,MODES ( ,POLITICS AT A ,DI/ANCE FROM ! ,/ATE ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,LUCI5 ,VAN ,D] ,WALT ,TEXT 3 ,! ,RISE & ,FALL ( ! 0,5ABL+ ,/ATE0 ,= MU* ( ! LA/ HUNDR$ YE>S1 ! DOM9ANT P>TS ( ANTI-SY/EMIC MOVEM5TS FOCUS$ ON W9N+ /ATE P[]1 SEE+ AN 05ABL+ /ATE0 AS ! ESS5TIAL MEANS = SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 ,! IDEA ?AT RADICAL SOCIAL TRANS=MATION MEANT WIELD+ /ATE P[] WAS %>$ BY EV]-9CREAS+ SECTORS ( ! ANTI-CAPITALI/ LEFT1 ( WORK]S' MOVEM5TS1 & ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION =CES4 ,H[EV]1 BY ! #a#i#iS1 /ATE-C5TRIC MODELS1 :E!R SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC1 ,SOVIET-,M>XI/ OR ANTIIMP]IALI/ NATIONALI/1 W]E 9 CRISIS4 ,BY ! #a#i#gS ALREADY1 !Y HAD BECOME M>K$ BY ECONOMIC FAILURES1 NON-A*IEVEM5T ( MANY ( !IR /AT$ GOALS1 & ! 9ABILITY TO SU/A9 !MSELVES 9 ! FACE ( AN 9CREAS+LY 9T]NATIONALIZ$ CAPITALISM1 A DEEP GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS & A %IFT+ GEOPOLITICAL ORD]4 ,FUR!R1 M>K$ BY 5DEMIC 9EQUALITY1 !Y ALL FAC$ POPUL> UNRE/ & DISSATISFACTION ) !IR TOP-D[N1 BUREAUCRATIC & /ATI/ APPROA*ES1 MU* ( ?IS FROM LABOR & ! LEFT4 ,= EXAMPLE1 WORK]S 9 ,TANZANIA OCCUPI$ FACTORIES 9 ! E>LY #a#i#gS1 9 DEFIANCE ( A GOV]NM5T CALL+ ITSELF 0,AFRICAN SOCIALI/10 :ILE WORK]S' MOVEM5TS TOPPL$ ,AFRICAN GOV]NM5TS ACROSS ! CONT95T 9 ! #a#i#hS & E>LY #a#i#iS2 WORK]S REBELL$ ACROSS ! ,M>XI/ WORLD 9 ! #a#i#fS1 & AGA91 ! #a#i#hS2 MASSIVE /RIKES %OOK ! ,WE/1 MO/ FAM\SLY 9 ,FRANCE 9 #a#i#f#h1 AS ORD9>Y PEOPLE DEM&$ DEEP *ANGES 9 ! WORKPLACE & ! L>G] SOCIETY4 ,NEOLIB]ALISM DOES NOT WEAK5 ! ,/ATE ,AS ! OLD SY/EMS ( /ATE-L$ CAPITALISM CRUMBL$ - IMPORT-SUB/ITUTION-9DU/RIALIZATION 9 ! S\?1 ,M>XI/-,L59I/ C5TRAL PLANN+ 9 ! EA/1 ! ,KEYNESIAN WELF>E /ATE 9 ! WE/ - ! DOOR WAS OP5$ TO ! VICTORY ( GLOBAL NEOLIB]ALISM4 ,?IS WAS A NEW PHASE ( CAPITALISM1 NOT A M]E *ANGE 9 A FEW POLICIES ?AT C\LD EASILY BE UNDONE ) BETT] POLICIES4 ,NEOLIB]ALISM M>K$ ! 5D ( ! ]A ( /ATE-L$ MODELS ( CAPITALISM1 BUT DID NOT M>K ! 5D ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE1 OR EV5 ! 9VOLVEM5T ( ! /ATE 9 CAPITALISM4 ,NEOLIB]ALISM C5T]S ON FREE M>KETS1 BUT IT DOES NOT REMOVE ! /ATE1 NOR WEAK5 IT - ! /ATE IS NOT GONE1 BUT IS MANIFE/LY AN AG5CY = MASSIVE 9T]V5TIONS TO SUBSIDIZE CAPITAL1 EXP& COMMODIFICATION & DISCIPL9E ! POPUL> CLASSES4 ,/ATES >E NOT VICTIMS ( A NEOLIB]ALISM ?AT SOMEH[ APPE>S FROM SOME:]E ELSE1 EXT]NAL TO ! /ATE1 BUT ITS KEY AU?ORS4 ,! MAJOR MULTILAT]AL ORGANIZATIONS ?AT DRIVE NEOLIB]ALISM1 LIKE ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,MONET>Y ,FUND 7,I,M,F71 ,WORLD ,BANK & ,WORLD ,TRADE ,ORGANIZATION 7,W,T,O1 =M]LY ! ,G5]AL ,AGREEM5T ON ,TRADE & ,T>IFFS1 ,G,A,T,T7 >E NOT1 AS SOME BELIEVE1 PRIVATE BANKS OR ORGANIZATIONS ( MULTI-NATIONAL CORPORATIONS 7,M,N,CS7 - !IR MEMB]S & %>EHOLD]S = ! FIR/ TWO1 & !IR MEMB]S = ! LATT]1 >E /ATES4 ,! EXPANSION ( ,M,N,CS1 & !IR ABILITY TO MOVE CAPITAL >\ND ! PLANET ) EASE1 IS NOT SOME?