,P>T #d3 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG2 ,FIR/ ,J\RNEY TO ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 ,SECTION #h 

#ahiiahii 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,PETROV ,ESC>IAO1,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE ,! NEXT YE>1 E>LY 9 ! SPR+1 ,I MADE MY FIR/ J\RNEY TO ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,9 CROSS+ ! ,RUSSIAN FRONTI]1 ,I EXP]I5C$ :AT EV]Y ,RUSSIAN FEELS ON LEAV+ HIS MO!R C\NTRY4 ,SO LONG AS ! TRA9 RUNS ON ,RUSSIAN GR\ND1 ?R\< ! ?9LY POPULAT$ NOR?WE/]N PROV9CES1 ONE HAS ! FEEL+ ( CROSS+ A DES]T4 ,HUNDR$S ( MILES >E COV]$ ) L[ GR[?S :I* H>DLY DES]VE ! NAME ( =E/S4 ,H]E & !RE ! EYE DISCOV]S A SMALL1 MIS]ABLY POOR VILLAGE BURI$ 9 ! SN[1 OR AN IMPRACTICABLE1 MUDDY1 N>R[1 & W9D+ VILLAGE ROAD4 ,!N EV]Y?+ -- SC5]Y & SURR\ND+S -- *ANGES ALL ( A SUDD51 AS SOON AS ! TRA9 5T]S ,PRUSSIA1 ) ITS CLEAN LOOK+ VILLAGES & F>MS1 ITS G>D5S1 & ITS PAV$ ROADS2 & ! S5SE ( CONTRA/ GR[S /RONG] & /RONG] AS ONE P5ETRATES FUR!R 9TO ,G]MANY4 ,EV5 DULL ,B]L9 SEEM$ ANIMAT$1 AFT] \R ,RUSSIAN T[NS4 

,& ! CONTRA/ ( CLIMATE 6 ,TWO DAYS BE=E1 ,I HAD LEFT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG ?ICKLY COV]$ ) SN[1 & N[1 9 MIDDLE ,G]MANY1 ,I WALK$ )\T AN OV]COAT ALONG ! RAILWAY PLAT=M1 9 W>M SUN%9E1 ADMIR+ ! BUDD+ FL[]S4 ,!N CAME ! ,RH9E1 & FUR!R ON ,SWITZ]L& BA!D 9 ! RAYS ( A BRI<T SUN1 ) ITS SMALL1 CLEAN HOTELS1 :]E BREAKFA/ WAS S]V$ \T ( DOORS1 9 VIEW ( ! SN[-CLAD M\NTA9S4 ,I NEV] BE=E HAD REALIZ$ SO VIVIDLY :AT ,RUSSIA'S NOR!RN POSITION MEANT1 & H[ ! HI/ORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN NATION HAD BE5 9FLU5C$ BY ! FACT ?AT ! MA9 C5T] ( ITS LIFE HAD TO DEVELOP 9 HI< LATITUDES1 AS F> NOR? AS ! %ORES ( ! ,GULF ( ,F9L&4 ,ONLY !N ,I FULLY UND]/OOD ! UNCONTROLLABLE ATTRACTION :I* S\!RN L&S HAVE EX]CIS$ ON ! ,RUSSIANS1 ! COLOSSAL EF=TS :I* !Y HAVE MADE TO REA* ! ,BLACK ,SEA1 & ! /EADY PRESSURE ( ! ,SIB]IAN COLONI/S S\?W>D1 FUR!R 9TO ,MAN*URIA4 

,AT ?AT TIME ,ZURI* WAS FULL ( ,RUSSIAN /UD5TS' BO? WOM5 & M54 ,! FAM\S ,OB]/RASS1 NE> ! ,POLYTE*NIC1 WAS A CORN] ( ,RUSSIA1 :]E ! ,RUSSIAN LANGUAGE PREVAIL$ OV] ALL O!RS4 ,! /UD5TS LIV$ AS MO/ ,RUSSIAN /UD5TS DO1 ESPECIALLY ! WOM52 ?AT IS1 UPON V]Y LITTLE4 ,TEA & BREAD1 SOME MILK1 & A ?9 SLICE ( MEAT COOK$ OV] A SPIRIT LAMP1 AMID ANIMAT$ DISCUSSIONS ( ! LATE/ NEWS FROM ! SOCIALI/IC WORLD OR ! LA/ BOOK READ1 --- ?AT WAS !IR REGUL> F>E4 ,?OSE :O HAD MORE MONEY ?AN WAS NE$$ = SU* A MODE ( LIV+ GAVE IT = ! COMMON CAUSE1 --- ! LIBR>Y1 ! ,RUSSIAN REVIEW :I* WAS GO+ TO BE PUBLI%$1 ! SUPPORT ( ! ,SWISS LABOR PAP]S4 ,AS TO !IR DRESS1 ! MO/ P>SIMONI\S ECONOMY REIGN$ 9 ?AT DIRECTION4 ,PU%K9 HAS WRITT5 9 A WELL-KN[N V]SE1 0,:AT HAT MAY NOT SUIT A GIRL ( SIXTE580 ,\R GIRLS AT ,ZURI* SEEM$ DEFIANTLY TO ?R[ ?IS QUE/ION AT ! POPULATION ( ! OLD ,ZW+LIAN CITY3 0,CAN !RE BE A SIMPLICITY 9 DRESS :I* DOES NOT BECOME A GIRL1 :5 %E IS Y\NG1 9TELLIG5T1 & FULL ( 5]GY80 

