,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 A ,BIOGRAPHICAL ,SKET* 

#aig 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,JAMES ,GUILLAUME 

,TAGS 3 M>X & 5GELS1 H]Z5 & OG>EV1 M>X'S DAS KAPITAL1 EMANCIPATION ( LABOR1 SALVATION ( FRANCE1 CONGRESS 9 G5EVA1 PHILOSOPHY ( HEGEL1 JURA F$]ATION1 MI*AEL BAKUN91 RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T4 

,TEXT 3 

,WRITT53 ,AUGU/ #a#i#g2 
,S\RCE3 ,BAKUN9 ON ,AN>*Y1 TRANSLAT$ & $IT$ BY ,SAM ,DOLG(F1 #a#i#g#a4 

  

,PHOTO BY RAKO1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,JAMES ,GUILLAUME1 ,BAKUN9'S FRI5D & COMRADE-9->MS1 $IT$ ! LA/ FIVE VOLUMES ( ! SIX-VOLUME ,FR5* $ITION ( HIS COLLECT$ WORKS4 ,GUILLAUME'S BIOGRAPHICAL SKET* ( ,BAKUN91 ORIG9ALLY APPE>$ 9 HIS 9TRODUCTION TO ,VOLUME ,I,I ( ?AT $ITION4 

,?IS SKET* IS A PRIM>Y S\RCE NOT ONLY ON ! LIFE ( ,BAKUN91 BUT ALSO ON ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT EV5TS 9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T ( ?AT P]IOD4 ,IT 9CID5TALLY CONTRIBUTES VALUABLE BACKGR\ND 9=MATION = MANY ( ! O!R SELECTIONS 9 ! PRES5T VOLUME4 ,GUILLAUME1 :O DID NOT LIMIT HIMSELF TO RECORD+ EV5TS BUT ALSO TOOK P>T 9 %AP+ !M1 HAD BE5 9CL9$ T[>D AN>*ISM EV5 BE=E HE MET ,BAKUN9 9 #a#h#f#i4 ,E>LI]1 HE HAD BE5 ONE ( ! F\ND]S ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ,SWITZ]L&1 :]E IT HELD ITS FIR/ CONGRESS1 9 ,G5EVA1 9 #a#h#f#f4 ,HE ATT5D$ ALL ITS CONGRESSES1 & EV5TUALLY PUBLI%$ A F\R-VOLUME HI/ORY ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,GUILLAUME ALSO WROTE WIDELY ON LIB]T>IAN !ORY & PRACTICE & $IT$ A NUMB] ( P]IODICALS4 ,HIS EXT5SIVE WRIT+S ON CULTURAL SUBJECTS 9CLUD$ SUB/ANTIAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO ! !ORY ( PROGRESSIVE $UCATION AS REPRES5T$ P>TICUL>LY BY ! E>LY-N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,SWISS $UCATOR ,JOHANN ,PE/ALOZZI4 

,M,I,*,A,E,L ,A,L,E,X,&,R,O,V,I,* ,B,A,K,U,N,9 WAS BORN ON ,MAY #a#h1 #ahad ON HIS FAMILY'S E/ATE 9 ! LITTLE VILLAGE ( ,PREMUKH9O1 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,TV]4 ,HIS FA!R WAS A C>E] DIPLOMAT :O1 AS A Y\NG ATTA*E1 HAD LIV$ = YE>S 9 ,FLOR5CE & ,NAPLES4 ,UPON HIS RETURN TO ,RUSSIA1 HE SETTL$ D[N ON HIS PAT]NAL E/ATE :]E1 AT ! AGE ( =TY1 HE M>RI$ AN EI<TE5-YE>-OLD GIRL FROM ! PROM95T ,MURAVIEV FAMILY4 ,GIV5 TO LIB]AL IDEAS1 HE WAS = A :ILE PLATONICALLY 9VOLV$ ) ONE ( ! ,DECEMBRI/' CLUBS4 ,AFT] ,NI*OLAS ,I BECAME ,CZ>1 H[EV]1 ,BAKUN9 GAVE UP POLITICS & DEVOT$ HIMSELF TO ! C>E ( HIS E/ATE & ! $UCATION ( HIS *ILDR51 FIVE GIRLS & FIVE BOYS1 ! OLDE/ ( :OM WAS ,MI*AEL4 

,AT FIFTE51 ,MI*AEL 5T]$ ! ,>TILL]Y ,S*OOL 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG :]E1 ?REE YE>S LAT]1 HE WAS COMMISSION$ A JUNIOR (FIC] & S5T TO G>RISON 9 ! PROV9CES ( ,M9SK & ( ,GRODNO1 9 ,POL&4 ,HE >RIV$ 9 ! LATT] PO/ %ORTLY AFT] ! ,POLI% 9SURRECTION ( #ahcb HAD BE5 CRU%$4 ,! SPECTACLE ( ,POL& T]RORIZ$ %OCK$ ! G5TLY BR$ Y\NG (FIC] & DEEP5$ HIS HATR$ ( DESPOTISM4 ,TWO YE>S LAT]1 HE RESIGN$ FROM ! >MY & W5T TO ,MOSC[1 :]E HE LIV$ = ! NEXT SIX YE>S1 SP5D+ SOME SUMM] VACATIONS ON ! FAMILY E/ATE4 

,9 ,MOSC[1 ,BAKUN9 /UDI$ PHILOSOPHY & BEGAN TO READ ! ,FR5* ,5CYCLOP$I/S4 ,HIS 5?USIASM = ! PHILOSOPHY ( ,FI*TE1 %>$ ) HIS FRI5DS ,/ANKEVI* & ,BEL9SKY1 L$ ,BAKUN9 TO TRANSLATE1 9 #a#h#c#f1 ,FI*TE'S ,VORLESUNG5 UB] DIE ,BE/IMMUNG DES ,GELEHRT5 7,LECTURES ON ! ,VOCATION ( ! ,S*OL>74 ,FROM ,FI*TE1 ,BAKUN9 W5T ON TO IMM]SE HIMSELF 9 ! PHILOSOPHY ( ,HEGEL1 !N ! MO/ 9FLU5TIAL ?9K] AMONG ,G]MAN 9TELLECTUALS4 ,! Y\NG MAN :OLEHE>T$LY EMBRAC$ ,HEGELIANISM1 B$AZZL$ BY ! FAM\S MAXIM ?AT 0,EV]Y?+ ?AT EXI/S IS RATIONAL0 - EV5 ?\< IT ALSO S]V$ TO JU/IFY ! ,PRUSSIAN /ATE4 ,9 #ahci HE MET ,ALEX&] ,H]Z5 & ! LATT]'S FRI5D ,NI*OLAS ,OG>EV1 :O HAD RETURN$ FROM EXILE TO ,MOSC[2 BUT !IR IDEAS & HIS W]E TOO DIV]G5T AT ! TIME = A MEET+ ( M9DS4 

,9 #a#h#d1 AG$ TW5TY-SIX1 ,BAKUN9 W5T TO ,/4 ,PET]SBURG & !NCE TO ,G]MANY1 TO /UDY & PREP>E HIMSELF = A PR(ESSOR%IP 9 PHILOSOPHY OR HI/ORY AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,MOSC[4 ,:51 9 ! SAME YE>1 ,NI*OLAS ,/ANKEVI* DI$ 9 ,ITALY1 ,BAKUN9 /ILL BELIEV$ 9 ! IMMORTALITY ( ! S\L 7LETT] TO ,H]Z51 ,OCTOB] #b#c1 #a#h#d74 ,9 ! C\RSE ( HIS 9TELLECTUAL EVOLUTION1 H[EV]1 HE CAME TO 9T]PRET ! PHILOSOPHY ( ,HEGEL AS A REVOLUTION>Y !ORY4 ,AS ,LUDWIG ,FEU]BA*1 9 HIS ,! ,ESS5CE ( ,*RI/IANITY1 >RIV$ AT A!ISM BY MEANS ( ,HEGELIAN DOCTR9E1 SO ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN9 APPLI$ ,HEGEL TO BIS [N POLITICAL & SOCIAL IDEAS & >RIV$ AT SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 

,FROM ,B]L91 ,BAKUN9 MOV$ 9 #ahdb TO ,DRESD54 ,!RE HE COLLABORAT$ ) ,>NOLD ,RUGE 9 PUBLI%+ ! ,DEUTS*E ,JAHRBU*] 70,G]MAN ,YE>BOOKS071 9 :I* HE FIR/ BEGAN TO =MULATE HIS REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS4 ,HIS >TICLE 0,REACTION 9 ,G]MANY3 ,A ,FRAGM5T BY A ,FR5*MAN0 CONCLUD$ ) ! FAM\S DECL>ATION3 

,LET US PUT \R TRU/ 9 ! ET]NAL SPIRIT :I* DE/ROYS & ANNIHILATES ONLY BECAUSE IT IS ! UNFA?OMABLE & ET]NALLY CREATIVE S\RCE ( ALL LIFE4 ,! DESIRE = DE/RUCTION IS ALSO A CREATIVE DESIRE4 

,H]Z5 BELIEV$ AT FIR/ ?AT ! >TICLE HAD ACTUALLY BE5 WRITT5 BY A ,FR5*MAN1 & WROTE 9 HIS P]SONAL DI>Y ?AT 0?IS IS A P[]FUL & FIRM APPEAL1 A VICTORY = ! DEMOCRATIC P>TY4 ,! >TICLE IS FROM BEG9N+ TO 5D B\ND TO >\SE WIDE 9T]E/40 

,! ILLU/RI\S ,G]MAN POET ,GEORG ,H]WE< VISIT$ ,BAKUN9 9 ,DRESD51 & ! TWO M5 =M$ A LA/+ FRI5D%IP4 ,A RESID5T ( ,DRESD5 :O ALSO BECAME ,BAKUN9'S DEVOT$ FRI5D WAS ! MUSICIAN ,ADOLF ,REI*EL4 

,)9 A %ORT TIME ! ,SAXON GOV]NM5T BECAME OV]TLY HO/ILE T[>D ,RUGE & HIS COLLABORATORS1 & ,BAKUN9 & ,H]WE< LEFT ,SAXONY = ,SWITZ]L&4 ,!RE ,BAKUN9 CAME 9TO CONTACT ) ! ,G]MAN COMMUNI/S GR\P$ >\ND ,WILHELM ,WEITL+4 ,9 ,B]N DUR+ ! W9T] ( #a#h#d#c-#d#d1 A LIFELONG FRI5D%IP DEVELOP$ ) ,ADOLF ,VOGT1 :O LAT] BECAME PR(ESSOR ( M$IC9E AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,B]N4 ,:5 ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T DEM&$ ?AT ! ,SWISS AU?ORITIES DEPORT ,BAKUN9 TO ,RUSSIA1 HE LEFT ,B]N 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#h#d#d1 /OPP+ FIR/ 9 ,BRUSSELS & !N 9 ,P>IS1 :]E HE REMA9$ UNTIL #a#h#d#g4 
,I,I 

,9 ,P>IS ,BAKUN9 AGA9 MET ,H]WE<1 ! LATT]'S WIFE1 ,EMMA ,SIEGMUND1 & ,K>L ,M>X1 :O HAD >RIV$ !RE 9 #a#h#d#c4 ,M>X AT FIR/ COLLABORAT$ ) ,>NOLD ,RUGE1 BUT HE & ,5GELS SOON W5T !IR [N WAY & BEGAN TO =MULATE !IR [N IDEOLOGY4 ,BAKUN9 SAW MU* ( ,PR\DHON1 ) :OM HE HELD NI<T-LONG DISCUSSIONS1 & WAS ALSO ON FRI5DLY T]MS ) ,GEORGE ,S&4 ,! YE>S 9 ,P>IS W]E ! MO/ FRUITFUL = ,BAKUN9'S 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T - IT WAS !N ?AT ! BASIC \TL9ES ( ! IDEAS UND]LY+ HIS REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM BEGAN TO TAKE %APE1 ?\< IT WAS NOT UNTIL MU* LAT] ?AT HE FRE$ HIMSELF 5TIRELY ( METAPHYSICAL IDEALISM4 ,BAKUN9 HIMSELF 9=MS US1 9 A MANUSCRIPT WRITT5 9 #a#h#g#a1 ( HIS 9TELLECTUAL RELATIONS ) ,M>X & ,PR\DHON DUR+ ?IS P]IOD4 ,HE RECALLS ?AT3 

,AS F> AS LE>N+ WAS CONC]N$1 ,M>X WAS1 & /ILL IS1 9COMP>ABLY MORE ADVANC$ ?AN ,I4 ,I KNEW NO?+ AT ?AT TIME ( POLITICAL ECONOMY1 ,I HAD NOT YET RID MYSELF ( MY METAPHYSICAL AB]RATIONS1 & MY SOCIALISM WAS ONLY 9/9CTIVE4 ,AL?\< Y\NG] ?AN ,I1 HE WAS ALREADY AN A!I/1 A CONSCI\S MAT]IALI/1 & AN 9=M$ SOCIALI/4 ,IT WAS PRECISELY AT ?IS TIME ?AT HE WAS ELABORAT+ ! F\NDATIONS ( HIS SY/EM AS IT /&S TODAY4 ,WE SAW EA* O!R (T54 ,I GREATLY RESPECT$ HIM = HIS LE>N+ & = HIS PASSIONATE DEVOTION - ?\< IT WAS ALWAYS M+L$ ) VANITY - TO ! CAUSE ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,I EAG]LY S\<T HIS CONV]SATION1 :I* WAS ALWAYS 9/RUCTIVE & WITTY :5 IT WAS NOT 9SPIR$ BY PETTY HATE1 :I* ALAS6 WAS ONLY TOO (T5 ! CASE4 ,!RE WAS NEV] ANY FRANK 9TIMACY BETWE5 US - \R TEMP]AM5TS DID NOT P]MIT IT4 ,HE CALL$ ME A S5TIM5TAL IDEALI/1 & HE WAS RI<T1 ,I CALL$ HIM VA91 P]FIDI\S1 & CUNN+1 & ,I ALSO WAS RI<T4 

,BAKUN9 (F]S ! FOLL[+ *>ACT]IZATION ( ,5GELS 9 HIS BOOK ,/ATISM & ,AN>*Y3 

,9 #ahde ,M>X WAS ! LEAD] ( ! ,G]MAN COMMUNI/S4 ,:ILE HIS DEVOT$ FRI5D ,5GELS WAS JU/ AS 9TELLIG5T AS HE1 HE WAS NOT AS ]UDITE4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ,5GELS WAS MORE PRACTICAL1 & NO LESS ADEPT AT POLITICAL CALUMNY1 LY+1 & 9TRIGUE4 ,TOGE!R !Y F\ND$ A SECRET SOCIETY ( ,G]MAN COMMUNI/S OR AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALI/S4 

