,MORE ,MODE/Y ,ALL ,>\ND3 ON ,B>CLAY'S ,! ,/ATE 

#bg 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,BOB ,BLACK 

,TEXT 3 

,ACCORD+ TO ,H>OLD ,B>CLAY1 A RETIR$ ,CANADIAN AN?ROPOLOGI/1.<#a.> IF HIS BOOK ,! ,/ATE IS UNIQUE1 IT IS UNIQUE 9 ANALYZ+ ! NATURE & ORIG9S ( ! /ATE BY COMB9+ ! P]SPECTIVES ( AN>*I/ !ORY ) EMPIRICAL AN?ROPOLOGY 7#i74.<#b.> ,READ]S ( ,KROPOTK91 ONE ( ! F\ND]S ( ,B>CLAY'S PUBLI%]1 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 MI<T QUE/ION ?AT4 ,PR(ESSOR ,EM]ITUS ,B>CLAY KN[S BETT]2 HE HAS ELSE:]E DISCUSS$ ,KROPOTK9'S E?NOLOGICAL !ORIES4 ,9 HIS ,PEOPLE ,)\T ,GOV]NM5T3 ,AN ,AN?ROPOLOGY ( ,AN>*ISM .<,P,W,G.>1 ,B>CLAY WAS MORE MODE/3 0,!RE >E SIMIL>ITIES BETWE5 :AT IS PROPOS$ = ?IS 9VE/IGATION & SOME ( ! WORKS ( ,KROPOTK91 NAMELY1 HIS ,! ,/ATE3 ,ITS ,HI/ORIC ,ROLE  &  ,MUTUAL ,AID40.<#c.> 

,REALLY HE %\LD C>RY HIS MODE/Y /ILL FUR!R4 ,IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE TO SAY ?AT !RE >E /RIK+ SIMIL>ITIES BETWE5 ,B>CLAY'S ,! ,/ATE & ,B>CLAY'S ,P,W,G -- PP4 #a#g-#b#a ( BO? BOOKS1 AMONG O!R PASSAGES1 >E VIRTUALLY ID5TICAL4 ,B>CLAY BELIEVES ?AT ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL EVID5CE SU/A9S AN>*ISM1 BUT TO F9D IT1 Y\ HAVE TO READ ! E>LI] BOOK1 :I* IS SOME:AT BETT]1 OR LESS BAD4 ,?IS ONE MAY =TIFY ! FAI?FUL BUT IT WILL NOT CONV]T ANYONE4 ,9 FACT ITS IMPLICATIONS = MOD]N AN>*Y >E DISC\RAG+4 

,UN=TUNATELY1 PREFATORY OBJECTIONS ( =M & =MAT MU/ BE /AT$4 ,EV5 IF IT MADE EV]Y WORD C\NT1 A #ig PAGE 0POCKETBOOK0 C\LD NOT DO JU/ICE TO ITS ANN\NC$ TOPICS1 ! NATURE & ORIG9S ( ! /ATE4 ,! DISCUSSION ( ! NATURE ( ! /ATE IS HOPELESSLY BRIEF & SUP]FICIAL 7#a#a- #b#e71 & LIFT$ )\T ACKN[L$GM5T FROM ! E>LI] BOOK4.<#d.> ,B>CLAY'S EXCURSIONS 9TO ,EUROPEAN & ,AM]ICAN HI/ORY >E REM>KABLY 9ACCURATE1 BUT WILL NOT BE DEALT ) H]E4.<#e.> ,HE MAKES OCCASIONAL ODDBALL REM>KS1 SU* AS1 ?AT 9 MOD]N SOCIETIES 0POLICEM5 9V>IABLY WE> SPECIAL DRESS0 7#a#h7 -- AN OP9ION TRAGICALLY AT V>IANCE ) ! REC5T 9FILTRATION ( ,AM]ICAN 5VIRONM5TAL ACTIVI/S BY UND]COV] OP]ATIVES4.<#f.> ,?IS BOOK IS POORLY ?\<T \T1 BADLY ORGANIZ$1 & C>ELESSLY WRITT51 EV5 ?\< ! AU?OR HAS HAD TWO DECADES TO POLI% SOME ( HIS PROSE4 ,9EXCUSABLY1 IT HAS NO 9DEX -- BUT !N1 AN 9DEX W\LD DRAMATIZE ITS DISORGANIZATION4 

,B>CLAY DISCUSSES DESULTORILY ! DECL9E ( /ATES 7#c#c- #c#g7 BE=E HE DISCUSSES !IR RISE 7#e#a-#i#h74 ,HE TOYS ) A C\PLE ( FACTORS 9 ! /ATE'S ORIG91 DROPS ! TOPIC1 & LAT] />TS OV] ) A LI/ ( ELEV5 0SIGNIFICANT ELEM5TS 9 /ATE DEVELOPM5T10 7#e#e71 9 NO P>TICUL> ORD]1 NEI!R *RONOLOGICAL NOR 9 ! ORD] ( !IR HYPO!SIZ$ IMPORTANCE4 ,IT IS NO?+ BUT A TRAIT LI/1 REM9ISC5T ( ! MEAN+LESS ECLECTICISM ( ,FRANZ ,BOAS4.<#g.> ,!ORI/S ( ! /ATE USUALLY %UN ! TRAIT LI/ APPROA*4.<#h.> ,& IS !RE SOME?+ CIRCUL> AB\T ASS]T+ ?AT 0HI]>*Y IS BUILT UPON A NUMB] ( FACTORS10 ,NO4 #a ( :I* IS 0HI]>*IC SOCIAL ORD]08 7#e#e7 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 COMMITT$ ! SAME LOGICAL BLUND]1.<#i.> BUT HE HAD ONLY A HI< S*OOL DIPLOMA1 NOT A ,PH4,D 9 AN?ROPOLOGY4 ,UMB]TO ,ECO *>ACT]IZES AS MY/ICAL ?AT MODE ( UND]/&+ :]E9 0A CONSEQU5CE IS ASSUM$ & 9T]PRET$ AS ITS [N CAUSE40.<#a.> 

,CITATIONS >E SP>SE & UNEV52 SOMETIMES CORRESPOND+ TO REF]5CES1 SOMETIMES NOT4 ,! V]Y %ORT BIBLIOGRAPHY IS NOT ANNOTAT$2 IT OMITS MO/ ( ! IMPORTANT MOD]N MAT]IALS1.<#a#a.> EV5 TEXTS ,B>CLAY ALLUDES TO2.<#a#b.> & IT DOES NOT PROVIDE ! READ] ) :AT1 BY !N1 HE BADLY NE$S3 A GUIDE TO FUR!R READ+4 ,! E>LIE/ /ATES1 = 9/ANCE1 W]E ,SUM]IAN4 ,BUT !RE IS NOT A S+LE S\RCE REF]5CE TO ,SUM]1 AB\T :I* ,B>CLAY SAYS LITTLE4 ,9 HIS TEXT1 ,B>CLAY M5TIONS ,FRANZ ,OPP5HEIM]'S CONQUE/ !ORY ( ! ORIG9 ( ! /ATE -- CRITICALLY 7#f#f71 BUT AS IF IT W]E A CURR5T !ORETICAL CONT5D]1 AS ! 9NOC5T READ] W\LD SUPPOSE S9CE ! BIBLIOGRAPHY LI/$ A #aige $ITION4 ,! ,OPP5HEIM] BOOK WAS ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#h1.<#a#c.> & NOBODY N[ ACCEPTS ITS !SIS4 