,) ALL ?IS1 ! BUSY LITTLE COMMUNITY WORK$ H>D] ?AN ANY O!R /UD5TS HAVE EV] WORK$ S9CE !RE W]E UNIV]SITIES 9 EXI/5CE1 & ! ,ZURI* PR(ESSORS W]E NEV] TIR$ ( %[+ ! PROGRESS ACCOMPLI%$ BY ! WOM5 AT ! UNIV]SITY1 AS AN EXAMPLE TO ! MALE /UD5TS4 

,= MANY YE>S ,I HAD LONG$ TO LE>N ALL AB\T ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION4 ,RUSSIAN PAP]S M5TION$ IT PRETTY FREQU5TLY 9 !IR COLUMNS1 BUT !Y W]E NOT ALL[$ TO SPEAK ( ITS PR9CIPLES OR ( :AT IT WAS DO+4 ,I FELT ?AT IT MU/ BE A GREAT MOVEM5T1 FULL ( CONSEQU5CES1 BUT ,I C\LD NOT GRASP ITS AIMS & T5D5CIES4 ,N[ ?AT ,I WAS 9 ,SWITZ]L&1 ,I DET]M9$ TO SATISFY MY 

,! ASSOCIATION WAS !N AT ! HEI<T ( ITS DEVELOPM5T4 ,GREAT HOPES HAD BE5 AWAK5$ 9 ! YE>S #a#h#d@9 #dh 9 ! HE>TS ( ,EUROPEAN WORK]S4 ,ONLY N[ WE BEG9 TO REALIZE :AT A =MIDABLE AM\NT ( SOCIALI/ LIT]ATURE WAS CIRCULAT$ 9 ?OSE YE>S BY SOCIALI/S ( ALL D5OM9ATIONS1 -- ,*RI/IAN SOCIALI/S1 /ATE SOCIALI/S1 ,F\RI]I/S1 ,SA9T-,SIMONI/S1 ,[5ITES1 & SO ON2 & ONLY N[ WE BEG9 TO UND]/& ! DEP? ( ?IS MOVEM5T1 AS WE DISCOV] H[ MU* ( :AT \R G5]ATION HAS CONSID]$ ! PRODUCT ( CONTEMPOR>Y ?\<T WAS ALREADY DEVELOP$ & SAID -- (T5 ) GREAT P5ETRATION -- DUR+ ?OSE YE>S4 ,! REPUBLICANS UND]/OOD !N UND] ! NAME ( 0REPUBLIC0 A QUITE DIFF]5T ?+ FROM ! DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATION ( CAPITALI/ RULE :I* N[ GOES UND] ?AT NAME4 ,:5 !Y SPOKE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,EUROPE1 !Y TRANS=M$ 9TO TOOLS1 & ?OSE TOOLS US$ BY ALL MEMB]S ( SOCIETY = ! B5EFIT ( ALL1 -- 0! IRON RETURN$ TO ! LABOR]10 AS ,PI]RE ,DUPONT SAID 9 ONE ( HIS SONGS4 ,!Y MEANT NOT ONLY ! REIGN ( EQUALITY AS REG>DS CRIM9AL LAW & POLITICAL RI<TS1 BUT P>TICUL>LY ECONOMIC EQUALITY4 ,! NATIONALI/S !MSELVES SAW 9 !IR DREAMS ,Y\NG ,ITALY1 ,Y\NG ,G]MANY1 & ,Y\NG ,HUNG>Y TAK+ ! LEAD 9 F>-REA*+ AGR>IAN & ECONOMIC RE=MS4 

,! DEFEAT ( ! ,JUNE 9SURRECTION AT ,P>IS1 ( ,HUNG>Y BY ! >MIES ( ,NI*OLAS ,I41 & ( ,ITALY BY ! ,FR5* & ! ,AU/RIANS1 & ! FE>FUL REACTION1 POLITICAL & 9TELLECTUAL1 :I* FOLL[$ EV]Y:]E 9 ,EUROPE1 TOTALLY DE/ROY$ ?AT MOVEM5T4 ,ITS LIT]ATURE1 ITS A*IEVEM5TS1 ITS V]Y PR9CIPLES ( ECONOMIC REVOLUTION & UNIV]SAL BRO!RHOOD1 W]E SIMPLY =GOTT51 LO/1 DUR+ ! NEXT TW5TY YE>S4 