,9 A ,FR5* MANUSCRIPT ( #a#h#g1 ,BAKUN9 EVALUATES ,PR\DHON1 COMP>+ HIM TO ,M>X3 

,AS ,I TOLD HIM A FEW MON?S BE=E HIS DEA?1 ,PR\DHON1 9 SPITE ( ALL HIS EF=TS TO %AKE (F ! TRADITION ( CLASSICAL IDEALISM1 REMA9$ ALL HIS LIFE AN 9CORRIGIBLE IDEALI/1 IMM]S$ 9 ! ,BIBLE1 9 ,ROMAN LAW & METAPHYSICS4 ,HIS GREAT MIS=TUNE WAS ?AT HE HAD NEV] /UDI$ ! NATURAL SCI5CES OR APPROPRIAT$ !IR ME?OD4 ,HE HAD ! 9/9CTS ( A G5IUS & HE GLIMPS$ ! RI<T ROAD1 BUT H9D]$ BY HIS IDEALI/IC ?9K+ PATT]NS1 HE FELL ALWAYS 9TO ! OLD ]RORS4 ,PR\DHON WAS A P]PETUAL CONTRADICTION3 A VIGOR\S G5IUS1 A REVOLUTION>Y ?9K] >GU+ AGA9/ IDEALI/IC PHANTOMS1 & YET NEV] ABLE TO SURM\NT !M HIMSELF4444 ,M>X AS A ?9K] IS ON ! RI<T PA?4 ,HE HAS E/ABLI%$ ! PR9CIPLE ?AT JURIDICAL EVOLUTION 9 HI/ORY IS NOT ! CAUSE BUT ! EFFECT ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T1 & ?IS IS A GREAT & FRUITFUL CONCEPT4 ,?\< HE DID NOT ORIG9ATE IT - IT WAS TO A GREAT] OR LESS] EXT5T =MULAT$ BE=E HIM BY MANY O!RS - TO ,M>X BELONGS ! CR$IT = SOLIDLY E/ABLI%+ IT AS ! BASIS = AN ECONOMIC SY/EM4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ,PR\DHON UND]/OOD & FELT LIB]TY MU* BETT] ?AN HE4 ,PR\DHON1 :5 NOT OBSESS$ ) METAPHYSICAL DOCTR9E1 WAS A REVOLUTION>Y BY 9/9CT2 HE ADOR$ ,SATAN & PROCLAIM$ ,AN>*Y4 ,QUITE POSSIBLY ,M>X C\LD CON/RUCT A /ILL MORE RATIONAL SY/EM ( LIB]TY1 BUT HE LACKS ! 9/9CT ( LIB]TY - HE REMA9S FROM HEAD TO FOOT AN AU?ORIT>IAN4 

,ON ,NOVEMB] #bi #a#h#d#g1 AT A BANQUET 9 ,P>IS COMMEMORAT+ ! ,POLI% 9SURRECTION ( #a#h#c1 ,BAKUN9 DELIV]$ A SPEE* 9 :I* HE SEV]ELY D5\NC$ ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T4 ,AT ! REQUE/ ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,AMBASSADOR1 ,KISELEV1 HE WAS EXPELL$ FROM ,FRANCE4 ,TO C\NT]ACT ! WIDESPREAD PROTE/S ( ?OSE :O SYMPA?IZ$ ) ,BAKUN91 ,KISELEV CIRCULAT$ ! RUMOR ?AT HE HAD BE5 EMPLOY$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T TO POSE AS A REVOLUTION>Y1 BUT ?AT HE HAD GONE TOO F>4 7,?IS IS RELAT$ BY ,BAKUN9 9 A LETT] TO ,FANELLI1 ,MAY #b#i1 #a#h#f#g47 ,BAKUN9 !N W5T TO ,BRUSSELS1 :]E HE AGA9 MET ,M>X4 ,( ,M>X & HIS CIRCLE ,BAKUN9 WROTE TO HIS FRI5D ,H]WE<3 

,! ,G]MAN WORK]S1 ,BORN/ADT1 ,M>X1 ,5GELS - ESPECIALLY ,M>X - POISON ! ATMOSPH]E4 ,VANITY1 MALEVOL5CE1 GOSSIP1 PRET5TI\SNESS & BOA/+ 9 !ORY & C[>DICE 9 PRACTICE4 ,DISS]TATIONS AB\T LIFE1 ACTION1 & FEEL+ - & COMPLETE ABS5CE ( LIFE1 ACTION1 & FEEL+ - & COMPLETE ABS5CE ( LIFE4 ,DISGU/+ FLATT]Y ( ! MORE ADVANC$ WORK]S - & EMPTY TALK4 ,ACCORD+ TO !M1 ,FEU]BA* IS A 0B\RGEOIS10 & ! EPI!T ,B,\,R,G,E,O,I,S6 IS %\T$ AD NAUSEAM BY PEOPLE :O >E FROM HEAD TO FOOT MORE B\RGEOIS ?AN ANYONE 9 A PROV9CIAL CITY - 9 %ORT1 FOOLI%NESS & LIES1 LIES & FOOLI%NESS4 ,9 SU* AN ATMOSPH]E NO ONE CAN BREA! FREELY4 ,I /AY AWAY FROM !M & ,I HAVE OP5LY DECL>$ ?AT ,I WILL NOT GO TO !IR ,KOMMUNI/IS*] ,H&W]K]V]E9 .<,COMMUNI/ ,TRADE ,UNION ,SOCIETY.> & WILL HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) ?IS ORGANIZATION4 
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,! REVOLUTION ( ,FEBRU>Y #b#d1 #a#h#d#h1 OP5$ ! DOORS ( ,FRANCE ONCE AGA9 TO ,BAKUN94 JU/ AS HE WAS AB\T TO RETURN TO ,P>IS1 H[EV]1 EV5TS 9 ,VI5NA & ,B]L9 CAUS$ HIM TO *ANGE HIS PLANS1 & HE LEFT = ,G]MANY 9 ,APRIL4 ,HE WAS ALSO !N HOP+ TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! ,POLI% 9SURRECTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,9 ,COLOGNE1 HE AGA9 MET ,M>X & ,5GELS1 :O HAD BEGUN PUBLICATION ( !IR ,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG4 ,IT WAS AT ?IS TIME ?AT ! 0,DEMOCRATIC ,LEGION ( ,P>IS0 ORGANIZ$ AN EXP$ITION TO ,G]MANY TO /AGE AN 9SURRECTION 9 ! ,GR& ,DU*Y ( ,BAD54 ,! ATTEMPT WAS A DISA/R\S FAILURE4 ,M>X & ,5GELS VIOL5TLY ATTACK$ ,BAKUN9'S FRI5D ,H]WE<1 :O TOGE!R ) O!R ,G]MAN EXILES WAS ONE ( ! LEAD]S ( ?IS ILL-FAT$ EXP$ITION4 ,BAKUN9 CAME TO HIS DEF5SE4 ,MU* LAT]9 #ahga - ,BAKUN9 WROTE ?AT 0,I MU/ OP5LY ADMIT ?AT 9 ?IS CONTROV]SY ,M>X & ,5GELS W]E 9 ! RI<T4 ,) *>ACT]I/IC 9SOL5CE1 !Y ATTACK$ ,H]WE< P]SONALLY :5 HE WAS NOT !RE TO DEF5D HIMSELF4 ,9 A FACE-TO-FACE CONFRONTATION ) !M1 ,I HEAT$LY DEF5D$ ,H]WE<1 & \R MUTUAL DISLIKE BEGAN !N40 

,LAT]1 9 ,JUNE #a#h#d#h1 ,BAKUN9 W5T TO ,B]L9 & ,BRESLAU & !N TO ,PRAGUE1 :]E HE TRI$ TO 9FLU5CE ! ,SLAV ,CONGRESS 9 A REVOLUTION>Y DEMOCRATIC DIRECTION4 ,AFT] P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! WEEK-LONG 9SURRECTION1 :I* WAS BRUTALLY SUPPRESS$1 HE RETURN$ TO ,BRESLAU4 ,HE WAS /ILL !RE :5 ! ,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG - CONTROLL$ BY ,M>X - PUBLI%$ 9 ITS ,JULY #f ISSUE A LETT] FROM A ,P>IS CORRESPOND5T :I* READ1 9 P>T3 

,9 REG>D TO PRO-,SLAV PROPAG&A1 WE W]E TOLD YE/]DAY ?AT ,GEORGE ,S& POSSESSES DOCUM5TS :I* GREATLY COMPROMISE ! ,RUSSIAN EXILE ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN9 & REVEAL HIM AS AN 9/RUM5T OR NEWLY 5ROLL$ ,A,G,5,T ,( ,R,U,S,S,I,A1 :O PLAY$ A KEY P>T 9 ! >RE/ ( ! UN=TUNATE ,POLES4 ,GEORGE ,S& HAS %[N !SE DOCUM5TS TO SOME ( H] FRI5DS4 .<,SEE ,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG ( #cRD ,AUGU/ #a#h#d#h.> 

,BAKUN9 IMM$IATELY PROTE/$ ?IS 9FAM\S SL&] 9 A LETT] PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,ALLGEME9E ,OD] ,ZEITUNG ( ,BRESLAU1 & REPR9T$ 9 ! ,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG ON ,JULY #a#f4 ,HE ALSO WROTE TO ,GEORGE ,S& ASK+ = AN EXPLANATION4 ,%E REPLI$ 9 AN OP5 LETT] TO ! $ITOR ( ! ,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG3 

,! ALLEGATIONS ( Y\R CORRESPOND5T >E 5TIRELY FALSE4 ,!RE >E NO DOCUM5TS4 ,I DO NOT HAVE ! SLI<TE/ PRO( ( ! 9S9UATIONS ?AT Y\ MAKE AGA9/ ,M4 ,BAKUN94 ,I HAVE NEV] HAD1 NOR HAVE ,I EV] AU?ORIZ$ ANY ONE ELSE TO CA/1 ! SLI<TE/ D\BT ON HIS P]SONAL 9TEGRITY & DEVOTION TO HIS PR9CIPLES4 ,I APPEAL TO Y\R S5SE ( HONOR & TO Y\R CONSCI5CE TO PR9T ?IS LETT] IMM$IATELY 9 Y\R PAP]4 

,M>X PR9T$ H] LETT] TOGE!R ) ! COMM5T3 0,WE HAVE FULFILL$ ! OBLIGATION ( ! PRESS TO EX]CISE /RICT VIGILANCE OV] PROM95T PUBLIC 9DIVIDUALS & AT ! SAME TIME GIV5 ,M4 ,BAKUN9 ! OPPORTUNITY TO DISPEL SUSPICIONS :I* HAVE BE5 CURR5T 9 C]TA9 ,P>IS CIRCLES40 

,IT IS USELESS TO ELABORATE ON ! S+UL> !ORY ?AT IT IS ! DUTY ( ! PRESS TO PUBLI% FALSE & LIBEL\S ACCUSATIONS )\T ATTEMPT+ TO V]IFY ! FACTS6 

,! NEXT MON? ,BAKUN9 & ,M>X MET AGA9 9 ,B]L91 & A RELUCTANT RECONCILIATION WAS EFFECT$4 ,BAKUN9 RECALL$ ! 9CID5T 9 #a#h#g#a3 0,MUTUAL FRI5DS 9DUC$ US TO EMBRACE1 & DUR+ \R CONV]SATION ,M>X REM>K$1 HALF-SMIL+LY1 ',DO Y\ KN[ ?AT ,I AM N[ ! *IEF ( A SECRET COMMUNI/ SOCIETY1 SO WELL DISCIPL9$ ?AT HAD ,I SAID TO ANY MEMB]1 0,KILL ,BAKUN910 Y\ W\LD BE DEAD80 ' 

,EXPELL$ FROM ,PRUSSIA & ,SAXONY1 ,BAKUN9 SP5T ! RE/ ( ! YE> #ahdh 9 ! PR9CIPALITY ( ,ANHALT4 ,!RE HE PUBLI%$1 9 ,G]MAN1 ! PAMPHLET ,APPEAL TO ! ,SLAVS3 ,BY A ,RUSSIAN ,PATRIOT1 ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 ,MEMB] ( ! ,SLAV ,CONGRESS4 ,9 ?IS WORK HE PROPOS$ ?AT REVOLUTION>Y ,SLAVS UNITE ) ! REVOLUTION>IES ( O!R NATIONS - ,HUNG>IANS1 ,G]MANS1 ,ITALIANS - TO OV]?R[ ! ?REE MAJOR AUTOCRACIES ( ! TIME3 ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE1 ! ,AU/RO-,HUNG>IAN ,EMPIRE1 & ! ,K+DOM ( ,PRUSSIA2 ?IS W\LD BE FOLL[$ BY ! FREE F$]ATION ( ! EMANCIPAT$ ,SLAVIC PEOPLES4 ,M>X CRITICIZ$ !SE IDEAS 9 ! ,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG ( ,FEBRU>Y #a#d1 #a#h#d#i3 

,BAKUN9 IS \R FRI5D1 BUT ?IS DOES NOT PREV5T US FROM CRITICIZ+ HIS PAMPHLET4 ,AP>T FROM ! ,RUSSIANS1 ! ,POLES1 & P]HAPS ! ,TURKI% ,SLAVS1 NO ,SLAVIC PEOPLE HAS A FUTURE1 = ! SIMPLE REASON ?AT !Y LACK ! 9DISP5SABLE HI/ORICAL1 GEOGRAPHICAL1 POLITICAL1 & 9DU/RIAL CONDITIONS = 9DEP5D5CE & VITALITY4 

,REG>D+ ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ,M>X'S & HIS [N VIEWS ON ! ,SLAVIC QUE/ION1 ,BAKUN9 WROTE1 9 #a#h#g#a3 

,9 #ahdh WE DISAGRE$1 & ,I MU/ ADMIT ?AT HIS REASON+ WAS MORE CORRECT ?AN M9E4 ,C>RI$ AWAY1 5RAPTUR$ BY ! ATMOSPH]E ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 ,I WAS MU* MORE 9T]E/$ 9 ! NEGATIVE ?AN 9 ! POSITIVE ASPECT ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,NEV]!LESS1 !RE IS ONE PO9T ON :I* ,M>X WAS WRONG1 & ,I WAS RI<T4 ,AS A ,SLAV1 ,I WANT$ ! EMANCIPATION ( ! ,SLAVIC RACE FROM ! ,G]MAN YOKE1 & AS A ,G]MAN PATRIOT HE DID NOT ADMIT !N1 NOR WILL HE ADMIT N[1 ! RI<T ( ! ,SLAVS TO FREE !MSELVES FROM ,G]MAN DOM9ATION4 ,HE ?\<T !N1 AS HE DOES N[1 ?AT ! MISSION ( ! ,G]MANS IS TO CIVILIZE - ?AT IS TO SAY1 ,G]MANIZE - ! ,SLAVS1 = BETT] OR = WORSE4 