+ ?AT HAPP5$ TO /ATES4 ,IT WAS ONLY MADE POSSIBLE 9 ! FIR/ PLACE BY /ATES LIB]ALIZ+ !IR CONTROLS ( OV] CAPITAL MOVEM5TS & CURR5CIES1 TO ALL[ SU* MOVEM5T1 & ! ROLE ( /ATES 9 CREAT+ AN 9T]NATIONAL 9FRA/RUCTURE = SU* ACTIVITIES1 :I* 5ABLES SU* MOVEM5T4 ,NATURALLY1 DIFF]5T /ATES HAVE DIFF]5T AG5DAS 9 ALL[+ !SE *ANGES3 = POOR] C\NTRIES LIKE ,*9A 9 ! #a#i#hS1 = EXAMPLE1 ?IS WAS A MEANS ( ATTRACT+ 9VE/M5T2 = RI*] C\NTRIES LIKE ! ,U,S,A 9 ?AT TIME1 ?IS WAS A MEANS ( ACCESS+ *EAP] LABOR1 SKIPP+ UNIONS & DODG+ 5VIRONM5TAL LAWS4 ,/ATES DISABLE ,MOVEM5TS ,! 5D ( ! SUPPOS$LY 05ABL+ /ATE0 DISABL$ ANTI-SY/EMIC MOVEM5TS 5AMOR$ ( /ATES4 ,I DO NOT MEAN1 & DO NOT WANT TO BE MISUND]/OOD AS SAY+1 ?AT ! OLD MODELS ( LABOR & LEFT POLITICS >E DEAD4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !SE RETA9 5ORM\S ATTRACTION1 & CONT9UE TO ATTRACT SUB/ANTIAL SUPPORT4 ,GLOBALLY1 !RE HAS BE5 SOME REVIVAL 9 ! =TUNES ( LEFT-(-C5T] P>TIES1 LIKE ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,9DIA 7,M>XI/7 7,C,P,I-,M71 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY 7,S,P,D7 9 ,G]MANY & ! ,WORK]S' ,P>TY 7,P,T7 9 ,BRAZIL1 AS WELL AS ! =MATION ( V>I\S NEW LEFT P>TIES DUR+ ! #bS1 9CLUD+ 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA4 ,WE CAN ALSO NOTE ! EXCITEM5T ) :I* MANY GREET$ ! ,V5EZUELA GOV]NM5T UND] ,HUGO ,*AVEZ1 ! 9T]E/ 9 ,B]NIE ,S&]S 9 ! ,U,S,A & 9 ,J]EMY ,CORBYN 9 ,BRITA91 & ! PU% TO =M NEW LEFT P>TIES 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA4 ,I AM SUGGE/+1 9/EAD1 ?AT !SE MODELS >E NO LONG] WORKABLE4 ,NOT ONLY DID !Y COLLAPSE AFT] NE>LY FIFTY YE>S 9 CRISES1 BUT !Y ALSO OP]AT$ 9 A V]Y DIFF]5T GLOBAL CONTEXT4 ,! ,KEYNESIAN WELF>E /ATE 9 ! ,WE/1 = EXAMPLE1 ASSUM$ CLASS COMPROMISES BAS$ )9 SPECIFIC NATION-/ATES1 9 :I* A BUS9ESS CLASS L>GELY FOCUS$ ON ! NATIONAL M>KET WAS WILL+ & ABLE TO MAKE SIGNIFICANT COMPROMISES ) ! NATIONAL WORK+ CLASS1 & 9 :I* ?AT CLASS C\LD EX]T 5ORM\S P[] & ?REAT1 9 ! CONTEXT ( MASSIVE ECONOMIC GR[? ?AT C\LD FUND SUB/ANTIAL IMPROVEM5TS 9 POPUL> CONDITIONS )\T ?REAT5+ CAPITALISM4 ,NONE ( !SE CONDITIONS APPLY ANYMORE4 ,! DOM9ANT SECTION ( PRIVATE CAPITALI/S IS ORGANIZ$ 9 ,M,N,CS :I* HAVE NO 9T]E/ 9 NATIONAL LEVEL PACTS1 SEEK+ 9/EAD ADVANTAGES & M>KETS ACROSS ! GLOBE2 WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5TS >E WEAK1 EV5 IF /ILL V]Y L>GE 7& 9 FACT GR[+72 !RE IS ALMO/ NO:]E 9 ! WORLD :]E RUL+ CLASSES EXP]I5CE ! WORK+ CLASS AS A DEADLY ?REAT OR EXPECT A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION FROM BEL[1 A SITUATION DRAMATICALLY DIFF]5T FROM ! #ae YE>S ?AT 5D$ 9 ! #a#i#iS1 ) ! RISE ( V>I\S =MS ( SOCIALISM FROM ! #a#h#dS2 & L[ GR[? & RECURR5T CRISES S9CE ! #a#i#gS HAVE R$UC$ ! MONEY AVAILABLE = R$I/RIBUTION TO ! POPUL> CLASSES & PRESSUR$ CAPITALI/S TO ROLL BACK ! GA9S MADE 9 ! PA/ BY WORK+ PEOPLE1 & R$I/RIBUTE WEAL? & P[] UPW>DS4 ,IF ! #a#i#dS TO ! #a#i#gS