,M>XISM1 ,FRE$OM & ! ,/ATE 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 

,TAGS 3 SOME PRIVILEG$ CLASS OR O!R1 PROGRAM ( ! 9T]NATIONAL1 CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[]1 P[] ( ! /ATE1 EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT1 MASSES ( ! PEOPLE1 SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC LABOR P>TY1 RI<TS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 MAT]IAL 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL1 ACTION ( ! /ATE4 

,TEXT 3 

,TRANSLAT$ & ,$IT$ ) A ,BIOGRAPHICAL ,SKET* BY 

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,PHOTO BY ,TIM ,B\NDS1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C ,LIC5SE .<,FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 #aie BY ,FRE$OM ,PRESS4 ,SCANN$ 9 & PUT 9 ,H,T,M,L =MAT BY ,GREG ,ALT 7GALT@aFACILITY4CS4UTAH4$U7 ON ,JANU>Y #a#e1 #a#i#i#f4 ,!RE WAS NO COPYRI<T NOTICE F\ND 9 ! #aihd PR9T+ BY ,FRE$OM ,PRESS4 ,ALL ( ! TEXT EXCEPT = ! FOOTNOTES1 =EWORD1 & BIOGRAPHY W]E WRITT5 BY ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 & TRANSLAT$ & $IT$ BY ,K5AFICK4 ,I HAVE TRI$ TO FIX ALL ! ]RORS RESULT+ FROM SCANN+1 BUT BE AW>E ?AT !RE >E PROBABLY A FEW LEFT_<,DANA ,W>D CORRECT$ HTML ]RORS1 ,DECEMB]1 #a#i#i#i_>.> 

,TABLE ( ,CONT5TS 

,=EWORD 

,LIFE ( ,BAKUN9 

,9TRODUCTORY 

,M>XI/ ,IDEOLOGY 

,! ,/ATE & ,M>XISM 

,9T]NATIONALISM & ! ,/ATE 

,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION & ! ,/ATE 

,POLITICAL ,ACTION & ! ,WORK]S 

,APP5DIX 

,LIB]TY = ALL1 & A NATURAL RESPECT = ?AT LIB]TY3 SU* >E ! ESS5TIAL CONDITIONS ( 9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY4 

 --,BAKUN9 

,=EWORD 

,9 MY BOOK ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN9 & ,K>L ,M>X1 ,I /AT$ 9 A FOOTNOTE ?AT ,I 9T5D$ TO REPR9T C]TA9 PASSAGES FROM ,BAKUN9 9 A BOOKLET TO BE 5TITL$ ,M>XISM1 ,AN>*ISM & ! ,/ATE4 ,! PRES5T WORK IS A FULFILLM5T ( ?AT 9T5TION2 BUT ,I HAVE SLI<TLY ALT]$ ! TITLE1 BECAUSE ON REFLECTION1 ,I FELT ?AT ,BAKUN9 WAS H]E TREAT+ ( WID] & DEEP] MATT]S ?AN M]ELY ! M]ITS ( ONE POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY AS AGA9/ ANO!R4 ,HE WAS TREAT+ ( ! :OLE QUE/ION ( MAN'S FRE$OM 9 RELATION TO SOCIETY1 TO ! COMMUNITY4 

,?IS QUE/ION IS ! SUPREME QUE/ION ( \R G5]ATION4 ,ON ITS SOLUTION DEP5DS ! FATE ( ! HUMAN RACE2 = IF ! ANSW] TO ! QUE/ION ( MAN'S FRE$OM 9 RELATION TO ! COMMUNITY IS TO BE ! TOTALIT>IAN ANSW] ?AT HE HAS NONE1 !N 9DE$ CAN ! M>* ( HUMAN PROGRESS BE SAID TO HAVE COME TO ITS 5D4 ,& ?AT 5D1 BE>+ 9 M9D ! CIRCUM/ANCES ( ?IS ATOMIC AGE CAN ONLY BE AMID W> & UNIV]SAL DE/RUCTION4 

,9 MANY P>TS ( HIS WRIT+S1 ,BAKUN9 HAS GIV5 HIS VIEWS ON ! NATURE & POSSIBILITIES ( HUMAN FRE$OM--:I* HE %>PLY DIFF]5TIAT$ FROM EGOISM & SELF C5T]$ 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,AP>T FROM ?AT REPRODUC$ ON ! FIR/ PAGE ( ! EXTRACTS1 P]HAPS ! BE/ DEF9ITION HE HAS GIV5 IS ?AT C\*$ 9 ! FOLL[+ WORDS3 

0,WE UND]/& BY LIB]TY1 ON ! ONE H&1 ! DEVELOPM5T1 AS COMPLETE AS POSSIBLE ( ALL ! NATURAL FACULTIES ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL1 &1 ON ! O!R H&1 HIS 9DEP5D5CE1 NOT AS REG>DS NATURAL & SOCIAL LAWS BUT AS REG>DS ALL ! LAWS IMPOS$ BY O!R HUMAN WILLS1 :E!R COLLECTIVE OR SEP>ATE4 

0,:5 WE DEM& ! LIB]TY ( ! MASSES1 WE DO NOT 9 ! LEA/ CLAIM TO ABOLI% ANY ( ! NATURAL 9FLU5CES ( ANY 9DIVIDUAL OR ( ANY GR\P ( 9DIVIDUALS :I* EX]CISE !IR ACTION ON !M4 ,:AT WE WANT IS ! ABOLITION ( >TIFICIAL1 PRIVILEG$1 LEGAL1 (FICIAL1 9FLU5CES40 7,MI*AEL ,BAKUN9 & ,K>L ,M>X1 P4 #c7 

,) ?IS VIEW ( LIB]TY IS L9K$ ,BAKUN9'S VIEW ( AU?ORITY1 :I* HE BY NO MEANS EQUATES ) ORGANIZATION & SELF-DISCIPL9E1 :I*1 9 !MSELVES1 HE REG>D$ AS V]Y DESIRABLE4 ,:AT HE MEANT BY 0AU?ORITY01 NAMELY ! RI<T TO COMM& OR TO 5=CE OB$I5CE1 WAS CONSID]$ BY HIM TO BE FUNDAM5TALLY ( RELIGI\S ORIG94 ,! IDEA ( AN AU?ORIT>IANISM ?AT IT IS \R DUTY TO OBEY AU?ORITY1 IS D]IV$1 ACCORD+ TO HIS !ORY FROM RELIGI\S ORIG9S1 EV5 :5 IT HAS LAT] TAK5 POLITICAL =MS4 ,H5CE ! OPPOSITION TO RELIGION1 :I* TAKES A PROM95T POSITION 9 HIS WRIT+S1 MU* MORE SO ?AN 9 ?OSE ( ! ,M>XIANS1 & :I* SOMETIMES IS RA!R VIOL5TLY EXPRESS$4 

,!RE IS ALSO ANO!R REASON = ! CRITICISM ( RELIGION & *UR*ES ?AT IS TO BE F\ND SO FREQU5TLY 9 HIS WRIT+S1 & ?AT IS ! CLOSE CONNECTION BETWE5 RELIGION & ! ,/ATE :I* DI/+UI%ES ! ,HEGELIAN PHILOSOPHY1 AGA9/ :I* ,BAKUN9 HAD REBELL$4 ,IT IS PO9T$ \T BY ,GIDE & ,RI/3 0,! ,/ATE1 ACCORD+ TO ,HEGEL1 IS AN AGGRESSION ( ! SPIRIT REALIZ+ ITSELF 9 ! CONSCI5CE ( ! WORLD1 :ILE NATURE IS AN EXPRESSION ( ! SAME SPIRIT )\T ! CONSCI5CE1 AN ALT] EGO--A SPIRIT 9 BONDAGE4 ,GOD MOV+ 9 ! WORLD HAS MADE ! ,/ATE POSSIBLE4 ,ITS F\NDATION IS 9 ! MI<T ( REASON REALIZ+ ITSELF 9 WILL4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y TO ?9K ( IT NOT M]ELY AS A GIV5 ,/ATE OR A P>TICUL> 9/ITUTION1 BUT ( ITS ESS5CE OR IDEA AS A REAL MANIFE/ATION ( ,GOD4 ,EV]Y ,/ATE1 ( :ATEV] K9D IT MAY BE1 P>TAKES ( ?IS DIV9E ESS5CE40 7,A ,HI/ORY ( ,ECONOMIC ,DOCTR9ES1 P4 #d#c#e7 

,N[ ?IS CLOSE ID5TIFICATION ( ! SPIRIT ( ,GOD & ! SPIRIT ( ! ,/ATE IS REASON 5\< :Y ,BAKUN91 AS AN 5EMY ! ,/ATE1 %\LD ALSO HAVE CONSID]$ IT NECESS>Y TO ATTACK RELIGION4 ,?US1 ! T]M 0,GOD & ! ,/ATE0 LAT] APPLI$ BY ITS $ITORS TO A FRAGM5T ( HIS WORKS1 IS QUITE FITT+4 ,! ,M>XIANS1 ON ! O!R H&1 AS ADH]5TS ( ! ,/ATE1 & AS *AMPIONS ( AU?ORITY1 F\ND NO SU* NECESSITY = MAK+ A FRONTAL ATTACK ON RELIGION1 & 5C\NT]$ ACCORD+LY MU* LESS ( ! ANIM\S ( RELIGI\SLY-M9D$ PEOPLE ?AN WAS ! FATE ( ! ,AN>*I/S4 

,OP9IONS MAY DIFF] 9 ! ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T ITSELF AS TO ! RELATIVE IMPORTANCE TO BE GIV5 TO ! DISCUSSION ( ! RELIGI\S QUE/IONS2 BUT ! MATT] IS M5TION$ H]E ONLY 9 ORD] TO EXPLA9 ,BAKUN9'S ATTITUDE & TO %[ ?AT IT HAD A LOGICAL DEVELOPM5T1 :E!R OR NOT IT W]E ! BE/ TACTIC TO PURSUE1 & :E!R OR NOT ITS FUNDAM5TAL ASSUMPTIONS W]E CORRECT4 

,AS WILL BE 9DICAT$ 9 MORE DETAIL 9 ! FOLL[+ BIOGRAPHY1 ! EXTRACTS PR9T$ 9 ?IS VOLUME >E TAK5 MA9LY FROM ?OSE WRIT+S ( ,BAKUN9 T\*+ ON HIS CONTROV]SY ) ,M>X & !RE=E BELONG TO ! YE>S #a#h#g-#g#b2 BUT ! PASSAGES DEAL+ ) ! NATURE & *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! ,/ATE 9 G5]AL >E MO/LY TAK5 FROM ,F$]ALISM1 ,SOCIALISM & ,ANTI-,!OLOGIANISM WRITT5 9 #a#h#f#g1 & BAS$1 AS ! TITLE 9DICATES1 ON ! ABOVE-M5TION$ CLOSE CONNECTION1 TO HIS M9D1 BETWE5 ! ,/ATE & RELIGION4 

,IT IS NOT ONLY ! QUE/ION ( ! RELATION ( ,M>XIAN DOCTR9ES TO ?OSE ( FRE$OM & ( ! ,/ATE1 SO MU* DISCUSS$ 9 ! FOLL[+ PAGES ?AT GIVES !M 9T]E/ & IMPORTANCE1 BUT ALSO ! LI<T !Y ?R[ ON ! SY/EM ?AT N[ EXI/S 9 ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA1 & :I* CALLS ITSELF 0,SOCIALI/0 & 0DEMOCRATIC01 :]E IT IS1 9 REALITY1 NEI!R ! ONE NOR ! O!R1 BUT ESS5TIALLY CAPITALI/IC & TOTALIT>IAN OR1 AS ,BAKUN9 EXPRESS$ IT 9 A PASSAGE TO BE QUOT$ LAT] 0ALL WORK P]=M$ 9 ! EMPLOY ( ! ,/ATE04 ,BAKUN9 %[$ 9 ! E>LY SEV5TIES ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY ?AT SU* A SY/EM MU/ RESULT IF IT IS ATTEMPT$ TO TRANS=M SOCIETY ON AN AU?ORIT>IAN BASIS2 ! EXI/5CE 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY ( ?AT PORT5TI\S PH5OM5ON1 ! ,SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T1 HAS PROV$ HIM UP TO ! HILT TO BE RI<T4 ,9 ! WORDS ( HIS FRI5D & COLLABORATOR1 ,JAMES ,GUILLAUME1 0,H[ C\LD ONE WANT AN EQUALIT>IAN & FREE SOCIETY TO ISSUE FROM AN AU?ORIT>IAN ORGANIZATION8 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE40 

,MELB\RNE1 #a#i#e4  

 ,K4 ,J4 ,K5AFICK 

,LIFE ( ,BAKUN9 

,MI*AEL ,ALEX&ROVIT* ,BAKUN9 WAS BORN ON #c? ,MAY1 #a#h#a#d1 9 ! ,RUSSIAN PROV9CE ( ,TV>4 ,HE WAS ! ELDE/ SON ( A RETIR$ DIPLOMAT1 :O WAS A MEMB] ( ! ANCI5T ,RUSSIAN NOBILITY4 ,Y\NG ,MI*AEL PASS$ HIS BOYHOOD ON ! FAMILY E/ATE1 & GA9$ !RE AN 9SI<T 9TO ! PEASANT M5TALITY :I* IS REFLECT$ 9 HIS LAT] WRIT+S4 

,AT ! AGE ( FIFTE51 AFT] A GOOD HOME $UCATION UND] TUTORS1 HE WAS S5T TO ,/4 ,PET]SBURG TO /UDY = & 5T] ! ,>TILL]Y ,S*OOL4 ,AFT] FIVE YE>S ( MILIT>Y /UDIES1 HE WAS PO/$ AS 5SIGN TO A REGIM5T /ATION$ 9 ,POL&2 BUT ! MONOTON\S LIFE ( A REMOTE G>RISON SOON PROV$ HI<LY UNPALATABLE TO ?IS V]Y SOCIABLE & HI<SPIRIT$ Y\NG >I/OCRAT4 ,HE ?REW UP HIS COMMISSION & ! :OLE MILIT>Y C>E] & ADOPT$ 9/EAD ?AT ( A /UD5T 9 ,MOSC[4 

,! ADOLESC5CE & Y\NG MANHOOD ( ,BAKUN9 W]E SP5T UND] ! IRON DESPOTISM ( ! ,CZ> ,NI*OLAS ,I1 ! MO/ CONSI/5TLY REACTION>Y ?AT ,RUSSIA HAD EV] KN[N & ! MO/ RIGIDLY REPRESSIVE TILL ! DICTATOR%IP ( ,JOSEPH ,/AL94 ,UND] ?IS REGIME EV]Y TYPE ( LIB]ALISM ( EV5 ! MILDE/ K9D1 :E!R 9 POLITICS1 LIT]ATURE1 OR RELIGION1 WAS RU?LESSLY CRU%$4 ,9 PHILOSOPHY ALONE DID !RE SEEM TO BE ANY *ANCE = DISCUSSION1 & ?OSE :O W\LD 9 ,WE/]N C\NTRIES HAVE TURN$ TO POLITICS DEVOT$ !IR ATT5TION 9 ,RUSSIA TO PHILOSOPHY4 ,BAKUN9 WAS ONE ( !SE & 9 FACT AT ?IS TIME HIS 9T]E/ 9 POLITICS APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 NIL4 ,HIS FAVORITE PHILOSOPH]S W]E ,FI*TE & ,HEGEL2 FROM ! =M] HE LE>N$ ?AT FRE$OM1 LIB]TY1 9DEP5D5CE W]E ! HI<E/ EXPRESSION ( ! MORAL LAW2 FROM ! LATT]1 ! DOM9AT+ PHILOSOPH] ( ! TIME1 HE GA9$ A KN[L$GE ( ! ,DIALECTIC1 ! !ORY ?AT ALL LIFE & HI/ORY CON/ITUTE A PROCESS ( ! RECONCILIATION ( OPPOSITES ON A HI<] PLANE--OR1 AS ,HEGEL EXPRESS$ IT !SIS1 ANTI!SIS & SYN!SIS4 ,FROM ?IS !RE NATURALLY >OSE A !ORY ( HI/ORIC EVOLUTION4 

,FIVE YE>S ( ,BAKUN9'S LIFE 7#a#h#c#e-#d7 W]E SP5T 9 ! /UDY ( PHILOSOPHY1 AT ,MOSC[1 & !N HE W5T TO ,B]L9 TO IMBIBE MORE KN[L$GE ( HIS SUBJECT AT ITS F\NTA9HEAD4 ,! POLITICAL & 9TELLECTUAL ATMOSPH]E ( ,G]MANY1 ?\< REACTION>Y COMP>$ TO ?OSE ( ,FRANCE & ,5GL&1 WAS ALMO/ PROGRESSIVE AS COMP>$ ) ,RUSSIA & SOME ( ! Y\NG] ADH]5TS ( ,HEGEL BEGAN TO DEVELOP ,RADICAL IDEAS FROM HIS DOCTR9E ( ! ,DIALECTIC4 ,PROM95T AMONG !SE WAS ,LUDWIG ,FEU]BA*1 :OSE BOOK ,! ,ESS5CE ( ,*RI/IANITY TOOK A DECID$LY MAT]IALI/IC1 9 FACT1 A!I/IC ATTITUDE4 ,IT CONV]T$ MANY Y\NG 9TELLECTUALS TO ITS VIEWPO9T & AMONG !SE W]E ,K>L ,M>X1 ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS & ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN94 ,! LATT]'S 9TELLECTUAL EVOLUTION HAD N[ BEGUN--! EVOLUTION ?AT WAS TO TURN HIM FROM AN OR?ODOX SUBJECT ( ! ,CZ> 9TO A ,MAT]IALI/1 A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALI/1 & AN ,AN>*I/4 

,9 #ahdb HE W5T TO ,DRESD5 9 ,SAXONY & 9 ,OCTOB] PUBLI%$ 9 ,>NOLD ,RUGE'S ,DEUTS*E ,FAHRBUE*] AN >TICLE 5TITL$ 0,REACTION 9 ,G]MANY0 :I* L$ TO REVOLUTION>Y CONCLUSIONS & :I* 5D$ ) WORDS ?AT BECAME CELEBRAT$3 0,LET US PUT \R TRU/ 9 ! ET]NAL SPIRIT :I* DE/ROYS & ANNIHILATES ONLY BECAUSE IT IS ! UNSE>*ABLE & ET]NALLY CREATIVE S\RCE ( ALL LIFE4 ,! DESIRE = DE/RUCTION IS ALSO A CREATIVE DESIRE40 

,LEAV+ ,SAXONY :I* HAD BECOME TOO HOT TO HOLD HIM AS A RESULT ( ?IS >TICLE1 ,BAKUN9 W5T 9 #ahdc TO ,SWITZ]L&4 ,H]E HE MADE ! ACQUA9TANCE ( ,WILHELM ,WEITL+ & HIS WRIT+S4 ,?IS MAN WAS A SELF-$UCAT$ ,G]MAN ,COMMUNI/1 :O PREA*$ REVOLUTION & ,SOCIALISM 9 PHRASES =E%AD[+ ! LAT] ,AN>*ISM4 ,HE SAID = 9/ANCE3 0,! P]FECT SOCIETY HAS NO GOV]NM5T BUT ONLY AN ADM9I/RATION1 NO LAWS BUT ONLY OBLIGATIONS1 NO PUNI%M5TS BUT MEANS ( CORRECTION40 ,!SE S5TIM5TS GREATLY IMPRESS$ & 9FLU5C$ ! LIB]TY-LOV+ ,BAKUN94 ,BUT !Y CAUS$ ! JAIL+ ( ,WEITL+ & :5 ! ,CZ>I/ ,GOV]NM5T HE>D ( ,BAKUN9'S CONNECTION ) HIM1 ! Y\NG MAN WAS SUMMON$ BACK TO ,RUSSIA4 ,HE REFUS$ TO GO & WAS \TLAW$4 ,HE W5T = A BRIEF P]IOD TO ,BRUSSELS & !N1 E>LY 9 #a#h#d#d1 TO ,P>IS4 

,BAKUN9'S SOJ\RN 9 ,P>IS WAS ( VITAL IMPORTANCE 9 HIS 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,HE 5C\NT]$ H]E TWO M5 :OSE 9FLU5CE ON HIS ?\<T WAS V]Y GREAT4 ,!SE M5 W]E ,K>L ,M>X & ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON4 ,BAKUN9 HAD MANY DISCUSSIONS ) ,M>X AT ?IS P]IOD1 & ?\< GREATLY IMPRESS$ BY ! ,G]MAN ?9K]'S REAL G5IUS1 S*OL>%IP1 & REVOLUTION>Y ZEAL & 5]GY1 WAS REPELL$ BY HIS >ROGANCE1 EGOTISM1 & JEAL\SY4 ,!SE FAULTS W]E ONES ( :I* ,BAKUN9 HIMSELF WAS 5TIRELY FREE1 & ?IS TEMP]AM5TAL DIFF]5CE ALONE W\LD HAVE MADE IT DIFFICULT = !SE TWO GREAT M5 TO GET ALONG TOGE!R1 EV5 IF !IR OP9IONS HAD NOT BE5 DISSIMIL> 9 MANY RESPECTS1 & IF \TSIDE 9FLU5CES HAD NOT DELIB]ATELY POISON$ !IR RELATION%IPS AT A LAT] TIME4 

,BUT AT ?IS P]IOD ( ! E>LY EI<TE5 =TIES !IR DIFF]5CES HAD NOT YET MATUR$ & ,BAKUN9 NO D\BT LE>N$ A GOOD DEAL FROM ,M>X ( ! DOCTR9E ( ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM :I* IS SO IMPORTANT AN ELEM5T 9 BO? !SE GREAT ,SOCIALI/IC ?9K]S' WORK4 

,FROM ,PR\DHON HE LE>N$ AT ?IS P]IOD EV5 MORE ?AN FROM ,M>X4 ,! =M] CAN BE CONSID]$ AS ! FA!R ( MOD]N ,AN>*ISM1 = HE UTT]LY REJECT$ ! V]Y CONCEPT ( ,AU?ORITY1 9 BO? POLITICS & RELIGION4 ,9 HIS ECONOMIC VIEWS1 HE ADVOCAT$ A S*EME CALL$ ,MUTUALISM1 9 :I* ! MO/ IMPORTANT ROLE WAS PLAY$ BY A NATIONAL BANK1 BAS$ ON ! MUTUAL CONFID5CE ( ALL ?OSE :O W]E 5GAG$ 9 PRODUCTION4 ,BAKUN9 DID NOT TAKE UP ?IS IDEA F> HE WAS IMPRESS$ RA!R BY ! ,M>XIAN ECONOMIES & ADVOCAT$ A SY/EM ( ,COLLECTIVISM1 BUT HE ?OR\<LY APPRECIAT$ ! SPIRIT ( LIB]TY ?AT BREA!D ?R\< ALL ,PR\DHON'S WRIT+S & TALK1 & HE PLAC$ HIM 9 ?AT RESPECT ABOVE ,M>X1 ( :OM HE TRULY SAID ?AT ! SPIRIT ( LIB]TY WAS LACK+ 9 HIM2 HE REMA9$ FROM HEAD TO FOOT AN ,AU?ORIT>IAN4 

,T[>DS ! 5D ( #a#h#d#g1 ,BAKUN9 WAS EXPELL$ FROM ,P>IS = HAV+ DELIV]$ A SPEE* ADVOCAT+ FRE$OM = ,POL& :I* WAS SO DISPLEAS+ TO ! ,CZ>I/ ,GOV]NM5T ?AT IT PUT PRESSURE ON ! ,FR5* ,GOV]NM5T TO TAKE ACTION AGA9/ HIM4 ,HE SP5T A FEW MON?S 9 ,BRUSSELS1 BUT ! REVOLUTION ( ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#h#d#h1 :I* OV]?REW ,K+ ,L\IS ,PHILIPPE & E/ABLI%$ ! ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC ALL[$ ,BAKUN9 TO RETURN TO ,P>IS & HE TOOK A PROM95T P>T 9 ! POLITICAL DEMON/RATIONS ( ! DAY4 ,BUT HE WAS SOON ATTRACT$ BY ! RIS+ REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS 9 ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE4 ,9 ,PRAGUE HE P>TICIPAT$ 9 A BRIEF 9SURRECTION1 & 9 ,MAY1 #a#h#d#i1 9 ANO!R 9 ,DRESD54 ,?IS RESULT$ 9 HIS >RE/1 & F9ALLY HIS EXTRADITION TO ,RUSSIA1 :I* CLAIM$ HIM AS A FUGITIVE4 ,HE PASS$ EI<T HORRIBLE YE>S 9 SOLIT>Y CONF9EM5T & IT WAS ONLY ! DEA? ( ! IMPLACABLE ,NI*OLAS ,I & ! ACCESSION ( ! MILD] ,ALEX&] ,I,I ?AT 5ABL$ HIS FAMILY TO SECURE HIS RELEASE4 ,HE SP5T F\R MORE YE>S UND] SURVEILLANCE 9 ,SIB]IA1 :]E HE M>RI$4 ,F9ALLY1 9 #a#h#f#a1 HE ESCAP$ ON AN ,AM]ICAN VESSEL GO+ TO ,JAPAN & AT ! 5D ( ! YE> REA*$ ,LONDON4 

,9 ,LONDON HE WORK$ = A TIME ) ,ALEX&] ,H]Z51 ! ,RUSSIAN ,LIB]AL1 9 HIS PUBLICATIONS ADDRESS$ TO ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE1 W5T = A :ILE TO TRY TO HELP A ,POLI% 9SURRECTION FROM !RE1 & !N SETTL$ D[N 9 ,ITALY4 ,H]E HE 5C\NT]$ ! RELIGI\SLY-M9D$ ,NATIONALISM ( ,MAZZ9I1 A MAN :OM HE GREATLY RESPECT$ P]SONALLY 7HAV+ MET HIM 9 ,LONDON71 BUT :OSE IDEAS HE HE>TILY DISLIK$4 ,?IS L$ HIM TO ACC5TUATE ! ANTI-PATRIOTIC & ANTI-RELIGI\S ELEM5TS 9 HIS [N IDEAS1 :I* BY ?IS P]IOD ( ! MIDDLE EI<TE5-SIXTIES HAD BECOME PRACTICALLY ?OSE LAT] CALL$ 0,AN>*ISM04 

,9 #ahfg HE W5T TO ,G5EVA TO ATT5D ! 9AUGURAL ,CONGRESS ( ! ,LEAGUE = ,PEACE & ,FRE$OM1 A B\RGEOIS BODY ( :I* HE ?\<T SOME USE C\LD BE MADE = ! PURPOSE ( ,SOCIALI/ PROPA G&A4 ,HE SOON F\ND ?AT ?IS C\LD NOT BE DONE 7HIS IDEAS AS SET \T 9 AN >TICLE 5TITL$ 0,F$]ALISM1 ,SOCIALISM & ,ANTI-!OLOGISM01 W]E F> TOO RADICAL71 & 9/EAD HE CONC5TRAT$ ON ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 :I* HAD BE5 F\ND$1 L>GELY ?R\< ! 9/RUM5TALITY ( ,M>X1 9 #a#h#f#d4 ,ON LEAV+ ! ,LEAGUE = ,PEACE & ,FRE$OM1 ,BAKUN9 & HIS FRI5DS HAD =M$ ! ,ALLIANCE ( ,SOCIALI/ ,DEMOCRACY & ?IS BODY N[ APPLI$ TO JO9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! APPLICATION >\S$ ! SUSPICIONS ( ,M>X :O FELT A JEAL\S POSSESSIV5ESS AS REG>DS ! ,9T]NATIONAL & HAD A ,G]MAN-M9D$ ANTIPA?Y TO ANY?+ COM+ FROM A ,RUSSIAN4 ,! 9ITIAL PROPOSAL WAS !RE=E TURN$ D[N & ! ,ALLIANCE WAS ONLY ADMITT$ 9 SECTIONS1 & :5 AS A SEP>ATE BODY IT HAD BE5 DISB&$4 7,JULY1 #a#h#f#i47 

