,M>XISM & ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALLIANCE ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALI/S 

,TEXT 3 

,! CLASSICAL SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC & 0COMMUNI/0 MOVEM5TS >E GONE4 ,! CRISIS ( HUMANITY IS R$UC$ TO ! PROLET>IAN CRISIS4 ,?IS CLASS IS CURR5TLY 9 ! WOR/ /ATE 9 ITS HI/ORY1 HAV+ BE5 R$UC$ TO AN >MY ( TOTALLY DEF5SELESS & M]CILESSLY EXPLOIT$ WAGE SLAVES4 ,! DUTY ( REVOLUTION>IES IS !RE=E TO UND]/& ?IS HI/ORICAL CRISIS & ITS CAUSES 9/EAD ( RECIT+ OLD ,TROTSKYITE MANTRAS4 

,IT'S ALSO USEFUL TO UND]/& ! EXT5T TO :I* ! OLD PROLET>IAT ( ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC & COMMUNI/ P>TIES WAS SOCIALI/1 & :AT ,M>XISM MEANT 9 ! CONTEXT ?OSE IDEOLOGIES4 

,T5 ,!SES ON ,M>XISM ,TODAY 7,K>L ,KORS*1 #a#i#e73 

,IT NO LONG] MAKES S5SE TO ASK TO :AT EXT5T ! TEA*+ ( ,M>X & ,5GELS IS1 TODAY1 !ORETICALLY ACCEPTABLE & PRACTICALLY APPLICABLE4 

,TODAY1 ALL ATTEMPTS TO REE/ABLI% ! ,M>XI/ DOCTR9E AS A :OLE 9 ITS ORIG9AL FUNCTION AS A !ORY ( ! WORK+ CLASSES SOCIAL REVOLUTION >E REACTION>Y UTOPIAS4 

,?\< BASICALLY AMBIGU\S1 !RE >E1 H[EV]1 IMPORTANT ASPECTS ( ,M>XIAN TEA*+ :I* 9 !IR *ANG+ FUNCTION & APPLY+ TO DIFF]5T LOCATIONS HAVE UNTIL TODAY RETA9$ !IR EFFECTIV5ESS4 ,ALSO1 ! IMPETUS G5]AT$ BY ! PRAXIS ( ! OLD ,M>XI/ LABOR MOVEM5T HAS BE5 PRES5TLY 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! PRACTICAL /RUGGLES ( PEOPLES - & CLASSES4 

,! FIR/ /EP 9 REE/ABLI%+ A REVOLUTION>Y !ORY & PRACTICE CONSI/S 9 BREAK+ ) ?AT ,M>XISM :I* CLAIMS TO MONOPOLIZE REVOLUTION>Y 9ITIATIVE AS WELL AS !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL DIRECTION4 

,M>X IS TODAY ONLY ONE AMONG ! NUM]\S PRECURSORS1 F\ND]S & DEVELOP]S ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,NO LESS IMPORTANT >E ! SO-CALL$ ,UTOPIAN ,SOCIALI/S FROM ,?OMAS ,MORE TO ! PRES5T4 ,NO LESS IMPORTANT >E ! GREAT RIVALS ( ,M>X1 SU* AS ,BLANQUI1 & HIS SWORN 5EMIES1 SU* AS ,PR\DHON & ,BAKUN94 ,NO LESS IMPORTANT1 9 ! F9AL RESULT1 >E ! MORE REC5T DEVELOPM5TS SU* AS ,G]MAN REVISIONISM1 ,FR5* SYNDICALISM1 & ,RUSSIAN ,BOL%EVISM4 

,! FOLL[+ PO9TS >E P>TICUL>LY CRITICAL = ,M>XISM3 7A7 ITS DEP5D5CE ON ! UND]DEVELOP$ ECONOMIC & POLITICAL CONDITIONS 9 ,G]MANY & ALL ! O!R C\NTRIES ( C5TRAL & EA/]N ,EUROPE :]E IT WAS TO HAVE POLITICAL RELEVANCE2 7B7 ITS UNCONDITIONAL ADH]5CE TO ! POLITICAL =MS ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION2 7C7 ! UNCONDITIONAL ACCEPTANCE ( ! ADVANC$ ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ( ,5GL& AS A MODEL = ! FUTURE DEVELOPM5T ( ALL C\NTRIES & AS OBJECTIVE PRECONDITIONS = ! TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM2 TO :I* ONE %\LD ADD1 7D7 ! CONSEQU5CES ( ITS REPEAT$ DESP]ATE & CONTRADICTORY ATTEMPTS TO BREAK \T ( !SE CONDITIONS4 

,! RESULTS ( !SE CONDITIONS >E3 7A7 ! OV]E/IMATION ( ! /ATE AS ! DECISIVE 9/RUM5T ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION2 7B7 ! MY/ICAL ID5TIFICATION ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY ) ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION ( ! WORK+ CLASS2 7C7 ! SUBSEQU5T AMBIGU\S DEVELOPM5T ( ?IS FIR/ =M ( ! ,M>XIAN !ORY ( REVOLUTION BY ! >TIFICIAL GRAFT+ ONTO IT ( A !ORY ( ! COMMUNI/ REVOLUTION 9 TWO PHASES2 ?IS !ORY1 DIRECT$ ON ! ONE H& AGA9/ ,BLANQUI1 & ON ! O!R AGA9/ ,BAKUN91 :ISKS AWAY FROM ! PRES5T MOVEM5T ! REAL EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS & PUTS IT BACK 9TO ! 9DEF9ITE FUTURE4 

,?IS IS ! PO9T = 9S]TION ( ! ,L59I/ OR ,BOL%EVIK DEVELOPM5T2 & IT IS 9 ?IS NEW =M ?AT ,M>XISM HAS BE5 TRANSF]R$ TO ,RUSSIA & ,ASIA4 ,!REBY ,M>XISM HAS BE5 *ANG$2 FROM A REVOLUTION>Y !ORY IT HAS BECOME AN IDEOLOGY4 ,?IS IDEOLOGY C\LD BE & HAS BE5 US$ = A V>IETY ( DIFF]5T GOALS4 

,IT IS FROM ?IS VIEWPO9T ?AT ONE COMES TO JUDGE 9 A CRITICAL SPIRIT ! TWO ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONS ( #aiag & #a#i#b#h1 & IT IS FROM ?IS VIEWPO9T ?AT ONE MU/ DET]M9E ! FUNCTIONS FULFILL$ BY ,M>XISM TODAY 9 ,ASIA & ON A WORLD SCALE4 

,! CONTROL ( ! WORK]S OV] ! PRODUCTION ( !IR [N LIVES WILL NOT COME FROM !IR OCCUPY+ ! POSITIONS1 ON ! 9T]NATIONAL & WORLD M>KETS1 AB&ON$ BY ! SELF-DE/ROY+ & SO-CALL$ FREE COMPETITION ( ! MONOPOLI/IC [N]S ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,?IS CONTROL CAN ONLY RESULT FROM A PLANN$ 9T]V5TION BY ALL ! CLASSES TODAY EXCLUD$ FROM IT 9TO A PRODUCTION :I* TODAY IS ALREADY T5D+ 9 EV]Y WAY TO BE REGULAT$ 9 A MONOPOLI/IC & PLANN$ FA%ION4 

,! ABOVE !SES W\LD LIKELY %OCK ALL ?OSE :O CONSID] ,M>XISM & ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T AS SYNONYMS4 ,! %OCK IS ALSO LIKELY TO BE AMPLIFI$ BY ! CONC5TRAT$ !SIS =M ( EXPRESSION1 :]EBY ?\<TS >E DIRECTLY AFFIRM$ )\T LONG-W9D$ PRO(S & ?US REMA9 UNELABORAT$ & OBSCURE 9 PLACES4 ,)\T ACCEPT+ ! FULL PACKAGE ( IDEAS ( ! 0T5 !SES01 WE NEV]!LESS /ILL F9D !M EXTREMELY USEFUL = /IMULAT+ CRITICAL EF=TS ( REEVALUAT+ ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION>Y EXP]I5CE4 

,! WORLD IS CURR5TLY EXP]I5C+ A K9D ( TIMELESSNESS1 9 :I* ! OLD IS GONE & ! NEW HAS YET TO >RIVE4 ,= A REVOLUTION>Y1 !RE IS NO?+ WORSE ?AN LIV+ 9 SU* A TIME4 ,BUT !RE /ILL REMA9S SOME WORK ?AT MU/ BE DONE AFT] DUSK & BE=E DAWN2 :5 <\LS ROAM & ,M9]VA'S [L TAKES FLI<T4 ,?IS WORK IS AB\T DRAW+ CONCLUSIONS FROM ! PA/1 & ?IS IS EXACTLY ! WORK DONE = HIS TIME BY ,K>L ,M>X 9 ! #a#h#d'S1 :5 HE SUMM$ UP ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION>Y EPO* & PUT A CROSS ON ! CONCLUD$ ,B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION 9 ! ,WE/4 ,?IS IS ! SAME WORK ?AT MU/ BE DONE TODAY1 A NEW ]A 9 :I* REPEAT+ OLD MANTRAS IS EQUIVAL5T TO REPEAT+ ! #a#g#i'S IDEAS ( ,R\SSEAU & ,ROBESPI]RE 9 ! #a#h#d'S2 IT IS BRAVE ?\<T ?AT DET]M9ES BRAVE ACTION1 BUT DOESN'T SUB/ITUTE IT4 

,IT'S ALSO USEFUL TO UND]/& ! EXT5T TO :I* ! OLD PROLET>IAT ( ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC & COMMUNI/ P>TIES WAS SOCIALI/ & :AT ,M>XISM MEANT 9 ! CONTEXT ( BE+ !IR IDEOLOGIES4 ,KORS*'S !SES1 BE+ FREE FROM DIPLOMATIC LOOPHOLES & D\BLESPEAK1 CAN BE A SOLID />T+ PO9T = ANALYSIS ( IDEAS !Y REPRES5T4 

,H[EV]1 S9CE ! HI/ORY ( REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T & IDEAS IS REGRETTABLY T]RA 9COGNITA = ! MAJORITY ( TODAY'S LEFT1 IT'S APPROPRIATE TO DELVE 9TO ,KORS*'S [N BACKGR\ND4 

,K>L ,KORS* 7#a#h#h#f - #a#i#f#a7 WAS BORN 9TO ! FAMILY ( A ,G]MAN BANK CL]K1 & WAS $UCAT$ 9 LAW1 ECONOMICS & PHILOSOPHY4 ,HIS $UCATION 9CLUD$ A P]IOD ( LIFE 9 ,LONDON FROM #aiab TO #a#i#a#d1 :]E HE BECAME 9VOLV$ 9 ! ,FABIAN SOCIETY & O!R MOVEM5TS ( ,5GLI% RE=MISM4 

,) ! ADV5T ( ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> MILIT>ISM1 ,KORS* %IFT$ AWAY FROM RE=MISM & >RIV$ AT REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM4 ,9 #aiag HE JO9$ ! ,9DEP5D5T ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY ( ,G]MANY1 & 9 #a#i#b1 TOGE!R ) ! MAJORITY ( ,U,S,P,D1 HE JO9$ ! RANKS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,G]MANY4 

,9 #aibc ,KORS* SAW HIS MO/ CELEBRAT$ & CONTROV]SIAL WORK TITL$ 0,M>XISM & ,PHILOSOPHY0 PUBLI%$4 ,9 ! SAME YE> HE BECAME ! ,M9I/] ( ,JU/ICE 9 ! REGIONAL SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC & COMMUNI/ ,?UR+IAN GOV]NM5T :ILE >M+ WORK]S' MILITIAS = A FOIL$ PROLET>IAN UPRIS+4 

,AFT] ! REVOLUTION 9 ,G]MANY WAS DEFEAT$ 9 #a#i#b#c1 ,KORS* SUPPORT$ ! RADICAL LEFT W+ ( ! ,K,P,D1 AT ! TIME L$ BY ,A4 ,MASLOV & ,R4 ,FI%] :ILE $IT+ ! 0,9T]NATIONAL0 ,P>TY'S !ORETICAL J\RNAL4 

,9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! #aibf ,K,P,D SPLIT1 ,KORS* L$ ONE ( ! NEW DISS5T] GR\PS CALL$ 0,! ,DECISIVE ,LEFT10 FROM ! TRIBUNE ( :I* HE \TSPOK5LY CRITICIZ$ ,U,S,S,R'S /ATE CAPITALISM & ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION1 OV] ! B\RGEOIS NATURE ( :I* HE WAS BECOM+ EV] MORE ASSUR$4 ,ON ! 9T]NATIONAL SC5E HE MADE ATTEMPTS AT ORGANIZ+ A UNIT$ RADICAL LEFT FRONT1 :I* BR\<T HIM 9TO CONTACT ) ! ,ITALIAN RADICAL LEFT AT ! TIME 9SPIR$ BY ,BORDIGA4 

,9 #a#i#b#h1 AFT] ! 0,! ,DECISIVE ,LEFT0 CEAS$ TO FUNCTION1 ,KORS* BECAME PREOCCUPI$ ) ,M>XI/ PROPAG&A 9 SECRET WORK] & 9TELLIG5TSIA /UDY GR\PS1 :]E HE $UCAT$ ,B]TOLT ,BRE*T 9 ,M>XI/ !ORY4 