,9 ,JANU>Y #ahdi ,BAKUN9 SECRETLY >RIV$ 9 ,LEIPZIG4 ,!RE1 TOGE!R ) A GR\P ( Y\NG ,CZE*S FROM ,PRAGUE1 HE OCCUPI$ HIMSELF ) PREP>ATIONS = AN UPRIS+ 9 ,BOHEMIA4 ,9 SPITE ( ! GR[+ REACTION 9 ,G]MANY & ,FRANCE1 HOPE /ILL LIV$1 = !RE WAS MORE ?AN ONE PLACE 9 ,EUROPE :]E ! REVOLUTION HAD NOT YET BE5 CRU%$4 ,POPE ,PIUS ,I,X1 EXPELL$ FROM ,ROME1 HAD BE5 REPLAC$ BY ! ,ROMAN ,REPUBLIC1 HEAD$ BY ! TRIUMVIRATE ( ,MAZZ9I1 ,SAFFI1 & ,>MELL9I1 ) ,G>IBALDI 9 COMM& ( ! >MY4 ',V5ICE1 ITS FRE$OM REGA9$1 H]OICALLY REPULS$ ! SIEGE ( ! ,AU/RIANS2 ! ,HUNG>IANS1 REBELL+ AGA9/ ,AU/RIA UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,KOSSU?1 PROCLAIM$ ! DEFEAT ( ! ,HABSBURGS4 ,& ON ,MAY #c1 #a#h#d#i1 A POPUL> REBELLION BROKE \T 9 ,DRESD51 PROVOK$ BY ! REFUSAL ( ! ,K+ ( ,SAXONY TO ACCEPT ! CON/ITUTION ( ! ,G]MAN ,EMPIRE APPROV$ BY ! ,FRANKFURT ,P>LIAM5T4 ,! ,K+ FL$1 & A PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T WAS PROCLAIM$4 ,= FIVE DAYS ! REBELS CONTROLL$ ! CITY4 ,BAKUN91 :O HAD LEFT ,LEIPZIG = ,DRESD5 9 ! MIDDLE ( ,APRIL1 BECAME ONE ( ! LEAD]S ( ! REBELLION & 9SPIR$ ! HI<E/ MEASURE ( H]OISM 9 ! M5 DEF5D+ ! B>RICADES AGA9/ ! ,PRUSSIAN TROOPS4 ,A GIGANTIC FIGURE ( A MAN1 ALREADY R5[N$ AS A REVOLUTION>Y1 ,BAKUN9 BECAME ! FOCUS ( ALL EYES4 ,AN AURA ( LEG5D SOON 5VELOP$ HIM4 ,TO HIM ALONE W]E ATTRIBUT$ ! FIRES SET BY ! REBELS2 AB\T HIM IT WAS WRITT5 ?AT HE WAS 0! V]Y S\L ( ! ,REVOLUTION10 ?AT HE 9ITIAT$ WIDESPREAD T]RORISM1 ?AT TO /OP ! ,PRUSSIANS FROM %OOT+ 9TO ! B>RICADES HE ADVIS$ ! DEF5D]S TO TAKE ! >T TREASURES FROM ! MUSEUMS & GALL]IES & DISPLAY !M FROM ! B>RICADES - ! /ORIES W]E 5DLESS4 

,ON ,MAY #i ! REBELS - GREATLY \TNUMB]$ & \TGUNN$ - RETREAT$ TO ,FREIB]G4 ,!RE ,BAKUN9 PLEAD$ 9 VA9 ) ,/EPH5 ,BORN 7ORGANIZ] ( ! ,>BEIT] ,V]BRUD]UNG1 ! FIR/ ORGANIZATION ( ,G]MAN WORK]S7 TO TAKE HIS REMA9+ TROOPS TO ,BOHEMIA & SP>K A NEW UPRIS+4 ,BORN REFUS$1 & DISB&$ HIS =CES4 ,SEE+ ?AT !RE WAS NO?+ MORE TO BE DONE1 ,BAKUN91 ! COMPOS] ,RI*>D ,WAGN]1 & ,HEUBN] - A DEMOCRAT1 V]Y LOYAL TO ,BAKUN9 - W5T TO ,*EMNITZ4 ,!RE1 DUR+ ! NI<T1 >M$ B\RGEOIS >RE/$ ,HEUBN] & ,BAKUN9 & TURN$ !M OV] TO ! ,PRUSSIANS4 ,WAGN] HID 9 HIS SI/]'S H\SE & ESCAP$4 

,! ROLE ( ,BAKUN9 9 ?IS REBELLION HAD BE5 ?AT ( A DET]M9$ FI<T] AS WELL AS A LEAD+ /RATEGI/4 ,EV5 ! HO/ILE ,M>X FELT OBLIG$ TO ACKN[L$GE HIS \T/&+ CONTRIBUTION 9 ONE ( HIS LETT]S1 SOME YE>S LAT]1 TO ! ,NEW ,YORK ,DAILY ,TRIBUNE 7,OCTOB] #b1 #a#h#e#b71 5TITL$ 0,REVOLUTION & ,C\NT]-,REVOLUTION 9 ,G]MANY03 

,9 ,DRESD51 ! BATTLE 9 ! /REETS W5T ON = F\R DAYS4 ,! %OPKEEP]S ( ,DRESD51 ORGANIZ$ 9TO 0COMMUNITY GU>DS10 NOT ONLY REFUS$ TO FI<T1 BUT MANY ( !M SUPPORT$ ! TROOPS AGA9/ ! 9SURRECTIONI/S4 ,ALMO/ ALL ( ! REBELS W]E WORK]S FROM ! SURR\ND+ FACTORIES4 ,9 ! ,RUSSIAN REFUGEE ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN9 !Y F\ND A CAPABLE & COOL-HEAD$ LEAD]4 
,I,V 

,CONDUCT$ TO ! ,KONIG/E9 =TRESS1 ,BAKUN9 SP5T MANY MON?S 9 DET5TION1 & EV5TUALLY WAS CONDEMN$ TO DEA?1 ON ,JANU>Y #a#d1 #a#h#e4 ,9 ,JUNE HIS S5T5CE WAS COMMUT$ TO LIFE IMPRISONM5T1 & ! PRISON] WAS !N EXTRADIT$ TO ,AU/RIA1 AT ! REQUE/ ( ! ,AU/RIAN AU?ORITIES4 ,BAKUN9 WAS FIR/ JAIL$ 9 ,PRAGUE & !N1 9 ,M>* #a#h#e#a1 TRANSF]R$ TO ,OLMUTZ1 :]E HE WAS S5T5C$ TO HANG4 ,ONCE AGA9 HIS S5T5CE WAS COMMUT$ TO LIFE IMPRISONM5T4 ,HE WAS BRUTALLY TREAT$ 9 ! ,AU/RIAN PRISONS3 HIS H&S & FEET W]E *A9$1 & 9 ,OLMUTZ HE WAS *A9$ TO ! PRISON WALL4 

,%ORTLY !REAFT]1 ! ,AU/RIANS H&$ ,BAKUN9 OV] TO ,RUSSIA1 :]E HE WAS IMPRISON$ 9 ! DREADFUL DUNGEONS ( ! ,=TRESS ( ,PET] & ,PAUL4 ,AT ! BEG9N+ ( HIS CAPTIVITY1 ,C\NT ,ORLOV1 AN EMISS>Y ( ! ,CZ>1 VISIT$ ,BAKUN9 & TOLD HIM ?AT ! ,CZ> REQUE/$ A WRITT5 CONFESSION1 HOP+ ?AT ! CONFESSION W\LD PLACE ,BAKUN9 SPIRITUALLY AS WELL AS PHYSICALLY 9 ! P[] ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,BE>4 ,S9CE ALL HIS ACTS W]E KN[N1 HE HAD NO SECRETS TO REVEAL1 & SO HE DECID$ TO WRITE TO ! ,CZ>3 

,Y\ WANT MY CONFESSION2 BUT Y\ MU/ KN[ ?AT A P5IT5T S9N] IS NOT OBLIG$ TO IMPLICATE OR REVEAL ! MISDE$S ( O!RS4 ,I HAVE ONLY ! HONOR & ! CONSCI5CE ?AT ,I HAVE NEV] BETRAY$ ANYONE :O HAS CONFID$ 9 ME1 & ?IS IS :Y ,I WILL NOT GIVE Y\ ANY NAMES4 

,:5 ! ,CZ>1 ,NI*OLAS ,I1 READ ,BAKUN9'S LETT]1 HE REM>K$1 0,HE IS A GOOD LAD1 FULL ( SPIRIT1 BUT HE IS A DANG]\S MAN & WE MU/ NEV] CEASE WAT*+ HIM40 

,) ! \TBREAK ( ! ,CRIMEAN ,W> 9 #a#h#e#d1 ! ,=TRESS ( ,PET] & ,PAUL WAS EXPOS$ TO BOMB>DM5T BY ! ,5GLI%1 & ,BAKUN9 WAS TRANSF]R$ TO ,S*LUSSELB]G PRISON4 'H]E HE WAS ATTACK$ BY SCURVY1 & ALL HIS TEE? FELL \T4 ,LET ME N[ 9T]JECT :AT ,I MYSELF WROTE ! DAY AFT] ,BAKUN9 DI$1 /AT+ ONLY :AT HE P]SONALLY TOLD ME AB\T ! LA/ P]IOD ( HIS IMPRISONM5T3 

,! ATROCI\S PRISON DIET HAD COMPLETELY RU9$ HIS /OMA* 7SCURVY7 SO ?AT ANY?+ HE ATE CAUS$ NAUSEA & VOMIT+1 & HE C\LD DIGE/ ONLY F9ELY *OPP$ S\R CABBAGE4 ,BUT IF HIS BODY WAS DEBILITAT$1 HIS SPIRIT WAS 9DOMITABLE4 ,IT WAS ?IS ABOVE ALL HE FE>$1 ?AT PRISON LIFE W\LD BREAK HIS SPIRIT2 ?AT HE W\LD NO LONG] HATE 9JU/ICE & FEEL 9 HIS HE>T ! PASSION = REBELLION ?AT SU/A9$ HIM2 ?AT ! DAY W\LD COME :5 HE W\LD P>DON HIS TORM5TORS & ACCEPT HIS FATE4 ,BUT HE NE$ NOT HAVE FE>$3 NOT = A S+LE MOM5T DID HIS SPIRIT WAV]1 & HE EM]G$ FROM ! PURGATORY ( HIS CONF9EM5T AS HE 5T]$1 UNDAUNT$ & DEFIANT4444 

,HE REC\NT$ TO US1 ALSO1 ?AT TO DI/RACT HIS M9D FROM HIS LONG1 LOA?SOME SOLITUDE1 HE F\ND PLEASURE 9 M5TALLY RE5ACT+ ! LEG5D ( ,PROME!US ! ,TITAN1 B5EFACTOR ( MANK9D4 :O :ILE *A9$ TO ! ,CAUCASIAN ,ROCK BY ORD] ( ,OLYMPUS1 HE>D ! SWEET PLA9TIVE MELODY ( ! OCEAN NYMPHS BR++ CONSOLATION & JOY TO ! VICTIM ( ,JUPIT]'S V5GEANCE4 

,IT WAS HOP$ ?AT ) ! DEA? ( ,NI*OLAS ,I ,BAKUN9'S SITUATION W\LD BE TO SOME EXT5T ALLEVIAT$4 ,H[EV]1 ! NEW ,CZ>1 ,ALEX&] ,I,I1 P]SONALLY CROSS$ ,BAKUN9'S NAME (F ! AMNE/Y LI/4 ,MU* LAT]1 ,BAKUN9'S MO!R W5T BE=E ! ,CZ> & BEGG$ HIM TO HAVE M]CY ON H] SON2 BUT ! AUTOCRAT ANSW]$1 0,MADAME1 :ILE Y\R SON REMA9S ALIVE1 HE WILL NOT BE FRE$40 ,ONE DAY ,ALEX&]1 :ILE READ+ ! LETT] ?AT ,BAKUN9 HAD WRITT5 HIS PR$ECESSOR 9 #a#h#e#a1 REM>K$ TO HIS AIDE1 ,PR9CE ,GON*>OV4 0,BUT ,I DON'T SEE ! LEA/ SIGN ( REP5TANCE40 

,9 #aheg ,ALEX&] WAS AT LA/ 9DUC$ TO REL5T1 & ,BAKUN9 WAS RELEAS$ FROM PRISON & S5T5C$ TO P]PETUAL EXILE 9 ,SIB]IA4 ,HE WAS GIV5 P]MISSION TO RESIDE 9 ! ,TOMSK REGION4 ,9 ! LATT] P>T ( #aheh HE M>RI$ A Y\NG ,POLI% GIRL1 ,ANTONIA ,KWIATK[SKI4 ,SOME:AT LAT] - ?R\< ! 9T]V5TION ( A RELATIVE ON HIS MO!R'S SIDE1 ,NI*OLAS ,MURAVIEV1 ,GOV]NOR ,G5]AL ( ,EA/]N ,SIB]IA - ,BAKUN9 WAS P]MITT$ TO MOVE TO ,IRKUTSK4 ,!RE HE WAS AT FIR/ EMPLOY$ BY A GOV]NM5T AG5CY1 ! ,AMUR ,DEVELOPM5T ,AU?ORITY1 & LAT] 9 A M9+ 5T]PRISE4 

,BAKUN9 HAD EXPECT$ TO BE FRE$ QUICKLY & ALL[$ TO RETURN TO ,RUSSIA4 ,BUT ,MURAVIEV1 :O WAS TRY+ TO HELP HIM1 LO/ HIS PO/ BECAUSE HE OPPOS$ ! BUREAUCRACY1 & ,BAKUN9 REALIZ$ ?AT HE C\LD REGA9 HIS LIB]TY 9 ONLY ONE WAY3 ESCAPE4 ,LEAV+ ,IRKUTSK 9 MID-,JUNE #ahfa ON ! PRETEXT ( BUS9ESS - ALLEG$ COMM]CIAL NEGOTIATIONS & A GOV]NM5T-AU?ORIZ$ /UDY - ,BAKUN9 >RIV$ 9 ,NIKOLAEVSK 9 ,JULY4 ,FROM !RE HE SAIL$ ON ! GOV]NM5T VESSEL ,/RELOK TO ,KA/RI1 A S\!RN PORT1 :]E HE MANAG$ TO BO>D ! ,AM]ICAN M]*ANT %IP ,VICK]Y1 :I* TOOK HIM TO ,HAKODATE1 JAPAN4 ,HE W5T NEXT TO ,YOKOHAMA1 !N 9 ,OCTOB] TO ,SAN ,FRANCISCO1 & 9 ,NOVEMB] TO ,NEW ,YORK4 ,ON ,DECEMB] #b#g1 #a#h#f#a1 ,BAKUN9 >RIV$ 9 ,LONDON1 :]E HE WAS WELCOM$ LIKE A LONG-LO/ BRO!R BY ,H]Z5 & ,OG>EV4 
,V 

