,M>XISM 
,YE/]DAY1 ,TODAY1 & ,TOMORR[ 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PAUL ,MATTICK 

,TEXT 3 

,S\RCE3 ,M>XISM4 ,LA/ ,REFUGE ( ! ,B\RGEOISIE8 BY ,PAUL ,MATTICK1 $IT$ BY ,PAUL ,MATTICK ,JR41 PUBLI%$ BY ,M]L9 ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#c2 
,TRANSCRIB$3 BY ,&Y ,BLUND51 = M>XI/S4ORG #b#c4 
,PRO($3 BY ,BR&ON ,POOLE1 #b#i4 

,9 ,M>X'S CONCEPTION1 *ANGES 9 PEOPLE'S SOCIAL & 
MAT]IAL CONDITIONS WILL ALT] !IR CONSCI\SNESS4 ,?IS ALSO HOLDS = ,M>XISM 
& ITS HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,M>XISM BEGAN AS A !ORY ( CLASS /RUGGLE 
BAS$ ON ! SPECIFIC SOCIAL RELATIONS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,BUT :ILE ITS 
ANALYSIS ( ! SOCIAL CONTRADICTIONS 9H]5T 9 CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION HAS 
REF]5CE TO ! G5]AL TR5D ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 ! CLASS /RUGGLE IS 
A DAY-TO-DAY AFFAIR & ADJU/S ITSELF TO *ANG+ SOCIAL CONDITIONS4 ,!SE 
ADJU/M5TS F9D !IR REFLECTION 9 ,M>XIAN IDEOLOGY4 ,! HI/ORY ( 
CAPITALISM IS ?US ALSO ! HI/ORY ( ,M>XISM4 

,! LABOR MOVEM5T PREC$$ ,M>XIAN !ORY & PROVID$ ! ACTUAL BASIS = 
ITS DEVELOPM5T4 ,M>XISM BECAME ! DOM9AT+ !ORY ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 
BECAUSE IT WAS ABLE CONV9C+LY TO REVEAL ! EXPLOITATIVE /RUCTURE ( 
CAPITALI/ SOCIETY & SIMULTANE\SLY TO UNCOV] ! HI/ORICAL LIMITATIONS ( 
?IS P>TICUL> MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,! SECRET ( CAPITALISM'S VA/ 
DEVELOPM5T -- ?AT IS1 ! CON/ANTLY 9CREAS+ EXPLOITATION ( LABOR 
P[] -- WAS ALSO ! SECRET ( ! V>I\S DIFFICULTIES ?AT PO9T$ TO 
ITS EV5TUAL DEMISE4 ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL1 EMPLOY+ ! ME?ODS 
( SCI5TIFIC ANALYSIS1 WAS ABLE TO PR(F] A !ORY ?AT SYN!SIZ$ ! CLASS 
/RUGGLE & ! G5]AL CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 

,M>X'S CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY WAS NECESS>ILY AS AB/RACT AS 
POLITICAL ECONOMY ITSELF4 ,IT C\LD DEAL ONLY ) ! G5]AL TR5D ( 
CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 NOT ) ITS MANIFOLD CONCRETE MANIFE/ATIONS AT ANY 
P>TICUL> TIME4 ,BECAUSE ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL IS AT ONCE ! CAUSE ( 
! SY/EM'S UNFOLD+ & ! REASON = ITS DECL9E1 CAPITALI/ 
PRODUCTION PROCE$S AS A CYCLICAL PROCESS ( EXPANSION & CONTRACTION4 ,!SE 
TWO SITUATIONS IMPLY DIFF]5T SOCIAL CONDITIONS & !RE=E DIFF]5T 
REACTIONS ON ! P>T ( BO? LABOR & CAPITAL4 ,TO BE SURE1 ! G5]AL TR5D 
( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T IMPLIES ! 9CREAS+ DIFFICULTY ( ESCAP+ A 
P]IOD ( CONTRACTION BY A FUR!R EXPANSION ( CAPITAL1 & ?US A T5D5CY 
T[>D ! SY/EM'S COLLAPSE4 ,BUT IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO SAY AT :AT 
P>TICUL> PO9T ( ITS DEVELOPM5T CAPITAL WILL DIS9TEGRATE ?R\< ! 
OBJECTIVE IMPOSSIBILITY ( CONT9U+ ITS ACCUMULATION PROCESS4 

,CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 IMPLY+ ! ABS5CE ( ANY K9D ( CONSCI\S SOCIAL 
REGULATION ( PRODUCTION1 F9DS SOME K9D ( BL9D REGULATION 9 ! SUPPLY & 
DEM& ME*ANISM ( ! M>KET4 ,! LATT]1 9 TURN1 ADAPTS ITSELF TO ! 
EXPANSION REQUIREM5TS ( CAPITAL AS DET]M9$ ON ! ONE H& BY ! *ANG+ 
EXPLOITABILITY ( LABOR P[] & ON ! O!R H& BY ! ALT]ATION ( ! 
CAPITAL /RUCTURE DUE TO ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL4 ,! P>TICUL> 5TITIES 
9VOLV$ 9 ?IS PROCESS >E NOT EMPIRICALLY DISC]NIBLE1 SO ?AT IT IS 
IMPOSSIBLE TO DET]M9E :E!R A P>TICUL> CRISIS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION 
WILL BE ( LONG] OR %ORT] DURATION1 BE MORE OR LESS DEVA/AT+ AS REG>DS 
SOCIAL CONDITIONS1 OR PROVE TO BE ! F9AL CRISIS ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM BY 
PROVOK+ A REVOLUTION>Y RESOLUTION ?R\< ! ACTION ( AN >\S$ WORK+ 
CLASS4 

,9 PR9CIPLE1 ANY PROLONG$ & DEEP-GO+ CRISIS MAY RELEASE A 
REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION ?AT MAY 9T5SIFY ! CLASS /RUGGLE TO ! PO9T ( 
! OV]?R[ ( CAPITALISM -- PROVID$1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT ! OBJECTIVE 
CONDITIONS BR+ =? A SUBJECTIVE READ9ESS TO *ANGE ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( 
PRODUCTION4 ,9 ! E>LY ,M>XI/ MOVEM5T1 ?IS WAS SE5 AS A REALI/IC 
POSSIBILITY1 DUE TO ! FACT ( A GR[+ SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T & ! EXT5SION 
( ! CLASS /RUGGLE )9 ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( ! 
LATT] WAS ?\<T TO BE P>ALLEL$ BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( PROLET>IAN CLASS 
CONSCI\SNESS1 ! RISE ( WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATIONS1 & ! SPREAD+ 
RECOGNITION ?AT !RE WAS AN ALT]NATIVE TO CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 

,! !ORY & PRACTICE ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE WAS SE5 AS A UNIT>Y 
PH5OM5ON1 DUE TO ! SELF-EXPANSION & ! ATT5DANT SELF-LIMITATION ( 
CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT WAS ?\<T ?AT ! 9CREAS+ EXPLOITATION ( 
LABOR & ! PROGRESSIVE POL>IZATION ( SOCIETY 9TO A SMALL M9ORITY ( 
EXPLOIT]S & A VA/ MASS ( EXPLOIT$ W\LD RAISE ! WORK]S' CLASS 
CONSCI\SNESS & ?US !IR REVOLUTION>Y 9CL9ATION TO DE/ROY ! 
CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,9DE$1 ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS ( ?AT TIME ALL[$ = NO 
O!R P]SPECTIVE1 AS ! UNFOLD+ ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY 
9CREAS+ MIS]Y ( ! LABOR+ CLASSES & A NOTICEABLE %>P5+ ( ! 
CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,/ILL1 ?IS WAS M]ELY A P]SPECTIVE AF=D$ BY !SE 
CONDITIONS1 :I* DID NOT AS YET REVEAL ! POSSIBILITY ( ANO!R C\RSE ( 
EV5TS4 

,AL?\< 9T]RUPT$ BY P]IODS ( CRISIS & DEPRESSION1 CAPITALISM HAS 
BE5 ABLE TO MA9TA9 ITSELF UNTIL N[ BY A CONT9U\S EXPANSION ( CAPITAL & 
ITS EXT5SION 9TO SPACE ?R\< ! ACCEL]ATION ( ! 9CREASE 9 ! 
PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR4 ,IT PROV$ POSSIBLE NOT ONLY TO REGA9 A TEMPOR>ILY LO/ 
PR(ITABILITY1 BUT TO 9CREASE IT SUFFICI5TLY TO CONT9UE ! ACCUMULATION 
PROCESS AS WELL AS TO IMPROVE ! LIV+ /&>DS ( ! GREAT BULK ( ! 
LABOR+ POPULATION4 ,! SUCCESSFUL EXPANSION ( CAPITAL & ! AMELIORATION 
( ! CONDITIONS ( ! WORK]S L$ TO A SPREAD+ D\BT REG>D+ ! 
VALIDITY ( ,M>X'S AB/RACT !ORY ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,EMPIRICAL 
REALITY 9 FACT SEEM$ TO CONTRADICT ,M>X'S EXPECTATIONS ) REG>D TO 
CAPITALISM'S FUTURE4 ,EV5 :]E HIS !ORY WAS MA9TA9$1 IT WAS NO 
LONG] ASSOCIAT$ ) A PRACTICE IDEOLOGICALLY AIM$ AT ! OV]?R[ ( 
CAPITALISM4 ,REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM TURN$ 9TO AN EVOLUTION>Y !ORY1 
EXPRESS+ ! WI% TO TRANSC5D ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM BY WAY ( CON/ANT 
RE=M ( ITS POLITICAL & ECONOMIC 9/ITUTIONS4 ,M>XI/ REVISIONISM1 9 BO? 
OV]T & COV]T =M1 L$ TO A K9D ( SYN!SIS ( ,M>XISM & B\RGEOIS 
IDEOLOGY1 AS A !ORETICAL COROLL>Y TO ! PRACTICAL 9TEGRATION ( ! LABOR 
MOVEM5T 9TO CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 

,NOT TOO MU* %\LD BE MADE ( ?IS1 H[EV]1 = ! ORGANIZ$ LABOR 
MOVEM5T HAS AT ALL TIMES COMPRIS$ ONLY ! SMALL] PORTION ( ! LABOR+ 
CLASS4 ,! GREAT MASS ( WORK]S ACCLIMATIZES ITSELF TO ! RUL+ B\RGEOIS 
IDEOLOGY & -- SUBJECT TO ! OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS ( CAPITALISM -- 
CON/ITUTES A REVOLUTION>Y CLASS ONLY POT5TIALLY4 ,IT MAY BECOME REVOLUTION>Y 
BY =CE ( CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT OV]RULE ! LIMITATIONS ( ITS IDEOLOGICAL 
AW>5ESS & ?US (F] ITS CLASS-CONSCI\S P>T AN OPPORTUNITY TO TURN 
POT5TIALITY 9TO ACTUALITY ?R\< ITS REVOLUTION>Y EXAMPLE4 ,?IS FUNCTION ( 
! CLASS-CONSCI\S P>T ( ! WORK+ CLASS WAS LO/ ?R\< ITS 9TEGRATION 
9TO ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,M>XISM BECAME AN 9CREAS+LY AMBIGU\S DOCTR9E1 
S]V+ PURPOSES DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE 9ITIALLY CONTEMPLAT$4 

,ALL ?IS IS HI/ORY3 SPECIFICALLY1 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL1 
:I* REVEAL$ ?AT ITS APP>5TLY ,M>XI/ ORI5TATION WAS M]ELY ! FALSE 
IDEOLOGY ( A NONREVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE4 ,?IS HAD NO?+ TO DO ) A 
0BETRAYAL0 ( ,M>XISM1 BUT WAS ! RESULT ( CAPITALISM'S 
RAPID ASC5DANCY & 9CREAS+ P[]1 :I* 9DUC$ ! LABOR MOVEM5T TO 
ADAPT ITSELF TO ! *ANG+ CONDITIONS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,AS AN 
OV]?R[ ( ! SY/EM SEEM$ IMPOSSIBLE1 ! MODIFICATIONS ( CAPITALISM 
DET]M9$ ?OSE ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,AS A RE=M MOVEM5T1 ! LATT] 
P>TOOK ( ! RE=MS ( CAPITALISM1 BAS$ ON ! 9CREAS+ PRODUCTIVITY ( 
LABOR & ! COMPETITIVE IMP]IALI/IC EXPANSION ( ! NATIONALLY ORGANIZ$ 
CAPITALS4 ,! CLASS /RUGGLE TURN$ 9TO CLASS COLLABORATION4 