SAW FALL+ 9EQUALITY1 ! #a#i#iS ONW>DS HAS SE5 9EQUALITY SKYROCKET4 ,SO1 ! PROBLEM IS NOT JU/ ?AT NEOLIB]ALISM HAS COME TO DOM9ATE1 BUT ?AT ! MA9 ALT]NATIVES ?AT W]E PRES5T$ 9 MU* ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY >E NO LONG] FEASIBLE1 EV5 IF !Y W]E EV] DESIRABLE4 ,AS ,S,Y,R,I,Z,A F\ND 9 ,GREECE1 AS ! ,A,N,C F\ND 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA1 & AS ! ,P,T F\ND 9 ,BRAZIL1 NEOLIB]ALISM IS ! NAME ( TODAY'S GAME4 ,EV5 ,V5EZUELA'S 0,BOLIV>IAN0 MODEL WAS PREMIS$ NOT ON A %>P BREAK ) ! NEOLIB]AL ORD]1 BUT SIMPLY A BOOM 9 OIL REV5UES DRIV5 BY NEOLIB]AL CAPITALISM ELSE:]E ?AT ALL[$1 = A TIME1 SOME BOOMS 9 WELF>E4 ,BEYOND ?IS1 ! ,V5EZUELAN ECONOMY WAS 9 CRISIS WELL BE=E ! REC5T ,U,S SANCTIONS1 &1 :5 ! OIL PRICE FELL1 ! MODEL FELL AP>T4 ,! VICTORY ( NEOLIB]ALISM1 !N1 WAS P>TLY DUE TO ! ABS5CE ( A CLE> LABOR & LEFT ALT]NATIVE AT ! TIME ?AT :I* C\LD BE *AMPION$ BY ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,BUT ?IS WAS BECAUSE ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T FAC$ ! CRISIS1 FAILURE & PASS+ AWAY ( ! MA9 /ATI/ MODELS4 ,IT C\LD EI!R POSE !SE AS AN ALT]NATIVE AGA91 & FAIL2 OR SEE+ ! FAILURE1 BE DEMORALIZ$ & ACCEPT NEOLIB]ALISM OR DEFEAT2 OR !Y C\LD SEEK A ?IRD OPTION1 BEYOND ! /ATE4 ,! ,RETURN TO 0,POLITICS AT A DI/ANCE FROM ! ,/ATE0 ,?IS SITUATION HAS L$ DIRECTLY TO A CRISIS ( ! DOM9ANT CURR5TS 9 LEFT & WORK+-CLASS POLITICS1 BUT IT HAS ALSO OP5$ SPACE = ! R$ISCOV]Y ( SOCIETY-C5T]$1 ANTI-CAPITALI/ MODES ( BOTTOM UP *ANGE1 LABEL$ AS 0AT A DI/ANCE0 POLITICS4 ,!SE HAD ALWAYS EXI/$1 & HAD BE5 V]Y 9FLU5TIAL 9TO ! #a#i#dS1 BUT W]E SUPPLANT$ FROM #aide WORLDWIDE BY /ATISM4 ,9 REC5T YE>S TOO1 0AT A DI/ANCE0 POLITICS HAVE REGI/]$ IMPORTANT SUCCESSES 9 PRACTICE1 SU* AS ! ,ZAPATI/AS 9 ,MEXICO4 ,!SE SOCIETY-C5T]$ POSITIONS 9VOLVE A POLITICS ( ANTI-CAPITALI/ TRANS=MATION ?AT QUE/ION FUNDAM5TALLY /ATE-C5T]$ *ANGE4 ,9 PLACE ( /ATI/ & HI]>*ICAL MODELS1 0AT A DI/ANCE0 POLITICS /RESS POSSIBILITIES = MORE DEMOCRATIC1 BOTTOM-UP & RADICAL MODELS ( TRANS=MATION - PREVI\SLY (T5 EFFAC$ BY /ATE-C5TRIC /RUGGLES & ! PROJECT ( CAPTUR+ /ATE P[]1 BUT N[ 9CREAS+LY R$ISCOV]$4.<#a.> ,= EXAMPLE1 )9 ANTI-AP>!ID ORGANIZATIONS ( ! #a#i#gS & #a#i#hS1 !RE WAS ALSO AN IMPLICITLY ANTI-/ATI/ T5D5CY :I* S\*IES & GOV]NANCE4 ,= 9/ANCE1 ! DECL>$ AIM ( ! ,UNIT$ ,DEMOCRATIC ,FRONT 7,U,D,F1 =M$ 9 #a#i#h#c7 ( CON/RUCT+ 0PEOPLE'S P[]0 & ! /RESS BY MANY BLACK-C5T]$ TRADE UNIONS1 NOTABLY ?OSE 9 ! 0WORK]I/0 TRADITION ( ! ,F$]ATION ( ,S\? ,AFRICAN ,TRADE ,UNIONS 7,F,O,S,A,T,U1 =M$ 9 #a#i#g#i7 ON 0WORK]S' CONTROL10 W]E 9DICATIVE ( A VISION ( AN 9CIPI5T POLITICS ( TRANS=MATION ?AT - DESPITE AMBIGUITIES1 CONTRADICTIONS & LIMITATIONS -DID NOT C5T] ON US+ ! /ATE = LIB]ATION4 ,A 0POLITICS ( EMANCIPATION0 ?AT IS AT A 0DI/ANCE FROM ! /ATE10 & NOT C5T]$ ON ! CAPTURE ( /ATE P[]1 IS NOT A MONOLI?IC PROJECT4.<#b.