,9 ,SEPTEMB] ( ! SAME YE>1 A ,CONGRESS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS HELD AT ,BASEL4 ,?IS ,CONGRESS %[$ ITSELF FAVORABLE TO ,BAKUN9'S VIEW ?AT 9H]ITANCE %\LD BE ABOLI%$ & REJECT$ ,M>X'S VIEWS ON ?IS SUBJECT4 ,?IS WAS ! BEG9N+ ( A BREA* BETWE5 ,M>X & HIS FOLL[]S ON ! ONE H& & ,BAKUN9 & HIS FOLL[]S ON ! O!R4 ,IT WAS FUNDAM5TALLY A DIFF]5CE ON ! QUE/ION AS TO ! ROLE ( ! ,/ATE 9 ! ,SOCIALI/ PROGRAM4 ,! ,M>XIAN VIEW WAS ESS5TIALLY ?AT ! ,/ATE MU/ BE US$ TO BR+ AB\T & CONSOLIDATE ,SOCIALISM2 ! VIEWS ( ! ,BAKUN9I/S 7AT ?IS P]IOD BEG9N+ TO BE CALL$ 0,AN>*I/S07 WAS ?AT ! ,/ATE MU/ BE ABOLI%$1 & ?AT IT C\LD NEV] UND] ANY CIRCUM/ANCES BE US$ TO ATTA9 EI!R ,SOCIALISM OR ANY =M ( SOCIAL JU/ICE = ! WORK]S4 

,!SE DIFF]5CES SPREAD RAPIDLY ?R\<\T ! ,9T]NATIONAL & W]E DEEP5$ & EXAC]BAT$ 9 ,SWITZ]L& 7:]E ,BAKUN9 WAS N[ SETTL$7 BY A ,RUSSIAN EMIGRE NAM$ ,UT91 :O BY ME?ODS ( *>ACT]-ASSASS9ATION POISON$ ,M>X'S ALREADY JEAL\S & V9DICTIVE M9D /ILL FUR!R AGA9/ ,BAKUN94 ,! LATT] RI<TLY RES5T$ ! CAMPAIGN ( CALUMNY :I* WAS N[ LAUN*$ AGA9/ HIM BUT HE WAS ( A TOL]ANT & G5]\S DISPOSITION & = ALL HIS RES5TM5T AGA9/ ,M>X'S TACTICS 7ONLY TOO PROPHETIC ( LAT] 0,COMMUNI/0 ME?ODS7 NEV] FAIL$ TO ACKN[L$GE ,M>X'S GREATNESS AS ,SOCIALI/ & ?9K]4 ,HE EV5 BEGAN AT ?IS TIME A ,RUSSIAN TRANSLATION ( ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL1 A BOOK HE HI<LY ADMIR$1 & :OSE ECONOMIC DOCTR9ES HE 5?USIA/ICALLY SUPPORT$4 

,9 ! E>LY P>T ( #a#h#g1 ,BAKUN9 WAS MA9LY OCCUPI$ 9 TRY+ TO /IR UP ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE TO 9SURRECTION4 ,?IS ACTIVITY WAS 9 COLLABORATION ) A FANATICAL Y\NG REVOLUTION>Y NAM$ ,S]GEI ,NE*AYEV4 ,! LATT] HAD COMMITT$ A POLITICAL MURD] 9 ,RUSSIA & DECEIV$ ,BAKUN9 9TO CONDON+ ?IS ACT4 ,HE ALSO PUBLI%$ A 0,REVOLUTION>Y ,CATE*ISM0 :I* HAS (T5 BE5 MI/AK5 = A PRODUCTION ( ,BAKUN9'S1 & :I* PREA*ES ! MO/ VIOL5T & AMORAL TACTICS AGA9/ EXI/+ SOCIETY4 ,9T]NAL EVID5CE %[S ?AT IT CANNOT BE ,BAKUN9'S = HE WAS NOT AN ADVOCATE ( SU* OP9IONS2 & :5 HE F9ALLY BECAME AW>E ( ,NE*AYEV'S UNSCRUPUL\SNESS HE BROKE ) HIM4 ,! FUGITIVE WAS LAT] EXTRADIT$ TO ,RUSSIA & DI$ 9 JAIL4 ,! :OLE EPISODE DID ,BAKUN9 CONSID]ABLE H>M1 GIV+ HIM BECAUSE ( HIS ASSOCIATION ) ,NE*AYEV1 A REPUTATION = VIOL5CE & AMORALISM :I* WAS QUITE UNDES]V$4 

,! ,FRANCO-,G]MAN W> :I* BROKE \T 9 ,JULY1 #a#h#g1 L$ TO ! WRIT+ ( ,BAKUN9'S MO/ IMPORTANT WORKS4 ,HE LOOK$ TO ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION ON ! P>T ( PEASANTS & WORK]S BO? TO OV]?R[ ! REACTION>Y REGIME ( ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I & TO REPEL ! ,G]MAN 9VAD]S UND] ! DIRECTION ( ,BISM>CK4 ,) ! PURPOSE ( /IRR+ UP SU* A MOVEM5T HE WROTE ,A ,LETT] TO A ,FR5*MAN1 & !N 9 ,SEPTEMB] AFT] ! FALL ( ! ,SECOND ,EMPIRE & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,?IRD ,REPUBLIC1 W5T TO ,LYONS TO LAUN* AN ,AN>*I/ RIS+4 ,?R\< LACK ( DET]M9ATION & SUPPORT BY ! WORK]S' LEAD]S !MSELVES1 DESPITE ,BAKUN9'S DEM& = 5]GETIC ACTION1 ! MOVEM5T FAIL$ AFT] AN 9ITIAL & BRIEF SUCCESS1 & HE FL$ TO ,M>SEILLES1 & !NCE BACK TO ,LOC>NO1 :5CE HE HAD COME TO ,LYONS4 

,?IS FIASCO DEEPLY EMBITT]$ & DEPRESS$ ,BAKUN94 ,HE HAD LO/ ALL FAI? 9 ! B\RGEOISIE S9CE !IR TURN+ ON ! WORK]S 9 ! REVOLUTIONS ( #a#h#d#h1 BUT N[ EV5 ! WORK]S HAD %[N !MSELVES SUP9E1 & HE BECAME V]Y PESSIMI/IC AB\T !IR FUTURE4 ,>IS+ \T ( !SE EV5TS HE N[ WROTE HIS GREATE/ WORK1 ,! ,KN\TO-,G]MANIC ,EMPIRE & ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,! TITLE IMPLI$ AN ALLIANCE BETWE5 ! KN\T ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,CZ> & ! NEW ,G]MAN ,EMPIRE ( ,BISM>CK & ,WILHELM ,I TO CRU% ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,IT BECAME A V]Y VOLUM9\S WORK1 TREAT+ 9 AN EXTREMELY DISCURSIVE WAY ALL MANN] ( SUBJECTS1 POLITICAL1 HI/ORICAL1 ECONOMIC1 RELIGI\S1 PHILOSOPHICAL1 METAPHYSICAL1 E?ICAL & EV5 A/RONOMICAL1 = AS AN ,APP5DIX TO IT ,BAKUN9 GAVE AN EXPOSITION ( ! IDEAS ( ! ,SY/EM ( ,NATURE :I* HE HELD & :I* WAS A COMPLETE & CONSI/5T ,MAT]IALISM4 ,! PIECE KN[N AS 0,GOD & ! ,/ATE0 IS M]ELY A FRAGM5T ( ?IS GREAT] WORK1 :I* IS 9DE$ ,BAKUN9'S 0,MAGNUM OPUS01 HIS TE/AM5T1 AS HE CALL$ IT4 ,HE WORK$ AT IT 9T]MITT5TLY FROM ! CLOSE ( #ahg TO ! CLOSE ( #ahgb & EV5 !N NEV] SUCCE$$ 9 F9I%+ IT4 7,SECTIONS ( ?IS WORK1 WRITT5 9 ,NOVEMB] & ,DECEMB]1 #a#h#g#b1 HAVE BE5 QUOT$ AT L5G? 9 ! TEXT7 

,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( ,M>*-,MAY1 #a#h#g#a1 9T]E/$ HIM GREATLY ?\< HE NO LONG] HAD ANY ILLUSIONS AB\T A WORK]S' VICTORY 9 ANY NE> FUTURE4 ,HE CONSID]$ H[EV] ?AT ! EV5TS ( ! ,COMMUNE GAVE A PRACTICAL JU/IFICATION ( HIS !ORIES AS AGA9/ ?OSE ( ! ,M>XIANS1 & A /UDY ( ?AT HI/ORIC EPISODE W\LD SEEM TO JU/IFY HIS CONT5TION4 ,9 ?IS SAME YE>1 #a#h#g#a1 HE HAD A CONTROV]SY ) ,MAZZ9I :O HAD ATTACK$ BO? ! ,9T]NATIONAL & ! ,COMMUNE1 ! =M] AS BE+ ANTI-NATIONALI/ & ! LATT] AS BE+ A!I/IC & !RE=E BO? BE+ ABHORR5T TO ,MAZZ9I'S RELIGI\S NATIONALISM4 ,BAKUN9 RESPECTFULLY BUT TR5*ANTLY REPLI$ 9 A PAMPHLET CALL$ ,! ,POLITICAL ,!OLOGY ( ,MAZZ9I :I* HAD A WIDE CIRCULATION 9 ,ITALY & A GREAT EFFECT ON ! ,ITALIAN WORK+ CLASS1 :I* L>GELY BECAME IMBU$ ) ,AN>*I/ IDEAS4 ,9 ,SPA9 ALSO1 ,BAKUN9'S IDEAS BORE FRUIT & TO A LESS] EXT5T 9 ,FRANCE4 

,9 #ahgb HE WAS OCCUPI$ ) ! COM+ ,CONGRESS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL AT ! ,HAGUE4 ,?IS MEET+1 :I* WAS HELD 9 ,SEPTEMB]1 WAS 0PACK$0 BY ! ,M>XI/S 9 A MANN] :I* LAT] 0,COMMUNI/0 TACTICS HAVE MADE ONLY TOO FAMILI>4 ,! EQUALLY FAMILI> TACTICS ( *>ACT]-ASSASS9ATION W]E ALSO RESORT$ TO BY ,M>X1 TO HIS EV]LA/+ DISCR$IT1 & ,BAKUN9 & HIS CLOSE/ FRI5D & COLLABORATOR1 ,JAMES ,GUILLAUME1 W]E EXPELL$ FROM ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ! HEADQU>T]S ( :I* W]E AT ! SAME TIME %IFT$ TO ,NEW ,YORK TO PREV5T IT FROM FAIL+ 9TO ! H&S ( ! ANTI-,M>XI/S1 :O CON/ITUT$ A REAL MAJORITY 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,?AT ORGANIZATION SOON WI!R$ & DI$ 9 ITS ALI5 HOME2 BUT ! ,AN>*I/S SET UP A NEW ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ,SWITZ]L& & ?IS LA/$ A FEW YE>S MORE1 SURVIV+ ,BAKUN9 HIMSELF4 

,IT WAS BAS$ ON ,BAKUN9'S IDEA ( ! ,WORK]S' ,9T]NATIONAL BE+ A LOOSE ASSOCIATION ( FULLY AUTONOM\S1 NATIONAL GR\PS1 DEVOT$ ONLY TO ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE1 9 CONTRADI/9CTION TO ,M>X'S ATTEMPT TO CONV]T IT 9TO A HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ & RIGIDLY CONTROLL$ 9/RUM5T ( POLITICAL MANEUV]S--9 FACT :AT ,L59 AFT]W>DS MADE ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,9 ORD] TO V5TILATE HIS GRIEVANCES & TO EXPLA9 HIS ATTITUDE TO ,M>X & ,M>XISM1 ,BAKUN9 WROTE A L5G?Y LETT] TO ! ,BRUSSELS NEWSPAP] ,LIB]TE1 & L>GE EXTRACTS FROM ?IS LETT] HAVE BE5 PR9T$ 9 ! FOLL[+ PAGES4 

,9 #a#h#g#c1 ,BAKUN9 =MALLY )DREW FROM POLITICAL ACTIVITIES4 ,HIS HEAL? HAD BE5 P]MAN5TLY 9JUR$ BY ! LONG YE>S ( SOLIT>Y CONF9EM5T 9 ,RUSSIAN PRISONS &1 ?\< HE WAS A MAN ( GREAT SIZE1 PHYSICAL /R5G? & 5]GY1 HE WAS N[ OLD BE=E HIS TIME4 

,HE CAME \T ( HIS RETIREM5T1 H[EV]1 = ! LA/ TIME1 9 ,MAY1 #a#h#g#d1 TO LEAD AN 9SURRECTION 9 ! ,ITALIAN PROV9CE ( ,BOLOGNA2 BUT ?IS WAS A COMPLETE FIASCO4 ,IT HAD BE5 MEANT AS A POLITICAL DEMON/RATION & ?IS WAS 9 ACCORDANCE ) ,BAKUN9'S VIEW ?AT SU* ACTIONS %\LD BE US$ AS A MEANS ( AWAK5+ ! PEOPLE'S 9T]E/4 ,HE HAD HAD NO FAI? :ATEV] 9 ! USE ( POLITICAL ACTION 79 ! S5SE ( VOT+ AT ,P>LIAM5T>Y ELECTIONS & REF]5DA7 EV] S9CE ! ABORTIVE REVOLUTIONS ( #ahdh ) !IR AFT]MA? ( BETRAYAL ( ! WORK]S & ( DEMOCRACY ITSELF BY ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,HE AGRE$ ) ,PR\DHON'S DICTUM 7BORN ( ! SAME EV5TS7 ?AT UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE WAS C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 

,HIS DOCTR9E1 H[EV]1 HAD NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! ,NIHILI/IC TACTICS ( BOMB \TRAGES & ASSASS9ATIONS :I*1 AFT] HIS DEA?1 W]E ADOPT$ BY SOME ,AN>*I/S & T5D$ TO DISCR$IT ! MOVEM5T4 ,HE BELIEV$ 9 MASS ORGANIZATIONS1 9 SOLID>ITY1 & TO HIM ,9DIVIDUALISM WAS A B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY--A M]E EXCUSE = EGOISM4 ,TRUE LIB]TY C\LD ONLY BE A*IEV$ 9 & ?R\< ,SOCIETY4 

,BAKUN9 WAS 9 O!R WORDS A ,SOCIALI/1 OR AS HE (T5 CALL$ HIMSELF1 A ,COLLECTIVI/1 BUT HIS ,SOCIALISM WAS ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN S*OOL & EXPRESSIVELY REJECT$ AU?ORITY &1 ABOVE ALL1 ! ,/ATE4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT HE FOLL[$ ! DOCTR9E ( ,PR\DHON1 NOT ( ,M>X4 ,HIS SY/EM 9 FACT CONSI/S ( ,PR\DHONIAN POLITICS & ,M>XIAN ECONOMICS4 

,BAKUN9 DI$ AT ,B]NE ON #a/ ,JULY1 #a#h#g#f1 & WAS BURI$ 9 ! CEMET]Y !RE4 ,EXACTLY SEV5TY YE>S AFT] HIS DEA?1 ON ! #a/ ,JULY1 #a#i#d#f1 A GA!R+ ( 9T]NATIONAL ,AN>*I/S /OOD BY HIS GRAVESIDE TO PAY HOMAGE TO HIS MEMORY4 

,! MESSAGE :I*1 ABOVE ALL1 ,BAKUN9 TRI$ TO PREA* WAS ?AT ONLY ! WORK]S C\LD FREE ! WORK]S2 9 O!R WORDS1 HE DESIR$ TO /IMULATE ! SELF-ACTIVITY ( ! WORK+-CLASS4 ,HE WAS NEV] TIR$ ( QUOT+ ! CELEBRAT$ SLOGAN ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL3 0,! EMANCIPATION ( ! TOIL]S MU/ BE ! WORK ( ! TOIL]S !MSELVES10 & HE EXPRESSLY EXCLUD$ FROM ! CONCEPT ( 0TOIL]S0 ?OSE EX-WORK]S :O1 HAV+ GA9$ ! LEAD]%IP ( A WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T1 5DEAVOR TO MAKE !MSELVES MA/]S ( IT & LEAD IT :]E !Y >E DET]M9$ ?AT IT %ALL GO4 ,TO ,BAKUN9 ?AT WAS NOT EMANCIPATION1 IT WAS M]ELY A *ANGE ( MA/]S4 ,BUT HE WANT$ ! TRIUMPH ( ,HUMANITY--A CONCEPT HE HAD BORR[$ FROM ! GREAT PHILOSOPH] ( ,POSITIVISM1 ,AUGU/E ,COMTE-A FULL HUMAN DEVELOPM5T ( ALL M5 9 CONDITIONS ( LIB]TY & EQUALITY4 

,TO HIM ?IS C\LD NOT BE A*IEV$ BY ! ME?ODS 5VISAG$ BY ,M>X &1 9 ! PAGES ?AT FOLL[1 HE HAS GIV5 A PICTURE ( :AT HE ?\<T ! ,M>XIAN ,/ATE W\LD BE LIKE4 ,! />TL+ SIMIL>ITY ( ?IS PICTURE TO ?AT ( PRES5T-DAY ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA IS DUE TO ! FACT ?AT ,L591 ! F\ND] ( ! REGIME1 HIMSELF A PRODUCT ( ! DESPOTIC ,CZ>I/ REGIME1 LAID GREAT /RESS ON ! AU?ORIT>IAN ASPECTS ( ,M>XISM AS OPPOS$ TO ! MORE DEMOCRATIC ELEM5TS ( ,AN>*ISM4 ,BAKUN9 HAD ASSUM$ ?AT1 9 PRACTICE1 ! AU?ORIT>IAN ELEM5TS 9 ,M>XISM :5 IT ATTA9$ P[] W\LD PR$OM9ATE1 & ?IS TURN$ \T TO BE CORRECT4 

,IT IS OBVI\S ( C\RSE ?AT ,M>XISM & ,BAKUN9ISM DESPITE !SE DIFF]5CES HAVE MU* 9 COMMON & ,BAKUN9 HIMSELF HAS NOT FAIL$ TO PO9T ?IS \T 9 ! PAGES ?AT FOLL[4 ,BO? SY/EMS W]E F\ND$ ON ! IDEA ( ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM1 BO? ACCEPT$ ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 BO? W]E ,SOCIALI/ 9 ! S5SE ( BE+ OPPOS$ TO PRIVATE PROP]TY 9 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,!Y DIFF]$ 9 ?AT ,BAKUN9ISM REFUS$ TO ACCEPT ! ,/ATE UND] ANY CIRCUM/ANCES :ATEV]1 ?AT IT REJECT$ ,P>TY POLITICS OR ,P>LIAM5T>Y ACTION1 & ?AT IT WAS F\ND$ ON ! PR9CIPLE ( LIB]TY AS AGA9/ ?AT ( AU?ORITY3 & 9DE$1 IT IS ?IS SPIRIT ( LIB]TY 7NOT ,9DIVIDUALISM7 ?AT DI/+UI%ES ,BAKUN91 & 9 ! LI<T ( :I* HIS CRITICISMS ( ,M>X & ,M>XISM MU/ BE READ4 ,HE HAD ! TRUE 9/9CT ?AT NO MAN CAN BE REALLY EMANCIPAT$ EXCEPT BY HIMSELF4 

,UP TO ! PRES5T1 H[EV]1 ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]S HAS NO:]E BE5 A*IEV$1 EI!R BY ,BAKUN9'S ME?ODS NOR BY ,M>X'S 7& C]TA9LY NOT 9 ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA72 BUT TO-DAY ! MORE MILITANT ELEM5TS 9 ! ,LEFT-W+ & ANTI-,/AL9I/ ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS >E BEG9N+ TO GIVE ,BAKUN9'S TEA*+S MORE S]I\S CONSID]ATION ?AN ,M>XIANS HAD EV] DONE BE=E2 & SOME ( !M >E COMM5C+ TO FEEL ?AT AFT] ALL !RE MAY BE SOME?+ 9 :AT HE SAID4 ,IF1 !RE=E1 ! ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 9 ITS MORE MILITANT & REVOLUTION>Y ASPECTS1 CONT9UES TO EXI/ ?R\<\T ! WORLD1 IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT ! POLITICAL !ORIES ( ,M>X MAY GIVE WAY TO ?OSE ( ,BAKUN91 & ?AT 9 ! 5D HE WILL PREVAIL AS ! 9SPIR+ G5IUS ( MILITANT & DEMOCRATIC ,SOCIALISM4 

.<,H]E IS SOME MORE 9=MATION AB\T ,BAKUN9 & O!R ,PROM95T ,AN>*I/S & ,LEFT-,LIB]T>IANS4.> 

,*APT] ,I 

,9TRODUCTORY 

,I AM A PASSIONATE SEEK] AFT] ,TRU? & A NOT LESS PASSIONATE 5EMY ( ! MALIGNANT FICTIONS US$ BY ! 0,P>TY ( ,ORD]01 ! (FICIAL REPRES5TATIVES ( ALL TURPITUDES1 RELIGI\S1 METAPHYSICAL1 POLITICAL1 JUDICIAL1 ECONOMIC1 & SOCIAL1 PRES5T & PA/1 TO BRUTALIZE & 5?RALL$ ! WORLD2 ,I AM A FANATICAL LOV] ( ,LIB]TY2 CONSID]+ IT AS ! ONLY M$IUM 9 :I* CAN DEVELOP 9TELLIG5CE1 DIGNITY1 & ! HAPP9ESS ( MAN2 NOT (FICIAL 0,LIB]TY01 LIC5S$1 MEASUR$ & REGULAT$ BY ! ,/ATE1 A FALSEHOOD REPRES5T+ ! PRIVILEGES ( A FEW RE/+ ON ! SLAV]Y ( EV]YBODY ELSE2 NOT ! 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY1 SELFI%1 MEAN1 & FICTITI\S ADVANC$ BY ! S*OOL ( ,R\SSEAU & ALL O!R S*OOLS ( B\RGEOIS ,LIB]ALISM1 :I* CONSID]S ! RI<TS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL AS LIMIT$ BY ! RI<TS ( ! ,/ATE1 & !RE=E NECESS>ILY RESULTS 9 ! R$UCTION ( ! RI<TS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO Z]O4 

,NO1 ,I MEAN ! ONLY LIB]TY :I* IS TRULY WOR?Y ( ! NAME1 ! LIB]TY :I* CONSI/S 9 ! FULL DEVELOPM5T ( ALL ! MAT]IAL1 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL P[]S :I* >E TO BE F\ND AS FACULTIES LAT5T 9 EV]YBODY1 ! LIB]TY :I* RECOGNIZES NO O!R RE/RICTIONS ?AN ?OSE :I* >E TRAC$ = US BY ! LAWS ( \R [N NATURE2 SO ?AT PROP]LY SPEAK+ !RE >E NO RE/RICTIONS1 S9CE !SE LAWS >E NOT IMPOS$ ON US BY SOME \TSIDE LEGISLATOR1 BESIDE US OR ABOVE US2 !Y >E IMMAN5T 9 US1 9H]5T1 CON/ITUT+ ! V]Y BASIS ( \R BE+1 MAT]IAL AS WELL AS 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL2 9/EAD1 !RE=E1 ( F9D+ !M A LIMIT1 WE MU/ CONSID] !M AS ! REAL CONDITIONS & EFFECTIVE REASON = \R LIB]TY4 

,I MEAN ?AT LIB]TY ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL :I*1 F> FROM HALT+ AS AT A B\ND>Y BE=E ! LIB]TY ( O!RS1 F9DS !RE ITS CONFIRMATION & ITS EXT5SION TO 9F9ITY2 ! ILLIMITABLE LIB]TY ( EA* ?R\< ! LIB]TY ( ALL1 LIB]TY BY SOLID>ITY1 LIB]TY 9 EQUALITY2 LIB]TY TRIUMPH+ OV] BRUTE =CE & ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY :I* WAS NEV] ANY?+ BUT ! IDEALIZ$ EXPRESSION ( ?AT =CE1 LIB]TY :I*1 AFT] HAV+ OV]?R[N ALL HEAV5LY & E>?LY IDOLS1 WILL F\ND & ORGANIZE A NEW WORLD1 ?AT ( HUMAN SOLID>ITY1 ON ! RU9S ( ALL ,*UR*ES & ALL ,/ATES4 

,I AM A CONV9C$ UPHOLD] ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL EQUALITY1 BECAUSE ,I KN[ ?AT1 )\T ?AT EQUALITY1 LIB]TY1 JU/ICE1 HUMAN DIGNITY1 MORALITY1 & ! WELL-BE+ ( 9DIVIDUALS AS WELL AS ! PROSP]ITY ( NATIONS WILL NEV] BE ANY?+ ELSE ?AN SO MANY LIES4 ,BUT AS UPHOLD] 9 ALL CIRCUM/ANCES ( LIB]TY1 ?AT FIR/ CONDITION ( HUMANITY1 ,I ?9K ?AT LIB]TY MU/ E/ABLI% ITSELF 9 ! WORLD BY ! SPONTANE\S ORGANIZATION ( LABOR & ( COLLECTIVE [N]%IP BY PRODUCTIVE ASSOCIATIONS FREELY ORGANIZ$ & F$]ALIZ$ 9 DI/RICTS1 & BY ! EQUALLY SPONTANE\S F$]ATION ( DI/RICTS1 BUT NOT BY ! SUPREME & TUTEL>Y ACTION ( ! ,/ATE4 

,!RE IS ! PO9T :I* PR9CIPALLY DIVIDES ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALI/S OR ,COLLECTIVI/S FROM ! ,AU?ORIT>IAN ,COMMUNI/S1 :O >E UPHOLD]S ( ! ABSOLUTE 9ITIATIVE ( ! ,/ATE4 ,!IR GOAL IS ! SAME2 EA* P>TY DESIRES EQUALLY ! CREATION ( A NEW SOCIAL ORD] F\ND$ ONLY ON ! ORGANIZATION ( COLLECTIVE LABOR1 9EVITABLY IMPOS$ ON EA* & EV]YONE BY ! V]Y =CE ( ?+S1 EQUAL ECONOMIC CONDITIONS = ALL1 & ! COLLECTIVE APPROPRIATION ( ! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR4 ,ONLY ! ,COMMUNI/S IMAG9E ?AT !Y WILL BE ABLE TO GET !RE BY ! DEVELOPM5T & ORGANIZATION ( ! POLITICAL P[] ( ! WORK+-CLASSES1 & PR9CIPALLY ( ! PROLET>IAT ( ! T[NS1 BY ! HELP ( ! B\RGEOIS ,RADICALISM1 :IL/ ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALI/S1 5EMIES ( ALL EQUIVOCAL COMB9ATIONS & ALLIANCES1 ?9K ON ! CONTR>Y ?AT !Y CANNOT REA* ?IS GOAL EXCEPT BY ! DEVELOPM5T & ORGANIZATION1 NOT ( ! POLITICAL BUT ( ! SOCIAL & CONSEQU5TLY ANTI-POLITICAL P[] ( ! WORK+ MASSES ( T[N & C\NTRY ALIKE1 9CLUD+ ALL FAVORABLY DISPOS$ P]SONS ( ! UPP] CLASSES1 :O1 BREAK+ COMPLETELY ) !IR PA/1 W\LD BE WILL+ TO JO9 !M & FULLY ACCEPT !IR PROGRAM4 