,UND] !SE *ANG$ CONDITIONS1 ,M>XISM1 9S(> AS IT WAS NOT ALTOGE!R 
REJECT$ OR RE9T]PRET$ 9TO ITS OPPOSITE1 TOOK ON A PURELY IDEOLOGICAL =M 
?AT DID NOT AFFECT ! PRO-CAPITALI/ PRACTICE ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,AS SU*1 
IT C\LD EXI/ SIDE BY SIDE ) O!R IDEOLOGIES COMPET+ = ALLEGIANCE4 ,IT 
NO LONG] REPRES5T$ ! CONSCI\SNESS ( A WORK]S' MOVEM5T \T TO 
OV]?R[ ! EXI/+ SOCIETY1 BUT A WORLD-VIEW SUPPOS$LY BAS$ ON ! SOCIAL 
SCI5CE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY4 ,) ?IS IT BECAME A CONC]N ( ! MORE 
CRITICAL ELEM5TS ( ! MIDDLE CLASS1 ALLI$ )1 BUT NOT P>T (1 ! 
WORK+ CLASS4 ,?IS WAS M]ELY ! CONCRETIZATION ( ! ALREADY ACCOMPLI%$ 
DIVISION BETWE5 ! ,M>XIAN !ORY & ! ACTUAL PRACTICE ( ! LABOR 
MOVEM5T4 

,IT IS ( C\RSE TRUE ?AT SOCIALI/ IDEAS W]E FIR/ & MA9LY -- 
?\< NOT ONLY -- PROP\ND$ BY MEMB]S ( ! MIDDLE CLASS :O HAD BE5 
DI/URB$ BY ! 9HUMAN SOCIAL CONDITIONS ( E>LY CAPITALISM4 ,IT WAS !SE 
CONDITIONS1 NOT ! LEVEL ( !IR 9TELLIG5CE1 ?AT TURN$ !IR ATT5TION TO 
SOCIAL *ANGE & !RE) TO ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,IT IS !RE=E NOT 
SURPRIS+ ?AT ! CAPITALI/ IMPROVEM5TS AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY %\LD 
MELL[ !IR CRITICAL ACUM51 & ?IS ALL ! MORE AS ! WORK+ CLASS ITSELF 
HAD LO/ MO/ ( ITS OPPOSITIONAL F]VOR4 ,M>XISM BECAME A PREOCCUPATION ( 
9TELLECTUALS & TOOK ON AN ACADEMIC *>ACT]4 ,IT WAS NO LONG] PR$OM9ANTLY 
APPROA*$ AS A MOVEM5T ( WORK]S BUT AS A SCI5TIFIC PROBLEM TO BE >GU$ 
AB\T4 ,YET ! DISPUTES >\ND ! V>I\S ISSUES RAIS$ BY ,M>XISM S]V$ TO 
MA9TA9 ! ILLUSION ( ! ,M>XIAN NATURE ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T UNTIL IT WAS 
DISPELL$ BY ! REALITIES ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I4 

,?IS W>1 :I* REPRES5T$ A GIGANTIC CRISIS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 L$ 
TO A %ORT-LIV$ REVIVAL ( RADICALISM 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T & 9 ! WORK+ 
CLASS AT L>GE4 ,TO ?IS EXT5T IT H]ALD$ A RETURN TO ,M>XIAN !ORY & 
PRACTICE4 ,BUT IT WAS ONLY 9 ,RUSSIA ?AT ! SOCIAL UPHEAVALS L$ TO ! 
OV]?R[ ( ! BACKW>D1 SEMIFEUDAL CAPITALI/ REGIME4 ,NONE!LESS1 ?IS WAS 
! FIR/ TIME ?AT A CAPITALI/ REGIME HAD BE5 5D$ ?R\< ! ACTIONS ( 
ITS OPPRESS$ POPULATION & ! DET]M9ATION ( A ,M>XI/ MOVEM5T4 ,! DEAD 
,M>XISM ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL SEEM$ DUE = REPLACEM5T BY ! LIV+ 
,M>XISM ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,& BECAUSE IT WAS ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY1 
UND] ,L59'S GUIDANCE1 ?AT TURN$ ! ,RUSSIAN 9TO A SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 
IT WAS ,L59'S P>TICUL> 9T]PRETATION ( ,M>XISM ?AT BECAME ! 
,M>XISM ( ! NEW & 0HI<E/0 /AGE ( CAPITALISM4 ,?IS ,M>XISM 
HAS QUITE JU/LY BE5 AM5D$ 9TO ! 0,M>XISM-,L59ISM0 ?AT HAS 
DOM9AT$ ! PO/W> WORLD4 

,?IS IS NOT ! PLACE TO REIT]ATE ! HI/ORY ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL 
& ! TYPE ( ,M>XISM IT BR\<T =?4 ,?IS /ORY IS WELL DOCUM5T$ 9 
C\NTLESS PUBLICATIONS1 :I* EI!R PLACE ! BLAME = ITS COLLAPSE UPON 
,/AL9'S %\LD]S OR TRACE IT BACK TO ,L59 HIMSELF4 ,! FACTS >E ?AT 
! CONCEPT ( WORLD REVOLUTION C\LD NOT BE REALIZ$ & ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN 
,REVOLUTION REMA9$ A NATIONAL REVOLUTION & !RE=E B\ND TO ! REALITIES 
( ITS [N SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS4 ,9 ITS ISOLATION1 IT C\LD NOT BE ADJUDG$ 
A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION 9 ! ,M>XIAN S5SE1 = IT LACK$ ALL ! 
PRECONDITIONS = A SOCIALI/ TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY -- ?AT IS1 ! 
DOM9ANCE ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT1 & A PRODUCTIVE APP>ATUS ?AT1 9 
! H&S ( ! PRODUC]S1 C\LD NOT ONLY 5D EXPLOITATION BUT AT ! SAME 
TIME DRIVE SOCIETY BEYOND ! CONF9ES ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,AS ?+S 
W]E1 ,M>XISM C\LD ONLY PROVIDE ! IDEOLOGY SUPPORT+1 EV5 :ILE 
CONTRADICT+1 ! REALITY ( /ATE-CAPITALISM4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 AS 9 ! 
,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL1 SO ALSO 9 ITS SUCCESSOR1 SUBORD9AT$ AS IT WAS TO ! 
SPECIAL 9T]E/S ( ,BOL%EVIK ,RUSSIA1 ,M>XISM C\LD ONLY FUNCTION AS AN 
IDEOLOGY TO COV] UP A NONREVOLUTION>Y & F9ALLY A C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y 
PRACTICE4 

,9 ! ABS5CE ( A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 ! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION1 AFFECT+ 
! WORLD AT L>GE1 ISSU$ NOT 9TO REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVALS BUT 9TO FASCISM 
& ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I4 ,?IS MEANT ! TOTAL ECLIPSE ( ,M>XISM4 ,! AFT]MA? ( ! 
NEW W> 9ITIAT$ A FRE% WAVE ( CAPITALI/ EXPANSION ON AN 9T]NATIONAL 
SCALE4 ,NOT ONLY DID MONOPOLY CAPITAL EM]GE /R5G!N$ FROM ! CONFLICT1 
!RE ALSO >OSE NEW /ATE-CAPITALI/IC SY/EMS BY WAY ( EI!R NATIONAL 
LIB]ATION OR IMP]IALI/IC CONQUE/4 ,?IS SITUATION 9VOLV$ NOT A REEM]G5CE 
( REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM BUT A 0COLD W>10 ?AT IS1 ! 
CONFRONTATION ( DIFF]5TLY ORGANIZ$ CAPITALI/ SY/EMS 9 A CONT9U+ 
/RUGGLE = SPH]ES ( 9T]E/ & %>ES ( EXPLOITATION4 ,ON ! SIDE ( 
/ATE CAPITALISM1 ?IS CONFRONTATION WAS CAM\FLAG$ AS A ,M>XI/ MOVEM5T 
AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/ MONOPOLIZATION ( ! WORLD ECONOMY1 :ILE = ITS P>T1 
PRIVATE-PROP]TY CAPITALISM WAS ONLY TOO GLAD TO ID5TIFY ITS /ATE-CAPITALI/ 
5EMIES AS ,M>XI/S1 OR ,COMMUNI/S1 B5T ON DE/ROY+ ) ! FRE$OM TO 
AMASS CAPITAL ALL ! LIB]TIES ( CIVILIZATION4 ,?IS ATTITUDE S]V$ TO ATTA* 
! LABEL 0,M>XISM0 FIRMLY TO ! /ATE-CAPITALI/ IDEOLOGY4 

,?US ! *ANGES BR\<T AB\T BY A S]IES ( DEPRESSIONS & W>S L$ NOT 
TO A CONFRONTATION BETWE5 CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM1 BUT TO A DIVISION ( ! 
WORLD 9TO MORE OR LESS C5TRALLY CONTROLL$ ECONOMIC SY/EMS & TO A WID5+ 
( ! GAP BETWE5 CAPITALI/ICALLY DEVELOP$ & UND]DEVELOP$ NATIONS4 ,IT IS 
TRUE ?AT ?IS DIVISION IS G5]ALLY SE5 AS ONE BETWE5 CAPITALI/1 SOCIALI/1 
& 0?IRD WORLD0 C\NTRIES1 BUT ?IS IS A MISLEAD+ 
SIMPLIFICATION ( RA!R MORE COMPLEX DIFF]5TIATIONS BETWE5 !SE ECONOMIC 
& POLITICAL SY/EMS4 0,SOCIALISM0 IS COMMONLY UND]/OOD AS 
MEAN+ A /ATE-CONTROLL$ ECONOMY )9 ! NATIONAL FRAMEWORK1 9 :I* 
PLANN+ REPLACES COMPETITION4 ,SU* A SY/EM IS NO LONG] CAPITALISM 9 ! 
TRADITIONAL S5SE1 BUT NEI!R IS IT SOCIALISM 9 ! ,M>XIAN S5SE ( AN 
ASSOCIATION ( FREE & EQUAL PRODUC]S4 ,FUNCTION+ 9 A CAPITALI/ & 
!RE=E IMP]IALI/ WORLD1 IT CANNOT HELP P>TAK+ 9 ! G5]AL 
COMPETITION = ECONOMIC & POLITICAL P[] &1 LIKE CAPITALISM1 MU/ EI!R 
EXP& OR CONTRACT4 ,IT MU/ GR[ /RONG] 9 EV]Y RESPECT1 9 ORD] TO LIMIT 
! EXPANSION ( MONOPOLY CAPITAL BY :I* IT W\LD O!RWISE BE DE/ROY$4 ,! 
NATIONAL =M ( SO-CALL$ SOCIALI/ OR /ATE-CONTROLL$ REGIMES SETS !M 9 
CONFLICT NOT ONLY ) ! TRADITIONAL CAPITALI/ WORLD1 OR P>TICUL> 
CAPITALI/ NATIONS1 BUT ALSO ) EA* O!R2 !Y MU/ GIVE FIR/ 
CONSID]ATION TO NATIONAL 9T]E/S1 I4E41 ! 9T]E/S ( ! NEWLY EM]G+ 
& PRIVILEG$ RUL+ /RATA :OSE EXI/5CE & SECURITY >E BAS$ ON ! 
NATION-/ATE4 ,?IS LEADS TO ! SPECTACLE ( A 0SOCIALI/0 BR& ( 
IMP]IALISM & ! ?REAT ( W> BETWE5 NOM9ALLY SOCIALI/ C\NTRIES4 

