,M>XI/ ,!ORY & ! ,PROLET>IAT 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

  ,WRITT53 #aic 
,FIR/ ,PUBLI%$3  ,VORW>TS 7,B]L971 ,NO4#f#d1 #ad ,M>* #a#i#c1 ,K>L ,M>X4 
,TRANSLAT$3 ,*RI/IAN ,FU*S 
,TRANSCRIPTION_/,M>KUP3 ,JOONAS ,LA9E 
,CREATIVE ,COMMONS3 ,ATTRIBUTION-,%>E,ALIKE #b44 
   

  

@>@>,! PHILOSOPH]S HAVE ONLY 9T]PRET$ ! WORLD 9 V>I\S WAYS2 ! PO9T IS TO *ANGE IT@>@>4 

7,M>X'S #a#a? !SIS ON ,FEU]BA*7 

,TW5TY YE>S AGO1 ,M>X LAID HIS T[]+ HEAD TO RE/4 ,& AL?\< WE ONLY EXP]I5C$ A C\PLE ( YE>S AGO :AT 9 ! LANGUAGE ( ,G]MAN PR(ESSORS IS CALL$ '! CRISIS ( ,M>XISM'1 IT SUFFICES TO ?R[ A GLANCE AT ! MASSES ?AT TODAY FOLL[ SOCIALISM ALONE 9 ,G]MANY & AT SOCIALISM'S IMPORTANCE 9 ALL SO-CALL$ CIVILIZ$ C\NTRIES1 9 ORD] TO GRASP ! IMM5SITY ( ! WORK ( ,M>X'S ?\<TS4 

,IF IT MATT]$ TO EXPRESS 9 FEW WORDS :AT ,M>X DID = ! CONTEMPOR>Y WORK+ CLASS1 !N ONE C\LD SAY3 ,M>X HAS UNCOV]$ ! MOD]N WORK+ CLASS AS HI/ORICAL CATEGORY1 ?AT IS1 AS A CLASS ) P>TICUL> HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE & LAWS ( MOTION4 ,A MASS ( WAGE-WORK]S1 :O W]E L$ TO SOLID>ITY BY ! SIMIL>ITY ( !IR SOCIAL EXI/5CE 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY & LOOK$ = A WAY \T ( !IR CONDITION & P>TLY = A BRIDGE TO ! PROMIS$ L& ( SOCIALISM1 >GUABLY EXI/$ 9 CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES BE=E ,M>X4 ,M>X WAS ! FIR/ :O ELEVAT$ WORK]S TO ! WORK+ CLASS BY L9K+ !M ?R\< ! SPECIFIC HI/ORICAL TASK ( CONQU]+ POLITICAL P[] 9 ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 

,CLASS /RUGGLE = CONQU]+ POLITICAL P[] WAS ! BRIDGE ?AT ,M>X BUILT BETWE5 SOCIALISM & ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T ?AT ELEM5T>ILY RISES UP FROM ! GR\ND ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY4 

,! B\RGEOISIE HAS ALWAYS %[N SURE 9/9CT :5 IT FOLL[$ ! PROLET>IAT'S POLITICAL ASPIRATIONS ) HATR$ & FE>4 ,ALREADY 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#h#c#a1 :5 REPORT+ ON ! WORK+ CLASS' 9ITIAL IMPULSES ON ! CONT95T TO ! ,FR5* ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES1 ,CASIMIR ,P]I].<#a.> SAID3 @>@>,G5TLEM51 WE CAN BE RELIEV$6 ,NO?+ POLITICALLY HAS EM]G$ FROM ,LYON'S LABOR MOVEM5T@>@>4 ,! DOM9ANT CLASSES NAMELY CONSID]$ EV]Y POLITICAL IMPULSE ( ! PROLET>IAT AS AN E>LY SIGN ( ! COM+ EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]S FROM ! B\RGEOISIE'S PAT]NALISM4 

,IT WAS ONLY ,M>X :O SUCCE$$ 9 PUTT+ WORK+ CLASS-POLITICS ON ! F\NDATION ( CONSCI\S CLASS /RUGGLE & TO !REBY =GE IT 9TO A DEADLY WEAPON DIRECT$ AGA9/ EXI/+ SOCIETY'S ORD]4 ,! MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY 9 G5]AL & ! ,M>XIAN !ORY ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T 9 P>TICUL> =M ! F\NDATION ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC LABOR POLITICS4 ,ONLY SOMEONE TO :OM ! ESS5CE ( SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC POLITICS & ! ESS5CE ( ,M>XISM >E EQUALLY A MY/]Y CAN ?9K ( CLASS CONSCI\S LABOR POLITICS \TSIDE ( ,M>XIAN !ORY4 