> ,?IS IS NOT BECAUSE 0AT A DI/ANCE0 POLITICS 9EVITABLY REJECTS UNITY OR MAKES A VIRTUE ( DISAGREEM5T & 9COH]5CE1 BUT SIMPLY BECAUSE !RE IS NO S+LE 0AT A DI/ANCE0 MODEL40 ,POLITICS AT A DI/ANCE FROM ! /ATE0 ACTUALLY DESCRIBES A RANGE ( APPROA*ES ?AT >E GR\P$ TOGE!R MORE BECAUSE ( !IR SKEPTICISM AB\T /ATE-C5T]$ *ANGE - SU* A POLITICS DOES NOT EV5 HAVE TO BE ANTI-/ATI/4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE TO DI/+UI%1 ANALYTICALLY1 AT LEA/ ?REE MODES ( 0AT A DI/ANCE0 POLITICS03 0\TSIDE-BUT-)0 ! /ATE2 0\TSIDE-&-DESPITE0 ! /ATE & 0\TSIDE-&-AGA9/0 ! /ATE4.<#c.> ,!SE >E NOT NECESS>ILY ! LABELS !SE ?REE BROAD MODES ( 0AT A DI/ANCE0 POLITICS !MSELVES USE1 BUT !Y S]VE AS A USEFUL WAY ( DIVID+ UP ! TYPES1 ! BETT] TO UND]/& !M4 ,MODE #a3 0,\TSIDE-BUT-)0 ! ,/ATE ,?IS HOLDS ?AT RADICAL *ANGE %\LD NOT C5T] ON ! /ATE4 ,RA!R1 POPUL> 9ITIATIVES1 MOVEM5TS & AUTONOMY %\LD HAVE MAXIMUM SCOPE1 BUT %\LD BE COMB9$ ) TRANS=M+ & DEMOCRATIZ+ ! /ATE4 ,9 PLACE ( A /ATISM ?AT SUPPLANTS POPUL> SELF-ACTIVITY1 & A POLITICS ?AT REJECTS ! /ATE 9 ALL 9/ANCES1 ?IS MODE 9VOLVES A SYN]GY 7OR AT LEA/ A CREATIVE T5SION74 ,IT SEEKS TO MOVE BEYOND ! TRADITIONAL SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC /RESS ON P>LIAM5T & CORPORATISM1 BY COMPLEM5T+ !SE ) POPUL> MOBILIZATION4.<#d.> ,AL?\< (T5 PRES5T$ AS NEW1 !SE IDEAS HAD E>LI] 9C>NATIONS 91 = EXAMPLE1 ,GUILD ,SOCIALISM4 ,?IS IS C]TA9LY 0POLITICS AT A DI/ANCE FROM ! /ATE10 S9CE IT NEI!R R$UCES POLITICS TO ! /ATE1 NOR SEEKS TO SUBSUME POPUL> /RUGGLES 9TO ! /ATE APP>ATUS1 YET IT IS ALSO NOT ANTI-/ATI/ - IT IS A 0POLITICS AT A DI/ANCE0 ?AT IS 0\TSIDE-BUT-)0 ! /ATE4 ,!RE HAVE BE5 A WIDE RANGE ( EF=TS TO IMPLEM5T IT1 & A RANGE ( POSSIBLE MODALITIES = ITS OP]ATION4 ,= ,MURPHY ,MOROBE 9 #a#i#h#g1 = 9/ANCE1 ! ANTI-AP>!ID COALITION ! ,UNIT$ ,DEMOCRATIC ,FRONT 7,U,D,F71 9 :I* HE WAS A LEAD]1 BUILT 0ACTIVE1 MASS-BAS$ DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATIONS & DEMOCRATIC PRACTICES )9 !SE ORGANIZATIONS0 TO FI!ID /ATE1 BUT ! IDEA WAS ?AT1 AFT] AP>!ID1 !SE W\LD EXI/ ALONGSIDE P>LIAM5T4.<#e.> ,AS NOT$ LAT]1 9 ,*APT] #f4#c1 7,SEE ! BOOK ,/RATEGY3 ,DEBAT+ ,POLITICS ,)9 & AT A ,DI/ANCE FROM ! ,/ATE - ,$S4 ,JOHN ,REYNOLDS @& ,LUCI5 VAN D] ,WALT7 ONE /R& 9 ! 0WORK]I/0 TRADITION ( ,F$]ATION ( ,S\? ,AFRICAN ,TRADE ,UNIONS 7,F,O,S,A,T,U7 ALSO FITS3 IT AIM$ AT BUILD+ WORK]S P[] & A RADICAL WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T1 BUT IT WAS ALSO WILL+ TO P>TICIPATE 9 /ATE 9/ITUTIONS1 9CLUD+ ! C\RTS & ! /ATUTORY B>GA9+ MA*9]Y1 EV5 UND] ! AP>!ID /ATE4 ,! POLITICS ( 0\TSIDE-BUT-)0 ! /ATE IS BAS$ ON ! IDEA ?AT ! /ATE IS A CONTE/$ T]RA91 SUSCEPTIBLE TO POPUL> DEM&S & ANTI-CAPITALI/ POLICIES4 ,! /ATE ACT+ AGA9/ PEOPLE IS SE5 AS DUE TO ! /ATE BE+ TEMPOR>ILY CAPTUR$ BY ! WRONG GR\PS4 ,PRESSURE ON ! /ATE1 FROM \TSIDE1 & WORK )9 ! /ATE1 AS WELL AS ALLIANCES BETWE5 /ATES & MOVEM5TS1 >E SE5 AS WAYS ( TRANS=M+ ! /ATE1 & ( PU%+ BACK CAPITALISM4 ,!RE IS1 ACCORD+ TO ?IS VIEW1 NO