,H[EV]1 ONE IDEA HAD SURVIV$1 -- ! IDEA ( AN 9T]NATIONAL BRO!RHOOD ( ALL WORK]S1 :I* A FEW ,FR5* EMIGRANTS CONT9U$ TO PREA* 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & ! FOLL[]S ( ,ROB]T ,[5 9 ,5GL&4 ,! UND]/&+ :I* WAS REA*$ BY SOME ,5GLI% WORK]S & A FEW ,FR5* WORK]S' DELEGATES TO ! ,LONDON ,9T]NATIONAL ,EXHIBITION ( #ahfb BECAME ! />T+-PO9T = A =MIDABLE MOVEM5T1 :I* SOON SPREAD ALL OV] ,EUROPE1 & 9CLUD$ SEV]AL MILLION WORK]S4 ,! HOPES :I* HAD BE5 DORMANT = TW5TY YE>S W]E AWAK5$ ONCE MORE1 :5 ! WORK]S W]E CALL$ UPON TO UNITE1 0)\T DI/9CTION ( CRE$1 SEX1 NATIONALITY1 RACE1 OR COLOR10 TO PROCLAIM ?AT 0! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]S MU/ BE !IR [N WORK10 & TO ?R[ ! WEI<T ( A /RONG1 UNIT$1 9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZATION 9TO ! EVOLUTION ( MANK9D1 -- NOT 9 ! NAME ( LOVE & *>ITY1 BUT 9 ! NAME ( JU/ICE1 ( ! =CE ?AT BELONGS TO A BODY ( M5 MOV$ BY A REASON$ CONSCI\SNESS ( !IR [N AIMS & ASPIRATIONS4 

,TWO /RIKES AT ,P>IS1 9 #ahfh & #a#h#f#i1 MORE OR LESS HELP$ BY SMALL CONTRIBUTIONS S5T FROM ABROAD1 ESPECIALLY FROM ,5GL&1 9SIGNIFICANT ?\< !Y W]E 9 !MSELVES1 & ! PROSECUTIONS :I* ! ,FR5* IMP]IAL GOV]NM5T DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 BECAME ! ORIG9 ( AN IMM5SE MOVEM5T 9 :I* ! SOLID>ITY ( ! WORK]S ( ALL NATIONS WAS PROCLAIM$ 9 ! FACE ( ! RIVALRIES ( ! /ATES4 ,! IDEA ( AN 9T]NATIONAL UNION ( ALL TRADES1 & ( A /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITAL ) ! AID ( 9T]NATIONAL SUPPORT1 C>RI$ AWAY ! MO/ 9DIFF]5T ( ! WORK]S4 ,! MOVEM5T SPREAD LIKE WILDFIRE 9 ,FRANCE1 ,ITALY1 & ,SPA91 BR++ TO ! FRONT A GREAT NUMB] ( 9TELLIG5T1 ACTIVE1 & DEVOT$ WORK]S1 & ATTRACT+ TO IT A FEW DECID$LY SUP]IOR M5 & WOM5 FROM ! WEAL?I] $UCAT$ CLASSES4 ,A =CE1 NEV] BE=E SUSPECT$ TO EXI/1 GREW /RONG] EV]Y DAY 9 ,EUROPE2 & IF ! MOVEM5T HAD NOT BE5 >RE/$ 9 ITS GR[? BY ! ,FRANCO-,G]MAN W>1 GREAT ?+S W\LD PROBABLY HAVE HAPP5$ 9 ,EUROPE1 DEEPLY MODIFY+ ! ASPECTS ( \R CIVILIZATION1 & UND\BT$LY ACCEL]AT+ HUMAN PROGRESS2 BUT ! ,G]MANS BR\<T AB\T ABNORMAL CONDITIONS2 = A QU>T] ( A C5TURY ! NORMAL DEVELOPM5T & ?REW ALL ,EUROPE 9TO ! P]IOD ( MILIT>ISM LIV+ AT ! PRES5T TIME4 

,ALL SORTS ( P>TIAL SOLUTIONS ( ! GREAT SOCIAL QUE/ION HAD CURR5CY AT ?AT TIME AMONG ! WORK]S3 COOP]ATION1 PRODUCTIVE ASSOCIATIONS SUPPORT$ BY ! /ATE1 PEOPLE'S BANKS1 GRATUIT\S CR$IT1 & SO ON4 ,EA* ( !SE SOLUTIONS WAS BR\<T BE=E ! 0SECTIONS0 ( ! ASSOCIATION1 & !N BE=E ! LOCAL1 REGIONAL1 NATIONAL1 & 9T]NATIONAL CONGRESSES1 & EAG]LY DISCUSS$4 ,EV]Y ANNUAL CONGRESS ( ! ASSOCIATION M>K$ A NEW /EP 9 ADVANCE1 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( IDEAS AB\T ! GREAT SOCIAL PROBLEM :I* /&S BE=E \R G5]ATION & CALLS = A SOLUTION4 ,! AM\NT ( 9TELLIG5T ?+S :I* W]E SAID AT !SE CONGRESSES1 & ( SCI5TIFICALLY CORRECT1 DEEPLY ?\<T OV] IDEAS :I* W]E CIRCULAT$1 -- ALL BE+ ! RESULTS ( ! COLLECTIVE ?\<T ( ! WORK]S1 -- HAS NEV] YET BE5 SUFFICI5TLY APPRECIAT$2 BUT !RE IS NO EXAGG]ATION 9 SAY+ ?AT ALL S*EMES ( SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION :I* >E N[ 9 VOGUE UND] ! NAME ( 0SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM0 OR 0AN>*ISM0 HAD !IR ORIG9 9 ! DISCUSSIONS & REPORTS ( ! DIFF]5T CONGRESSES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,ASSOCIATION4 ,! FEW $UCAT$ M5 :O JO9$ ! MOVEM5T HAVE ONLY PUT 9TO A !ORETICAL %APE ! CRITICISMS & ! ASPIRATIONS :I* W]E EXPRESS$ 9 ! SECTIONS1 & SUBSEQU5TLY 9 ! CONGRESSES1 BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 