,!RE >E C\NTLESS DEF9ITIONS ( ! /ATE4.<#a#d.> ,! *OICE ( DEF9ITION IS IMPORTANT S9CE1 AS ) DEF9ITIONS ( LAW1.<#a#e.> DEF9ITIONS ( ! /ATE >E TYPICALLY 9SEP>ABLE FROM !ORETICAL CONCLUSIONS AB\T IT4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO AVOID ! ABUSE ( DEF9ITION1 ! QUE/ION-BEGG+ 0DEF9ITIONAL /OP40.<#a#f.> ,B>CLAY DOES NOT DISCUSS ! ISSUES OR EXPLA9 HIS *OICE ( ?IS DEF9ITION1 :I* HE TAKES1 AS HE DID 9 HIS PREVI\S BOOK1 FROM ,S4,F- ,NADEL WRIT+ 9 #a#i#d#b4.<#a#g.> ,IT IS A POOR *OICE1 & ONE :I* DOES NOT FIGURE 9 CONTEMPOR>Y DISCUSSIONS ( /ATE ORIG9S4 ,NADEL PROPOSES ?REE CRIT]IA1 & 9 HIS V]SION1 UNLIKE ,B>CLAY'S P>APHRASE 7#b#a-#b#b71 Y\ CAN AT LEA/ TELL :]E ONE CRIT]ION LEAVES (F & ! NEXT BEG9S4 ,! SECOND CRIT]ION IS = ,NADEL1 0C5TRALIZ$ MA*9]Y ( GOV]NM5T10 & = ,B>CLAY -- TYPICALLY MORE V]BOSE & EVASIVE -- IT IS 0APP>ATUS ( GOV]NM5T0 :I* IS 0TO SOME DEGREE C5TRALIZ$40 ,EI!R =MULATION BEGS ! QUE/ION1 UNLESS GOV]NM5T IS DEF9$ AS SOME?+ DIFF]5T FROM ! /ATE1 :I* NEI!R ,NADEL NOR ,B>CLAY DOES4 ,B>CLAY IS AMBIGU\S AB\T :E!R ! /ATE HAS OR IS AN APP>ATUS ( GOV]NM5T 7#b#a-#b#b74 ,?IS IS A LONG/&+ S\RCE ( CONFUSION 9 ! LIT]ATURE4.<#a#h.> ,9 AN AN>*I/ AN?ROPOLOGI/ WRIT+ 9 ! #b#a/ C5TURY1 IT IS UNP>DONABLE4 ,]RICO ,MALATE/A1 ! AN>*I/'S AN>*I/1 AFT] DISCUSS+ ! T]M9OLOGICAL CONFUSION1 S\<T TO DISPEL IT BY ASS]T+ ?AT1 = AN>*I/ PURPOSES1 GOV]NM5T "7 ! /ATE4.<#a#i.> ,9 ,P,W,G1 ,B>CLAY LIKEWISE IMPLI$ ?AT GOV]NM5T "7 ! /ATE4.<#b.> ,BUT 9 ,! ,/ATE 7#e#c71 HE REF]S TO 0/ATES ) GOV]NM5TS40 ,>E !RE /ATES )\T GOV]NM5TS8 ,! V]Y NE$ TO ASK ! QUE/ION1 CONDEMNS ! BOOK4 

,9 A BOOK 9T5D$ TO RELATE AN?ROPOLOGY TO AN>*ISM1 ONE W\LD EXPECT SOME TREATM5T ( AN>*I/ DEF9ITIONS ( ! /ATE1 IF ONLY TO MAKE SURE ?AT CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM AN?ROPOLOGY HAVE SOME RELEVANCE TO AN>*ISM4 ,!RE IS ALMO/ NO AN>*I/ !ORY 9 ,B>CLAY'S BOOKLET4 

,! CORE ( ! BOOK IS ! ELEV5 0SIGNIFICANT ELEM5TS0 7#e#e7 1.<#b#a.> ,ALL DO FIGURE 9 V>I\S CONTEMPOR>Y !ORIES ( /ATE ORIG9S4 ,SO DO SEV]AL O!RS OMITT$4.<#b#b.> ,BUT ! ELEM5TS >E NOT1 ALL TOGE!R OR 9 ANY COMB9ATION1 !ORIES ( ! ORIG9 ( ! /ATE1 !Y >E ONLY COMPON5TS ( SU* !ORIES4 ,! !ORIES !MSELVES >E MO/LY NOT M5TION$2 OR IF M5TION$1 M]ELY M5TION$2 OR IF MORE ?AN M5TION$1 MISREPRES5T$4 

,ON ! R>E OCCASION HE DOES SUMM>IZE A REAL !ORY1 ,B>CLAY G>BLES IT1 AS HE DOES ,ROB]T ,L4 ,C>NEIRO'S !ORY ( ! ORIG9 ( ! /ATE4.<#b#c.> ,= ,B>CLAY1 ! !ORY IS SIMPLY ?AT 9CREAS$ POPULATION LEADS TO EXPANSION BY CONQUE/ 7#f#f7 -- AL?\< ?IS CONTRADICTS ,B>CLAY'S CORRECT REBUTTAL TO ,OPP5HEIM]1 ?AT CONQUE/ PRESUPPOSES A /ATE4 ,IT'S A TRAVE/Y ( ,C>NEIRO'S !ORY1 :I* IS /ILL 9FLU5TIAL )\T COMM&+ ! FIELD1.<#b#d.> :]EAS NOBODY W\LD HAVE EV] TAK5 IT S]I\SLY 9 ,B>CLAY'S DUMB$-D[N V]SION4 ,! REBUTTAL IS1 ( C\RSE1 IF !RE >E TOO MANY PEOPLE1 :Y DON'T SOME ( !M JU/ MOVE AWAY8 ,BECAUSE ! KEY CONCEPT ( ! !ORY1 :I* ,B>CLAY DOES NOT M5TION1 IS CIRCUMSCRIPTION4 ,! /ATE >ISES1 ,C>NEIRO >GU$1 :]E POPULATION 9CREASES BUT NATURAL OR SOCIAL B>RI]S TO LAT]AL EXPANSION ALSO EXI/2 PEOPLE HAVE NO:]E TO GO4 ,! /ATE EM]GES ALONG ) O!R 9T5SIFICATIONS ( EXI/+ PATT]NS & PRACTICES ( AGRICULTURE1 HI]>*Y1 SPECIALIZATION & =CE1 TO CONTA9 ! SOCIAL EXPLOSION :I* CONDITIONS W]E BUILD+ UP TO4 ,SOME SOCIETIES MAY HAVE EXPLOD$4 ,! ONES ?AT F\ND ANO!R WAY1 F\ND IT BY F\ND+ PRI/9E /ATES4 

,!RE >E TWO BROAD CATEGORIES ( !ORIES ( ! ORIG9 ( ! /ATE4 ,Y\ MI<T ?9K ?AT ,B>CLAY MI<T M5TION ?IS IF HE M5TION$ ANY?+1 BUT HE DOESN'T4 ,ONE CATEGORY ( !ORIES MAY BE V>I\SLY REF]R$ TO AS CO]CION1 CONFLICT1 CLASS1 OR RADICAL !ORIES4 ,! O!R CONSI/S ( 9TEGRATIVE1 COORD9ATION1 B5EFIT1 CONS5SUS1 CONTRACT1 OR CONS]VATIVE !ORIES4.<#b#e.> ,! BE/-KN[N MOD]N !ORI/S ON EA* SIDE >E ,MORTON ,H4 ,FRI$ = ! CO]CION !ORY & ,ELMAN ,R4 ,S]VICE = ! B5EFIT !ORY4 ,! =M] !ORY MA9TA9S ?AT LEAD]S TOOK P[]2 ! SECOND1 ?AT !Y W]E GIV5 IT4 ,! B5EFIT !ORY IS ?AT ! /ATE ORIG9AT$1 NOT CO]CIVELY1 BUT BECAUSE ( ! S]VICES IT PROVID$ TO A GRATEFUL SOCIETY4 ,! /ATE IS ON ?IS !ORY JU/ A FUR!R B5EFIC5T DEVELOPM5T ( ! SOCIAL DIVISION ( LABOR LAT] CELEBRAT$ BY ,ADAM ,SMI?4 ,! CO]CION !ORY MA9TA9S ?AT ! /ATE MAY HAVE BE/[$ SOME B5EFITS SOON] OR LAT]1 :I* PUZZLES ,B>CLAY 7#i-#a71 BUT ?AT IS NOT H[ OR :Y ! /ATE ORIG9AT$4 ,! /ATE IS FIR/ & =EMO/ SELF-S]V+4 ,& ! /ATE IS ! DECISIVE DISCONT9UITY ) BASICALLY FREE =MS ( SOCIETY4 ,AS ,FRI$ WRITES1 ! /ATE IS 0A S\RCE ( REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION ( CULTURE 9 G5]AL40.<#b#f.> 