,I WILL BRIEFLY SUMM>IZE ,BAKUN9'S ACTIVITY DUR+ ! SIX YE>S AFT] HIS RETURN TO ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,HE SOON REALIZ$ ?AT DESPITE HIS P]SONAL FRI5D%IP ) ,H]Z5 & ,OG>EV1 HE C\LD NOT ASSOCIATE HIMSELF ) ! POLITICAL L9E ( !IR J\RNAL1 ,KOLOKOL 70,! ,BELL074 ,DUR+ ! YE> #a#h#f#b1 ,BAKUN9 EXP\ND$ HIS CURR5T IDEAS 9 TWO PAMPHLETS3 ,TO ,MY ,RUSSIAN1 ,POLI%1 & ,O!R ,SLAV ,FRI5DS & ,ROMANOV1 ,PUGA*EV1 OR ,PE/EL8 

,! \TBREAK ( ! ,POLI% 9SURRECTION ( #ahfc F\ND ,BAKUN9 TRY+ TO UNITE ALL M5 ( ACTION TO R5D] EFFECTIVE AID & DEEP5 ! REVOLUTION4 ,BUT ATTEMPTS TO ORGANIZE A ,RUSSIAN LEGION FAIL$1 & ! EXP$ITION ( ,COLONEL ,LAP9SKI CAME TO NAU<T4 ,BAKUN9 !N W5T TO ,/OCKHOLM - :]E HE WAS REUNIT$ ) HIS WIFE - HOP+ TO GET HELP FROM ,SW$54 ,HIS PLANS ALL FAIL$1 H[EV]1 & HE RETURN$ TO ,LONDON4 ,HE NEXT W5T TO ,ITALY1 & 9 ! MIDDLE ( #ahfd RETURN$ TO ,SW$54 ,!NCE HE W5T BACK ONCE MORE TO ,LONDON1 :]E HE AGA9 SAW ,M>X1 & !N TO ,P>IS1 :]E HE WAS REUNIT$ ) ,PR\DHON4 ,F9ALLY HE W5T BACK TO ,ITALY4 

,AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! W> ( #ahei & ,G>IBALDI'S H]OIC EXP$ITION ( #a#h#f1 ,ITALY !N /OOD ON ! ?RE%OLD ( A NEW ]A4 ,BAKUN9 REMA9$ !RE UNTIL #a#h#f#g1 LIV+ FIR/ 9 ,FLOR5CE & !N 9 & >\ND ,NAPLES4 ,IT WAS DUR+ ?IS P]IOD ?AT HE CONCEIV$ ! PLAN ( =M+ A SECRET ORGANIZATION ( REVOLUTION>IES TO C>RY ON PROPAG&A WORK & PREP>E = DIRECT ACTION AT A SUITABLE TIME4 ,FROM #ahfd ONW>D HE /EADILY RECRUIT$ ,ITALIANS1 ,FR5*M51 ,SC&9AVIANS1 & ,SLAVS 9TO A SECRET SOCIETY KN[N AS ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRO!RHOOD1 ALSO CALL$ ! ,ALLIANCE ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALI/S4 ,HE & HIS FRI5DS ALSO COMBAT$ ! DEV\TLY RELIGI\S FOLL[]S ( ! REPUBLICAN ,MAZZ9I1 :OSE WAT*WORD WAS 0,GOD #bND ,C\NTRY40 ,9 ,NAPLES1 ,BAKUN9 E/ABLI%$ ! J\RNAL ,LIB]TA E ,GIU/IZIA 70,LIB]TY & JU/ICE071 9 :I* HE DEVELOP$ HIS REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM4 

,9 ,JULY #ahff HE 9=M$ HIS FRI5DS ,H]Z5 & ,OG>EV AB\T ! SECRET SOCIETY & ITS PROGRAM1 ON :I* HE HAD BE5 CONC5TRAT+ ALL HIS EF=TS = TWO YE>S4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,BAKUN91 ! SOCIETY !N HAD MEMB]S 9 ,SW$51 ,NORWAY1 ,D5M>K1 ,BELGIUM1 ,5GL&1 ,FRANCE1 ,SPA91 & ,ITALY1 AS WELL AS ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN MEMB]S4 

,9 #ahfg B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATIC PACIFI/S ( MANY L&S 7?\< PREPOND]ANTLY ,FR5* & ,G]MAN7 F\ND$ ,! ,LEAGUE = ,PEACE & ,FRE$OM & CONV5$ A CONGRESS 9 ,G5EVA :I* >\S$ WIDE 9T]E/4 ,AL?\< ,BAKUN9 HAD FEW ILLUSIONS AB\T ! NEW ORGANIZATION1 HE HOP$ TO PROPAG&IZE ITS MEMB]S 9 FAVOR ( REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM4 ,HE ATT5D$ ! CONGRESS1 ADDRESS$ ! DELEGATES1 & BECAME A MEMB] ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,LEAGUE4 ,= A :OLE YE> HE TRI$ TO 9DUCE ! ,COMMITTEE TO ADOPT A SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM4 ,AT ! SECOND CONGRESS ( ! ,LEAGUE1 9 ,B]N 9 #a#h#f#h1 ,BAKUN9 & HIS COLLEAGUES 9 ! ,ALLIANCE ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALI/S TRI$ TO P]SUADE ! CONGRESS TO ADOPT UNAMBIGU\SLY REVOLUTION>Y RESOLUTIONS4 ,AFT] SEV]AL DAYS ( HEAT$ DEBATE1 H[EV]1 ! RESOLUTIONS W]E VOT$ D[N4 ,! M9ORITY FACTION ( REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S !N RESIGN$ FROM ! ,LEAGUE1 ON ,SEPTEMB] #b#e1 #a#h#f#h1 & ?AT SAME DAY F\ND$ A - NEW1 OP5 - NOT SECRET  - ORGANIZATION1 CALL$ ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,ALLIANCE ( ,SOCIALI/ ,DEMOCRACY4 ,! ,ALLIANCE'S ,DECL>ATION ( ,PR9CIPLES WAS WRITT5 BY ,BAKUN92 A SUMM>Y ( HIS IDEAS1 IT WAS ! PRODUCT & CULM9ATION ( ! LONG P]IOD ( IDEOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T HE HAD BEGUN 9 ,G]MANY 9 #a#h#d#b4 ,AMONG O!R ?+S1 IT /AT$ ?AT3 

,! ALLIANCE DECL>ES ITSELF A!I/2 IT SEEKS ! COMPLETE & DEF9ITIVE ABOLITION ( CLASSES & ! POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC1 & SOCIAL EQUALITY ( BO? SEXES4 ,IT WANTS ! L& & ! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR 7PRODUCTION71 LIKE ALL O!R PROP]TY1 TO HE CONV]T$ 9TO ! COLLECTIVE PROP]TY ( ! :OLE SOCIETY = UTILIZATION BY ! WORK]S2 ?AT IS1 BY AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL ASSOCIATIONS4 ,IT AFFIRMS ?AT ALL ! EXI/+ POLITICAL & AU?ORIT>IAN ,/ATES1 :I* >E TO BE R$UC$ TO SIMPLE ADM9I/RATIVE FUNCTIONS DEAL+ ) PUBLIC UTILITIES 9 !IR RESPECTIVE C\NTRIES1 MU/ EV5TUALLY BE REPLAC$ BY A WORLDWIDE UNION ( FREE ASSOCIATIONS1 AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL4 

,! ,NEW ,ALLIANCE AFFIRM$ ITS DESIRE TO BECOME A BRAN* ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 :OSE /ATUTES IT ACCEPT$4 

JU/ A FEW WEEKS E>LI] 7,SEPTEMB] #a7 ! FIR/ ISSUE ( A ,RUSSIAN-LANGUAGE J\RNAL1 ,N>ODNOYE ,DYELO 70,PUBLIC ,AFFAIRS071 HAD APPE>$1 UND] ! $ITOR%IP ( ,BAKUN9 & ,NI*OLAS ,ZHUKOVSKY1 & HAD PUBLI%$ A 0,PROGRAM ( ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIALI/ ,DEMOCRACY0 - A PROGRAM ?AT CO9CID$1 9 ! MA91 ) ?AT ( ! ,ALLIANCE4 ,) ! SECOND ISSUE1 H[EV]1 ! $ITOR%IP *ANG$ H&S3 ! PAP] FELL UND] ! CONTROL ( ,NI*OLAS ,UT91 :O GAVE IT AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T ORI5TATION40 
,V,I 

,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION WAS F\ND$ 9 ,LONDON ON ,SEPTEMB] #b#c1 #a#h#f#d1 BUT ITS /RUCTURE & ITS CON/ITUTION W]E NOT =MALLY ADOPT$ UNTIL ! FIR/ CONGRESS CONV5$ 9 ,G5EVA1 ,SEPTEMB] #c-#h1 #a#h#f#f4 ,9 ,OCTOB] #ahfd ,BAKUN9 AGA9 MET ,M>X1 :OM HE HAD NOT SE5 S9CE #a#h#d#h4 ,M>X REQUE/$ ?IS MEET+ TO REE/ABLI% FRI5DLY RELATIONS ) ,BAKUN9 :O HAD BE5 E/RANG$ :51 9 #a#h#e#c1 ,M>X'S ,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG .<,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG WAS CLOS$ D[N 9 #a#h#d#i4 ,! NEWSPAP] :I* PUBLI%$ ! ACCUSATION WAS UNCONNECT$ ) ,M>X.> REPEAT$ ! OLD LIBEL ?AT ,BAKUN9 WAS A ,RUSSIAN AG5T4 ,MAZZ9I & ,H]Z5 DEF5D$ ,BAKUN91 :O WAS AT ?AT TIME 9 A ,RUSSIAN PRISON4 ,LAT] 9 #ahec ,M>X HAD DECL>$ 9 ! ,5GLI% PAP] ,MORN+ ,ADV]TIZ] ?AT HE WAS ,BAKUN9'S FRI5D & HAD P]SONALLY ASSUR$ ,BAKUN9 ?AT ?IS WAS /ILL ! CASE4 ,AT !IR REUNION 9 #a#h#f#d1 ,M>X 9VIT$ ,BAKUN9 TO JO9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 BUT ,BAKUN9 PREF]R$ TO RETURN TO ,ITALY TO DEVOTE HIMSELF TO HIS SECRET ORGANIZATION4 ,BAKUN9'S DECISION WAS UND]/&ABLE4 ,AT ?AT TIME ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 \TSIDE ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL 9 ,LONDON & A FEW ,MUTUALI/ WORK]S FROM ,P>IS1 C\LD H>DLY BE CONSID]$ AN 9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZATION1 & NO ONE C\LD =ESEE ! IMPORTANCE IT LAT] ASSUM$4 ,IT WAS ONLY AFT] ! SECOND CONGRESS AT ,LAUSANNE 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#h#f#g1 ! TWO /RIKES 9 ,P>IS1 & ! GREAT /RIKE AT ,G5EVA 7#a#h#f#h7 ?AT IT DREW S]I\S ATT5TION & ITS REVOLUTION>Y CAPABILITIES C\LD NO LONG] BE IGNOR$4 ,9 ITS ?IRD CONGRESS1 9 ,BRUSSELS 9 #a#h#f#h1 ! !ORIES ( COOP]ATIVISM & ,PR\DHONI/ ,MUTUALISM W]E S]I\SLY *ALL5G$ BY ?OSE ( REVOLUTION & COLLECTIVE [N]%IP4 

,9 ,JULY #ahfh ,BAKUN9 BECAME A MEMB] ( ! ,G5EVA SECTION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 & AFT] RESIGN+ FROM ! 0,LEAGUE = ,PEACE & ,FRE$OM0 AT ITS ,B]N ,CONGRESS1 HE SETTL$ 9 ,G5EVA 9 ORD] TO P>TICIPATE ACTIVELY 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T ( ! CITY4 ,9T5SIVE PROPAG&A SP>K$ ! GR[? ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,A TRIP TO ,SPA9 BY ,FANELLI 7AN ,ITALIAN REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ & C[ORK] ( ,BAKUN97 RESULT$ 9 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ,MADRID & ,B>CELONA4 ,! ,FR5* SECTIONS ( ,FR5*-SPEAK+ ,SWITZ]L& UNIT$ 9TO A F$]ATION UND] ! NAME 0,ROMANCE ,F$]ATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL0 & 9 ,JANU>Y #ahfi LAUN*$ !IR (FICIAL ORGAN1 ! MAGAZ9E ,L',EGALITE ,L',EGALITE ATTACK$ ! FALSE SOCIALI/S ( ! ,SWISS ,JURA 7M\NTA9S7 & WON ! 5?USIA/IC SUPPORT ( A MAJORITY ( ! REGION'S WORK]S = REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM4 ,ON V>I\S OCCASIONS1 ,BAKUN9 CAME TO ! ,JURA TO D5\NCE :AT HE CALL$ 0COLLABORATION BETWE5 WORK]S & EMPLOY]S1 ALLIANCES - MASK$ AS COOP]ATION - ) B\RGEOIS POLITICAL P>TIES & REACTION>Y GR\PS10 GRADUALLY =M+ A LA/+ FRI5D%IP ) ! MILITANT WORK]S4 ,9 ,G5EVA ITSELF1 A CONFLICT TOOK PLACE BETWE5 CON/RUCTION WORK]S1 :O W]E 9/9CTIVELY REVOLUTION>Y1 & ! BETT]-PAID & HI<LY SKILL$ WAT* & JEWELRY WORK]S1 :O CALL$ !MSELVES 0,FABRICA0 & :O WANT$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 ELECTION CAMPAIGNS ) ! B\RGEOIS RADICALS4 ,?OSE ( A REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CY HAD ! P[]FUL 5C\RAGEM5T ( ,BAKUN91 :O1 9 ADDITION TO HIS PUBLIC ADDRESSES1 =MULAT$ HIS PROGRAM & EXPOS$ ! OPPORTUNI/S 9 A S]IES ( NOTABLE >TICLES SU* AS 0,! ,POLICY ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL0 .<SEE SELECTION 9 PRES5T VOLUME.>1 PR9T$ 9 ,L',EGALITE4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! ,BAKUN9I/S WON \T - AL?\< ?IS VICTORY PROV$1 REGRETTABLY1 TEMPOR>Y4 ,NONE!LESS1 S9CE ! ,BELGIAN1 ,SPANI%1 ,FR5*1 & ,FR5*-,SWISS SECTIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ALL FAVOR$ COLLECTIVISM1 ITS ADOPTION BY A L>GE MAJORITY AT ! NEXT CONGRESS WAS ASSUR$4 

,! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL ( ,LONDON REFUS$ TO ADMIT ! ,ALLIANCE AS A BRAN* ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL BECAUSE ! ,ALLIANCE W\LD CON/ITUTE :AT AM\NT$ TO A SECOND 9T]NATIONAL BODY 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 !REBY CAUS+ CONFUSION & DISORGANIZATION4 ,UNQUE/IONABLY ONE ( ! MOTIVES = ?IS DECISION WAS ,M>X'S ILL WILL T[>D ,BAKUN91 :OM ! ,G]MAN REG>D$ AS A S*EM] AIM+ TO 0BREAK UP ! ,9T]NATIONAL & CONV]T IT 9TO HIS [N TOOL40 ,BUT 9 ANY CASE1 IRRESPECTIVE ( ,M>X'S P]SONAL S5TIM5TS1 ,BAKUN9'S IDEA ( =M+ A DUAL ORGANIZATION WAS UN=TUNATE4 ,:5 ?IS WAS EXPLA9$ TO HIM BY HIS ,BELGIAN & ,SWISS COMRADES1 HE RECOGNIZ$ ! JU/ICE ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL'S DECISION4 ,! ,C5TRAL ,BUREAU ( ! ,ALLIANCE1 AFT] CONSULT+ ! MEMB]S1 DISSOLV$ ! ,ALLIANCE & ! LOCAL GR\P 9 ,G5EVA BECAME A SIMPLE SECTION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL :I* WAS !N ADMITT$ TO MEMB]%IP BY ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL 9 ,JULY #a#h#f#i4 

,! F\R? G5]AL CONGRESS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 7,BASEL1 ,SEPTEMB] #f-#a#b1 #a#h#f#i7 ALMO/ UNANIM\SLY 5DORS$ ! PR9CIPLE (1 COLLECTIVE PROP]TY1 BUT IT SOON BECAME EVID5T ?AT ! DELEGATES W]E DIVID$ 9TO TWO DI/9CT IDEOLOGICAL GR\PS4 ,! ,G]MANS1 ,SWISS-,G]MANS1 & ,5GLI% W]E /ATE COMMUNI/S4 ,! OPPOS+ GR\P - ,BELGIANS1 ,SWISS-,FR5*1 ,FR5*1 & ,SPANI>DS - W]E ANTIAU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNI/S1 F$]ALI/S1 OR AN>*I/S :O TOOK ! NAME 0,COLLECTIVI/S6' ,BAKUN91 NATURALLY1 BELONG$ TO ?IS FACTION1 :I* 9CLUD$ ! ,BELGIAN ,DE ,PAEPE & ! ,P>ISIAN ,V>L94 

,! SECRET ORGANIZATION F\ND$ BY ,BAKUN9 9 #ahfd WAS DISSOLV$ 9 ,JANU>Y #ahfi BECAUSE ( AN 9T]NAL CRISIS1 BUT MANY ( ITS MEMB]S KEPT 9 T\* ) EA* O!R4 ,! 9TIMATE CIRCLE ATTRACT$ NEW FRI5DS1 ,SWISS1 ,SPANI>DS1 & ,FR5*M51 ,V>L9 AMONG !M4 ,?IS FREE CONTACT ( M5 UNIT$ = COLLECTIVE ACTION 9 AN 9=MAL REVOLUTION>Y FRAT]NITY WAS CONT9U$ 9 ORD] TO /R5G!N & GIVE MORE COHESION TO ! GREAT REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T :I* ! ,9T]NATIONAL REPRES5T$4 

,9 ! SUMM] ( #a#h#f#i1 ,BORKHEIM1 A FRI5D ( ,M>X1 REPEAT$ 9 ! ,B]L9 J\RNAL ,ZUKUNFT 70,! ,FUTURE07 ! OLD LIBEL ?AT ,BAKUN9 WAS A ,RUSSIAN AG5T1 & ,WILHELM ,LIEBKNE*T1 A F\ND] ( ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC P>TY1 AT V>I\S TIMES CONT9U$ TO SPREAD ?IS FALSEHOOD4 ,:5 ,BAKUN9 MET ,LIEBKNE*T AT ! ,BASEL ,CONGRESS1 HE *ALL5G$ HIM TO PROVE HIS *>GES BE=E AN IMP>TIAL 0C\RT ( HONOR40 ,LIEBKNE*T EXPLA9$ ?AT HE HAD NEV] P]SONALLY SL&]$ ,BAKUN91 BUT HAD ONLY REPEAT$ :AT HE READ 9 ! PAP]S1 PRIM>ILY ! ,ZUKUNFT4 ,! C\RT ( HONOR UNANIM\SLY F\ND ,LIEBKNE*T GUILTY & SIGN$ A /ATEM5T TO ?AT EFFECT4 ,LIEBKNE*T ADMITT$ ?AT HE WAS WRONG & %OOK H&S ) ,BAKUN91 :O !N SET FIRE TO ! /ATEM5T1 US+ IT TO LI<T HIS CIG>ETTE4 

,AFT] ! ,BASEL ,CONGRESS1 ,BAKUN9 MOV$ TO ,LOC>NO1 :]E HE C\LD LIVE *EAPLY & :]E HE W\LD NOT BE DI/RACT$ :ILE MAK+ A NUMB] ( ,RUSSIAN TRANSLATIONS = A ,/4 ,PET]SBURG PUBLI%] 7! FIR/ WAS ( VOLUME ONE ( ,M>X'S ,DAS ,KAPITAL74 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ,BAKUN9'S DEP>TURE FROM ,G5EVA LEFT ! FIELD OP5 = ! POLITICAL MA*9ATIONS ( A GR\P HEAD$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN IMMIGRANT ,NI*OLAS ,UT94 ,9 A FEW MON?S !Y DISRUPT$ ! ,RUSSIAN SECTION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 OCCUPI$ ! KEY PO/S1 & SEIZ$ CONTROL ( ITS ORGAN1 ,L',EGALITE4 ,M>X 5T]$ 9TO AN ALLIANCE ) ,UT9 & HIS CAM>ILLA ( PSEUDOSOCIALI/S ( ! 0,TEMPLE ,UNICO10 ! OLD ,MASONIC HALL US$ AS A MEET+ PLACE = ! ,G5EVA ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ON ,M>* #b#h1 ,M>X ADDRESS$ HIS NOTORI\S 0,CONFID5TIAL ,COMMUNICATION0 TO HIS ,G]MAN FRI5DS 9 ORD] TO /IR UP HATR$ AMONG ! ,G]MAN ,DEMOCRATIC ,SOCIALI/S AGA9/ ,BAKUN94 ,HE REPRES5T$ HIM AS AN AG5T ( ! PAN-,SLAVI/ P>TY1 FROM :I*1 ,M>X DECL>$1 ,BAKUN9 RECEIV$ TW5TY-FIVE ?\S& FRANCS P] YE>4 

,9 ,APRIL #a#h#g1 ,UT9 & HIS ,G5EVA CONSPIRATORS 5G9E]$ A SPLIT ( ! ,ROMANCE ,F$]ATION 9TO TWO FACTIONS4 ,! FIR/ FACTION1 :I* TOOK ! NAME 0,JURA ,F$]ATION10 WAS 9 AGREEM5T ) ! ,9T]NATIONALI/S ( ,FRANCE1 ,BELGIUM1 & ,SPA94 ,!Y ADOPT$ A REVOLUTION>Y ANTIAU?ORIT>IAN POSITION1 DECL>+ ?AT 0ALL P>TICIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! POLITICS ( B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5TS CAN RESULT ONLY 9 ! CONSOLIDATION & P]PETUATION ( ! EXI/+ ORD]40 ,! O!R1 ! ,TEMPLE ,UNICO FACTION1 BACK$ BY ! ,LONDON ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL AS WELL AS BY ! ,G]MANS & ,SWISS-,G]MANS1 BELIEV$ 9 0ELECTORAL ACTION & WORK]S' C&IDATES = POLITICAL PO/S40 

,BAKUN9 WAS AT ?AT TIME PREOCCUPI$ ) ,RUSSIAN EV5TS4 ,9 ! SPR+ ( #ahfi HE BECAME FRI5DLY ) ! FI]Y Y\NG REVOLUTIONI/ ,S]GEI ,NE*AEV4 ,BAKUN9 /ILL BELIEV$ AT ?AT TIME 9 ! POSSIBILITY ( A VA/ PEASANT UPRIS+ 9 ,RUSSIA1 MU* LIKE ?AT ( ,/5KA ,RAZ94 ,! SECOND C5T5NIAL ( ?IS GREAT REVOLT ( #affi SEEM$ ALMO/ LIKE A PROPHETIC CO9CID5CE4 ,IT WAS !N ?AT ,BAKUN9 WROTE 9 ,RUSSIAN ! MANIFE/O ,SOME ,WORDS TO ,MY ,Y\NG ,BRO!RS 9 ,RUSSIA & ! PAMPHLET ,SCI5CE & ! ,PRES5T ,REVOLUTION>Y ,CAUSE4 ,NE*AEV SOON RETURN$ TO ,RUSSIA1 BUT WAS =C$ TO FLEE AGA9 AFT] ! >RE/ ( ALMO/ ALL HIS FRI5DS & ! DE/RUCTION ( HIS ORGANIZATION4 ,HE REA*$ ,SWITZ]L& 9 ,JANU>Y #a#h#g4 ,NE*AEV !N PREVAIL$ UPON ,BAKUN9 TO AB&ON ! TRANSLATION ( ,M>X'S ,DAS ,KAPITAL :I* HE HAD ALREADY BEGUN1 & TO CONC5TRATE 5TIRELY UPON ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>Y PROPAG&A4 ,NE*AEV ALSO SUCCE$$ 9 OBTA9+ MONEY = HIS ALLEG$ 0,RUSSIAN ,COMMITTEE0 FROM ! REMA9D] ( ! ,BAKHMETIEV ,FUND = ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>Y PROPAG&A1 :I* WAS ADM9I/]$ BY ,OG>EV4 

,BAKUN9 ALSO WROTE1 9 ,RUSSIAN1 ! PAMPHLET ,TO ! ,(FIC]S ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,>MY1 &1 9 ,FR5*1 ,! ,BE>S ( ,B]N & ! ,BE> ( ,/4 ,PET]SBURG4 ,HE $IT$ A FEW ISSUES ( ! NEW S]IES ( ,KOLOKOL & 5GAG$ 9 FEV]I% ACTIVITY = MANY MON?S4 ,9 ,JULY #a#h#g1 :5 ,BAKUN9 REALIZ$ ?AT ,NE*AEV WAS US+ HIM TO ATTA9 A P]SONAL DICTATOR%IP BY ,JESUITICAL ME?ODS1 HE BROKE (F ALL RELATIONS ) ! Y\NG REVOLUTIONI/4 ,HE HAD BE5 ! VICTIM ( EXCESSIVE TRU/FULNESS & ( HIS ADMIRATION = ,NE*AEV'S SAVAGE 5]GY4 ,BAKUN9 WROTE TO ,OG>EV ON ,AUGU/ #b#a1 #a#h#g3 

,WE HAVE BE5 PRETTY F9E FOOLS4 ,H[ ,H]Z5 W\LD HAVE LAU<$ AT US IF HE W]E /ILL ALIVE1 & H[ RI<T HE W\LD HAVE BE566 ,WELL1 ALL WE CAN DO IS TO SWALL[ ?IS BITT] PILL1 :I* WILL MAKE US MORE CAUTI\S 9 ! FUTURE40 
,V,I,I 

,:5 ! ,FRANCO-,PRUSSIAN ,W> ( #h#g-#g BROKE \T1 ,BAKUN9 PASSIONATELY FOLL[$ ! C\RSE ( BATTLE4 ,TO HIS FRI5D ,OG>EV HE WROTE 9 A LETT] DAT$ ,AUGU/ #a#a1 #a#h#g1 0,Y\ >E ONLY A ,RUSSIAN1 BUT ,I AM AN ,9T]NATIONALI/40 ,TO ,BAKUN91 ! CRU%+ ( ,FRANCE BY FEUDAL1 MILIT>I/ ,G]MANY W\LD MEAN ! TRIUMPH ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION2 & ?IS DEFEAT C\LD ONLY BE AVOID$ BY CALL+ UPON ! ,FR5* PEOPLE TO RISE 5 MASSE & ?R[ \T BO? ! =EIGN 9VAD] & !IR [N DOME/IC TYRANTS :O W]E HOLD+ !M 9 ECONOMIC & POLITICAL BONDAGE4 ,TO HIS SOCIALI/ FRI5DS 9 ,LYONS1 ,BAKUN9 WROTE3 

,! PATRIOTIC MOVEM5T IS NO?+ 9 COMP>ISON ) :AT Y\ MU/ N[ DO IF Y\ WANT TO SAVE ,FRANCE4 ,!RE=E1 >ISE MY COMRADES TO ! /RA9S ( ! ,M>SEILLAISE :I* TODAY IS ONCE AGA9 ! TRUE AN!M ( ,FRANCE PALPITAT+ ) LIFE1 ! SONG ( LIB]TY1 ! SONG ( ! PEOPLE1 ! SONG ( HUMANITY4 ,9 ACT+ PATRIOTICALLY WE >E 7ALSO7 SAV+ UNIV]SAL LIB]TY4 ,AH6 IF ,I W]E Y\NG AGA91 ,I W\LD NOT HE WRIT+ LETT]S4 ,I W\LD BE AMONG Y\6 

,A CORRESPOND5T ( ! ,VOLKS/AAT 7,WILHELM ,LIEBKNE*T'S PAP]7 HAD REPORT$ ?AT ! ,P>ISIAN WORK]S W]E 09DIFF]5T T[>D ! W>40 ,BAKUN9 FELT ?AT IT WAS P]V]SE TO ACCUSE ! WORK]S ( AN APA?Y :I*1 IF ACTUALLY PRES5T1 W\LD BE CRIM9AL ON !IR P>T4 ,HE WROTE TO ! WORK]S ?AT !Y C\LD NOT REMA9 9DIFF]5T TO ! ,G]MAN 9VASION1 ?AT !Y MU/ ABSOLUTELY DEF5D !IR LIB]TY AGA9/ ! >M$ GANGS ( ,PRUSSIAN MILIT>ISM4 

,IF ,FRANCE W]E 9VAD$ BY AN >MY ( ,G]MAN1 ,5GLI%1 ,BELGIAN1 ,SPANI%1 OR ,ITALIAN PROLET>IANS1 HOLD+ HI< ! BANN] ( REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM & PROCLAIM+ TO ! WORLD ! F9AL EMANCIPATION ( LABOR1 ,I W\LD HAVE BE5 ! FIR/ TO CRY TO ! WORK]S ( ,FRANCE3 0,OP5 Y\R >MS1 EMBRACE !M1 !Y >E Y\R BRO!RS1 & UNITE ) !M TO SWEEP AWAY ! ROTT5 REMA9S ( ! B\RGEOIS WORLD60 444 ,BUT ! 9VASION ?AT TODAY DI%ONORS ,FRANCE IS AN >I/OCRATIC1 MON>*IC1 MILIT>Y 9VASION4444 ,IF !Y REMA9 PASSIVE BE=E ?IS 9VASION1 ! ,FR5* WORK]S WILL BETRAY NOT ONLY !IR [N LIB]TY1 !Y WILL ALSO BETRAY ! CAUSE ( ! WORK]S ( ! WORLD1 ! SACR$ CAUSE ( REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM4 