,SU* A SITUATION WAS 9CONCEIVABLE 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,L59ISM1 OR 79 ,/AL9'S 
PHRASE7 0! ,M>XISM ( ! AGE ( IMP]IALISM10 EXPECT$ A WORLD 
REVOLUTION ON ! MODEL ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,JU/ AS 9 ,RUSSIA DIFF]5T 
CLASSES HAD COMB9$ TO OV]?R[ ! AUTOCRACY1 SO ALSO ON AN 9T]NATIONAL 
SCALE NATIONS AT V>I\S /AGES ( DEVELOPM5T MI<T FI<T AGA9/ ! COMMON 
5EMY1 IMP]IALI/ MONOPOLY CAPITAL4 ,& JU/ AS 9 ,RUSSIA IT WAS ! WORK+ 
CLASS1 UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY1 ?AT TRANS=M$ ! 
B\RGEOIS 9TO A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 SO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL W\LD 
BE ! 9/RUM5T TO TRANS=M ! ANTI-IMP]IALI/ /RUGGLES 9TO SOCIALI/ 
REVOLUTIONS4 ,UND] !SE CONDITIONS1 IT WAS CONCEIVABLE ?AT ! LESS-DEVELOP$ 
NATIONS MI<T BYPASS AN O!RWISE 9EVITABLE CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T & BE 
9TEGRAT$ 9TO AN EM]G+ SOCIALI/ WORLD4 ,BAS$ ON ! PRESUPPOSITION ( 
SUCCESSFUL SOCIALI/ REVOLUTIONS 9 ! ADVANC$ NATIONS1 ?IS !ORY C\LD BE 
PROV5 NEI!R RI<T NOR WRONG1 AS ! EXPECT$ REVOLUTIONS DID NOT 
MAT]IALIZE4 

,:AT IS ( 9T]E/ 9 ?IS CONTEXT >E ! REVOLUTION>Y 9CL9ATIONS ( 
! ,BOL%EVIK MOVEM5T PRIOR TO & %ORTLY AFT] ITS ASSUMPTION ( P[] 9 
,RUSSIA4 ,ITS REVOLUTION WAS MADE 9 ! NAME ( REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM1 AS ! 
POLITICAL-MILIT>Y OV]?R[ ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( 
A DICTATOR%IP TO ASSURE ! TRANS=MATION TO A CLASSLESS SOCIETY4 ,H[EV]1 
EV5 AT ?IS /AGE1 & NOT ONLY BECAUSE ( ! P>TICUL> CONDITIONS 
PREVAIL+ 9 ,RUSSIA1 ! ,L59I/ CONCEPT ( SOCIALI/ RECON/RUCTION DEVIAT$ 
FROM ! NOTIONS ( E>LY ,M>XISM & WAS BAS$ 9/EAD ON ?OSE EVOLV$ )9 
! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,= ! LATT]1 SOCIALISM WAS CONCEIV$ AS ! 
AUTOMATIC \TGR[? ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ITSELF4 ,! CONC5TRATION & 
C5TRALIZATION ( CAPITAL IMPLI$ ! PROGRESSIVE ELIM9ATION ( CAPITALI/ 
COMPETITION & !RE) ( ITS PRIVATE-PROP]TY NATURE1 UNTIL SOCIALI/ 
GOV]NM5T1 EM]G+ FROM ! DEMOCRATIC P>LIAM5T>Y PROCESS1 W\LD TRANS=M 
MONOPOLY CAPITAL 9TO ! MONOPOLY ( ! /ATE & ?US 9ITIATE SOCIALISM BY 
GOV]NM5TAL DECREE4 ,AL?\< TO ,L59 & ! ,BOL%EVIKS ?IS SEEM$ AN 
UNREALIZABLE UTOPIA AS WELL AS A F\L EXCUSE = AB/A9+ FROM ANY K9D ( 
REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY1 !Y TOO ?\<T ( ! 9/ITUTION ( SOCIALISM AS A 
GOV]NM5TAL CONC]N1 ?\< TO BE C>RI$ \T BY WAY ( REVOLUTION4 ,!Y 
DIFF]$ ) ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS ) REG>D TO ! MEANS TO REA* AN 
O!RWISE COMMON GOAL -- NATIONALIZATION ( CAPITAL BY ! /ATE & 
C5TRALIZ$ PLANN+ ( ! ECONOMY4 

,L59 ALSO AGRE$ ) ,K>L ,KAUTSKY'S PHILI/9E & >ROGANT 
ASS]TION ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS BY ITSELF IS UNABLE TO EVOLVE A REVOLUTION>Y 
CONSCI\SNESS1 :I* HAS TO BE BR\<T TO IT FROM ! \TSIDE BY ! 
MIDDLE-CLASS 9TELLIG5TSIA4 ,! ORGANIZATIONAL =M ( ?IS IDEA WAS ! 
REVOLUTION>Y P>TY AS ! VANGU>D ( ! WORK]S & AS ! NECESS>Y 
PRESUPPOSITION = A SUCCESSFUL REVOLUTION4 ,IF1 9 ?IS VIEW1 ! WORK+ CLASS 
IS 9CAPABLE ( MAK+ ITS [N REVOLUTION1 IT WILL BE EV5 LESS ABLE TO BUILD 
UP ! NEW SOCIETY1 AN UND]TAK+ RES]V$ = ! LEAD+ P>TY AS ! 
POSSESSOR ( ! /ATE APP>ATUS4 ,! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT ?US 
APPE>S AS ?AT ( ! P>TY ORGANIZ$ AS ! /ATE4 ,& BECAUSE ! /ATE HAS 
TO HAVE CONTROL OV] ! :OLE SOCIETY1 IT MU/ ALSO CONTROL ! ACTIONS ( ! 
WORK+ CLASS1 EV5 ?\< ?IS CONTROL IS SUPPOS$ TO BE EX]CIS$ 9 ITS 
FAVOR4 ,9 PRACTICE1 ?IS TURN$ \T TO BE ! TOTALIT>IAN RULE ( ! 
,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T4 

,! NATIONALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! AU?ORIT>IAN RULE ( 
GOV]NM5T C]TA9LY DIFF]5TIAT$ ! ,BOL%EVIK SY/EM FROM ?AT ( ,WE/]N 
CAPITALISM4 ,BUT ?IS DID NOT ALT] ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION1 :I* 9 
BO? SY/EMS >E BAS$ ON ! DIVORCE ( ! WORK]S FROM ! MEANS ( 
PRODUCTION & ! MONOPOLIZATION ( POLITICAL P[] 9 ! H&S ( ! /ATE4 
,IT WAS NO LONG] PRIVATE CAPITAL BUT /ATE-CONTROLL$ CAPITAL ?AT N[ OPPOS$ 
! WORK+ CLASS & P]PETUAT$ ! WAGE-LABOR =M ( PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY1 
:ILE ALL[+ = ! APPROPRIATION ( SURPLUS LABOR ?R\< ! AG5CY ( ! 
/ATE4 ,?\< ! SY/EM EXPROPRIAT$ PRIVATE CAPITAL1 IT DID NOT ABOLI% ! 
CAPITAL-LABOR RELATION%IP UPON :I* MOD]N CLASS RULE RE/S4 ,IT WAS ?US 
M]ELY A QUE/ION ( TIME BE=E ! EM]G5CE ( A NEW RUL+ CLASS1 :OSE 
PRIVILEGES W\LD DEP5D PRECISELY ON ! MA9T5ANCE & REPRODUCTION ( ! 
/ATE-CONTROLL$ SY/EM ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION AS ! ONLY 
0REALI/IC0 =M ( ,M>XIAN SOCIALISM4 

,M>XISM1 H[EV]1 AS ! CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY & AS ! /RUGGLE 
= A NONEXPLOITATIVE CLASSLESS SOCIETY1 HAS MEAN+ ONLY )9 ! CAPITALI/ 
RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,AN 5D ( CAPITALISM W\LD IMPLY ! 5D ( ,M>XISM AS 
WELL4 ,= A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY1 ,M>XISM W\LD BE A FACT ( HI/ORY LIKE 
EV]Y?+ ELSE 9 ! PA/4 ,ALREADY ! DESCRIPTION ( 0SOCIALISM0 
AS A ,M>XI/ SY/EM D5IES ! SELF-PROCLAIM$ SOCIALI/ NATURE ( ! 
/ATE-CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,M>XI/ IDEOLOGY FUNCTIONS H]E AS NO MORE ?AN AN 
ATTEMPT TO JU/IFY ! NEW CLASS RELATIONS AS NECESS>Y REQUIREM5TS = ! 
CON/RUCTION ( SOCIALISM & ?US TO GA9 ! ACQUIESC5CE ( ! LABOR+ 
CLASSES4 ,AS 9 ! CAPITALISM ( OLD1 ! SPECIAL 9T]E/S ( ! RUL+ CLASS 
>E MADE TO APPE> AS G5]AL 9T]E/S4 

,BUT EV5 SO1 9 ! BEG9N+ ,M>XISM-,L59ISM WAS A REVOLUTION>Y DOCTR9E1 
= IT WAS DEADLY S]I\S AB\T REALIZ+ ITS [N CONCEPT ( SOCIALISM BY 
DIRECT1 PRACTICAL MEANS4 ,:ILE ?IS CONCEPT IMPLI$ NO MORE ?AN ! =MATION 
( A /ATE-CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 ?IS WAS ! WAY 9 :I*1 AT ! TURN ( ! 
C5TURY1 SOCIALISM HAD BE5 QUITE G5]ALLY UND]/OOD4 ,IT IS !RE=E NOT 
POSSIBLE TO SPEAK ( A ,BOL%EVIK 0BETRAYAL0 ( ! PREVAIL+ 
,M>XI/ PR9CIPLES2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT REALIZ$ ! /ATE-CAPITALI/ 
TRANS=MATION ( PRIVATE-PROP]TY CAPITALISM1 :I* HAD BE5 ! DECL>$ GOAL 
ALSO ( ,M>XI/ REVISIONI/S & RE=MI/S4 ,! LATT]1 H[EV]1 HAD LO/ ALL 
9T]E/ 9 ACT+ UPON !IR APP>5T BELIEFS & PREF]R$ TO ACCOMMODATE 
!MSELVES TO ! CAPITALI/ /ATUS QUO4 ,:AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS DID WAS TO 
ACTUALIZE ! PROGRAM ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL BY WAY ( REVOLUTION4 

,ONCE !Y W]E 9 P[]1 H[EV]1 ! /ATE-CAPITALI/ /RUCTURE ( 
,BOL%EVIK ,RUSSIA DET]M9$ ITS FUR!R DEVELOPM5T1 N[ G5]ALLY DESCRIB$ 
) ! PEJORATIVE T]M 0,/AL9ISM40 ,?AT IT TOOK ON ?IS 
P>TICUL> *>ACT] WAS EXPLA9$ BY REF]5CE TO ! G5]AL BACKW>DNESS ( 
,RUSSIA & BY H] CAPITALI/ 5CIRCLEM5T1 :I* DEM&$ ! UTMO/ 
C5TRALIZATION ( P[] & 9HUMAN SACRIFICES ON ! P>T ( ! WORK+ 
POPULATION4 ,UND] DIFF]5T CONDITIONS1 SU* AS PREVAIL$ 9 CAPITALI/ICALLY 
MORE ADVANC$ NATIONS & UND] POLITICALLY MORE FAVORABLE 9T]NATIONAL 
RELATIONS1 IT WAS SAID1 ,BOL%EVISM W\LD NOT REQUIRE ! P>TICUL> H>%NESS 
IT HAD TO EX]CISE 9 ! FIR/ SOCIALI/ C\NTRY4 ,?OSE LESS FAVORABLY 
9CL9$ T[>D ?IS FIR/ EXP]IM5T 9 SOCIALISM0 ASS]T$ ?AT ! 
P>TY DICTATOR%IP WAS M]ELY AN EXPRESSION ( ! /ILL 
0HALF-,ASIATIC0 NATURE ( ,BOL%EVISM & C\LD NOT BE DUPLICAT$ 9 
! MORE ADVANC$ ,WE/]N NATIONS4 ,! ,RUSSIAN EXAMPLE WAS UTILIZ$ TO JU/IFY 
RE=MI/ POLICIES AS ! ONLY WAY TO IMPROVE ! CONDITIONS ( ! WORK+ 
CLASS 9 ! ,WE/4 