,H5CE1 TWO DIFF]5T ME?ODS4 ,! ,COMMUNI/S BELIEVE !Y MU/ ORGANIZE ! WORK]S' =CES TO TAKE POSSESSION ( ! POLITICAL P[] ( ! ,/ATE4 ,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALI/S ORGANIZE ) A VIEW TO ! DE/RUCTION1 OR IF Y\ PREF] A POLIT] WORD1 ! LIQUIDATION ( ! ,/ATE4 ,! ,COMMUNI/S >E ! UPHOLD]S ( ! PR9CIPLE & PRACTICE (1 AU?ORITY1 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALI/S HAVE CONFID5CE ONLY 9 LIB]TY4 ,BO? EQUALLY SUPPORT]S ( ?AT SCI5CE :I* MU/ KILL SUP]/ITION & REPLACE FAI?1 ! =M] W\LD WI% TO IMPOSE IT2 ! LATT] WILL EX]T !MSELVES TO PROPAGATE IT SO ?AT GR\PS ( HUMAN BE+S1 CONV9C$1 WILL ORGANIZE !MSELVES & WILL F$]ATE SPONTANE\SLY1 FREELY1 FROM BEL[ UPW>DS1 BY !IR [N MOVEM5T & CON=MABLY TO !IR REAL 9T]E/S1 BUT NEV] AFT] A PLAN TRAC$ 9 ADVANCE & IMPOS$ ON ! 0IGNORANT MASSES0 BY SOME SUP]IOR 9TELLECTS4 

,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALI/S ?9K ?AT !RE IS MU* MORE PRACTICAL S5SE & SPIRIT 9 ! 9/9CTIVE ASPIRATIONS & 9 ! REAL NE$S ( ! MASSES ( ! PEOPLE ?AN 9 ! PR(\ND 9TELLECT ( ALL !SE LE>N$ M5 & TUTORS ( HUMANITY :O1 AFT] SO MANY EF=TS HAVE FAIL$ TO MAKE IT HAPPY1 /ILL PRESUME TO ADD !IR EF=TS4 ,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALI/S ?9K1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?AT ! HUMAN RACE HAS LET ITSELF LONG 5\<1 TOO LONG1 BE GOV]N$1 & ?AT ! S\RCE ( ITS MIS=TUNES DOES NOT LIE 9 SU* OR SU* =M ( GOV]NM5T BUT 9 ! V]Y PR9CIPLE & FACT ( GOV]NM5T1 ( :ATEV] TYPE IT MAY BE4 ,IT IS1 9 F9E1 ! CONTRADICTION ALREADY BECOME HI/ORIC1 :I* EXI/S BETWE5 ! ,COMMUNISM SCI5TIFICALLY DEVELOP$ BY ! ,G]MAN S*OOL.<#a.> & ACCEPT$ 9 P>T BY ! ,AM]ICAN & ,5GLI% ,SOCIALI/S ON ! ONE H&1 & ! ,PR\DHONISM L>GELY DEVELOP$ & PU%$ TO ITS LA/ CONSEQU5CES1 ON ! O!R H&1 :I* IS ACCEPT$ BY ! PROLET>IAT ( ! ,LAT9 C\NTRIES4 

,IT HAS EQUALLY BE5 ACCEPT$ & WILL CONT9UE TO BE /ILL MORE ACCEPT$ BY ! ESS5TIALLY ANTI-POLITICAL S5TIM5T ( ! ,SLAV PEOPLES4 

,*APT] ,I,I 

,M>XI/ ,IDEOLOGY 

,! DOCTR9AIRE S*OOL ( ,SOCIALI/S1 OR RA!R ( ,G]MAN ,AU?ORIT>IAN ,COMMUNI/S1 WAS F\ND$ A LITTLE BE=E #a#h#d#h1 & HAS R5D]$1 IT MU/ BE RECOGNIZ$1 EM95T S]VICES TO ! CAUSE ( ! PROLET>IAT NOT ONLY 9 ,G]MANY1 BUT 9 ,EUROPE4 ,IT IS TO !M ?AT BELONGS PR9CIPALLY ! GREAT IDEA ( AN 0,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION0 & ALSO ! 9ITIATIVE = ITS FIR/ REALIZATION4 ,TO-DAY1.<#b.> !Y >E TO BE F\ND AT ! HEAD ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,LABOR ,P>TY 9 ,G]MANY1 HAV+ AS ITS ORGAN ! 0,VOLKS/AAT0 .<0,PEOPLE'S ,/ATE0.>4 

,IT IS !RE=E A P]FECTLY RESPECTABLE S*OOL :I* DOES NOT PREV5T IT FROM DISPLAY+ A V]Y BAD DISPOSITION SOMETIMES1 & ABOVE ALL FROM TAK+ = ! BASES ( ITS !ORIES1 A PR9CIPAL.<#c.> :I* IS PR(\NDLY TRUE :5 ONE CONSID]S IT 9 ITS TRUE LI<T1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 FROM ! RELATIVE PO9T ( VIEW1 BUT :I* :5 5VISAG$ & SET D[N 9 AN ABSOLUTE MANN] AS ! ONLY F\NDATION & FIR/ S\RCE ( ALL O!R PR9CIPLES1 AS IS DONE BY ?IS S*OOL1 BECOMES COMPLETELY FALSE4 

,?IS PR9CIPLE1 :I* CON/ITUTES BESIDES ! ESS5TIAL BASIS ( SCI5TIFIC ,SOCIALISM1 WAS = ! FIR/ TIME SCI5TIFICALLY =MULAT$ & DEVELOP$ BY ,K>L ,M>X1 ! PR9CIPAL LEAD] ( ! ,G]MAN ,COMMUNI/ S*OOL4 ,IT =MS ! DOM9AT+ ?\<T ( ! CELEBRAT$ 0,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O0 :I* AN 9T]NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,FR5*1 ,5GLI%1 ,BELGIAN & ,G]MAN ,COMMUNI/S ASSEMBL$ 9 ,LONDON ISSU$ 9 #ahdh UND] ! SLOGAN3 0,PROLET>IANS ( ALL L&S1 UNITE0 ,?IS MANIFE/O1 DRAFT$ AS EV]YONE KN[S1 BY ,MESSRS4 ,M>X & ,5GELS1 BECAME ! BASIS ( ALL ! FUR!R SCI5TIFIC WORKS ( ! S*OOL & ( ! POPUL> AGITATION LAT] />T$ BY ,F]D9& ,LASSALLE.<#d.> 9 ,G]MANY4 

,?IS PR9CIPLE IS ! ABSOLUTE OPPOSITE TO ?AT RECOGNIZ$ BY ! ,IDEALI/S ( ALL S*OOLS4 ,:IL/ !SE LATT] D]IVE ALL HI/ORICAL FACTS1 9CLUD+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( MAT]IAL 9T]E/S & ( ! DIFF]5T PHASES ( ! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY1 FROM ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,IDEAS1 ! ,G]MAN ,COMMUNI/S1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 WANT TO SEE 9 ALL HUMAN HI/ORY1 9 ! MO/ IDEALI/IC MANIFE/ATIONS ( ! COLLECTIVE AS WELL AS ! 9DIVIDUAL LIFE ( HUMANITY1 9 ALL ! 9TELLECTUAL1 MORAL1 RELIGI\S1 METAPHYSICAL1 SCI5TIFIC1 >TI/IC1 POLITICAL1 JURIDICAL1 & SOCIAL DEVELOPM5TS :I* HAVE BE5 PRODUC$ 9 ! PA/ & CONT9UE TO BE PRODUC$ 9 ! PRES5T1 NO?+ BUT ! REFLECTIONS OR ! NECESS>Y AFT]EFFECTS ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ECONOMIC FACTS4 ,:IL/ ! ,IDEALI/S MA9TA9 ?AT IDEAS DOM9ATE & PRODUCE FACTS1 ! ,COMMUNI/S1 9 AGREEM5T BESIDES ) SCI5TIFIC ,MAT]IALISM SAY1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?AT FACTS GIVE BIR? TO IDEAS & ?AT !SE LATT] >E NEV] ANY?+ ELSE BUT ! IDEAL EXPRESSION ( ACCOMPLI%$ FACTS & ?AT AMONG ALL ! FACTS1 ECONOMIC & MAT]IAL FACTS1 ! PREEM95T FACTS1 CON/ITUTE ! ESS5TIAL BASIS1 ! PR9CIPAL F\NDATION ( :I* ALL ! O!R FACTS1 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL1 POLITICAL & SOCIAL1 >E NO?+ MORE ?AN ! 9EVITABLE D]IVATIVES4 

,WE1 :O >E ,MAT]IALI/S & ,DET]M9I/S1 JU/ AS MU* AS ,M>X HIMSELF1 WE ALSO RECOGNIZE ! 9EVITABLE L9K+ ( ECONOMIC & POLITICAL FACTS 9 HI/ORY4 ,WE RECOGNIZE1 9DE$1 ! NECESSITY1 ! 9EVITABLE *>ACT] ( ALL EV5TS ?AT HAPP51 BUT WE DO NOT B[ BE=E !M 9DIFF]5TLY & ABOVE ALL WE >E V]Y C>EFUL AB\T PRAIS+ !M :51 BY !IR NATURE1 !Y %[ !MSELVES 9 FLAGRANT OPPOSITION TO ! SUPREME 5D ( HI/ORY.<#e.> TO ! ?OR\<LY HUMAN IDEAL ?AT IS TO BE F\ND UND] MORE OR LESS OBVI\S =MS1 9 ! 9/9CTS1 ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! PEOPLE & UND] ALL ! RELIGI\S SYMBOLS ( ALL EPO*S1 BECAUSE IT IS 9H]5T 9 ! HUMAN RACE1 ! MO/ SOCIAL ( ALL ! RACES ( ANIMALS ON E>?4 ,?US ?IS IDEAL1 TO-DAY BETT] UND]/OOD ?AN EV]1 CAN BE SUMM$ UP 9 ! WORDS3 ,IT IS ! TRIUMPH ( HUMANITY1 IT IS ! CONQUE/ & ACCOMPLI%M5T ( ! FULL FRE$OM & FULL DEVELOPM5T1 MAT]IAL1 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL1 ( EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL1 BY ! ABSOLUTELY FREE & SPONTANE\S ORGANIZATION ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL SOLID>ITY AS COMPLETELY AS POSSIBLE BETWE5 ALL HUMAN BE+S LIV+ ON ! E>?4 

,EV]Y?+ 9 HI/ORY ?AT %[S ITSELF CON=MABLE TO ?AT 5D1 FROM ! HUMAN PO9T ( VIEW--& WE CAN HAVE NO O!R--IS GOOD2 ALL ?AT IS CONTR>Y TO IT IS BAD4 ,WE KN[ V]Y WELL1 9 ANY CASE1 ?AT :AT WE CALL GOOD & BAD >E ALWAYS1 ONE & ! O!R1 ! NATURAL RESULTS ( NATURAL CAUSES1 & ?AT CONSEQU5TLY ONE IS AS 9EVITABLE AS ! O!R4 ,BUT AS 9 :AT IS PROP]LY CALL$ ,NATURE WE RECOGNIZE MANY NECESSITIES ?AT WE >E LITTLE DISPOS$ TO BLESS1 = EXAMPLE ! NECESSITY ( DY+ ( HYDROPHOBIA :5 BITT5 BY A MAD DOG1.<#f.> 9 ! SAME WAY1 9 ?AT IMM$IATE CONT9UATION ( ! LIFE ( ,NATURE1 CALL$ ,HI/ORY1 WE 5C\NT] MANY NECESSITIES :I* WE F9D MU* MORE WOR?Y ( OPPROBRIUM ?AN ( B5$ICTION & :I* WE BELIEVE WE %\LD /IGMATIZE ) ALL ! 5]GY ( :I* WE >E CAPABLE1 9 ! 9T]E/ ( \R SOCIAL & 9DIVIDUAL MORALITY1 AL?\< WE RECOGNIZE ?AT FROM ! MOM5T !Y HAVE BE5 ACCOMPLI%$1 EV5 ! MO/ DETE/ABLE HI/ORIC FACTS HAVE ?AT *>ACT] ( 9EVITABILITY :I* IS F\ND 9 ALL ! ,PH5OM5A ( ,NATURE AS WELL AS ?OSE ( HI/ORY4 

,TO MAKE MY IDEA CLE>]1 ,I %ALL ILLU/RATE IT BY SOME EXAMPLES4 ,:5 ,I /UDY ! RESPECTIVE SOCIAL & POLITICAL CONDITIONS 9 :I* ! ,ROMANS & ! ,GREEKS CAME 9TO CONTACT T[>DS ! DECL9E ( ,ANTIQUITY1 ,I >RIVE AT ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! CONQUE/ & DE/RUCTION BY ! MILIT>Y & CIVIC B>B>ISM ( ! ,ROMANS1 ( ! COMP>ATIVELY HI< /&>D ( HUMAN LIB]TY ( ,GREECE WAS A LOGICAL1 NATURAL1 ABSOLUTELY 9EVITABLE FACT4 ,BUT ?AT DOES NOT PREV5T ME AT ALL FROM TAK+ RETROSPECTIVELY & V]Y FIRMLY1 ! SIDE ( ,GREECE AGA9/ ,ROME 9 ?AT /RUGGLE1 & ,I F9D ?AT ! HUMAN RACE GA9$ ABSOLUTELY NO?+ BY ! TRIUMPH ( ! ,ROMANS4 

,9 ! SAME WAY1 ,I CONSID] AS P]FECTLY NATURAL1 LOGICAL1 & CONSEQU5TLY 9EVITABLE FACT1 ?AT ,*RI/IANS %\LD HAVE DE/ROY$ ) A HOLY FURY ALL ! LIBR>IES ( ! ,PAGANS1 ALL ! TREASURES ( ,>T1 & ( ANCI5T PHILOSOPHY & SCI5CE4.<#g.> ,BUT IT IS ABSOLUTELY IMPOSSIBLE = ME TO GRASP :AT ADVANTAGES HAVE RESULT$ FROM IT = \R POLITICAL & SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,I AM EV5 V]Y MU* DISPOS$ TO ?9K ?AT AP>T FROM ?AT 9EVITABLE PROCESS ( ECONOMIC FACTS 9 :I*1 IF ONE W]E TO BELIEVE ,M>X1 !RE MU/ BE S\<T TO ! EXCLUSION ( ALL O!R CONSID]ATIONS1 ! ONLY CAUSE ( ALL ! 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL FACTS :I* >E PRODUC$ 9 HI/ORY--,I SAY ,I AM /RONGLY DISPOS$ TO ?9K ?AT ?IS ACT ( HOLY B>B>ITY1 OR RA!R ?AT LONG S]IES ( B>B>\S ACTS & CRIMES :I* ! FIR/ ,*RI/IANS1 DIV9ELY 9SPIR$1 COMMITT$ AGA9/ ! HUMAN SPIRIT1 WAS ONE ( ! PR9CIPAL CAUSES ( ! 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL DEGRADATION & CONSEQU5TLY ALSO ( ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL 5SLAVEM5T :I* FILL$ ?AT LONG S]IES ( BANEFUL C5TURIES CALL$ ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,BE SURE ( ?IS1 ?AT IF ! FIR/ ,*RI/IANS HAD NOT DE/ROY$ ! LIBR>IES1 ,MUSEUMS1 & ,TEMPLES ( ANTIQUITY1 WE %\LD NOT HAVE BE5 CONDEMN$ TO-DAY TO FI<T ! MASS ( HORRIBLE & %AMEFUL ABSURDITIES1 :I* /ILL OB/RUCT M5'S BRA9S TO SU* A DEGREE AS TO MAKE US D\BT SOMETIMES ! POSSIBILITY ( A MORE HUMAN FUTURE4 

,FOLL[+ ON ) ! SAME ORD] ( PROTE/S AGA9/ FACTS :I* HAVE HAPP5$ 9 HI/ORY & ( :I* CONSEQU5TLY ,I MYSELF RECOGNIZE ! 9EVITABLE *>ACT]1 ,I PAUSE BE=E ! SPL5DOR ( ! ,ITALIAN ,REPUBLICS & BE=E ! MAGNIFIC5T AWAK5+ ( HUMAN G5IUS 9 ! EPO* ( ! ,R5AISSANCE4 ,!N ,I SEE APPROA*+ ! TWO EVIL G5IUSES1 AS ANCI5T AS HI/ORY ITSELF1 ! TWO BOA-CON/RICTORS :I* UP TILL N[ HAVE DEV\R$ EV]Y?+ HUMAN & BEAUTIFUL ?AT HI/ORY HAS PRODUC$4 ,!Y >E CALL$ ! ,*UR* & ! ,/ATE1 ! ,PAPACY & ! ,EMPIRE4 ,ET]NAL EVILS & 9SEP>ABLE ALLIES1 ,I SEE !M BECOME RECONCIL$1 EMBRACE EA* O!R & TOGE!R DEV\R & /IFLE & CRU% ?AT UN=TUNATE & TOO BEAUTIFUL ,ITALY1 CONDEMN H] TO ?REE C5TURIES ( DEA?4 ,WELL1 AGA9 ,I F9D ALL ?AT V]Y NATURAL1 LOGICAL1 9EVITABLE1 BUT NEV]!LESS ABOM9ABLE1 & ,I CURSE BO? ,POPE & ,EMP]OR AT ! SAME TIME4 

,LET US PASS ON TO ,FRANCE4 ,AFT] A /RUGGLE :I* LA/$ A C5TURY ,CA?OLICISM1 SUPPORT$ BY ! ,/ATE1 F9ALLY TRIUMPH$ !RE OV] ,PROTE/ANTISM4 ,WELL1 DO ,I NOT /ILL F9D 9 ,FRANCE TO-DAY SOME POLITICIANS OR HI/ORIANS ( ! FATALI/ S*OOL & :O1 CALL+ !MSELVES ,REVOLUTION>IES1 CONSID] ?IS VICTORY ( ,CA?OLICISM--A BLOODY & 9HUMAN VICTORY IF EV] !RE WAS ONE--AS A V]ITABLE TRIUMPH = ! ,REVOLUTION8 ,CA?OLICISM1 !Y MA9TA91 WAS !N ! ,/ATE1 DEMOCRACY1 :IL/ ,PROTE/ANTISM REPRES5T$ ! REVOLT ( ! >I/OCRACY AGA9/ ! ,/ATE & CONSEQU5TLY AGA9/ DEMOCRACY4 ,IT IS ) SOPHISMS LIKE ?AT--COMPLETELY ID5TICAL BESIDES ) ! ,M>XIAN SOPHISMS1 :I*1 ALSO1 CONSID] ! TRIUMPHS ( ! ,/ATE AS ?OSE ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY--IT IS ) !SE ABSURDITIES1 AS DISGU/+ AS REVOLT+1 ?AT ! M9D & MORAL S5SE ( ! MASSES IS P]V]T$1 HABITUAT+ !M TO CONSID] !IR BLOOD-?IR/Y EXPLOIT]S1 !IR AGE-LONG 5EMIES1 !IR TYRANTS1 ! MA/]S & ! S]VANTS ( ! ,/ATE1 AS ! ORGANS1 REPRES5TATIVES1 H]OES1 DEVOT$ S]VANTS ( !IR EMANCIPATION4 

,IT IS A ?\S& TIMES RI<T TO SAY ?AT ,PROTE/ANTISM !N1 NOT AS ,CALV9I/ !OLOGY1 BUT AS AN 5]GETIC & >M$ PROTE/1 REPRES5T$ REVOLT1 LIB]TY1 HUMANITY1 ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ,/ATE2 :IL/ ,CA?OLICISM WAS PUBLIC ORD]1 AU?ORITY1 DIV9E LAW1 ! SALVATION ( ! ,/ATE BY ! ,*UR* & ! ,*UR* BY ! ,/ATE1 ! CONDEMNATION ( HUMAN SOCIETY TO A B\NDLESS & 5DLESS SLAV]Y4 

,:IL/ RECOGNIZ+ ! 9EVITABILITY ( ! ACCOMPLI%$ FACT1 ,I DO NOT HESITATE TO SAY ?AT ! TRIUMPH ( ,CA?OLICISM 9 ,FRANCE 9 ! SIXTE5? & SEV5TE5? C5TURIES WAS A GREAT MIS=TUNE = ! :OLE HUMAN RACE1 & ?AT ! MASSACRE ( ,SA9T ,B>?OLOMEW1 AS WELL AS ! ,REVOCATION ( ! ,$ICT ( ,NANTES1 W]E FACTS AS DISA/R\S = ,FRANCE H]SELF AS W]E LATELY ! DEFEAT & MASSACRE ( ! PEOPLE ( ,P>IS 9 ! ,COMMUNE4 ,I HAVE ACTUALLY HE>D V]Y 9TELLIG5T & V]Y E/IMABLE ,FR5*M5 EXPLA9 ?IS DEFEAT ( ,PROTE/ANTISM 9 ,FRANCE BY ! ESS5TIALLY REVOLUTION>Y NATURE ( ! ,FR5* PEOPLE4 0,PROTE/ANTISM10 !Y SAID1 0WAS ONLY A SEMI-REVOLUTION2 WE NE$$ A COMPLETE REVOLUTION2 IT IS = ?AT REASON ?AT ! ,FR5* NATION DID NOT WI%1 & WAS NOT ABLE TO /OP AT ! ,RE=MATION4 ,IT PREF]R$ TO REMA9 ,CA?OLIC TILL ! MOM5T :5 IT C\LD PROCLAIM ,A!ISM2 & IT IS BECAUSE ( ?AT ?AT IT BORE ) SU* A P]FECT & ,*RI/IAN RESIGNATION BO? ! HORRORS ( ,SA9T ,B>?OLOMEW & ?OSE NOT LESS ABOM9ABLE ( ! EXECUTORS ( ! ,REVOCATION ( ! ,$ICT ( ,NANTES40 

,!SE E/IMABLE PATRIOTS DO NOT SEEM TO WANT TO CONSID] ONE ?+4 ,IT IS ?AT A PEOPLE1 :O UND] :ATSOEV] PRETEXT IT MAY BE1 SUFF]S TYRANNY1 NECESS>ILY LOSES AT L5G? ! SALUTORY HABIT ( REVOLT & EV5 ! V]Y 9/9CT ( REVOLT4 ,IT LOSES ! FEEL+ = LIB]TY1 & ONCE A PEOPLE HAS LO/ ALL ?AT1 IT NECESS>ILY BECOMES NOT ONLY BY ITS \T] CONDITIONS1 BUT 9 ITSELF1 9 ! V]Y ESS5CE ( ITS BE+1 A PEOPLE ( SLAVES4 ,IT WAS BECAUSE ,PROTE/ANTISM WAS DEFEAT$ 9 ,FRANCE ?AT ! ,FR5* PEOPLE LO/1 OR RA!R1 NEV] ACQUIR$1 ! CU/OM ( LIB]TY4 ,IT IS BECAUSE ?IS TRADITION & ?IS CU/OM >E LACK+ 9 IT ?AT IT HAS NOT TO-DAY :AT WE CALL POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS1 & IT IS BECAUSE IT IS LACK+ 9 ?IS CONSCI\SNESS ?AT ALL ! REVOLUTIONS IT HAS MADE UP TO N[ HAVE NOT BE5 ABLE TO GIVE IT OR SECURE IT POLITICAL LIB]TY4 ,) ! EXCEPTION ( ITS GREAT REVOLUTION>Y DAYS1 :I* >E ITS FE/IVAL DAYS1 ! ,FR5* PEOPLE REMA9 TO-DAY AS YE/]DAY1 A PEOPLE ( SLAVES4 

,*APT] ,I,I,I 

,! ,/ATE & ,M>XISM 

,ALL WORK TO BE P]=M$ 9 ! EMPLOY & PAY ( ! ,/ATE--SU* IS ! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE ( ,AU?ORIT>IAN ,COMMUNISM1 ( ,/ATE ,SOCIALISM4 ,! ,/ATE HAV+ BECOME SOLE PROPRIETOR--AT ! 5D ( A C]TA9 P]IOD ( TRANSITION :I* WILL BE NECESS>Y TO LET SOCIETY PASS )\T TOO GREAT POLITICAL & ECONOMIC %OCKS FROM ! PRES5T ORGANIZATION ( B\RGEOIS PRIVILEGE TO ! FUTURE ORGANIZATION ( ! (FICIAL EQUALITY ( ALL--! ,/ATE WILL BE ALSO ! ONLY ,CAPITALI/1 BANK]1 MONEY-L5D]1 ORGANIZ]1 DIRECTOR ( ALL NATIONAL LABOR & DI/RIBUTOR ( ITS PRODUCTS4 ,SU* IS ! IDEAL1 ! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE ( MOD]N ,COMMUNISM4 

,5UNCIAT$ = ! FIR/ TIME BY ,BABEUF1.<#h.> T[>DS ! CLOSE ( ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 ) ALL ! >RAY ( ANTIQUE CIVISM & REVOLUTION>Y VIOL5CE1 :I* CON/ITUT$ ! *>ACT] ( ! EPO*1 IT WAS RECA/ & REPRODUC$ 9 M9IATURE1 AB\T =TY-FIVE YE>S LAT] BY ,L\IS ,BLANC.<#i.> 9 HIS T9Y PAMPHLET ON ,! ,ORGANIZATION ( ,LABOR1 9 :I* ?AT E/IMABLE CITIZ51 MU* LESS REVOLUTION>Y1 & MU* MORE 9DULG5T T[>DS B\RGEOIS WEAKNESSES ?AN WAS ,BABEUF1 TRI$ TO GILD & SWEET5 ! PILL SO ?AT ! B\RGEOIS C\LD SWALL[ IT )\T SUSPECT+ ?AT !Y W]E TAK+ A POISON :I* W\LD KILL !M4 ,BUT ! B\RGEOIS W]E NOT DECEIV$1 & RETURN+ BRUTALITY = POLIT5ESS1 !Y EXPELL$ ,L\IS ,BLANC FROM ,FRANCE4 ,9 SPITE ( ?AT1 ) A CON/ANCY :I* ONE MU/ ADMIRE1 HE REMA9$ ALONE 9 FAI?FULNESS TO HIS ECONOMIC SY/EM & CONT9U$ TO BELIEVE ?AT ! :OLE FUTURE WAS CONTA9$ 9 HIS LITTLE PAMPHLET ON ! ORGANIZATION ( ,LABOR4 

,! ,COMMUNI/ IDEA LAT] PASS$ 9TO MORE S]I\S H&S4 ,K>L ,M>X1 ! UNDISPUT$ *IEF ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY 9 ,G]MANY--A GREAT 9TELLECT >M$ ) A PR(\ND KN[L$GE1 :OSE 5TIRE LIFE1 ONE CAN SAY IT )\T FLATT]+1 HAS BE5 DEVOT$ EXCLUSIVELY TO ! GREATE/ CAUSE :I* EXI/S TO-DAY1 ! EMANCIPATION ( LABOR & ( ! TOIL]S--,K>L ,M>X :O IS 9DISPUTABLY ALSO1 IF NOT ! ONLY1 AT LEA/ ONE ( ! PR9CIPAL F\ND]S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION1 MADE ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,COMMUNI/ IDEA ! OBJECT ( A S]I\S WORK4 ,HIS GREAT WORK1 ,CAPITAL1 IS NOT 9 ! LEA/ A FANTASY1 AN 0A PRIORI0 CONCEPTION1 HAT*$ \T 9 A S+LE DAY 9 ! HEAD ( A Y\NG MAN MORE OR LESS IGNORANT ( ECONOMIC CONDITIONS & ( ! ACTUAL SY/EM ( PRODUCTION4 ,IT IS F\ND$ ON A V]Y EXT5SIVE1 V]Y DETAIL$ KN[L$GE & A V]Y PR(\ND ANALYSIS ( ?IS SY/EM & ( ITS CONDITIONS4 ,K>L ,M>X IS A MAN ( IMM5SE /ATI/ICAL & ECONOMIC KN[L$GE4 ,HIS WORK ON ,CAPITAL1 ?\< UN=TUNATELY BRI/L+ ) =MULAS & METAPHYSICAL SUBTLETIES :I* R5D] IT UNAPPROA*ABLE = ! GREAT MASS ( READ]S1 IS 9 ! HI<E/ DEGREE A SCI5TIFIC OR REALI/ WORK3 9 ! S5SE ?AT IT ABSOLUTELY EXCLUDES ANY O!R LOGIC ?AN ?AT ( ! FACTS4 