,BAKUN9'S IDEAS AB\T ! SITUATION FAC+ ,FR5* WORK]S & ! MEANS ?AT %\LD BE EMPLOY$ TO SAVE ,FRANCE & ! CAUSE ( LIB]TY W]E EXPRESS$ BY HIM 9 A SMALL PAMPHLET :I* APPE>$ ANONYM\SLY1 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#h#g1 UND] ! TITLE ,LETT]S TO A ,FR5*MAN ON ! ,PRES5T ,CRISIS4 

,BAKUN9 LEFT ,LOC>NO ON ,SEPTEMB] #i1 #a#h#g1 & >RIV$ 9 ,LYONS ON ! FIFTE5?4 ,ON HIS >RIVAL1 A ,COMMITTEE = ! ,SALVATION ( ,FRANCE1 :OSE MO/ ACTIVE & DET]M9$ MEMB] WAS ,BAKUN91 WAS IMM$IATELY ORGANIZ$ TO M\NT A REVOLUTION>Y 9SURRECTION4 ,! PROGRAM ( ! MOVEM5T WAS PR9T$ ON A HUGE R$ PO/] & WAS SIGN$ BY ! DELEGATES ( ,LYONS1 ,/4,ETI5NE1 ,T>>E1 & ,M>SEILLES4 ,AL?\< ,BAKUN9 WAS A =EIGN] & HIS POSITION !RE=E MORE PREC>I\S1 HE DID NOT HESITATE TO ADD HIS SIGNATURE TO ?OSE ( HIS FRI5DS1 ?US %>+ !IR P]ILS & !IR RESPONSIBILITIES4 ,! PO/] PROCLAMATION FIR/ DECL>ES ?AT 0,! ADM9I/RATIVE & GOV]NM5TAL MA*9]Y ( ! ,/ATE HAV+ BECOME IMPOT5T IS ABOLI%$10 & ?AT 0,! PEOPLE ( ,FRANCE .<HAVE.> REGA9$ FULL CONTROL OV] !IR [N AFFAIRS4 ' 4 40 ,IT !N IMM$IATELY PROPOSES ! =MATION 9 ALL ! F$]AT$ COMMUNES ( ,COMMITTEES = ! ,SALVATION ( ,FRANCE1 & ! IMM$IATE DISPAT* TO ,LYONS ( TWO DELEGATES FROM EA* COMMITTEE 9 ! CAPITAL ( EA* DEP>TM5T ( ,FRANCE1 TO =M ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,CONV5TION = ! ,SALVATION ( ,FRANCE4 

,ON ,SEPTEMB] #b#h1 A POPUL> UPRIS+ PUT ! REVOLUTIONI/S 9 POSSESSION ( ! ,LYONS ,CITY ,HALL2 BUT ! TREASON ( ,G5]AL ,CLUS]ET1 9 HELP+ TO SUPPRESS AN UPRIS+ HE HAD 5DORS$1 & ! C[>DICE ( SOME ( ?OSE :O HAD BETRAY$ ! TRU/ ( ! PEOPLE CAUS$ ! DEFEAT ( ! REVOLUTIONI/S4 ,BAKUN91 AGA9/ :OM ! PROSECUTOR ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 ,&RIEUX1 HAD ISSU$ AN ORD] ( >RE/1 FL$ TO ,M>SEILLES :]E HE REMA9$ 9 HID+ = SOME TIME1 TRY+ TO PREP>E A NEW UPRIS+4 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 ! ,FR5* AU?ORITIES SPREAD ! RUMOR ?AT ,BAKUN9 WAS A PAID AG5T ( ,PRUSSIA & ?AT ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ,NATIONAL ,DEF5SE C\LD PROVE IT4 ,ON ITS P>T1 ,LIEBKNE*T'S ,VOLKS/AAT1 COMM5T+ ON ! TW5TY-EI<? ( ,SEPTEMB] & ! R$ PO/] PROCLAMATION1 DECL>$ ?AT 0,NOT EV5 ! ,B]L9 .<GOV]NM5T'S.> PRESS C\LD HAVE BETT] S]V$ ,BISM>CK'S PLANS40 

,ON ,OCTOB] #b#d1 ,BAKUN91 9 DESPAIR OV] EV5TS 9 ,FRANCE1 SAIL$ FROM ,M>SEILLES ON A %IP RETURN+ TO ,LOC>NO BY WAY ( ,G5OA & ,MILAN4 ,! DAY BE=E HIS DEP>TURE HE HAD WRITT5 ! FOLL[+ TO ! ,SPANI% ,SOCIALI/ ,S5T9ON1 :O HAD COME TO ,FRANCE HOP+ TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T3 

,! ,FR5* PEOPLE >E NO LONG] REVOLUTION>Y AT ALL444 4 ,MILIT>ISM & ,BUREAUCRACY1 ! >ROGANCE ( ! NOBILITY & ! ,PROTE/ANT ,JESUITRY ( ! ,PRUSSIANS1 9 AFFECTIONATE ALLIANCE ) ! KN\T ( MY DE> SOV]EIGN & MA/]1 ! ,EMP]OR ( ALL ! ,RUSSIAS1 >E GO+ TO COMM& ALL ,EUROPE1 ,GOD KN[S = H[ MANY YE>S4 ,GOODBYE TO ALL \R DREAMS ( IMP5D+ ,REVOLUTION66 

,! UPRIS+ ?AT BROKE \T 9 ,M>SEILLES ON ,OCTOB] #c#a1 ONLY SEV5 DAYS AFT] ,BAKUN9'S DEP>TURE1 CONFIRM$ HIS PESSIMI/IC PR$ICTION3 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMUNE :I* HAD BE5 E/ABLI%$ :5 NEWS ( ! CAPITULATION ( ,BAZA9E REA*$ ,M>SEILLES HELD \T = ONLY FIVE DAYS BE=E SURR5D]+ TO ,ALFONSO ,C5T1 :O HAD BE5 S5T BY ,GAMBETTA4 

,9 ,LOC>NO1 :]E HE SP5T ! W9T] 9 SECLUSION1 BATTL+ AGA9/ POV]TY & DESPAIR1 ,BAKUN9 WROTE ! CONT9UATION ( HIS ,LETT]S TO A ,FR5*MAN1 AN ANALYSIS ( ! NEW SITUATION 9 ,EUROPE4 ,IT WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ! SPR+ ( #ahga ) ! *>ACT]I/IC TITLE1 ,! ,KN\TO-,G]MANIC ,EMPIRE & ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,NEWS ( ! ,P>ISIAN 9SURRECTION ( ,M>* #a#h1 #ahga 7! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE7 LI<T5$ HIS PESSIMISM4 ,! ,P>IS PROLET>IAT1 AT LEA/1 HAD LO/ NEI!R !IR 5]GY NOR !IR SPIRIT ( REVOLT4 ,BUT ,FRANCE1 EXHAU/$ & DEFEAT$1 C\LD NOT BE GALVANIZ$ BY ! H]OISM ( ! PEOPLE ( ,P>IS4 ,! ATTEMPTS 9 V>I\S PROV9CES TO SPREAD ! COMMUNALI/ MOVEM5T 7SELF-GOV]N+ COMMUNES7 FAIL$1 & ! ,P>ISIAN 9SURRECTIONI/S W]E F9ALLY CRU%$ BY !IR 9NUM]ABLE 5EMIES4 ,BAKUN91 :O HAD GONE TO /AY ) FRI5DS 9 ! ,JURA TO BE NE>] ! ,FR5* FRONTI]1 WAS UNABLE TO HELP & WAS COMPELL$ TO RETURN TO ,LOC>NO4 

,BUT ?IS TIME ,BAKUN9 DID NOT GIVE WAY TO DISC\RAGEM5T4 ,! ,COMMUNE ( ,P>IS1 UPON :I* ALL ! REACTION>Y =CES CONC5TRAT$ !IR FURI\S1 V5OM\S HATR$1 K9DL$ A SP>K ( HOPE 9 ! HE>TS ( ALL ! EXPLOIT$4 ,! PROLET>IAT ( ! WORLD SALUT$ ! H]OIC PEOPLE :OSE BLOOD RAN 9 TORR5TS = ! EMANCIPATION ( HUMANITY4 0,! MOD]N ,SATAN1 ! GREAT REBELLION1 SUPPRESS$1 BUT NOT PACIFI$60 EXCLAIM$ ,BAKUN94 ,! ,ITALIAN PATRIOT ,MAZZ9I ADD$ HIS VOICE TO ?OSE :O CURS$ ! ,COMMUNE & ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,BAKUN9 WROTE ! ,RESPONSE ( AN ,9T]NATIONALI/ TO ,MAZZ9I :I* APPE>$ 9 ,AUGU/ #ahga 9 BO? ,ITALIAN & ,FR5*4 ,?IS WORK MADE A DEEP IMPRESSION 9 ,ITALY1 & PRODUC$ AMONG ! Y\? & ! WORK]S ( ,ITALY A CLIMATE ( OP9ION :I* GAVE BIR?1 T[>D ! 5D ( #a#h#g#a1 TO MANY NEW SECTIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,A SECOND PAMPHLET1 ,! ,POLITICAL ,!OLOGY ( ,MAZZ9I & ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 EV5 FUR!R CONSOLIDAT$ & EXT5D$ ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,BAKUN91 :O BY S5D+ ,FANELLI TO ,SPA9 HAD CREAT$ ! ,9T]NATIONAL !RE1 WAS BY HIS POLEMIC ) ,MAZZ9I ALSO ! CREATOR ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ,ITALY4 ,N[ HE ?REW HIMSELF PASSIONATELY 9TO ! /RUGGLE NOT ONLY AGA9/ ! DOM9ATION ( ! B\RGEOISIE OV] ! PROLET>IAT1 BUT AGA9/ ! M5 :O W]E TRY+ TO 9/ALL ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION4 
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,! SPLIT 9 ! ,ROMANCE ,F$]ATION 7,FR5*-SPEAK+ ,SWITZ]L&71 :I* C\LD HAVE BE5 HEAL$ IF ! ,LONDON ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL HAD SO DESIR$ & IF ! AG5TS ( ?AT ,C\NCIL HAD BE5 LESS P]FIDI\S1 WAS AGGRAVAT$ TO ! PO9T ( IRREV]SIBILITY4 ,9 ,AUGU/ #ahg ,BAKUN9 & ?REE ( HIS FRI5DS W]E EXPELL$ FROM ! ,G5EVA SECTION BECAUSE !Y HAD DECL>$ !IR SYMPA?Y = ! ,JURA ,F$]ATIONI/S4 ,SOON AFT] ! 5D ( ! ,FRANCO-,PRUSSIAN ,W> ,M>X'S AG5TS CAME TO ,G5EVA TO REVIVE ! DISCORDS4 ,! MEMB]S ( ! N[-DISSOLV$ ,G5EVA SECTION ( ! ,ALLIANCE BELIEV$ ?AT !Y HAD GIV5 SUFFICI5T PRO( ( !IR FRI5DLY 9T5TIONS BY DISSOLV+ !IR SECTION4 ,BUT ! P>TY ( ,M>X & ,UT9 DID NOT CEASE ITS H>ASSM5TS3 A NEW SECTION1 CALL$ 0,PROPAG&A & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALI/ ,ACTION10 =M$ BY REFUGEES FROM ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE & 9CLUD+ OLD MEMB]S ( ! ,ALLIANCE SECTION1 WAS PROMPTLY REFUS$ ADMISSION TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL BY ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL4 ,9/EAD ( A G5]AL CONGRESS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL1 CONTROLL$ BY ,M>X & HIS FRI5D ,5GELS1 9 ,SEPTEMB] #ahga CONV5$ A SECRET CONF]5CE 9 ,LONDON1 ATT5D$ ALMO/ 5TIRELY BY P>TISANS ( ,M>X4 ,! CONF]5CE ADOPT$ RESOLUTIONS DE/ROY+ ! AUTONOMY ( ! SECTIONS & F$]ATIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL & GIV+ ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL P[]S ?AT VIOLAT$ ! FUNDAM5TAL /ATUTES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL & ! CONF]5CE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME IT TRI$ TO PROMOTE & ORGANIZE1 UND] ! DIRECTION ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL1 :AT IT CALL$ 0! POLITICAL .<P>LIAM5T>Y.> ACTION ( ! WORK+ CLASS40 

,IMM$IATE ACTION WAS NECESS>Y4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL1 A VA/ F$]ATION ( GR\PS ORGANIZ$ TO FI<T ! ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 WAS 9 IMM95T DANG] ( BE+ D]AIL$ BY A LITTLE B& ( ,M>XI/ & ,BLANQUI/ SECT>IANS4 ,! SECTIONS ( ! ,JURA2 TOGE!R ) ! 0,PROPAG&A & ,REVOLUTION>Y0 SECTION ( ,G5EVA1 MET 9 ,SONVILI] 7,NOVEMB] #a#b1 #ahga 7 & E/ABLI%$ ! ,JURASSIAN ,F$]ATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,?IS ASSOCIATION S5T A CIRCUL> TO ALL ! F$]ATIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL URG+ !M TO JO9TLY RESI/ ! USURPATIONS ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL & TO 5]GETICALLY RECONQU] !IR AUTONOMY4 ,! CIRCUL>1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 DECL>$30 

,IF !RE IS AN UND5IABLE FACT1 ATTE/$ TO A ?\S& TIMES BY EXP]I5CE1 IT IS ! CORRUPT+ EFFECT PRODUC$ BY AU?ORITY ON ?OSE :O MANIPULATE IT4 ,IT IS ABSOLUTELY IMPOSSIBLE = A MAN :O WIELDS P[] TO REMA9 A MORAL MAN4444 

,! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL C\LD NOT ESCAPE ?IS 9EVITABLE LAW4 ,!SE M51 ACCU/OM$ TO M>* AT \R HEAD & TO SPEAK 9 \R NAME1 HAVE BE5 L$ BY ! V]Y DEM&S ( !IR SITUATION TO DESIRE ?AT !IR P>TICUL> PROGRAM1 !IR P>TICUL> DOCTR9E1 %\LD PREVAIL 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,HAV+ BECOME 9 !IR [N EYES A SORT ( GOV]NM5T1 IT WAS NATURAL ?AT !IR [N P>TICUL> IDEAS %\LD APPE> TO !M AS (FICIAL !ORY1 AS !Y HAD ! SOLE 0FRE$OM ( ! CITY0 .<UNLIMIT$ P[].> 9 ! ,ASSOCIATION :IL/ DIV]G5T VIEWS EXPRESS$ BY O!R GR\PS APPE>$ NO LONG] ! LEGITIMATE EXPRESSION ( OP9IONS ,) RI<TS EQUAL TO !IR [N1 BUT AS V]ITABLE H]ESIES4444 