,SOON1 H[EV]1 ! FASCI/ DICTATOR%IPS 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE DEMON/RAT$ ?AT 
ONE-P>TY CONTROL ( ! /ATE WAS NOT RE/RICT$ TO ! ,RUSSIAN SC5E BUT WAS 
APPLICABLE 9 ANY CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,IT C\LD BE UTILIZ$ JU/ AS WELL = ! 
MA9T5ANCE ( EXI/+ SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION AS = !IR 
TRANS=MATION 9TO /ATE-CAPITALISM4 ,( C\RSE1 FASCISM & ,BOL%EVISM 
CONT9U$ TO DIFF] ) RESPECT TO ECONOMIC /RUCTURE1 EV5 AS !Y BECAME 
POLITICALLY 9DI/+UI%ABLE4 ,BUT ! CONC5TRATION ( POLITICAL CONTROL 9 
! TOTALIT>IAN CAPITALI/ NATIONS IMPLI$ ! C5TRAL COORD9ATION ( 
ECONOMIC ACTIVITY = ! SPECIFIC 5DS ( FASCI/ POLICIES & !RE) A 
CLOS] APPROXIMATION TO ! ,RUSSIAN SY/EM4 ,= FASCISM ?IS WAS NOT A GOAL BUT 
TEMPOR>Y MEASURE1 ANALOG\S TO ! 0W> SOCIALISM0 ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I4 
,NONE!LESS1 IT WAS A FIR/ 9DICATION ?AT ,WE/]N CAPITALISM WAS NOT IMMUNE 
TO /ATE-CAPITALI/ T5D5CIES4 

,) ! HOP$-= BUT RA!R UNEXPECT$ CONSOLIDATION ( ! ,BOL%EVIK 
REGIME & ! RELATIVELY UNDI/URB$ COEXI/5CE ( ! OPPOS+ SOCIAL 
SY/EMS UNTIL ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 ,RUSSIAN 9T]E/S REQUIR$ ! ,M>XI/ IDEOLOGY NOT 
ONLY = 9T]NAL BUT ALSO = EXT]NAL PURPOSES1 TO ASSURE ! SUPPORT ( ! 
9T]NATIONAL LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ! DEF5SE ( ,RUSSIA'S NATIONAL 
EXI/5CE4 ,?IS 9VOLV$ ONLY A P>T ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 TO BE SURE1 BUT 
?AT P>T C\LD DISRUPT ! ANTI-,BOL%EVIK FRONT1 :I* N[ 9CLUD$ ! OLD 
SOCIALI/ P>TIES & ! RE=MI/ TRADE UNIONS4 ,AS !SE ORGANIZATIONS HAD 
ALREADY JETTISON$ !IR ,M>XIAN H]ITAGE1 ! SUPPOS$ ,M>XIAN OR?ODOXY ( 
,BOL%EVISM BECAME PRACTICALLY ! :OLE ( ,M>XI/ !ORY AS A C\NT]-IDEOLOGY 
TO ALL =MS ( ANTI-,BOL%EVISM & ALL ATTEMPTS TO WEAK5 OR DE/ROY ! 
,RUSSIAN /ATE4 ,SIMULTANE\SLY1 H[EV]1 ATTEMPTS W]E MADE TO SECURE ! /ATE 
( COEXI/5CE ?R\< V>I\S CONCESSIONS TO ! CAPITALI/ ADV]S>Y & TO 
DEMON/RATE ! MUTUAL ADVANTAGES ?AT C\LD BE GA9$ ?R\< 9T]NATIONAL 
TRADE & O!R MEANS ( COLLABORATION4 ,?IS TWO-FAC$ POLICY S]V$ ! S+LE 
5D ( PRES]V+ ! ,BOL%EVIK /ATE & SECUR+ ! NATIONAL 9T]E/S ( 
,RUSSIA4 

,9 ?IS MANN]1 ,M>XISM WAS R$UC$ TO AN IDEOLOGICAL WEAPON EXCLUSIVELY 
S]V+ ! DEF5SIVE NE$S ( A P>TICUL> /ATE & A S+LE C\NTRY4 ,NO 
LONG] 5COMPASS+ 9T]NATIONAL REVOLUTION>Y ASPIRATIONS1 IT UTILIZ$ ! 
,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL AS A LIMIT$ POLICY 9/RUM5T = ! SPECIAL 
9T]E/S ( ,BOL%EVIK ,RUSSIA4 ,BUT !SE 9T]E/S N[ 9CLUD$1 9 9CREAS+ 
MEASURE1 ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! 9T]NATIONAL /ATUS QUO 9 ORD] TO SECURE 
?AT ( ! ,RUSSIAN SY/EM4 ,IF AT FIR/ IT HAD BE5 ! FAILURE ( WORLD 
REVOLUTION ?AT 9DUC$ ,RUSSIA'S POLICY ( 5TR5*M5T1 IT WAS N[ ! 
/ABILITY ( WORLD CAPITALISM ?AT BECAME A CONDITION ( ,RUSSIAN SECURITY1 & 
:I* ! ,/AL9I/ REGIME 5DEAVOR$ TO 5HANCE4 ,! SPREAD ( FASCISM & ! 
HI< PROBABILITY ( NEW ATTEMPTS TO F9D IMP]IALI/ SOLUTIONS TO ! WORLD 
CRISIS 5DANG]$ NOT ONLY ! /ATE ( COEXI/5CE BUT ALSO ,RUSSIA'S 
9T]NAL CONDITIONS1 :I* DEM&$ SOME DEGREE ( 9T]NATIONAL TRANQUILITY4 
,M>XI/ PROPAG&A CEAS$ TO CONC]N ITSELF ) PROBLEMS ( CAPITALISM & 
SOCIALISM BUT1 9 ! =M ( ANTI-FASCISM1 DIRECT$ ITSELF AGA9/ A 
P>TICUL> POLITICAL =M ( CAPITALISM ?AT ?REAT5$ TO UNLEA% A NEW WORLD 
W>4 ,?IS IMPLI$1 ( C\RSE1 ! ACCEPTANCE ( ANTI-FASCI/ CAPITALI/ P[]S 
AS POT5TIAL ALLIES & ?US ! DEF5SE ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY AGA9/ ATTACKS 
FROM EI!R ! RI<T OR ! LEFT1 AS EXEMPLIFI$ DUR+ ! CIVIL W> 9 
,SPA94 

,EV5 PRIOR TO ?IS HI/ORICAL JUNCTURE1 ,M>XISM-,L59ISM HAD ASSUM$ ! 
SAME PURELY IDEOLOGICAL FUNCTION ?AT *>ACT]IZ$ ! ,M>XISM ( ! ,SECOND 
,9T]NATIONAL4 ,IT WAS NO LONG] ASSOCIAT$ ) A POLITICAL PRACTICE :OSE 
F9AL AIM WAS ! OV]?R[ ( CAPITALISM1 IF ONLY TO BR+ AB\T 
/ATE-CAPITALISM MASQU]AD+ AS SOCIALISM1 BUT WAS N[ CONT5T ) ITS 
EXI/5CE )9 ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM 9 ! SAME S5SE 9 :I* ! ,SOCIAL 
,DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5T ACCEPT$ ! GIV5 CONDITIONS ( SOCIETY AS 9VIOLABLE4 ,! 
%>+ ( P[] ON AN 9T]NATIONAL SCALE PRESUPPOS$ ! SAME ON ! NATIONAL 
LEVEL1 & ,M>XISM-,L59ISM \TSIDE ( ,RUSSIA TURN$ 9TO A /RICTLY RE=MI/ 
MOVEM5T4 ,?US ONLY ! FASCI/S W]E LEFT AS =CES ACTUALLY ASPIR+ TO 
COMPLETE CONTROL OV] ! /ATE4 ,NO S]I\S ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO =E/ALL !IR 
RISE TO P[]4 ,! LABOR MOVEM5T1 9CLUD+ ITS ,BOL%EVIK W+1 RELI$ 
EXCLUSIVELY UPON TRADITIONAL DEMOCRATIC PROCESSES TO MEET ! FASCI/ ?REAT4 
,?IS MEANT ITS TOTAL PASSIVITY & PROGRESSIVE DEMORALIZATION & ASSUR$ ! 
VICTORY ( FASCISM AS ! ONLY DYNAMIC =CE OP]AT+ )9 ! WORLD 
CRISIS4 

,IT WAS ( C\RSE NOT ONLY ,RUSSIA'S POLITICAL CONTROL ( ! 
9T]NATIONAL COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T1 VIA ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL1 ?AT EXPLA9S 
ITS CAPITULATION TO FASCISM1 BUT ALSO ! MOVEM5T'S BUREAUCRATIZATION1 
:I* CONC5TRAT$ ALL DECISION-MAK+ P[] 9 ! H&S ( PR(ESSIONAL 
POLITICIANS :O DID NOT %>E ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS ( ! IMPOV]I%$ 
PROLET>IAT4 ,?IS BUREAUCRACY F\ND ITSELF 9 ! 0IDEAL0 POSITION 
( BE+ ABLE TO EXPRESS ITS V]BAL OPPOSITION TO ! SY/EM & YET1 AT ! 
SAME TIME1 TO P>TAKE ( ! PRIVILEGES ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE BE/[S UPON ITS 
POLITICAL IDEOLOGI/S4 ,!Y HAD NO DRIV+ REASON TO OPPOSE ! G5]AL 
POLICIES ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 :I* CO9CID$ ) !IR [N 
IMM$IATE NE$S AS RECOGNIZ$ LEAD]S ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 A B\RGEOIS 
DEMOCRACY4 ,F9ALLY1 H[EV]1 IT IS ! G5]AL APA?Y ( ! WORK]S 
!MSELVES1 !IR UNREAD9ESS TO LOOK = !IR [N 9DEP5D5T SOLUTION ( ! 
SOCIAL QUE/ION1 ?AT EXPLA9S ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS TOGE!R ) ITS FASCI/ 
\TCOME4 ,A HALF-C5TURY ( ,M>XI/ RE=MISM UND] ! LEAD]%IP PR9CIPLE1 
& ITS ACC5TUATION 9 ,M>XISM-,L59ISM1 PRODUC$ A LABOR MOVEM5T UNABLE TO 
ACT UPON ITS [N 9T]E/S & !RE=E 9CAPABLE ( 9SPIR+ ! WORK+ 
CLASS AS A :OLE TO ATTEMPT TO PREV5T FASCISM & W> ?R\< A PROLET>IAN 
REVOLUTION4 

,AS 9 #a#i#a#d1 9T]NATIONALISM1 & ) IT ,M>XISM1 WAS AGA9 DR[N$ 9 ! 
SURG+ SEA ( NATIONALISM & IMP]IALISM4 ,POLICIES F\ND !IR BASIS 9 ! 
EXIG5CIES ( ! %IFT+ IMP]IALI/ P[] CON/ELLATIONS1 :I* L$ FIR/ TO 
! ,HITL]-,/AL9 PACT & !N TO ! ANTI-,HITL] ALLIANCE BETWE5 ! ,U,S,S,R 
& ! DEMOCRATIC P[]S4 ,! 5D ( EV5 ! PURELY V]BAL ASPIRATIONS ( 
,M>XISM F\ND A BELAT$ SYMBOLIZATION 9 ! LIQUIDATION ( ! ,?IRD 
,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! \TCOME ( ! W>1 PREORDA9$ BY ITS IMP]IALI/ 
*>ACT]1 DIVID$ ! WORLD 9TO TWO P[] BLOCS1 :I* SOON RESUM$ 
COMPETITION = WORLD CONTROL4 ,! ANTI-FASCI/ NATURE ( ! W> IMPLI$ ! 
RE/ORATION ( DEMOCRATIC REGIMES 9 ! DEFEAT$ NATIONS & ?US ! 
REEM]G5CE ( POLITICAL P>TIES1 9CLUD+ ?OSE ) A ,M>XI/ CONNOTATION4 
,9 ! ,EA/1 ,RUSSIA RE/OR$ H] EMPIRE & ADD$ TO IT SPH]ES ( 9T]E/ AS 
SO MU* W> BOOTY4 ,! BREAKD[N ( COLONIAL RULE CREAT$ ! 0?IRD 
WORLD0 NATIONS1 :I* ADOPT$ EI!R ! ,RUSSIAN SY/EM OR A MIX$ 
ECONOMY ( ! ,WE/]N TYPE4 ,A =M ( NEOCOLONIALISM >OSE ?AT SUBJECT$ ! 
0LIB]AT$0 NATIONS TO MORE 9DIRECT BUT EQUALLY EFFECTIVE CONTROL 
BY ! GREAT P[]S4 ,BUT ! SPREAD ( /ATE-CAPITALI/-ORI5T$ NATIONS WAS 
COMMONLY SE5 AS ! DIFFUSION ( ,M>XISM OV] ! GLOBE1 & ! >RE/ ( 
?IS T5D5CY AS A /RUGGLE AGA9/ A ,M>XISM ?AT ?REAT5$ ! 7UNDEF9$7 
FRE$OMS ( ! CAPITALI/ WORLD4 ,?IS TYPE ( ,M>XISM & ANTI-,M>XISM HAS NO 
CONNECTION :ATEV] ) ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 LABOR & CAPITAL AS 5VISION$ 
BY ,M>X & ! E>LY LABOR MOVEM5T4 