,LIV+ = V]Y NE>LY ?IRTY YE>S1 ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY AMONG ,G]MAN WORK]S1 REFUGEES LIKE HIMSELF & SURR\ND$ BY MORE OR LESS 9TELLIG5T FRI5DS & DISCIPLES BELONG+ BY BIR? & RELATION%IP TO ! B\RGEOIS WORLD1 ,M>X NATURALLY HAS MANAG$ TO =M A ,COMMUNI/ S*OOL1 OR A SORT ( LITTLE ,COMMUNI/ ,*UR*1 COMPOS$ ( F]V5T ADEPTS & SPREAD ALL OV] ,G]MANY4 ,?IS ,*UR*1 RE/RICT$ ?\< IT MAY BE ON ! SCORE ( NUMB]S1 IS SKILLFULLY ORGANIZ$1 & ?ANKS TO ITS NUM]\S CONNECTIONS ) WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATIONS 9 ALL ! PR9CIPAL PLACES 9 ,G]MANY1 IT HAS ALREADY BECOME A P[]4.<#a.> ,K>L ,M>X NATURALLY 5JOYS AN ALMO/ SUPREME AU?ORITY 9 ?IS ,*UR*1 & TO DO HIM JU/ICE1 IT MU/ BE ADMITT$ ?AT HE KN[S H[ TO GOV]N ?IS LITTLE >MY ( FANATICAL ADH]5TS 9 SU* A WAY AS ALWAYS TO 5HANCE HIS PRE/IGE & P[] OV] ! IMAG9ATION ( ! WORK]S ( ,G]MANY4 

,M>X IS NOT ONLY A LE>N$ ,SOCIALI/1 HE IS ALSO A V]Y CLEV] ,POLITICIAN & AN >D5T PATRIOT4 ,LIKE ,BISM>CK1 ?\< BY SOME:AT DIFF]5T MEANS1 & LIKE MANY O!R ( HIS COMPATRIOTS1 ,SOCIALI/S OR NOT1 HE WANTS ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A GREAT ,G]MANIC ,/ATE = ! GLORY ( ! ,G]MAN PEOPLE & = ! HAPP9ESS & ! VOLUNT>Y1 OR 5=C$ CIVILIZATION ( ! WORLD4 

,! POLICY ( ,BISM>CK IS ?AT ( ! PRES5T2 ! POLICY ( ,M>X1 :O CONSID]S HIMSELF AT LEA/ AS HIS SUCCESSOR1 & HIS CONT9UATOR1 IS ?AT ( ! FUTURE4 ,& :5 ,I SAY ?AT ,M>X CONSID]S HIMSELF ! CONT9UATOR ( ,BISM>CK1 ,I AM F> FROM CALUMNIAT+ ,M>X4 ,IF HE DID NOT CONSID] HIMSELF AS SU*1 HE W\LD NOT HAVE P]MITT$ ,5GELS1 ! CONFIDANT ( ALL HIS ?\<TS1 TO WRITE ?AT ,BISM>CK S]VES ! CAUSE ( ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,HE S]VES IT N[ 9 HIS [N WAY2 ,M>X WILL S]VE IT LAT]1 9 ANO!R MANN]4 ,?AT IS ! S5SE 9 :I* HE WILL BE LAT]1 ! CONT9UATOR1 AS TO-DAY HE IS ! ADMIR] ( ! POLICY ( ,BISM>CK4 

,N[ LET US EXAM9E ! P>TICUL> *>ACT] ( ,M>X'S POLICY1 LET US ASC]TA9 ! ESS5TIAL PO9TS ON :I* IT IS TO BE SEP>AT$ FROM ! ,BISM>CKIAN POLICY4 ,! PR9CIPAL PO9T1 &1 ONE MI<T SAY1 ! ONLY ONE1 IS ?IS3 ,M>X IS A DEMOCRAT1 AN ,AU?ORIT>IAN ,SOCIALI/1 & A ,REPUBLICAN2 ,BISM>CK IS AN \T & \T ,POM]ANIAN1 >I/OCRATIC1 MON>*ICAL ,JUNK]4 ,! DIFF]5CE IS !RE=E V]Y GREAT1 V]Y S]I\S1 & BO? SIDES >E S9C]E 9 ?IS DIFF]5CE4 ,ON ?IS PO9T1 !RE IS NO POSSIBLE UND]/&+ OR RECONCILIATION POSSIBLE BETWE5 ,BISM>CK & ,M>X4 ,EV5 AP>T FROM ! NUM]\S IRREVOCABLE PL$GES ?AT ,M>X ?R\<\T HIS LIFE1 HAS GIV5 TO ! CAUSE ( ,SOCIALI/ DEMOCRACY1 HIS V]Y POSITION & HIS AMBITIONS GIVE A POSITIVE GU>ANTEE ON ?IS ISSUE4 ,9 A MON>*Y1 H[EV] ,LIB]AL IT MI<T BE1 OR EV5 CANNOT BE ANY PLACE1 ANY ROLE = ,M>X1 & SO MU* ! MORE SO 9 ! ,PRUSSIAN ,G]MANIC ,EMPIRE F\ND$ BY ,BISM>CK1 ) A BUGBE> ( AN ,EMP]OR1 MILIT>I/ & BIGOT$1 AS *IEF & ) ALL ! B>ONS & BUREAUCRATS ( ,G]MANY = GU>DIANS4 ,BE=E HE CAN >RIVE AT P[]1 ,M>X WILL HAVE TO SWEEP ALL ?AT AWAY4 

,!RE=E HE IS =C$ TO BE ,REVOLUTION>Y4 ,?AT IS :AT SEP>ATES ,M>X FROM ,BISM>CK---! =M & ! CONDITIONS ( ,GOV]NM5T4 ,ONE IS AN \T & \T >I/OCRAT & MON>*I/2 & 9 A ,CONS]VATIVE ,REPUBLIC LIKE ?AT ( ,FRANCE UND] ,?I]S.<#a#a.>1 !RE ! O!R IS AN \T & \T DEMOCRAT & REPUBLICAN1 &1 9TO ! B>GA91 A ,SOCIALI/ DEMOCRAT & A ,SOCIALI/ REPUBLICAN4 

,LET US SEE N[ :AT UNITES !M4 ,IT IS ! \T & \T CULT ( ! ,/ATE4 ,I HAVE NO NE$ TO PROVE IT 9 ! CASE ( ,BISM>CK1 ! PRO(S >E !RE4 ,FROM HEAD TO FOOT HE IS A ,/ATE'S MAN & NO?+ BUT A ,/ATE'S MAN4 ,BUT NEI!R DO ,I BELIEVE ?AT ,I %ALL HAVE NE$ ( TOO GREAT EF=TS TO PROVE ?AT IT IS ! SAME ) ,M>X4 ,HE LOVES GOV]NM5T TO SU* A DEGREE ?AT HE EV5 WANT$ TO 9/ITUTE ONE 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION2 & HE WOR%IPS P[] SO MU* ?AT HE WANT$ TO IMPOSE & /ILL MEANS TO-DAY TO IMPOSE HIS DICTATOR%IP ON US4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ?AT IS SUFFICI5T TO *>ACT]IZE HIS P]SONAL ATTITUDE4 ,BUT HIS ,SOCIALI/ & POLITICAL PROGRAM IS A V]Y FAI?FUL EXPRESSION ( IT4 ,! SUPREME OBJECTIVE ( ALL HIS EF=TS1 AS IS PROCLAIM$ TO US BY ! FUNDAM5TAL /ATUTES ( HIS P>TY 9 ,G]MANY1 IS ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! GREAT ,PEOPLE'S ,/ATE 7,VOLKS/AAT74 

,BUT :OEV] SAYS ,/ATE1 NECESS>ILY SAYS A P>TICUL> LIMIT$ ,/ATE1 D\BTLESS COMPRIS+1 IF IT IS V]Y L>GE1 MANY DIFF]5T PEOPLES & C\NTRIES1 BUT EXCLUD+ /ILL MORE4 ,= UNLESS HE IS DREAM+ ( ! ,UNIV]SAL ,/ATE AS DID ,NAPOLEON & ! ,EMP]OR ,*>LES ! ,FIF?1 OR AS ! ,PAPACY DREAM$ ( ! ,UNIV]SAL ,*UR*1 ,M>X1 9 SPITE ( ALL ! 9T]NATIONAL AMBITION :I* DEV\RS HIM TO-DAY1 WILL HAVE1 :5 ! H\R ( ! REALIZATION ( HIS DREAMS HAS S\ND$ = HIM--IF IT EV] DOES S\ND--HE WILL HAVE TO CONT5T HIMSELF ) GOV]N+ A S+LE ,/ATE & NOT SEV]AL ,/ATES AT ONCE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 :O EV] SAYS ,/ATE SAYS1 A ,/ATE1 & :OEV] SAYS A ,/ATE AFFIRMS BY ?AT ! EXI/5CE ( SEV]AL ,/ATES1 & :OEV] SAYS SEV]AL ,/ATES1 IMM$IATELY SAYS3 COMPETITION1 JEAL\SY1 TRUCELESS & 5DLESS W>4 ,! SIMPLE/ LOGIC AS WELL AS ALL HI/ORY BE> WITNESS TO IT4 

,ANY ,/ATE1 UND] PA9 ( P]I%+ & SEE+ ITSELF DEV\R$ BY NEI<BOR+ ,/ATES1 MU/ T5D T[>DS COMPLETE P[]1 &1 HAV+ BECOME P[]FUL1 IT MU/ EMB>K ON A C>E] ( CONQUE/1 SO ?AT IT %ALL NOT BE ITSELF CONQU]$2 = TWO P[]S SIMIL> & AT ! SAME TIME =EIGN TO EA* O!R C\LD NOT CO-EXI/ )\T TRY+ TO DE/ROY EA* O!R4 ,:OEV] SAYS CONQUE/1 SAYS CONQU]$ PEOPLES1 5SLAV$ & 9 BONDAGE1 UND] :ATEV] =M OR NAME IT MAY BE4 

,IT IS 9 ! NATURE ( ! ,/ATE TO BREAK ! SOLID>ITY ( ! HUMAN RACE &1 AS IT W]E1 TO D5Y HUMANITY4 ,! ,/ATE CANNOT PRES]VE ITSELF AS SU* 9 ITS 9TEGRITY & 9 ALL ITS /R5G? EXCEPT IT SETS ITSELF UP AS SUPREME & ABSOLUTE BE-ALL & 5D-ALL1 AT LEA/ = ITS [N CITIZ5S1 OR TO SPEAK MORE FRANKLY1 = ITS [N SUBJECTS1 NOT BE+ ABLE TO IMPOSE ITSELF AS SU* ON ! CITIZ5S ( O!R ,/ATES UNCONQU]$ BY IT4 ,FROM ?AT !RE 9EVITABLY RESULTS A BREAK ) HUMAN1 CONSID]$ AS UNIVESRSAL1 MORALITY & ) UNIV]SAL REASON1 BY ! BIR? ( ,/ATE MORALITY & REASONS ( ,/ATE4 ,! PR9CIPLE ( POLITICAL OR ,/ATE MORALITY IS V]Y SIMPLE4 ,! ,/ATE1 BE+ ! SUPREME OBJECTIVE1 EV]Y?+ ?AT IS FAVORABLE TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( ITS P[] IS GOOD2 ALL ?AT IS CONTR>Y TO IT1 EV5 IF IT W]E ! MO/ HUMANE ?+ 9 ! WORLD1 IS BAD4 ,?IS MORALITY IS CALL$ ,PATRIOTISM4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL IS ! NEGATION ( PATRIOTISM & CONSEQU5TLY ! NEGATION ( ! ,/ATE4 ,IF !RE=E ,M>X & HIS FRI5DS ( ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIALI/ ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY %\LD SUCCE$ 9 9TRODUC+ ! ,/ATE PR9CIPLE 9TO \R PROGRAM1 !Y W\LD KILL ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,! ,/ATE1 = ITS [N PRES]VATION1 MU/ NECESS>ILY BE P[]FUL AS REG>DS =EIGN AFFAIRS2 BUT IF IT IS SO AS REG>DS =EIGN AFFAIRS1 IT WILL 9FALLIBLY BE SO AS REG>DS HOME AFFAIRS4 ,EV]Y ,/ATE1 HAV+ TO LET ITSELF BE 9SPIR$ & DIRECT$ BY SOME P>TICUL> MORALITY1 CON=MABLE TO ! P>TICUL> CONDITIONS ( ITS EXI/5CE1 BY A MORALITY :I* IS A RE/RICTION & CONSEQU5TLY A NEGATION ( HUMAN & UNIV]SAL MORALITY1 MU/ KEEP WAT* ?AT ALL ITS SUBJECTS1 9 !IR ?\<TS & ABOVE ALL 9 !IR ACTS1 >E 9SPIR$ ALSO ONLY BY ! PR9CIPLES ( ?IS PATRIOTIC OR P>TICUL> MORALITY1 & ?AT !Y REMA9 DEAF TO ! TEA*+S ( PURE OR UNIV]SALLY HUMAN MORALITY4 ,FROM ?AT !RE RESULTS ! NECESSITY = A ,/ATE C5SOR%IP2 TOO GREAT LIB]TY ( ?\<T & OP9IONS BE+1 AS ,M>X CONSID]S1 V]Y REASONABLY TOO FROM HIS EM95TLY POLITICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 9COMPATIBLE ) ?AT UNANIMITY ( ADH]5CE DEM&$ BY ! SECURITY ( ! ,/ATE4 ,?AT ?AT 9 REALITY IS ,M>X'S OP9ION IS SUFFICI5TLY PROV$ BY ! ATTEMPTS :I* HE MADE TO 9TRODUCE C5SOR%IP 9TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 UND] PLAUSIBLE PRETEXTS1 & COV]+ IT ) A MASK4 

,BUT H[EV] VIGILANT ?IS C5SOR%IP MAY BE1 EV5 IF ! ,/ATE W]E TO TAKE 9TO ITS [N H&S EXCLUSIVELY $UCATION & ALL ! 9/RUCTION ( ! PEOPLE1 AS ,MAZZ9I WI%$ TO DO1 & AS ,M>X WI%ES TO DO TO-DAY ! ,/ATE CAN NEV] BE SURE ?AT PROHIBIT$ & DANG]\S ?\<TS MAY NOT SLIP 9 & BE SMUGGL$ SOMEH[ 9TO ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! POPULATION ?AT IT GOV]NS4 ,=BIDD5 FRUIT HAS SU* AN ATTRACTION = M51 & ! DEMON ( REVOLT1 ?AT ET]NAL 5EMY ( ! ,/ATE1 AWAK5S SO EASILY 9 !IR HE>TS :5 !Y >E NOT SUFFICI5TLY /UPIFI$1 ?AT NEI!R ?IS $UCATION NOR ?IS 9/RUCTION1 NOR EV5 ! C5SOR%IP1 SUFFICI5TLY GU>ANTEE ! TRANQUILITY ( ! ,/ATE4 ,IT MU/ /ILL HAVE A POLICE1 DEVOT$ AG5TS :O WAT* OV] & DIRECT1 SECRETLY & UNOBTRUSIVELY1 ! CURR5T ( ! PEOPLES' OP9IONS & PASSIONS4 ,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT ,M>X HIMSELF IS SO CONV9C$ ( ?IS NECESSITY1 ?AT HE BELIEV$ HE %\LD FILL ) HIS SECRET AG5TS ALL ! REGIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL & ABOVE ALL1 ,ITALY1 ,FRANCE1 & ,SPA94 ,F9ALLY1 H[EV] P]FECT MAY BE1 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! PRES]VATION ( ! ,/ATE1 ! ORGANSATION ( $UCATION & 9/RUCTION = ! PEOPLE1 ( C5SOR%IP & ! POLICE1 ! ,/ATE CANNOT BE SECURE 9 ITS EXI/5CE :ILE IT DOES NOT HAVE1 TO DEF5D IT AGA9/ ITS 5EMIES AT HOME1 AN >M$ =CE4 ,! ,/ATE IS GOV]NM5T FROM ABOVE D[NW>D ( AN IMM5SE NUMB] ( M51 V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! DEGREE ( !IR CULTURE1 ! NATURE ( ! C\NTRIES OR LOCALITIES ?AT !Y 9HABIT1 ! OCCUPATION !Y FOLL[1 ! 9T]E/S & ! ASPIRATIONS DIRECT+ !M--! ,/ATE IS ! GOV]NM5T ( ALL !SE BY SOME OR O!R M9ORITY2 ?IS M9ORITY1 EV5 IF IT W]E A ?\S& TIMES ELECT$ BY UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE & CONTROLL$ 9 ITS ACTS BY POPUL> 9/ITUTIONS1 UNLESS IT W]E 5D[$ ) ! OMNISCI5CE1 OMNIPRES5CE & ! OMNIPOT5CE :I* ! !OLOGIANS ATTRIBUTE TO ,GOD1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE ?AT IT C\LD KN[ & =ESEE ! NE$S1 OR SATISFY ) AN EV5 JU/ICE ! MO/ LEGITIMATE & PRESS+ 9T]E/S 9 ! WORLD4 ,!RE WILL ALWAYS BE DISCONT5T$ PEOPLE BECAUSE !RE WILL ALWAYS BE SOME :O >E SACRIFIC$4 

,BESIDES1 ! ,/ATE1 LIKE ! ,*UR*1 BY ITS V]Y NATURE IS A GREAT SACRIFIC] ( LIV+ BE+S4 ,IT IS AN >BITR>Y BE+1 9 :OSE HE>T ALL ! POSITIVE1 LIV+1 9DIVIDUAL1 & LOCAL 9T]E/S ( ! POPULATION MEET1 CLA%1 DE/ROY EA* O!R1 BECOME ABSORB$ 9 ?AT AB/RACTION CALL$ ! COMMON 9T]E/1 ! PUBLIC GOOD1 ! PUBLIC SAFETY1 & :]E ALL REAL WILLS CANCEL EA* O!R 9 ?AT O!R AB/RACTION :I* HE>S ! NAME ( ! WILL ( ! PEOPLE4 ,IT RESULTS FROM ?IS1 ?AT ?IS SO-CALL$ WILL ( ! PEOPLE IS NEV] ANY?+ ELSE ?AN ! SACRIFICE & ! NEGATION ( ALL ! REAL WILLS ( ! POPULATION2 JU/ AS ?IS SO-CALL$ PUBLIC GOOD IS NO?+ ELSE ?AN ! SACRIFICE ( !IR 9T]E/S4 ,BUT SO ?AT ?IS OMNIVOR\S AB/RACTION C\LD IMPOSE ITSELF ON MILLIONS ( M51 IT MU/ BE REPRES5T$ & SUPPORT$ BY SOME REAL BE+1 BY LIV+ =CE OR O!R4 ,WELL1 ?IS BE+1 ?IS =CE1 HAS ALWAYS EXI/$4 ,9 ! ,*UR* IT IS CALL$ ! CL]GY1 & 9 ! ,/ATE--! RUL+ OR GOV]N+ CLASS4 

,&1 9 FACT1 :AT DO WE F9D ?R\<\T HI/ORY8 ,! ,/ATE HAS ALWAYS BE5 ! PATRIMONY ( SOME PRIVILEG$ CLASS OR O!R2 A PRIE/LY CLASS1 AN >I/OCRATIC CLASS1 A B\RGEOIS CLASS1 & F9ALLY A BUREAUCRATIC CLASS1 :51 ALL ! O!R CLASSES HAV+ BECOME EXHAU/$1 ! ,/ATE FALLS OR RISES1 AS Y\ WILL1 TO ! CONDITION ( A MA*9E2 BUT IT IS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y = ! SALVATION ( ! ,/ATE ?AT !RE %\LD BE SOME PRIVILEG$ CLASS OR O!R :I* IS 9T]E/$ 9 ITS EXI/5CE4 ,& IT IS PRECISELY ! UNIT$ 9T]E/ ( ?IS PRIVILEG$ CLASS :I* IS CALL$ ,PATRIOTISM4 

,BY EXCLUD+ ! IMM5SE MAJORITY ( ! HUMAN RACE FROM ITS BOSOM1 BY CA/+ IT BEYOND ! PALE ( ! 5GAGEM5TS & RECIPROCAL DUTIES ( MORALITY1 JU/ICE & RI<T1 ! ,/ATE D5IES HUMANITY1 & ) ?AT BIG WORD1 0,PATRIOTISM01 IMPOSES 9JU/ICE & CRUELTY ON ALL ITS SUBJECTS1 AS A SUPREME DUTY4 ,IT RE/RA9S1 IT MUTILATES1 IT KILLS HUMANITY 9 !M1 SO ?AT1 CEAS+ TO BE M51 !Y >E NO LONG] ANY?+ BUT CITIZ5S--OR RA!R1 MORE CORRECTLY CONSID]$ 9 RELATION TO ! HI/ORIC SUCCESSION ( FACTS--SO ?AT !Y %ALL NEV] RAISE !MSELVES BEYOND ! LEVEL ( ! CITIZ5 TO ! LEVEL ( A MAN4 

,IF WE ACCEPT ! FICTION ( A FREE ,/ATE D]IV$ FROM A SOCIAL CONTRACT1 !N DISC]N+1 JU/1 PRUD5T PEOPLE \<T NOT TO HAVE ANY LONG] ANY NE$ ( GOV]NM5T OR ( ,/ATE4 ,SU* A PEOPLE CAN NE$ ONLY TO LIVE1 LEAV+ A FREE C\RSE TO ALL !IR 9/9CTS3 JU/ICE & PUBLIC ORD] WILL NATURALLY & ( !IR ACCORD PROCE$ FROM ! LIFE ( ! PEOPLE1 & ! ,/ATE1 CEAS+ TO BE ! PROVID5CE1 GUIDE1 $UCATOR1 & REGULATOR ( SOCIETY1 R5\NC+ ALL ITS REPRESSIVE P[]1 & FAIL+ TO ! SUBALT]N ROLE :I* ,PR\DHON ASSIGNS IT1 WILL NO LONG] ANY?+ ELSE BUT A SIMPLE BUS9ESS (FICE1 A SORT ( C5TRAL CLE>+ H\SE AT ! S]VICE ( SOCIETY4 

,D\BTLESS1 SU* A POLITICAL ORGANIZATION1 OR RA!R1 SU* A R$UCTION ( POLITICAL ACTION 9 FAVOR ( LIB]TY 9 SOCIAL LIFE1 W\LD BE A GREAT B5EFIT = SOCIETY1 BUT IT W\LD NOT AT ALL PLEASE ! DEVOT$ ADH]5TS ( ! ,/ATE4 ,!Y ABSOLUTELY MU/ HAVE A ,/ATE-,PROVID5CE1 A ,/ATE DIRECT+ SOCIAL LIFE1 DISP5S+ JU/ICE1 & ADM9I/]+ PUBLIC ORD]4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 :E!R !Y ADMIT IT OR NOT1 & EV5 :5 !Y CALL !MSELVES ,REPUBLICANS1 DEMOCRATS1 OR EV5 ,SOCIALI/S1 !Y ALWAYS MU/ HAVE A PEOPLE :O >E MORE OR LESS IGNORANT1 M9OR1 9CAPABLE1 OR TO CALL ?+S BY !IR RI<T NAMES1 RIFF-RAFF1 TO GOV]N2 9 ORD]1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT DO+ VIOL5CE TO !IR [N DIS9T]E/$NESS & MODE/Y1 !Y CAN KEEP ! BE/ PLACES = !MSELVES1 9 ORD] ALWAYS TO HAVE ! OPPORTUNITY TO DEVOTE !MSELVES TO ! COMMON GOOD1 & ?AT1 /RONG 9 !IR VIRTU\S DEVOTION & !IR EXCLUSIVE 9TELLIG5CE1 PRIVILEG$ GU>DIANS ( ! HUMAN FLOCK1 :IL/ URG+ IT ON = ITS [N GOOD & LEAD+ IT TO SECURITY1 !Y MAY ALSO FLEECE IT A LITTLE4 

,EV]Y LOGICAL & S9C]E !ORY ( ! ,/ATE IS ESS5TIALLY F\ND$ ON ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY--?AT IS TO SAY ON ! EM95TLY !OLOGICAL1 METAPHYSICAL & POLITICAL IDEA ?AT ! MASSES1 ALWAYS 9CAPABLE ( GOV]N+ !MSELVES1 MU/ SUBMIT AT ALL TIMES TO ! B5EVOL5T YOKE ( A WISDOM & A JU/ICE1 :I* 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R1 IS IMPOS$ ON !M FROM ABOVE4 ,BUT IMPOS$ 9 ! NAME ( :AT & BY :OM8 ,AU?ORITY RECOGNIZ$ & RESPECT$ AS SU* BY ! MASSES CAN HAVE ONLY ?REE POSSIBLE S\RCES--=CE1 RELIGION1 OR ! ACTION ( A SUP]IOR 9TELLIG5CE2 & ?IS SUPREME 9TELLIG5CE IS ALWAYS REPRES5T$ BY M9ORITIES4 

,SLAV]Y CAN ,*ANGE ITS =M & ITS NAME--ITS BASIS REMA9S ! SAME4 ,?IS BASIS IS EXPRESS$ BY ! WORDS3 BE+ A SLAVE IS BE+ =C$ TO WORK = O!R PEOPLE--AS BE+ A MA/] IS TO LIVE ON ! LABOR ( O!R PEOPLE4 ,9 ANCI5T TIMES1 AS TO-DAY 9 ,ASIA & ,AFRICA1 SLAVES W]E SIMPLY CALL$ SLAVES4 ,9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 !Y TOOK ! NAME ( 0S]FS01 TO-DAY !Y >E CALL$ 0WAGE-E>N]S04 ,! POSITION ( !SE LATT] IS MU* MORE HONORABLE & LESS H>D ?AN ?AT ( SLAVES1 BUT !Y >E NONE ! LESS =C$ BY HUNG] AS WELL AS BY ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS1 TO MA9TA9 BY V]Y H>D WORK ! ABSOLUTE OR RELATIVE IDL5ESS ( O!RS4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 !Y >E SLAVES4 ,&1 9 G5]AL1 NO ,/ATE1 EI!R ANACI5T OR MOD]N1 HAS EV] BE5 ABLE1 OR EV] WILL BE ABLE TO DO )\T ! =C$ LABOR ( ! MASSES1 :E!R WAGE-E>N]S OR SLAVES1 AS A PR9CIPAL & ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y BASIS ( ! LIB]TY & CULTURE ( ! POLITICAL CLASS3 ! CITIZ5S4 

,EV5 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS NO EXCEPTION TO ?IS RULE4 ,ITS M>VEL\S PROSP]ITY & 5VIABLE PROGRESS >E DUE 9 GREAT P>T & ABOVE ALL TO ONE IMPORTANT ADVANTAGE--! GREAT T]RITORIAL WEAL? ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 ,! IMM5SE QUANTITY ( UNCULTIVAT$ & F]TILE L&S1 TOGE!R ) A POLITICAL LIB]TY ?AT EXI/S NO:]E ELSE ATTRACTS EV]Y YE> HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( 5]GETIC1 9DU/RI\S & 9TELLIG5T COLONI/S4 ,?IS WEAL?1 AT ! SAME TIME KEEPS (F PAUP]ISM & DELAYS ! MOM5T :5 ! SOCIAL QUE/ION WILL HAVE TO BE PUT4 ,A WORK] :O DOES NOT F9D WORK OR :O IS DISSATISFI$ ) ! WAGES (F]$ BY ! CAPITALI/ CAN ALWAYS1 IF NE$ BE1 EMIGRATE TO ! F> ,WE/ TO CLE> !RE SOME WILD & UNOCCUPI$ L&4.<#a#b.> 