,! W> ( #a#h#g-#g#a HAD HAMP]$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ASSOCIATION1 BUT HAD NOT /OPP$ IT4 ,9 ALL ! 9DU/RIAL C5T]S ( ,SWITZ]L& NUM]\S & ANIMAT$ SECTIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL EXI/$1 & ?\S&S ( WORK]S FLOCK$ TO !IR MEET+S1 AT :I* W> WAS DECL>$ UPON ! EXI/+ SY/EM ( PRIVATE [N]%IP ( L& & FACTORIES1 & ! NE> 5D ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM WAS PROCLAIM$4 ,LOCAL CONGRESSES W]E HELD 9 V>I\S P>TS ( ! C\NTRY1 & AT EA* ( !SE GA!R+S ! MO/ >DU\S & DIFFICULT PROBLEMS ( ! PRES5T SOCIAL ORGANIZATION W]E DISCUSS$1 ) A KN[L$GE ( ! MATT] & A DEP? ( CONCEPTION :I* AL>M$ ! MIDDLE CLASSES EV5 MORE ?AN DID ! NUMB]S ( ADH]5TS :O JO9$ ! SECTIONS1 OR GR\PS1 ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! JEAL\SIES & PREJUDICES :I* HAD HI!RTO EXI/$ 9 ,SWITZ]L& BETWE5 ! PRIVILEG$ TRADES 7! WAT*MAK]S & ! JEWEL]S7 & ! R\<] TRADES 7WEAV]S1 & SO ON71 & :I* HAD PREV5T$ JO9T ACTION 9 LABOR DISPUTES1 W]E DISAPPE>+4 ,! WORK]S ASS]T$ ) 9CREAS+ EMPHASIS ?AT1 ( ALL ! DIVISIONS :I* EXI/ 9 MOD]N SOCIETY1 BY F> ! MO/ IMPORTANT IS ?AT BETWE5 ! [N]S ( CAPITAL & ?OSE :O COME 9TO ! WORLD P5NILESS1 & >E DOOM$ TO REMA9 PRODUC]S ( WEAL? = ! FAVOR$ FEW4 

,ITALY1 ESPECIALLY MIDDLE & NOR!RN ,ITALY1 WAS HONEY COMB$ ) GR\PS & SECTIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL & 9 !SE ! ,ITALIAN UNITY SO LONG /RUGGL$ = WAS DECL>$ A M]E ILLUSION4 ,! WORK]S W]E CALL$ UPON TO MAKE !IR [N REVOLUTION1 -- TO TAKE ! L& = ! PEASANTS & ! FACTORIES = ! WORK]S !MSELVES1 & TO ABOLI% ! OPPRESSIVE C5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATION ( ! /ATE1 :OSE HI/ORICAL MISSION ALWAYS WAS TO PROTECT & TO MA9TA9 ! EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN4 

,9 ,SPA91 SIMIL> ORGANIZATIONS COV]$ ,CATALONIA1 ,VAL5CIA1 & ,&ALUSIA2 !Y )1 ! P[]FUL LABOR W]E SUPPORT$ BY & UNIT$ ) UNIONS ( ,B>CELONA1 :I* HAD ALREADY 9TRODUC$ ! EI<T H\RS' DAY 9 ! BUILD+ TRADES4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL HAD NO LESS ?AN EI<TY ?\S& REGUL>LY PAY+ ,SPANI% MEMB]S2 IT EMBODI$ ALL ! ACTIVE & ?9K+ ELEM5TS ( ! POPULATION2 & BY ITS DI/9CT REFUSAL TO M$DLE ) ! POLITICAL 9TRIGUES DUR+ #a#h#g#a-#g#b IT HAD DRAWN TO ITSELF 9 A V]Y HI< DEGREE ! SYMPA?IES ( ! MASSES4 ,! PROCE$+S ( ITS PROV9CIAL & NATIONAL CONGRESSES1 & ! MANIFE/OS :I* !Y ISSU$1 W]E MODELS ( A SEV]E LOGICAL CRITICISM ( ! EXI/+ CONDITIONS1 AS WELL AS ADMIRABLY LUCID /ATEM5TS ( ! WORK]S' IDEALS4 

,9 ,BELGIUM1 ,HOLL&1 & EV5 9 ,PORTUGAL1 ! SAME MOVEM5T WAS SPREAD+1 & IT HAD ALREADY BR\<T 9TO ! ASSOCIATION ! GREAT MASS & ! BE/ ELEM5TS ( ! ,BELGIAN COAL M9]S & WEAV]S4 ,9 ,5GL&1 ! ALWAYS CONS]VATIVE TRADE UNIONS HAD ALSO JO9$ ! MOVEM5T1 AT LEA/ 9 PR9CIPLE1 &1 )\T COMMITT+ !MSELVES TO SOCIALISM1 W]E READY TO SUPPORT !IR ,CONT95TAL BRE?R5 9 DIRECT /RUGGLES AGA9/ CAPITAL1 ESPECIALLY 9 /RIKES4 ,9 ,G]MANY1 ! SOCIALI/S HAD CONCLUD$ A UNION ) ! RA!R NUM]\S FOLL[]S ( ,LA ,SALLE1 & ! FIR/ F\NDATIONS ( A SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC P>TY HAD BE5 LAID4 ,AU/RIA & ,HUNG>Y FOLL[$ 9 ! SAME TRACK2 & AL?\< NO 9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZATION WAS POSSIBLE AT ?AT TIME 9 ,FRANCE1 AFT] ! DEFEAT ( ! ,COMMUNE & ! REACTION :I* FOLL[$ 7,DRACONIC LAWS HAV+ BE5 5ACT$ AGA9/ ! ADH]5TS ( ! ASSOCIATION71 EV]Y ONE WAS P]SUAD$1 NEV]!LESS1 ?AT ?IS P]IOD ( REACTION W\LD NOT LA/1 & ?AT ,FRANCE W\LD SOON JO9 ! ASSOCIATION AGA9 & TAKE ! LEAD 9 IT4 