,9 HIS ,FEU]BA*1 ,5GELS 7#a#h#h#f7 =MULAT$ ! ESS5CE ( PHILOSOPHY AS ! ET]NAL QUE/ION AB\T ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ?\<T & BE+1 ! QUE/ION ( HUMAN CONSCI\SNESS 9 ! OBJECTIVE1 MAT]IAL WORLD4 ,IF WE TRANSF] ! CONCEPTS ( BE+ & ?\<T FROM ! AB/RACT WORLD ( NATURE & 9DIVIDUAL SPECULATION1 :]ETO PR(ESSIONAL PHILOSOPH]S /ICK ) IRON DET]M9ATION1 TO ! REALM ( SOCIETAL LIFE1 !N ! SAME CAN 9 A P>TICUL> S5SE BE SAID AB\T SOCIALISM4 ,SOCIALISM HAS ALWAYS BE5 ! FEEL+ = & ! SE>* = MEANS & WAYS TO BR+ BE+ 9TO ACCORD ) ?\<T1 NAMELY TO BR+ ! HI/ORICAL =MS ( EXI/5CE 9TO ACCORD ) SOCIETAL CONSCI\SNESS4 

,IT WAS LEFT TO ,M>X & HIS FRI5D ,5GELS TO F9D ! SOLUTION TO A C5TURIES-OLD PA9/AK+ TASK4 ,M>X HAS REVEAL$ HI/ORY'S MO/ IMPORTANT DRIV+ =CE BY DISCOV]+ ?AT ! HI/ORY ( ALL HI!RTO-EXI/+ SOCIETIES IS 9 ! LA/ 9/ANCE ! HI/ORY ( ITS RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE1 :OSE DEVELOPM5T MANIFE/S ITSELF UND] ! RULE ( PRIVATE PROP]TY 9 ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS AS CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,!REBY WE GA9$ AN EXPLANATION ( ! NECESS>Y DISP>ITY BETWE5 CONSCI\SNESS & BE+ 9 ALL HI!RTO-EXI/+ =MS ( SOCIETY1 BETWE5 HUMAN WILL & SOCIAL ACTION1 & BETWE5 9T5TIONS & RESULTS4 

,HUMANITY FIR/ UNCOV]$ ! SECRET BEH9D ITS [N SOCIETAL PROCESS ?ANKS TO ,M>XIAN IDEAS4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! DISCOV]Y ( ! LAWS ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ALSO EXP\ND$ ! WAY ?AT SOCIETY TOOK FROM ITS NATURAL1 UNCONSCI\S /AGE1 DUR+ :I* HI/ORY WAS MADE 9 ! MANN] ?AT BEES CON/RUCT !IR HONEYCOMBS1 TO ! /AGE ( CONSCI\S1 DELIB]ATE1 TRUE HUMAN HI/ORY1 :]E9 = ! FIR/ TIME SOCIETY'S WILL & ACTION COME 9TO ACCORD ) EA* O!R SO ?AT ! SOCIAL HUMAN WILL = ! FIR/ TIME 9 MILL5NIA DO ?AT :AT 7S7HE WANTS TO DO4 

,TO SPEAK ) ,5GELS 7#a#h#h#f1 #b#g71 ?IS F9AL @>@>LEAP FROM ! K+DOM ( NECESSITY TO ! K+DOM ( FRE$OM@>@> ?AT ONLY ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION WILL REALIZE = SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 ALREADY TAKES PLACE )9 ! EXI/+ ORD] -- 9 SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC POLITICS4.<#b.> ,) ! ,>IADNE ?READ ( ,M>X'S !ORY 9 ITS H&1 ! WORK]S' P>TY IS TODAY ! ONLY P>TY ?AT KN[S FROM ! HI/ORICAL PO9T ( VIEW :AT IT DOES & !RE=E DOES :AT IT DESIRES4 ,?IS IS ! :OLE SECRET ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY'S P[]4 

,! B\RGEOIS WORLD HAS LONG BE5 PUZZL$ BY SOCIAL DEMOCRACY'S A/ONI%+ RESILI5CE & /EADY PROGRESS4 ,FROM TIME TO TIME !RE >E S+LE S5ILE SILLY-BILLIES :O1 BL9D$ BY SPECIAL MORAL SUCCESSES ( \R POLITICS1 ADVISE ! B\RGEOISIE TO LE>N A LESSON FROM '\R EXAMPLE' & FROM SOCIAL DEMOCRACY'S SECRET WISDOM & IDEALISM4 ,!Y DO NOT UND]/& ?AT :AT IS A S\RCE ( LIFE & F\NTA9 ( Y\? & 5]GY = ! ASPIR+ WORK+ CLASS-POLITICS IS DEADLY POISON = ! B\RGEOIS P>TIES4 