,9 ITS CURR5T =M1 ,M>XISM HAS BE5 MORE ( A REGIONAL ?AN AN 
9T]NATIONAL MOVEM5T1 AS MAY BE SURMIS$ FROM ITS PREC>I\S HOLD 9 ! 
,ANGLO-,SAXON C\NTRIES4 ,! PO/W> REVIVAL ( ,M>XI/ P>TIES AFFECT$ MA9LY 
NATIONS ?AT FAC$ P>TICUL> ECONOMIC DIFFICULTIES1 SU* AS ,FRANCE & ,ITALY4 
,! DIVISION & OCCUPATION ( ,G]MANY PRECLUD$ ! REORGANIZATION ( A MASS 
COMMUNI/ P>TY 9 ! ,WE/]N ZONE4 ,! SOCIALI/ P>TIES F9ALLY REPUDIAT$ 
!IR [N PA/1 /ILL T+$ ) ,M>XI/ IDEAS1 & TURN$ !MSELVES 9TO 
B\RGEOIS OR 0PEOPLE'S0 P>TIES DEF5D+ DEMOCRATIC 
CAPITALISM4 ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES DO CONT9UE TO EXI/ ?R\<\T ! WORLD1 
LEGALLY OR ILLEGALLY1 BUT !IR *ANCES ( AFFECT+ POLITICAL EV5TS >E MORE 
OR LESS NIL = ! PRES5T & ! =ESEEABLE FUTURE4 ,M>XISM1 AS A 
REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 F9DS ITSELF TODAY AT ITS HI/ORICALLY 
L[E/ EBB4 

,ALL ! MORE A/ONI%+ IS ! UNPREC$5T$ CAPITALI/ RESPONSE TO 
!ORETICAL ,M>XISM4 ,?IS NEW 9T]E/ 9 ,M>XISM 9 G5]AL1 & 9 
0,M>XI/ ECONOMICS0 9 P>TICUL>1 P]TA9S ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY TO 
! ACADEMIC WORLD1 :I* IS ESS5TIALLY ! WORLD ( ! MIDDLE CLASS4 ,!RE 
IS AN 5ORM\S \TP\R+ ( ,M>XIAN LIT]ATURE2 0,M>XOLOGY0 HAS 
BECOME A NEW PR(ESSION1 & !RE >E ,M>XI/ BRAN*ES ( 
0RADICAL0 ECONOMICS1 HI/ORY1 PHILOSOPHY1 SOCIOLOGY1 PSY*OLOGY1 
& SO =?4 ,ALL MAY PROVE TO BE NO MORE ?AN AN 9TELLECTUAL FAD4 ,BUT EV5 SO 
?IS PH5OM5ON BE>S WITNESS TO ! PRES5T TWILI<T /ATE ( CAPITALI/ 
SOCIETY & ITS LOSS ( CONFID5CE 9 ITS [N FUTURE4 ,:]EAS 9 ! PA/ ! 
PROGRESSIVE 9TEGRATION ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T 9TO ! FABRIC ( CAPITALISM 
IMPLI$ ! ACCOMMODATION ( SOCIALI/ !ORY TO ! REALITIES ( AN UNFOLD+ 
CAPITALISM1 ?IS PROCESS IS N[ SEEM+LY REV]S$ ?R\< ! MANY ATTEMPTS TO 
UTILIZE ! F9D+S ( ,M>XISM = CAPITALI/ PURPOSES4 ,?IS TWO-PRONG$ 
5DEAVOR AT RECONCILIATION1 AT OV]COM+ AT LEA/ TO SOME EXT5T ! 
ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ,M>XIAN & B\RGEOIS !ORY1 REFLECTS A CRISIS 9 BO? 
,M>XISM & B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 

,AL?\< ,M>XISM 5COMPASSES SOCIETY 9 ALL ITS ASPECTS1 IT FOCUSES UPON ! 
SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION AS ! F\NDATION ( ! CAPITALI/ TOTALITY4 ,9 
ACCORDANCE ) ! MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY1 IT CONC5TRATES ITS 
9T]E/S ON ! ECONOMIC & !RE=E ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS ( CAPITALI/ 
DEVELOPM5T4 ,:]EAS ! MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY HAS LONG S9CE BE5 
QUIETLY PLAGI>IZ$ BY B\RGEOIS SOCIAL SCI5CE1 UNTIL QUITE REC5TLY ITS 
APPLICATION TO ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM REMA9$ UNEXPLOR$4 ,IT IS ! DEVELOPM5T 
( CAPITALISM ITSELF ?AT HAS =C$ B\RGEOIS ECONOMIC !ORY TO CONSID] ! 
DYNAMICS ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM & ?US TO EMULATE1 9 SOME FA%ION1 ! 
,M>XIAN !ORY ( ACCUMULATION & ITS CONSEQU5CES4 

,H]E WE MU/ RECALL ?AT ! %IFT ( ,M>XISM FROM A REVOLUTION>Y TO AN 
EVOLUTION>Y !ORY TURN$ -- ) RESPECT TO !ORY -- >\ND ! 
QUE/ION AS TO :E!R OR NOT ,M>X'S ACCUMULATION !ORY WAS ALSO A 
!ORY ( ! OBJECTIVE NECESSITY ( CAPITALISM'S COLLAPSE4 ,! RE=MI/ 
W+ ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T ASS]T$ ?AT !RE WAS NO OBJECTIVE REASON = ! 
SY/EM'S DECL9E & DE/RUCTION1 :ILE ! REVOLUTION>Y M9ORITY W+ 
HELD ON TO ! CONVICTION ?AT CAPITALISM'S IMMAN5T CONTRADICTIONS MU/ 
LEAD TO ITS 9EVITABLE 5D4 ,:E!R ?IS CONVICTION WAS BAS$ ON CONTRADICTIONS 
9 ! SPH]E ( PRODUCTION OR 9 ?AT ( CIRCULATION1 LEFT-W+ ,M>XISM 
9SI/$ UPON ! C]TA9TY ( CAPITALISM'S EV5TUAL COLLAPSE1 EXPRESS$ 
BY EV] MORE DEVA/AT+ CRISES1 :I* W\LD BR+ =? A SUBJECTIVE READ9ESS 
ON ! P>T ( ! PROLET>IAT TO OV]?R[ ! SY/EM BY REVOLUTION>Y 
MEANS4 

,! RE=MI/S' D5IAL ( OBJECTIVE LIMITS TO CAPITALISM TURN$ !IR 
ATT5TION FROM ! SPH]E ( PRODUCTION TO ?AT ( DI/RIBUTION1 & SO FROM 
! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION TO M>KET RELATIONS1 :I* >E ! SOLE 
CONC]N ( B\RGEOIS ECONOMIC !ORY4 ,DI/URBANCES ( ! SY/EM W]E N[ SE5 
AS >IS+ FROM SUPPLY & DEM& RELATIONS1 :I* UNNECESS>ILY CAUS$ P]IODS 
( OV]PRODUCTION ?R\< A LACK ( EFFECTIVE DEM& DUE TO UNJU/IFIABLY L[ 
WAGES4 ,! ECONOMIC PROBLEM WAS R$UC$ TO ! QUE/ION ( A MORE EQUITABLE 
DI/RIBUTION ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCT1 :I* W\LD OV]COME ! SOCIAL FRICTIONS 
)9 ! SY/EM4 ,= ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES1 IT WAS N[ HELD1 B\RGEOIS 
ECONOMIC !ORY WAS ( GREAT] RELEVANCE ?AN ,M>X'S APPROA*1 & 
!RE=E ,M>XISM %\LD AVAIL ITSELF ( ! GO+ M>KET & PRICE !ORY 9 
ORD] TO BE ABLE TO PLAY A MORE EFFECTIVE ROLE 9 ! FRAM+ ( SOCIAL 
POLICIES4 

,IT WAS N[ SAID ?AT !RE W]E ECONOMIC LAWS ?AT OP]AT$ 9 ALL SOCIETIES 
& W]E NOT SUBJECT TO ,M>XIAN CRITICISM4 ,! CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY 
HAD AS ITS OBJECT M]ELY ! 9/ITUTIONAL =MS UND] :I* ! ET]NAL 
ECONOMIC LAWS ASS]T !MSELVES4 ,*ANG+ ! SY/EM W\LD NOT *ANGE ! LAWS 
( ECONOMICS4 ,:ILE !RE W]E DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! B\RGEOIS & ! 
,M>XIAN APPROA* TO ! ECONOMY1 !RE W]E ALSO SIMIL>ITIES :I* BO? HAD TO 
RECOGNIZE4 ,! P]PETUATION ( ! CAPITAL-LABOR RELATION1 I4E41 ! WAGE 
SY/EM1 9 ! SELF-/YL$ SOCIALI/ SOCIETIES1 !IR ACCUMULATION ( SOCIAL 
CAPITAL1 & !IR APPLICATION ( A SO-CALL$ 9C5TIVE SY/EM ?AT DIVID$ ! 
WORK =CE 9TO V>I\S 9COME CATEGORIES -- ALL !SE & MORE W]E N[ 
HELD TO BE UNALT]ABLE NECESSITIES 5=C$ BY ECONOMIC LAWS4 ,!SE LAWS 
REQUIR$ ! APPLICATION ( ! ANALYTICAL TOOLS ( B\RGEOIS ECONOMICS SO AS 
TO ALL[ = ! RATIONAL CONSUMMATION ( A PLANN$ SOCIALI/ ECONOMY4 

,?IS K9D ( ,M>XISM1 05RI*$0 BY B\RGEOIS !ORY1 WAS SOON 
TO F9D ITS COMPLEM5T 9 ! ATTEMPT TO MOD]NIZE B\RGEOIS ECONOMIC !ORY4 
,?IS !ORY HAD BE5 9 CRISIS EV] S9CE ! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION 9 ! WAKE ( 
,WORLD ,W> ,I4 ,! !ORY ( M>KET EQUILIBRIUM C\LD NEI!R EXPLA9 NOR JU/IFY 
! PROLONG$ DEPRESSION1 & ?US IT LO/ ITS IDEOLOGICAL VALUE = ! 
B\RGEOISIE4 ,H[EV]1 NEOCLASSICAL !ORY F\ND A SORT ( RESURRECTION ?R\< 
ITS ,KEYNESIAN MODIFICATION4 ,AL?\< IT HAD TO BE ADMITT$ ?AT ! HI!RTO 
ASSUM$ EQUILIBRIUM ME*ANISM ( ! M>KET & PRICE SY/EM WAS NO LONG] 
OP]ATIVE1 IT WAS N[ ASS]T$ ?AT IT C\LD BE MADE TO BE SO ) A LITTLE 
GOV]NM5TAL HELP4 ,! DISEQUILIBRIUM ( 9SUFFICI5T DEM& C\LD BE 
/RAI<T5$ \T BY GOV]NM5T-9DUC$ PRODUCTION = 0PUBLIC 
CONSUMPTION10 NOT ONLY ON ! ASSUMPTION ( /ATIC CONDITIONS BUT ALSO 
UND] CONDITIONS ( ECONOMIC GR[? :5 BALANC$ BY APPROPRIATE MONET>Y & 
FISCAL MEANS4 ,! M>KET ECONOMY1 ASSI/$ BY GOV]NM5T PLANN+1 W\LD !N 
OV]COME CAPITALISM'S SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CRISIS & DEPRESSION & W\LD 
ALL[1 9 PR9CIPLE1 = A /EADY GR[? ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 