,:5 ,I CAME TO ,ZURI*1 ,I JO9$ ONE ( ! LOCAL SECTIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION4 ,I ALSO ASK$ MY ,RUSSIAN FRI5DS :]E ,I C\LD LE>N MORE AB\T ! GREAT MOVEM5T :I* WAS GO+ ON 9 O!R C\NTRIES4 0,READ10 WAS !IR REPLY1 & MY SI/]-9-LAW1 :O WAS !N /UDY+ AT ,ZURI*1 BR\<T ME L>GE NUMB]S ( BOOKS & COLLECTIONS ( NEWSPAP]S = ! LA/ TWO YE>S4 ,I SP5T DAYS & NI<TS 9 READ+1 & RECEIV$ A DEEP IMPRESSION :I* NO?+ WILL EFFACE2 ! FLOOD ( NEW ?\<TS AWAK5$ IS ASSOCIAT$ 9 MY M9D ) A T9Y CLEAN ROOM 9 ! ,OB]/RASS1 COMM&+ FROM A W9D[ A VIEW ( ! BLUE LAKE1 ) ! M\NTA9S BEYOND IT1 :]E ! ,SWISS F\<T = !IR 9DEP5D5CE1 & ! HI< SPIRES ( ! OLD T[N1 -- ?AT SC5E ( SO MANY RELIGI\S /RUGGLES4 

,SOCIALI/IC LIT]ATURE HAS NEV] BE5 RI* 9 BOOKS4 ,IT IS WRITT5 = WORK]S1 = :OM ONE P5NY IS MONEY1 & ITS MA9 =CE LIES 9 ITS SMALL PAMPHLETS & ITS NEWSPAP]S4 ,MOREOV]1 HE :O SEEKS = 9=MATION AB\T SOCIALISM F9DS 9 BOOKS LITTLE ( :AT HE REQUIRES MO/4 ,!Y CONTA9 ! !ORIES OR ! SCI5TIFIC >GUM5TS 9 FAVOR ( SOCIALI/ ASPIRATIONS1 BUT !Y GIVE NO IDEA H[ ! WORK]S ACCEPT SOCIALI/ IDEALS1 & H[ ! LATT] C\LD BE PUT 9TO PRACTICE4 ,!RE REMA9S NO?+ BUT TO TAKE COLLECTIONS ( PAP]S & READ !M ALL ?R\<1 -- ! NEWS AS WELL AS ! LEAD+ >TICLES1 ! =M] P]HAPS EV5 MORE ?AN ! LATT]4 ,QUITE A NEW WORLD ( SOCIAL RELATIONS & ME?ODS ( ?\<T & ACTION IS REVEAL$ BY ?IS READ+1 :I* GIVES AN 9SI<T 9TO :AT CANNOT BE F\ND ANY:]E ELSE1 -- NAMELY1 ! DEP? & ! MORAL =CE ( ! MOVEM5T ! DEGREE TO :I* M5 >E IMBU$ ) ! NEW !ORIES1 !IR READ9ESS TO C>RY !M \T 9 !IR DAILY LIFE & TO SUFF] = !M4 ,ALL DISCUSSIONS AB\T ! IMPRACTICABILITY ( SOCIALISM & ! NECESS>Y SL[NESS ( EVOLUTION >E ( LITTLE VALUE1 BECAUSE ! SPE$ ( EVOLUTION CAN ONLY BE JUDG$ FROM A CLOSE KN[L$GE ( ! HUMAN BE+S ( :OSE EVOLUTION WE >E SPEAK+4 ,:AT E/IMATE ( A SUM CAN BE MADE )\T KN[+ ITS COMPON5TS8 

,! MORE ,I READ1 ! MORE ,I SAW ?AT !RE WAS BE=E ME A NEW WORLD1 UNKN[N TO ME1 & TOTALLY UNKN[N TO ! LE>N$ MAK]S ( SOCIOLOGICAL !ORIES1 -- A WORLD ?AT ,I C\LD KN[ ONLY BY LIV+ 9 ! ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION & BY MEET+ ! WORK]S 9 !IR EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,I DECID$1 ACCORD+LY1 TO SP5D A C\PLE ( MON?S 9 SU* A LIFE4 ,MY ,RUSSIAN FRI5DS 5C\RAG$ ME1 & AFT] A FEW DAYS' /AY AT ,ZURI* ,I LEFT = ,G5EVA1 :I* WAS !N A GREAT C5T] ( ! 9T]NATIONAL MOVEM5T4 