,WE DO NOT IMPUGN ! 9T5TIONS ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL4 ,! P]SONS :O COMPOSE IT F\ND !MSELVES ! VICTIMS ( AN 9EVITABLE NECESSITY4 ,!Y WANT$ 9 GOOD FAI?1 & = ! TRIUMPH ( !IR P>TICUL> DOCTR9E1 TO 9TRODUCE 9TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY4 ,CIRCUM/ANCES APPE>$ TO FAVOR !IR DOCTR9E1 & IT APPE>S TO US QUITE NATURAL ?AT ?IS S*OOL1 :OSE IDEAL IS ,! ,C,O,N,Q,U,E,/ ,( ,P,O,L,I,T,I,C,A,L ,P,[,] ,B,Y ,! ,W,O,R,K,+ ,C,L,A,S,S1 %\LD HAVE BELIEV$ ?AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS GO+ TO ALT] ITS ORIG9AL /RUCTURE & TRANS=M ITSELF 9TO A HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATION DIRECT$ & GOV]N$ BY ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL4444 

,BUT :ILE WE UND]/& !SE T5D5CIES WE FEEL OBLIG$ TO FI<T !M 9 ! NAME ( ?AT ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION :OSE PROGRAM IS 0,EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]S BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES40 444 

,! FUTURE SOCIETY MU/ BE NO?+ ELSE ?AN ! UNIV]SALIZATION ( ! ORGANIZATION ?AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAS =M$ = ITSELF4 ,WE MU/ !RE=E /RIVE TO MAKE ?IS ORGANIZATION AS CLOSE AS POSSIBLE TO \R IDEAL4 ,H[ C\LD ONE EXPECT AN EGALIT>IAN SOCIETY TO EM]GE \T ( AN AU?ORIT>IAN ORGANIZATION8 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL1 EMBRYO ( ! FUTURE SOCIETY1 MU/ FROM N[ ON FAI?FULLY REFLECT \R PR9CIPLES ( F$]ATION & LIB]TY1 & MU/ REJECT ANY PR9CIPLE T5D+ T[>D AU?ORITY & DICTATOR%IP4 

,BAKUN9 5?USIA/ICALLY WELCOM$ ! ,SONVILI] CIRCUL> & DEVOT$ 'ALL HIS 5]GIES TO ACTIVELY PROPAGAT+ ITS PR9CIPLES 9 ! ,ITALIAN SECTIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,SPA91 ,BELGIUM1 MO/ ( ! ,FR5* SECTIONS 7SECRETLY REORGANIZ$ 9 SPITE ( ! ,V]SAILLES REACTION FOLL[+ ! DEFEAT ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE71 & MO/ ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES SECTIONS DECL>$ !MSELVES 9 AGREEM5T ) ! ,SWISS-,JURA ,F$]ATION4 ,IT WAS SOON C]TA9 ?AT ! ATTEMPTS ( ,M>X & HIS ALLIES TO CAPTURE ! ,9T]NATIONAL W\LD BE REPULS$4 ,! FIR/ HALF ( #ahgb WAS M>K$ BY A 0CONFID5TIAL CIRCUL>0 ISSU$ BY ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL1 WRITT5 BY ,K>L ,M>X & PR9T$ AS A PAMPHLET 5TITL$ ,LES PRET5DUES SCISSIONS DANS ,I',9T]NATIONALE 70,! ,ALLEG$ ,SPLITS 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL074 ,PROM95T ,F$]ALI/ MILITANTS & O!RS SEEK+ 9DEP5D5CE FROM ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL W]E P]SONALLY SL&]$1 & ! WIDESPREAD PROTE/S AGA9/ C]TA9 ACTS ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL W]E DEPICT$ AS SORDID 9TRIGUES BY MEMB]S ( ! OLD ,9T]NATIONAL ,ALLIANCE ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY 7! ,ALLIANCE7 :O1 DIRECT$ BY 0! ,POPE ( ,LOC>NO0 7,BAKUN971 W]E WORK+ = ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,BAKUN9 GAVE HIS REACTION TO ?IS CIRCUL> 9 A LETT]3 0,! SWORD ( ,DAMOCLES ?AT HUNG OV] US SO LONG HAS AT LA/ FALL5 OV] \R HEADS4 ,IT IS NOT REALLY A SWORD1 BUT ! HABITUAL WEAPON ( ,M>X1 A HEAP ( FIL?40 

,BAKUN9 PASS$ ! SUMM] & AUTUMN ( #ahgb 9 ,ZURI*1 :]E ON HIS 9ITIATIVE A ,SLAVIC SECTION WAS F\ND$1 COMPOS$ ALMO/ 5TIRELY ( ,S]BIAN & ,RUSSIAN /UD5TS1 :I* JO9$ ! ,JURA ,F$]ATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,S9CE ,APRIL ,BAKUN9 HAD BE5 9 CONTACT ) ,RUSSIAN EMIGRE Y\?S 9 ,LOC>NO :O ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES 9TO A SECRET ACTION & PROPAG&A GR\P4 ,! MO/ MILITANT MEMB] ( ?IS GR\P WAS ,>M& ,ROSS 7,MI*AEL ,SAZH974 ,9 9TIMATE CONTACT ) ,BAKUN9 FROM ! SUMM] ( #ahg TO ! SPR+ ( #a#h#g#f1 ,ROSS WAS ! PR9CIPAL 9T]M$I>Y BETWE5 ! GREAT REVOLUTION>Y AGITATOR & ,RUSSIAN Y\?4 

,BAKUN9'S PROPAG&A DUR+ ?IS P]IOD WAS AN 9SPIRATION TO ! Y\NG ,RUSSIANS 9 ! FOLL[+ YE>S4 ,BAKUN9'S DICTUM ?AT ! Y\? MU/ 0,G,O ,T,O ,! ,P,E,O,P,L,E0 HAD BECOME AN AXIOM )9 ! POPULI/ MOVEM5T4 ,9 ,ZURI*1 ,ROSS E/ABLI%$ A ,RUSSIAN-LANGUAGE PR9T+ PLANT :I* 9 #ahgc PUBLI%$ ,I/ORI*ESKOYE ,RAZVITIYE ,9T]NATSIONALA 70NE ,HI/ORICAL ,DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL071 A COLLECTION ( >TICLES TRANSLAT$ FROM ,SWISS & ,BELGIAN SOCIALI/ PAP]S1 ) EXPLANATORY NOTES BY DIFF]5T WRIT]S1 & A *APT] ON ! ,ALLIANCE WRITT5 BY ,BAKUN94 ,9 #ahgd ,ROSS'S PRESS PR9T$ ,GOSUD>/V5NO/ I ,AN>KHIYA 70,/ATISM & ,AN>*Y074 ,A CONFLICT ) ,PET] ,LAVROV & P]SONAL DISS5SIONS AMONG SOME ( ITS MEMB]S L$ TO ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,ZURI* ,SLAV SECTION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 #a#h#g#c4 

9 ! MEANTIME ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL DECID$ TO CONV5E A G5]AL CONGRESS = ,SEPTEMB] #g1 #a#h#g#b4 ,IT *OSE TO MEET AT ,! ,HAGUE = TWO MA9 REASONS3 IT WAS A LOCATION CLOSE TO ,LONDON1 & ?US ALL[$ MANY DELEGATES :O AGRE$ ) ,M>X'S POLICIES OR HELD FICTITI\S CR$5TIALS TO GET TO ! CONGRESS EASILY2 AT ! SAME TIME1 ! LOCATION MADE IT MORE DIFFICULT = DELEGATES REPRES5T+ REMOTE OR LEGALLY 'BANN$ F$]ATIONS TO ATT5D2 !RE WAS NO POSSIBILITY1 = EXAMPLE1 ( ,BAKUN9'S ATT5D+4 ,! NEWLY CON/ITUT$ ,ITALIAN ,F$]ATION REFUS$ TO S5D DELEGATES4 ,! ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION S5T F\R1 ! ,JURA ,F$]ATION TWO1 ! ,BELGIAN ,F$]ATION SEV51 ! ,DUT* ,F$]ATION F\R1 ! ,5GLI% ,F$]ATION FIVE4 ,!SE TW5TY-TWO DELEGATES1 ! ONLY ONES TRULY REPRES5T+ CON/ITU5TS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 MADE UP ! CORE ( ! M9ORITY4 ,! MAJORITY ( =TY :O1 9 REALITY1 REPRES5T$ ONLY !MSELVES HAD ALREADY PL$G$ !MSELVES 9 ADVANCE TO FAI?FULLY C>RY \T ! ORD]S ( ! CLIQUE HEAD$ BY ,M>X & ,5GELS4 ,! ONLY DECISION ( ! CONGRESS ) :I* WE DEAL H]E IS ! EXPULSION ( ,BAKUN9 .<,GUILLAUME WAS ALSO EXPELL$.> FROM ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,?IS ACTION WAS TAK5 ON ! LA/ DAY ( ! CONGRESS1 ,SEPTEMB] #g1 AFT] ONE-?IRD ( ! DELEGATES HAD ALREADY GONE HOME1 BY A VOTE ( TW5TY-SEV5 = & SEV5 AGA9/1 ) EI<T AB/5TIONS4 ,A MOCK 9QUIRY BY A FIVE-MEMB] COMMISSION1 HELD BEH9D CLOS$ DOORS1 F\ND ,BAKUN9 GUILTY ( ! *>GES MADE BY ! ,M>XI/ CLIQUE1 & HE WAS EXPELL$ ON TWO GR\NDS3 

#a4 ,?AT A DRAFT ( PR9CIPLES & LETT]S SIGN$ 0,BAKUN90 PROVES ?AT SAID CITIZ5 HAS TRI$ TO E/ABLI%1 & P]HAPS HAS SUCCE$$ 9 E/ABLI%+1 A SOCIETY 9 ,EUROPE NAM$ 0,! ,ALLIANCE' ) RULES ON SOCIAL & POLITICAL MATT]S 5TIRELY DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 

#b4 ,?AT ,CITIZ5 ,BAKUN9 HAS MADE USE ( DECEPTIVE TRICKS 9 ORD] TO APPROPRIATE SOME PORTION ( ANO!R P]SON'S =TUNE1 :I* CON/ITUTES FRAUD2 ?AT FUR!R HE OR HIS AG5TS RESORT$ TO ?REATS LE/ HE BE COMPELL$ TO MEET HIS OBLIGATIONS4 

,! SECOND ,M>XI/ ACCUSATION REF]S TO ! ?REE HUNDR$ RUBLES ADVANC$ TO ,BAKUN9 = ! TRANSLATION ( ,M>X'S ,DAS ,KAPITAL & ! LETT] WRITT5 BY ,NE*AEV TO ! PUBLI%] ,POLIAKOV4 

,A PROTE/ AGA9/ ?IS 9FAMY1 IMM$IATELY PUBLI%$ BY A GR\P ( ,RUSSIAN IMMIGRANTS1 MADE !SE PO9TS3 

,G5EVA & ,ZURI*1 ,OCTOB] #d1 #a#h#g#b4 ,!Y HAVE D>$ TO ACCUSE \R FRI5D ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN9 ( FRAUD & BLACKMAIL4 ,WE DO NOT DEEM IT NECESS>Y OR OPPORTUNE TO DISCUSS ! ALLEG$ FACTS ON :I* !SE /RANGE ACCUSATIONS AGA9/ \R FRI5D & COMPATRIOT >E BAS$4 ,! FACTS >E WELL KN[N 9 ALL DETAILS & WE WILL MAKE IT \R DUTY TO E/ABLI% ! TRU? AS SOON AS POSSIBLE4 ,N[ WE >E PREV5T$ FROM SO DO+ BY ! UN=TUNATE SITUATION ( ANO!R COMPATRIOT :O IS NOT \R FRI5D1 BUT :OSE P]SECUTION AT ?IS V]Y MOM5T BY ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T R5D]S HIM SACR$ TO US4 .<,?IS REF]S TO ,NE*AEV1 :O WAS >RE/$ 9 ,ZURI* ON ,AUGU/ #a#d1 #a#h#g#b1 & EXTRADIT$ TO ,RUSSIA VIA ,SWITZ]L& ON ,OCTOB] #b#g1 #a#h#g#b4.> ,MR4 ,M>X1 :OSE CLEV]NESS WE DO NOT1 LIKE O!RS1 QUE/ION1 HAS ?IS TIME AT LEA/ %[N V]Y BAD JUDGM5T4 ,HONE/ HE>TS 9 ALL L&S WILL D\BTLESS BEAT ) 9DIGNATION & DISGU/ AT SO %AMEFUL A CONSPIRACY & SO FLAGRANT A VIOLATION ( ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y PR9CIPLES ( JU/ICE4 ,AS TO ,RUSSIA1 WE CAN ASSURE ,MR4 ,M>X ?AT ALL HIS MANEUV]S WILL 9EVITABLY 5D 9 FAILURE4 ,BAKUN9 IS TOO WELL E/EEM$ & KN[N !RE = CALUMNY TO T\* HIM4 ,SIGN$3 ,NI*OLAS ,OG>EV1 ,B>?OLOMY ,ZAITSEV1 ,VLADIMIR ,OZ]OV1 ,>M& ,ROSS1 ,VLADIMIR ,HOL/E91 ,ZEMPHIRI ,RALLI1 ,ALEX&] ,OELSNITZ1 ,VAL]IAN ,SMIRNOV4 

,! DAY AFT] ! ,HAGUE ,CONGRESS ( ,SEPTEMB] #e1 #a#h#g#b1 ANO!R CONGRESS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL - COMPRIS+ DELEGATIONS FROM ! ,ITALIAN1 ,SPANI%1 ,SWISS-,JURA F$]ATIONS1 AS WELL AS REPRES5TATIVES FROM ,AM]ICAN & ,FR5* SECTIONS - CONV5$ 9 ,/4-,IMI] ,SWITZ]L&4 ,! CONGRESS /AT$ ?AT IT UNANIM\SLY3 

,REJECTS ABSOLUTELY ALL RESOLUTIONS ( ! ,HAGUE ,CONGRESS & DOES NOT RECOGNIZE TO ANY EXT5T ! P[]S ( ! NEW ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL NAM$ BY IT4 .<,! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL HAD BE5 TRANSF]R$ TO ,NEW ,YORK4.> 