,! ONSET ( CO]CIVE HI]>*Y M>KS ! QUALITATIVE BREAK 9 SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T :I* %\LD PRIM>ILY 9T]E/ AN>*I/S4 ,! TRANSITION FROM ! AUTONOM\S VILLAGE COMMUNITY TO ! SUBORD9AT$ VILLAGES ( REGIONAL *IEFDOMS1 & !N TO SUBJECTION ON A WID] SCALE TO ! /ATE1 = ! VA/ MAJORITY REPRES5TS A DECL9E 9 FRE$OM & A L[] /&>D ( LIV+4 ,SO1 0,! ESS5TIAL QUE/ION IS1 :Y DO SO MANY PEOPLE ACCEPT FROM A FEW A SOCIAL CONTRACT ?AT IS CLE>LY DISADVANTAGE\S8 ,! ONLY CONCEIVABLE ANSW] IS ?AT IT IS NOT A MATT] ( *OICE1 BUT ! PROCESS ?AT LEADS TO /RATIFICATION IS CO]CIVE1 ME*ANI/IC1 & HI<LY PR$ICTIVE40#b#g ,ONE ( ! O!R ELEM5TS :I* MAY BE 9VOLV$ 9 /ATE ORIG9S IS W>4 ,CONT9U+ ! ,FRE$OM ,PRESS TRADITION ( TWE$Y ,ANGLO-,CANADIAN AN>*O-PACIFISM1 ,B>CLAY F9DS W> SO DI/A/EFUL ?AT HE CANNOT DISCUSS IT DISPASSIONATELY4 ,BUT S9CE W> IS ! HEAL? ( ! /ATE1 IT IS SOME?+ AN>*I/S %\LD TRY TO UND]/&4 ,!Y WILL GET NO HELP FROM ,B>CLAY1 :O B>KS3 0,W> WAS 9V5T$ BY ! /ATE0 .<#b#g.>4 ,)\T 7AS USUAL7 DEF9+ HIS TOPIC1 W>1 HE ASS]TS CATEGORICALLY ?AT IT IS DIFF]5T FROM FEUD 7ALSO UNDEF9$1 SO :AT HAS HE TOLD US8 NO?+74 ,W>1 9 ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL S5SE1 IS 0>M$ CONFLICT & ASSOCIAT$ ACTIVITIES & RELATIONS BETWE5 9DEP5D5T POLITICAL UNITS 9 ALL TYPES ( SOCIETIES40.<#b#h.> ,!RE IS CLE> EVID5CE -- ROCK >T & PROJECTIVE PO9TS 9 HUMAN BONES -- ( AT LEA/ OCCASIONAL PREHI/ORIC W>F>E4.<#b#i.> ,:AT !Y DID WAS1 ,B>CLAY 9SI/S1 NOT W>1 NOT)/&+ SUP]FICIAL RESEMBLANCES1 SU* AS >M$ M5 GETT+ TOGE!R TO GO (F & KILL ! PEOPLE ( O!R GR\PS4 ,NOBLE ,SAVAGES W\LD NEV] DO ?AT3 IT'S SO T]RIBLY UNCIVILIZ$4 ,9 HIS POLITICAL CORRECTNESS1 ,B>CLAY IS A TYPICAL ACADEMIC LEFTI/4 ,Y\ HAVE TO SWALL[ A H]OIC DOSE ( DELUSIONAL IDEOLOGY TO PRET5D ?AT :AT ! /ATELESS ,*EY5NES OR ! /ATELESS ,YANOMAMO *RONICALLY DID TO !IR NEI<BORS WAS NOT W>4.<#c.> ,AS ,LEVI-,/RAUSS HAS WRITT53 0,:ILE (T5 9CL9$ TO SUBV]SION AMONG HIS [N PEOPLE & 9 REVOLT AGA9/ TRADITIONAL BEHAVIOR1 ! AN?ROPOLOGI/ APPE>S RESPECTFUL TO ! PO9T ( CONS]VATISM AS SOON AS HE IS DEAL+ ) A SOCIETY DIFF]5T FROM HIS [N40.<#c#a.> 

,!RE WAS NO W> BETWE5 SIMPLE AGRICULTURAL VILLAGE COMMUNITIES4.<#c#b.> ,!RE WAS 5DEMIC W> BETWE5 MULTI-COMMUNITY *IEFDOMS1 :I* >E 0/RATIFI$ SOCIETIES.> BAS$ ON UNEQUAL ACCESS TO ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION40.<#c#c.> ,IT IS \T ( *IEFDOMS ?AT ! /ATE EVOLV$4 ,B>CLAY ADMITS ?AT HE F9DS ! CONCEPT ( *IEFDOM V]Y H>D TO UND]/& 7#h#g74 ,IT ISN'T1 BUT ?AT GOES TO %[ :Y ,B>CLAY'S BOOK IS WOR?LESS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,B>CLAY1 DIFF]5CES ( SOCIAL /ATUS >E DI/9CTIVELY /ATI/ 7#b#d74 ,?AT ]ROR ALONE IS 5\< TO VITIATE HIS >GUM5T1 IF HE CAN EV5 BE SAID TO HAVE AN >GUM5T1 AS OPPOS$ TO A FEW PET PEEVES4 

,! CONCEPT ( ! *IEFDOM1 :I* IS RELATIVELY REC5T 7FIR/ =MULAT$ 9 ! #a#i#eS1 POPUL>IZ$ BY ,MORTON ,H4 ,FRI$ 9 ! #a#i#fS.<#c#d.>71 IS CRITICAL TO NE>LY ALL CURR5T DEBATES AB\T ! ORIG9 ( ! /ATE4 ,9 AN >TICLE :I*1 = A *ANGE1 ,B>CLAY PR(ESSES TO HAVE READ1 ,ROB]T ,L4 ,C>NEIRO CALLS ! RISE ( ! *IEFDOM 0! MO/ IMPORTANT S+LE /EP EV] TAK5 9 ! C\RSE ( POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T444 ,)9 A FEW MILL5NIA ( ! RISE ( ! FIR/ *IEFDOMS -- 9DE$ PROBABLY )9 A FEW C5TURIES -- ! FIR/ /ATES EM]G$1 & %ORTLY !REAFT] ! FIR/ EMPIRES40.<#c#e.> 