,! PLACE :]E ! ,G5EVA SECTIONS US$ TO MEET WAS ! SPACI\S ,MASONIC ,TEMPLE ,UNIQUE4 ,MORE ?AN TWO ?\S& M5 C\LD COME TOGE!R 9 ITS L>GE HALL1 AT ! G5]AL MEET+S1 :ILE EV]Y EV5+ ALL SORTS ( COMMITTEE & SECTION MEET+S TOOK PLACE 9 ! SIDE ROOMS1 OR CLASSES 9 HI/ORY1 PHYSICS1 5G9E]+1 & SO ON W]E HELD4 ,FREE 9/RUCTION WAS GIV5 !RE TO ! WORK]S BY ! FEW1 V]Y FEW1 MIDDLE-CLASS M5 :O HAD JO9$ ! MOVEM5T1 MA9LY ,FR5* REFUGEES ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 ,IT WAS A PEOPLE'S UNIV]SITY AS WELL AS A PEOPLE'S =UM4 

,ONE ( ! *IEF LEAD]S ( ! MOVEM5T AT ! ,TEMPLE ,UNIQUE WAS A ,RUSSIAN1 ,NI*OLAS ,OOT91 -- A BRI<T1 CLEV]1 & ACTIVE MAN2 & ! REAL S\L ( IT WAS A MO/ SYMPA!TIC ,RUSSIAN LADY1 :O WAS KN[N F> & WIDE AMONG ! WORK]S AS ,MADAME ,OLGA4 ,%E WAS ! WORK+ =CE 9 ALL ! COMMITTEES4 ,BO? ,OOT9 & ,MADAME ,OLGA RECEIV$ ME CORDIALLY1 MADE ME ACQUA9T$ ) ALL ! M5 ( M>K 9 ! SECTIONS ( ! DIFF]5T TRADES1 & 9VIT$ ME TO BE PRES5T AT ! COMMITTEE MEET+S4 ,SO ,I W5T1 BUT ,I PREF]R$ BE+ ) ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 ,TAK+ A GLASS ( S\R W9E AT ONE ( ! TABLES 9 ! HALL1 ,I US$ TO SIT !RE EV]Y EV5+ AMID ! WORK]S1 & SOON BECAME FRI5DLY ) SEV]AL ( !M1 ESPECIALLY ) A /ONE-MASON FROM ,ALSACE1 :O HAD LEFT ,FRANCE AFT] ! 9SURRECTION ( ! ,COMMUNE4 ,HE HAD *ILDR51 JU/ AB\T ! AGE ( ! TWO :OM MY BRO!R HAD SO SUDD5LY LO/ A FEW MON?S BE=E1 & ?R\< ! *ILDR5 ,I WAS SOON ON GOOD T]MS ) ! FAMILY & !IR FRI5DS4 ,I C\LD ?US FOLL[ ! MOVEM5T FROM ! 9SIDE1 & KN[ ! WORK]S' VIEW ( IT4 

,! WORK]S HAD BUILT ALL !IR HOPES ON ! 9T]NATIONAL MOVEM5T4 ,Y\NG & OLD FLOCK$ TO ! ,TEMPLE ,UNIQUE AFT] !IR LONG DAY'S WORK1 TO GET HOLD ( ! SCRAPS ( 9/RUCTION :I* !Y C\LD OBTA9 !RE1 OR TO LI/5 TO ! SPEAK]S :O PROMIS$ !M A GR& FUTURE1 BAS$ UPON ! COMMON POSSESSION ( ALL ?AT MAN REQUIRES = ! PRODUCTION ( WEAL?1 & UPON A BRO!RHOOD ( M51 )\T DI/9CTION ( CA/E1 RACE1 OR NATIONALITY4 ,ALL HOP$ ?AT A GREAT SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 PEACEFUL OR NOT1 W\LD SOON COME & TOTALLY *ANGE ! ECONOMIC CONDITIONS4 ,NO ONE DESIR$ CLASS W>1 BUT ALL SAID ?AT IF ! RUL+ CLASSES R5D]$ IT UNAVOIDABLE ?R\< !IR BL9D OB/9ACY1 ! W> MU/ BE F\<T1 PROVID$ IT W\LD BR+ ) IT WELL-BE+ & LIB]TY TO ! D[NTRODD5 MASSES4 

,ONE MU/ HAVE LIV$ AMONG ! WORK]S AT ?AT TIME TO REALIZE ! EFFECT :I* ! SUDD5 GR[? ( ! ASSOCIATION HAD UPON !IR M9DS1 -- ! TRU/ !Y PUT 9 IT1 ! LOVE ) :I* !Y SPOKE ( IT1 ! SACRIFICES !Y MADE = IT4 ,EV]Y DAY1 WEEK AFT] WEEK & YE> AFT] YE>1 ?\S&S ( WORK]S GAVE !IR TIME & !IR MONEY1 EV5 W5T HUNGRY1 9 ORD] TO SUPPORT ! LIFE ( EA* GR\P1 TO SECURE ! APPE>ANCE ( ! PAP]S1 TO DEFRAY ! EXP5SES ( ! CONGRESSES1 TO SUPPORT ! COMRADES :O HAD SUFF]$ = ! ASSOCIATION1 -- NAY1 EV5 TO BE PRES5T AT ! MEET+S & ! MANIFE/ATIONS4 ,ANO!R ?+ ?AT IMPRESS$ ME DEEPLY WAS ! ELEVAT+ 9FLU5CE :I* ! ,9T]NATIONAL EX]CIS$4 ,MO/ ( ! ,P>IS ,9T]NATIONALI/S W]E ALMO/ TOTAL AB/A9]S FROM DR9K1 & ALL HAD AB&ON$ SMOK+4 0,:Y %\LD ,I NURTURE 9 MYSELF ?AT WEAKNESS80 !Y SAID4 ,! MEAN1 ! TRIVIAL DISAPPE>$ TO LEAVE ROOM = ! GR&1 ! ELEVAT+ 9SPIRATIONS4 