BUILT-9 RELATION%IP BETWE5 CAPITALISM & ! /ATE2 ! /ATE CAN BE DEL9K$ FROM CAPITALISM1 EI!R TO REMOVE IT OR TO PLACE IT UND] SOME SORT ( REGULATION ?AT B5EFITS ! POPUL> CLASSES4 ,V]Y (T5 ?IS VIEW LOOKS OPTIMI/ICALLY AT ! PA/1 SPEAK+ 9 T]MS ( A GOLD5 AGE BE=E NEOLIB]ALISM1 9 :I*1 SUPPOS$LY1 /ATES W]E TRULY DEMOCRATIC4 ,A ,CRITICAL ,ASSESSM5T ,! PROBLEM H]E IS ?AT ?IS DOES NOT CONSID] ?AT /ATES >E CLOSELY L9K$ TO CAPITALISM1 IF = NO O!R REASON ?AN ?AT !Y >E FUND$ BY CAPITALISM3 TAXES ON PR(ITS1 TAXES ON 9COMES1 TAXES ON SALES1 & LOANS FROM BANKS4 ,?IS IMM$IATELY LIMITS :AT /ATES >E ABLE TO DO2 9 A CONTEXT :]E CAPITALISM IS NEOLIB]AL & CRISIS-RIDD51 IT SEEMS MO/ UNLIKELY ?AT /ATES WILL TAKE SIDES ) ! PEOPLE AGA9/ CAPITALISM4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 /ATES CAN V>Y 9 :AT !Y DO1 & /ATES >E C]TA9LY %AP$ BY POPUL> /RUGGLES1 BUT !RE >E ABSOLUTE LIMITS ON :AT /ATES CAN OR WILL DO4 ,/ATES >E ALSO C5TRALIZ$1 DISEMP[]+ & TOP-D[N 9/ITUTIONS1 &1 AS SU*1 PROVIDE LITTLE SCOPE = POPUL> 9VOLVEM5T4 ,IF ! /ATE IS C5TRALIZ$1 AS ALL /ATES >E1 H[ EXACTLY CAN ! MAJORITY ( PEOPLE P>TICIPATE 9 ANY MEAN+FUL ONGO+ WAY8 ,& IF /ATES HAVE 9/ITUTIONAL IMP]ATIVES ( !IR [N - SURVIVAL 9 A COMPETITIVE 9T]/ATE SY/EM1 ! NE$ TO MA9TA9 CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION1 ! REPRODUCTION ( !IR CONTROL OV] T]RITORIES ETC4 - WILL !SE NOT RE%APE POPUL> MOVEM5TS1 ON ! PATT]N ( ! /ATE8 ,TO PUT IT ANO!R WAY1 IF ! /ATE IS TOP-D[N & WORKS ON ITS [N AG5DA1 IT CAN ONLY 9CLUDE POPUL> MOVEM5TS 9 WAYS ?AT WILL 9 TURN1 MAKE ?OSE MOVEM5TS MORE C5TRALIZ$ & MORE COMPATIBLE ) /ATE /RUCTURES4 ,!RE IS1 9 O!R WORDS1 A CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! TOP-D[N LOGIC ( ! /ATE 7& ( ! CAPITALI/ CORPORATION7 & ! BOTTOM-UP LOGIC ( DEMOCRATIC1 POPUL> MOVEM5TS - ! TWO C\LD NOT BE RECONCIL$ 9 ! MANN] 0\TSIDE-BUT-)0 PROPOSALS SUGGE/$4 ,MODE #b3 0,\TSIDE-&-DESPITE0 ! ,/ATE ,?IS POSITION IS (T5 ID5TIFI$ ) A /R& ( UNOR?ODOX ,M>XISM PROMOT$ BY ! AUTONOMI/ ,JOHN ,HOLL[AY1 BUT IT IS F> FROM UNIQUE TO ?AT ,M>XISM4 ,! CORE IDEA IS ?AT ORD9>Y PEOPLE CAN BUILD A NEW SOCIETY \TSIDE ( ! /ATE1 & CAPITALISM4 ,= ,HOLL[AY1 ! /ATE IS NO?+ BUT A REFLECTION ( CAPITALISM1 SO IT IS PO9TLESS TO USE IT4 ,BUT S9CE ?AT MEANS Y\ CANNOT CAPTURE ! /ATE PEACEFULLY 7AS 9 SOCIAL DEMOCRACY7 OR BY =CE 7AS 9 ,M>XISM-,L59ISM71 :AT %\LD Y\ DO8 ,HOLL[AY SUGGE/S ?AT ! FIR/ /EP IS TO REFUSE TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! SY/EM1 :I* IS CREAT$ & RECREAT$ DAILY BY \R ACTIONS4.<#f.> ,WE %\LD RA!R BUILD ALT]NATIVES 9 ! CRACKS ( ! SY/EM1 & :]E !RE >E 5\< CRACKS ?AT >E WID5$ 5\<1 ! SY/EM WILL />T TO CRUMBLE4 ,S9CE !RE IS NO P>TY ) A UNIFI$ PROJECT1 & NO C5TRAL AIM1 LIKE W9N+ /ATE P[]1 ! >GUM5T CONT9UES1 !RE IS NO S+LE PROJECT4 ,!RE IS A /RESS ON OP5-5D$ & 9DET]M9ATE PROCESSES1 & SKEPTICISM T[>DS GR& PROGRAMS & REVOLUTION>Y S*EMATA4 ,9 FACT1 TO CREATE ANY SU* UNIFI$ PROJECT RISKS SEEMS BR+ BACK ! /ATE & ! P>TY4 ,RA!R1 AN EXP]IM5TAL & EVOLV+ COMMUNISM WILL SOMEH[ EM]GE 9 !SE ALT]NATIVE SPACES4 ,EV]YDAY PRACTICES ?AT REJECT ! IMPOS$ SY/EM & ITS WAY ( ?9K+ WID5 ! CRACKS TO ! PO9T :]E ! SY/EM IS BROK54 ,AL?