,?IS POSSIBILITY ALWAYS REMA9+ OP5 AS A LA/ RESORT TO ALL ,AM]ICAN WORK]S1 NATURALLY KEEPS WAGES AT A LEVEL1 & GIVES TO EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL AN 9DEP5D5CE1 UNKN[N 9 ,EUROPE4 ,SU* IS ! ADVANTAGE1 BUT H]E IS ! DISADVANTAGE4 ,AS *EAPNESS ( ! PRODUCTS ( 9DU/RY IS A*IEV$ 9 GREAT P>T BY *EAPNESS ( LABOR1 ! ,AM]ICAN MANUFACTUR]S = MO/ ( ! TIME >E NOT 9 A CONDITION TO COMPETE AGA9/ ! MANUFACTUR]S ( ,EUROPE--FROM :I* !RE RESULTS1 = ! 9DU/RY ( ! ,NOR!RN ,/ATES1 ! NECESSITY = A PROTECTIONI/ T>IFF4 ,BUT ?AT HAS A RESULT1 FIR/LY TO CREATE A HO/ ( >TIFICIAL 9DU/RIES & ABOVE ALL TO OPPRESS & RU9 ! NON-MANUFACTUR+ ,S\!RN ,/ATES & MAKE !M WANT SECESSION2 F9ALLY TO CR[D TOGE!R 9TO CITIES LIKE ,NEW ,YORK1 ,PHILADELPHIA1 ,BO/ON & MANY O!RS1 PROLET>IAN WORK+ MASSES :O1 LITTLE BY LITTLE1 >E BEG9N+ TO F9D !MSELVES ALREADY 9 A SITUATION ANALOG\S TO ?AT ( ! WORK]S 9 ! GREAT MANUFACTUR+ ,/ATES ( ,EUROPE4 ,& WE SEE1 9 EFFECT ! SOCIAL QUE/ION ALREADY BE+ POS$ 9 ! ,NOR!RN ,/ATES1 JU/ AS IT WAS POS$ LONG BE=E 9 \R C\NTRIES4 

,& !RE TOO1 ! SELF-GOV]NM5T ( ! MASSES1 9 SPITE ( ALL ! DISPLAY ( ! PEOPLE'S OMNIPOT5CE1 REMA9S MO/ ( ! TIME 9 A /ATE ( FICTION4 ,9 REALITY1 IT IS M9ORITIES :I* GOV]N4 ,! SO-CALL$ ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY1 UP TO ! TIME ( ! ,CIVIL ,W> TO EMANCIPATE ! SLAVES1 W]E ! \T & \T P>TISANS ( SLAV]Y & ( ! F]OCI\S OLIG>*Y ( ! PLANT]S1 DEMAGOGUES )\T FAI? OR CONSCI5CE1 CAPABLE ( SACRIFIC+ EV]Y?+ TO !IR GRE$ & EVIL-M9D$ AMBITION1 & :O1 BY !IR DETE/ABLE 9FLU5CE & ACTIONS1 EX]CIS$ ALMO/ UNH9D]$1 = NE>LY FIFTY YE>S CONT9U\SLY1 HAVE GREATLY CONTRIBUT$ TO DEPRAVE ! POLITICAL MORALITY ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 

,! ,REPUBLICAN ,P>TY1 ?\< REALLY 9TELLIG5T & G5]\S1 IS /ILL & ALWAYS A M9ORITY1 & :ATEV] ! S9C]ITY ( ?IS P>TY ( LIB]ATION1 H[EV] GREAT & G5]\S ! PR9CIPLES IT PR(ESSES1 DO NOT LET US HOPE ?AT1 9 P[]1 IT WILL R5\NCE ?IS EXCLUSIVE POSITION ( A GOV]N+ M9ORITY TO M]GE 9TO ! MASS ( ! NATION SO ?AT ! SELF-GOV]NM5T ( ! PEOPLE %ALL F9ALLY BECOME A REALITY4 ,= ?AT !RE WILL BE NECESS>Y A REVOLUTION F> MORE PR(\ND ?AN ALL ?OSE :I* HI!RTO HAVE %AK5 ! ,OLD & ,NEW ,WORLDS4 

,9 ,SWITZ]L&1 9 SPITE ( ALL ! DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTIONS ?AT HAVE TAK5 PLACE !RE1 IT IS /ILL ALWAYS ! CLASS 9 COM=TABLE CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! B\RGEOISIE1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ! CLASS PRIVILEG$ BY WEAL?1 LEISURE1 & $UCATION1 :I* GOV]NS4 ,! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! PEOPLE--A WORD :I*1 ANYWAY1 WE DETE/ BECAUSE 9 \R EYES1 ALL SOV]EIGNTY IS DETE/ABLE--! GOV]NM5T ( ! PEOPLE BY !MSELVES IS LIKEWISE A FICTION4 ,! PEOPLE IS SOV]EIGN 9 LAW1 NOT 9 FACT1 = NECESS>ILY ABSORB$ BY !IR DAILY LABOR1 :I* LEAVES !M NO LEISURE1 & IF NOT COMPLETELY IGNORANT1 AT LEA/ V]Y 9F]IOR 9 $UCATION TO ! B\RGEOISIE1 !Y >E =C$ TO PLACE 9 ! H&S ( ! LATT] !IR SUPPOS$ SOV]EIGNTY4 ,! SOLE ADVANTAGE :I* !Y GET \T ( IT 9 ,SWITZ]L&1 AS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 IS ?AT AMBITI\S M9ORITIES1 ! POLITICAL CLASSES1 CANNOT >RIVE AT P[] O!RWISE ?AN BY PAY+ C\RT TO ! PEOPLE1 FLATT]+ !IR FLEET+ PASSIONS1 :I* MAY SOMETIMES BE V]Y BAD1 & MO/ (T5 DECEIV+ !M4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! MO/ IMP]FECT REPUBLIC IS A ?\S& TIMES BETT] ?AN ! MO/ 5LI<T5$ MON>*Y1 = AT LEA/ 9 ! REPUBLIC !RE >E MOM5TS :51 ?\< ALWAYS EXPLOIT$1 ! PEOPLE >E NOT OPPRESS$1 :ILE 9 MON>*IES !Y >E NEV] ANY?+ ELSE4 ,& !N ! DEMOCRATIC REGIME TRA9S ! MASSES LITTLE BY LITTLE 9 PUBLIC LIFE1 :I* ! MON>*Y NEV] DOES4 ,BUT :IL/ GIV+ ! PREF]5CE TO ! REPUBLIC WE >E NEV]!LESS =C$ TO RECOGNIZE & PROCLAIM ?AT :ATEV] MAY BE ! =M ( GOV]NM5T1 :IL/ HUMAN SOCIETY REMA9S DIVID$ 9TO DIFF]5T CLASSES BECAUSE ( ! H]$IT>Y 9EQUALITY ( OCCUPATIONS1 WEAL?1 $UCATION1 & PRIVILEGES1 !RE WILL ALWAYS BE M9ORITY GOV]NM5T & ! 9EVITABLE EXPLOITATION ( ! MAJORITY BY ?AT M9ORITY4 

,! ,/ATE IS NO?+ ELSE BUT ?IS DOM9ATION & EXPLOITATION REGUL>IZ$ & SY/EMIZ$4 ,WE %ALL ATTEMPT TO DEMON/RATE IT BY EXAM9+ ! CONSEQU5CE ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ! MASSES ( ! PEOPLE BY A M9ORITY1 AT FIR/ AS 9TELLIG5T & AS DEVOT$ AS Y\ LIKE1 9 AN IDEAL ,/ATE1 F\ND$ ON A FREE CONTRACT4 

,SUPPOSE ! GOV]NM5T TO BE CONF9$ ONLY TO ! BE/ CITIZ5S4 ,AT FIR/ !SE CITIZ5S >E PRIVILEG$ NOT BY RI<T1 BUT BY FACT4 ,!Y HAVE BE5 ELECT$ BY ! PEOPLE BECAUSE !Y >E ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T1 CLEV]1 WISE1 & C\RAGE\S & DEVOT$4 ,TAK5 FROM ! MASS ( ! CITIZ5S1 :O >E REG>D$ AS ALL EQUAL1 !Y DO NOT YET =M A CLASS AP>T1 BUT A GR\P ( M5 PRIVILEG$ ONLY BY NATURE & = ?AT V]Y REASON S+L$ \T = ELECTION BY ! PEOPLE4 ,!IR NUMB] IS NECESS>ILY V]Y LIMIT$1 = 9 ALL TIMES & C\NTRIES ! NUMB] ( M5 5D[$ ) QUALITIES SO REM>KABLE ?AT !Y AUTOMATICALLY COMM& ! UNANIM\S RESPECT ( A NATION IS1 AS EXP]I5CE TEA*ES US1 V]Y SMALL4 ,!RE=E1 UND] PA9 ( MAK+ A BAD *OICE1 ! PEOPLE WILL BE ALWAYS =C$ TO *OOSE ITS RUL]S FROM AMONG !M4 

,H]E1 !N1 IS SOCIETY DIVID$ 9TO TWO CATEGORIES1 IF NOT YET TO SAY TWO CLASSES1 ( :I* ONE1 COMPOS$ ( ! IMM5SE MAJORITY ( ! CITIZ5S1 SUBMITS FREELY TO ! GOV]NM5T ( ITS ELECT$ LEAD]S1 ! O!R1 =M$ ( A SMALL NUMB] ( PRIVILEG$ NATURES1 RECOGNIZ$ & ACCEPT$ AS SU* BY ! PEOPLE1 & *>G$ BY !M TO GOV]N !M4 ,DEP5D5T ON POPUL> ELECTION1 !Y >E AT FIR/ DI/+UI%$ FROM ! MASS ( ! CITIZ5S ONLY BY ! V]Y QUALITIES :I* RECOMM5D$ !M TO !IR *OICE & >E NATURALLY1 ! MO/ DEVOT$ & USEFUL ( ALL4 ,!Y DO NOT YET ASSUME TO !MSELVES ANY PRIVILEGE1 ANY P>TICUL> RI<T1 EXCEPT ?AT ( EX]CIS+1 9S(> AS ! PEOPLE WI% IT1 ! SPECIAL FUNCTIONS ) :I* !Y HAVE BE5 *>G$4 ,= ! RE/1 BY !IR MANN] ( LIFE1 BY ! CONDITIONS & MEANS ( !IR EXI/5CE1 !Y DO NOT SEP>ATE !MSELVES 9 ANY WAY FROM ALL ! O!RS1 SO ?AT A P]FECT EQUALITY CONT9UES TO REIGN AMONG ALL4 ,CAN ?IS EQUALITY BE LONG MA9TA9$8 ,WE CLAIM ?AT IT CANNOT & NO?+ IS EASI] TO PROVE IT4 

,NO?+ IS MORE DANG]\S = MAN'S PRIVATE MORALITY ?AN ! HABIT ( COMM&4 ,! BE/ MAN1 ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T1 DIS9T]E/$1 G5]\S1 PURE1 WILL 9FALLIBLY & ALWAYS BE SPOIL$ AT ?IS TRADE4 ,TWO S5TIM5TS 9H]5T 9 P[] NEV] FAIL TO PRODUCE ?IS DEMORALIZATION2 !Y >E3 CONTEMPT = ! MASSES & ! OV]E/IMATION ( ONE'S [N M]ITS4 

0,! MASSES10 A MAN SAYS TO HIMSELF1 0RECOGNIZ+ !IR 9CAPACITY TO GOV]N ON !IR [N ACC\NT1 HAVE ELECT$ ME !IR *IEF4 ,BY ?AT ACT !Y HAVE PUBLICLY PROCLAIM$ !IR 9F]IORITY & MY SUP]IORITY4 ,AMONG ?IS CR[D ( M51 RECOGNIZ+ H>DLY ANY EQUALS ( MYSELF1 ,I AM ALONE CAPABLE ( DIRECT+ PUBLIC AFFAIRS4 ,! PEOPLE HAVE NE$ ( ME2 !Y CANNOT DO )\T MY S]VICES1 :ILE ,I1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 CAN GET ALONG ALL RI<T BY MYSELF3 !Y1 !RE=E1 MU/ OBEY ME = !IR [N SECURITY1 & 9 CONDESC5D+ TO COMM& !M1 ,I AM DO+ !M A GOOD TURN40 

,IS NOT !RE SOME?+ 9 ALL ?AT TO MAKE A MAN LOSE HIS HEAD & HIS HE>T AS WELL1 & BECOME MAD ) PRIDE8 ,IT IS ?US ?AT P[] & ! HABIT ( COMM& BECOME = EV5 ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T & VIRTU\S M51 A S\RCE ( AB]RATION1 BO? 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL4 

,BUT 9 ! ,PEOPLE'S ,/ATE ( ,M>X1 !RE WILL BE1 WE >E TOLD1 NO PRIVILEG$ CLASS AT ALL4 ,ALL WILL BE EQUAL1 NOT ONLY FROM ! JURIDICAL & POLITICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 BUT FROM ! ECONOMIC PO9T ( VIEW4 ,AT LEA/ ?AT IS :AT IS PROMIS$1 ?\< ,I D\BT V]Y MU*1 CONSID]+ ! MANN] 9 :I* IT IS BE+ TACKL$ & ! C\RSE IT IS DESIR$ TO FOLL[1 :E!R ?AT PROMISE C\LD EV] BE KEPT4 ,!RE WILL !RE=E BE NO LONG] ANY PRIVILEG$ CLASS1 BUT !RE WILL BE A GOV]NM5T &1 NOTE ?IS WELL1 AN EXTREMELY COMPLEX GOV]NM5T1 :I* WILL NOT CONT5T ITSELF ) GOV]N+ & ADM9I/]+ ! MASSES POLITICALLY1 AS ALL GOV]NM5TS DO TO-DAY1 BUT :I* WILL ALSO ADM9I/] !M ECONOMICALLY1 CONC5TRAT+ 9 ITS [N H&S ! PRODUCTION & ! JU/ DIVISION ( WEAL?1 ! CULTIVATION ( L&1 ! E/ABLI%M5T & DEVELOPM5T ( FACTORIES1 ! ORGANIZATION & DIRECTION ( COMM]CE1 F9ALLY ! APPLICATION ( CAPITAL TO PRODUCTION BY ! ONLY BANK]1 ! ,/ATE4 ,ALL ?AT WILL DEM& AN IMM5SE KN[L$GE & MANY 0HEADS OV]FL[+ ) BRA9S0.<#a#c.> 9 ?IS GOV]NM5T4 ,IT WILL BE ! REIGN ( SCI5TIFIC 9TELLIG5CE1 ! MO/ >I/OCRATIC1 DESPOTIC1 >ROGANT & CONTEMPTU\S ( ALL REGIMES4 ,!RE WILL BE A NEW CLASS1 A NEW HI]>*Y ( REAL & PRET5D$ SCI5TI/S & S*OL>S1 & ! WORLD WILL BE DIVID$ 9TO A M9ORITY RUL+ 9 ! NAME ( KN[L$GE & AN IMM5SE IGNORANT MAJORITY4.<#a#d.> ,& !N1 WOE BETIDE ! MASS ( IGNORANT ONES6 

,SU* A REGIME WILL NOT FAIL TO >\SE V]Y CONSID]ABLE DISCONT5T 9 ?IS MASS & 9 ORD] TO KEEP IT 9 *ECK ! 5LI<T5M5T & LIB]AT+ GOV]NM5T ( ,M>X WILL HAVE NE$ ( A NOT LESS CONSID]ABLE >M$ =CE4 ,= ! GOV]NM5T MU/ BE /RONG1 SAYS ,5GELS1 TO MA9TA9 ORD] AMONG !SE MILLIONS ( ILLIT]ATES :OSE BRUTAL UPRIS+ W\LD BE CAPABLE ( DE/ROY+ & OV]?R[+ EV]Y?+1 EV5 A GOV]NM5T DIRECT$ BY HEADS OV]FL[+ ) BRA9S4 

,Y\ CAN SEE QUITE WELL ?AT BEH9D ALL ! DEMOCRATIC & SOCIALI/IC PHRASES & PROMISES ( ,M>X'S PROGRAM1 !RE IS TO BE F\ND 9 HIS ,/ATE ALL ?AT CON/ITUTES ! TRUE DESPOTIC & BRUTAL NATURE ( ALL ,/ATES1 :ATEV] MAY BE ! =M ( !IR GOV]NM5T & ?AT 9 ! F9AL RECKON+1 ! ,PEOPLE'S ,/ATE SO /RONGLY COMM5D$ BY ,M>X1 & ! >I/OCRATIC-MON>*IC ,/ATE1 MA9TA9$ ) AS MU* CLEV]NESS AS P[] BY ,BISM>CK1 >E COMPLETELY ID5TICAL BY ! NATURE ( !IR OBJECTIVE AT HOME AS WELL AS 9 =EIGN AFFAIRS4 ,9 =EIGN AFFAIRS IT IS ! SAME DEPLOYM5T ( MILIT>Y =CE1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 CONQUE/2 & 9 HOME AFFAIRS IT IS ! SAME EMPLOYM5T ( ?IS >M$ =CE1 ! LA/ >GUM5T ( ALL ?REAT5$ POLITICAL P[]S AGA9/ ! MASSES1 :O1 TIR$ ( BELIEV+1 HOP+1 SUBMITT+ & OBEY+ ALWAYS1 RISE 9 REVOLT4 

,M>X'S ,COMMUNI/ IDEA COMES TO LI<T 9 ALL HIS WRIT+S2 IT IS ALSO MANIFE/ 9 ! MOTIONS PUT =W>D BY ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION1 SITUAT$ 9 ,LONDON1 AT ! ,CONGRESS ( ,BASEL 9 #a#h#f#i1 AS WELL AS BY ! PROPOSALS :I* HE HAD 9T5D$ TO PRES5T TO ! ,CONGRESS :I* WAS TO TAKE PLACE 9 ,SEPTEMB]1 #a#h#g1 BUT :I* HAD TO BE SUSP5D$ BECAUSE ( ! ,FRANCO-,G]MAN ,W>4 ,AS A MEMB] ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL 9 ,LONDON & AS CORRESPOND+ ,SECRET>Y = ,G]MANY1 ,M>X 5JOYS 9 ?IS ,C\NCIL1 AS IS WELL KN[N1 A GREAT & IT MU/ BE ADMITT$1 LEGITIMATE 9FLU5CE1 SO ?AT IT CAN BE TAK5 = C]TA9 ?AT ( ! MOTIONS PUT TO ! ,CONGRESS BY ! ,C\NCIL1 SEV]AL >E PR9CIPALLY D]IV$ FROM ! SY/EM & ! COLLABORATION ( ,M>X4 ,IT WAS 9 ?IS WAY ?AT ! ,5GLI% CITIZ5 ,LUCRAFT1 A MEMB] ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL1 PUT =W>D AT ! ,CONGRESS ( ,BASEL ! IDEA ?AT ALL ! L& 9 A C\NTRY %\LD BECOME ! PROP]TY ( ! ,/ATE1 & ?AT ! CULTIVATION ( ?IS L& %\LD BE DIRECT$ & ADM9I/]$ BY ,/ATE (FICIALS1 0,:I*10 HE ADD$1 0WILL ONLY BE POSSIBLE 9 A DEMOCRATIC & ,SOCIALI/ ,/ATE1 9 :I* ! PEOPLE WILL HAVE TO WAT* C>EFULLY OV] ! GOOD ADM9I/RATION ( ! NATIONAL L& BY ! ,/ATE40 

,?IS CULT ( ! ,/ATE IS1 9 G5]AL1 ! PR9CIPAL *>ACT]I/IC ( ,G]MAN ,SOCIALISM4 ,LASSALLE1 ! GREATE/ ,SOCIALI/ AGITATOR & ! TRUE F\ND] ( ! PRACTICAL ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,G]MANY WAS /EEP$ 9 IT4 ,HE SAW NO SALVATION = ! WORK]S EXCEPT 9 ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE2 ( :I* ! WORK]S %\LD POSSESS !MSELVES1 ACCORD+ TO HIM1 BY MEANS ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE4 

,*APT] ,I,V 

,9T]NATIONALISM & ! ,/ATE 

,LET US CONSID] ! REAL1 NATIONAL POLICY ( ,M>X HIMSELF4 ,LIKE ,BISM>CK1 HE IS A ,G]MAN PATRIOT4 ,HE DESIRES ! GREATNESS & P[] ( ,G]MANY AS A ,/ATE4 ,NO ONE ANYWAY WILL C\NT IT A CRIME 9 HIM TO LOVE HIS C\NTRY & HIS PEOPLE2 & S9CE HE IS SO PR(\NDLY CONV9C$ ?AT ! ,/ATE IS ! CONDITION S9E QUA NON ( ! PROSP]ITY ( ! ONE & ! EMANCIPATION ( ! O!R1 IT WILL BE F\ND NATURAL ?AT HE %\LD DESIRE TO SEE ,G]MANY ORGANIZ$ 9TO A V]Y L>GE & V]Y P[]FUL ,/ATE1 S9CE WEAK & SMALL ,/ATES ALWAYS RUN ! RISK ( SEE+ !MSELVES SWALL[$ UP4 ,CONSEQU5TLY ,M>X AS A CLE>-SI<T$ & >D5T PATRIOT1 MU/ WI% = ! GREATNESS & /R5G? ( ,G]MANY AS A ,/ATE4 

,BUT1 ON ! O!R H&1 ,M>X IS A CELEBRAT$ ,SOCIALI/ &1 :AT IS MORE1 ONE ( ! PR9CIPAL 9ITIATORS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,HE DOES NOT CONT5T HIMSELF ) WORK+ = ! EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT ( ,G]MANY ALONE2 HE FEELS HIMSELF 9 HONOR B\ND1 & HE CONSID]S IT AS HIS DUTY1 TO WORK AT ! SAME TIME = ! EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT ( ALL O!R C\NTRIES2 ! RESULT IS ?AT HE F9DS HIMSELF 9 COMPLETE CONFLICT ) HIMSELF4 ,AS A ,G]MAN PATRIOT1 HE WANTS ! GREATNESS & P[]1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ! DOM9ATION ( ,G]MANY2 BUT AS A ,SOCIALI/ ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL HE MU/ WI% = ! EMANCIPATION ( ALL ! PEOPLES ( ! WORLD4 ,H[ CAN ?IS CONTRADICTION BE RESOLV$8 

,!RE IS ONLY ONE WAY1 ?AT IS TO PROCLAIM1 AFT] HE HAS P]SUAD$ HIMSELF ( IT1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT ! GREATNESS & P[] ( ,G]MANY AS A ,/ATE1 IS A SUPREME CONDITION ( ! EMANCIPATION ( ! :OLE WORLD1 ?AT ! NATIONAL & POLITICAL TRIUMPH ( ,G]MANY1 IS ! TRIUMPH ( HUMANITY1 & ?AT ALL ?AT IS CONTR>Y TO ! ADV5T ( ?IS GREAT NEW OMNIVOR\S P[] IS ! 5EMY ( HUMANITY4 ,?IS CONVICTION ONCE E/ABLI%$1 IT IS NOT ONLY P]MITT$1 BUT IT IS COMM&$ BY ! MO/ SACR$ ( CAUSES1 TO MAKE ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 9CLUD+ ALL ! ,F$]ATIONS ( O!R C\NTRIES1 S]VE AS A V]Y P[]FUL1 CONV5I5T1 ABOVE ALL1 POPUL> MEANS = ! SETT+ UP ( ! GREAT ,PAN-,G]MAN ,/ATE4 ,& ?AT IS PRECISELY :AT ,M>X TRI$ TO DO1 AS MU* BY ! DELIB]ATIONS ( ! ,CONF]5CE HE CALL$ AT ,LONDON 9 #ahga AS BY ! RESOLUTIONS VOT$ BY HIS ,G]MAN & ,FR5* FRI5DS AT ! ,HAGUE ,CONGRESS4 ,IF HE DID NOT SUCCE$ BETT]1 IT IS ASSUR$LY NOT = LACK ( V]Y GREAT EF=TS & MU* SKILL ON HIS P>T1 BUT PROBABLY BECAUSE ! FUNDAM5TAL IDEA :I* 9SPIRES HIM IS FALSE & ITS REALIZATION IS IMPOSSIBLE4 

,ONE CANNOT COMMIT A GREAT] MI/AKE ?AN TO ASK EI!R ( A ?+ OR ( AN 9/ITUTION1 OR ( A MAN MOLE ?AN !Y CAN GIVE4 ,BY DEM&+ MORE FROM !M ONE DEMORALIZES1 IMP$ES1 P]V]TS & KILLS !M4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 A %ORT TIME PRODUC$ GREAT RESULTS4 ,IT ORGANIZ$ & IT WILL ORGANIZE EV]Y DAY 9 A MORE =MIDABLE MANN] /ILL1 ! PROLET>IAT = ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE4 ,IS ?AT A REASON TO HOPE ?AT ONE CAN USE IT AS AN 9/RUM5T = ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE8 ,M>X1 BECAUSE HE ?\<T SO1 V]Y NE>LY KILL$ ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 BY HIS CRIM9AL ATTEMPT AT ! ,HAGUE4 ,IT IS ! /ORY ( ! GOOSE ) ! GOLD5 EGGS4 ,AT ! SUMMONS TO ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE MASSES ( WORK]S ( DIFF]5T C\NTRIES HA/5$ ALONG TO RANGE !MSELVES UND] ! FLAG ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 & ,M>X IMAG9$ ?AT ! MASSES W\LD /AY UND] IT--:AT DO ,I SAY8--?AT !Y W\LD HA/5 ALONG 9 /ILL MORE =MIDABLE NUMB]S1 :5 HE1 A NEW ,MOSES1 HAD 9SCRIB$ ! MAXIMS ( HIS POLITICAL DECALOGUE ON \R FLAG 9 ! (FICIAL & B9D+ PROGRAM ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,!RE HIS MI/AKE LAY4 ,! MASSES1 )\T DI/9CTION ( DEGREE ( CULTURE1 RELIGI\S BELIEFS1 C\NTRY & SPEE*1 HAD UND]/OOD ! LANGUAGE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL :5 IT SPOKE TO !M ( !IR POV]TY1 !IR SUFF]+S & !IR SLAV]Y UND] ! YOKE ( ,CAPITALISM & EXPLOIT+ PRIVATE [N]%IP2 !Y UND]/OOD IT :5 IT DEMON/RAT$ TO !M ! NECESSITY ( UNIT+ !IR EF=TS 9 A GREAT SOLID1 COMMON /RUGGLE4 ,BUT H]E !Y W]E BE+ TALK$ TO AB\T A V]Y LE>N$ & ABOVE ALL V]Y AU?ORIT>IAN POLITICAL PROGRAM1 :I*1 9 ! NAME ( !IR [N SALVATION1 WAS ATTEMPT+1 9 ?AT V]Y ,9T]NATIONAL :I* WAS TO ORGANIZE !IR EMANCIPATION BY !IR [N EF=TS1 TO IMPOSE ON !M A DICTATORIAL GOV]NM5T1 PROVISIONAL1 NO D\BT1 BUT1 MEAN:ILE1 COMPLETELY >BITR>Y & DIRECT$ BY A HEAD EXTRAORD9>ILY FILL$ ) BRA9S4 