,= ,B>CLAY1 LEGAL SANCTIONS >E 0! SIGNS ( A TRUE /ATE0 7#b#h74 ,?AT W\LD GET HIM 9TO ! DEF9ITIONAL QUAGMIRE1 TO :I* ,I HAVE ALLUD$1 ( ! MEAN+ ( LAW1 EXCEPT ?AT AS USUAL HE DOES NOT DEF9E HIS T]MS1 & :5 !Y >E AS ESS5TIALLY CONTE/$ AS ?IS ONE1 Y\ REALLY HAVE TO4 ,BY SOME DEF9ITIONS1 ANY SORT ( DISPUTE RESOLUTION PROC$URE IS LAW4 ,OBVI\SLY ,B>CLAY DOES NOT ?9K SO1 NOR DO ,I4 ,BUT NEI!R IS LAW JU/ ORD]S BACK$ BY ?REATS4.<#c#f.> ,= CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*I/S1 ! CRITIQUE ( ! /ATE MU/ 9CLUDE A CRITIQUE ( LAW -- & A MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ CRITIQUE ?AN WE HAVE SO F> PRODUC$4 ,BUT LAW PLAY$ NO P>T 9 ! ORIG9 ( ! /ATE4 ,IT IS1 LIKE WRIT+1 ONE ( ITS LAT] CONSEQU5CES4 ,! E>LIE/ KN[N EVID5CE ( LAW IS AT LEA/ A ?\S& YE>S AFT] ! E>LIE/ /ATE-=MATION4.<#c#g.> 

,MIDWAY ?R\< HIS BRIEF1 YET SUBJECTIVELY 9T]M9ABLE J\RNEY1 ,B>CLAY OP9ES3 0,! SE$S ( ! /ATE HAVE BE5 S[N 9 EV]Y HUMAN SOCIETY10 AL?\< 0ONLY A V]Y FEW ( !SE-SE$S HAVE GR[N TO FRUITION0 7#e#a74 ,:AT MI<T ?IS SE$Y1 FRUITY METAPHOR MEAN8 ,AS SO (T51 ONE HAS TO TURN TO ,P,W,G TO LE>N ?AT BY 0SE$S0 7OR 0G]MS07 ( ! /ATE HE MEANS SIMPLY LEAD]%IP ROLES4.<#c#h.> ,!RE W]E NO /ATES AS REC5TLY AS #f1 YE>S AGO 7#a#c74 ,IS HIS TRAIT LI/ A /ATI/ SE$ CATALOG8 ,AS ,LUCY ,MAIR WRITES3 0,E>LI] AN?ROPOLOGI/S MADE IT !IR AIM TO RECON/RUCT ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9/ITUTIONS 9 AN EVOLUTION>Y S]IES1 FROM G]MS' :I* W]E TO BE F\ND 9 ! SIMPLE/ =MS ( SOCIETY1 & SOME ( !IR CONJECTURES HAVE COME TO APPE> RA!R LUDICR\S 9 ! LI<T ( KN[L$GE GA9$ LAT]40.<#c#i.> ,B>CLAY'S METAPHORS & ME?ODOLOGY >E E?NOLOGICAL ?R[BACKS4 

,= SEV]AL MILLION YE>S1 ALL HOM9ID & HUMAN SOCIETIES W]E /ATELESS4 ,!RE W]E1 AT !IR PEAK1 9 ! LATE ,NEOLI?IC OR 9 ! P]IOD ( E>LIE/ /ATE =MATION1 BY V>I\S E/IMATES ANY:]E FROM #a1 TO #f1 9DEP5D5T /ATELESS SOCIETIES4.<#d.> ,!RE HAD BE5 MANY BE=E !M4 ,:AT DOES IT MEAN TO SAY ?AT 9 ALL ( !M1 9 !IR HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S1 ! SE$S ( ! /ATE HAD BE5 S[N8 ,EV5 IF ?IS W]E TRUE1 H[ C\LD ANYBODY POSSIBLY KN[ IT8 ,EV5 :5 WE F9ALLY COME TO ! *IEFDOM1 ! IMM$IATE ANTEC$5T ( ! /ATE1 IT IS CLE> ?AT *IEFDOMS R>ELY EVOLVE 9TO /ATES4 ,9 ,EGYPT 9 ! F\R? MILL5NIUM ,B4,C41 HUNDR$S ( VILLAGES W]E AGGREGAT$ 9TO .<#d#a.> *IEFDOMS _<NAMES7 :I* W]E EV5TUALLY 9CORPORAT$ 9TO TWO /ATES1 !N ONE4#d#a ,B>CLAY SEEMS NOT TO KN[ ?IS1 AL?\< HE ALSO SEEMS TO KN[ A LITTLE MORE AB\T ,EGYPT ?AN ANY O!R E>LY /ATE1 NO D\BT BECAUSE HE DID FIELDWORK UP/REAM 9 ! ,SUDAN.<#d#b.> & WAS ?US EXPECT$ TO KN[ ! ,NILE ,VALLEY LIT]ATURE4 

,AT ! 5D ( ! BOOK1 ,B>CLAY F9ALLY MAKES A !ORETICAL ASS]TION -- ?AT ! /ATE >OSE \T ( ! 09T]ACTION0.<#d#c.> ( ! ELEV5 ELEM5TS 7#a71 SOME?+ HE NEV] EV5 TRIES TO DEMON/RATE4 ,NOBODY HAS EV] CLAIM$ ?AT ?IS SET ( TRAITS1 9 OR \T ( 09T]ACTION10 >E ! NECESS>Y &_/OR SUFFICI5T CONDITIONS = ! EM]G5CE ( ! /ATE4 ,USUALLY SOME ( !M >E CONSID]$ CONSEQU5CES1 NOT CAUSES -- ! SYMPTOMS1 NOT ! DISEASE1 FROM AN AN>*I/ P]SPECTIVE4 ,LAW & W>F>E >E EXAMPLES4 ,! 0ELEM5T0 ( HI]>*Y1 WE SAW1 WAS A TAUTOLOGY4 ,B>CLAY MAKES NO ATTEMPT TO RECONCILE ! TRAIT LI/ !ORY ) HIS E>LI] !ORY ?AT ! /ATE DEVELOP$ \T ( C]TA9 LEAD]%IP ROLES4 ,BUT HE DOES REPEAT ! E>LI] !ORY 9 AN EV5 MORE FANTA/IC V]SION4 

,! ,BIG ,MAN PLAYS NO ROLE 9 ! EM]G5CE ( ! /ATE4 ,B>CLAY PRODUCES NO CONNECT$ >GUM5T ?AT HE DOES4 ,!RE >E NO AN?ROPOLOGICAL !ORIES ( /ATE =MATION1 OLD OR NEW1 :I* ASSIGN SU* A ROLE TO ! ,BIG ,MAN4 ,B>CLAY QUOTES ONLY ,H>OLD ,K4 ,S*NEID] :O1 DISCUSS+ SOCIAL /RUCTURE AMONG ,EA/ ,AFRICAN H]DSM51 /ATES3 0,RA!R ?AN BE+ A /AGE 9 ! LEVEL ( GOV]NM5T1 ! /ATE1 OR RA!R ! MON>*Y1 .<! ,BIG ,MAN.> IS BUT A PO9T ON ONE 5D ( A SPECTRUM :OSE O!R 5D IS /ATELESS SOCIETIES CONTA9+ ONLY BIG M540.<#d#d.> ,:ATEV] ?IS OBSCURE COMM5T MEANS1 IT IS AB\T POLITICAL TAXONOMY1 NOT POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,! ,BIG ,MAN IS NOT A /AGE 9 ! EVOLUTION ( ! /ATE1 IT IS M]ELY ITS ANALYTIC ANTI!SIS4 ,S*NEID] DOES NOT ADDRESS ! ORIG9S OR DEVELOPM5T ( ! /ATE4 