,! ,ITALIAN ,F$]ATION HAD ALREADY AFFIRM$1 ON ,AUGU/ #d1 #a#h#g#b1 ! RESOLUTIONS ( ! ,/4-,IMI] ,CONGRESS1 :I* ! ,JURA ,F$]ATION ALSO ADOPT$ AT A SPECIAL MEET+ HELD ! SAME DAY AS ?AT ( ! CONGRESS4 ,MO/ ( ! ,FR5* SECTIONS HA/5$ TO EXPRESS !IR COMPLETE APPROVAL4 ,! ,SPANI% & ,BELGIAN F$]ATIONS 5DORS$ ! RESOLUTIONS AT !IR CONGRESSES HELD RESPECTIVELY 9 ,CORDOBA & ,BRUSSELS DUR+ ,*RI/MAS WEEK ( #a#h#g#b4 ,! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION DID LIKEWISE AT ITS MEET+ 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY ON ,JANU>Y #a#b1 #a#h#g#c4 ,! ,5GLI% ,F$]ATION1 :I* 9CLUD$ ,M>X'S OLD FRI5DS ,ECC>IUS & ,JUNG1 REFUS$ TO RECOGNIZE ! DECISIONS ( ! ,HAGUE ,CONGRESS & ! NEW ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL4 

,ON ,JUNE #e1 #a#h#g#c1 ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 EX]CIS+ ! P[]S VE/$ 9 IT BY ! ,HAGUE ,CONGRESS1 SUSP5D$ ! ,JURA ,F$]ATION1 DECL>+ IT SUBV]SIVE4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! ,DUT* ,F$]ATION1 :I* HAD BE5 NEUTRAL1 JO9$ ! O!R SEV5 F$]ATIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 DECL>+ ON ,FEBRU>Y #a#d1 #a#h#g#c1 ?AT IT REFUS$ TO RECOGNIZE ! 0SUSP5SION0 ( ! ,JURA ,F$]ATION4 

,! PUBLICATION BY ,M>X & ! LITTLE GR\P ?AT /ILL REMA9$ FAI?FUL TO HIM ( A PAMPHLET FILL$ ) GROSS LIES1 5TITL$ ,! ,ALLIANCE ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY & ! ,9T]NATIONAL .<WRITT5 9 ,FR5* 9 ! SECOND HALF ( #a#h#g#c.>1 ONLY PROVOK$ ! DISGU/ ( ALL ?OSE :O READ ?IS PRODUCT ( BL9D HATR$4 

,ON ,SEPTEMB] #a1 #a#h#g#c1 ! SIX? CONGRESS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL OP5$ 9 ,G5EVA4 ,! ,BELGIAN1 ,DUT*1 ,ITALIAN1 ,FR5*1 ,5GLI%1 & ,SWISS-,JURA F$]ATIONS W]E REPRES5T$ & ! ,LASALLEAN SOCIALI/S ( ,B]L9 S5T A TELEGRAM ( GREET+S4 ,! CONGRESS CONC]N$ ITSELF ) ! REVISION ( ! /ATUTES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 PRON\NC$ ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL1 & MADE ! ,9T]NATIONAL A FREE F$]ATION )\T ANY DIRECT+ AU?ORITY OV] IT3 

,! F$]ATIONS & SECTIONS COMPRIS+ ! ,9T]NATIONAL EA* RECLAIMS ITS COMPLETE AUTONOMY1 ! RI<T TO ORGANIZE ITSELF AS IT SEES FIT1 TO ADM9I/] ITS [N AFFAIRS )\T ANY \TSIDE 9T]F]5CE1 & TO DET]M9E ! BE/ & MO/ EFFICI5T MEANS = ! EMANCIPATION ( LABOR4 .<,>TICLE #c ( ! NEW /ATUTES.> 

,HIS LIFELONG BATTLES HAD LEFT ,BAKUN9 EXHAU/$4 ,PRISON HAD AG$ HIM BE=E HIS TIME1 HIS HEAL? HAD S]I\SLY DET]IORAT$1 & HE N[ CRAV$ REPOSE & RETIREM5T4 ,:5 HE SAW ! ,9T]NATIONAL REORGANIZ$ 9 A WAY ?AT FULFILL$ ! PR9CIPLE ( FREE F$]ATION1 HE FELT ?AT ! TIME HAD COME TO TAKE LEAVE ( HIS COMRADES4 ,ON ,OCTOB] #a#b1 #a#h#g#c1 HE ADDRESS$ A LETT] TO ! MEMB]S ( ! ,JURA ,F$]ATION3 

,I BEG Y\ TO ACCEPT MY RESIGNATION AS A MEMB] ( ! ,JURA ,F$]ATION & ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,I NO LONG] FEEL ?AT ,I HAVE ! /R5G? NE$$ = ! /RUGGLE3 ,I W\LD BE A H9DRANCE 9 ! CAMP ( ! ,PROLET>IAT1 NOT A HELP 444 ,I RETIRE !N1 DE> COMRADES1 FULL ( GRATITUDE TO Y\ & SYMPA?Y = Y\R GREAT CAUSE - ! CAUSE ( HUMANITY4 ,I WILL CONT9UE TO FOLL[1 ) BRO!RLY ANXIETY1 ALL Y\R /EPS & ,I WILL GREET ) JOY EA* ( Y\R NEW VICTORIES4 ,TILL DEA? ,I WILL HE Y\RS4 .<,= FULL TEXT1 SEE P4 #c#e#a4.> 

,HE HAD BUT ?REE YE>S TO LIVE4 

,HIS FRI5D1 ! ,ITALIAN REVOLUTIONI/ ,C>LO ,CAFI]O1 9VIT$ HIM TO /AY 9 HIS VILLA NE> ,LOC>NO4 ,!RE ,BAKUN9 LIV$ UNTIL ! MIDDLE ( #a#h#g#d1 APP>5TLY ABSORB$ BY HIS NEW LIFE1 ONE 9 :I* HE HAD AT LA/ F\ND TRANQUILITY1 SECURITY1 & RELATIVE WELL-BE+4 ,BUT HE /ILL REG>D$ HIMSELF AS A SOLDI] ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,:5 HIS ,ITALIAN FRI5DS LAUN*$ AN 9SURRECTION>Y MOVEM5T1 ,BAKUN9 W5T TO ,BOLOGNA 9 ,JULY #ahgd TO P>TICIPATE4 ,BUT ! 9SURRECTION1 POORLY PLANN$1 COLLAPS$ & ,BAKUN9 RETURN$ 9 DISGUISE TO ,SWITZ]L&4 

,AT ?IS TIME ,BAKUN9 & ,CAFI]O BECAME E/RANG$4 ,CAFI]O1 HAV+ SACRIFIC$ HIS 5TIRE =TUNE = ! CAUSE ( ! REVOLUTION1 F\ND HIMSELF RU9$ & WAS =C$ TO SELL ! VILLA4 ,BAKUN91 UNABLE TO /AY 9 ,LOC>NO1 SETTL$ 9 ,LUGANO :]E1 ?ANKS TO HIS PAT]NAL 9H]ITANCE S5T TO HIM BY HIS BRO!RS1 HE WAS ABLE TO SUPPORT HIMSELF & HIS FAMILY4 ,! TEMPOR>Y COOLNESS BETWE5 ,BAKUN9 & ,CAFI]O DID NOT LA/ LONG1 & FRI5DLY RELATIONS W]E SOON REE/ABLI%$4 ,BUT ,BUKUN9'S ILLNESS PROGRESS$1 RAVAG+ BO? SPIRIT & BODY1 SO ?AT BY #ahge HE WAS ONLY A %AD[ ( HIS =M] SELF4 ,HOP+ TO F9D RELIEF1 ,BAKUN9 LEFT ,LOC>NO = ,B]N TO CONSULT HIS OLD FRI5D1 ,VOGT1 TO :OM HE SAID1 0,I HAVE COME TO BE RE/OR$ TO HEAL? OR TO DIE40 ,HE WAS TAK5 TO A HOSPITAL1 :]E HE WAS AFFECTIONATELY ATT5D$ BY ,DR4 ,VOGT & ANO!R CLOSE FRI5D1 ! MUSICIAN ,REI*EL4 

,9 ONE ( HIS LA/ CONV]SATIONS1 RECALL$ BY ,REI*EL1 ,BAKUN9 9 SPEAK+ ( ,S*OP5HAU] REM>K$3 

,ALL \R PHILOSOPHY />TS FROM A FALSE BASE2 IT BEG9S ALWAYS BY CONSID]+ MAN AS AN 9DIVIDUAL1 & NOT AS HE %\LD BE CONSID]$ - ?AT IS1 AS A BE+ BELONG+ TO A COLLECTIVITY2 MO/ ( ! PHILOSOPHICAL 7& MI/AK57 VIEWS /EMM+ FROM ?IS FALSE PREMISE EI!R >E L$ TO ! CONCEPTION ( A HAPP9ESS 9 ! CL\DS1 OR TO A PESSIMISM LIKE ?AT ( ,S*OP5HAU] & ,H>TMANN4 

,9 ANO!R CONV]SATION1 ,REI*EL EXPRESS$ HIS REGRET ?AT ,BAKUN9 C\LD NEV] F9D TIME TO WRITE HIS MEMOIRS4 ,BAKUN9 REPLI$3 

,& :Y %\LD Y\ WANT ME TO WRITE !M8 ,IT IS NOT WOR? ! EF=T4 ,TODAY ! PEOPLE 9 ALL L&S HAVE LO/ ! 9/9CT ( REVOLUTION4 ,NO1 IF ,I GET A BIT ( /R5G? BACK AGA91 ,I W\LD RA!R WRITE AN E?IC BAS$ ON ! PR9CIPLES ( COLLECTIVISM1 MAK+ NO USE ( PHILOSOPHICAL OR RELIGI\S PHRASES4 

,HE DI$ AT NOON ON ,JULY #a1 #a#h#g#f4 

,ON ,JULY #c1 SOCIALI/S FROM ALL P>TS ( ,SWITZ]L& >RIV$ 9 ,B]N TO PAY !IR LA/ RESPECTS TO ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN94 ,AT HIS GRAVESIDE1 EULOGIES W]E (F]$ BY SOME ( HIS FRI5DS FROM ! ,JURA ,F$]ATION3 ,ADHEM> ,S*WITZGUEBEL1 ,JAMES ,GUILLAUME1 ,ELISEE ,RECLUS2 BY ,NI*OLAS ,ZHUKOVSKY1 REPRES5T+ ! ,RUSSIANS2 BY ,PAUL ,BR\SE = ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION>Y ,Y\?2 BY ,BETSI5 = ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT4 ,AT A MEET+ AFT] ! FUN]AL ALL W]E MOV$ BY ONE S5TIM5T3 TO =GET1 UPON ! GRAVE ( ,BAKUN91 ALL P]SONAL BICK]+1 & TO UNITE ON ! BASIS ( LIB]TY & MUTUAL TOL]ANCE ALL ! SOCIALI/ FACTIONS 9 BO? CAMPS4 ,! FOLL[+ RESOLUTION RECEIV$ UNANIM\S APPROVAL3 

,! WORK]S GA!R$ 9 ,B]N ON ! OCCASION ( ! DEA? ( ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN9 BELONG TO FIVE DIFF]5T NATIONS4 ,SOME >E P>TISANS ( A ,WORK]'S ,/ATE1 :ILE O!RS ADVOCATE ! FREE F$]ATION ( GR\PS ( PRODUC]S4 ,BUT ALL FEEL ?AT A RECONCILIATION IS NOT ONLY V]Y ESS5TIAL & V]Y DESIRABLE1 BUT ALSO EASY TO E/ABLI% ON ! BASIS ( ! PR9CIPLES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 AS =MULAT$ 9 ,>TICLE #c ( ! REVIS$ /ATUTES ADOPT$ AT ! ,G5EVA ,CONGRESS ( #a#h#g#c4 

,!RE=E ?IS ASSEMBLY1 MEET+ 9 ,B]N1 CALLS UPON ALL WORK]S TO =GET ! VA9 & UN=TUNATE DISS5SIONS ( ! PA/ & TO UNITE ON ! BASIS ( /RICT ADH]5CE TO ! PR9CIPLES 5UNCIAT$ 9 ,>TICLE #c ( ! ABOVE-M5TION$ /ATUTES .<AUTONOMY ( ! SECTIONS.>4 

,DO Y\ WANT TO KN[ H[ ?IS MOV+ APPEAL TO =GET PA/ HATR$S & TO UNITE 9 LIB]TY WAS ANSW]$8 ,! ,M>XI/ ,TAGWA*T ( ,ZURI* ON ,JULY #h PR9T$ ! FOLL[+3 

,BAKUN9 WAS REG>D$ BY MANY FAIR-M9D$ M5 & GOOD SOCIALI/S AS A ,RUSSIAN AG5T4 ,?IS SUSPICION1 D\BTLESS ]RONE\S1 WAS >\S$ BY ! FACT ?AT ,BAKUN9 GREATLY H>M$ ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T2 IT WAS ! REACTION :I* B5EFIT$ MO/ FROM HIS ACTIVITY4 

,SIMIL> MALEVOL5T ACCUSATIONS V5T$ BY ! ,VOLKS/AAT ( ,LEIPZIG & ! ,RUSSIAN-LANGUAGE ,VP]$ ( ,LONDON COMPELL$ ! FRI5DS ( ,BAKUN9 TO CONCLUDE ?AT HIS 5EMIES DID NOT 9T5D TO DESI/ FROM !IR CAMPAIGN ( HATR$4 ,H5CE ! ,BULLET9 ( ! ,JURA ,F$]ATION ON ,SEPTEMB] #a1 #a#h#g#f1 FAC$ ) HO/ILE MANIFE/ATIONS1 DECL>$3 

,WE DESIRE1 AS \R CONDUCT HAS ALWAYS E/ABLI%$1 ! MO/ COMPLETE RECONCILIATION POSSIBLE ( ALL SOCIALI/ GR\PS3 WE >E READY TO EXT5D \R H& 9 FRI5D%IP TO ALL ?OSE :O S9C]ELY WI% TO /RUGGLE = ! EMANCIPATION ( LABOR4 ,BUT WE >E AT ! SAME TIME DET]M9$ NOT TO ALL[ ANYONE TO 9SULT \R DEAD4 

,WILL ! TIME COME :5 PO/]ITY WILL ASSESS ! P]SONALITY & A*IEVEM5TS ( ,BAKUN9 ) ! IMP>TIALITY ?AT WE HAVE A RI<T TO EXPECT8 ,FUR!R1 CAN ONE HOPE ?AT ! WI%ES EXPRESS$ BY HIS FRI5DS ON HIS FRE%LY COV]$ GRAVE WILL SOM$AY HE REALIZ$8 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aif 3 ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 A ,BIOGRAPHICAL ,SKET* -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #f1 #bag 3 ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 A ,BIOGRAPHICAL ,SKET* -- ,ADD$4 
,DECEMB] #c1 #bba 3 ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 A ,BIOGRAPHICAL ,SKET* -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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