,M>X'S PROGRAM IS A COMPLETE FABRIC ( POLITICAL & ECONOMIC 9/ITUTIONS /RONGLY C5TRALIZ$ & V]Y AU?ORIT>IAN1 SANCTION$1 NO D\BT1 LIKE ALL DESPOTIC 9/ITUTIONS 9 MOD]N SOCIETY1 BY UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 BUT SUBORD9ATE NEV]!LESS TO A V]Y /RONG GOV]NM5T2 TO USE ! V]Y WORDS ( ,5GELS1 ! ALT] EGO ( ,M>X1 ! CONFIDANT ( ! LEGISLATOR4 

,TO :AT A DEGREE ( MADNESS W\LD NOT ONE HAVE TO BE DRIV5 BY AMBITION1 OR VANITY1 OR BO? AT ONCE1 TO HAVE BE5 CAPABLE ( CONCEIV+ ! HOPE ?AT ONE C\LD RETA9 ! WORK+ MASSES ( ! DIFF]5T C\NTRIES ( ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA UND] ! FLAG ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ON !SE CONDITIONS6 

,A UNIV]SAL ,/ATE1 GOV]NM5T1 DICTATOR%IP6 ,! DREAM ( ,POPES ,GREGORY ,V,I,I & ,BONIFACE ,V,I,I,I1 ( ! ,EMP]OR ,*>LES ,V1 & ( ,NAPOLEON1 REPRODUC+ ITSELF UND] NEW =MS1 BUT ALWAYS ) ! SAME PRET5SIONS 9 ! CAMP ( ,SOCIALI/ ,DEMOCRACY6 ,CAN ONE IMAG9E ANY?+ MORE BURLESQUE1 BUT ALSO ANY?+ MORE REVOLT+8 

,TO MA9TA9 ?AT ONE GR\P ( 9DIVIDUALS1 EV5 ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T & ! BE/ 9T5TION$1 >E CAPABLE ( BECOM+ ! ?\<T1 ! S\L1 ! GUID+ & UNIFY+ WILL ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T & ( ! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ALL C\NTRIES IS SU* A H]ESY AGA9/ COMMON S5SE1 & AGA9/ ! EXP]I5CE ( HI/ORY1 ?AT ONE ASKS ONESELF ) A/ONI%M5T H[ A MAN AS 9TELLIG5T AS ,M>X C\LD HAVE CONCEIV$ IT4 

,! ,POPE HAD AT LEA/ = AN EXCUSE ! ABSOLUTE TRU? :I* !Y CLAIM$ RE/$ 9 !IR H&S BY ! GRACE ( ! ,HOLY ,SPIRIT & 9 :I* !Y W]E SUPPOS$ TO BELIEVE4 ,M>X HAS NOT ?IS EXCUSE1 & ,I %ALL1 NOT 9SULT HIM BY ?9K+ ?AT HE BELIEVES HIMSELF TO HAVE SCI5TIFICALLY 9V5T$ SOME?+ :I* APPROA*ES ABSOLUTE TRU?4 ,BUT FROM ! MOM5T ?AT ! ABSOLUTE DOES NOT EXI/1 !RE CANNOT BE ANY 9FALLIBLE DOGMA = ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 NOR CONSEQU5TLY ANY (FICIAL POLITICAL & ECONOMIC !ORY1 & \R ,CONGRESSES MU/ NEV] CLAIM ! ROLE ( ,G5]AL ,*UR* ,C\NCILS1 PROCLAIM+ OBLIGATORY PR9CIPLES = ALL ADH]5TS & BELIEV]S4 ,!RE EXI/S ONLY ONE LAW :I* IS REALLY OBLIGATORY = ALL MEMB]S1 9DIVIDUALS SECTIONS & F$]ATIONS 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ( :I* ?IS LAW CON /ITUTES ! TRUE & ONLY BASIS4 ,IT IS1 9 ALL ITS EXT5SION1 9 ALL ITS CONSEQU5CES & APPLICATIONS--! ,9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY ( ! TOIL]S 9 ALL TRADES & 9 ALL C\NTRIES 9 !IR ECONOMIC /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! EXPLOIT]S ( LABOR4 ,IT IS 9 ! REAL ORGANIZATION ( ?IS SOLID>ITY1 BY ! SPONTANE\S ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK+ MASSES & BY ! ABSOLUTELY FREE F$]ATION1 P[]FUL 9 PROPORTION AS IT WILL BE FREE1 ( ! WORK+ MASSES ( ALL LANGUAGES & NATIONS1 & NOT 9 !IR UNIFICATION BY DECREES & UND] ! ROD ( ANY GOV]NM5T :ATEV]1 ?AT !RE RESIDES ! REAL & LIV+ UNITY ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,?AT FROM ?IS EV] BROAD] ORGANIZATION ( ! MILITANT SOLID>ITY ( ! PROLET>IAT AGA9/ B\RGEOIS EXPLOITATION !RE MU/ ISSUE1 & 9 FACT !RE DOES >ISE1 ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE2 :O CAN D\BT8 ,! ,M>XIANS & \RSELVES >E UNANIM\S ON ?IS PO9T4 ,BUT IMM$IATELY !RE PRES5TS ITSELF ! QUE/ION :I* SEP>ATES US SO PR(\NDLY FROM ! ,M>XIANS4 

,WE ?9K ?AT ! NECESS>ILY REVOLUTION>Y POLICY ( ! PROLET>IAT MU/ HAVE = ITS IMM$IATE & ONLY OBJECT ! DE/RUCTION ( ,/ATES4 ,WE DO NOT UND]/& ?AT ANYONE C\LD SPEAK ( 9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY :5 !Y WANT TO KEEP ,/ATES--UNLESS !Y >E DREAM+ ( ! ,UNIV]SAL ,/ATE1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 UNIV]SAL SLAV]Y LIKE ! GREAT ,EMP]ORS & ,POPES--! ,/ATE BY ITS V]Y NATURE BE+ A RUPTURE ( ?IS SOLID>ITY & CONSEQU5TLY A P]MAN5T CAUSE ( W>4 ,NEI!R DO WE UND]/& H[ ANYBODY C\LD SPEAK ( ! FRE$OM ( ! PROLET>IAT OR ( ! REAL DELIV]ANCE ( ! MASSES 9 ! ,/ATE & BY ! ,/ATE4 ,/ATE MEANS DOM9ATION1 & ALL DOM9ATION PRESUPPOSES ! SUBJECTION ( ! MASSES & CONSEQU5TLY !IR EXPLOITATION TO ! PR(IT ( SOME M9ORITY OR O!R4 

,WE DO NOT ADMIT1 EV5 AS A REVOLUTION>Y TRANSITION1 EI!R ,NATIONAL ,CONV5TIONS1 OR ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLIES1 OR SO-CALL$ REVOLUTION>Y DICTATOR%IPS2 BECAUSE WE >E CONV9C$ ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y IS ONLY S9C]E1 HONE/ & REAL 9 ! MASSES1 & ?AT :5 IT IS CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! H&S ( SOME GOV]N+ 9DIVIDUALS1 IT NATURALLY & 9EVITABLY BECOMES REACTION4 

,! ,M>XIANS PR(ESS QUITE CONTR>Y IDEAS4 ,AS BEFITS GOOD ,G]MANS1 !Y >E WOR%IP]S ( ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE1 & NECESS>ILY ALSO ! PROPHETS ( POLITICAL & SOCIAL DISCIPL9E1 ! *AMPIONS ( ORD] E/ABLI%$ FROM ABOVE D[NW>D1 ALWAYS 9 ! NAME ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE & ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! MASSES1 TO :OM !Y RES]VE ! HAPP9ESS & HONOR ( OBEY+ *IEFS1 ELECT$ MA/]S4 ,! ,M>XIANS ADMIT NO O!R EMANCIPATION ?AN ?AT :I* !Y EXPECT FROM !IR SO-CALL$ ,PEOPLE'S ,/ATES4 ,!Y >E SO LITTLE ! 5EMIES ( PATRIOTISM ?AT !IR ,9T]NATIONAL1 EV51 WE>S TOO (T5 ! COLORS ( ,PAN-,G]MANISM4 ,BETWE5 ! ,M>XIAN POLICY & ! ,BISM>CKIAN POLICY !RE NO D\BT EXI/S A V]Y APPRECIABLE DIFF]5CE1 BUT BETWE5 ! ,M>XIANS & \RSELVES1 !RE IS AN ABYSS4 ,!Y >E ,GOV]NM5TALI/S1 WE >E \T & \T ,AN>*I/S4 

,9DE$1 BETWE5 !SE TWO T5D5CIES NO CONCILIATION TO-DAY IS POSSIBLE4 ,ONLY ! PRACTICAL EXP]I5CE ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 ( GREAT NEW HI/ORIC EXP]I5CES1 ! LOGIC ( EV5TS1 CAN BR+ !M SOON] OR LAT] TO A COMMON SOLUTION2 & /RONGLY CONV9C$ ( ! RI<TNESS ( \R PR9CIPLE1 WE HOPE ?AT !N ! ,G]MANS !MSELVES--! WORK]S ( ,G]MANY & NOT !IR LEAD]S--WILL F9I% BY JO9+ US 9 ORD] TO DEMOLI% ?OSE PRISONS ( PEOPLES1 ?AT >E CALL$ ,/ATES & TO CONDEMN POLITICS1 :I* 9DE$ IS NO?+ BUT ! >T ( DOM9AT+ & FLEEC+ ! MASSES4 

,AT A P9* ,I CAN CONCEIVE ?AT DESPOTS1 CR[N$ OR UNCR[N$1 C\LD DREAM ( ! SCEPT] ( ! WORLD2 BUT :AT CAN BE SAID ( A FRI5D ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ( A REVOLUTION>Y :O S]I\SLY CLAIMS ?AT HE DESIRES ! EMANCIPATION ( ! MASSES & :O SETT+ HIMSELF UP AS DIRECTOR & SUPREME >BIT] ( ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS :I* CAN BUR/ =? 9 DIFF]5T C\NTRIES1 D>ES TO DREAM ( ! SUBJECTION ( ! PROLET>IAT ( ALL !SE C\NTRIES TO A S+LE ?\<T1 HAT*$ 9 HIS [N BRA94 

,I CONSID] ?AT ,M>X IS A V]Y S]I\S REVOLUTION>Y1 IF NOT ALWAYS A V]Y S9C]E ONE1 & ?AT HE REALLY WANTS TO UPLIFT ! MASSES & ,I ASK MYSELF--,:Y IT IS ?AT HE DOES NOT P]CEIVE ?AT ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A UNIV]SAL DICTATOR%IP1 :E!R COLLECTIVE OR 9DIVIDUAL1 ( A DICTATOR%IP :I* W\LD P]=M 9 SOME DEGREE ! TASK ( *IEF 5G9E] ( ! WORLD REVOLUTION--RUL+ & DIRECT+ ! 9 SURRECTIONAL MOVEM5T ( ! MASSES 9 ALL C\NTRIES AS ONE GUIDES A MA*9E--?AT ! E/ABLI%M5T ( SU* A DICTATOR%IP W\LD SUFFICE BY ITSELF ALONE TO KILL ! REVOLUTION1 OR P>ALYZE & P]V]T ALL ! PEOPLE'S MOVEM5TS8 ,:AT IS ! MAN1 :AT IS ! GR\P ( 9DIVIDUALS1 H[EV] GREAT MAY BE !IR G5IUS1 :O W\LD D>E TO FLATT] !MSELVES TO BE ABLE TO EMBRACE & COMPREH5D ! 9F9ITE MULTITUDE ( 9T]E/S1 ( T5D5CIES & ACTIONS1 SO DIV]SE 9 EA* C\NTRY1 PROV9CE1 LOCALITY1 TRADE1 & ( :I* ! IMM5SE TOTALITY1 UNIT$1 BUT NOT MADE UNI=M1 BY ONE GR& COMMON ASPIRATION & BY SOME FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES :I* HAVE PASS$ H5CE=? 9TO ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! MASSES1 WILL CON/ITUTE ! FUTURE SOCIAL REVOLUTION8 

,& :AT IS TO BE ?\<T ( AN ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONGRESS :I* 9 ! SO-CALL$ 9T]E/S ( ?IS REVOLUTION1 IMPOSES ON ! PROLET>IAT ( ! :OLE CIVILIZ$ WORLD A GOV]NM5T 9VE/$ ) DICTATORIAL P[]1 ) ! 9QUISITORIAL & DICTATORIAL RI<TS ( SUSP5D+ REGIONAL F$]ATIONS1 ( PROCLAIM+ A BAN AGA9/ :OLE NATIONS 9 ! NAME ( A SO-CALL$ (FICIAL PR9CIPLE1 :I* IS NO?+ ELSE ?AN ,M>X'S [N OP9ION1 TRANS=M$ BY ! VOTE ( A FAKE MAJORITY 9TO AN ABSOLUTE TRU?8 ,:AT IS TO BE ?\<T ( A ,CONGRESS :I*1 D\BTLESS TO R5D] ITS FOLLY /ILL MORE PAT5T1 RELEGATES TO ,AM]ICA ?IS DICTATORIAL GOV]N+ BODY1 AFT] HAV+ COMPOS$ IT ( M5 PROBABLY V]Y HONE/1 BUT OBSCURE1 SUFFICI5TLY IGNORANT1 & ABSOLUTELY UNKN[N TO IT4 ,\R 5EMIES ! B\RGEOIS W\LD !N BE RI<T :5 !Y LAU< AT \R ,CONGRESSES & :5 !Y CLAIM ?AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL ONLY FI<TS OLD TYRANNIES 9 ORD] TO E/ABLI% NEW ONES1 & ?AT 9 ORD] WOR?ILY TO REPLACE EXI/+ ABSURDITIES1 IT WI%ES TO CREATE ANO!R6 

,*APT] ,V 

,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION & ! ,/ATE 

,:AT ,BISM>CK HAS DONE = ! POLITICAL & B\RGEOIS WORLD1 ,M>X CLAIMS TO DO TO-DAY.<#a#e.> = ! ,SOCIALI/ WORLD1 AMONG ! PROLET>IAT ( ,EUROPE2 TO REPLACE ,FR5* 9ITIATIVE BY ,G]MAN 9ITIATIVE & DOM9ATION2 & AS1 ACCORD+ TO HIM & HIS DISCIPLES1 !RE IS NO ,G]MAN ?\<T MORE ADVANC$ ?AN HIS [N1 HE BELIEV$ ! MOM5T HAD COME TO HAVE IT TRIUMPH !ORETICALLY & PRACTICALLY 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,SU* WAS ! ONLY OBJECT ( ! ,CONF]5CE :I* HE CALL$1 TOGE!R 9 ,SEPTEMB] #ahga 9 ,LONDON4 ,?IS ,M>XIAN ?\<T IS EXPLICITLY DEVELOP$ 9 ! FAM\S ,MANIFE/O ( ! REFUGEE ,G]MAN ,COMMUNI/S DRAFT$ & PUBLI%$ 9 #a#h#d#h4 BY ,M>X & ,5GELS4 ,IT IS ! !ORY ( ! EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT & ( ! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR BY ! ,/ATE4 

,ITS PR9CIPAL PO9T IS ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] BY ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,ONE CAN UND]/& ?AT M5 AS 9DISP5SABLE AS ,M>X & ,5GELS %\LD BE ! P>TISANS ( A PROGRAM :I*1 CONSECRAT+ & APPROV+ POLITICAL P[]1 OP5S ! DOOR TO ALL AMBITIONS4 ,S9CE !RE WILL BE POLITICAL P[] !RE WILL NECESS>ILY BE SUBJECTS1 GOT UP 9 ,REPUBLICAN FA%ION1 AS CITIZ5S1 IT IS TRUE1 BUT :O WILL NONE ! LESS BE SUBJECTS1 & :O AS SU* WILL BE =C$ TO OBEY--BECAUSE )\T OB$I5CE1 !RE IS NO P[] POSSIBLE4 ,IT WILL BE SAID 9 ANSW] TO ?IS ?AT !Y WILL OBEY NOT M5 BUT LAWS :I* !Y WILL HAVE MADE !MSELVES4 ,TO ?AT ,I %ALL REPLY ?AT EV]YBODY KN[S H[ MU*1 9 ! C\NTRIES :I* >E FREE/ & MO/ DEMOCRATIC1 BUT POLITICALLY GOV]N$1 ! PEOPLE MAKE ! LAWS1 & :AT !IR OB$I5CE TO !SE LAWS SIGNIFIES4 ,:OEV] IS NOT DELIB]ATELY DESIR\S ( TAK+ FICTIONS = REALITIES MU/ RECOGNIZE QUITE WELL ?AT1 EV5 9 SU* C\NTRIES1 ! PEOPLE REALLY OBEY NOT LAWS :I* !Y MAKE !MSELVES1 BUT LAWS :I* >E MADE 9 !IR NAME1 & ?AT TO OBEY !SE LAWS MEANS NO?+ ELSE TO !M ?AN TO SUBMIT TO ! >BITR>Y WILL ( SOME GU>D+ & GOV]N+ M9ORITY OR1 :AT AM\NTS TO ! SAME ?+1 TO BE FREELY SLAVES4 

,!RE IS 9 ?IS PROGRAM ANO!R EXPRESSION :I* IS PR(\NDLY ANTIPA!TIC TO US REVOLUTION>Y ,AN>*I/S :O FRANKLY WANT ! COMPLETE EMANCIPATION ( ! PEOPLE2 ! EXPRESSION TO :I* ,I REF] IS ! PRES5TATION ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ! :OLE SOCIETY ( TOIL]S1 AS A 0CLASS0 & NOT AS A 0MASS04 ,DO Y\ KN[ :AT ?AT MEANS8 ,NEI!R MORE NOR LESS ?AN A NEW >I/OCRACY1 ?AT ( ! WORK]S ( ! FACTORIES & T[NS1 TO ! EXCLUSION ( ! MILLIONS :O CON/ITUTE ! PROLET>IAT ( ! C\NTRYSIDE & :O 9 ! ANTICIPATIONS ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS ( ,G]MANY WILL1 9 EFFECT1 BECOME SUBJECTS ( !IR GREAT SO-CALL$ ,PEOPLE'S ,/ATE4 0,CLASS01 0,P[]01 0,/ATE01 >E ?REE 9SEP>ABLE T]MS1 ( :I*4 EA* NECESS>Y PRE-SUPPOSES ! TWO O!RS & :I* ALL DEF9ITELY >E TO BE SUMM$ UP BY ! WORDS3 ! POLITICAL SUBJECTION & ! ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION ( ! MASSES4 

,! ,M>XIANS ?9K ?AT JU/ AS 9 ! #a#h? ,C5TURY ! B\RGEOISIE DE?RON$ ! NOBILITY1 TO TAKE ITS PLACE & TO ABSORB IT SL[LY 9TO ITS [N BODY1 %>+ ) IT ! DOM9ATION & EXPLOITATION ( ! TOIL]S 9 ! T[NS AS WELL AS 9 ! C\NTRY1 SO ! PROLET>IAT ( ! T[NS IS CALL$ ON TO-DAY TO DE?RONE ! B\RGEOISIE1 TO ABSORB IT & TO %>E ) IT ! DOM9ATION & EXPLOITATION ( ! PROLET>IAT ( ! C\NTRYSIDE2 ?IS LA/ \TCA/ ( HI/ORY1 UNLESS ?IS LATT] LAT] AN REVOLTS & DEMOLI%ES ALL CLASSES1 D5OM9ATIONS1 P[]S1 9 A WORD1 ALL ,/ATES4 

,TO ME1 H[EV]1 ! FL[] ( ! PROLET>IAT DOES NOT MEAN1 AS IT DOES TO ! ,M>XIANS1 ! UPP] LAY]1 ! MO/ CIVILIZ$ & COM=TABLY (F 9 ! WORK+ WORLD1 ?AT LAY] ( SEMI-B\RGEOIS WORK]S1 :I* IS PRECISELY ! CLASS ! ,M>XIANS WANT TO USE TO CON/ITUTE !IR F\R? GOV]N+ CLASS1 & :I* IS REALLY CAPABLE ( =M+ ONE IF ?+S >E NOT SET TO RI<TS 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! GREAT MASS ( ! PROLET>IAT2 = ) ITS RELATIVE COM=T & SEMI-B\RGEOIS POSITION1 ?IS UPP] LAY] ( WORK]S IS UN=TUNATELY ONLY TOO DEEPLY P5ETRAT$ ) ALL ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL PREJUDICES & ALL ! N>R[ ASPIRATIONS & PRET5SIONS ( ! B\RGEOIS4 ,IT CAN BE TRULY SAID ?AT ?IS UPP] LAY] IS ! LEA/ SOCIALI/1 ! MO/ 9DIVIDUALI/ 9 ALL ! PROLET>IAT4 

,BY ! FL[R] ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ,I MEAN ABOVE ALL1 ?AT GREAT MASS1 ?OSE MILLIONS ( NON-CIVILIZ$1 DIS9H]IT$1 WRET*$ & ILLIT]ATES :OM ,MESSRS4 ,5GELS & ,M>X MEAN TO SUBJECT TO ! PAT]NAL REGIME ( A V]Y /RONG GOV]NM5T1 TO EMPLOY AN EXPRESSION US$ BY ,5GELS 9 A LETT] TO \R FRI5D ,CAFI]O4 ,)\T D\BT1 ?IS WILL BE = !IR [N SALVATION1 AS ( C\RSE ALL GOV]NM5TS1 AS IS WELL KN[N1 HAVE BE5 E/ABLI%$ SOLELY 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! MASSES !MSELVES4.<#a#f.> ,BY ! FL[] ( ! PROLET>IAT ,I MEAN PRECISELY ?AT ET]NAL 0MEAT0 = GOV]NM5TS1 ?AT GREAT RABBLE ( ! PEOPLE ORD9>ILY DESIGNAT$ BY ,MESSRS4 ,M>X & ,5GELS BY ! PHRASE AT ONCE PICTURESQUE & CONTEMPTU\S ( 0LUMP5 PROLET>IAT01 ! 0RIFF RAFF01 ?AT RABBLE :I*1 BE+ V]Y NE>LY UNPOLLUT$ BY ALL B\RGEOIS CIVILIZATION C>RIES 9 ITS HE>T1 9 ITS ASPIRATIONS1 9 ALL NECESSITIES & ! MIS]IES ( ITS COLLECTIVE POSITION1 ALL ! G]MS ( ! ,SOCIALISM ( ! FUTURE1 & :I* ALONE IS P[]FUL 5\< TO-DAY TO 9AUGURATE ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION & BR+ IT TO TRIUMPH4 

,?\< DIFF]+ FROM US 9 ?IS RESPECT ALSO1 ! ,M>XIANS DO NOT REJECT \R PROGRAM ABSOLUTELY4 ,!Y ONLY REPROA* US ) WANT+ TO HA/51 TO \T/RIP1 ! SL[ M>* ( HI/ORY & TO IGNORE ! SCI5TIFIC LAW ( SUCCESSIVE EVOLUTIONS4 ,HAV+ HAD ! ?OR\<LY ,G]MAN N]VE TO PROCLAIM 9 !IR WORLDS CONSECRAT$ TO ! PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS ( ! GA/ ?AT ! BLOODY DEFEAT ( ! 9SURG5T PEASANTS ( ,G]MANY & ! TRIUMPH ( ! DESPOTIC ,/ATES 9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY CON/ITUT$ A GREAT REVOLUTION>Y PROGRESS1 !Y TO-DAY HAVE ! N]VE TO SATISFY !MSELVES ) E/ABLI%+ A NEW DESPOTISM TO ! SO-CALL$ PR(IT ( ! T[N-WORK]S & TO ! DETRIM5T ( ! TOIL]S 9 ! C\NTRY4 

,TO SUPPORT HIS PROGRAM ( ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[]1 ,M>X HAS A V]Y SPECIAL !ORY :I* IS1 MOREOV]1 ONLY A LOGICAL CONSEQU5CE ( HIS :OLE SY/EM4 ,! POLITICAL CONDITION ( EA* C\NTRY1 SAYS HE1 IS ALWAYS ! PRODUCT & ! FAI?FUL EXPRESSION ( ITS ECONOMIC SITUATION2 TO *ANGE ! =M] IT IS ONLY NECESS>Y TO TRANS=M ! LATT]4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 AIL ! SECRET ( HI/ORIC EVOLUTION IS !RE4 ,HE TAKES NO ACC\NT ( O!R ELEM5TS 9 HI/ORY1 SU* AS ! QUITE OBVI\S REACTION ( POLITICAL1 JURIDICAL1 & RELIGI\S 9/ITUTIONS ON ! ECONOMIC SITUATION4 ,HE SAYS1 0,POV]TY PRODUCES POLITICAL SLAV]Y1 ! ,/ATE10 BUT HE DOES NOT ALL[ ?IS EXPRESSION TO BE TURN$ >\ND TO SAY 0,POLITICAL SLAV]Y1 ! ,/ATE1 REPRODUCES 9 ITS TURN1 & MA9TA9S POV]TY AS A CONDITION ( ITS [N EXI/5CE2 SO ?AT1 9 ORD] TO DE/ROY POV]TY1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO DE/ROY ! ,/ATE60 ,&1 A /RANGE ?+ 9 HIM :O =BIDS HIS OPPON5TS TO LAY ! BLAME ON POLITICAL SLAV]Y1 ! ,/ATE1 AS AN ACTIVE CAUSE ( POV]TY1 HE COMM&S HIS FRI5DS & DISCIPLES ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY 9 ,G]MANY TO CONSID] ! CONQUE/ ( P[] & ( POLITICAL LIB]TIES AS ! PRELIM9>Y CONDITION ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y = ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION4 

,YET ! SOCIOLOGI/S ( ! S*OOL ( ,M>X1 M5 LIKE ,5GELS & ,LASSALLE1 OBJECT AGA9/ US ?AT ! ,/ATE IS NOT AT ALL ! CAUSE ( ! POV]TY ( ! PEOPLE1 ( ! DEGRADATION & S]VITUDE ( ! MASSES2 BUT ?AT ! WRET*$ CONDITION ( ! MASSES1 AS WELL AS ! DESPOTIC P[] ( ! ,/ATE >E1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 BO? ! ONE & ! O!R1 ! EFFECTS ( A MORE G5]AL CAUSE1 ! PRODUCTS ( AN 9EVITABLE PHASE 9 ! ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY1 ( A PHASE :I*1 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( HI/ORY1 CON/ITUTES TRUE PROGRESS1 AN IMM5SE /EP T[>DS :AT !Y CALL ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,TO SU* A DEGREE1 9 FACT1 ?AT ,LASSALLE DID NOT HESITATE L\DLY TO PROCLAIM ?AT ! DEFEAT ( ! =MIDABLE REVOLT ( ! PEASANTS 9 ,G]MANY 9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY--A DEPLORABLE DEFEAT IF EV] !RE WAS ONE1 FROM :I* DATES ! C5TURIES-OLD SLAV]Y ( ! ,G]MANS--& ! TRIUMPH ( ! DESPOTIC & C5TRALIZ$ ,/ATE :I* WAS ! NECESS>Y CONSEQU5CE ( IT1 CON/ITUT$ A REAL TRIUMPH = ?IS REVOLUTION2 BECAUSE ! PEASANTS1 SAY ! ,M>XIANS1 >E ! NATURAL REPRES5TATIVES ( REACTION1 :IL/ ! MOD]N MILIT>Y & BUREAUCRATIC ,/ATE--A PRODUCT & 9EVITABLE ACCOMPANIM5T ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 :I*1 />T+ FROM ! SECOND HALF ( ! SIXTE5? C5TURY COMM5C$ ! SL[1 BUT ALWAYS PROGRESSIVE TRANS--=MATION ( ! ANCI5T FEUDAL & L& ECONOMY 9TO ! PRODUCTION ( WEAL?1 OR1 :AT COMES TO ! SAME ?+1 9TO ! EXPLOITATION ( ! LABOR ( ! PEOPLE BY CAPITAL--?IS ,/ATE WAS AN ESS5TIAL CONDITION ( ?IS REVOLUTION4 