,O!RWISE1 ! ONLY S\RCE ,B>CLAY CITES1 OR RA!R CLAIMS1 9 HIS SUPPORT -- HE DOES NOT EV5 NAME ! BOOK -- IS ,LUCY ,MAIR'S  ,PRIMITIVE ,GOV]NM5T 7#a#i#f#b74 ,AS ITS SUPPORT = HIS POSITION W\LD BE UNIQUE 9 ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL LIT]ATURE1 HIS CLAIM CALLS = SCRUT9Y4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 DESPITE ! G5]ALITY ( ITS TITLE1 ,MAIR'S BOOK IS DEVOT$ 5TIRELY TO ! POLITICAL SY/EMS ( SUB-,SAH>AN NOR!A/ ,AFRICA4.<#d#e.> ,! F\R /ATES 9CLUD$ >E SECOND>Y /ATES2 9 FACT1 !Y >E CONQUE/ /ATES4.<#d#f.> ,MAIR DOES NOT MAKE USE ( ! T]M ,BIG ,MAN4 ,%E DESCRIBES :AT S\ND LIKE ,BIG ,MAN COLLECTIVITIES1.<#d#g.> NOTABLY ! AN>*I/ ,NU]1 MADE FAM\S BY ,E4,E4 ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D4.<#d#h.> ,!IR VILLAGE LEAD]1 ! 0BULL0 7! ,NU] H]D CATTLE7 IS AN AMBITI\S SELF-MADE MAN :OSE 9FLU5CE IS BAS$ SOLELY ON HIS P]SONAL QUALITIES4.<#d#i.> ,! ROLE IS A*IEV$1 NOT ASCRIB$4 ,A ,NU] VILLAGE HAS A FLUID POPULATION ( SEV]AL HUNDR$4 ,! BULL IS LIKELY TO BE RELAT$ TO A SUB/ANTIAL NUMB] ( !M4 ,HE PROBABLY [NS MORE CATTLE ?AN MO/ PEOPLE1 BUT 0,HE WILL NOT BECOME A LEAD] UNLESS HIS P]SONALITY COMM&S PRE/IGE2 ?IS HE MAY GA9 FROM A REPUTATION = PR[ESS 9 FI<T+ 9 HIS Y\?1 = SKILL 9 DEBATE1 OR = RITUAL P[]S 7:I* >E BELIEV$ TO BE 9H]IT$74 ,A MAN :O HAS GA9$ PRE/IGE 9 !SE V>I\S WAYS MAY BE ABLE TO BUILD IT UP FUR!R BY M>RIAGE ALLIANCES ) SIMIL>LY PLAC$ M5 9 O!R VILLAGES2 O!RS MAY ATTA9 !IR 9FLU5CE 9 ! FIR/ PLACE ?R\< SU* ALLIANCES40.<#e.> ,A POT5TIAL RUL]8 ,NO4 ,MAIR IMM$IATELY CONT9UES3 0,:AT ! 'BULL' GETS \T ( HIS POSITION IS ANO!R QUE/ION4 ,NO ,NU] WILL LET ANY O!R ADDRESS AN ORD] TO HIM4 ,! LEAD]%IP ( ! 'BULL' IS RECOGNIZ$ ONLY 9 ! S5SE ?AT PEOPLE WAIT = HIM TO GIVE A LEAD40.<#e#a.> ,?IS DISCUSSION IS 9 ,*APT] #b1 0,M9IMAL ,GOV]NM5T40 

,H]E IS ,B>CLAY'S CLAIM = ,MAIR'S AU?ORITY3 0,9 SLI<TLY MORE RANK ORD]$ SOCIETIES :]E ONE HAS ! SO-CALL$ ,BIG ,MAN PH5OM5ON ONE ALSO F9DS ! G]M ( /ATE DEVELOPM5T4 ,MAIR HAS CONT5D$ ?AT ! F\NDATION ( A /ATE C\LD BE 9 ?IS DEVELOPM5T BY A LEAD] ( A DEP5D5T & LOYAL BODY ( SUPPORT]S0 7#e#c74 ,?IS IS :AT %E REALLY SAYS1 9 ,*APT] #g1 0,K+S1 ,*IEFS1 & ,PEASANTS03 
0,9 ! DISCUSSION ( ! EXPANSION ( GOV]NM5T .<,*APT] #d.> IT WAS %[N H[ SIGNIFICANT 9 ?IS PROCESS IS ! BUILD+ UP ( A BODY ( P]SONS :O DEP5D UPON !IR LEAD] 9 SU* A WAY ?AT !IR FIR/ LOYALTY IS TO HIM4 ,?IS RELATION%IP ( CLI5TAGE MAY WELL BE ! G]M FROM :I* /ATE P[] SPRANG40.<#e#b.> ,?AT DISCUSSION ( CLI5TAGE CLE>LY REF]S TO *IEFDOMS IF NOT /ATES -- NOT TO ,BIG ,M5 COLLECTIVITIES3 0,( C\RSE EV]Y LEAD] HAS A FOLL[+2 IT IS TAUTOLOGY TO SAY SO4 ,BUT :AT MATT]S IS ! K9D ( FOLL[+444 ,BUT ?IS FIR/ /EP .<T[>DS MON>*ICAL RULE.> HAS BE5 TAK5 :5 WE F9D A LEAD] :O CAN KEEP P]MAN5TLY ASSOCIAT$ ) HIM A BODY ( RETA9]S :OM HE CAN CALL UPON TO 5=CE HIS WI%ES1 & :O ID5TIFY MORE CLOSELY ) HIM ?AN ) ANY ( ! DIVISIONS ( ! POPULATION4 ,?IS IS ! FIR/ ESS5TIAL ( /ATE P[]1 9 H[EV] RUDIM5T>Y A =M40.<#e#c.> ,?IS FIR/ /EP T[>D /ATE P[] IS AT BE/ A /EP AFT] ! ,BIG ,MAN1 :O IS ?US1 AT BE/1 ! PR]EQUISITE TO ! PR]EQUISITE TO ! /ATE4 ,BUT :Y /OP1 OR />T1 !RE8 ,! ,FAMILY IS E>LI] /ILL4.<#e#d.> ,AN>*I/ ,JOHN ,Z]ZAN HAS TAK5 HIS QUE/ = ! ,FALL1 ! ONSET ( ALI5ATION1 BACK TO ,TIME1 ,LANGUAGE1 ,NUMB]1 & ,>T4.<#e#e.> ,:Y NOT TO ,BIP$ALISM8 ,OR 9/EAD ( ! ,BIG ,MAN1 ! ,BIG ,BANG8 