,FOLL[+ ! RISE ( ,NAZISM 9 ,G]MANY1 ,KORS* IMMIGRAT$ TO ,D5M>K1 & 9 #aicf LEFT ,EUROPE = ! ,U,S,A4 ,9 ! ,/ATES HE TAU<T PHILOSOPHY :ILE BECOM+ 9VOLV$ ) SMALL GR\PS ( 0,C\NCIL-,COMMUNI/S0 ( ,PAUL ,MATTICK & HIS COMRADES4 

,:5 ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION ]UPT$1 ,KORS* SYMPA?IZ$ ) ! AN>*O - SYNDICALI/ ,C,N,T1 BUT CRITICIZ$ ITS LEAD]%IP'S OPPORTUNISM4 ,:5 ! SUBSEQU5T ,WORLD ,W> #b SWEPT ACROSS ,EUROPE1 HE RECOGNIZ$ ! IMP]IALI/ NATURE ( ALL SIDES ( ! CONFLICT4 ,BUT ?R\<\T ! W> & BEYOND1 HIS OV]:ELM+ 9T]E/ BECAME ! #c'S & ,M>XISM AS ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T'S !ORETICAL WEAPON - :I* GAVE RISE TO SOME ( HIS BE/ WORKS SU* AS 0,K>L ,M>X10 & ! 0,?REE ,ESSAYS0 LIT]>Y CYCLE 9CLUD+ 0,LEAD+ ,PR9CIPLES ( ,M>XISM3 A ,RE/ATEM5T0 & 0,:Y ,I AM A ,M>XI/40 

,DESPITE BE+ GRADUALLY ISOLAT$ ?R\<\T HIS LIFE1 ,KORS* HADN'T SUCCUMB$ TO SELF-DELUSION & REMA9$ LOYAL TO ! EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT UNTIL HIS DEA? 9 #a#i#f#a4 ,HE SOLD \T TO NEI!R ,/AL9ISM NOR ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 UNLIKE ! C\NTLESS ,M>XI/ 9TELLECTUALS ( ?AT ]A :O />T$ \T SO WELL & 5D$ UP ON ! OPPOSITE SIDE ( ! B>RICADES4 ,HE ?US REMA9$ FIRMLY 5TR5*$ 9 ! POSITIONS ( ,DUT*-,G]MAN LEFT ,COMMUNISM & %>$ BO? ITS /R5G?S & WEAKNESSES4 

,9 ! PREVI\SLY M5TION$ ,KORS*'S WORK ( 0,M>XISM & PHILOSOPHY01 HE UND]TAKES A PR(\ND /UDY ( ,M>XISM ?R\< ,M>XI/ ANALYSIS1 DIVID+ ITS HI/ORY 9TO #c /AGES3 #a7 ,! CATA/ROPHIC ULTRA RADICAL ,M>XISM ( ! #a#h#dS EMBODI$ 9 ! 0,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O02 #b7 ,! EVOLUTION>Y PROGRESSIVE ,M>XISM ?AT OCCUPI$ ! NEXT PHASE ( CAPITALISM UNTIL #a#i#a#d2 #c7 ,! NEWLY RE/OR$ RADICAL ,M>XISM ( PO/-#a#i#a#d1 REFLECT+ ! RESURG5T CATA/ROPHIC REVOLUTION4 

,AS WE N[ KN[1 ! ?IRD /AGE ( ! #a#i#a#d-#a#i#d#e REVOLUTION>Y EPO* DID NOT BURY CAPITALISM1 & ! =CES ?AT PRES]V$ IT W]E ?OSE ?AT CLAIM$ TO BE ITS GRAV$IGG]S - ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC & ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES4 ,:AT FOLL[$ WAS A P]IOD ( CAPITALI/ PROGRESS TOL]AT$ BY A CRU%$ PROLET>IAT4 ,!RE=E1 ,KORS*'S HI/ORICAL SCOPE ( ,M>XISM MU/ BE EXT5D$ & ITS /RUCTURE DEVELOP$4 

,M>X WAS NOT ! 9V5TOR ( PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE2 RA!R1 PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE TURN$ ! ACADEMIC PHILOSOPH] & ! RADICAL B\RGEOIS DEMOCRAT 9TO A COMMUNI/4 ,BUT ( :AT PROLET>IANS >E WE SPEAK+8 ,! ,M>XI/ HI/ORICAL CONCEPTION PO9TS TO ! CONC5TRATION & C5TRALIZATION ( PRODUCTION 9 DUE C\RSE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 & TO ! RESPECTIVE P[]1 ORGANIZATION & QUANTITY ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,9 ?IS MODEL1 AS CAPITALISM DEVELOPS1 SO DOES ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT & ITS REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 

,! ABOVE ,M>XI/ APOLOGIA = CAPITALISM HAS ONE FLAW2 IT HAS BE5 %[N FALSE4 ,IF ONE W]E TO =MULATE A UNIV]SAL LAW1 SAVE = A NUMB] ( EXCEPTIONS1 ! OPPOSITE TR5D TO ! ,M>XI/ PR$ICTION IS VISIBLE4 ,! FUR!R CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T TAKES US1 ! FUR!R IT FRAGM5TS ! PROLET>IAT & ! MORE IT WEAK5S ITS REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,! #b? C5TURY PROLET>IAT HAS SIGNIFICANTLY UND] PRE=M$ 9 ITS REVOLUTION>Y A*IEVEM5TS ) RESPECT TO ITS #a#i? C5TURY C\NT]P>T4 ,TW5TIE? C5TURY ,FRANCE KNEW NO FI]CE ATTEMPTS AT =G+ A WORK]S' /ATE1 SU* AS ! TWO ,P>IS ,COMMUNES ( #agic & #a#h#g#a1 NOR DID IT KN[ >M$ PROLET>IAN 9SURRECTIONS1 SU* AS ,LION TEXTILE WORK]S UPRIS+ ( #ahca & #ahcd & ! ,JUNE #ahdh 9 ,P>IS4 

,LOOK+ BACK AT ! HI/ORY ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 IT IS EVID5T ?AT ! MO/ ORGANIC REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS SU* AS #a7 CRAFTSM5 =C$ 9TO A PROLET>IAN POSITION BY ! =CES ( DEVELOP+ CAPITALISM 7! ,LUDDITES1 ! ,LION WORK]S1 ! ,COMMUN>DS71 OR #b7 NEWLY URBANIZ$ PEASANTS :O /ILL RETA9$ ! COLLECTIVI/ TRADITIONS ( AGR>IAN SOCIETY 7,*>TI/S1 ,RUSSIAN ,SOVIETS1 ,SPANI% SYNDICALI/S74 

,! REASONS >E SELF-EVID5T4 ,URBANIZ$ PEASANTS & >TISANS /ILL RETA9$ P]SONAL CONTROL OV] ! PRODUCTION PROCESS1 & C\LD EASILY IMAG9E A SIMIL> >RANGEM5T ON A NEW TE*NOLOGICAL BASIS ONCE ! PRODUC]S EXPROPRIATE ! CAPITALI/S' MA*9]Y4 ,! CAPITALI/ SY/EM WAS ANY?+ BUT /ABLE & 0NATURAL0 = !SE PEOPLE4 ,!Y SAW :AT PREC$$ IT1 & C\LD SEE ?R\< IT JU/ AS EASILY4 ,! CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISES W]E NOT A P>T ( !M 9 ANY WAY2 9/EAD !Y W]E =C$ 9TO !M BY VIOL5CE1 B>ELY CONCEAL$1 & (T5 QUITE OV]T4 ,!Y CONSEQU5TLY LONG$ DO DE/ROY !M ) EQUAL VIOL5CE4 

,!IR DIRECT 5EMY1 ! NEW CLASS ( CAPITALI/S1 H&$ !M ! NECESS>Y POLITICAL & IDEOLOGICAL WEAPONS TO BE US$ AGA9/ ITSELF4 ,9 A QUE/ TO GA9 A LOYAL >MY FROM ! PLEBEIAN MASSES ?AT C\LD BE US$ AGA9/ ! P>ASITIC >I/OCRACY & ! ABSOLUTI/ BUREAUCRACY1 ! B\RGEOISIE POLITICIZ$ ! MASSES :ILE PROVID+ A RANGE ( REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGICAL >GUM5TS TO ! MASSES 9 AN \TFALL FROM ITS IDEOLOGICAL BATTLES ) MON>*Y & TRADITIONAL HI]>*Y4 ,! B\RGEOIS DECL>ATIONS AGA9/ DESPOTS1 TYRANTS & PRIVILEG$ P>ASITES W]E TAK5 UP BY ! MASSES & US$ AGA9/ ! NEW MONEY$ >I/OCRACY & 09DU/RIAL FEUDALS10 AS ,F\RI] LABEL$ ! CAPITALI/S4 

,! 09ALI5ABLE RI<TS ( MAN0 IMPLI$ ?AT ! =EMO/ RI<T IS ! RI<T TO LIFE1 & ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 PRIVATE PROP]TY & ?IS RI<T WAS SELF-EVID5T TO ! MASSES4 ,HAV+ OV]?R[N ! OLD RUL]S 9 ! TIDE ( B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 ! PLEBEIAN MASSES N[ TOOK !IR AIM AT ! NEW RUL]S & S\<T TO TAKE ! REVOLUTION TO A NEW LEVEL1 & EMB>K ON A NEW1 GREAT] REVOLUTION AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,IDEOLOGICAL EXPRESSIONS ( !SE CURR5TS SURFAC$ 9 V>I\S /R&S ( PROLET>IAN COMMUNISM4 

,B5EA? ! G5]AL LABEL ( 0UTOPIAN SOCIALISM0 !RE LIE TWO SEP>ATE /R&S ( PRE-,M>XIAN SOCIAL ?\<T3 #a7 ,! CRITICISM ( CAPITALISM BY ITS [N RE=M]S :O (T5 W]5'T EV5 SOCIALI/S 7SU* AS ,F\RI] & ,SA9T-,SIMON1 :O W]E NEV]!LESS GREAT ?9K]S ON P> ) ,HEGEL71 & #b7 ,PROLET>IAN CURR5TS ?AT SAW ! EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT AS ! TASK ( ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF1 & ADVOCAT$ A REVOLUTION>Y OV]?R[ IF ! E/ABLI%$ ORD]4 ,?IS /R& 9CLUDES REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNISM1 & ! VIOL5T PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP ( ,BABEUF1 ,BLANQUI & ,WEITL+4 ,IT ALSO 9CLUDES ! LEFT W+ ( ,*>TISM1 REVOLUTION>Y ,AN>*ISM1 & ,BAKUN9'S W+ ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 AS WELL AS ! ,*ICAGO ,AN>*I/S1 & ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>Y ,N>ODNIKS1 ) SIMIL> CURR5TS 9 S\? & EA/ ,EUROPE4 

,9 ! MAJORITY ( CASES PROLET>IAN COMMUNISM WAS GR\ND$ 9 NATURAL RI<TS 7) SOME ATTEMPTS AT HI/ORICAL JU/IFICATION - SU* AS BY SOME ,*>TI/S 7,BRONT]RE ,O',BRI51 = EXAMPLE7 & BY ! GREAT ,ITALIAN REVOLUTION>Y ,C>LO ,PISACANE1 :O COMB9$ A P]SONALIZ$ =M ( HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM ) ,AN>*ISM & ,N>ODNIK POPULISM4 ,YET ?IS CRUDE IDEOLOGY F> EXCE$$ SUBSEQU5T ,M>XISM & ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL 9 REVOLUTION>Y CONSI/5CY4 

,WORK] 9TELLECTUAL ,K>L ,S*APP]1 CLOCKMAK] ,JOSEPH ,MOLL1 COBBL] ,HE9RI* ,BAU] - ALL !SE W]E NEW FRI5DS ( ! Y\NG ,5GELS 9 ! MID #a#h#dS4 ,!SE ACQUA9TANCES EVID5TLY LEFT QUITE AN IMPRESSION1 AS #e YE>S ON HE WAS REMEMB]+ !SE REAL M51 MET AT A TIME :5 HE WAS ONLY ASPIR+ TO BECOME LIKE !M4 ,S*APP]1 ,MOLL & ,BAU] W]E ALL MEMB]S ( ! ,LEAGUE ( ! ,JU/ - AN ORGANIZATION UNIT+ MIGRANT ,G]MAN APPR5TICES 9 ,5GL&1 ,FRANCE & ,SWITZ]L&4 ,A FEW HUNDR$ EXILES 7:O W]E AT FIR/ TITL$ ACCORD+LY - ,! ,LEAGUE ( ! ,EXILES - & EV5TUALLY 5D$ UP AS ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE7 P]SECUT$ BY EI!R ,G]MAN DESPOTS OR HUNG] & NE$ 7MO/LY BY BO?7 POSSESS$ NO?+ ( VALUE1 & ?US HAD NO ,FA!RL&4 ,! SUFF]+ ( ! WORLD WAS !IR SUFF]+2 !Y HAD NO HOME & !IR HOME WAS EV]Y:]E4 

,REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM ( ! #a#h#dS WAS ! IDEOLOGY ( TRAVEL+ APPR5TICES & FIR/-G5]ATION 9DU/RIAL WORK]S 7QUALIFI$ & SETTL$ FACTORY WORK]S HAD NOT APPE>$ YET74 ,! ,LEAGUE ( ! ,JU/1 ,RIC>DIAN ,SOCIALI/S 7:O W]E PROLET>IAN ?9K]S ) SOCIALI/ IDEAS 9SPIR$ BY ,RIC>DO71 0,PHYSICAL ,=CE0 ,*>TI/S & REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNI/ SOCIETIES 9 ,FRANCE PROVID$ ! COMMUNI/ CONT5T1 :ILE ,M>X & ,5GELS PROVID$ ! HI/ORIC & SCI5TIFIC FRAMEWORK - NO MORE1 & NO LESS1 ( C\RSE4 ,B\RGEOIS 9TELLECTUALS1 DISCIPLES ( ,HEGEL1 =M] RADICAL DEMOCRATS - !Y ALL DID :AT !Y C\LD & EXPECT+ ANY?+ MORE W\LD BE IDEALI/IC4 