,BECAUSE :AT IS IT ?AT 9 FACT GIVES US ! 9N] MORAL /R5G? TO 5DURE & %AKE (F ! BIGGE/ REPRESSION1 SU* AS A DOZ5 YE>S ( ! LAW AGA9/ SOCIALI/S1.<#c.> ) SU* LAU<+ C\RAGE8 ,IS IT = 9/ANCE ! DIS9H]IT$'S KE5NESS TO PURSUE SMALL IMPROVEM5TS ( !IR CONDITION8 ,! MOD]N PROLET>IAT IS UNLIKE ! PHILI/9E & ! PETTY B\RGEOIS NOT WILL+ TO BECOME A H]O = ! SAKE ( EV]YDAY COM=TS4 ,! PLA91 SOB] BIGOTRY ( ! WORLD ( ,5GLI% TRADE UNIONS %[S H[ LITTLE ! PURE PROSPECT ( SMALL MAT]IAL GA9S = ! WORK+ CLASS IS CAPABLE ( CREAT+ A MORAL FLI<T ( FANCY4 

,IS IT ! ASCETIC /OICISM ( A SECT ?AT AS AMONG ! ORIG9AL ,*RI/IANS FLICK]S UP ALL ! MORE BRI<TLY ! MORE P]SECUTION !RE IS8 ,! MOD]N PROLET>IAN IS1 AS HEIR & PUPIL ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 F> TOO MU* A BORN MAT]IALI/ & A HEAL?Y S5SUAL HUMAN ( FLE% & BLOOD TO ALONE DRAW LOVE & /R5G? = HIS IDEAS FROM TORTURE 9 ACCORDANCE ) SLAVE MORALITY4 

,IS IT1 F9ALLY1 ! 'JU/ICE' ( \R CAUSE ?AT MAKES US SO IMPREGNABLE8 ,! CAUSES ( ! ,*>TI/S1 ! FOLL[]S ( ,WEITL+1.<#d.> & ! UTOPIAN SOCIALI/ S*OOLS W]E NO LESS 'JU/' ?AN \R CAUSE1 BUT NONE!LESS !Y ALL SOON SUCCUMB$ TO MOD]N SOCIETY'S RESILI5CE4 

,IF ! CONTEMPOR>Y LABOR MOVEM5T VICTORI\SLY %AKES ! MANES1 DEFY+ ALL ! ACTS ( VIOL5CE ( ! 5EMY WORLD1 !N ?IS IS ESPECIALLY DUE TO ITS CALM UND]/&+ ( ! LAWFULNESS ( ! OBJECTIVE HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T1 ! UND]/&+ ( ! FACT ?AT @>@>CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION@>@> BEGETS @>@>) ! 9EXORABILITY ( A NATURAL PROCESS .<444.> ITS [N NEGATION@>@> 7,M>X #a#h#f#g1 #i#b#i7 -- NAMELY ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! EXPROPRIATORS1 ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 ,IT IS ?IS 9SI<T1 FROM :I* ! LABOR MOVEM5T DRAWS ! FIRM GU>ANTEE ( ITS F9AL VICTORY1 NOT JU/ IMPETUOSITY1 BUT ALSO ! PATI5CE1 ! P[] TO ACTION & ! C\RAGE TO 5DURE4 

,! FIR/ CONDITION ( SUCCESSFUL POLITICS ( /RUGGLE IS UND]/&+ ! MOVEM5TS ( ! OPPON5T4 ,BUT :AT IS ! KEY TO UND]/&+ B\RGEOIS POLITICS D[N TO ITS SMALLE/ RAMIFICATIONS & ! LABYR9?S ( DAILY POLITICS SO ?AT WE >E EQUALLY PROTECT$ FROM SURPRISES & ILLUSIONS8 ,! KEY IS NO?+ MORE ?AN ! 9SI<T ?AT ONE MU/ EXPLA9 ALL =MS ( SOCIETAL CONSCI\SNESS 9 !IR 9N] TURMOIL FROM ! 9T]E/S ( CLASSES & GR\PS1 FROM ! ANTAGONISMS ( MAT]IAL LIFE & 9 ! LA/ 9/ANCE FROM @>@>! CONFLICT EXI/+ BETWE5 ! SOCIAL =CES ( PRODUCTION & ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION@>@> 7,M>X #a#h#e#i1 #b#f#c74 

,& :AT GIVES US ! CAPABILITY TO ADAPT \R POLITICS TO NEW APPE>ANCES ( POLITICAL LIFE1 SU* AS = EXAMPLE WORLD POLITICS1 & ESPECIALLY TO ASSESS IT1 ALSO )\T SPECIAL TAL5T & PR(UNDITY1 ) ! DEP? ( JUDGM5T ?AT GETS TO ! CORE ( ! APPE>ANCE ITSELF1 :ILE ! MO/ TAL5T$ B\RGEOIS CRITICS ONLY SCRAT* ON ITS SURFACE OR GET CAU<T UP 9 HOPELESS ANTAGONISMS AT EV]Y GLANCE 9TO ! DEP?8 ,AGA91 NO?+ ELSE ?AN ! OV]VIEW ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T BAS$ ON ! LAW ?AT ! @>@>MODE ( PRODUCTION ( MAT]IAL LIFE CONDITIONS ! G5]AL PROCESS ( SOCIAL1 POLITICAL & 9TELLECTUAL LIFE@>@> 7,M>X #a#h#e#i1 #b#f#c74 