,ONE CAN UND]/& H[ ,5GELS1 DRIV5 ON BY ! SAME 6LOGIC1 9 A LETT] ADDRESS$ TO ONE ( \R FRI5DS1 ,C>LO ,CAFI]O1 WAS ABLE TO SAY1 )\T ! LEA/ IRONY1 BUT ON ! CONTR>Y1 V]Y S]I\SLY1 ?AT ,BISM>CK AS WELL AS ,K+ ,VICTOR ,EMMANUEL ,I,I HAD R5D]$ IMM5SE S]VICES TO ! REVOLUTION1 BO? ( !M HAV+ CREAT$ POLITICAL C5TRALIZATION 9 !IR RESPECTIVE C\NTRIES4 

,LIKEWISE ,M>X COMPLETELY IGNORES A MO/ IMPORTANT ELEM5T 9 ! HI/ORIC DEVELOPM5T ( HUMANITY1 ?AT IS1 ! TEMP]AM5T & P>TICUL> *>ACT] ( EA* RACE & EA* PEOPLE1 A TEMP]AM5T & *>ACT] :I* >E NATURALLY !MSELVES ! PRODUCT ( A MULTITUDE ( E?NOGRAPHICAL1 CLIMATOLOGICAL1 ECONOMIC1 AS WELL AS HI/ORIC CAUSES1 BUT :I*1 ONCE PRODUC$1 EX]CISE1 EV5 AP>T FROM & 9DEP5D5T ( ! ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ( EA* C\NTRY1 A CONSID]ABLE 9FLU5CE ON ITS DE/9IES1 & EV5 ON ! DEVELOPM5T ( ITS ECONOMIC =CES4 ,AMONG !SE ELEM5TS1 & !SE SO TO SAY NATURAL TRAITS1 !RE IS ONE :OSE ACTION IS COMPLETELY DECISIVE 9 ! P>TICUL> HI/ORY ( EA* PEOPLE2 IT IS ! 9T5SITY ( ! 9/9CT ( REVOLT1 & BY ! SAME TOK51 ( LIB]TY1 ) :I* IT IS 5D[$ OR :I* IS HAS CONS]V$4 ,?IS 9/9CT IS A FACT :I* IS COMPLETELY PRIMORDIAL & ANIMAL2 ONE F9DS IT 9 DIFF]5T DEGREES 9 EV]Y LIV+ BE+1 & ! 5]GY1 ! VITAL P[] ( EA* IS TO BE MEASUR$ BY ITS 9T5SITY4 ,9 MAN1 BESIDES ! ECONOMIC NE$S :I* URGE HIM ON1 ?IS 9/9CT BECOMES ! MO/ P[]FUL AG5T ( ALL HUMAN EMANCIPATIONS4 ,& AS IT IS A MATT] ( TEMP]AM5T1 NOT ( 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL CULTURE1 AL?\< ORD9>ILY IT EVOKES ONE & ! O!R1 IT SOMETIMES HAPP5S ?AT CIVILIZ$ PEOPLES POSSESS IT ONLY 9 A FEEBLE DEGREE1 :E!R IT IS ?AT IT HAS BE5 EXHAU/$ DUR+ !IR PREVI\S DEVELOPM5T1 OR :E!R ! V]Y NATURE ( !IR CIVILIZATION HAS DEPRAV$ !M1 OR :E!R1 F9ALLY1 !Y W]E ORIG9ALLY LESS 5D[$ ) IT ?AN W]E O!RS4 

,SU* HAS BE5 9 ALL ITS PA/1 SU* IS /ILL TODAY ! ,G]MANY ( ! NOBLES & ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT1 A VICTIM = C5TURIES ( ONE & ! O!R1 CAN IT BE MADE JO9TLY RESPONSIBLE = ! SPIRIT ( CONQUE/ :I* MANIFE/S ITSELF TO-DAY 9 ! UPP] CLASSES ( ?IS NATION8 ,9 ACTUAL FACT1 UND\BT$LY1 NO4 ,= A CONQU]+ PEOPLE IS NECESS>ILY A SLAVE PEOPLE1 & ! SLAVES >E ALWAYS ! PROLET>IAT4 ,CONQUE/ IS !RE=E COMPLETELY OPPOS$ TO !IR 9T]E/S & LIB]TY4 ,BUT !Y >E JO9TLY RESPONSIBLE = IT 9 SPIRIT1 & !Y WILL REMA9 JO9TLY RESPONSIBLE AS LONG AS !Y DO NOT UND]/& ?AT ?IS ,PAN-,G]MAN ,/ATE1 ?IS ,REPUBLICAN & SO-CALL$ ,PEOPLE'S ,/ATE1 :I* IS PROMIS$ !M 9 A MORE OR LESS NE> FUTURE1 W\LD BE NO?+ ELSE1 IF IT C\LD EV] BE REALIZ$1 ?AN A NEW =M ( V]Y H>D SLAV]Y = ! PROLET>IAT4 

,UP TO ! PRES5T1 AT LEA/1 !Y DO NOT SEEM TO HAVE UND]/OOD IT1 & NONE ( !IR *IEFS1 ORATORS1 OR PUBLICI/S1 HAS GIV5 HIMSELF ! TR\BLE TO EXPLA9 IT TO !M4 ,!Y >E ALL TRY+1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 TO 9VEIGLE ! PROLET>IAT ALONG A PA? :]E !Y WILL MEET ) NO?+ BUT ! ANIMADV]SION ( ! WORLD & !IR [N 5SLAVEM5T2 &1 AS LONG AS1 OBEY+ ! DIRECTIONS ( !SE LEAD]S1 !Y PURSUE ?IS FRI<TFUL ILLUSION ( A ,PEOPLE'S ,/ATE1 C]TA9LY ! PROLET>IAT WILL NOT HAVE ! 9ITIATIVE = SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,?IS ,REVOLUTION WILL COME TO IT FROM \TSIDE1 PROBABLY FROM ! ,M$IT]RANEAN C\NTRIES1 & !N YIELD+ TO ! UNIV]SAL CONTAGION1 ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT WILL UNLOOSE ITS PASSIONS & WILL OV]?R[ AT ONE /ROKE ! DOM9ION ( ITS TYRANTS & ( ITS SO-CALL$ EMANCIPATON4 

,! REASON+ ( ,M>X LEADS TO ABSOLUTELY OPPOSITE RESULTS4 ,TAK+ 9TO CONSID]ATION NO?+ BUT ! ONE ECONOMIC QUE/ION1 HE SAYS TO HIMSELF ?AT ! MO/ ADVANC$ C\NTRIES & CONSEQU5TLY ! MO/ CAPABLE ( MAK+ A SOCIAL REVOLUTION >E ?OSE 9 :I* MOD]N ,CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION HAS REA*$ ITS HI<E/ DEGREE ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT IS !Y ?AT1 TO ! EXCLUSION ( ALL O!RS1 >E ! CIVILIZ$ C\NTRIES1 ! ONLY ONES CALL$ ON TO 9ITIATE & DIRECT ?IS REVOLUTION4 ,?IS REVOLUTION WILL CONSI/ 9 ! EXPROPRIATION1 :E!R BY PEACEFUL SUCCESSION OR BY VIOL5CE1 ( ! PRES5T PROP]TY-[N]S & CAPITALI/S & 9 ! APPROPRIATION ( ALL L&S & ALL CAPITAL BY ! ,/ATE1 :I* 9 ORD] TO FULFILL ITS GREAT ECONOMIC AS WELL AS POLITICAL MISSION MU/ NECESS>ILY BE V]Y P[]FUL & V]Y /RONGLY C5TRALIZ$4 ,! ,/ATE WILL ADM9I/] & DIRECT ! CULTIVATION ( ! L& BY MEANS ( ITS SAL>I$ (FIC]S COMM&+ >MIES ( RURAL TOIL]S1 ORGANIZ$ & DISCIPL9$ = ?IS CULTIVATION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ON ! RU9 ( ALL ! EXI/+ BANKS IT WILL E/ABLI% A S+LE BANK1 F9ANC+ ALL LABOR & ALL NATIONAL COMM]CE4 

,ONE CAN UND]/& ?AT1 AT FIR/ SI<T1 SU* A SIMPLE PLAN ( ORGANIZATION--AT LEA/ 9 APPE>ANCE--C\LD S$UCE ! IMAG9ATION ( WORK]S MORE EAG] = JU/ICE & EQUALITY ?AN = LIB]TY & FOOLI%LY FANCY+ ?AT !SE TWO CAN EXI/ )\T LIB]TY--AS IF TO GA9 & CONSOLIDATE JU/ICE & EQUALITY1 ONE C\LD RELY ON O!R PEOPLE1 & ON RUL+ GR\PS ABOVE ALL1 H[EV] MU* !Y MAY CLAIM TO BE ELECT$ & CONTROLL$ BY ! PEOPLE4 ,9 REALITY IT W\LD BE = ! PROLET>IAT A B>RACK REGIME1 :]E ! /&>DIZ$ MASS ( M5 & WOM5 WORK]S W\LD WAKE1 SLEEP1 WORK & LIVE TO ! BEAT ( ! DRUM2 = ! CLEV] & ! LE>N$ A PRIVILEGE ( GOV]N+2 & = ! M]C5>Y M9D$1 ATTRACT$ BY ! IMM5SITY1 ( ! 9T]NATIONAL SPECULATIONS ( ! NATIONAL BANKS1 A VA/ FIELD ( LUCRATIVE JOBB]Y4 

,AT HOME IT WILL BE SLAV]Y1 9 =EIGN AFFAIRS A TRUCELESS W>2 UNLESS ALL ! PEOPLES ( ! 09F]IOR0 RACES1 ,LAT9 OR ,SLAV1 ! ONE TIR$ ( ! B\RGEOIS CIVILIZATION1 ! O!R ALMO/ IGNORANT ( IT & DESPIS+ IT BY 9/9CT1 UNLESS !SE PEOPLES RESIGN !MSELVES TO SUBMIT TO ! YOKE ( AN ESS5TIALLY B\RGEOIS NATION & A ,/ATE ALL ! MORE DESPOTIC BECAUSE IT WILL CALL ITSELF ! ,PEOPLE'S ,/ATE4 

,! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 AS ! ,LAT9 & ,SLAV TOIL]S PICTURE IT TO !MSELVES1 DESIRE IT & HOPE = IT1 IS 9F9ITELY BROAD] ?AN ?AT PROMIS$ !M BY ! ,G]MAN OR ,M>XIAN PROGRAM4 ,IT IS NOT = !M A QUE/ION ( ! EMANCIPATION P>SIMONI\SLY MEASUR$ \T & ONLY REALIZABLE AT A V]Y DI/ANT DATE1 ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 BUT ! COMPLETE & REAL EMANCIPATION ( ALL ! PROLET>IAT1 NOT ONLY ( SOME C\NTRIES BUT ( ALL NATIONS1 CIVILIZ$ & UNCIVILIZ$--A NEW CIVILIZATION1 G5U9ELY ( ! PEOPLE1 BE+ DE/9$ TO COMM5CE BY ?IS ACT ( UNIV]SAL EMANCIPATION4 

,& ! FIR/ WORD ( ?IS EMANCIPATION CAN BE NONE O!R ?AN 0,LIB]TY01 NOT ?AT POLITICAL1 B\RGEOIS LIB]TY1 SO MU* APPROV$ & RECOMM5D$ AS A PRELIM9>Y OBJECT ( CONQUE/ BY ,M>X & HIS ADH]5TS1 BUT ! GREAT HUMAN LIB]TY1 :I*1 DE/ROY+ ALL ! DOGMATIC1 METAPHYSICAL1 POLITICAL & JURIDICAL FETT]S BY :I* EV]YBODY TO-DAY IS LOAD$ D[N1 WILL GIVE TO EV]YBODY1 COLLECTIVITIES AS WELL AS 9DIVIDUALS1 FULL AUTONOMY 9 !IR ACTIVITIES & !IR DEVELOPM5T1 DELIV]$ ONCE & = ALL FROM ALL 9SPECTORS1 DIRECTORS & GU>DIANS4 

,! SECOND WORD ( ?IS EMANCIPATION IS SOLID>ITY1 NOT ! ,M>XIAN SOLID>ITY FROM ABOVE D[NW>D BY SOME GOV]NM5T OR O!R1 EI!R BY RUSE OR BY =CE1 ON ! MASSES ( ! PEOPLE2 NOT ?AT SOLID>ITY ( ALL :I* IS ! NEGATION ( ! LIB]TY ( EA*1 & :I* BY ?AT V]Y FACT BECOMES A FALSEHOOD1 A FICTION1 HAV+ SLAV]Y AS ! REALITY BEH9D IT2 BUT ?AT SOLID>ITY :I* IS ON ! CONTR>Y ! CONFIRMATION & ! REALIZATION ( EV]Y LIB]TY1 HAV+ ITS ORIG9 NOT 9 ANY POLITICAL LAW :ATSOEV]1 BUT 9 ! 9H]5T COLLECTIVE NATURE ( MAN1 9 VIRTUE ( :I* NO MAN IS FREE IF ALL ! M5 :O SURR\ND HIM & :O EX]CISE ! LEA/ 9FLU5CE1 DIRECT OR 9DIRECT1 ON HIS LIFE >E NOT SO EQUALLY4 ,?IS TRU? IS TO BE F\ND MAGNIFIC5TLY EXPRESS$ 9 ! ,DECL>ATION ( ! ,RI<TS ( ,MAN DRAFT$ BY ,ROBESPI]RE1 & :I* PROCLAIMS ?AT ! SLAV]Y ( ! LEA/ ( M5 IS ! SLAV]Y ( ALL4 

,! SOLID>ITY :I* WE ASK1 F> FROM BE+ ! RESULT ( ANY >TIFICIAL OR AU?ORIT>IAN ORGANIZATION :ATSOEV]1 CAN ONLY BE ! SPONTANE\S PRODUCT ( SOCIAL LIFE1 ECONOMIC AS WELL AS MORAL2 ! RESULT ( ! FREE F$]ATION ( COMMON 9T]E/S1 ASPIRATIONS & T5D5CIES4 ,IT HAS = ESS5TIAL BASES1 EQUALITY1 COLLECTIVE LABOR--BECOM+ OBLIGATORY = EA* NOT BY ! =CE ( LAW1 BUT BY ! =CE ( FACTS--& COLLECTIVE PROP]TY2 AS A DIRECT+ LI<T1 EXP]I5CE--?AT IS TO SAY ! PRACTICE ( ! COLLECTIVE LIFE2 KN[L$GE & LE>N+2 & AS A F9AL GOAL ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ,HUMANITY1 & CONSEQU5TLY ! RU9 ( ALL ,/ATES4 

,!RE IS ! IDEAL1 NOT DIV9E1 NOT METAPHYSICAL BUT HUMAN & PRACTICAL1 :I* ALONE CORRESPONDS TO ! MOD]N ASPIRATIONS ( ! ,LAT9 & ,SLAV PEOPLES4 ,!Y WANT COMPLETE LIB]TY1 COMPLETE SOLID>ITY1 COMPLETE EQUALITY 9 A WORD1 !Y WANT ONLY ,HUMANITY & !Y WILL NOT BE SATISFI$1 EV5 ON ! SCORE ( ITS BE+ PROVISIONAL & TRANSITORY1 ) ANY?+ LESS ?AN ?AT4 ,! ,M>XIANS WILL D5\NCE !IR ASPIRATIONS AS FOLLY2 ?AT HAS BE5 DONE OV] A LONG P]IOD1 ?AT HAS NOT TURN$ !M FROM !IR GOAL1 & !Y WILL NEV] *ANGE ! MAGNIFIC5CE ( ?AT GOAL = ! COMPLETELY B\RGEOIS PLATITUDES ( ,M>XIAN ,SOCIALISM4 

,!IR IDEAL IS PRACTICAL 9 ?IS S5SE1 ?AT ITS REALIZATION WILL BE MU* LESS DIFFICULT ?AN ?AT ( ! ,M>XIAN IDEA1 :I*1 BESIDES ! POV]TY ( ITS OBJECTIVE1 PRES5TS ALSO ! GRAVE 9CONV5I5CE ( BE+ ABSOLUTELY IMPRACTICABLE4 ,IT WILL NOT BE ! FIR/ TIME ?AT CLEV] M51 RATIONAL & ADVOCATES ( ?+S PRACTICAL & POSSIBLE1 WILL BE RECOGNIZ$ = ,UTOPIANS1 & ?AT ?OSE :O >E CALL$ ,UTOPIANS TO-DAY WILL BE RECOGNIZ$ AS PRACTICAL M5 TO-MORR[4 ,! ABSURDITY ( ! ,M>XIAN SY/EM CONSI/S PRECISELY 9 ! HOPE ?AT BY 9ORD9ATELY N>R[+ D[N ! ,SOCIALI/ PROGRAM SO AS TO MAKE IT ACCEPTABLE TO ! B\RGEOIS ,RADICALS1.<#a#g.> IT WILL TRANS=M ! LATT] 9TO UNWITT+ & 9VOLUNT>Y S]VANTS ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,!RE IS A GREAT ]ROR !RE2 ALL ! EXP]I5CE ( HI/ORY DEMON/RATES TO US ?AT AN ALLIANCE CONCLUD$ BETWE5 TWO DIFF]5T P>TIES ALWAYS TURNS TO ! ADVANTAGE ( ! MORE REACTION>Y ( ! TWO P>TIES2 ?IS ALLIANCE NECESS>ILY 5FEEBLES ! MORE PROGRESSIVE P>TY1 BY DIM9I%+ & DI/ORT+ ITS PROGRAM1 BY DE/ROY+ ITS MORAL /R5G?1 ITS CONFID5CE 9 ITSELF1 :IL/ A REACTION>Y P>TY1 :5 IT IS GUILTY ( FALSEHOOD IS ALWAYS & MORE ?AN EV] TRUE TO ITSELF4 

,AS = ME1 ,I DO NOT HESITATE TO SAY ?AT ALL ! ,M>XI/ FLIRTATIONS ) ! ,RADICALISM1 :E!R RE=MI/ OR REVOLUTION>Y1 ( ! B\RGEOIS1 CAN HAVE NO O!R RESULT ?AN ! DEMORALIZATION & DISORGANIZATION ( ! RIS+ P[] ( ! PROLET>IAT1 & CONSEQU5TLY A NEW CONSOLIDATION ( ! ESRABLI%$ P[] ( ! B\TGEOIS4 

,*APT] ,V,I 

,POLITICAL ,ACTION & ! ,WORK]S 

,9 ,G]MANY1 ,SOCIALISM IS ALREADY BEG9N+ TO BE A =MIDABLE P[]1.<#a#h.> DESPITE RE/RICTIVE & OPPRESSIVE LAWS4 ,! WORK]S' P>TIES.<#a#i.> >E FRANKLY ,SOCIALI/--9 ! S5SE ?AT !Y WANT A ,SOCIALI/IC RE=M ( ! RELATIONS BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR1 & ?AT !Y CONSID] ?AT TO OBTA9 ?IS RE=M1 ! ,/ATE MU/ FIR/ ( ALL BE RE=M$1 & ?AT IF IT WILL NOT SUFF] ITSELF TO BE RE=M$ PEACEABLY1 IT MU/ BE RE=M$ BY POLITICAL REVOLUTION4 ,?IS POLITICAL REVOLUTION1 !Y MA9TA91 MU/ PREC$E ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 BUT ,I CONSID] ?IS A FATAL ]ROR1 AS SU* A REVOLUTION W\LD NECESS>ILY BE A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION & W\LD PRODUCE ONLY A B\RGEOIS SOCIALISM1 ?AT IS TO SAY IT W\LD LEAD TO A NEW EXPLOITATION1 MORE CUNN+ & HYPOCRITICAL1 BUT NOT LESS OPPRESSIVE ?AN ! PRES5T4 

,?IS IDEA ( A POLITICAL REVOLUTION PREC$+ A SOCIAL REVOLUTION HAS OP5$ WIDE ! DOORS ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY TO ALL ! ,RADICAL DEMOCRATS2 :O >E V]Y LITTLE ,SOCIALI/S4 ,& ! LEAD]S ( ! ,P>TY HAVE1 AGA9/ ! 9/9CTS ( ! WORK]S !MSELVES1 BR\<T 9TO CLOSE ASSOCIATION ) ! B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATS ( ! ,PEOPLE'S ,P>TY .<! ,LIB]ALS.>1 :I* IS QUITE HO/ILE TO ,SOCIALISM1 AS ITS ,PRESS & POLITICIANS DEMON/RATE4 ,! LEAD]S ( ?IS ,PEOPLE'S P>TY1 H[EV]1 HAVE OBS]V$ ?AT !SE ANTI-,SOCIALI/ UTT]ANCES DISPLEAS$ ! WORK]S1 & !Y MODIFI$ ! TONE = !Y NE$ ! WORK]S' ASSI/ANCE 9 !IR POLITICAL AIMS1 JU/ AS IT HAS ALWAYS BE5 ! ALL-P[]FUL >M ( ! PEOPLE & !N FIL* ! PR(ITS = !MSELVES4 ,?US !SE ,POPUL> DEMOCRATS HAVE N[ BECOME 0,SOCIALI/S0 ( A SORT4 ,BUT ! 0,SOCIALISM0 DOES NOT GO BEYOND ! H>MLESS DREAMS ( B\RGEOIS COOP]ATIVISM4 

,AT A ,CONGRESS 9 ,EIS5A*1 9 ,AUGU/1 #a#h#f#i1 !RE W]E NEGOTIATIONS BETWE5 ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! TWO P>TIES1 WORK] & DEMOCRAT1 & !SE RESULT$ 9 A PROGRAM :I* DEF9ITELY CON/ITUT$ ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,LABOR ,P>TY4 ,?IS PROGRAM IS A COMPROMISE BETWE5 ! ,SOCIALI/ & REVOLUTION>Y PROGAMME ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL AS DET]M9$ BY ! ,CONGRESSES ( ,BRUSSELS & ,BASEL1 & ! PROGRAM ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY4 ,?IS NEW PROGRAM CALL$ = A 0FREE ,PEOPLE'S ,/ATE01 :]E9 ALL CLASS DOM9ATION & ALL EXPLOITATION W\LD BE ABOLI%$4 ,POLITICAL LIB]TY WAS DECL>$ TO BE ! MO/ URG5TLY NE$$ CONDITION = ! ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASSES4 ,CONSEQU5TLY ! SOCIAL QUE/ION WAS 9SEP>ABLE FROM ! POLITICAL QUE/ION4 ,ITS SOLUTION WAS POSSIBLE ONLY 9 A DEMOCRATIC ,/ATE4 ,! ,P>TY WAS DECL>$ TO BE ASSOCIAT$ ) ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,SOME IMM$IATE OBJECTIVES W]E SET \T3 MANHOOD SUFFRAGE1 REF]5DA1 FREE & COMPULSORY $UCATION1 SEP>ATION ( ,*UR* & ,/ATE1 LIB]TY ( ! ,PRESS1 ,/ATE AID TO WORK]S' COOP]ATIVES4 

,?IS PROGRAM EXPRESSES NOT ! ,SOCIALI/ & REVOLUTION>Y ASPIRATIONS ( ! WORK]S1 BUT ! POLICY ( ! LEAD]S4 ,!RE IS A DIRECT CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! PROGRAM ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 & ! PURELY NATIONAL PROGRAM SET \T ABOVE1 BETWE5 ! SOCIALI/ SOLID>ITY ( ,LABOR & ! POLITICAL PATRIOTISM ( ! ,NATIONAL ,/ATE4 ,?US ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS F9D !MSELVES 9 ! POSITION ( BE+ UNIT$ ) !IR B\RGEOIS COMPATRIOTS AGA9/ ! WORK]S ( A =EIGN C\NTRY2 & !IR PATRIOTISM HAS VANQUI%$ !M ,SOCIALISM4 ,SLAVES !MSELVES ( ! ,G]MAN ,GOV]NM5T1 !Y FULM9ATE AGA9/ ! ,FR5* ,GOV]NM5T AS TYRANTS4 ,! ONLY DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ,BISM>CK & ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I WAS ?AT ! ONE WAS A SUCCESSFUL & ! O!R AN UNSUCCESSFUL SC\NDREL1 ONE WAS A SC\NDREL1 & ! O!R A SC\NDREL & A HALF4 

,! ,G]MAN ,SOCIALI/S' IDEA ( A ,FREE ,/ATE IS A CONTRADICTION 9 T]MS1 AN UNREALIZABLE DREAM4 ,SOCIALISM IMPLY+ ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ,/ATE1 ?OSE :O SUPPORT ! ,/ATE MU/ R5\NCE ,SOCIALISM2 MU/ SACRIFICE ! ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION ( ! MASSES TO ! POLITICAL P[] ( SOME PRIVILEG$ P>TY--& 9 ?IS CASE IT WILL BE B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY4 

,! PROGRAM ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS REALLY IMPLIES ?AT !Y RU/ ! B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATS TO HELP ! WORK]S TO A*IEVE A ,SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 AFT] ! WORK]S HAVE HELP$ ! B\RGEOIS TO A*IEVE A POLITICAL REVOLUTION4 ,! WAY !Y HAVE SWALL[$ B\RGEOIS IDEAS IS %[N BY ! LI/ ( IMM$IATE OBJECTIVES1 :I* EXCEPT = ! LA/1 COMPRISE ! WELL-KN[N PROGRAM ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY4 ,& 9 FACT !SE IMM$IATE OBJECTIVES HAVE BECOME !IR REAL OBJECTIVES1 SO ?AT !Y HAVE L5T ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY TO BECOME A M]E TOOL 9 ! H&S ( ! B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATS4 

,DOES ,M>X HIMSELF S9C]ELY WANT ! ANTAGONISM ( CLASS AGA9/ CLASS1 ?AT ANTAGONISM :I* R5D]S ABSOLUTELY IMPOSSIBLE ANY P>TICIPATION ( ! MASSES 9 ! POLITICAL ACTION ( ! ,/ATE8 ,= ?IS ACTION1 CONSID]$ AP>T FROM ! B\RGEOISIE1 IS NOT PRACTICABLE3 IT IS ONLY POSSIBLE :5 IT DEVELOPS 9 CONJUNCTION ) SOME P>TY ( ?AT CLASS & LETS ITSELF BE DIRECT$ BY ! B\RGEOIS4 ,M>X CANNOT BE IGNORANT ( ?AT1 & BESIDES1 :AT IS GO+ ON TO-DAY 9 ,G5EVA1 ,ZURI*1 ,BASEL1 & ALL OV] ,G]MANY1 \<T TO OP5 HIS EYES ON ?IS PO9T1 IF HE HAD CLOS$ !M1 :I*1 FRANKLY1 ,I DO NOT BELIEVE4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = ME TO BELIEVE IT ALT] HAV+ READ ! SPEE* HE DELIV]$ REC5TLY AT ,AM/]DAM1 9 :I* HE SAID ?AT 9 C]TA9 C\NTRIES1 P]HAPS 9 ,HOLL& ITSELF1 ! SOCIAL QUE/ION C\LD BE RESOLV$ PEACEFULLY1 LEGALLY1 )\T =CE1 9 A FRI5DLY FA%ION1 :I* CAN MEAN NO?+ BUT ?IS3 IT CAN BE RESOLV$ BY A S]IES ( SUCCESS SIVE1 PACIFIC1 VOLUNT>Y & JUDICI\S COMPROMISES1 BETWE5 B\RGEOISIE & PROLET>IAT4 ,MAZZ9I NEV] SAID ANY?+ DIFF]5T FROM ?AT4.<#b.> 