,VIGOR\S APPRAISAL ( C]TA9 TRAVEL+ APPR5TICES BY ,M>X & ,5GELS WAS MIX$ ) A C]TA9 DISDA9 T[>DS ! CLASS AS A :OLE4 ,RADICAL B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATS1 :O W]E TO BECOME HI/ORICAL MAT]IALI/S1 AT FIR/ GRAVITAT$ T[>DS ! PROLET>IAT 9 :I* !Y SAW A CLASS ABLE TO FULFILL ! TASKS ( ! IMM95T B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 NOT ITS [N REVOLUTION4 

,?US1 B\RGEOIS PROGRESSIVISM WAS AN 9H]5T P>T ( ! WORLDVIEW ( ,M>X & ,5GELS1 :I* IS EVID5C$ BY !IR CONSI/5T POSITION ON ! NATIONAL QUE/ION4 ,IT WAS UNLIKELY TO BE O!RWISE4 

,BO? ! PEASANT & ! >TISAN HAD CONTROL OV] ! PRODUCTION PROCESS1 BUT ?IS PROCESS WAS EXTREMELY LIMIT$ 9 SCALE1 BO? 9 PRODUCTIVITY & GEOGRAPHY4 ,COMMON SOLID>ITY WAS =G$ /RONG BONDS1 BUT DIDN'T EXT5D BEYOND ONE PEASANT COMMON4 ,! PEASANT1 ! >TISAN & ! APPR5TICE REVOLT$ MULTIPLE TIMES AGA9/ !IR LORDS1 & C\LD EV5 SEIZ$ P[] 7SU* PR$ECESSORS ( PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP CROP UP ?R\<\T HI/ORY - ,FLOR5CE 9 #a#c#g#h1 ,MUN/] 9 #a#e#c#d-#a#e#c#e & SO ON71 BUT C\LD NEV] EXT5D ?IS P[] OV] SOCIETY1 PAV+ ! WAY TO BRUTAL REACTION4 

,M>X & ,5GELS1 AMONG !IR CONTEMPOR>IES1 LAID HOPES ON CAPITALI/ PROGRESS TO EXT5D TRADITIONAL SOLID>ITY ACROSS ! :OLE ( SOCIETY & TO UNITE NOT JU/ A PEASANT COMMON OR TANN]S1 JO9]S & BREW]S ( ,P>ISIAN QU>T]S1 BUT ! GLOBAL PROLET>IAT AS A CLASS = ITSELF4 ,! FAULT ( ,M>X & ,5GELS IS !N NOT 9 PA9T+ CAPITALISM 9 EXCESSIVELY D>K COLORS & 9 CON/RUCT+ EXCESSIVE CRITICISM1 BUT 9 PA9T+ IT 9 EXCESSIVELY BRI<T COLORS1 & 9 CON/RUCT+ EXCESSIVE APOLOGIA4 

,[+ TO ITS 9ABILITY TO ORGANIZE ON ! SCALE ( ! 5TIRE SOCIETY1 ! E>LY PROLET>IAT WAS CAPABLE ( /RUGGLE1 BUT 9CAPABLE ( VICTORY4 ,A P]MAN5T REVOLUTION - FROM B\RGEOIS TO PROLET>IAN WAS ?US IMPOSSIBLE 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,RE=MI/ ,M>XISM ( EVOLUTION>Y CAPITALI/ PROGRESS ]A DISLODG$ REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM4 ,9 HIS WORK 0,M>XISM & ,PHILOSOPHY10 ,KORS* DIAGNOSES ?IS MUTATION TO HAVE TAK5 PLACE 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! FAIL$ #a#h#d#h-#a#h#d#i REVOLUTIONS4 ,H[EV]1 IT SEEMS MORE LOGICAL TO DIAGNOSE ! BEG9N+ ( ! MUTATION TO HAVE TAK5 PLACE AT ?AT TIME1 & TO DIAGNOSE ITS CONCLUSION TO HAVE TAK5 PLACE 9 ! #a#h#gS ) ! DEFEAT ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 ! FAILURE ( ! #a#h#f#h-#a#h#g#c ,SPANI% REVOLUTION & ! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ UPRIS+S4 

,! EVOLUTION>Y PROGRESSIVE *>ACT] ( CAPITALISM 9DICAT$ ?AT CAPITALISM1 AFT] \TLIV+ ! REVOLUTION>Y FI<T AGA9/ ! DEFEAT$ FEUDAL REACTION & AFT] BECOM+ FULLY GE>$ T[>DS SUPPRESS+ ANY AUTONOM\S REVOLUTION>Y 9ITIATIVE )9 ! PROLET>IAT1 WAS N[ PREP>$ = CONCESSIONS TO ! WORK]S - PROVID$ !Y VOCALLY DEM& !M4 ,! HI/ORICAL CYCLE TURN$ ITS DIRECTION FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y PHASE TO A RE=MI/ PHASE1 BUT HAD YET TO REA* ! REACTION>Y ONE4 

,AS 9 ! EVOLUTION ( ALL CLASS SOCIETIES1 ! BLOOD1 SWEAT & TE>S ( ! PROLET>IAT -- AS WELL AS ( ! PETIT B\RGEOISIE & ! COLONIZ$ PEOPLES -- BR\<T PROGRESS4 ,9DU/RIALIZATION ELIM9AT$ ANY CONTROL OV] ! PRODUCTION PROCESS ! WORK]S HAD1 TURN+ !M 9TO A COG 9 ! MA*9E - SOME?+ ?AT WAS BR\<T TO ITS LOGICAL CONCLUSION WELL 9TO ! #b? C5TURY BY ,=DISM4 

,HAV+ LO/ CONTROL OV] !IR LABOR1 & HAV+ BECOME MUTUALLY REPLACEABLE BY ME*ANICAL 9/RUM5TS1 WORK]S LO/ CONFID5CE 9 !IR ABILITY TO CONTROL ! SOCIAL PRODUCTION PROCESS4 ,! WILL TO ALT] PRODUCTIVE RELATIONS WAS LO/1 LEAV+ ONLY ! WILL TO ALT] DI/RIBUTIVE RELATIONS4 ,IT'S SIMPLE TO ORGANIZE WORK]S' CONTROL OV] AN AV]AGE WORK%OP1 BUT MU* H>D] TO DO ! SAME 9 A GIGANTIC FACTORY4 ,>TISAN ,LUDDITES & ,*9ESE PEASANTS ( ! '#bS URBAN 9FLUX C\LD 0SMA% ! PLANT01 BUT A WORK] :OSE FA!R & GR&FA!R LABOR$ 9 ! SAME FACTORY AS HIM C\LD NEV] CONTEMPLATE SU* AN ACT4 

,! REMOLD+ ( ! E>LY PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9TO A RE=MI/ MOVEM5T ( A /ABLE PROLET>IAT WAS A REMOLD+ ( BO? ! MEANS & ! 5DS4 ,CONSPIRACIES & >M$ REVOLTS GAVE WAY TO ELECTIONS1 LEGAL DEMON/RATIONS1 NEWSPAP] PROPAG&A & O!R MEANS = ! 5DS CONS5SUALLY FULFILL$ RE=MI/ DEM&S4 ,?IS WAS ( C\RSE DRAP$ 9 H]OIC REVOLUTION>Y MY?OLOGY 9H]IT$ FROM E>LI] G5]ATIONS AB\T A REVOLUTION ?AT WILL EV5TUALLY >RIVE ?R\< OBJECTIVE FACTORS ) NO SPECIAL EF=T ON ! P>T ( ! WORK]S4 

,9/EAD ( SOCIALISM AS A NEW SOCIAL =MATION1 SOCIALISM AS AN IMPROV$ EXI/+ =MATION PREVAIL$ 9 ! POPUL> IMAG9ATION1 ) A B5EVOL5T DEMOCRATIC /ATE CONTROLL+ L& & FACTORIES2 ! NEW DOM9ANT IDEA AMONG ! RANKS ( SOCIAL DEMOCRATS WAS ?AT ( A SOCIETY AS ONE GIGANTIC FACTORY4 

,?IS MUTATION WAS SO RAPID & DEEP ?AT IT MANAG$ TO P]MEATE ALL LAY]S ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,]RICO ,MALATE/A1 ONE ( ! GREATE/ AN>*I/S ( ! E>LY #b? C5TURY1 WAS NO/ALGICALLY REM9ISC+ ( HIS Y\?1 :5 #c YE>S PRIOR ALL HIS COMRADES POSSESS$ PI/OLS & CITY MAPS ) POT5TIAL B>RICADE LOCATIONS M>K$ ON !M1 :ILE NO ONE CONC]N$ !MSELVES OV] SU* ?+S ANYMORE444 ,MALATE/A LIV$ 9TO ! '#cS1 BUT AS WE KN[1 DRIFT$ F> AWAY FROM HIS ,BAKUN9ITE Y\?4 

,:ILE AT DIFF]5T LEVELS ! TRANS=MATION P]MEAT$ ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T 9 ITS 5TIRETY1 ,M>XISM REMA9$ ! MO/ SUITABLE IDEOLOGY = IT4 ,?IS CAN BE EXPLA9$ BY TWO RELAT$ REASONS3 #a7 ,M>XISM GAVE A GR& N>RATIVE2 #b7 ,M>XISM SYN!SIZ$ !ORETICAL RADICALISM & A LEGITIMIZATION ( FUTURE REVOLUTION ) A LEGITIMIZATION ( PRES5T RE=MI/ PRACTICE4 

,KORS* & O!R LEFTI/ CRITICS ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL'S CONCLUSIONS FROM ,M>XISM FOCUS$ ON !IR FATALISM & VULG> DET]M9ISM1 BUT ?+S >E NOT SO SIMPLE4 

,A L9E MU/ BE DRAW BETWE5 A PHILOSOPHICAL SY/EM1 :I* WE CAN PR\DLY CALL 0HI/ORIC FATALISM10 & ITS POSSIBLE PSY*OLOGICAL & POLITICAL APPLICATIONS4 ,! TWO SIDES CAN BE AT ODDS ) EA* O!R1 ) FALSE CONCLUSIONS CONDITION$ BY PSY*OLOGICAL & POLITICAL MISUND]/&+S ( ! DET]M9I/ CONCEPT ITSELF4 ,PHILOSOPHY IS A WEAPON 9 CLASS /RUGGLE1 & IS A D\BLE-$G$ SWORD4 

,CONTR>Y TO VULG> CONCEPTIONS1 AN ABSOLUTE SY/EM ( FATALISM & DET]M9ISM DOES NOT DEPRIVE /RUGGL+ PEOPLE ( FRE$OM & ACTIVITY1 BUT 9 FACT 5D[S !SE PEOPLE ) GREAT /R5G?4 ,?IS SY/EM R5D]S ! TRADITIONAL ECLECTIC SEGREGATION ( OBJECTIVE & SUBJECTIVE FACTORS OBSOLETE1 COMB9+ ! TWO 9TO ONE S+LE HI/ORICAL PROCESS4 ,?IS PROCESS IS NOT SPLIT 9TO A *AOTIC MYRIAD ( SUBJECTIVE DECISIONS ) A K+DOM ( ET]NAL LAWS *ANNEL+ IT1 ) FREE 9DIVIDUALS *OOS+ :E!R TO OBEY !M OR NOT4 

0,HI/ORY IS NO?+ BUT ! ACTIVITY ( M5 9 PURSUIT ( !IR 5DS10 H[EV] !SE 5DS >E NOT R&OM DESIRES1 BUT >E DET]M9$ BY ! 5TIRETY ( PREVI\S HI/ORY4 ,! LAWS ( HI/ORY >E NO?+ BUT AB/RACT S*EMES ( HUMAN ACTIVITY1 & !SE LAWS /RUCTURE ! ACTIVITY ITSELF4 ,:ILE ?IS APPROA* DOES MAKE ! CONCEPT ( A 0FREE SUBJECT0 R$UNDANT & DEMON/RATES ITS ILLUSION1 IT F> FROM RE/RICTS /RUGGLE - IT 9 FACT FUELS IT ) GREAT 5]GY4 ,IF ! AIMS ( \R /RUGGLE >E AN EXPRESSION ( A HI/ORICAL NECESSITY1 & NOT ( A SUBJECTIVE QUIRK1 !N \R WILL TO ACTION RE/S ON A REL5TLESS PROGRESS ( HI/ORY 9/EAD ( RELY+ ON 9DIVIDUAL CAPACITIES4 ,! FREE/ M5 9 HI/ORY >E ?OSE ?AT EXPRESS ! GREAT REVOLUTION>Y CURR5TS ( !IR TIME1 BE IT ABSOLUTE FATALI/S OR ABSOLUTE DET]M9I/S - ,ISLAMIC CONQU]ORS ( ! #g? C5TURY1 #a#g? C5TURY ,PURITANS1 OR ,BOL%EVIKS ( ! E>LY #b? C5TURY4 