,:AT IS IT ?AT PROVIDES US ABOVE ALL ) A MEASURE = AVOID+ 9 ! SELECTION ( /RUGGLES' WAYS & MEANS AIMLESS EXP]IM5TS & UTOPIAN ESCAPADES ?AT >E A WA/E ( 5]GY8 ,ONCE ! DIRECTION ( ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL PROCESS ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY HAS BE5 UND]/OOD1 ?IS UND]/&+ CAN ACT AS A MEASURE NOT JU/ ( ! OV]ALL DIRECTION ( \R CAMPAIGN PLAN1 BUT ALSO ( EV]Y DETAIL ( \R POLITICAL EF=TS4 ,?ANKS TO ?IS GUIDEL9E ! WORK+ CLASS HAS MANAG$ = ! FIR/ TIME TO TRANS=M ! IDEA ( SOCIALISM AS ! ULTIMATE AIM 9TO DAILY POLITICS' DIVISIONAL CO9S & TO ELEVATE ! EV]YDAY POLITICAL DETAIL WORK TO ! BIG IDEA'S EXECUTIVE TOOL4 ,!RE WAS B\RGEOIS POLITICS L$ BY WORK]S & !RE WAS REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM BE=E ,M>X4 ,BUT ONLY S9CE ,M>X & ?R\< ,M>X HAS A SOCIALI/ WORK+ CLASS-POLITICS EXI/$ ?AT IS AT ! SAME TIME & 9 ! FULLE/ MEAN+ ( BO? WORDS REVOLUTION>Y ,REALPOLITIK4 

,IF WE UND]/& BY ,REALPOLITIK A POLITICS ?AT ONLY SETS ITSELF A*IEVABLE GOALS ?AT IT PURSUES TO OBTA9 BY ! MO/ EFFECTIVE MEANS 9 ! %ORTE/ TIME1 !N ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 PROLET>IAN CLASS-POLITICS ?AT /&S 9 ! ,M>XIAN SPIRIT & B\RGEOIS POLITICS IS ?AT B\RGEOIS POLITICS IS REAL FROM ! /&PO9T ( MAT]IAL DAILY POLITICS1 :]EAS SOCIALI/ POLITICS IS REAL FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! HI/ORICAL T5D5CY ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,EXACTLY ! SAME DIFF]5CE CAN BE F\ND BETWE5 A VULG> ECONOMIC !ORY ( VALUE ?AT CONCEIVES ( VALUE AS A ?+ 9 APPE>ANCE FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! M>KET /ALL & ,M>XIAN !ORY ?AT CONCEIVES ( VALUE AS A SOCIETAL RELATION 9 A P>TICUL> HI/ORICAL EPO*4 

,BUT PROLET>IAN ,REALPOLITIK IS ALSO REVOLUTION>Y 9 ?AT IT GOES 9 ALL ! P>TS ( ITS 5DEAVORS BEYOND ! B\NDS ( ! EXI/+ ORD] 9 :I* IT OP]ATES1 BY CONSCI\SLY REG>D+ ITSELF ONLY AS ! PRELIM9>Y /AGE ( ! ACT ?AT TURNS PROLET>IAN ,REALPOLITIK 9TO ! POLITICS ( ! RUL+1 REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT4 

,9 ?IS MANN]1 ,M>X'S !ORY P5ETRATES & 5LI<T5S EV]Y?+ -- ! MORAL P[]1 BY :I* WE OV]COME P]ILS2 \R TACTICS ( /RUGGLE1 EV5 ITS LA/ DETAILS2 \R CRITIQUE ( OPPON5TS2 \R EV]YDAY AGITATION1 BY :I* WE W9 ! MASSES2 \R 5TIRE WORK D[N TO ! TIPS ( ! F+]S4 ,& IF WE H]E & !RE 9DULGE 9 ! ILLUSION ?AT \R POLITICS IS TODAY ) ALL ITS 9N] P[] 9DEP5D5T FROM ,M>X'S !ORY1 !N ?IS ONLY %[S ?AT \R PRAXIS SPEAKS 9 ,M>X'S T]MS AL?\< WE DO NOT KN[ IT1 JU/ LIKE ,MOLI]E'S B\RGEOIS SPOKE 9 PROSE4 

,IT SUFFICES ?AT WE VISUALIZE ,M>X'S A*IEVEM5TS 9 ORD] TO UND]/& ?AT B\RGEOIS SOCIETY MADE HIM ITS DEADLY 5EMY BECAUSE ( HIS CONCEPT ( ! WORK+ CLASS'S SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 ,IT BECAME EVID5T TO ! DOM9ANT CLASSES ?AT OV]COM+ ! MOD]N LABOR MOVEM5T MEANT OV]COM+ ,M>X4 ,9 ! TW5TY YE>S S9CE ,M>X'S DEA?1 WE HAVE SE5 A CON/ANT S]IES ( ATTEMPTS TO DE/ROY ,M>X'S SPIRIT 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T'S !ORY & PRAXIS4 