,\TSID]S NEV] REALIZE ! SACRIFICES :I* >E MADE BY ! WORK]S 9 ORD] TO KEEP !IR LABOR MOVEM5TS ALIVE4 ,NO SMALL AM\NT ( MORAL C\RAGE WAS REQUIR$ TO JO9 OP5LY A SECTION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,ASSOCIATION1 & TO FACE ! DISCONT5T ( ! MA/] & A PROBABLE DISMISSAL AT ! OPPORTUNITY1 ) ! LONG MON? \T ( WORK :I* USUALLY FOLL[$4 ,BUT EV5 UND] ! BE/ CIRCUM/ANCES1 BELONG+ TO A TRADE UNION1 OR TO ANY ADVANC$ P>TY1 REQUIRES A S]IES ( UN9T]RUPT$ SACRIFICES4 ,EV5 A FEW P5CE GIV5 = ! COMMON CAUSE REPRES5T A BURD5 ON ! MEAG] BUDGET ( ! ,EUROPEAN WORK]1 & MANY P5CE HAD TO BE DISBURS$ EV]Y WEEK4 ,FREQU5T ATT5DANCE AT ! MEET+S MEANS A SACRIFICE1 TOO4 ,= US IT MAY BE A PLEASURE TO SP5D A C\PLE ( H\RS AT A MEET+1 BUT = M5 :OSE WORK+ DAY BEG9S AT FIVE OR SIX 9 ! MORN+ ?OSE H\RS HAVE TO BE /OL5 FROM NECESS>Y RE/4 

,I FELT ?IS DEVOTION AS A /&+ REPROA*4 ,I SAW H[ EAG] ! WORK]S W]E TO GA9 9/RUCTION1 & DESPAIR+LY FEW W]E ?OSE :O VOLUNTE]$ TO AID !M4 ,I SAW H[ MU* ! TOIL+ MASSES NE$$ TO BE HELP$ BY M5 POSSESS$ ( $UCATION & LEISURE1 9 !IR 5DEAVORS TO SPREAD & TO DEVELOP ! ORGANIZATION2 BUT FEW W]E ?OSE :O CAME TO ASSI/ )\T ! 9T5TION ( MAK+ POLITICAL CAPITAL \T ( ?IS V]Y HELPLESSNESS ( ! PEOPLE 6 ,MORE & MORE ,I BEGAN TO FEEL ?AT ,I WAS B\ND TO CA/ 9 MY LOT ) !M4 ,/EPNIAK SAYS1 9 HIS 0,C>E] ( A ,NIHILI/10 ?AT EV]Y REVOLUTIONI/ HAS HAD A MOM5T 9 HIS LIFE :5 SOME CIRCUM/ANCE1 MAYBE UNIMPORTANT 9 ITSELF1 HAS BR\<T HIM TO PRON\NCE HIS OA? ( GIV+ HIMSELF TO ! CAUSE ( REVOLUTION4 ,I KN[ ?AT MOM5T2 ,I LIV$ ?R\< IT AFT] ONE ( ! MEET+S AT ! ,TEMPLE ,UNIQUE1 :5 ,I FELT MORE ACUTELY ?AN EV] BE=E H[ C[>DLY >E ! $UCAT$ M5 :O HESITATE TO PUT !IR $UCATION1 !IR KN[L$GE1 !IR 5]GY1 AT ! S]VICE ( ?OSE :O >E SO MU* 9 NE$ ( ?AT $UCATION & ?AT 5]GY4 0,H]E >E M510 ,I SAID TO MYSELF1 0:O >E CONSCI\S ( !IR S]VITUDE1 :O WORK TO GET RID ( IT2 BUT :]E >E ! HELP]S8 ,:]E >E ?OSE :O WILL COME TO S]VE ! MASSES -- NOT TO UTILIZE !M = !IR [N AMBITIONS80 