,IT IS1 H[EV]1 ALL TOO EASY TO FLIP ! EMANCIPAT+ FATALI/ PHILOSOPHY ON ITS BACKSIDE2 ALL IT TAKES IS = 9DIVIDUALS TO SEEK AN IDEOLOGICALLY S\ND RETREAT FROM /RUGGLE4 ,IT'S EASY TO 0=GET0 ?AT ! LAWS ( HI/ORY >E ! LAWS ( HUMAN ACTIVITY1 & TO ASCRIBE !M TO SOME SUP]NATURAL =CE ?AT IS MY/ICALLY CAPABLE ( FULFILL+ ITSELF ) NO EF=T ON BEHALF ( HUMANS1 OR EV5 CONTR>Y TO ! EF=TS ( ?OSE CONTEMPLAT+ SU* DEVELOPM5TS YET ACT+ AGA9/ !M \T ( P]SONAL PRAGMATISM4 ,! PEAK ( SU* 9V]SION WAS REA*$ BY A C]TA9 PROVOCATEUR1 :O WROTE ! FOLL[+ REP5TANCE TO ,MAXIM ,GORKIY 9 ! WAKE ( ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION3 0,:5 ,I BETRAY$ ! REVOLUTION1 ,I KNEW ?AT ,I BEHAV$ LIKE A REAL BA/>D4 ,I DID1 H[EV]1 UND]/& ?AT ! REVOLUTION IS 9EVITABLE DESPITE ALL MY EF=TS AGA9/ IT444 ,I !RE=E CONT9U$ MY IGNOBLE DE$S40 

,A PHILOSOPHIZ+ PROVOCATEUR IS C]TA9LY AN EXTREME CASE1 BUT ANALOG\S PHILOSOPHICAL IDEAS REIGN$ SUPREME )9 ALL ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,ITS ACTION WAS GE>$ T[>DS RE=MISM1 & A FUTURE REVOLUTION WAS EXPECT$ TO >RIVE BY ITSELF \T ( ! %E] AUTOMATISM ( HI/ORICAL LAWS4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! LEFT W+ ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 :ILE 5DORS+ REVOLUTION 9 !ORY1 WAS /ILL UNABLE TO COPE ) REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE :5 ! TIME F9ALLY CAME 9 #a#i#a#g-#a#i#b#c AFT] *AOTIC CAPITALI/ =CES PUT ! WORLD ?R\< A GLOBAL MASSACRE & AWAK5$ ! PROLET>IAT 9TO ACTION4 ,! /RUGGLE WAS LO/4 

,IT IS IMP]ATIVE TO NOTE ?AT 0,M>XISM0 AS AN IDEOLOGICAL SY/EM ?AT WAS FIR/ =MULAT$ BY SU* IDEOLOGI/S ( SOCIAL-DEMOCRACY AS ,M>X1 ,5GELS & ,KAUTSKIY1 >E F> FROM ID5TICAL TO ,M>X'S !ORY 7& ALSO ,5GELS'S - ,M>X & ,5GELS1 DESPITE V>I\S DIFF]5CES 9 ! 9T]PRETATIONS ( C]TA9 !ORETICAL QUE/IONS1 HAVE ALWAYS OCCUPI$ SIMIL> POLITICAL POSITIONS1 & DELIB]ATIONS OV] !IR DIFF]5CES BELONG TO ! REALM ( 9TELLECTUAL MA/URBATION74 ,M>X'S !ORY HAS F> MORE DEP?1 VITALITY & SIGNIFICANCE ?AN DOES 0,M>XISM40 

,A :OLE HO/ ( ,M>XISM'S CORN]/ONE PO/ULATES DIRECTLY CONTRADICT ,M>X'S IDEAS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IT SUB/ITUT$ LEGAL PROP]TY RELATIONS = REAL PRODUCTIVE RELATIONS1 & ! NATIONALIZATION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY = ITS ELIM9ATION1 :ILE ,M>X1 9 0,! ,POV]TY ( ,PHILOSOPHY10 HAS BEAUTIFULLY DEMON/RAT$ ?AT LEGAL RELATIONS >E NO?+ MORE ?AN A TWI/$ REPRES5TATION ( REAL PRODUCTIVE RELATIONS4 ,FUR!RMORE1 BO? ,M>X & ,5GELS HAVE %[N A DIRECT L9K BETWE5 ! ELIM9ATION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY & ! ELIM9ATION ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR 9 0,! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY40 

,H[EV]1 IT WAS 0,M>XISM0 ?AT GA9$ POLITICAL MOM5TUM1 & WAS =M$ AS AN IDEOLOGICAL & POLITICAL =CE 9 OPPOSITION TO V>I\S /R&S ( 0UTOPIAN SOCIALISM0 ?AT WAS FOLL[$1 AMONG O!RS1 BY ,BLANQUI/S1 ,AN>*I/S & ,N>ODNIKS4 

,YET ?OSE :O /RIVE TO DI/ILL ! TRAG$Y ( A DEG5]AT+ WORK]S' MOVEM5T TO A DI*OTOMY ( ! FLAWLESS REVOLUTION>Y ,M>X & SOCIAL-DEMOCRACY ?AT HAS P]V]T$ HIS TEA*+S >E /OPP+ HALFWAY FROM ! CORE ( ! MATT]4 

,! SPLIT BETWE5 ! FACTION ( ,M>X & ,5GELS & ! FACTION ( ,WILLI* & ,S*APP] )9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE 9 #ahe HAD ALREADY SIGNAL$ ! 5D ( UNITY BETWE5 REVOLUTION>Y !ORY & REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE ?AT HAD BE5 PREVI\SLY A*IEV$ ?R\< ! ADMISSION ( B\RGEOIS 9TELLECTUALS - ,M>X & ,5GELS - 9TO ! ,LEAGUE ( ! ,JU/ ?AT WAS ! BECOME ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE4 ,FOLL[+ ?IS SPLIT1 ! PRACTICE C\LD UND]TAKE V5TURES :ILE ! !ORY C\LD FIRMLY EMB$ ITSELF AMONG ! TOMES ( ,BRITI% ,MUSEUM'S LIBR>Y4 ,ONCE IT WAS ISOLAT$ FROM REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE1 !ORY ITSELF CEAS$ TO BE REVOLUTION>Y4 

,! FATE ( ! ,B>!LEMY1 A ,BLANQUI/1 :O1 9 ! F]VOR ( REVOLUTION1 WAS AS IMPORTANT AS ,M>X & ,5GELS1 YET LAT] DI$ = NO?+ & FRUITLESSLY1 IS DESCRIB$ BY ,A4,I4 ,H]Z5 9 HIS AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL WORK1 0,MY ,PA/ & ,?\<TS01 & ILLU/RATES AN EXAMPLE ( TRAG$Y ?AT PRACTICE ) NO !ORETICAL COMPASS CAN SUFF]4 

,HAV+ )DRAWN FROM ! 9FLU5CE ( UNREF9$ PROLET>IAN COMMUNISM1 ,M>X & ,5GELS F\ND !MSELVES DRAWN 9TO ! 9FLU5CE ( ,BRITI% TRADE UNIONISM4 ,AS A RESULT1 ONCE ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T BEGAN RECOV]+ FROM ! DEFEATS ( #a#h#d#h-#a#h#d#i1 ! MISCELLANE\S AGGLOM]ATION ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL SET F> LESS CLE> OBJECTIVES & IMP]ATIVES ?AN ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE OR ,FR5* ,COMMUNI/ SOCIETIES HAD 9 ! #a#h#c-#a#h#dS4 

,! ANTIPA?Y ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS FELT T[>DS ! CLASS ( MIGRANT APPR5TICES1 ! *>ACT]I/IC PRO-CAPITALI/ ILLUSIONS ( ! F\ND]S ( ,M>XISM1 LEGALISM & PACIFISM FL\RI%$ 9 ! P]IOD ?AT SEP>AT$ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE FROM ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! RESULT ( ! BL&LY MOD]ATE POLITICS & ! ORGANIZATIONAL DIFFUS5ESS ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL WAS MA9LY ITS TOTAL 9EPTNESS AS A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION 9VOLV$ 9 REAL P[] /RUGGLE1 & A TOTAL LACK ( PHYSICAL AID TO ! /RUGGL+ ,P>ISIAN ,COMMUN>DS4 

,?IS IS H[ ! SITUATION WAS DESCRIB$ BY ,JAN ,WACLAW ,MA*AJSKY1 :O WAS ONE ( ! FEW ?AT ATTEMPT$ TO CON/RUCT A PROLET>IAN CRITIQUE ( ,M>XISM1 :I* BE>S IMM5SE VALUE DESPITE ITS MANY ]RORS3 

0,AT ! TIME :5 ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK]S' MOVEM5T GREW 9DEP5D5TLY = A REAL MANIFE/ATION ( PROLET>IAN POLITICS1 ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL WAS NOT ABLE TO CONDUCT SU* A MANIFE/ATION4 ,! SEP>ATI/ ,BAKUN9ITE MOVEM5T ?US EM]G$ ON !SE PREMISES4 ,IT GA9$ SIGNIFICANT MOM5TUM AFT] ! ,COMMUNE1 :I* CAU<T ! ,9T]NATIONAL UNAW>E & EXPOS$ ITS TOTAL 9EPTNESS AT PROVID+ ANY K+ ( HELP4 ,HAD ! ,9T]NATIONAL !N COMMITT$ ITSELF TO A S+LE REVOLUTION>Y /EP1 ! ,BAKUN9ITE OPPOSITION W\LD BE LEFT GR\NDLESS4 

0,IT IS CLE> ?AT ,BAKUN9 9ITIALLY DIRECT$ HIS AN>*I/ PREA*+ AT ! B\RGEOIS RADICALS FROM ! ,LEAGUE ( ,PEACE & ,FRE$OM4 ,IT IS EQUALLY CLE> ?AT HIS ALLIANCE 9ITIALLY CONTA9$ MANY NON-PROLET>IAN ELEM5TS4 ,IRREG>DLESS1 ! PHRASE EMPLOY$ BY ! ,HAGUE ,COMMISSION TO DISCR$IT ! SEP>ATI/S1 & SIGN$ BY ,M>X & ,5GELS1 ! PHRASE ?AT L\DLY PROCLAIM$ ?AT ?IS WAS AN 9TRIGUE PLANN$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE ) ! 9T5T ( DE/ROY+ ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 WAS NO MORE ?AN A SIMPLE EXCUSE TO AVOID AN 9CR$IBLY COMPLEX & 9SURM\NTABLE TASK4 ,( C\RSE1 ,M>X C\LD HAVE EASILY IGNOR$ ,BAKUN9'S NAIVE PROGRAM ?AT ADVOCAT$ DE/ROY+ ! /ATE BY DECREE ON ! FIR/ DAY ( REVOLUTION1 & AN EQUALLY NAIVE !ORY ?AT ADVOCAT$ CON/RUCT+ ,SOCIALISM ?R\< ! SOLE 9/RUM5T ( AN 9NATE HUMAN CAPACITY ( SOLID>ITY4 ,BUT HE C]TA9LY DID NOT HAVE ! MORAL RI<T TO DISMISS ! PROTE/ ( ! T5S ( ?\S&S ( WORK]S FROM ! ,ROMANCE C\NTRIES1 FROM ,BELGIUM & ,HOLL& ?AT FOLL[$ ,BAKUN94 ,ITS ,AN>*I/ LEAD]S1 ( C\RSE1 DID NOT ACCURATELY REPRES5T ! PROTE/4 ,IT WAS NOT A PROTE/ AGA9/ ! C5TRALIZATION ?AT ,M>X ALLEG$LY REPLAC$ A VITAL F$]ALISM )4 ,IT WAS SIMPLY ! PROTE/ AGA9/ ! C5TRALISM NOT BE+ CONDUCTIVE TO ANY K9D ( REVOLUTION>Y CONT5T1 & ! PROTE/ EM]G$ BECAUSE IT WAS P]PETRAT$ BY REVOLUTION>IES1 BY 0,! ,COMMUNI/S444 PRACTICALLY1 ! MO/ ADVANC$ & RESOLUTE SECTION ( ! WORK+-CLASS P>TIES ( EV]Y C\NTRY1 ?AT SECTION :I* PU%ES =W>D ALL O!RS0 7,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O7' 

7,A4 ,VOLSKY 7,J4,W4 ,MA*AJSKY74 ,9TELLECTUAL ,WORK]4 ,B4M4 #aifh PP4#h#f-#h#g74 

,! ,BAKUN9ITE FACTIONS ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL W]E COMPOS$ ( RU9$ >TISANS & PEASANTS :O HAD REVOLT$ AGA9/ ADVANC+ CAPITALISM 9 ! P]IPH]AL C\NTRIES ,ITALY & ,SPA91 & ALSO ,RUSSIA1 :]E ,BAKUN9ITES HAD 9FLU5CE 9 ! CIRCLES ( N>ODNIKS DUR+ ! E>LY #a#h#gS4 

,H[EV]1 ,BAKUN9ITE ,AN>*ISM WAS ONLY SECOND TO ! OLD ,FR5* REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAN COMMUNISM 9 TWO RESPECTS3 #a7 ,IT DID NOT !ORETICALLY COMPREH5D ! NECESSITY ( P[] /RUGGLE & PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP1 EV5 IF ! DEM&S ( REAL /RUGGLE PU%$ IT 9TO ATTEMPTS ( E/ABLI%+ PROLET>IAN P[]2 #b7 ,IT DID NOT !ORETICALLY COMPREH5D ! FULL IMPORTANCE ( REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION1 EV5 IF1 AGA91 ! REALITIES ( ITS POLITICAL /RUGGLES =C$ IT TO CONJURE UP SU* ORGANIZATIONS4 