,! APPEAL TO GOV]NM5T & ITS CONSCI\S 9T]V5TION 9 ! ECONOMY1 AS 
WELL AS ! ATT5TION PAID TO ! DYNAMICS ( ! SY/EM1 DIM9I%$ ! %>P 
OPPOSITION BETWE5 ! IDEOLOGY ( LAISSEZ-FAIRE & ?AT ( ! PLANN$ 
ECONOMIES4 ,?IS CORRESPOND$ TO A VISIBLE CONV]G5CE ( ! TWO SY/EMS1 ONE 
9FLU5C+ ! O!R1 9 A PROCESS LEAD+ P]HAPS TO A COMB9ATION ( ! 
FAVORABLE ELEM5TS ( BO? 9 A FUTURE SYN!SIS ABLE TO OV]COME ! 
DIFFICULTIES ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,9 FACT1 ! LONG ECONOMIC UPSW+ AFT] 
,WORLD ,W> ,I,I SEEM$ TO SUB/ANTIATE !SE EXPECTATIONS4 ,H[EV]1 DESPITE ! 
CONT9U+ AVAILABILITY ( GOV]NM5TAL 9T]V5TIONS1 A NEW CRISIS HAS 
FOLL[$ ?IS P]IOD ( CAPITALI/ EXPANSION1 AS IT ALWAYS HAD 9 ! PA/4 ,! 
CLEV] 0F9E-TUN+0 ( ! ECONOMY & ! 0TRADE(F0 
BETWE5 9FLATION & UNEMPLOYM5T DID NOT PREV5T A NEW ECONOMIC DECL9E4 ,! 
CRISIS & ! MEANS DESIGN$ TO COPE ) IT HAVE PROV$ TO BE EQUALLY 
DETRIM5TAL TO CAPITAL4 ,! CURR5T CRISIS IS ?US ACCOMPANI$ BY ! 
BANKRUPTCY ( NEO-,KEYNESIANISM1 JU/ AS ! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION SPELL$ ! 5D ( 
NEOCLASSICAL !ORY4 

,AP>T FROM ! FACT ?AT ! ACTUAL CRISIS CONDITIONS BR\<T ! DILEMMA ( 
B\RGEOIS ECONOMIC !ORY TO A HEAD1 ITS LONG/&+ IMPOV]I%M5T ?R\< 
ITS 9CREAS+ =MALIZATION RAIS$ MANY D\BTS 9 ! HEADS ( ACADEMIC 
ECONOMI/S4 ,! CURR5T QUE/ION+ ( ALMO/ ALL ! ASSUMPTIONS ( 
NEOCLASSICAL !ORY & ITS ,KEYNESIAN (FSPR+ HAS L$ SOME ECONOMI/S -- 
MO/ =CEFULLY REPRES5T$ BY ! SO-CALL$ NEO-,RIC>DIANS -- TO A 
HALF-HE>T$ RETURN TO CLASSICAL ECONOMICS4 ,M>X HIMSELF IS LOOK$ UPON AS A 
,RIC>DIAN ECONOMI/ & AS SU* F9DS 9CREAS+ FAVOR AMONG B\RGEOIS 
ECONOMI/S 9T5T ON 9TEGRAT+ HIS 0PIONE] WORK0 9TO !IR [N 
SPECIALTY1 ! SCI5CE ( ECONOMICS4 

,M>XISM1 H[EV]1 SIGNIFIES NEI!R MORE NOR LESS ?AN ! DE/RUCTION ( 
CAPITALISM4 ,EV5 AS A SCI5TIFIC DISCIPL9E IT (F]S NO?+ TO ! 
B\RGEOISIE4 ,& YET1 AS AN ALT]NATIVE TO ! DISCR$IT$ B\RGEOIS SOCIAL 
!ORY1 IT MAY S]VE ! LATT] BY PROVID+ IT ) SOME IDEAS USEFUL = ITS 
REJUV5ATION4 ,AFT] ALL1 ONE LE>NS FROM ! OPPOSITION4 ,MOREOV]1 9 ITS 
APP>5TLY 0REALIZ$0 =M 9 ! 0SOCIALI/ 
C\NTRIES10 ,M>XISM PO9TS TO PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS ?AT MAY ALSO BE USEFUL 
9 ! MIX$ ECONOMIES1 SU* AS A FUR!R 9CREASE ( /ABILIZ+ GOV]NM5TAL 
REGULATIONS4 ,AN 9COME & WAGE POLICY1 = 9/ANCE1 COMES QUITE CLOSE TO ! 
ANALOG\S >RANGEM5TS 9 C5TRALLY CONTROLL$ ECONOMIC SY/EMS4 ,F9ALLY1 9 
VIEW ( ! ABS5CE ( REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS1 ! ACADEMIC TYPE ( ,M>XIAN 
9QUIRY IS RISK-FREE1 9ASMU* AS IT IS RE/RICT$ TO ! WORLD ( IDEAS4 
,/RANGE AS IT MAY SEEM1 IT IS ! LACK ( SU* MOVEM5TS 9 A P]IOD ( SOCIAL 
TURMOIL ?AT TURNS ,M>XISM 9TO A M>KETABLE COMMODITY & A CULTURAL 
PH5OM5ON ATTE/+ TO ! TOL]ANCE & DEMOCRATIC FAIRNESS ( B\RGEOIS 
SOCIETY4 

,! SUDD5 POPUL>ITY ( ,M>XIAN !ORY NONE!LESS REFLECTS AN IDEOLOGICAL 
AS WELL AS AN ECONOMIC CRISIS ( CAPITALISM4 ,ABOVE ALL IT AFFECTS ?OSE 
RESPONSIBLE = ! MANUFACTURE & DI/RIBUTION ( IDEOLOGIES -- ?AT IS1 
MIDDLE-CLASS 9TELLECTUALS SPECIALIZ+ 9 SOCIAL !ORY4 ,!IR CLASS AS A 
:OLE MAY FEEL ITSELF 5DANG]$ BY ! C\RSE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 ) 
ITS VISIBLE SOCIAL DECAY1 & ?US G5U9ELY SEEK = ALT]NATIVES TO ! 
SOCIAL DILEMMA ?AT IS ALSO !IR [N4 ,!Y MAY DO SO = MOTIVES ?AT1 H[EV] 
OPPORTUNI/IC1 >E NECESS>ILY B\ND UP ) A CRITICAL ATTITUDE T[>D ! 
PREVAIL+ SY/EM4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ! CURR5T 0,M>XIAN R5AISSANCE0 
MAY =E%AD[ A RETURN ( ,M>XISM AS A SOCIAL MOVEM5T ( BO? !ORETICAL & 
PRACTICAL IMPORT4 

,NONE!LESS1 AT PRES5T !RE IS LITTLE EVID5CE ( A REVOLUTION>Y REACTION 
TO ! CAPITALI/ CRISIS4 ,IF ONE DI/+UI%ES BETWE5 ! 0OBJECTIVE 
LEFT0 9 SOCIETY1 ?AT IS1 ! PROLET>IAT AS SU*1 & ! ORGANIZ$ 
LEFT1 :I* IS NOT /RICTLY PROLET>IAN1 !N IT IS ONLY 9 ,FRANCE & ,ITALY 
?AT ONE CAN SPEAK ( ORGANIZ$ =CES ?AT C\LD CONCEIVABLY *ALL5GE 
CAPITALI/ RULE1 PROVID$ !Y HAD SU* 9T5TIONS4 ,BUT ! COMMUNI/ P>TIES 
& TRADE UNIONS ( !SE C\NTRIES HAVE LONG S9CE TRANS=M$ !MSELVES 9TO 
PURELY RE=MI/ P>TIES1 AT HOME )9 ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM & READY TO 
DEF5D IT4 ,! V]Y FACT ( !IR L>GE WORK+-CLASS FOLL[+ 9DICATES ! 
WORK]S' [N UNREAD9ESS1 OR UNWILL+NESS1 TO OV]?R[ ! CAPITALI/ 
SY/EM1 & 9DE$ !IR IMM$IATE DESIRE TO F9D ACCOMMODATION )9 IT4 
,!IR ILLUSIONS CONC]N+ ! RE=MABILITY ( CAPITALISM SUPPORT ! 
POLITICAL OPPORTUNISM ( ! COMMUNI/ P>TIES4 

,) ! AID ( ! SELF-CONTRADICTORY T]M 0,EUROCOMMUNISM10 
!SE P>TIES TRY TO DIFF]5TIATE !IR PRES5T ATTITUDES FROM PA/ POLICIES 
-- ?AT IS1 TO MAKE IT CLE> ?AT !IR TRADITIONAL1 ALBEIT LONG 
=GOTT51 /ATE-CAPITALI/ GOAL HAS BE5 DEF9ITIVELY GIV5 UP 9 FAVOR ( ! 
MIX$ ECONOMY & B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY4 ,?IS IS ! NATURAL C\NT]P>T TO ! 
9TEGRATION ( ! 0SOCIALI/ C\NTRIES0 9TO ! CAPITALI/ WORLD 
M>KET4 ,IT IS ALSO A QUE/ = ! ASSUMPTION ( L>G] RESPONSIBILITIES )9 
! CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES & !IR GOV]NM5TS & A PROMISE NOT TO DISRUPT 
?AT LIMIT$ DEGREE ( COOP]ATION REA*$ BY ! ,EUROPEAN P[]S4 ,IT DOES NOT 
IMPLY A RADICAL BREAK ) ! /ATE-CAPITALI/ P>T ( ! WORLD1 BUT M]ELY 
! RECOGNITION ?AT ?IS P>T TOO IS PRES5TLY NOT 9T]E/$ 9 FUR!R 
EXT5SION ( ! /ATE-CAPITALI/ SY/EM BY REVOLUTION>Y MEANS1 BUT RA!R 9 
ITS [N SECURITY 9 AN 9CREAS+LY UN/ABLE WORLD4 

,:ILE SOCIALI/ REVOLUTIONS AT ?IS /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T >E MORE ?AN JU/ 
D\BTFUL1 ALL WORK+-CLASS ACTIVITIES 9 DEF5SE ( ! WORK]S' [N 
9T]E/S POSSESS A POT5TIALLY REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT]4 ,9 P]IODS ( RELATIVE 
ECONOMIC /ABILITY ! WORK]S' /RUGGLE ITSELF HA/5S ! ACCUMULATION 
( CAPITAL1 BY =C+ ! B\RGEOISIE TO ADOPT MORE EFFICI5T WAYS TO 9CREASE 
! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR4 ,WAGES & PR(ITS MAY1 AS M5TION$1 RISE TOGE!R 
)\T DI/URB+ ! EXPANSION ( CAPITAL4 ,A DEPRESSION1 H[EV]1 BR+S ! 
SIMULTANE\S 7?\< UNEQUAL7 RISE ( PR(ITS & WAGES TO AN 5D4 ,! 
PR(ITABILITY ( CAPITAL MU/ BE RE/OR$ BE=E ! ACCUMULATION PROCESS CAN 
BE RESUM$4 ,! /RUGGLE BETWE5 LABOR & CAPITAL N[ 9VOLVES ! 
SY/EM'S V]Y EXI/5CE1 B\ND UP AS IT IS ) ITS CONT9U\S EXPANSION4 
,OBJECTIVELY1 ORD9>Y ECONOMIC /RUGGLES = HI<] WAGES TAKE ON REVOLUTION>Y 
IMPLICATIONS1 & ?US POLITICAL =MS1 AS ONE CLASS CAN SUCCE$ ONLY AT ! 
EXP5SE ( ! O!R4 