\< ,HOLL[AY CLAIMS NOT TO HAVE A =MULA1 WE CAN 9F] ONE FROM HIS WRIT+S3 ! ALT]NATIVES %\LD BE BAS$ ON HORIZONTAL RELATIONS1 ACCEPTANCE ( DIFF]5CE1 A /RESS ON ! PROCESS ( MAK+ *ANGE AS MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ! ULTIMATE *ANGE ITSELF1 A REJECTION ( MOV+ P[] AWAY FROM PEOPLE1 & A FAIRLY /RAID S*EMA = *ANGE :]E PEOPLE DO MORE & MORE1 UNTIL IT IS 5\<4 ,A ,CRITICAL ,ASSESSM5T ,HOLL[AY'S EXAMPLES ( 0BUILD+ WAYS ( LIV+ ?AT DON'T DEP5D ON WAGE LABOR0 .<#g.> >E EXTREMELY MODE/3 MEET+S 9 SQU>ES1 ! RE-OP5+ ( CLOS$ FACTORIES1 & 0COMMUNITY G>D5S40 .<#h.> ,H[EV]1 AS RUL+ CLASSES ALREADY HAVE A VIRTUAL MONOPOLY ON ADM9I/RATIVE1 ECONOMIC & MILIT>Y RES\RCES1 H[ WILL ?OSE RES\RCES BE MOV$ OV]8 ,IF !Y >E NOT1 !SE T9Y ISL&S WILL OP]ATE )9 A CAPITALI/ SEA & BE ]OD$ BY IT1 RA!R ?AN *ANGE SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,?IS RAISES QUE/IONS ( H[ ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 = EXAMPLE1 WILL BE PLAC$ UND] POPUL> CONTROL ON A MEAN+FUL SCALE1 & H[ ! >M$ MI MOVEM5TS DID MOVE 9TO DIRECT CONFRONTATIONS ON ! T]RA9S CONTROLL$ BY RUL+ CLASSES1 BY = EXAMPLE1 SEIZ+ OP5 FACTORIES1 ?IS W\LD MEAN OP5 CONFLICT1 W> FROM ABOVE BY P[]FUL ELITES1 :O W\LD NOT SIMPLY WI!R AWAY4 ,AT ITS CORE1 ! SY/EM IS NOT BAS$ ON AGREEM5T1 OR A MAJORITY VOTE4 ,IT IS DIFFICULT TO SEE H[ A S]IES ( PROJECTS1 LACK+ A CLE> PROGRAM & IDEOLOGY1 WILL BE ABLE TO TACKLE HI /RATEGY1 & A CLE> DEBATE ON /RATEGY4 ,:ILE CLAIM+ NOT TO HAVE A /RATEGY1 & TO BE OP5 & EXP]IM5TAL1 ! 0\TSIDE-&-DESPITE0 APPROA*1 9 EFFECT1 ADVOCATES A V]Y N>R[ /RATEGY & CLOSES D[N DEBATES ON /RATEGY4 ,F9ALLY1 !RE IS ALSO REALLY NO?+ ?AT MAKES ALT]NATIVE 9/ITUTIONS1 RELATIONS & /RUGGLES AUTOMATICALLY LEAD TO A NEW EGALIT>IAN1 0COMMUNISM0 - ! TRANSITION 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA1 BORN \T ( /RUGGLES FROM BEL[1 BUT 5D+ 9 NEOLIB]AL CAPITALISM1 SURELY %[S ?IS4 ,?IS MEANS ! BATTLE ( IDEAS DOES MATT]1 & ?AT RAISES ! QUE/ION ( H[ TO WAGE IT4 ,MODE #c3 0,\TSIDE-&-AGA9/0 ! ,/ATE ,! ?IRD MODE - (T5 ASSOCIAT$ ) AN>*ISM_/SYNDICALISM - >GU$ ?AT /ATES W]E C5TRALIZ$ 9/ITUTIONS ( CLASS RULE3 !Y W]E C5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATIONS ?AT EXI/$ TO ALL[ SMALL RUL+ CLASSES TO RULE4 ,!Y DID ?IS BY CONC5TRAT+ 9 A FEW H&S ! MAJOR MEANS ( ADM9I/RATION & CO]CION - C5TRALIZATION ALL[$ A FEW TO WIELD !SE RES\RCES - & !Y 5SUR$ CLASS EXPLOITATION CONT9U$ - :I* ALSO REQUIR$ ?AT MAJOR MEANS ( PRODUCTION W]E [N$ & CONTROLL$ BY A FEW1 EI!R 9 A /ATE OR PRIVATE CORPORATIONS4 ,?IS MEANT ?AT /ATES C\LD NOT BE US$ = RADICAL *ANGE BY ! WORK+ CLASS - FIR/1 BECAUSE !Y W]E DESIGN$ = ! OPPOSITE PURPOSE1 SECOND1 BECAUSE !IR C5TRALIZ$ /RUCTURE PREV5T$ ! MASS ( PEOPLE P>TICIPAT+ 9 !M1 &1 ?IRD1 BECAUSE ! PRICE ( P>TICIPATION WAS ! C5TRALIZATION & CORRUPTION ( MOVEM5TS ?AT P>TICIPAT$4 ,SO1 ! ALT]NATIVE WAS !N NOT TO BUILD A POLITICAL P>TY TO TAKE /ATE P[]1 OR TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! /ATE1 BUT TO BUILD1 FIR/LY1 BOTTOM-UP1 DEMOCRATIC ORGANS ( 0C\NT]-P[]0 ?AT C\LD EMP[] PEOPLE TO RESI/ ! RUL+ CLASS1 FI CLASSES & =G+ AN EGALIT>IAN MOVEM5T1 !REBY CREAT+ ! NUCLEUS ( A FUTURE1 SELF-GOV]N$ SOCIALI/ SY/EM4 ,?IS W\LD MEAN TAK+ OV] MEANS ( ADM9I/RATION1 CO]CION & PRODUCTION DIRECTLY & PLAC+ !SE UND] ! CONTROL1 ( ! ORGANS ( C\NT]-P[]4.<#i.> ,! ALT]NATIVE W\LD 9VOLVE1 SECONDLY1 A PROJECT ( PROMOT+ A REVOLUTION>Y 0C\NT]-CULTURE10 OR ALT]NATIVE WORLDVIEW_/C\NT]-HEGEMONY1 ?AT W\LD PROVIDE A CRITIQUE ( ! EXI/+ WORLD1 EMBODY ALT]NATIVE VALUES & \TL9E ! FRAMEWORK (1 & /RATEGY =1 A NEW WORLD4 ,!RE WAS JU/ NO AUTOMATIC MOVE FROM /RUGGLE TO REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE4 ,! BATTLE ( IDEAS WAS NE$$4 ,9 AN EXAMPLE ( ?IS APPROA*1 UNIONS C\LD BE REPOSITION$ TO AGITATE1 $UCATE & ORGANIZE1 BUILD+ CAPACITY TO SEIZE & SELF-MANAGE ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,SO1 BASICALLY1 !RE IS A /RESS ON BUILD+ A NEW SOCIETY FROM \TSIDE ! /ATE1 BAS$ ON PEOPLE BE+ ACTIVE2 ?IS APPROA* REJECTS ! USE ( POLITICAL P>TIES TO CAPTURE /ATE P[]4 ,AL?\< SOME =M ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION C\LD PLAY A ROLE 9 BUILD+ C\NT]-P[] & C\NT]-HEGEMONY1 IT CANNOT ITSELF TAKE P[]4 ,Y\ CAN W9 RE=MS - BUT ?R\< PROTE/ & PRESSURE \TSIDE ! /ATE4 ,RE=MS >E POSSIBLE1 BUT NOT 5\<1 & ULTIMATELY ! /ATE - ! EXI/+ /ATE - MU/ BE REPLAC$ ) A DEMOCRACY FROM BEL[4 ,A ,CRITICAL ,ASSESSM5T ,ONE ( ! COMMON CRITICISMS ( ?IS APPROA* IS ! CLAIM ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y *ANGES ?AT IT 5VISAGES >E RISKY4 ,OBVI\SLY1 ! ULTIMATE \TCOME ( ?IS PROJECT W\LD BE A %[D[N BETWE5 ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE & ! /ATE - & ) IT1 ! RUL+ CLASSES - :I* ALSO MEANS A CONFRONTATION ) ! >M$ =CES ( ! /ATE4 ,?IS W\LD BE V]Y DE/ABILIZ+1 MAY NOT RESULT 9 A SUCCESSFUL REVOLUTION1 & MIY PROJECT4 ,! DANG] IS ?AT !RE >E NO *ECKS & BALANCES - LIKE ,*APT] #i 9/ITUTIONS - & !RE=E1 ! WOR/ \TCOME W\LD BE A WORSE SY/EM4 ,ANO!R CRITICISM IS ?AT ! PROJECT IS A BIT UNREALI/IC - IT BASICALLY ASSUMES ?AT !RE WILL BE A /EADY ACCUMULATION ( P[] BY ! PEOPLE1 BUT WILL ?IS BE P]MITT$8 ,SU* A REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT C\LD FACE REPRESSION1 BUT WILL ANYWAY BE ?REAT5$ BY CONT9UAL *ANGES 9 ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 E4G4 ECONOMIC CRISIS1 ! F\R? 