,9 ! 5D1 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL HAD SPIT 9TO ! ,M>XI/-SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5T ?AT LACK$ REVOLUTION>Y CONT5T BEH9D A COMPOS$ P>TY /RUCTURE1 & ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T ?AT LO/ ALL ( ITS REVOLUTION>Y IMPULSES 9 ! MID/ ( *AOS4 

,! ONLY ONES TO REMA9 FREE ( BO? ! ,M>XI/-SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC P>LIAM5T>IAN POLITICK+ & ! APOLITICAL ,BAKUN9ITE ,AN>*ISM W]E ! ,BLANQUI/S1 :O A*IEV$ ONE ( ! MO/ ADVANC$ EXAMPLES ( REVOLUTION>Y ?\<T 9 HI/ORY4 ,!Y PROPOS$ SOLV+ ! CRISIS ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL BY TURN+ IT 9TO A HEADQU>T]S ( ! WORLD REVOLUTION1 BUT PR$ICTABLY DID NOT F9D SUPPORT NEI!R FROM ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY NOR FROM ,HISPANO-,ITALIAN ,AN>*ISM1 LET ALONE FROM ! ,BRITI% ,TRADE ,UNIONS4 

,YET ! ,BLANQUI/S HAD !IR FAULTS TOO2 = EXAMPLE1 ,FR5* PATRIOTISM & ! UND]E/IMATION ( ! WORK]S' ECONOMIC /RUGGLE4 ,MOREOV]1 ! GLOBAL PICTURE />T$ %IFT+ 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION4 ,?US !Y FAIL$ 9 CREAT+ A HEADQU>T]S ( ! WORLD REVOLUTION1 & 9 A FEW DECADES W]E !MSELVES DISSOLV$ 9 ! S\P ( ,FR5* RE=MISM4 

,! DEFEAT ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE WAS FOLL[$ BY MORE DEFEATS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,! #a#h#gS SAW ! FAILURE ( ,AN>*I/ REVOLTS 9 ! C\RSE ( ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION ( #a#h#f#h-#a#h#g#c1 ! MIS=TUNE ( ! ,ITALIAN ,AN>*I/ REVOLTS & ! DEMISE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y N>ODNIKS 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,! LATT] LIMIT$ !IR [N AIMS1 SIMULTANE\SLY RADICALIZ+ ! MEANS ( /RUGGLE BY 5T]+ 9TO A DIRECT >M$ CONFRONTATION ) ! MON>*Y1 ?US TRANS=M+ !IR ORGANIZATION FROM A P>TY ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9TO A P>TY ( RADICAL B\RGEOIS C\P D'ETAT4 

,! #a#h#hS SAW ! DEFEAT ( ! ,*ICAGO ,AN>*I/S 9 #a#h#h#f1 & ! DEA? ( ! ,POLI% SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y P>TY CALL$ 0,PROLET>IAT0 - ANO!R EXAMPLE ( ULTRA ADVANC$ REVOLUTION>Y ?\<T4 ,?IS S]IES ( EV5TS SIGNAL$ ! 5D ( ! E>LY PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 & ! BEG9N+ ( ! ]A ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 

,KORS*1 :5 >GU+ 9 ONE ( HIS WORKS AGA9/ ME*ANICAL DET]M9ISM 9 EQUAT+ !ORY & PRACTICE1 CORRECTLY PO9T$ \T ?AT ! P]IOD ( ! MO/ REVOLUTION>Y ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY RUNS ?R\< ! #a#h#fS 9TO ! #a#h#gS & ALSO #a#h#hS1 :]EBY IT WAS DOM9AT$ BY V>I\S PETIT-B\RGEOIS !ORIES & NOT ,M>XISM4 ,! ACCEPTANCE ( ,M>XISM AS A P>TY IDEOLOGY 9 ! #ahia ,]FURT PROGRAM WAS !N A P>T ( ! G5]AL RE=MI/ TRANS=MATION4 

,AS ! IDEOLOGY ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 ,M>XISM HAD A D\BLE ESS5CE4 ,ONE /EMM$ FROM ITS REVOLUTION>Y PA/1 FROM ,BABEUF & ,BLANQUI1 FROM #agic & #a#h#d#h1 & ALSO TAPP$ 9TO ! HOPES ( A REVOLUTION>Y FUTURE4 ,! SECOND WAS ! REAL ESS5CE ( ! RE=MI/ PRES5T4 ,A D\BLE P]SONALITY IS A SYMPTOM ( S*IZOPHR5IA1 & ?IS CONDITION CAN LA/ = A LONG TIME 9 A POLITICAL BODY4 

,B]N/E9'S RE=MISM DID NOT CREATE A NEW TYPE ( PRACTICE2 IT M]ELY PROVID$ A !ORETICAL DRAP+ = AN ALREADY EXI/+ PRACTICE ?AT WAS MU* MORE SUITABLE = IT ?AN ! CONT5T ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O4 

0,! ,COMMUNI/S DISDA9 TO CONCEAL !IR VIEWS & AIMS4 ,!Y OP5LY DECL>E ?AT !IR 5DS CAN BE ATTA9$ ONLY BY ! =CIBLE OV]?R[ ( ALL EXI/+ SOCIAL CONDITIONS40 0444WE SAY TO ! WORK]S3 ',Y\ WILL HAVE TO GO ?R\< #a#e1 #b1 #e YE>S ( CIVIL W>S & NATIONAL /RUGGLES NOT ONLY TO BR+ AB\T A *ANGE 9 SOCIETY BUT ALSO TO *ANGE Y\RSELVES1 & PREP>E Y\RSELVES = ! EX]CISE ( POLITICAL P[]4'0 

,AMONG O!RS1 !SE WORDS ( ,M>X & ,5GELS S\ND$ LIKE AN ABSURD ANA*RONISM = SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC P>LIAM5T>IANS1 :O HAD NO 9T5TION ( ALT]+ NEI!R ! EXI/+ CONDITIONS1 NOR !MSELVES4 ,! AWESOME %AD[S ( ,BABEUF & ,BLANQUI1 ( >M$ UPRIS+1 ( DICTATOR%IP & T]ROR T5D TO DI/URB ! APP>5T CALM ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY = ! LIB]ALS & ! POLICE2 !RE=E1 LET !SE %AD[S REMA9 9 ! ANTIQUES MUSEUM6 

,! OR?ODOX W+ ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL ?AT SPOKE AGA9/ !ORETICAL REVISIONISM DIDN'T DIFF] GREATLY FROM IT 9 PRACTICE4 ,! OR?ODOX RADICALISM WAS REAL ONLY ON WORDS1 & !IR REVOLUTION WAS 9 ! REALM ( DI/ANT FUTURE1 :ILE !IR PRES5T ACTIVITY WAS LIMIT$ TO PROGRESSIVE RE=M4 ,! *>ACT]I/IC FOLL[]S ( !ORETICAL RADICALISM W]E ,FR5* ,GU$I/S & ,BULG>IAN ,TESNYAKS1 :ILE ITS *IEF !ORI/ WAS ,PLEKHANOV4 ,BO? ! ,GU$I/S & ,PLEKHANOV CAPITULAT$ TO CAPITALISM AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! IMP]IALI/ W>1 :ILE ! ,TESNYAKS1 HAV+ /OOD ! TRIAL ( W>1 DID NOT /& ! TRIAL ( REVOLUTION & !IR DOGMATISM R5D]$ !M 9CAPABLE TO /RUGGLE = P[]4 ,!Y ?US SLEPT ?\< BO? ,BULG>IAN REVOLUTIONS ( #aiah & ( #a#i#b#c1 & !N SAW AN +LORI\S DEMISE4 

,SOCIAL DEMOCRACY'S LEFTI/ T5D5CIES C]TA9LY /RUCK A CORD 9 ,M>XISM'S REVOLUTION>Y ESS5CE1 ! SAME ESS5CE ?AT WAS DISMISS$ AS ROTT5 ,BLANQUISM BY ! REVISIONI/S4 ,YET LEFTI/ SOCIAL DEMOCRACY SUFF]$ FROM WEAKNESS1 9ADEQUACY & OPPORTUNISM1 & AN ORGANIZATIONAL 9ABILITY TO /RUGGLE = P[]4 ,= ?IS IT SUB/ITUT$ A HOPE = PROLET>IAN SPONTANEITY1 AS WAS 9DICAT$ BY ITS PROPON5TS' MORTAL FE> ( ACCUSATIONS ( ,BLANQUISM -- & ?IS DESPITE ! RESPECT ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS H>BOR$ T[>DS ,BLANQUI 7EXCE$$1 P]HAPS1 ONLY BY !IR RESPECT = ,*]NY%EVSKY1 :OM HE CALL$ ! 0LEAD] ( ! PROLET>IAN P>TY 9 ,FRANCE407 ,EV5 ,L59 REJECT$ ! ,M5%EVIKS' ACCUSATIONS ( ,BLANQUISM1 DESPITE BE+ MORE PROM95T ?AN ANY LEAD] ( ! LEFT W+ ( ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY - FROM ,ROSA ,LUXEMB\RG TO ,PANNEKOEK4 

,PROLET>IAN CLASS PROTE/ AGA9/ ! B\RGEOIS REGIME1 & AGA9/ SOCIAL DEMOCRACY TAM$ BY ! REGIME1 F\ND ITS EXPRESSION 9 ! P]PETUAT$ ,AN>*ISM & ! EM]G5T #b? C5TURY REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM4 ,DESPITE ALL ! VIRTUES ?AT CAN BE RI<TFULLY ATTRIBUT$ TO !SE MOVEM5TS1 & TO ! M>TYRS ( PROLET>IAN ,AN>*ISM1 IT MU/ BE ADMITT$ ?AT NEI!R ,AN>*ISM1 NOR REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM BECAME ! SIGNPO/ ?AT C\LD DIRECT ! PROLET>IAT ONTO ! PA? T[>DS ITS CLASS DICTATOR%IP4 ,EV5TUALLY1 ,AN>*ISM REMA9$ ! !ORY & PRACTICE ( RADICAL 9DIVIDUAL PROTE/1 & ,SYNDICALISM REMA9$ ! !ORY & PRACTIC$ ( RADICAL ECONOMIC /RUGGLE4 

,ALL ( ! ABOVE APPLIES ONLY TO ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 :]E ! CYCLE ( B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS & ! P>ALLEL E>LY PROLET>IAN UPRIS+S HAS CONCLUD$4 ,9 ,EA/]N & ,S\!RN ,EUROPE1 9 ,RUSSIA & 9 ,SPA91 ! CONDITIONS W]E DIFF]5T4 ,H]E1 CAPITALI/ PROGRESS WAS LAGG+ BY AT LEA/ HALF A C5TURY4 ,! URG5T IMP]ATIVES W]E ?OSE ( A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 & ! PREVAL5T TYPE ( PROLET>IAN WAS A FIR/ G5]ATION URBANIZ$ PEASANT & A M>G9ALIZ$ >TISAN4 ,!SE FACTORS PRODUC$ MULTIPLE SIMIL>ITIES BETWE5 ,RUSSIA & ,SPA9 ( ! E>LY #b? C5TURY1 & ,WE/]N ,EUROPE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O ]A4 

,SOCIAL DEMOCRACY WAS NOT PREVAL5T 9 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T 9 EI!R ,RUSSIA OR ,SPA9 DUE TO !IR HI/ORIC CONDITIONS4 ,9 ,SPA91 ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC ,C,N,T WAS RIVAL$ BY ! ,AN>*I/ ,C,N,T2 9 ,RUSSIA1 ! ,M5%EVIKS W]E RIVAL$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 :O :]E ! CLOSE/ TO REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM ( ! #a#h#dS4 ,! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 ,RUSSIA1 HAV+ %IFT$ RI<TW>D AFT] ! #aie REVOLUTION1 FAIL$ TO PLAY ! ROLE IT HAD ! POT5TIAL TO PLAY 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,H[EV]1 ,! LEFT ,S,R MOVEM5T & ! MAXIMALI/S WILL SOON RECEIVE A DES]V$ M5TION4 

,MEAN:ILE1 ! 9T]NAL CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITALISM SPILL$ 9TO ! FI<T BETWE5 IMP]IALI/ P[]S = GLOBAL DOM9ANCE 9 #a#i#a#d4 ,A PROLONG$ #c YE> LONG CAPITALI/ CATA/ROPHE WAS UNLEA%$1 & ?IS WAS ! AGE ( W>S & REVOLUTIONS4 ,AS WE N[ KN[1 IT WAS NOT CAPITALISM'S F9AL DEA? ?ROE1 BUT ! PA9FUL TRANSITION FROM LAISSEZ-FAIRE MODE ( ACCUMULATION TO ! /ATE-CAPITALI/ MODE4 ,! OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS = A SUCCESSFUL CYCLE ( B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS 9 ! ,EA/ W]E 9 PLACE1 BUT ! CONDITIONS = A GLOBAL COLLECTIVI/ REVOLUTION C]TA9LY W]E NOT4 

,ON ,AUGU/ ! #a1 #a#i#a#d1 SOCIAL DEMOCRACY H>DLY CROSS$ ! L9E BETWE5 CLASSES1 BUT M]ELY OP5LY ADMITT$ ! CLASS POSITION IT HAD OCCUPI$ BY IT = A LONG TIME4 ,IT OP5LY ADMITT$ ITS ROLE AS ! P>TY ?AT UPHOLDS B\RGEOIS CONTROL OV] ! PROLET>IAN MASSES4 ,M>XISM WAS %ATT]$1 & ITS TWO ESS5CES QU>REL$2 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O REBELL$ AGA9/ ! 0,9TRODUCTION TO ,! ,CLASS ,/RUGGLES 9 ,FRANCE40 