,! READ] MI<T BE IMPATI5T BY N[ TO F9D \T :AT ! HELL A 0,BIG ,MAN0 IS1 SOME?+ %E WILL NEV] GET \T ( ,! ,/ATE1 & ,P,W,G IS ONLY A LITTLE MORE 9=MATIVE4 ,LUCY ,MAIR'S ACC\NT ( ! ,NU] BULL1 SUMM>IZ$ ABOVE1 GOES SOME WAY BEYOND ,B>CLAY ON ?IS PO9T4 ,! CLASSIC ACC\NT IS BY ,M>%ALL ,SAHL9S1 9 AN >TICLE CONTRA/+ ! ,BIG ,MAN 7TYPICAL ( ,MELANESIA7 & ! *IEF 7TYPICAL ( ,POLYNESIA74 ,! ,BIG ,MAN APPE>S 9 SOME K9%IP_/RESID5TIAL AUTONOM\S VILLAGES 70TRIBES071 USUALLY HORTICULTURAL4 ,HE HOLDS NO 9H]IT$ OR (FICIAL (FICE1 BUT HE 5JOYS UNUSUAL PRE/IGE & 9FLU5CE4 ,HE IS A SELF-MADE 7BIG7 MAN1 A PRE-CAPITALI/ 5TREPR5EUR1 :O RECRUITS A P]SONAL FOLL[+ USUALLY BAS$ ORIG9ALLY ON CLOSE K91 (T5 EXT5D$ BY /RATEGIC 7P]HAPS PLURAL7 M>RIAGES1 & BY TAK+ 9 ! SOCIALLY DISCONNECT$4 ,HE IS TYPICALLY A H>D-WORK+ PRIM>Y PRODUC] HIMSELF4 ,HE MAY REPRES5T HIS VILLAGE 9 RELATIONS ) O!R VILLAGES ) !IR [N ,BIG ,M5 9 MATT]S ( DIPLOMACY OR TRADE4 ,HE IS USUALLY A FLU5T TALK]1 & MAY BE SOME?+ ( A CON->TI/ 9 HIS DEAL+S ) LESS] M5 :O 9CUR OBLIGATIONS TO HIM :I* HE CALLS 9 :5 HE AMASSES GOODS = PUBLIC R$I/RIBUTION4 ,BUT HIS FACTION IS 9CAPABLE ( COLLECTIVE ACTION4 ,HE IS 0C5T]- MAN0 TO HIS FOLL[]S 9DIVIDUALLY4 ,HIS FACTION DISSOLVES AT HIS DEA?1 (T5 SOON]1 BECAUSE EV5TUALLY HE FAILS TO MA9TA9 ! DELICATE BALANCE BETWE5 REW>D+ HIS CLI5TS & EXPLOIT+ !M4.<#e#f.> 

,! ,BIG ,MAN IS ?US SOMEONE :O 0MU/ BE PREP>$ TO DEMON/RATE ?AT HE POSSESSES ! K9DS ( SKILLS ?AT COMM& RESPECT -- MAGICAL P[]S1 G>D5+ PR[ESS1 MA/]Y ( ORATORICAL /YLE1 P]HAPS BRAV]Y 9 W> & FEUD40.<#e#g.> ,NOTE ?AT ANY W>RIOR PR[ESS HE POSSESSES IS CONT+5T & SECOND>Y3 ! ,BIG ,MAN IS NOT1 AS SU*1 ! ,BIG ,BULLY4 ,HIS P[]1 :ATEV] ITS S\RCE1 IS PURELY P]SONAL1 NOT 9/ITUTIONALIZ$1 & VANI%ES AT HIS DEA?1 IF NOT SOON]4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,SAHL9S1 :AT1 !N1 IS ! ROLE ( ! ,BIG ,MAN 9 ! EM]G5CE ( ADVANC$ HI]>*Y8 ,HE DOESN'T HAVE ANY6 ,HIS P]SONAL QUE/ = P[] IS SELF-LIMIT+ IF NOT SELF-DEFEAT+3 0,DEVELOP+ 9T]NAL CON/RA9TS1 ! ,MELANESIAN BIG- MAN POLITICAL ORD] BRAKES EVOLUTION>Y ADVANCE AT A C]TA9 LEVEL4 ,IT SETS CEIL+S ON ! 9T5SIFICATION ( POLITICAL AU?ORITY1 ON ! 9T5SIFICATION ( H\SEHOLD PRODUCTION BY POLITICAL MEANS1 & ON ! DIV]SION ( H\SEHOLD \TPUTS 9 SUPPORT ( WID] POLITICAL ORGANIZATION40.<#e#h.> ,! ,BIG ,MAN COLLECTIVITY 7IT H>DLY QUALIFIES AS A POLITY7 IS ?US AN EVOLUTION>Y DEAD 5D4 ,IT IS NOT A SE$ ( ! /ATE4 

,IT IS TIME TO PULL TOGE!R1 AS ,B>CLAY DOES NOT1 HIS /ORY AB\T ! ,BIG ,MAN4 ,& !N PULL IT AP>T4 ,HIS REM>KS >E SCATT]$ H]E & !RE1 WIDELY SPAC$4 ,! FIR/ REF]5CE 7#e#c7 IS 9 ! CONTEXT ( HIS VA9 APPEAL TO ,LUCY ,MAIR'S AU?ORITY4 ,BIG ,M5 HAVE CLI5TS :OM !Y MAY SOMETIMES %ALL QUIETLY BAG GROC]IES AT ! FOOD CO-OP1 DECL9E TO COMM&1 BUT !IR AU?ORITY IS EPHEM]AL & EX]CIS$ OV] A SMALL NUMB] ( DEP5D5TS1 NOT OV] ! COMMUNITY ?R\< A CORPS ( DEP5D5TS4 0,) ! ,BIG ,MAN0 -- BUT :AT IS HE8 -- 0AN>*Y CAN DEG5]ATE 9TO TYRANNY4 ,:AT SOMETIMES OCCURS0 -- :58 :]E8 -- 0MAY BE SE5 AS AN ABORTIVE ATTEMPT TO 9TRODUCE A GOV]NM5TAL- /ATE SY/EM4 ,IT IS A FAILURE 9 P>T BECAUSE !RE IS AN AMBIVAL5CE 9 ! COMMUNITY T[>DS AU?ORITY0 -- SIC3 NO AMBIVAL5CE3 ! COMMUNITY REJECTS AU?ORITY -- 0SO ?AT IF E/ABLI%$ IT REGUL>LY 9SPIRES REBELLION & ! ,BIG ,MAN :O TRIES TO BE ! BULLY IS MO/ (T5 MURD]$4 ,?US1 ! SITUATION RETURNS TO AN ACEPHAL\S OR AN>*IC CONDITION0 7#e#c74 ,! E?NOGRAPHIC LIT]ATURE CONTA9S EXAMPLES ( MURD]S ( OV]REA*+ ,BIG ,M51 BUT NO EXAMPLE ( A FAIL$ PUTS*4 ,MORE IMPORTANT1 IT CONTA9S NO EXAMPLE ( A SUCCESSFUL1 LIT]AL C\P D'ETAT4 

,BUT ,B>CLAY SPUTT]S ON3 0,:Y DON'T ALL !SE SOCIETIES RIDD5 ) !IR DOM9E]+ ELD]S1 !IR ,BIG ,M51 !IR %AMANS & P[]FUL M$IATORS READILY BECOME /ATES ) GOV]NM5TS80 7#e#c74 ,BECAUSE NO SU* SOCIETIES HAVE EV] EXI/$4 ,NONE ( !SE M5AC+ ELEM5TS APPE>S ON ! TRAIT LI/ BECAUSE !Y PLAY NO P>T 9 ANY !ORY ( ! ORIG9S ( ! /ATE4 ,G]ONTOCRACY IS A MY?2 %AMANS >E NOT POLITICAL FIGURES2 & 0P[]FUL M$IATORS0 BY DEF9ITION ACT BY CONS5T & LACK CO]CIVE P[]4 0,P]HAPS ! MA9 REASON IS ?AT NONE ( !SE 9DIVIDUALS HAVE ANY ADEQUATE IDEOLOGICAL1 ECONOMIC1 TE*NOLOGICAL OR ORGANIZATIONAL BASE0 7#e#c74 ,9 O!R WORDS1 !Y >E NOT SE$S ( ! /ATE AT ALL4 