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION4 ,IF ! REVOLUTION IS DISRUPT$1 !N EI!R IT WILL HAVE TO TAKE PLACE :]E PEOPLE >E NOT READY - ! C\NT]-P[] IS WEAK & LIMIT$ 9 COV]AGE1 & ! C\NT]-HEGEMONY IS WEAK - :I* W\LD MEAN A HI< RISK ( FAILURE2 OR ! PROCESS ( BUILD+ C\NT]-P[] MU/ TAKE TIME TO RECOV]4 ,H[EV]1 IF ! PROCESS KEEPS GETT+ PU%$ BACK LIKE ?IS1 !N WILL ! REVOLUTION EV] HAPP58 ,IF NOT1 :AT IS ! PO9T ( ! PROJECT8 ,?IS W\LD LEAD TO A ?IRD CRITICISM3 ! SCOPE = REVOLUTION IS EXAGG]AT$1 SO ! FOCUS %\LD BE ON SMALL REALI/IC *ANGES4 ,!SE >E MORE FEASIBLE1 & 9 ANY CASE1 ! PESSIMI/IC 7NEGATIVE7 VIEW ( ! /ATE H]E MAYBE IGNORES H[ MU* *ANGE IS POSSIBLE )9 ! EXI/+ SY/EM4 ,CONCLUSIONS ,H[ WE ?9K AB\T ! /ATE IS CRUCIAL TO :AT WE ?9K WORKS BE/ - !RE IS A DIFF]5T !ORY AB\T ! NATURE ( ! /ATE AT WORK 9 EA* APPROA*1 :I* ALSO L9KS TO A VIEW ( H[ SOCIETY WORKS4 ,IS SOCIETY1 & IS SOCIETAL *ANGE1 BAS$ UPON 5DLESS CLASS /RUGGLES8 ,>E ! DIFF]5CES 9 SOCIETY SOME?+ ?AT CAN BE EFFECTIVELY & PEACEFULLY RESOLV$8 ,ANO!R ISSUE TO BE AW>E ( H]E IS ?AT !RE >E DIFF]5T VIEWS ( :AT TYPE ( POLITICAL PRACTICE IS BETT] - TOP-D[N1 BOTTOM-UP1 PLANS1 NO PLANS1 /RUGGLE1 PEACEFUL *ANGE8 ,?IS LEADS TO QUITE DIFF]5T VIEWS ( MOVEM5T-BUILD+1 E4G4 %\LD IT 9VOLVE P>TIES1 P>LIAM5TS1 USE ( C\RTS1 & USE ( /ATE GRANTS2 %\LD IT HAVE LEAD]S &1 IF SO1 ( :AT TYPE8 .<#a.> ,HELLIK]1 ,K4 & ,L4 VAN D] ,WALT4 #b#a#h4 0,POLITICS AT A ,DI/ANCE FROM ! ,/ATE3 ,RADICAL1 ,S\? ,AFRICAN & ,ZIMBABWEAN PRAXIS TODAY40 ,9 ,K4 ,HELLIK] & ,L4 VAN D] ,WALT4 7$S474 ,POLITICS AT A ,DI/ANCE FROM ! ,/ATE3 ,RADICAL & ,AFRICAN P]SPECTIVES4 ,LONDON & ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE4 .<#b.> ,BADI\1 ,A41 ,F4 ,DEL ,LUC*ESE1 & ,J4 ,DEL ,SMI?4 #b#h4 0',WE ,NE$ A ,POPUL> ,DISCIPL9E'3 ,CONTEMPOR>Y POLITICS & ! CRISIS ( ! NEGATIVE40 ,CRITICAL ,9QUIRY1 ,VOL #cd 7#d73 #d#g1 #f#d#i-#f#e4 .<#c.> ,HELLIK] & VAN D] ,WALT1 0,POLITICS AT A ,DI/ANCE FROM ! ,/ATE40 .<#d.> ,WA9WRI ,MOROBE1 ,M4 #a#i#h#g4 0,T[>DS A ,PEOPLE'S ,DEMOCRACY3 ,! ,U,D,F VIEW40 ,REVIEW ( ,AFRICAN ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY1 #d3 #h#a-#h#h4 .<#f.> ,HOLL[AY1 ,J4 #b#e4 ,*ANGE ! ,WORLD )\T ,TAK+ ,P[]3 ,! MEAN+ ( REVOLUTION TODAY4 ,REVIS$ $N44 ,LONDON3 ,PLUTO ,PRESS2 ,HOLL[AY1 ,J4 #b#a4 ,CRACK ,CAPITALISM4 ,LONDON3 ,PLUTO ,PRESS4 .<#g.> ,HOLL[AY1 ,J4 #bi ,SEPTEMB] #b#a#d4 0,JOHN ,HOLL[AY3 ,CRACK+ CAPITALISM VS4 ! /ATE OPTION40 ,R,O,> ,MAGAZ9E4 .<#h.> ,BONEFELD1 ,W4 & ,J4 ,HOLL[AY4 #b#a#d4 0,COMMUNE1 ,MOVEM5T1 ,NEGATION3 ,NOTES FROM TOMORR[40 ,S\? ,ATLANTIC ,QU>T]LY1 ,VOL #aac 7#b73 #b#a#d-#b#a#e4 .<#i.> ,VAN D] ,WALT1 ,L4 #b#a#h1 0,BACK TO ! ,FUTURE3 ,REVIVAL1 RELEVANCE & R\TE ( AN AN>*I/_/ SYNDICALI/ APPROA* TO #b#a/ C5TURY LEFT1 LABOR & NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS40 ,9 ,K4 ,HELLIK] & ,L4 VAN D] ,WALT4 7$S474 ,POLITICS AT A ,DI/ANCE FROM ! ,/ATE3 ,RADICAL & ,AFRICAN P]SPECTIVES4 ,LONDON & ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE4 ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,JANU>Y #b#b1 #bba 3 ,MODES ( ,POLITICS AT A ,DI/ANCE FROM ! ,/ATE -- ,ADD$4 ,JANU>Y #f1 #bbb 3 ,MODES ( ,POLITICS AT A ,DI/ANCE FROM ! ,/ATE -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/