,YET !RE WAS A FATAL PROBLEM3 ! LEFTI/ T5D5CIES ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 DESPITE !IR POSITIVE QUALITIES1 LACK$ ! SKILLS ( P[] /RUGGLE AFT] DECADES ( CIVIL PEACE & CAPITALI/ PROGRESS4 ,!Y P]CEIV$ REVOLUTION AS PROPAG&A AB\T ! FUTURE1 & NOT AS A CURR5T PHYSICAL /RUGGLE4 ,! HI/ORY ( ,EUROPE BETWE5 #aiag & #aibc IS LONG L9E ( DEFEAT$ & UNFULFILL$ REVOLUTIONS4 ,! SUBJECTIVE 9ADEQUACY ( LEFTI/ ,M>XI/S WAS A HI/ORICAL SIGNAL ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT'S 9ABILITY TO CONCLUDE A VICTORI\S REVOLUTION4 

,H[EV]1 ! ,RUSSIAN SITUATION GREATLY DIFF]$ FROM ,WE/]N ,EUROPE'S4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY WAS /&+ ON ! F]TILE SOIL IRRIGAT$ ) ! BLOOD ( REVOLUTION>Y ,N>ODNIKS1 & SP5T LONG DECADES 9 PREP>ATION = A DIRECT PHYSICAL FI<T = P[]4 ,! ,RUSSIAN WORK] WAS A FIR/ G5]ATION URBANIZ$ PEASANT ?AT >RIV$ AT ! FACTORY FROM ! VILLAGE COMMUNE ASPIR$ TO *ANNEL ! IMM95T B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION 9TO A PROLET>IAN REVOLT1 & HIS WI%ES CAME TRUE = ! FIR/ & LA/ TIME 9 WORLD HI/ORY6 ,! ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION RAPIDLY TRANS=M$ 9TO A PROLET>IAN1 EV5 IF NOT A SOCIALI/ ONE4 ,! P>TY ( ,L59 A*IEV$ :AT ! ,CONSPIRACY ( ! ,EQUALS NEV] A*IEV$4 

,! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT C\LD ORGANIZE TO SEIZE P[] & NEUTRALIZE ! DANG] ( C\NT]REVOLUTION4 ,IT C\LD NOT1 H[EV]1 ORGANIZE TO TRANS=M SOCIETY ALONG COLLECTIVI/ L9ES4 ,HI/ORY %[S ?AT NEI!R ! >TISAN1 NOR ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT WAS CAPABLE ( SU* A TRANS=MATION4 ,! PROLET>IAT EM]G+ \T ( ! 9=MATION REVOLUTION HAS YET TO UND]TAKE ?IS TRANS=MATION1 OR ! FATE ( ! D9OSAURS AWAITS HUMANITY4 

,?US ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA SUFF]$ DEFEAT1 YET ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION WAS VICTORI\S4 ,! IMPULSE GA9$ BY ! LATT] AT ! =M]S EXP5SE WAS ( SU* ?AT ! BACKW>D AGR>IAN C\NTRY WAS PROPELL$ 9TO ! POSITION ( A SUP]P[]4 ,L591 ,TROTSKY1 ,SPIRIDONOVA1 ,MAKHNO1 ALONG ) MILLIONS ( WORK]S1 PEASANTS1 SOLDI]S & M>9ES ?AT F\<T TO /OP ! DEADLY *>IOT ( CAPITALI/ PROGRESS1 9 PRACTICE ONLY S]V$ TO PROPEL ! *>IOT TO A DAZZL+ SPE$4 

,! WAVE ( REVOLUTIONS BETWE5 #aiag & #aibc RESURRECT$ ! OLD TYPE ( REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNISM4 ,! %AD[S ( >M$ REVOLUTION & PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP ?REAT5$ ! B\RGEOISIE AT ?AT TIME MORE ?AN EV] BE=E4 ,! FIR/ TWO CONGRESSES ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL PRODUC$ PROGRAMS ?AT >E A CORN]/ONE ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,AT ONE PO9T1 SURM\NT+ ! SPLIT BETWE5 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T & UNIFY+ REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM ) PROLET>IAN ,AN>*ISM EV5 SEEM$ POSSIBLE4 

,! SUBSEQU5T SUBSID+ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WAVE CAUS$ ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T TO DISSIPATE & DISAPPE>1 & ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL TO RETURN TO ITS PREVI\S SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC POSITIONS4 ,! LATT] PROCESS W5T H& 9 H& ) ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS 9 ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA4 ,IT WAS AID$ BY ! COMPOSITION ( ,EUROPEAN COMMUNI/ P>TIES1 :I* CONSI/$ ( AN UN/ABLE MIX ( REP5T+ RE=MI/S & HONE/ BUT 9EXP]I5C$ REVOLUTION>IES1 & TURN$ !M 9TO A BURD5 = ! ,BOL%EVIKS RA!R ?AN !IR HELP]S OR GUIDES4 ,! RISE ( 0SOCIALISM 9 ONE C\NTRY0 !N SIGNAL$ ! 5D ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL AS A GLOBAL REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION1 & ! FOLL[+ RISE ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONTS POLITICS 9 #aice WAS ! F9AL & IRREV]SIBLE TRANS=MATION ( ! COMMUNI/ P>TIES 9TO ! LE?AL 5EMIES ( ! PROLET>IAT ?AT S]V$ TO RE/RA9 IT = ! B5EFIT ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,YET1 9 ONLY ONE YE>1 ! #aicf ,SPANI% REVOLUTION >RIV$4 ,! ,SPA9 ( #aicf CLOSELY RESEMBL$ ! ,RUSSIA ( #aiag 9 T]MS ( ITS SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS4 ,! ONLY DIFF]5CE WAS ! DOM9ANCE ( ,AN>*ISM OV] ,BOL%EVISM1 & ! CONSEQU5CES ( ?IS W]E COLOSSAL4 

,BACK 9 #a#i#a#g1 ! ,SPANI% B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION REGRETTABLY /ALL$ AT ITS />T+ L9E4 ,LAT] DAY ,EUROPE 9 #a#i#c#f1 ) ITS RAMPANT FASCISM & @<@<,POPUL> ,FRONTS @>@>1 DRA/ICALLY DIFF]$ FROM ,EUROPE 9 #a#i#a#g1 BUT NOT ALL WAS LO/ & A SUCCESSFUL PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA9 W\LD HAVE CREAT$ A DRAMATICALLY DIFF]5T TIMEL9E = ,EUROPE & ! RE/ ( ! WORLD4 ,HI/ORY BALANC$ ON ! %\LD]S ( ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TY1 ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I4 

,AT ?IS PO9T IT APPE>S ?AT WE >E V5TUR+ 9TO ! REEL ( ALT]NATIVE HI/ORY1 BUT ?IS IS NOT 5TIRELY TRUE4 ,HAD ! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S TAK5 A DIFF]5T SET ( DECISIONS1 HI/ORY W\LD HAVE TAK5 A DIFF]5T TURN4 ,YET DUE TO WELL GR\ND$ OBJECTIVE FACTORS1 !Y W]E LIMIT$ 9 !IR SCOPE ( POSSIBLE DECISIONS4 ,?IS1 ( C\RSE1 H>DLY RELIEVES ! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S FROM ! BURD5 ( HI/ORIC RESPONSIBILITY4 ,AS A RELIGI\S PROV]B PO/ULATES1 0,S9 MU/ COME 9TO ! WORLD1 BUT DAMN ! ONE :O CONDUCTS IT60 ?US DEMON/RAT+ ! UNITY BETWE5 SUBJECTIVE RESPONSIBILITY & OBJECTIVE 9EVITABILITY4 

,AT A DECISIVE MOM5T1 ! LEAD]S ( ,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM BRILLIANTLY DEMON/RAT$ ?AT !IR POSITION WAS TO ! RI<T1 NOT TO ! LEFT1 ( ,BOL%EVISM1 & ?US /RIPP$ !MSELVES ( !IR REVOLUTION>Y VALUE1 REVEAL+ !IR MEEKLY MOD]ATE SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC C5TRISM4 ,!Y %I$ AWAY FROM REALIZ+ !IR [N 0LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/0 PROGRAM1 AS ?IS WAS DEEM$ UNFEASIBLE )\T1 9 ! WORDS ( ONE ( ! LEAD]S1 AN 0AU?ORIT>IAN ,AN>*I/S' DICTATOR%IP40 

,REFUS+ TO SEIZE P[] MEANT ONLY RECOGNIZ+ ! EXI/+ B\RGEOIS P[] ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT4 ,9 A BID TO ESCAPE ! ,BOL%EVIK FATE ( BECOM+ TOMORR['S REACTION>IES1 ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I LEAD]S BECAME COLLABORATORS ( CURR5T REACTION>IES4 ,REFUS+ TO CON/RUCT AN 0AU?ORIT>IAN ,AN>*I/S' DICTATOR%IP10 ! ,AN>*I/S OP5$ ! FLOODGATES TO OV]:ELM ,SPA9 ) A S]IES ( 0AU?ORIT>IAN DICTATOR%IPS0 P]PETRAT$ BY ! ,/AL9I/S1 ! ,REPUBLICANS &1 F9ALLY1 ,FRANCO4 

,! ,AN>*I/ LEAD]S' ACTIONS W]E *ANNEL$ BY !IR EXI/5CE 9 ! OBJECTIVE SOCIAL CONDITIONS ( WORK]S' BUREAUCRATS1 ! SAME BUREAUCRATS ?AT CONTROLL$ SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC & 0COMMUNI/0 ORGANIZATIONS4 ,! LOGIC ( HI/ORY PLAY$ \T REG>DLESS ( IDEOLOGICAL LABELS4 

,! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#g WAS ! CONCLUD+ EPISODE ( ! 9T]W> REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T4 ,! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> WAS FOLL[$ BY VICTORI\S AGR>IAN B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS 9 ,ALBANIA & ,YUGOSLAVIA1 !N BY A LO/ AGR>IAN REVOLUTION 9 ,GREECE1 & F9ALLY BY /ATE CAPITALI/ MOD]NIZATION FROM ABOVE ACROSS ,EA/]N ,EUROPE4 ,A GREAT] HI/ORIC SIGNIFICANCE ( ! PO/W> ]A IS ! CYCLE ( B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS ACROSS ! ,EUROPEAN COLONIES4 ,H[EV]1 DUE TO ITS WEAKNESS1 ! PROLET>IAT ( ,ASIA & ,AFRICA PLAY$ A MU* SMALL] ROLE 9 !M ?AN !IR PR$ECESSORS DID 9 ,RUSSIA & P]HAPS EV5 9 ,FRANCE4 

,9 ,EUROPE1 ! NEW ]A WAS M>K$ BY ANNIHILATION ( ALL AUTONOM\S WORK]S' CLASS 9ITIATIVES BY BO? FASCISM & ANTIFASCISM4 ,AUTOMATION PR$ICTABLY L$ TO EV]-GREAT] SUBMISSION TO ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC & 0COMMUNI/0 CONTROL OV] ! PROLET>IAT =C$ CLASS /RUGGLE 9TO A TAM$ =M ?AT C\LD BE TOL]AT$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,WILDCAT ME?ODS ( /RUGGLE AT ! PRIM>Y LEVEL ALSO REMA9$ AT A LEVEL TOL]ABLE TO ! B\RGEOISIE1 & W]E A F> CRY FROM /RUGGLE = P[]4 ,A NUMB] ( SMALL LEFTI/ GR\PS ?AT SURVIV$ FROM ! PREVI\S REVOLUTION>Y ]A W]E PREOCCUPI$ ) PURE PROPAG&A1 & C\LD AT BE/ S]VE TO TRANSF] ! WISDOM GA9$ 9 ! PA/ TO UPCOM+ G5]ATIONS4 ,! HI/ORICAL SIGNIFICANCE ( ! '#fS & '#gS REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS1 & ! EXT5T TO :I* !Y MAY 9DICATE A REVOLUTION BREW+ B5EA? ! SURFACE ( CAPITALISM1 IS YET TO BE REVEAL$4 

,! '#hS COMPLET$ ! FULL CYCLE ?AT BEGAN 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,! WORK]S' RETREAT ?AT KICK$ (F ) ! ,R$ ,>MY'S DEFEAT AT ,W>SAW REA*$ A LIMIT4 ,FREE COMPETITION 7READ3 MONOPOLIES7 HAS TRIUMPH$ 9 ! ECONOMY1 LI<TLY DISGUIS$ MILIT>I/ CONS]VATISM CAME TO DOM9ATE POLITICS1 & ! LA/ VE/IGES ( CLASS COMPROMISE W]E ]OD$ BY NEOLIB]AL POLICE /ATES4 

,IT WAS AT ?IS TIME ?AT ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS & 0COMMUNI/S0 HAD YET AGA9 REVEAL$ !IR TRUE CLASS ESS5CE4 ,IF 9 ! ]A ( ! ,WELF>E ,/ATE !Y D5\NC$ REVOLUTION & CAME TO BE RE=MI/S1 !Y N[ PROCE$$ TO D5\NCE EV5 RE=MISM1 & ! ,NEW ,LEFT \TP]=M$ ALL MILIT>I/ CONS]VATIVES 9 NEOLIB]AL SAVAG]Y4 ,BE IT ,?AT*] OR ,BLAIR1 ,PUT9 OR ,ZUGANOV2 BE IT A /RONG /ATE ) A M>KET ECONOMY1 OR BE IT A M>KET ECONOMY ) A /RONG /ATE - ! DIFF]5CES >E ELUSIVE4 