,TO P]SONALIZE ! ORIG9S ( ! /ATE 9 ?IS WAY IS *ILDI%4 ,?IS IS A ?R[-IT-AGA9/-!-WALL1 SEE-:AT- /ICKS ME?ODOLOGY4 ,= ,B>CLAY1 ANY EXPRESSION ( 9DIVIDUAL M]IT -- ANY.- SUP]IORITY 9 AMBITION1 ABILITY1 9TELLIG5CE OR /R5G? -- IS ! DEMON SE$ ( ! /ATE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! /ATE IS ! HELLSPAWN ( EXCELL5CE4 ,C\LD ANY /ATI/ ASK = BETT] CR$5TIALS = ! /ATE8 ,?IS BOOK REASSURES ! P[]S-?AT-BE ?AT !RE IS NO TRU? TO ! IDEA ?AT AN>*Y IS REVOLUTION>Y1 OR ?AT IT %\LD BE1 AS ,B>CLAY D5I$ 9 ,P,W,G1 0EQUAT$ ) *AOS OR SE5 AS SOME CRACKPOT S*EME ADVANC$ ONLY BY BOMB-?R[+ MANIACS40.<#e#i.> ,NO1 A ?\S& TIMES1 NO6 ,RA!R1 AN>*I/S %ALL QUIETLY BAG GROC]IES AT ! FOOD CO-OP1 DECL9E TO VOTE 7LIKE MO/ PEOPLE71 RECYCLE \R TRA%1 REJECT /ATE EMPLOYM5T 7UNLESS IT IS T5URE-TRACK71 & G5]ALLY /AY \T ( TR\BLE 7#a#f74 

,)\T EV] TELL+ US :AT A ,BIG ,MAN IS1 ,B>CLAY LAT] EXPLA9S ! ORIG9S ( ! ,BIG ,MAN AS1 ALONG ) HIS BE+ ! ,BIG ,BULLY1.<#f.> ! ,BIG ,M\?3 0,SOME BECAME ,BIG ,M5 ?R\< !IR ABILITY TO TALK & MANIPULATE O!RS1 ?R\< SUP]NATURAL P[]S1 ?R\< OV]T =CE0 -- AS OPPOS$ TO COV]T =CE8 -- 0OR !IR ABILITY TO GA!R A BODY ( CLI5TS 9 L>GE P>T0 -- :AT'S ! SMALL] P>T8 -- 0BY MAK+ ! LESS SUCCESSFUL 9DEBT$ TO !M0 7#f#c7 ,BUT 9 :AT SOCIAL CIRCUM/ANCES IS ?IS POSSIBLE8 ,B>CLAY'S NEXT S5T5CE IS1 UNBELIEVABLY1 ?IS3 0,! ,BIG ,M5 BECAME !N ! L&LORDS2 AGRICULTURE RE9=C$ HI]>*Y0 7#f#c74 ,BUT ,BIG ,M5 DO NOT EXI/ 9 AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES4 ,!Y EXI/ 9 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES1 AS 9 ,MELANESIA1 OR SOMETIMES AMONG PA/ORALI/S SU* AS ! ,NU] OR -- BUT !SE MI<T BE *IEFS -- AMONG S$5T>Y =AG]S LIKE ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ ,9DIANS4 ,/ATES NEV] DEVELOP$ \T ( SU* SOCIETIES4 ,A ,BIG ,MAN OP]ATES ON ! LOCAL LEVEL1 DRAW+ HIS FOLL[+ FROM A S+LE HOMOG5E\S VILLAGE ( P]HAPS #c-#e 9HABITANTS4.<#f#a.> ,/ATES >E BAS$ ON AGRICULTURE & CONSI/ ( MANY LOCAL COMMUNITIES1 ) AT LEA/ TWO SUPRA-LOCAL LEVELS ( GOV]NANCE1 ) POPULATIONS AT LEA/ 9 ! HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S & USUALLY MORE4.<#f#b.> 

,B>CLAY DISCUSSES SOME ( ! CONDITIONS 7F9ALLY1 HE GETS SPECIFIC7 = ! EM]G5CE ( ! /ATE 9 ! ,NE> ,EA/3 AGRICULTURE1 METALLURGY1 POTT]Y1 IRRIGATION1 WRIT+1 ELABORATE DIVISION ( LABOR1 ETC4 7,WRIT+ ( C\RSE WAS A DI/ANT CONSEQU5CE1 NOT AN EFFICI5T CAUSE ( ! PRI/9E /ATE4.<#f#c.> ,ALSO1 !RE WAS ! 9CREAS+ SIZE & HET]OG5EITY ( A POPULATION 0?AT WAS NOT RELAT$ BY K9%IP1 RESID+ 9 CONGE/$ >EAS LIKE CITIES0 7#g#a74 0,9TO ?IS SITUATION10 RELATES ,B>CLAY1 0SOME ,BIG ,MAN1 SOME PREEM95T1 RANK+ P]SON ) ADEQUATE RES\RCES & CLI5TELE M>*ES ONTO ! SC5E0 7#g#a74 ,H]E WE HAVE SUB/ANTIAL POPULATIONS ALREADY LIV+ 9 CITIES1 ) MO/ ( ! ATTRIBUTES ( CIVILIZATION -- YET SOMEH[ 9NOC5T ( /ATEHOOD -- & N[ SOME ILLIT]ATE VILLAGE BULLY1 A ,BIG ,MAN ) ?IRTY1 FIFTY1 MAYBE EV5 A HUNDR$ GOOSE- /EPP+ >M$ G>D5]S BEH9D HIM1 M>*ES ONTO ! SC5E & CREATES ! FIR/ /ATE6 

,BUT444 DIDN'T ,B>CLAY ASSURE US ?AT PRIMITIVES DO NOT WAGE W>1 SO !RE WAS NO W> BE=E ! /ATE8 ,& DIDN'T HE TELL US ?AT CONQUE/ IS NOT ! ORIG9 ( ! /ATE1 BECAUSE IT PRESUPPOSES AN ALREADY /ATE-ORGANIZ$ CONQU]OR8 

,OBVI\SLY ,B>CLAY DOES NOT UND]/& ! ,BIG ,MAN CONCEPT4 ,BY NO LOGIC IS IT POSSIBLE TO D]IVE ! /ATE DIRECTLY FROM ! ,BIG ,MAN COLLECTIVITY4 ,! SOCIOPOLITICAL *ASM IS TOO VA/ TO OV]LEAP 9 A S+LE B\ND4 ,!RE IS NOT EV5 ANY KN[N CASE ( A ,BIG ,MAN SOCIETY DEVELOP+ 9TO A *IEFDOM4.<#f#d.> ,& EV5 0! PROSPECT ( A *IEFDOM TO GR[ 9TO A /ATE SEEMS MU* BETT] ?AN ?AT ( A ',BIG-,MAN SY/EM TO GR[ 9TO A *IEFDOM40.<#f#e.> 

,FROM AN AN>*I/ P]SPECTIVE1 ,B>CLAY IS DEFEATI/ & DEMORALIZ+1 BECAUSE HE BELIEVES ?AT1 N[ ?AT /ATES PREVAIL EV]Y:]E1 AN>*Y IS =EV] IMPOSSIBLE4 ,& YET1 9EXPLICABLY1 HE IS BO? REPR9T$ & FAVORABLY REVIEW$ 9 _?#f#a ( ?IS V]Y J\RNAL4.<#f#f.> ,HE CONT5DS ?AT 0!RE >E NO CASES ( ! /ATE ABOLI%+ ITSELF 9 FAVOR ( A RETURN TO A PRI/9E AN>*Y0 7#a74 ,( C\RSE !RE >E NO CASES ( ! /ATE ABOLI%+ ITSELF4 ,NO AN>*I/ EV] ?\<T IT EV] DID OR EV] WILL4 ,:AT A SILLY ?+ TO SAY4 ,SOCIETY HAS TO ABOLI% ! /ATE4 ,BUT ,B>CLAY DECL>ES CATEGORICALLY3 0,!RE >E NO CASES ( A SOCIETY ONCE HAV+ BE5 ORGANIZ$ AS A /ATE REV]T+ TO AN E>LI] AN>*Y0 7#c#g74 ,!RE MAY BE NO CASES HE KN[S AB\T1 BUT ?AT IS NOT SAY+ MU*4 ,HE MAY BE AN AN>*I/ & AN AN?ROPOLOGI/1 BUT HE IS NOT AN AN?ROPOLOGI/ ( AN>*ISM4 