,! LABOR MOVEM5T HAS FROM ! />T ( ITS HI/ORY NAVIGAT$ BETWE5 ! TWO POLES ( REVOLUTION>Y-SOCIALI/ UTOPIANISM & B\RGEOIS ,REALPOLITIK4 ,:OLLY ABSOLUTI/ OR SEMI-ABSOLUTI/ PRE-B\RGEOIS SOCIETY =M$ ! HI/ORICAL SOIL ( ! FIR/4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y-UTOPIAN /AGE ( SOCIALISM 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE IS BY & L>GE CONCLUD$ BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( B\RGEOIS CLASS RULE1 AL?\< WE CAN OBS]VE S+LE RELAPSES 9TO IT UNTIL TODAY4 ,! O!R DANG] -- GETT+ LO/ 9 B\RGEOIS ,REALPOLITIK'S PAT*WORK -- HAS ONLY EM]G$ 9 ! C\RSE ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T'S /R5G!N+ ON ! FLOOR ( P>LIAM5T>ISM4 

,! IDEA WAS ?AT B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5T>ISM W\LD PROVIDE WEAPONS = PRACTICALLY OV]COM+ ! PROLET>IAT'S REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS & ?AT ! DEMOCRATIC UNION ( ! CLASSES & SOCIAL PEACE BR\<T AB\T BY RE=MS %\LD REPLACE CLASS /RUGGLE4 

,& :AT HAS BE5 A*IEV$8 ,! ILLUSION MAY HAVE H]E & !RE LA/$ = A :ILE1 BUT ! UNSUITABILITY ( ,REALPOLITIK'S B\RGEOIS ME?ODS = ! WORK+ CLASS BECAME IMM$IATELY EVID5T4 ,! FIASCO ( M9I/]IALISM 9 ,FRANCE.<#e.>1 ! BETRAYAL BY LIB]ALISM 9 ,BELGIUM.<#f.>1 ! BREAKD[N ( P>LIAM5T>ISM 9 ,G]MANY.<#g.> -- ! %ORT DREAM ( @>@>QUIET DEVELOPM5T@>@> /RIKE BY /RIKE BROKE TO PIECES4 ,! ,M>XIAN LAW ( ! T5D5CY ( ! %>P5+ ( SOCIAL CONTRA/S AS F\NDATION ( CLASS /RUGGLE ASS]T$ ITSELF4 ,& EV]Y DAY BR+S NEW SIGNS & WOND]S4 ,9 ! ,NE!RL&S1 #bd H\RS ( ! RAILWAY /RIKE LIKE AN E>?QUAKE OV]NI<T OP5$ UP A YAWN+ GAP 9 ! MIDDLE ( SOCIETY1 FROM :I* CLASS /RUGGLE BLAZ$ \T4 ,HOLL& IS ON FIRE4.<#h.> 

,SO 9 ! LI<T ( ! @>@>M>* ( ! WORK] BATTALIONS@>@>1 ! BASE ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY & B\RGEOIS LEGISLATION BREAKS D[N LIKE A ?9 ICE %EET & AGA9 & AGA9 MAKES ! WORK+ CLASS AW>E ?AT ITS F9AL GOAL CAN NOT BE A*IEV$ ON ?IS BASE4 ,ALL ( ?IS IS ! RESULT ( ! MANY ATTEMPTS TO 
'PRACTICALLY' OV]COME ,M>X4 

,HUNDR$S ( 9DU/RI\S APOLOGI/S HAVE MADE ! !ORETICAL OV]COM+ ( ,M>XISM !IR LIFE-TASK & ! SPR+BO>D ( !IR C>E]S4 ,:AT HAVE !Y A*IEV$8 ,!Y HAVE MANAG$ TO CREATE 9 ! CIRCLES ( ! FAI?FUL 9TELLIG5TSIA ! CONVICTION ?AT ,M>X'S WORKS >E 'ONE-SID$' & 'EXAGG]AT$'4 ,BUT EV5 ?OSE ( ! B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGUES1 :O CAN BE TAK5 S]I\S1 SU* AS ,/AMML].<#i.>1 HAVE UND]/OOD ?AT NO?+ CAN BE A*IEV$ ) @>@>'A BIT MORE OR A BIT LESS' HALF-TRU?S@>@> AGA9/ @>@>SU* A DEEP & PR(\ND !ORY@>@>4 ,BUT :AT CAN B\RGEOIS ACADEMIA OPPOSE TO ,M>XIAN !ORY AT A :OLE8 