,DECL9+ RE=MI/ P>TIES1 I4E4 !IR METAMORPHOSIS 9TO A LIB]AL-CONS]VATIVE OR CONS]VATIVE-LIB]AL CLIQUE1 W5T NICELY ALONGSIDE DECL9+ TRADE UNION P[]4 ,MOD]N CAPITALISM CONSEQU5TLY LOOKS MORE LIKE ! CAPITALISM ( #ah OR #ahe ?AT ! CAPITALISM ( #ai OR #a#i#e4 ,?IS IS TIRELESSLY BEMOAN$ BY SURVIV+ HONE/ RE=MI/S3 0,TRADE UNIONS TRADITIONALLY REPRES5T$ ! 9T]E/S ( WAGE LABOR]S 9 A /RUGGLE = HI<] PAY OR BETT] WORK+ CONDITIONS AS WELL AS %AP+ CONFLICT 9TO A CIVILIZ$ =M1 MAK+ SOCIAL P>TN]%IP POSSIBLE4 ,GLOBALIZATION WEAK5$ TRADE UNIONS4 ,P>ADOXICALLY1 ?IS WILL LEAD TO H>%] SOCIAL CONFLICTS 9 ! FUTURE1 TO MORE VIOL5CE FROM BO? SIDES & TO MORE CRIME0 7,KAG>LITSKIY1 ,B4 #b 0,IS !RE AN ALT]NATIVE TO NEOLIB]ALISM80 ,ALT]NATIVES1 ,NO#a7 

,AN 9CREAS+ P>T ( ! PROLET>IAT1 HAV+ LO/ ! PROTECTION ( BO? WELF>E PROVISION & TRADE UNIONS1 IS EXPOS$ TO HYP] EXPLOITATION BY CAPITAL4 ,AN 9CREAS+ NUMB] ( WORK]S HAVE NO?+ TO RELY ON 9 !IR /RUGGLE = CLASS & 9DIVIDUAL 9T]E/S ASIDE FROM !IR [N /R5G?4 ,AN 9CREAS+ %>E ( ! WORK+ CLASS IS COMPOS$ ( MIGRANT WORK]S1 ?OSE :O1 JU/ LIKE ! TRAVEL+ >TISANS FROM ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE1 >E REJECT$ BY !IR HOMEL& & >E NOT TREAT$ AS EQUAL CITIZ5S BY ! C\NTRY ?AT EXPLOITS !M4 ,!Y HAVE NO O!R HOPE ?AN A GLOBAL A TOTAL REVOLUTION ?AT WILL LIQUIDATE ALL BORD]S & NATIONS4 

,TRADITIONAL COLLECTIVI/ SOCIETIES >E /ILL P>TLY 9TACT 9 V>I\S ,EA/]N C\NTRIES ?AT UND]W5T CAPITALI/ MOD]NIZATION DUR+ ! #b? C5TURY4 ,WE/]N C\NTRIES COMPLETELY LACK !M4 ,H[EV]1 ! CONTEMPOR>Y WORLD BE>S A CLE> DI/9CTION FROM ! PA/ 9 ! =M ( REVOLUTIONIZ$ PRODUCTIVE =C$ ?AT = ! FIR/ TIME 9 HI/ORY (F] ! POSSIBILITY ( ABOLI%+ ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 & !RE=E CLASS DIVISIONS4 

,MEAN:ILE1 ! OBJECTIVE POSSIBILITY ( A SUCCESSFUL COLLECTIVI/ REVOLUTION & ! SUBJECTIVE CAPABILITY ( ! PROLET>IAT ( UND]TAK+ IT >E 9V]T$ 9 !IR RELATION%IP COMP>$ TO ! ]A BETWE5 #a<i TO #a#i#c#f1 :]EBY ! PROLET>IAT WAS SUBJECTIVELY CAPABLE ( UND]TAK+ A REVOLUTION1 YET OBJECTIVELY UNABLE TO SECURE A HI/ORICAL VICTORY4 

,DESPITE ! DAWN+ HI/ORICAL POSSIBILITY ( A VICTORI\S REVOLUTION1 IT HAS BECOME TREM5D\SLY MORE DIFFICULT = ! PROLET>IAT TO 9ITIATE IT4 ,! =CES ( REACTION & CONS]VATISM ?AT ACCUMULAT$ ?R\<\T ! LONG C5TURIES ( CAPITALI/ DOM9ATION POSSESS 5\< RES\RCES TO P]PETUATE ! PROLET>IAT 9 AN OPPRESS$1 9]T & PASSIVE /ATE4 ,ONLY TREM5D\S CATA/ROPHES CAN DISLODGE IT FROM 9ACTIVITY & PROPEL IT T[>DS A FI<T = ITS P[]4 

,! SCOPE ( SU* A CATA/ROPHE CAN BE R$UC$ TO A WORLD W> -- OR P]HAPS RAPID F9ANCIAL MELTD[NS 5G9E]$ BY ! GLOBAL B\RGEOISIE1 SU* AS ! ,>G5T9E DEFAULT 9 #ba ?AT SP>K$ A REVOLUTION4 ,W> EMITS WEAPONS 9TO MASS CIRCULATION AMONG ! PROLET>IAT1 & ?R\< ITS HORRORS & ATROCITIES GRADUALLY ALLEVIATES ! FE> ( DEA? FROM ! PEOPLES' CONSCI\SNESS4 ,?IS LEAVES ! PROLET>IAT ) TWO *OICES2 TO EI!R DIE = CAPITAL1 OR TO DIE = FRE$OM4 

,?R\<\T ! :OLE C\RSE ( ! '#iS & ! 'S1 ! SC5E WAS BE+ SET = A FUTURE IMP]IALI/ CONFLICT4 ,! SUP]P[] P>ITY ( #a#i#d#e-#a#i#h#i IS FIRMLY 9 ! PA/1 & ! WORLD HAS 5T]$ A NEW ]A ( W>S & REVOLUTIONS4 

,MOD]N CAPITALI/ /ATES HAVE TOTALLY AB&ON$ !IR =M] ME?ODS ( CONTROL ?R\< A COMB9ATION ( CONCESSIONS & RE=MI/ ORGANIZATIONS1 %IFT+ TO ME?ODS ( DIRECT OLIG>*IC DICTATOR%IP OV] ATOMIZ$ & SUPPRESS$ PROLET>IAN MASSES4 ,YET EV]Y =CE CAUS$ AN EQUAL & OPPOSITE REACTION1 & PROLET>IAN /RUGGLE1 FREE FROM RE=MI/ %ACKLES1 WILL TAKE ON ! =M ( QUASI-9SURRECTION1 NOT UNLIKE ! /RUGGLES ( #a#g#h#i-#a#i#c#f4 ,?IS HAS ALREADY BE5 WITNESS$ 9 ,ALBANIA 7#a#i#i#g7 & ,>G5T9A 7#b#a74 

,REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNISM1 ! COMMUNISM ( ,BABEUF1 ,BLANQUI & ,TKA*EV TO NO LESS] DEGREE ?AN ! COMMUNISM ( ,M>X1 ,L591 ,TROTSKY & ,BORDIGA1 WILL AGA9 RESURFACE4 

,! RESURG5T WORK]S' MOVEM5T WILL C]TA9LY ABSORB MANY IDEAS =MULAT$ BY ,M>X & ,5GELS1 AS WELL AS !IR FAM$ /UD5TS SU* AS ,BOGDANOV1 ,L591 ,TROTSKIY & ,BORDIGA4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 0,M>XISM0 AS ! IDEOLOGICAL S*EME ( SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC RE=MISM1 :I* 9CLUDES BO? ,/AL9ISM & ,TROTSKYISM AS ITS V>IANTS1 MU/ BE T>GET$ BY ROBU/ CRITICISM & !N REJECT$ AS A B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY ?AT 9OCULATES ! PROLET>IAT ) IDEAS SU* AS B\RGEOIS PROGRESSIVISM1 EVOLUTIONISM1 PACIFISM1 LEGALISM & P>LIAM5T>IANISM4 ,DEBATES ( ! 0TRUE ,SCOTSMAN0 NATURE OV] V>I\S /R&S ( 0,M>XISM0 >E NO?+ BUT DEMAGOGY1 :]E ANY CITATION CAN BE C\NT]$ BY ANO!R ONE1 AD 9F9ITUM4 ,WE MU/ MOVE ON1 ) ,M>X AS A TEA*]1 BUT ONE ( MANY1 AS ! BE/ /UD5T IS ! ONE ?AT GOES BEYOND HIS TEA*] 9/EAD ( SITT+ ON HIS GRAVE4 

,9 CONCLUSION1 LET US ANALYZE ,M>X'S !ORY = ELEM5TS USEFUL TO US4 

,! ,IMPLICATIONS ( ,DIALECTICAL ,MAT]IALISM 

,! WORLD VIEW ( DIALECTIC MAT]IALISM AS EXPRESS$ 9 ',ANTI-,D8HR+' & LAT] DEVELOP$ 9 FUR!R WORKS BY ,5GELS1 AS WELL AS 9 ! WORKS ( ,PLEKHANOV & ,KAUTSKY1 WAS NOT ,M>X'S DISCOV]Y4 ,:5 ! Y\NG ,M>X & ,5GELS W]E PREOCCUPI$ ) PHILOSOPHY1 !Y W]E NOT YET COMMUNI/S1 & :5 !Y BECAME COMMUNI/S1 !Y DISC>D$ PHILOSOPHY AS AN IDLE B\RGEOIS OCCUPATION4 ',ANTI-,D8HR+' WAS PRODUC$ LAT]1 ) POLITICS & POLEMIC 9 M9D4 ,PHILOSOPHICALLY1 IT IS ,5GELS' POLEMIC AGA9/ ,D8HR+'S EF=T ( CON/RUCT+ A 0GLOBAL S*EME01 :I*1 IRONICALLY1 ,5GELS' [N IDEAS W]E TURN$ 9TO BY 0,M>XI/-,L59I/0 PHILOSOPHY4 

,! FOCUS ( DIALECTIC MAT]IALISM LIES 9 VIEW+ ! WORLD AS A PROGRESS+1 SELF-SUFFICI5T :OLE1 AN 9H]5T P>T ( :I* IS CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,IT MU/ ALSO BE REMEMB]$ ?AT ,BAKUN9 & ,DIETZG5 /UCK TO ?IS WORLDVIEW AT LEA/ AS CONSI/5TLY AS ,5GELS4 ,BUT EF=TS TO ELABORATE & REF9E ! LAWS ( DIALECTICS >E IDLE DI/RACTIONS FROM CLASS /RUGGLE1 AS IS ALL ( PHILOSOPHY4 

,A COMMUNI/ SOCIETY W\LD T5D TO UNIFY PHILOSOPHY1 ! NATURAL & ! SOCIAL SCI5CES 9TO A UNIV]SAL SCI5CE1 BUT ANY CURR5T ATTEMPTS AT SU* UNIFICATION >E EVID5TLY PREMATURE1 AS ,BOGDANOV'S FAIL$ ATTEMPT HAD DEMON/RAT$ - DESPITE HIS BE+ ! SOLE /UD5T ( ,M>X :O EXCE$$ HIS TEA*]4 ,AS ! GREAT B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION>Y ,MAO LACONICALLY PUT IT1 0,FIR/ WE CONQU] ! E>?2 ! UNIV]SE WILL COME AFT]40 

,5GELS CORRECTLY SUMM$ UP ,M>X'S GREATE/ SCI5TIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS 9 HIS FUN]>Y SPEE*1 :]E HE M5TION$ ! !ORY ( HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM & ITS APPLICATION TO CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 DEMON/RAT+ ! LATT]'S 9EVITABLE DEMISE4 ,!SE GREAT A*IEVEM5TS RETA9 !IR IMPORTANCE TO ?IS DAY4 ,YET IT MU/ BE REIT]AT$ ?AT ,M>X C\LD NEV] HAVE DEVIS$ A RIGID SOCIAL SCI5CE 9 ITS TOTALITY2 HE SIMPLY LAID ITS F\NDATIONS4 ,JU/ AS PHYSICS DID NOT /ALL AT ,GALILEO OR ,NEWTON1 OR AS BIOLOGY IS NOT LIMIT$ TO ,L9NAEUS & ,D>W91 SO HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM CANNOT SURVIVE )\T DEVELOP+4 

,! FACT ( EXPLOITATION IS EVID5T TO EV]Y WORK]1 & ?IS FACT WAS ALREADY BEG9N+ TO BE EXPLA9$ BY ! SOCIALI/ ,RIC>DIANS4 ,FUR!R DEBATES AMONG ! ,M>XI/ ECONOMI/S OV] :I* ECONOMIC PR]EQUISITES >E MO/ LIKELY TO FATALLY UND]M9E CAPITALISM -- BE IT ! T5D5CY ( PR(IT RATES TO FALL1 ! DRY+ UP ( NEW M>KETS1 OR ! ABOVE ALONGSIDE ! NECESS>Y REVOLUTION>Y POLITICAL ACTION -- PROVE ?AT ,M>X'S ECONOMIC !ORY EXI/S AS A ME?OD ( UND]/&+ CAPITALISM ) ! PURPOSE ( ITS DE/RUCTION1 RA!R ?AN A FROZ5 DOGMA4 