,( C\RSE1 ! WORK]S MI<T BE PREP>$ TO ACCEPT1 )9 LIMITS1 A 
DECREAS+ %>E ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCT1 IF ONLY TO AVOID ! MIS]IES ( 
DRAWN-\T CONFRONTATIONS ) ! B\RGEOISIE & ITS /ATE4 ,BECAUSE ( 
PREVI\S EXP]I5CES1 ! RUL+ CLASS EXPECTS REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITIES & HAS 
>M$ ITSELF ACCORD+LY4 ,BUT ! POLITICAL SUPPORT ( ! L>GE LABOR 
ORGANIZATIONS IS EQUALLY NECESS>Y TO PREV5T L>GE-SCALE SOCIAL UPHEAVALS4 ,AS 
A PROLONG$ DEPRESSION ?REAT5S ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 IT IS ESS5TIAL = ! 
COMMUNI/ P>TIES AS WELL AS O!R RE=MI/ ORGANIZATIONS TO HELP ! 
B\RGEOISIE TO OV]COME ITS CRISIS CONDITIONS4 ,!Y MU/ TRY TO PREV5T 
WORK+-CLASS ACTIVITIES ?AT MI<T DELAY A CAPITALI/ RECOV]Y4 ,!IR 
OPPORTUNI/IC POLICIES TAKE ON AN OP5LY C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT] AS 
SOON AS ! SY/EM F9DS ITSELF 5DANG]$ BY WORK+-CLASS DEM&S ?AT CANNOT 
BE SATISFI$ )9 A CRISIS-RIDD5 CAPITALISM4 

,AL?\< ! MIX$ ECONOMIES WILL NOT TRANS=M !MSELVES 9TO 
/ATE-CAPITALI/ SY/EMS ON !IR [N ACCORD1 & ?\< ! LEFT-W+ P>TIES 
HAVE1 = ! TIME BE+1 DISC>D$ !IR /ATE-CAPITALI/ GOALS1 ?IS MAY NOT 
PREV5T SOCIAL UPHEAVALS ON A SCALE L>GE 5\< TO OV]RIDE ! POLITICAL 
CONTROLS ( BO? ! B\RGEOISIE & !IR ALLIES 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,IF 
SU* A SITUATION %\LD OCCUR1 ! CURR5T ID5TIFICATION ( SOCIALISM ) 
/ATE-CAPITALISM1 & A =C$ R$$ICATION ( COMMUNI/ P>TIES TO ! E>LY 
TACTICS ( ,BOL%EVISM1 C\LD V]Y WELL SIDETRACK ANY SPONTANE\S RIS+ ( ! 
WORK]S 9TO /ATE-CAPITALI/ *ANNELS4 ,JU/ AS ! TRADITIONS ( ,SOCIAL 
,DEMOCRACY 9 ! ,C5TRAL ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES PREV5T$ ! POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS 
( #aiah FROM BECOM+ SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS1 SO ! TRADITIONS ( ,L59ISM MAY 
PREV5T ! REALIZATION ( SOCIALISM 9 FAVOR ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 

,! 9TRODUCTION ( /ATE CAPITALISM 9 CAPITALI/ICALLY ADVANC$ C\NTRIES 
AS A RESULT ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I DEMON/RATES ?AT ?IS SY/EM IS NOT RE/RICT$ TO 
CAPITALI/ICALLY UNDEVELOP$ NATIONS BUT MAYBE APPLICABLE UNIV]SALLY4 ,SU* A 
POSSIBILITY WAS NOT 5VISION$ BY ,M>X4 ,= HIM1 CAPITALISM W\LD BE REPLAC$ 
BY SOCIALISM1 NOT BY A HYBRID SY/EM CONTA9+ ELEM5TS ( BO? )9 
CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! 5D ( ! COMPETITIVE M>KET ECONOMY 
IS NOT NECESS>ILY ! 5D ( CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION1 :I* CAN ALSO BE 
REALIZ$ )9 ! /ATE-PLANN+ SY/EM4 ,?IS IS A HI/ORICALLY NOVEL 
SITUATION 9DICAT+ ! POSSIBILITY ( A DEVELOPM5T *>ACT]IZ$ G5]ALLY 
BY /ATE MONOPOLY OV] ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 NOT AS A P]IOD ( TRANSITION 
TO SOCIALISM BUT AS A NEW =M ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 

,REVOLUTION>Y ACTIONS PRESUPPOSE A G5]AL DISRUPTION ( SOCIETY ?AT 
ESCAPES ! CONTROL ( ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,?US F> SU* ACTIONS HAVE OCCURR$ 
ONLY 9 CONNECTION ) SOCIAL CATA/ROPHES1 SU* AS LO/ W>S & ! 
ASSOCIAT$ ECONOMIC DISLOCATIONS4 ,?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT SU* SITUATIONS >E 
AN ABSOLUTE PRECONDITION = REVOLUTION1 BUT IT PO9TS TO ! EXT5T ( SOCIAL 
DIS9TEGRATION NECESS>Y TO LEAD TO SOCIAL UPHEAVALS4 ,REVOLUTION MU/ 9VOLVE 
! REBELLION ( A MAJORITY ( ! ACTIVE POPULATION1 SOME?+ ?AT IS NOT 
BR\<T AB\T BY IDEOLOGICAL 9DOCTR9ATION BUT IS ! RESULT ( %E] 
NECESSITY4 ,! RESULT+ ACTIVITIES PRODUCE !IR [N REVOLUTION>Y 
CONSCI\SNESS1 NAMELY AN UND]/&+ ( :AT HAS TO BE DONE SO AS NOT TO BE 
DE/ROY$ BY ! CAPITALI/ 5EMY4 ,BUT AT PRES5T1 ! POLITICAL & MILIT>Y 
P[] ( ! B\RGEOISIE IS NOT ?REAT5$ BY 9T]NAL DISS5SION & ! 
ME*ANISMS = MANIPULATORY ECONOMIC ACTIONS >E NOT AS YET EXHAU/$4 ,& 
DESPITE 9CREAS+ 9T]NATIONAL COMPETITION = ! %R9K+ PR(ITS ( ! 
WORLD ECONOMY1 ! RUL+ CLASSES ( ! V>I\S NATIONS WILL /ILL SUPPORT ONE 
ANO!R 9 ! SUPPRESSION ( REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS4 

,! 5ORM\S DIFFICULTIES 9 ! WAY ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION & A COMMUNI/ 
RECON/RUCTION ( SOCIETY W]E FRI<TFULLY UND]E/IMAT$ BY ! E>LY ,M>XI/ 
MOVEM5T4 ,( C\RSE1 CAPITALISM'S RESILI5CY & ADAPTABILITY TO *ANG+ 
CONDITIONS C\LD NOT BE DISCOV]$ %ORT ( TRY+ TO PUT AN 5D TO IT4 ,IT 
%\LD BE CLE> BY N[1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! =MS TAK5 BY ! CLASS /RUGGLE 
DUR+ ! RISE ( CAPITALISM >E NOT ADEQUATE = ITS P]IOD ( DECL9E1 :I* 
ALONE ALL[S = ITS REVOLUTION>Y OV]?R[4 ,! EXI/5CE ( /ATE-CAPITALI/ 
SY/EMS ALSO DEMON/RATES ?AT SOCIALISM CANNOT BE REA*$ BY MEANS DEEM$ 
SUFFICI5T 9 ! PA/4 ,YET ?IS PROVES NOT ! FAILURE ( ,M>XISM BUT M]ELY 
! ILLUSORY *>ACT] ( MANY ( ITS MANIFE/ATIONS1 AS REFLEXES ( ILLUSIONS 
CREAT$ BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM ITSELF4 

,N[ AS BE=E1 ! ,M>XIAN ANALYSIS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION & ITS 
PECULI> & CONTRADICTORY EVOLUTION BY WAY ( ACCUMULATION IS ! ONLY !ORY 
?AT HAS BE5 EMPIRICALLY CONFIRM$ BY CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,TO SPEAK ( ! 
LATT] WE MU/ SPEAK 9 ,M>XIAN T]MS OR NOT AT ALL4 ,?IS IS :Y ,M>XISM CANNOT 
DIE BUT WILL LA/ AS LONG AS CAPITALISM EXI/S4 ,AL?\< L>GELY MODIFI$1 ! 
CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION P]SI/ 9 ! /ATE-CAPITALI/ 
SY/EMS4 ,AS ALL ECONOMIC RELATIONS >E SOCIAL RELATIONS1 ! CONT9U+ CLASS 
RELATIONS 9 !SE SY/EMS IMPLY ! CON/ANCY ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 EV5 IF1 
AT FIR/1 ONLY 9 ! ONE-SID$ =M ( AU?ORIT>IAN RULE4 ,! UNAVOIDABLE & 
GR[+ 9TEGRATION ( ! WORLD ECONOMY AFFECTS ALL NATIONS REG>DLESS ( 
!IR P>TICUL> SOCIOECONOMIC /RUCTURE & T5DS TO 9T]NATIONALIZE ! 
CLASS /RUGGLE & !REBY TO UND]M9E ATTEMPTS TO F9D NATIONAL SOLUTIONS = 
SOCIAL PROBLEMS4 ,SO LONG1 !N1 AS CLASS EXPLOITATION PREVAILS1 IT WILL BR+ 
=? A ,M>XI/ OPPOSITION1 EV5 IF ALL ,M>XI/ !ORY %\LD BE SUPPRESS$ OR 
US$ AS A FALSE IDEOLOGY 9 SUPPORT ( AN ANTI-,M>XIAN PRACTICE4 

,HI/ORY1 ( C\RSE1 HAS TO BE MADE BY PEOPLE1 BY WAY ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 
,! DECL9E ( CAPITALISM -- MADE VISIBLE ON ! ONE H& BY ! CONT9UAL 
CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL & C5TRALIZATION ( POLITICAL P[]1 & ON ! 
O!R H& BY ! 9CREAS+ AN>*Y ( ! SY/EM1 DESPITE1 & BECAUSE (1 
ALL ATTEMPTS AT MORE EFFICI5T SOCIAL ORGANIZATION -- MAY WELL BE A LONG 
DRAWN-\T AFFAIR4 ,IT WILL BE SO1 UNLESS CUT %ORT BY REVOLUTION>Y ACTIONS ON 
! P>T ( ! WORK+ CLASS & ALL ?OSE UNABLE TO SECURE !IR EXI/5CE 
)9 ! DET]IORAT+ SOCIAL CONDITIONS4 ,BUT AT ?IS PO9T ! FUTURE ( 
,M>XISM REMA9S EXTREMELY VAGUE4 ,! ADVANTAGES ( ! RUL+ CLASSES & !IR 
9/RUM5TS ( REPRESSION HAVE TO BE MAT*$ BY A P[] GREAT] ?AN ?AT :I* 
! LABOR+ CLASSES HAVE ?US F> BE5 ABLE TO G5]ATE4 ,IT IS NOT 
9CONCEIVABLE ?AT ?IS SITUATION WILL 5DURE & ?US CONDEMN ! PROLET>IAT 
TO PAY EV] HEAVI] P5ALTIES = ITS 9ABILITY TO ACT UPON ITS [N CLASS 
9T]E/4 ,FUR!R1 IT IS NOT EXCLUD$ ?AT ! P]SEV]ANCE ( CAPITALISM WILL 
LEAD TO ! DE/RUCTION ( SOCIETY ITSELF4 ,BECAUSE CAPITALISM REMA9S 
SUSCEPTIBLE TO CATA/ROPHIC CRISES1 NATIONS WILL T5D1 AS !Y HAVE 9 ! 
PA/1 TO RESORT TO W>1 TO EXTRICATE !MSELVES FROM DIFFICULTIES AT ! 
EXP5SE ( O!R CAPITALI/ P[]S4 ,?IS T5D5CY 9CLUDES ! POSSIBILITY ( 
NUCLE> W>1 & AS MATT]S /& TODAY1 W> SEEMS EV5 MORE LIKELY ?AN AN 
9T]NATIONAL SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 ,AL?\< ! RUL+ CLASSES >E FULLY AW>E 
( ! CONSEQU5CES ( NUCLE> W>F>E1 !Y CAN ONLY TRY TO PREV5T IT BY 
MUTUAL T]ROR1 ?AT IS1 BY ! COMPETITIVE EXPANSION ( ! NUCLE> >S5AL4 ,AS 
!Y HAVE ONLY V]Y LIMIT$ CONTROL OV] !IR ECONOMICS1 !Y ALSO HAVE NO 
REAL CONTROL OV] !IR POLITICAL AFFAIRS1 & :ATEV] 9T5TIONS !Y MAY 
H>BOR TO AVOID MUTUAL DE/RUCTION DO NOT GREATLY AFFECT ! PROBABILITY ( ITS 
OCCURR5CE4 ,IT IS ?IS T]RIBLE SITUATION ?AT PRECLUDES ! CONFID5CE ( AN 
E>LI] P]IOD 9 ! C]TA9TY & SUCCESS ( SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 