,GRADUALLY1 H[EV]1 SOME D\BTS BEGAN TO CREEP 9TO MY M9D AB\T ! S\NDNESS ( ! AGITATION :I* WAS C>RI$ ON AT ! ,TEMPLE ,UNIQUE4 ,ONE NI<T1 A WELL-KN[N ,G5EVA LAWY]1 ,MONSIEUR ,A41 CAME TO ! MEET+1 & /AT$ ?AT IF HE HAD NOT HI!RTO JO9$ ! ASSOCIATION1 IT WAS BECAUSE HE HAD FIR/ TO SETTLE HIS [N BUS9ESS AFFAIRS HAV+ N[ SUCCE$$ 9 ?AT DIRECTION1 HE CAME TO JO9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,I FELT %OCK$ AT ?IS CYNICAL AV[AL1 & :5 ,I COMMUNICAT$ MY REFLECTIONS TO MY /ONE-MASON FRI5D1 HE EXPLA9$ TO ME ?AT ?IS G5TLEMAN1 HAV+ BE5 DEFEAT$ AT ! PREVI\S ELECTION1 :5 HE S\<T ! SUPPORT ( ! RADICAL P>TY1 N[ HOP$ TO BE ELECT$ BY ! SUPPORT ( ! LABOR VOTE4 0,WE ACCEPT !IR S]VICES = ! PRES5T10 MY FRI5D CONCLUD$1 0BUT :5 ! REVOLUTION COMES1 \R FIR/ MOVE WILL BE TO ?R[ ALL ( !M OV]BO>D40 

,!N CAME A GREAT MEET+1 HA/ILY CONVOK$1 TO PROTE/1 AS IT WAS SAID1 AGA9/ 0! CALUMNIES0 ( ! 0,J\RNAL DE ,G5EVE40 ,?IS ORGAN ( ! MONEY$ CLASSES ( ,G5EVA HAD V5TUR$ TO SUGGE/ ?AT MIS*IEF WAS BREW+ AT ! ,TEMPLE ,UNIQUE1 & ?AT ! BUILD+ TRADES W]E GO+ ONCE MORE TO MAKE A G5]AL /RIKE1 SU* AS !Y HAD MADE 9 #a#h#f#i4 ,! LEAD]S AT ! ,TEMPLE ,UNIQUE CALL$ ! MEET+4 ,?\S&S ( WORK]S FILL$ ! HALL1 & ,OOT9 ASK$ !M TO PASS A RESOLUTION1 ! WORD+ ( :I* SEEM$ TO ME V]Y /RANGE1 -- AN 9DIGNANT PROTE/ WAS EXPRESS$ 9 IT AGA9/ ! 9(F5SIVE SUGGE/ION ?AT ! WORK]S W]E GO+ TO /RIKE4 0,:Y %\LD ?IS SUGGE/ION BE DESCRIB$ AS A CALUMNY80 ,I ASK$ MYSELF4 0,IS IT !N A CRIME TO /RIKE80 ,OOT9 CONCLUD$ A HURRI$ SPEE* ) ! WORDS1 0,IF Y\ AGREE1 CITIZ5S1 TO ?IS RESOLUTION1 ,I WILL S5D IT AT ONCE TO ! PRESS40 ,HE WAS GO+ TO LEAVE ! PLAT=M1 :5 SOMEBODY 9 ! HALL SUGGE/$ ?AT DISCUSSION W\LD NOT BE \T ( PLACE1 & !N ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ALL BRAN*ES ( ! BUILD+ TRADES /OOD UP 9 SUCCESSION1 SAY+ ?AT ! WAGES HAD LATELY BE5 SO L[ ?AT !Y C\LD H>DLY LIVE UPON !M2 ?AT ) ! OP5+ ( ! SPR+ !RE WAS PL5TY ( WORK 9 VIEW1 ( :I* !Y 9T5D$ TO TAKE ADVANTAGE TO 9CREASE !IR WAGES2 & ?AT IF AN 9CREASE W]E REFUS$ !Y 9T5D$ TO BEG9 A G5]AL /RIKE4 

,I WAS FURI\S1 & NEXT DAY HOTLY REPROA*$ ,OOT9 = HIS BEHAVIOR4 0,AS A LEAD]10 ,I TOLD HIM1 0Y\ W]E B\ND TO KN[ ?AT A /RIKE HAD REALLY BE5 SPOK5 (40 ,9 MY 9NOC5CE ,I DID NOT SUSPECT ! REAL MOTIVES ( ! LEAD]S1 & IT WAS ,OOT9 HIMSELF :O MADE ME UND]/& ?AT A /RIKE AT ?AT TIME W\LD BE DISA/R\S = ! ELECTION ( ! LAWY]1 ,MONSIEUR ,A4 

,I C\LD NOT RECONCILE ?IS WIRE-PULL+ BY ! LEAD]S ) ! BURN+ SPEE*ES ,I HAD HE>D !M PRON\NCE FROM ! PLAT=M4 ,I FELT DI%E>T5$1 & SPOKE TO ,OOT9 ( MY 9T5TION TO MAKE MYSELF ACQUA9T$ ) ! O!R SECTION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,ASSOCIATION AT ,G5EVA1 :I* WAS KN[N AS ! ,BAKUNI/S2 ! NAME 0AN>*I/0 WAS NOT MU* 9 USE !N4 ,OOT9 GAVE ME AT ONCE A WORD ( 9TRODUCTION TO ANO!R ,RUSSIAN1 ,NI*OLAS ,J\KOVSKY1 :O BELONG$ TO ?AT SECTION1 &1 LOOK+ /RAI<T 9TO MY FACE1 HE ADD$1 ) A SI<1 0,WELL1 Y\ WON'T RETURN TO US2 Y\ WILL REMA9 ) !M40 ,HE HAD GUESS$ RI<T4 

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,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahih 3 ,P>T #d3 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG2 ,FIR/ ,J\RNEY TO ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 ,SECTION #h -- ,PUBLICATION4 
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