,ON !4 V]Y SAME PAGE1 HE WRITES3 0.<,JESSE ,L4.> ,BYOCK HAS >GU$ ?AT E>LY ,ICEL& UND]W5T DEC5TRALIZATION 9 E/ABLI%+ A NEW SOCIETY AS COMP>$ TO ITS HOMEL&1 ,NORWAY 7#f#c FF70 7#c#g74 ,CONTR>Y TO ,B>CLAY1 ,BYOCK IS CLE> ?AT DESPITE SOME 9CIPI5T /ATE FEATURES1 ,ICEL& WAS AN>*I/1 A 0DEVOLV+0 SOCIAL ORD]3 0,! IMMIGRANTS :O F\ND$ ,ICEL& BECAME P>TICIPANT 9 :AT 9 SOME WAYS WAS A HEADLESS OR /ATELESS SOCIETY4 ,E>LY ,ICEL& CAN BE SO DESCRIB$ BECAUSE ITS LEAD]S1 ! GO'>1 WIELD$ LITTLE EXECUTIVE P[] & DID NOT RULE OV] T]RITORIAL UNITS40 ,ITS LEAD]S (T5 ACT$ LIKE ,BIG ,M51 BUT >E BETT] *>ACT]IZ$ AS *IEFS4.<#f#g.> ,:]E !RE >E ONLY ,BIG ,M5 OR *IEFS1 !RE IS NO /ATE4 

,BUT EV5 IF ,ICEL& IS AN EQUIVOCAL EXAMPLE ( DEVOLUTION TO AN>*Y1 O!R CASES >E UNEQUIVOCAL4 ,AMONG ! G5]AL FEATURES ( ! COLLAPSE ( E>LY /ATE SOCIETIES >E ! TRANSITION TO A MU* L[] LEVEL ( SOCIOPOLITICAL 9TEGRATION1 NOT REV]T+ EV5 TO ! *IEFDOM /AGE FROM :I* !Y ORIG9AT$1 BUT DEVOLV+ 9TO SEGM5T>Y1 0TRIBAL0 SOCIETIES4.<#f#h.> ,EXAMPLES ( CIVILIZATIONS REV]T+ TO AN>*Y >E ! ,M9OAN1 ,MYC5AEAN1 ,9DUS ,VALLEY1 ,CLASSIC ,MAYA1 & POSSIBLY ,OLD ,K+DOM ,EGYPT & ,TIAHUANACO 9 ,P]U4.<#f#i.> 

,B>CLAY DESPISES 0! GREAT MASS ( PEOPLE .<:O.> SO EAG]LY & WILL+LY SUBMIT TO ! /ATE0 7#i7 -- BUT :Y %\LD HE1 IF ! /ATE IS H]E TO /AY8 ,HE UPHOLDS FATALI/ICALLY ! CONS5SUS OP9ION4 ,HIS AN?ROPOLOGY ( AN>*ISM IS NO?+ BUT NO/ALGIA4 ,HIS AN?ROPOLOGY ( AN>*ISM IS ACTUALLY AN?ROPOLOGY AGA9/ AN>*ISM4 ,HIS /ORY IMPLIES -- & HE MAKES ! MORAL EXPLICIT -- ?AT AN>*I/S %\LD AB&ON !IR REVOLUTION>Y FANTASIES & 9DULGE 9 FEEL-GOOD RE=MI/ ACTIVITIES :I*1 :ILE *ANG+ NO?+1 WILL GIVE !M A GREAT BIG HUG 7#a#e-#a#f74 ,B>CLAY %\LD /OP PRET5D+ TO BE AN AN>*I/1 AS ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 F9ALLY DID4 ,MORE IMPORTANT1 HE %\LD /OP PRET5D+ TO BE AN AN>*I/ AN?ROPOLOGI/1 BECAUSE HIS ANTI-AN>*I/ CONCLUSIONS F9D NO SUPPORT 9 AN?ROPOLOGY4 

  

.<#a.> ,HE TAU<T AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,ALB]TA FROM #a#i#f#f1 :]E HE IS N[ PR(ESSOR EM]ITUS1 UNTIL SOME REC5T DATE4 ,ON ! LA/ PAGE ( ! BOOK UND] REVIEW1 AFT] DISMISS+ AN>*I/ REVOLUTION AS IMPOSSIBLE1 ,PR(ESSOR ,B>CLAY 5DORSES1 AMONG SEV]AL AN>*I/ GE/URES1 ! REJECTION ( GOV]NM5T EMPLOYM5T4 ,HE WORK$ = ! ,ALB]TA PROV9CIAL GOV]NM5T = ALMO/ =TY YE>S4 

.<#b.> ,NUM]ALS 9 P>5!SES >E PAGE REF]5CES TO ,! ,/ATE4 ,9 MY FOOTNOTES1 A/]ISKS 7"97 ID5TIFY TEXTS :I* >E NOT LI/$ 9 ,B>CLAY'S BIBLIOGRAPHY4 

.<#c.> ,H>OLD ,B>CLAY1 ,PEOPLE ,)\T ,GOV]NM5T3 ,AN ,AN?ROPOLOGY ( ,AN>*ISM 7,LONDON3 ,KAHN @& ,AV]ILL ) ,CI5FUEGOS ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#b71 #adh 7ELEV5 PAGE REF]5CES TO ,KROPOTK9 9 ! 9DEX2 ! BIBLIOGRAPHY LI/S ,MUTUAL ,AID"9  & ,! ,/ATE3 ,ITS ,HI/ORIC ,ROLE"91 AS ?IS BOOK'S BIBLIOGRAPHY DOES NOT74 ,) ! USUAL ABYSMAL PRODUCTION VALUES IT %>ES ) ,A,K ,PRESS1 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS MIS/ATES ,P,W,GS SUBTITLE 9 ! BIBLIOGRAPHY TO ! NEW BOOK6 7#a#g74 

.<#d.> ,IBID41 #a#g-#c#a 79CLUD+ ! DISCUSSION ( SANCTIONS1 ) ! SAME DIAGRAM REPRODUC$74 

.<#e.> ,B>CLAY BELIEVES1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT URBAN DEMOCRACIES EM]G$ FROM ! ,R5AISSANCE & ,RE=MATION 7#d#c-#d#d7 -- TWO V]Y DIFF]5T PH5OM5A6 -- ACTUALLY A P]IOD :5 TRANSI5T URBAN DEMOCRACIES LIKE ,FLOR5CE W]E OV]?R[N & MO/ SELF-GOV]N+ 7BUT NOT DEMOCRATIC7 CITY-/ATES SUCCUMB$ TO DOME/IC OR =EIGN MON>*IES4 ,BY #a#f1 :5 ! ,R5AISSANCE & ,RE=MATION HAD RUN !IR C\RSES1 NO?+ 9 ,EUROPE RESEMBL$ DEMOCRACY EXCEPT A FEW RURAL ,SWISS CANTONS4 

.<#f.> ,SEE1 E4G41 0,HIE ,F$S ,CAN'T ,IMPRISON ,\R ,SPIRITS3 ,FREE ! ,CASCADIA #c10 ,SL+%OT1 #hi 7,W9T] #b#f71 #a1 #f"92 0,ACTIVI/S ,GET ! ,HEAT ,BREA?+ ,D[N ,!IR ,NECK10 ,SL+%OT1 #ia 7,SUMM] #b#f71 #f"94 

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