,MAZZ9I & ,M>X >E AGRE$ ON ?IS PO9T ( CAPITAL IMPORTANCE1 ?AT ! GREAT SOCIAL RE=MS :I* >E TO EMANCIPATE ! PROLET>IAT CANNOT BE REALIZ$ EXCEPT 9 A GREAT DEMOCRATIC1 ,REPUBLICAN1 V]Y P[]FUL & /RONGLY C5TRALIZ$ ,/ATE1 :I* = ! PROP] WELL-BE+ ( ! PEOPLE1 9 ORD] TO BE ABLE TO GIVE !M $UCATION & SOCIAL WELF>E1 MU/ IMPOSE ON !M1 BY MEANS ( !IR [N VOTE1 A V]Y /RONG GOV]NM5T4.<#b#a.> 

,I MA9TA9 ?AT IF EV] ! ,M>XIAN P>TY1 ?AT ( SO-CALL$ ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 CONT9UES TO PURSUE ! C\RSE ( POLITICAL DEM&S1 IT WILL SEE ITSELF =C$ TO CONDEMN1 SOON] OR LAT]1 ?AT ( ECONOMIC DEM&S1 HE C\RSE ( /RIKE ACTION1 SO 9COMPATIBLE >E !SE TWO C\RSES 9 REALITY4 

,IT IS ALWAYS ! SAME ,G]MAN TEMP]AM5T & ! SAME LOGIC :I* LEADS ! ,M>XI/S DIRECTLY & FATALLY 9TO :AT WE CALL ,B\RGEOIS ,SOCIALISM & TO ! CONCLUSION ( A NEW POLITICAL PACT BETWE5 ! B\RGEOIS :O >E ,RADICALS1 OR :O >E =C$ TO BECOME SU* & ! 09TELLIG5T01 RESPECTABLE1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 DULY B\RGEOISFI$ M9ORITY ( ! T[N PROLET>IAT TO ! DETRIM5T ( ! MASS ( ! PROLET>IAT1 NOT ONLY 9 ! C\NTRY1 BUT 9 ! T[NS ALSO4 

,SU* IS ! TRUE MEAN+ ( WORK]S' C&IDATURES TO ! ,P>LIAM5TS ( EXI/+ ,/ATES1 & ?AT ( ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] BY ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,= EV5 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ONLY ! T[N PROLET>IAT TO :OSE EXCLUSIVE PR(IT IT IS DESIR$ TO TAKE POSSESSION ( POLITICAL P[]1 IS IT NOT CLE> ?AT ! POPUL> NATURE ( ?IS P[] WILL NEV] BE ANY?+ ELSE ?AN FICTION8 ,IT WILL BE OBVI\SLY IMPOSSIBLE = SOME HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S OR EV5 SOME T5S ( ?\S&S OR 9DE$ = ONLY A FEW ?\S& M5 TO EFFECTIVELY EX]CISE ?IS P[]4 ,!Y WILL NECESS>ILY EX]CISE IT BY PROXY1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 5TRU/ IT TO A GR\P ( M5 ELECT$ BY !MSELVES TO REPRES5T & GOV]N !M1 :I* WILL CAUSE !M )\T FAIL TO FALL BACK AGA9 9TO ALL ! FALSEHOODS & S]VITUDES ( ! REPRES5TATIVE OR B\RGEOIS REGIME4 ,AFT] A BRIEF MOM5T ( LIB]TY OR REVOLUTION>Y ORGY1 CITIZ5S ( A NEW ,/ATE1 !Y WILL AWAKE TO F9D !MSELVES SLAVES1 PLAY?+S & VICTIMS ( NEW P[]-LU/]S4 ,ONE CAN UND]/& H[ & :Y CLEV] POLITICIANS %\LD ATTA* !MSELVES ) GREAT PASSION TO A PROGRAM :I* OP5S SU* A WIDE HORIZON TO !IR AMBITION2 BUT ?AT S]I\S WORK]S1 :O BE> 9 ! HE>TS LIKE A LIV+ FLAME ! S5TIM5T ( SOLID>ITY ) !IR COMPANIONS 9 SLAV]Y & WRET*$NESS ! :OLE WORLD OV]1 & :O DESIRE TO EMANCIPATE !MSELVES NOT TO ! DETRIM5T ( ALL BUT BY ! EMANCIPATION ( ALL1 TO BE FREE !MSELVES ) ALL & NOT TO BECOME TYRANTS 9 !IR TURN2 ?AT S9C]E TOIL]S C\LD BECOME 5AMOR$ ( SU* A PROGRAM1 ?AT IS MU* MORE DIFFICULT TO UND]/&4 

,BUT !N1 ,I HAVE A FIRM CONFID5CE ?AT 9 A FEW YE>S ! ,G]MAN WORK]S !MSELVES1 RECOGNIZ+ ! FATAL CONSEQU5CES ( A !ORY :I* CAN ONLY FAVOR ! AMBITION ( !IR B\RGEOIS *IEFS OR 9DE$ ?AT ( SOME EXCEPTIONAL WORK]S :O SEEK TO CLIMB ON ! %\LD]S ( !IR COMRADES 9 ORD] TO BECOME DOM9AT+ & EXPLOIT+ B\RGEOIS 9 !IR TURN--,I HAVE CONFID5CE ?AT ! ,G]MAN WORK]S WILL REJECT ?IS !ORY ) CONTEMPT & WRA?1 & ?AT !Y WILL EMBRACE ! TRUE PROGRAM ( WORK+-CLASS EMANCIPATION1 ?AT ( ! DE/RUCTION ( ,/ATES1 ) AS MU* PASSION AS DO TO-DAY ! WORK]S ( ! GREAT ,M$IT]RANEAN C\NTRIES1 ,FRANCE1 ,SPA91 ,ITALY1 AS WELL AS ! ,DUT* & ,BELGIAN WORK]S4 

,MEAN:ILE WE RECOGNIZE ! P]FECT RI<T ( ! ,G]MAN WORK]S TO GO ! WAY ?AT SEEMS TO !M BE/1 PROVID$ ?AT !Y ALL[ US ! SAME LIB]TY4 ,WE RECOGNIZE EV5 ?AT IT IS V]Y POSSIBLE ?AT BY ALL !IR HI/ORY1 !IR P>TICUL> NATURE1 ! /ATE ( !IR CIVILIZATION & !IR :OLE SITUATION TO-DAY1 !Y >E =C$ TO GO ?IS WAY4 ,LET !N ! ,G]MAN1 ,AM]ICAN & ,5GLI% TOIL]S TRY TO W9 POLITICAL P[] S9CE !Y DESIRE TO DO SO4 ,BUT LET !M ALL[ ! TOIL]S ( O!R C\NTRIES TO M>* ) ! SAME 5]GY TO ! DE/RUCTION ( ALL POLITICAL P[]4 ,LIB]TY = ALL1 & A NATURAL RESPECT = ?AT LIB]TY2 SU* >E ! ESS5TIAL CONDITIONS ( 9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY4 

,! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,LABOR ,P>TY F\ND$ 9 #ahfi BY ,LIEBKNE*T & ,BEBEL1 UND] ! AUSPICES ( ,M>X1 ANN\NC$ 9 ITS PROGRAM ?AT ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] WAS ! PRELIM9>Y CONDITION ( ! ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT1 & ?AT CONSEQU5TLY ! IMM$IATE OBJECT ( ! P>TY MU/ BE ! ORGANIZATION ( A WIDESPREAD LEGAL AGITATION = ! W9N+ ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE & ( ALL O!R POLITICAL RI<TS2 ITS F9AL AIM1 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! GREAT PAN-,G]MAN & SO-CALL$ ,PEOPLE'S ,/ATE4 

,BETWE5 ?IS T5D5CY & ?AT ( ! ,ALLIANCE .<,BAKUN9'S ORGANIZATION.> :I* REJECT$ ALL POLITICAL ACTION1 NOT HAV+ AS IMM$IATE & DIRECT OBJECTIVE ! TRIUMPH ( ! WORK]S OV] ,CAPITALISM1 & AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ! ABOLITION ( ! ,/ATE1 !RE EXI/S ! SAME DIFF]5CE1 ! SAME ABYSS1 AS BETWE5 ! PROLET>IAT & ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! ,ALLIANCE1 TAK+ ! PROGRAM ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL S]I\SLY1 HAD REJECT$ CONTEMPTU\SLY ALL COMPROMISE ) B\RGEOIS POLITICS1 9 H[EV] ,RADICAL & ,SOCIALI/ A GUISE IT MI<T DO ITSELF UP1 ADVIS+ ! PROLET>IAT AS ! ONLY WAY ( REAL EMANCIPATION1 AS ! ONLY POLICY TRULY SALUT>Y = !M1 ! EXCLUSIVELY NEGATIVE POLICY ( ! DEMOLITION ( POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS1 ( POLITICAL P[]1 ( GOV]NM5T 9 G5]AL1 ( ! ,/ATE1 & AS A NECESS>Y CONSEQU5CE ! 9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZATION ( ! SCATT]$ =CES ( ! PROLET>IAT 9TO REVOLUTION>Y P[] DIRECT$ AGA9/ ALL ! E/ABLI%$ P[]S ( ! B\RGEOISIE4,I 

,! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS ( ,G]MANY1 QUITE ON ! CONTR>Y1 ADVIS$ AN ! WORK]S SO UN=TUNATE AS TO LI/5 TO !M1 TO ADOPT1 AS ! IMM$IATE OBJECTIVE ( !IR ASSOCIATION1 LEGAL AGITATION = ! PRELIM9>Y CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL RI<TS2 !Y ?US SUBORD9ATE ! MOVEM5T = ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION TO ! MOVEM5T FIR/ ( ALL EXCLUSIVELY POLITICAL1 & BY ?IS OBVI\S REV]SAL ( ! :OLE PROGRAM ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 !Y HAVE FILL$ 9 AT A S+LE /ROKE ! ABYSS !Y HAD OP5$ BETWE5 PROLET>IAT & B\RGEOISIE4 ,!Y HAVE DONE MORE ?AN ?AT1 !Y HAVE TI$ ! PROLET>IAT 9 T[ ) ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,= IT IS EVID5T ?AT ALL ?IS POLITICAL MOVEM5T SO BOO/$ BY ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIALI/S1 S9CE IT MU/ PREC$E ! ECONOMIC REVOLUTION1 CAN ONLY BE DIRECT$ BY ! B\RGEOIS1 OR :AT WILL BE /ILL WORSE1 BY WORK]S TRANS=M$ 9TO B\RGEOIS BY !IR AMBITION & VANITY1 &1 PASS+ 9 REALITY OV] ! HEAD ( ! PROLET>IAT1 LIKE ALL ITS PR$ECESSORS1 ?IS MOVEM5T WILL NOT FAIL ONCE MORE TO CONDEMN ! PROLET>IAT TO BE NO?+ BUT A BL9D 9/RUM5T 9EVITABLY SACRIFIC$ 9 ! /RUGGLE ( ! DIFF]5T B\RGEOIS P>TIES BETWE5 !MSELVES = ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[]1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 = ! P[] & RI<T TO DOM9ATE ! MASSES & EXPLOIT !M4 ,TO :OMSOEV] D\BTS IT1 WE %\LD ONLY HAVE TO %[ :AT IS HAPP5+S 9 ,G]MANY1 :]E ! ORGANS ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY S+ HYMNS ( JOY ON SEE+ A ,CONGRESS 7AT ,EIS5A*7 ( PR(ESSORS ( B\RGEOIS POLITICAL ECONOMY RECOMM5D+ ! PROLET>IAT ( ,G]MANY TO ! HI< & PAT]NAL PROTECTION ( ,/ATES & 9 ! P>TS ( ,SWITZ]L& :]E ! ,M>XIAN PROGRAM PREVAILS1 AT ,G5EVA1 ,ZURI*1 ,BASEL1 :]E ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAS DESC5D$ TO ! PO9T ( BE+ NO LONG] ANY?+ MORE ?AN A SORT ( ELECTORAL BOX = ! PR(IT ( ! ,RADICAL B\RGEOIS4 ,!SE 9CONTE/ABLE FACTS SEEM TO ME TO BE MORE ELOQU5T ?AN ANY WORDS4 

,!Y >E REAL & LOGICAL 9 ?IS S5SE ?AT !Y >E A NATURAL EFFECT ( ! TRIUMPH ( ,M>XIAN PROPAG&A4 ,& IT IS = ?AT REASON ?AT WE FI<T ! ,M>XIAN !ORIES TO ! DEA?1 CONV9C$ ?AT IF !Y C\LD TRIUMPH ?R\<\T ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 !Y W\LD C]TA9LY NOT FAIL TO KILL AT LEA/ ITS SPIRIT EV]Y:]E1 AS !Y HAVE ALREADY DONE 9 V]Y GREAT'P>T 9 ! C\NTRIES JU/ M5TION$4 

,! 9/9CTIVE PASSION ( ! MASSES = ECONOMIC EQUALITY IS SO GREAT ?AT IF !Y C\LD HOPE TO RECEIVE IT FROM ! H&S ( DESPOTISM1 !Y W\LD 9DUBITABLY & )\T MU* REFLECTION DO AS !Y HAVE (T5 DONE BE=E1 & DELIV] !MSELVES TO DESPOTISM4 ,HAPPILY1 HI/ORIC EXP]I5CE HAS BE5 ( SOME S]VICE EV5 ) ! MASSES4 ,TO-DAY1 !Y >E BEG9N+ EV]Y:]E TO UND]/& ?AT NO DESPOTISM HAS NOR CAN HAVE1 EI!R ! WILL OR ! P[] TO GIVE !M ECONOMIC EQUALITY4 ,! PROGRAM ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL IS V]Y HAPPILY EXPLICIT ON ?IS QUE/ION4 ,! EMANCIPATION ( ! TOIL]S C>T BE ! WORK ONLY ( ! TOIL]S !MSELVES4 

,IS IT NOT A/ONI%+ ?AT ,M>X HAS BELIEV$ IT POSSIBLE TO GRAFT ON ?IS NEV]!LESS SO PRECISE DECL>ATION1 :I* HE PROBABLY DRAFT$ HIMSELF1 HIS SCI5TIFIC ,SOCIALISM8 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 ! ORGANIZATION & ! GOV]NM5T ( ! NEW SOCIETY BY ,SOCIALI/IC SCI5TI/S & PR(ESSORS--! WOR/ ( ALL DESPOTIC GOV]NM5T6 

,BUT ?ANKS TO ?IS GREAT BELOV$ 0RIFF RAFF0 ( ! COMMON PEOPLE1 :O WILL OPPOSE !MSELVES1 URG$ ON1 BY AN 9/9CT 9V9CIBLE AS WELL AS JU/1 TO ALL ! GOV]NM5TALI/ FANCIES ( ?IS LITTLE WORK+-CLASS M9ORITY ALREADY PROP]LY DISCIPL9$ & M>%AL$ TO BECOME ! MYRMIDONS ( A NEW DESPOTISM1 ! SCI5TIFIC ,SOCIALISM ( ,M>X WILL ALWAYS REMA9 AS A ,M>XIAN DREAM4 ,?IS NEW EXP]I5CE1 MORE DISMAL P]HAPS ?AN ALL PA/ EXP]I5CES1 WILL BE SP>$ SOCIETY1 BECAUSE ! PROLET>IAT 9 G5]AL1 & 9 ALL C\NTRIES IS ANIMAT$ TO-DAY BY A PR(\ND DI/RU/ AGA9/ :AT IS POLITICAL & AGA9/ ALL ! POLITICIANS 9 ! WORLD1 :ATEV] !IR P>TY COOL\R1 ALL ( !M HAV+ EQUALLY DECEIV$1 OPPRESS$1 EXPLOIT$--! R$DE/ ,REPUBLICANS JU/ AS MU* AS ! MO/ ABSOLUTI/ ,MON>*I/S4 

,APP5DIX 

,9 ,I4 ,B]L9'S ,K>L ,M>X3 ,HIS ,LIFE & ,5VIRONM5T 7,HOME ,UNIV]SITY ,LIBR>Y7 >E REPR9T$ SOME PASSAGES ( ,BAKUN9'S WRIT+ :I* ,I HAVE NOT SE5 ELSE:]E & :I* EMPHASIZE HIS VIEWS ON ! ,/ATE1 & O!R PASSAGES ON ! *>ACT] ( ,M>X4 ,! FIR/ SELECTION IS AS FOLL[S3 

0,WE REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/S >E ! 5EMIES ( ALL =MS ( ,/ATE & ,/ATE ORGANIZATIONS 444 WE ?9K ?AT ALL ,/ATE RULE1 ALL GOV]NM5TS BE+ BY !IR V]Y NATURE PLAC$ \TSIDE ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE1 MU/ NECESS>ILY SEEK TO SUBJECT IT TO CU/OMS & PURPOSES 5TIRELY =EIGN TO IT4 ,WE !RE=E DECL>E \RSELVES TO BE FOES 444 ( ALL ,/ATE ORGANIZATIONS AS SU*1 & BELIEVE ?AT ! PEOPLE CAN ONLY BE HAPPY & FREE1 :51 ORGANIZ$ FROM BEL[ BY MEANS ( ITS [N AUTONOM\S & COMPLETELY FREE ASSOCIATIONS1 )\T ! SUP]VISION ( ANY GU>DIANS1 IT WILL CREATE ITS [N LIFE40 

0,WE BELIEVE P[] CORRUPTS ?OSE :O WIELD IT AS MU* AS ?OSE :O >E =C$ TO OBEY IT4 ,UND] ITS CORROSIVE 9FLU5CE SOME BECOME GRE$Y & AMBITI\S TYRANTS1 EXPLOIT+ SOCIETY 9 !IR [N 9T]E/1 OR 9 ?AT ( !IR CLASS1 :ILE O!RS >E TURN$ 9TO ABJECT SLAVES4 ,9TELLECTUALS1 POSITIVI/S1.<#b#b.> DOCTR9AIRES1 ALL ?OSE :O PUT SCI5CE BE=E LIFE 444 DEF5D ! IDEA ( ! /ATE AS BE+ ! ONLY POSSIBLE SALVATION ( SOCIETY--QUITE LOGICALLY S9CE FROM !IR FALSE PREMISES ?AT ?\<T COMES BE=E LIFE1 ?AT ONLY AB/RACT !ORY CAN =M ! />T+ PO9T ( SOCIAL PRACTICE 444 !Y DRAW ! 9EVITABLE CONCLUSION ?AT S9CE SU* !ORETICAL KN[L$GE IS AT PRES5T POSSESS$ BY V]Y FEW1 !SE FEW MU/ BE PUT 9 POSSESSION ( SOCIAL LIFE1 NOT ONLY TO 9SPIRE1 BUT TO DIRECT ALL POPUL> MOVEM5TS1 & ?AT NO SOON] IS ! REVOLUTION OV] ?AN A NEW SOCIAL ORGANIZATION MU/ AT ONCE BE SET UP2 NOT A FREE ASSOCIATION ( POPUL> BODIES 444 WORK+ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! NE$S & 9/9CTS ( ! PEOPLE1 BUT A C5TRALIZ$ DICTATORIAL P[]1 CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! H&S ( ?IS ACADEMIC M9ORITY1 AS IF !Y REALLY EXPRESS$ ! POPUL> WILL4 444 ,! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 SU* REVOLUTION>Y DICTATOR%IP & ! MOD]N ,/ATE IS ONLY ONE ( EXT]NAL TRAPP+S4 ,9 SUB/ANCE BO? >E A TYRANNY ( ! M9ORITY OV] A MAJORITY 9 ! NAME ( ! PEOPLE--9 ! NAME ( ! /UPIDITY ( ! MANY & ! SUP]IOR WISDOM ( ! FEW2 & SO !Y >E EQUALLY REACTION>Y1 DEVIS+ TO SECURE POLITICAL & ECONOMIC PRIVILEGE TO ! RUL+ M9ORITY & ! 444 5SLAVEM5T ( ! MASSES1 TO DE/ROY ! PRES5T ORD] ONLY TO ]ECT !IR [N RIGID DICTATOR%IP ON ITS RU9S40 7PP4 #b#e-#f7 

FOOTNOTES 

7USE ! 0GO BACK0 FUNCTION ( Y\R BR[S] TO RETURN TO ! TEXT7 ,?AT IS1 ! ,M>XIANS4 

I4E41 #a#h#g#a4 

,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM4 

,LASSALLE LIV$ #a#h#b#e-#f#d2 A BRILLIANT DEMAGOGUE1 HE POPUL>IZ$ 7OR  VULG>IZ$7 ,M>X'S TEA*+S & LAUN*$ ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,MOVEM5T 9 ,G]MANY4 ,HIS ORGANIZATION1 ! ,G5]AL ,ASSOCIATION ( ,G]MAN ,WORK]S1 UNIT$ ) ! ,M>XI/S 9 #a#h#g#e4 

,BAKUN9'S USE ( ! T]M 0SUPREME 5D ( HI/ORY0 79 ! S5SE ( AIM OR OBJECTIVE71 MU/ NOT BE TAK5 TO HAVE A TELEOLOGICAL SIGNIFICATION1 ?AT IS1 TAK5 TO MEAN ?AT HE CONSID]$ ?AT ! NATURE ( ?+S IS SU* ?AT !RE IS A COSMIC AIM OR PURPOSE :I* 9=MS ! :OLE COSMIC ACTIVITY4 ,SU* A !ORY 9EVITABLY 9VOLVES ! NOTION ( SOME DIRECTIVE 9TELLIG5CE BEH9D ,NATURE1 & ?IS1 AS A MAT]IALI/1 ,BAKUN9 ABSOLUTELY D5I$4 ,HE MEANS BY 0SUPREME 5D ( HI/ORY0 SIMPLY ! IDEAL AT :I* ! HUMAN RACE %\LD AIM1 AS DEF9$ BY HIM A FEW L9ES FUR!R ON 9 ! TEXT4 ,AS HE SAID 9 ANO!R PASSAGE ( HIS WORKS1 MAN IS P>T ( UNIV]SAL ,NATURE & CANNOT FI<T AGA9/ IT2 0,BUT BY /UDY+ ITS LAWS1 BY ID5TIFY+ HIMSELF 9 SOME SORT ) !M1 TRANS=M+ !M BY A PSY*OLOGICAL PROCESS PROP] TO HIS BRA91 9TO IDEAS & HUMAN CONVICTIONS1 HE EMANCIPATES HIMSELF FROM ! TRIPLE YOKE IMPOS$ ON HIM FIR/LY BY EXT]NAL ,NATURE1 !N BY HIS [N 9DIVIDUAL 9W>D ,NATURE1 & F9ALLY BY ! SOCIETY ( :I* HE IS ! PRODUCT40 7,MI*AEL ,BAKUN9 & ,K>L ,M>X1 P4 #c#c#g47 

,BAKUN9 WROTE SOME YE>S BE=E ,PA/EUR'S DISCOV]Y ( A CURE = ?IS DISEASE4 

,?IS1 ( C\RSE1 IS AN EXAGG]ATION ON ,BAKUN9'S P>T4 ,SU* V&ALISM WAS NOT COMMON4 ,IT WAS ! POLITICAL CONVULSIONS1 B>B>IAN 9VASIONS1 & 5DLESS W>S1 =EIGN & CIVIL1 ?AT CAUS$ ! DECL9E ( CULTURE4 ,! ,*RI/IANS T5D$ TO NEGLECT & IGNORE ! CLASSICAL CULTURE RA!R ?AN P]SECUTE IT4 ,( C\RSE1 IT IS TRUE ?AT ! DECL9E & PRACTICAL EXT9CTION ( ! ANCI5T CULTURE GREATLY IMPAIR$ 9TELLECTUAL PROGRESS4 

,BABEUF 7#a#g#f#b-#i#g7 =M$ CONSPIRACY ( 0,EQUALS0 TO SEIZE P[] 9 ,FRANCE & 9TRODUCE AN AU?ORIT>IAN EQUALIT>IAN ,COMMUNISM4 ,PLOT DISCOV]$ & CONSPIRATORS EXECUT$4 

,BLANC1 ,L\IS 7#a#h#a#a-#h#b7 ADVOCAT$ ,/ATE ,SOCIALISM 9 ,FRANCE1 P>TICUL>LY  9 ! P]IOD #a#h#d-#e4 

,WRITT5 9 ,SEPTEMB]1 #a#h#g4 

,?I]S1 ,ADOLPHE 7#a#g#i#g-#a#h#g#g71 ,PRESID5T ( ! ,?IRD ,REPUBLIC 9 #a#h#g#a-#c4 ,HE WAS PRIM>ILY RESPONSIBLE = ! RU?LESS SUPPRESSION ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 

,IT %\LD BE KEPT 9 M9D 9 READ+ ?IS & ! P>AGRAPHS CONC]N+ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ?AT !Y W]E WRITT5 9 #ahfg NOT LONG AFT] ! CLOSE ( ! ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,AT ?AT TIME IT WAS NOT AS EASY TO SEE AS IT IS N[1 ?AT ! ,REPUBLICAN ,P>TY WAS NOT REALLY A 0,P>TY ( ,LIB]ATION0 BUT ! ,P>TY ( ,9DU/RIAL ,CAPITALISM1 & ?AT ! ,CIVIL ,W> WAS F\<T1 NOT TO 0EMANCIPATE ! SLAVES0 BUT M]ELY TO DECIDE :E!R !Y %\LD CONT9UE AS *ATTEL SLAVES OR *ANGE !IR /ATUS TO ?AT ( WAGE-SLAVES4 

,A SATIRIC ALLUSION TO ! REF]5CE TO ,M>X BY ,SORGE1 ! ,G]MAN- ,AM]ICAN DELEGATE1 AT ! ,HAGUE ,CONF]5CE4 

,COMP>E ,JAMES ,BURNHAM'S !ORY 9 HIS ,MANAG]IAL ,REVOLUTION4 

I4E41 #a#h#g#b4 

,?IS S5T5CE IS1 ( C\RSE1 PURELY IRONIC4 

,RADICALS--! MORE PROGRESSIVE W+ ( ! ,LIB]ALS1 & /&+ = SOCIAL RE=M & POLITICAL EQUALIT>IANISM1 BUT NOT = ! ABOLITION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 OR ( ! WAGE SY/EM4 ,H5CE !Y W]E NOT ,SOCIALI/S4 ,! ,LABOR ,P>TY ( TO-DAY HAS 9H]IT$ MU* ( !IR POLICY4 

,WRITT5 9 ,SEPTEMB]1 #a#h#g4 

,! ,M>XI/S & ! ,LASSALLEANS4 ,!Y UNIT$ 9 #a#h#g#e4 

,9 A PREVI\S PASSAGE1 ,BAKUN9 HAD SAID ?AT ,MAZZ9I1 LIKE ! ,M>XI/S1 WANT$ TO USE !'PEOPLE'S /R5G? :]EBY TO4GA9 POLITICAL P[]4 

,?IS IS ESS5TIALLY ! L9E PUT =W>D TO-DAY BY ,LABOR POLITICIANS1 ESPECIALLY :51 9 ,AU/RALIA1 !Y >E ASK+ = 9CREAS$ P[]S = ! ,F$]AL ,GOV]NM5T4 

,FOLL[]S ( ,AUGU/E ,COMTE 7#a#g#i#h-#a#h#e#g7 F\ND] ( ! SCI5CE ( ,SOCIOLOGY4 ,9 HIS LAT] WRIT+S ,COMTE ADVOCAT$ A ,RELIGION ( ,HUMANITY1 TO BE L$ BY A SORT ( AGNO/IC SECUL> PRIE/HOOD CONSI/+ ( SCI5TIFIC 9TELLECTUALS1 :O W\LD ACT AS ! MORAL & SPIRITUAL GUIDES ( A NEW SOCIAL ORD]4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aidi 3 ,M>XISM1 ,FRE$OM & ! ,/ATE -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#e1 #bag 3 ,M>XISM1 ,FRE$OM & ! ,/ATE -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #i1 #bbb 3 ,M>XISM1 ,FRE$OM & ! ,/ATE -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/