! ,S,A TROOP]S W]E NO LONG] TRU/WOR?Y 5\< = ,HITL]4 ,EV5 ?\< !Y HAD TORTUR$ ,MUHSAM & ?\S&S ( O!R VICTIMS1 !Y KNEW TOO MU* & /ILL HAD FAI? 9 NATIONAL SOCIALISM4 ,!Y W]E !RE=E DISSOLV$ BY ! ,S,S UNITS1 ,HITL]'S PRIVATE GU>D CORPS4 ,!SE 9DIVIDUALS1 B\<T BY ,GOR+ = ! PURPOSE ( TORM5T+ ! PRISON]S1 MURD]$ ,MUHSAM ON ! NI<T ( ,JULY #i4 ,ACCORD+ TO ONE ( ! COMRADES 9 ! PRISON1 !Y PUT A ROPE >\ND HIS NECK & TWI/$ IT UNTIL HE WAS /RANGL$4 ,! NEWS BROADCA/ BY ! NATIONAL SOCIALI/ PRESS ?AT HE HAD COMMITT$ SUICIDE IS A LIE4 ,%ORTLY BE=E HIS MURD]1 ,MUHSAM TOLD HIS COMPANION1 ON ! OCCASION ( ONE ( H] VISITS3 0,:ATEV] HAPP5S1 DO NOT BELIEVE !M IF !Y SAY ,I COMMITT$ SUICIDE40 

,]I* ,MUHSAM'S ,CALV>Y 9 ! ,?IRD ,REI* IS AS %OCK+ AN ORDEAL AS ONE CAN IMAG9E4 ,NOT S9CE ! TIMES ( ! MIDDLE AGES & ! BONFIRES ( ! ,9QUISITION1 HAS A MAN BE5 P]SECUT$ & TORTUR$ = HIS IDEAS AS ! NATIONAL SOCIALI/S TREAT$ !IR VICTIMS1 ESPECIALLY ,]I* ,MUHSAM1 :O1 NOT ONLY DUE TO HIS LIFE & HIS A*IEVEM5TS1 BUT ESPECIALLY BECAUSE ( ! SUFF]+ HE 5DUR$1 HAS BECOME A H]OIC FIGURE = ! 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAT4 ,HE WILL BE REMEMB]$ & HE WILL BE SPOK5 ( ) RESPECT & ADMIRATION :ILE ! MEMORY ( HIS MURD]]S WILL BE ACCURS$ BY ALL ( HUMANITY4 ,HE DI$ LIKE A KNI<T ( FRE$OM1 AS A S9C]E & REBELLI\S COMBATANT4 ,HE WAS A SPOKESP]SON1 FE>LESS & UNBLEMI%$1 = ! OPPRESS$ & ! P]SECUT$2 A BRAVE MILITANT 9 ! PROLET>IAN /RUGGLE = FRE$OM2 A P[]FUL H]ALD ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM & AN>*ISM1 & HE WAS1 ABOVE ALL1 A VALIANT M>TYR = FRE$OM4 ,HIS SPIRIT WAS /RONG & FLEXIBLE2 LIKE A /EEL BULLET ON A /ONE PAVEM5T1 ?AT WAS H[ HIS G5IUS DEFLECT$ EV]Y SURFACE IMPACT & ALL CONTACT ) ! 5EMY4 ,:AT UNIQUELY DI/+UI%$ HIM WAS HIS /EADY *>ACT]4 ,A MA/] ( LANGUAGE1 POET ( ! HI<E/ RANK & A GREAT WRIT]1 HE DID NOT WANT TO HAVE AU?ORITY OV] ANYONE4 ,GIFT$ ) CUTT+ SPIRITUAL WEAPONS1 HE KNEW WELL ?AT ! /RUGGLE = ! ABOLITION ( ! P[]S ( OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION WAS /ILL DIFFICULT & W\LD CO/ MANY VICTIMS4 ,& HE WAS ONE ( ! NOBLE/ VICTIMS ( ALL4 

,9 ,MUHSAM1 ! 9T]NATIONAL AN>*I/ MOVEM5T LO/ A COMBATANT & A REPRES5TATIVE :O1 DESPITE HIS AGE1 DESPITE HIS PA/ SUFF]+S & ! M>KS !Y LEFT 9 HIM1 F\<T AT \R SIDE4 ,MUHSAM'S LIFE WAS AN EXAMPLE & A MODEL = US ALL4 ,WE %ALL HONOR HIS MEMORY BY MAK+ A COMMITM5T TO CONT9UE TO FI<T = ! LIB]ATION ( ! OPPRESS$ & ! EXPLOIT$1 AS HE DID4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #a#a1 #bba 3 ,MUHSAM1 ,]I*3 ,HIS LIFE1 HIS WORK1 HIS M>TYRDOM -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #f1 #bbb 3 ,MUHSAM1 ,]I*3 ,HIS LIFE1 HIS WORK1 HIS M>TYRDOM -- ,UPDAT$4 

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