,S9CE ,M>X HAS EMPHASIZ$ ! HI/ORICAL /&PO9T ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! FIELDS ( PHILOSOPHY1 HI/ORY1 & ECONOMICS1 B\RGEOIS RESE>* 9 !SE FIELDS HAS LO/ ! ?READ4 ,! CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY ( NATURE HAS COME TO AN 5D4 ,! B\RGEOIS PHILOSOPHY ( HI/ORY HAS COME TO AN 5D4 ,SCI5TIFIC POLITICAL ECONOMY HAS COME TO AN 5D4 ,9 HI/ORICAL RESE>*1 AS F> AS !RE IS NOT ! DOM9ANCE ( AN UNCONSCI\S & 9CONSEQU5T MAT]IALISM1 AN ECLECTICISM %IMM]+ 9 ALL COLORS HAS TAK5 ! PLACE ( ANY UNIFI$ !ORY4 ,SO !RE IS ! REL9QUI%M5T ( ! UNIFI$ EXPLANATION ( ! PROCESS ( HI/ORY1 I4E4 ( ! PHILOSOPHY ( HI/ORY AS SU*4 ,ECONOMICS OSCILLATES BETWE5 TWO S*OOLS1 ! 'HI/ORICAL' ONE & ! 'SUBJECTIVE' ONE4 ,! ONE IS A PROTE/ AGA9/ ! O!R4 ,& BO? >E A PROTE/ AGA9/ ,M>X4 ,! FIR/ ONE NEGATES ECONOMIC !ORY1 I4E4 ! KN[L$GE 9 ?IS FIELD1 9 PR9CIPLE 9 ORD] TO NEGATE ,M>X1 :]EAS ! O!R ONE NEGATES ! ONLY -- OBJECTIVE -- RESE>* ME?OD ?AT FIR/ TURN$ POLITICAL ECONOMY 9TO A SCI5CE4 

,C]TA9LY ! SOCIAL SCI5CE BOOK FAIR EV]Y MON? BR+S :OLE M\NTA9S ( PRODUCTS ?AT RESULT FROM B\RGEOIS 9DU/RI\SNESS TO ! M>KET4 ,& ! ?ICKE/ VOLUMES WRITT5 BY AMBITI\S1 MOD]N PR(ESSORS >E PUT \T AT L>GE-SCALE CAPITALI/1 MA*9E-LIKE SPE$4 ,BUT 9 SU* DILIG5T MONOGRAPHS EI!R RESE>* BURIES ITS HEAD LIKE AN O/RI* 9TO ! S& ( SMALL1 FRAGM5T$ PH5OM5A SO ?AT IT DOES NOT HAVE TO SEE BROAD] CONNECTIONS & ONLY WORKS = DAILY NE$S4 ,OR RESE>* ONLY SIMULATES ?\<TS & @>@>SOCIAL !ORIES@>@> ?AT >E 9 ! LA/ 9/ANCE JU/ REFLEXES ( ,M>X'S ?\<TS ?AT >E HIDD5 UND] OV]LOAD$ T9SEL ORNAM5TS ?AT APPEAL TO ! TA/E ASSOCIAT$ ) COMMODITIES ( ! 'MOD]N' BAZA>4 ,AUTONOM\S FLI<TS ( ?\<T1 A D>+ GLANCE 9TO ! DI/ANCE OR AN 9VIGORAT+ D$UCTION >E NO:]E TO BE F\ND4 

,& IF SOCIAL PROGRESS HAS AGA9 CREAT$ A NEW S]IES ( SCI5TIFIC PROBLEMS1 !N AGA9 ONLY ! ,M>XIAN ME?OD (F]S WAYS = SOLV+ !M4 

,SO IT IS EV]Y:]E JU/ !ORYLESSNESS1 EPI/EMOLOGICAL SKEPTICISM1 ?AT B\RGEOIS SOCIAL SCI5CE IS ABLE TO OPPOSE TO ,M>XIAN KN[L$GE4 ,M>XIAN !ORY IS A *ILD ( B\RGEOIS SCI5CE1 BUT ! BIR? ( ?IS *ILD HAS CO/ ! MO!R H] LIFE4 

,!RE=E1 ! UPTURN ( ! WORK+ CLASS HAS KNOCK$ ! WEAPONS \T ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY'S H&S ?AT ! LATT] WANT$ TO USE ON ! BATTLEFIELD AGA9/ ,M>XIAN SOCIALISM4 ,& TODAY1 #b YE>S AFT] ,M>X'S DEA?1 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY IS ALL ! MORE P[]LESS AGA9/ HIM1 BUT ,M>X MORE ALIVE ?AN EV]4 