,AS ! FUTURE REMA9S OP51 EV5 IF DET]M9$ BY ! PA/ & ! 
IMM$IATELY GIV5 CONDITIONS1 ,M>XI/S MU/ PROCE$ ON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! 
ROAD TO SOCIALISM IS NOT YET CLOS$ & ?AT !RE IS /ILL A *ANCE TO 
OV]COME CAPITALISM PRIOR TO ITS SELF-DE/RUCTION4 ,SOCIALISM N[ APPE>S NOT 
ONLY AS ! GOAL ( ! REVOLUTION>Y LABOR MOVEM5T BUT AS ! ONLY 
ALT]NATIVE TO ! P>TIAL OR TOTAL DE/RUCTION ( ! WORLD4 ,?IS REQUIRES1 ( 
C\RSE1 ! EM]G5CE ( SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS ?AT RECOGNIZE ! CAPITALI/ 
RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION AS ! S\RCE ( 9CREAS+ SOCIAL MIS]IES & ! 
?REAT5+ DESC5T 9TO A /ATE ( B>B>ISM4 ,H[EV]1 AFT] MORE ?AN A 
HUNDR$ YE>S ( SOCIALI/ AGITATION1 ?IS SEEMS TO BE A =LORN HOPE4 ,:AT ONE 
G5]ATION LE>NS1 ANO!R =GETS1 DRIV5 BY =CES BEYOND ITS CONTROL & 
!RE=E COMPREH5SION4 ,! CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITALISM1 AS A SY/EM ( 
PRIVATE 9T]E/S DET]M9$ BY SOCIAL NECESSITIES1 >E REFLECT$ NOT ONLY 9 
! CAPITALI/ M9D BUT ALSO 9 ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,BO? 
CLASSES REACT TO ! RESULTS ( !IR [N ACTIVITIES AS IF !Y W]E DUE TO 
UNALT]ABLE NATURAL LAWS4 ,SUBJECT$ TO ! FETI%ISM ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION 
!Y P]CEIVE ! HI/ORICALLY LIMIT$ CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION AS AN 
EV]LA/+ CONDITION TO :I* EA* & EV]YONE HAS TO ADJU/4 ,S9CE ?IS 
]RONE\S P]CEPTION SECURES ! EXPLOITATION ( LABOR BY CAPITAL1 IT IS ( 
C\RSE FO/]$ BY ! CAPITALI/ AS ! IDEOLOGY ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY & 
9DOCTR9AT$ 9TO ! PROLET>IAT4 

,! CAPITALI/ CONDITIONS ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION =CE ! WORK+ CLASS TO 
ACCEPT ITS EXPLOITATION AS ! ONLY WAY TO SECURE ITS LIVELIHOOD4 ,! IMM$IATE 
NE$S ( ! WORK] CAN ONLY BE SATISFI$ BY SUBMITT+ TO !SE CONDITIONS & 
!IR REFLECTION 9 ! RUL+ IDEOLOGY4 ,G5]ALLY1 HE WILL ACCEPT ONE ) ! 
O!R1 AS REPRES5TATIVE ( ! REAL WORLD1 :I* CANNOT BE DEFI$ EXCEPT BY 
SUICIDE4 ,AN ESCAPE FROM B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY WILL NOT ALT] HIS ACTUAL POSITION 
9 SOCIETY & IS AT BE/ A LUXURY )9 ! CONDITIONS ( HIS DEP5D5CE4 ,NO 
MATT] H[ MU* HE MAY EMANCIPATE HIMSELF IDEOLOGICALLY1 = ALL PRACTICAL 
PURPOSES HE MU/ PROCE$ AS IF HE W]E /ILL UND] ! SWAY ( B\RGEOIS 
IDEOLOGY4 ,HIS ?\<TS & ACTIONS >E ( NECESSITY DISCREPANT4 ,HE MAY REALIZE 
?AT HIS 9DIVIDUAL NE$S CAN ONLY BE ASSUR$ BY COLLECTIVE CLASS ACTIONS1 BUT 
HE WILL /ILL BE =C$ TO ATT5D TO HIS IMM$IATE NE$S AS AN 9DIVIDUAL4 ,! 
TW(OLD NATURE ( CAPITALISM AS SOCIAL PRODUCTION = PRIVATE GA9 REAPPE>S 9 
! AMBIGUITY ( ! WORK]'S POSITION AS BO? AN 9DIVIDUAL & A MEMB] 
( A SOCIAL CLASS4 

,IT IS ?IS SITUATION1 RA!R ?AN SOME CONDITION$ 9ABILITY TO TRANSC5D 
CAPITALI/ IDEOLOGY1 ?AT MAKES ! WORK]S RELUCTANT TO EXPRESS & TO ACT 
UPON !IR ANTI-CAPITALI/ ATTITUDES1 :I* COMPLEM5T !IR SOCIAL POSITION AS 
WAGE WORK]S4 ,!Y >E FULLY AW>E ( !IR CLASS /ATUS1 EV5 :5 !Y IGNORE 
OR D5Y IT1 BUT !Y ALSO RECOGNIZE ! 5ORM\S P[]S >RAY$ AGA9/ !M1 
:I* ?REAT5 !IR DE/RUCTION %\LD !Y D>E TO *ALL5GE ! CAPITALI/ 
CLASS RELATIONS4 ,IT IS = ?IS REASON TOO ?AT !Y *OOSE A RE=MI/ RA!R 
?AN REVOLUTION>Y MODE ( ACTION :5 !Y ATTEMPT TO WR+ CONCESSIONS FROM 
! B\RGEOISIE4 ,!IR LACK ( REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS EXPRESSES NO MORE 
?AN ! ACTUAL SOCIAL P[] RELATIONS1 :I* 9DE$ CANNOT BE *ANG$ AT WILL4 
,A CAUTI\S 0REALISM0 -- ?AT IS1 A RECOGNITION ( ! LIMIT$ 
RANGE ( ACTIVITIES OP5 TO !M -- DET]M9ES !IR ?\<TS & ACTIONS 
& F9DS ITS JU/IFICATION 9 ! P[] ( CAPITAL4 

,UNLESS ACCOMPANI$ BY REVOLUTION>Y ACTION ON ! P>T ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 
,M>XISM1 AS ! !ORETICAL COMPREH5SION ( CAPITALISM1 REMA9S JU/ ?AT4 ,IT 
IS NOT ! !ORY ( AN ACTUAL SOCIAL PRACTICE1 9T5T & ABLE TO *ANGE ! 
WORLD1 BUT FUNCTIONS AS AN IDEOLOGY 9 ANTICIPATION ( SU* A PRACTICE4 ,ITS 
9T]PRETATION ( REALITY1 H[EV] CORRECT1 DOES NOT AFFECT ! IMM$IATELY 
GIV5 CONDITIONS TO ANY IMPORTANT EXT5T4 ,IT M]ELY DESCRIBES ! ACTUAL 
CONDITIONS 9 :I* ! PROLET>IAT F9DS ITSELF1 LEAV+ !IR *ANGE TO ! 
FUTURE ACTIONS ( ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 ,BUT ! V]Y CONDITIONS 9 :I* ! 
WORK]S F9D !MSELVES SUBJECT !M TO ! RULE ( CAPITAL & TO AN IMPOT5T1 
NAMELY IDEOLOGICAL1 OPPOSITION AT BE/4 ,!IR CLASS /RUGGLE )9 ASC5D+ 
CAPITALISM /R5G!NS !IR ADV]S>Y & WEAK5S !IR [N OPPOSITIONAL 
9CL9ATIONS4 ,REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM IS ?US NOT A !ORY ( CLASS /RUGGLE AS 
SU*1 BUT A !ORY ( CLASS /RUGGLE UND] ! SPECIFIC CONDITIONS ( 
CAPITALISM'S DECL9E4 ,IT CANNOT OP]ATE EFFECTIVELY UND] 
0NORMAL0 CONDITIONS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION BUT HAS TO AWAIT !IR 
BREAKD[N4 ,ONLY :5 ! CAUTI\S 0REALISM0 ( ! WORK]S TURNS 
9TO UNREALISM1 & RE=MISM 9TO UTOPIANISM -- ?AT IS1 :5 ! 
B\RGEOISIE IS NO LONG] ABLE TO MA9TA9 ITSELF EXCEPT ?R\< ! CONT9U\S 
WORS5+ ( ! LIV+ CONDITIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT MAY SPONTANE\S 
REBELLIONS ISSUE 9TO REVOLUTION>Y ACTIONS P[]FUL 5\< TO OV]?R[ ! 
CAPITALI/ REGIME4 

,UNTIL N[ ! HI/ORY ( REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM HAS BE5 ! HI/ORY ( ITS 
DEFEATS1 :I* 9CLUDE ! APP>5T SUCCESSES ?AT CULM9AT$ 9 ! EM]G5CE 
( /ATE-CAPITALI/ SY/EMS4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT E>LY ,M>XISM NOT ONLY 
UND]E/IMAT$ ! RESILI5CY ( CAPITALISM1 BUT 9 DO+ SO ALSO OV]E/IMAT$ 
! P[] ( ,M>XIAN IDEOLOGY TO AFFECT ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! PROLET>IAT4 
,! PROCESS ( HI/ORICAL *ANGE1 EV5 IF SPE$$ UP BY ! DYNAMICS ( 
CAPITALISM1 IS EXCE$+LY SL[1 P>TICUL>LY :5 MEASUR$ AGA9/ ! 
LIFESPAN ( AN 9DIVIDUAL4 ,BUT ! HI/ORY ( FAILURE IS ALSO ONE ( ILLUSIONS 
%$ & EXP]I5CE GA9$1 IF NOT = ! 9DIVIDUAL1 AT LEA/ = ! CLASS4 
,!RE IS NO REASON TO ASSUME ?AT ! PROLET>IAT CANNOT LE>N FROM EXP]I5CE4 
,QUITE AP>T FROM SU* CONSID]ATIONS1 IT WILL AT ANY RATE BE =C$ BY 
CIRCUM/ANCES TO F9D A WAY TO SECURE ITS EXI/5CE \TSIDE ( CAPITALISM1 :5 
?IS IS NO LONG] POSSIBLE )9 IT4 ,AL?\< ! P>TICUL>ITIES ( SU* A 
SITUATION CANNOT BE E/ABLI%$ 9 ADVANCE1 ONE ?+ IS CLE>3 NAMELY1 ?AT 
! LIB]ATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS FROM CAPITALI/ DOM9ATION CAN ONLY BE 
A*IEV$ ?R\< ! WORK]S' [N 9ITIATIVE1 & ?AT SOCIALISM CAN BE 
REALIZ$ ONLY ?R\< ! ABOLITION ( CLASS SOCIETY ?R\< ! 5D+ ( ! 
CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! REALIZATION ( ?IS GOAL WILL BE AT 
ONCE ! V]IFICATION ( ,M>XIAN !ORY & ! 5D ( ,M>XISM4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #c1 #bba 3 ,M>XISM -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,M>XISM -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/