,! HI/ORIC MAT]IALI/ !ORY MU/ BE UND]/OOD 9 TWO LI<TS1 ONE BE+ ! LI<T ( 9ITIAL DISCOV]Y BY ,M>X & ,5GELS1 & ! SECOND BE+ ! LI<T ( ITS 9T]PRETATION & APPLICATION BY !M1 ) BO? ( ! LATT] BE+ V]Y VULN]ABLE TO FLAWS4 

,5GELS' *>ACT]IZ+ ( ,SA9T-,SIMON1 :O 0WAS ALONG ) ,HEGEL1 A UNIV]SAL ?9K] ( HIS TIME1 BUT WAS LIMIT$ 9 HIS [N KN[L$GE1 & 9 ! KN[L$GE ( HIS TIME10 IS FULLY APPLICABLE TO ,M>X & ,5GELS !MSELVES4 ,!Y W]E TOO LIMIT$ BY !IR EXP]I5CE & BY ! LEVEL ( HI/ORICAL KN[L$GE ( !IR TIME4 

,?R\<\T ! LIFETIME ( ,M>X & ,5GELS1 ! ONLY HI/ORY TO BE AT LEA/ P>TIALLY /UDI$ WAS ! HI/ORY ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,?IS PR$ICTABLY L$ TO A FLAW$ G5]ALIZATION ( ,WE/ ,EUROPEAN SPECIFICS 9TO ! RE/ ( ! WORLD4 ,S9CE ! 9DIVIDUAL =M ( EXPLOITATION HAD LONG E/ABLI%$ ITSELF 9 ,EUROPE1 ! =M'S SPECIFICS W]E ELEVAT$ 9TO ! /ATUS ( UNIV]SAL LAWS1 :I* GUID$ =MAL ,M>XISM & PRECLUD$ IT FROM 5GAGEM5T ) MANY PA/ & FUTURE EV5TS4 

,R\SSEAU'S !ORY ?AT PO/ULAT$ ! EM]G5CE ( CLASSES AS PREC$+ ! EM]G5CE ( /ATES WAS TRANSPLANT$ 9TO ,M>X'S !ORY4 ,EXPLOIT] PROP]TY WAS EQUAT$ TO PRIVATE PROP]TY1 :I* IS ONLY ONE ( ITS V>IANTS4 ,C]TA9 =MULATIONS AB\T ,BONOP>TISM BY ,M>X & ,5GELS IMPLI$ ?AT ! /ATE CAN TAKE BE DISSECT$ FROM SOCIAL CLASSES4 ,?IS GAVE RISE TO A ,M>XI/ T5ET ( ! /ATE APP>ATUS EXI/+ AP>T FROM ! EXPLOIT] CLASS1 AS A CLASS IMP>TIAL ORGANIZATION4 

,TW5TIE? C5TURY HI/ORICAL SCI5CE A*IEV$ SUB/ANTIAL PROGRESS 9 /UDY+ PRE-CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ! ,/AL9I/ & /ATE-CAPITALI/ EXP]I5CE DEMON/RAT$ ?AT ! POLITICAL ECONOMY ( LAISSEZ-FAIRE #a#i? C5TURY ,BRITA9 IS H>DLY A ROLE1 BUT WAS1 9 FACT1 M]ELY A %ORT-LIV$ EPISODE4 

,*ANGES ( PRODUCTIVE =CES & ! CONSEQU5T COMPLICATIONS ( ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS1 ! DIVISION ( LABOR & ! PRODUCTION ( SURPLUS1 RA!R ?AN *ANGES 9 CONSUMPTION & DI/RIBUTION CONDITION$ ! EM]G5CE ( EXPLOITATION & CIVILIZATION4 ,COMPLICATIONS ( ! PRODUCTION PROCESS 9 TURN GAVE RISE TO A NEW SOCIAL CLASS ( PR(ESSIONAL MANG]S ?AT ORGANIZ$ ?IS PROCESS4 ,! PREVI\SLY ELECT$1 RECALLABLE & SCRUT9IZ$ *IEFS BECAME AN 9CREAS+LY AU?ORIT>IAN & PRIVILEG$ GR\P 9 SOCIETY1 OR ! PROTO-EXPLOIT]S4 ,! LONG] !Y RETA9$ CONTROL OV] COLLECTIVE PROP]TY1 ! MORE ?IS PROP]TY LO/ ITS COLLECTIVE *>ACT] & BECAME ! PROP]TY ( ! EXPLOIT]S :O !N ORGANIZ$ 9TO ! /ATE1 ) CONTROL OV] /ATE PROP]TY4 ,/ATE PROP]TY WAS ?US ! PRIMORDIAL =M ( EXPLOIT] PROP]TY4 ,ONLY 9 ! C\RSE ( FOLL[+ MILL5NIA DID PRIVATE PROP]TY1 OR ! SECOND =M ( EXPLOIT] PROP]TY1 SL[LY BEGAN TO EM]GE4 

,MAT]IAL RELATIONS >E NOT LEGAL PROP]TY RELATIONS2 !Y >E REAL HUMAN 9T]ACTION 9 ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION4 ,PROP]TY RELATIONS >E SIMPLY =MAL EXPRESSIONS ( REAL MANAG]IAL RELATIONS1 OR P[] RELATIONS1 & PROP]TY ITSELF IS A =M ( ECONOMIC P[]4 ,COLLECTIVI/ - COMMUNI/ - SOCIETY IS A SOCIETY )\T ! DIVISION ( HUMANS 9TO ! MANAG]S & ! MANAG$1 OR ! RUL]S & ! RUL$4 

,! EXPLOIT] CLASS IS =M$1 9 V>I\S PROPORTIONS UND] DIFF]5T CONDITIONS1 FROM A /ATE & A PRIVATE GR\P ( EXPLOIT]S ?AT >E CON/ANTLY 9 CONFLICT OV] !IR %>E ( SURPLUS VALUE BETWE5 !MSELVES & ! PRODUC+ CLASS4 ,BUREAUCRACY IS NOT A CLASS NEUTRAL GR\P ( PEOPLE2 IT IS AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! EXPLOIT] CLASS ?AT 9 SOME CASES1 AS 9 ! ,9CA ,EMPIRE OR 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 CON/ITUTES ! 5TIRE EXPLOIT] CLASS4 

,ALL ?IS SOLIDIFIES ! HI/ORICAL MAT]IALI/ !ORY ?AT VIEWS SOCIETY AS A SY/EM ( PRODUCTION & ! DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,! ID5TITY ( ?IS VIEW ) ?AT ( ,M>X & ,5GELS IS EVID5C$ BY 0,! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY01 & ,BOGDANOV'S WORK %[S ?AT !Y W]E NOT ALONE 9 !IR VIEW4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 (FICIAL ,SOVIET TEXTBOOKS ON 0,M>XI/ PHILOSOPHY0 >E EV]Y?+ BUT ID5TIFIABLE ) HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM4 ,H5CE CALL+ HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM BY ! NAME ( 0,M>XISM-,L59ISM0 IS AS 9APPROPRIATE AS CALL+ MOD]N PHYSICS BY ! NAME ( 0,NEWTONISM-,E9/E9ISM40 

,T5 ,!SES ON ,M>XISM ,TODAY 7#b#c7 

,M>XISM1 AS AN IDEOLOGICAL DOCTR9E ( ! RE=MI/ WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 IS !ORETICALLY UNS\ND & PRACTICALLY C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y 9 ! MOD]N ]A ( TOTALIT>IAN CAPITALISM4 

,M>XISM IS NOT ! HI/ORICAL MAT]IALI/ !ORY1 AS DISCOV]$ BY ,M>X ?AT /ILL RETA9S ITS SCI5TIFIC & REVOLUTION>Y IMPORTANCE4 ,M>XISM IS ! IDEOLOGICAL BACKDROP ( ! RE=MI/ WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 AS DEVIS$ BY ,M>X1 ,5GELS1 ,PLEKHANOV & ,KAUTSKIY1 AMONG O!RS1 TO C\NT] 5EMIES FROM BO? ! RI<T 7,LASALLIANISM1 ,PR\DHONISM71 & ! LEFT 7,BLANQUISM1 ,BAKUN9ISM1 ,N>ODNIKS71 & LAT] ADOPT$ BY EVOLV$ MOVEM5TS1 SU* AS ,/AL9ISM & ,TROTSKYISM4 

,M>XISM WAS *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! FOLL[+ ATTRIBUTES ?AT MADE IT ANTAGONI/IC TO REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAN COMMUNISM3 A7 B\RGEOIS PROGRESSIVISM1 AS SUB/ITUT$ = REVOLUTION>Y CATA/ROPHISM1 & L9K$ ) A DI/ANT REVOLUTION2 B7 A COEXI/5CE ( REVOLUTION>Y PROPAG&A & ! LIMIT$ RE=MI/ REALITY2 C7 ! R$UCTION ( WORK]S' /RUGGLE TO ! /RUGGLE = B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 B\RGEOIS RE=MS1 & = BETT]+ & IMPROV+ CAPITALISM AS 9EVITABLE 9 ! ]A ( PROGRESSIVE CAPITALISM1 AS OPPOS$ TO ITS DE/RUCTION - & ! RESULT+ SUPPORT = B\RGEOIS NATIONALI/ MOVEM5TS & COALITIONS ) ! PROGRESSIVE B\RGEOISIE4 

,DEMOCRACY1 P>LIAM5T>IANISM1 LEGALISM1 PROPAG&A & EFFECTIVE PATRIOTISM W]E 9TEGRAL P>TS ( ,M>XISM1 :I* MADE IT A C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y =CE 9 RELATION TO ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 & :I* MU/ BE DISC>D$ BY ! EM]G+ REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 

,P>ALYZES ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T'S LEFTI/ FACTIONS WAS 9DUC$ BY ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y FUNCTIONS ( ! DOM9AT+ ,M>XI/ IDEOLOGY4 ,?IS CAME TO BE ! SUBJECTIVE REASON = ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS' DEFEAT BETWE5 #aiag & #a#i#c#f1 REFLECT+ ! OBJECTIVE 9ABILITY ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT TO ORGANIZE A COLLECTIVI/ SOCIETY4 ,! GREAT EXCEPTION WAS ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION1 L$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS :O1 9 AN ALLIANCE ) ! LEFT ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES1 ! MAXIMALI/S & ! ,AN>*I/S1 W]E CLOS] TO REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNISM ?AT ! RE/ ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL1 DESPITE !IR MANY OBVI\S ]RORS4 ,/ILL1 ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT'S 9CAPABILITY ( SELF-ORGANIZATION ON COLLECTIVI/ BASIS PRECLUD$ ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION FROM DEVELOP+ 9TO A GLOBAL COLLECTIVI/ REVOLUTION1 :I* REMA9$ A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 ALBEIT A RADICAL ONE4 

,! ABOVE !SES DO NOT DISMISS ! 5ORM\S C\RAGE ( ! MILLIONS ( PROLET>IAN FI<T]S :O F\<T & DI$ UND] ! BANN] ( ,M>XISM1 NOR DO !Y DISMISS ! IMPORTANCE ( ! IDEAS ( ,M>X & ,5GELS1 NOR ( !IR CELEBRAT$ /UD5TS1 ,BOGDANOV1 ,L591 ,TROTSKIY1 ,BORDIGA1 & O!RS1 TO ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T !ORY4 ,H[EV]1 ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNISM ( ,BABEUF1 ,BLANQUI & ,TKA*EV1 ! REVOLUTION>Y ,N>ODNIKS1 ! LEFT ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES & MAXIMALI/S1 ,BAKUN9'S ,AN>*ISM1 ,SOREL'S SYNDICALISM1 & ,MA*AJSKY'S PROLET>ISM BE> NO LESS IMPORTANCE = ! EM]G+ WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,IT WILL ALSO GA9 9SPIRATION FROM ALL PA/ FI<T]S ( EMANCIPATION1 9CLUD+ FI<T]S ( PEASANT W>S1 PLEBEIAN H]ESIES1 LEVEL+ COMMUNISM1 LEFT COMMUNISM & PROLET>IAN ,AN>*ISM4 

,EM]G+ AUTOMAT$ PRODUCTIVE =CES MAKE ! COLLECTIVI/ REVOLUTION A MAT]IAL POSSIBILITY1 & ! IMP$+ APOCALYPSE ( HUMANITY 9 CASE ( PROLONG$ CAPITALISM MAKE 9 A NECESSITY4 

,?IS REVOLUTION WILL BE ! MO/ RADICAL & M]CILESS ( ALL1 ) RADICALISM & M]CILESSNESS C5TRAL TO BO? ITS 5DS & MEANS4 

,?IS REVOLUTION WILL TOTALLY ANNIHILATE ! SY/EM ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 ?US ]AS+ ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 COMMODITY PRODUCTION1 ! TRIO ! /ATE1 NATION & FAMILY1 RELIGION1 PHILOSOPHY & ! B\RGEOIS SCI5CES4 

,POT5TIAL REVOLUTION>IES MU/ SUBJECTIVELY PREP>E = ?IS REVOLUTION BY AB&ON+ \TDAT$ IDEOLOGICAL S*EMES & UNIFY+ REVOLUTION>Y ?\<T ) REVOLUTION>Y ACTION4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#f1 #bba 3 ,M>XISM & ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #f1 #bbb 3 ,M>XISM & ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT -- ,UPDAT$4 

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