,( C\RSE1 CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY HAS ONE COM=T LEFT4 ,:ILE SOCIETY /RUGGLES 9 VA9 TO F9D A MEANS TO OV]COME ,M>X'S !ORY1 IT DOES NOT NOTICE ?AT ! ONLY REAL MEANS ( DO+ SO >E HIDD5 9 ?IS !ORY ITSELF4 ,BECAUSE IT IS ?R\< & ?R\< HI/ORICAL1 ,M>XIAN !ORY ONLY CLAIMS TEMPORALLY LIMIT$ VALIDITY4 ,BECAUSE IT IS ?R\< & ?R\< DIALECTICAL1 IT C>RIES 9 ITSELF ! DEF9ITE SE$S ( ITS [N DISSOLUTION4 

,IF WE AB/RACT FROM ITS UN*ANG+ P>T1 NAMELY FROM ! HI/ORICAL ME?OD ( RESE>*1 !N ,M>XIAN !ORY 9 ITS MO/ G5]AL \TL9ES CONSI/S ( 9SI<TS 9TO ! HI/ORICAL WAY ?AT LEADS FROM ! LA/ 'ANTAGONI/IC' =M ( SOCIETY1 I4E4 SOCIETIES ?AT >E BAS$ ON CLASS CONFLICTS1 TO ! COMMUNI/ SOCIETY ?AT IS BUILT ON ALL MEMB]S' SOLID>ITY ( 9T]E/S4 

,M>XIAN !ORY IS ESPECIALLY1 JU/ LIKE E>LI] CLASSICAL !ORIES ( POLITICAL ECONOMY1 ! M5TAL REFLEX ( A P>TICUL> P]IOD ( ECONOMIC & POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T1 NAMELY ! TRANSITION FROM ! CAPITALI/ TO ! SOCIALI/ PHASE ( HI/ORY4 ,BUT IT IS MORE ?AN JU/ A REFLEX4 ,! HI/ORICAL TRANSITION ?AT ,M>X ID5TIFI$ CAN NAMELY NOT TAKE PLACE )\T ,M>XIAN KN[L$GE HAV+ BECOME ! KN[L$GE ( A P>TICUL> CLASS 9 SOCIETY1 ! MOD]N PROLET>IAT4 ,?AT ,M>X'S !ORY BECOMES ! WORK+ CLASS' =M ( CONSCI\SNESS & AS SU* AN ELEM5T ( HI/ORY IS ! PRECONDITION = ! REALIZATION ( ! HI/ORICAL REVOLUTION =MULAT$ 9 ,M>X'S !ORY4 

,M>X'S !ORY PROVES TO BE TRUE CONT9U\SLY ) EV]Y NEW PROLET>IAN :O SUPPORTS CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,SO ,M>X'S !ORY IS AT ! SAME TIME P>T ( ! HI/ORICAL PROCESS & IS ALSO ITSELF A PROCESS4 ,SOCIAL REVOLUTION WILL BE ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O'S F9AL *APT]4 

,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! P>T ( ,M>XIAN !ORY ?AT IS MO/ DANG]\S TO ! EXI/+ ORD] ( SOCIETY WILL SOON] OR LAT] BE 'OV]COME'4 ,BUT ONLY TOGE!R 
) ! EXI/+ ORD] ( SOCIETY4 

,FOOTNOTES 

.<#a.> ,CASIMIR ,PI]RE ,P]I] 7#a#g#g#g-#a#h#c#b7 WAS A ,FR5* BANK] & POLITICIAN1 :O S]V$ AS ,FRANCE'S N9? ,PRIME ,M9I/] 7#a#h#c#a-#a#h#c#b74 7,TRANSLATOR'S FOOTNOTE47 

.<#b.> ,IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT 9 #a#i#c1 :5 ,LUXEMBURG PUBLI%$ ?IS TEXT1 NO L+UI/IC DI/9CTION WAS DRAWN BETWE5 SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & COMMUNISM4 ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES HAD NOT YET BE5 DIFF]5TIAT$ FROM SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC P>TIES4 ,:5 ,LUXEMBURG !RE=E SPEAKS ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 %E MEANS MOVEM5TS & P>TIES ?AT AIM AT ! FUNDAM5TAL TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY ?AT BR+S AB\T ! ABOLITION ( CAPITALISM4 7,TRANSLATOR'S FOOTNOTE47 

.<#c.> ,! ,*ANCELLOR ( ! ,G]MAN ,EMPIRE ,OTTO VON ,BISM>CK 7#a#h#a#e-#a#h#i#h7 9TRODUC$ ! @>@>,LAW AGA9/ ! PUBLIC DANG] ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC 5DEAVORS@>@> 7BETT] KN[N AS ,SOZIALI/5GESETZ -- ANTI-SOCIALI/ LAW7 9 #a#h#g#h4 ,?IS LAW WAS 9 EFFECT UNTIL #ahi & PROHIBIT$ MEET+S1 PUBLICATIONS1 UNIONS & ASSOCIATIONS GUID$ BY SOCIALI/ PR9CIPLES4 7,TRANSLATOR'S FOOTNOTE47 

.<#d.> ,WILHELM ,WEITL+ 7#a#h#h-#a#h#g#a7 WAS AN E>LY COMMUNI/ WRIT] & ACTIVI/4 

.<#e.> ,LUXEMBURG H]E ALLUDES TO ! FACT ?AT ! SOCIALI/ ,ALEX&RE ,MILL]& P>TICIPAT$ AS ,M9I/] ( ,COMM]CE1 ,9DU/RY1 ,PO/S & ,TELEGRAPHS 9 ! B\RGEOIS ,FR5* GOV]NM5T ( ,PRIME ,M9I/] ,PI]RE ,WALDECK-,R\SSEAU FROM #ahii UNTIL #a#i#b4 7,TRANSLATOR'S FOOTNOTE47 

.<#f.> ,NOTE .<,C,F.>3 ,9 ,APRIL #a#i#b1 !RE W]E WILDCAT /RIKES 9 ,BELGIUM ?AT TURN$ 9TO A G5]AL /RIKE = ! ABOLI%M5T ( ! PLURAL VOT+ SY/EM ?AT PRIVILEG$ ! RI*4 ,UND] ! IMPRESSION ( !SE WORK+ CLASS PROTE/S1 ! LEAD] ( ! ,BELGIAN ,LABOR ,P>TY1 ,EMILE ,V&]VELDE1 9TRODUC$ A MOTION = ! 9TRODUCTION ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE TO ! ,BELGIAN ,P>LIAM5T4 ,! MOTION WAS DEFEAT$4 ,9TRODUC+ UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE REQUIR$ ANO!R G5]AL /RIKE 9 #aiac & TOOK UNTIL #a#i#a#i4 ,REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,LIB]AL ,P>TY W]E1 JU/ LIKE ! ,BELGIAN ,LABOR ,P>TY1 OPPOS$ TO ! ABSOLUTE MAJORITY RULE ( ! ,CA?OLIC ,P>TY UND] ,PRIME ,M9I/] ,PAUL DE ,SMET DE ,NAEZ]1 BUT REPEAT$LY OPPOS$ ELECTORAL RE=MS4 7,TRANSLATOR'S FOOTNOTE47 

.<#g.> ,BE=E ! 5D ( ! ,G]MAN ,MON>*Y 9 ! ,NOVEMB] ,REVOLUTION #aiah & ! F\ND+ ( ! ,WEIM> ,REPUBLIC1 ! ,G]MAN ,REI*/AG DID NOT HAVE FULL POLITICAL P[]4 ,POLITICAL DECISIONS W]E (T5 TAK5 BY ! GOV]NM5T 9DEP5D5T ( ! ,REI*/AG4 7,TRANSLATOR'S FOOTNOTE47 

.<#h.> ,9 #a#i#c1 ,DUT* RAILROAD WORK]S ORGANIZ$ A G5]AL /RIKE 9 SOLID>ITY ) O!R WORK]S = ! RI<T TO /RIKE & UNIONIZE4 7,TRANSLATOR'S FOOTNOTE47 

.<#i.> ,RUDOLF ,/AMML] 7#a#h#e#f-#a#i#c#h7 WAS A LEGAL !ORI/ & ! MA9 REPRES5TATIVE ( NEO-,KANTIAN LEGAL PHILOSOPHY 9 ,G]MANY4 7,TRANSLATOR'S FOOTNOTE47 

,REF]5CES 

,5GELS1 ,FRI$RI*4 #a#h#h#g_/#h#h4 ,ANTI-,DUHR+3 ,H]RN ,EUG5 ,DUHR+S ,REVOLUTION 9 ,SCI5CE4 ,9 ,M>X @& ,5GELS ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS 7,M,E,C,W7 ,VOLUME #b#e1 #a-#c#i4 ,LONDON3 
,LAWR5CE @& ,WI%>T4 

,5GELS1 ,FRI$RI*4 #a#h#h#f4 ,LUDWIG ,FEU]BA* & ! ,5D ( ,CLASSICAL ,G]MAN ,PHILOSOPHY4 ,9 ,M>X @& ,5GELS ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS 7,M,E,C,W7 ,VOLUME #b#f1 #c#e#c-#c#i#h4 ,LONDON3 ,LAWR5CE @& ,WI%>T4 

,M>X1 ,K>L4 #a#h#f#g4 ,CAPITAL ,VOLUME ,I4 ,LONDON3 ,P5GU94 

,M>X1 ,K>L4 #a#h#e#i4 ,PREFACE TO ,A ,CONTRIBUTION TO ! ,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY4 ,9 ,M>X @& ,5GELS ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS 7,M,E,C,W7 ,VOLUME #b#i1 #b#f#a-#b#f#e4 ,LONDON3 ,LAWR5CE @& ,WI%>T4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #e1 #bba 3 ,M>XI/ ,!ORY & ! ,PROLET>IAT -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #i1 #bbb 3 ,M>XI/ ,!ORY & ! ,PROLET>IAT -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/