,M>XISM ,& ,D>W9ISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK 

,TEXT 3 

,WRITT53 #aii 
,TRANSLAT$3 #a#i#a#b1 ,NA?AN ,WEIS]4 
,TRANSCRIB$3 ,JON ,MULL] 
,H,T,M,L ,M>KUP3 ,ABU ,NICOLE1 PRO($ & CORRECT$ BY ,BAS ,/REEF2 
,S\RCE3 ,*>LES ,H4 ,K]R @& ,COMPANY1 ,*ICAGO1 ,U,S,A ,ORIG9AL ,COPYRI<T1 #a#i#a#b4 
,C,O,N,T,5,T,S 

,D>W9ISM 
,M>XISM 
,M>XISM & ! ,CLASS ,/RUGGLE 
,D>W9ISM & ! ,CLASS ,/RUGGLE 
,D>W9ISM V]SUS ,SOCIALISM 
,NATURAL ,LAW & ,SOCIAL ,!ORY 
,! ,SOCIABILITY ( ,MAN 
,TOOLS1 ,?\<T & ,LANGUAGE 
,ANIMAL ,ORGANS & ,HUMAN ,TOOLS 
,CAPITALISM & ,SOCIALISM 

,I4 ,D>W9ISM 

,TWO SCI5TI/S CAN H>DLY BE NAM$ :O HAVE1 9 ! SECOND HALF 
( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 DOM9AT$ ! HUMAN M9D TO A GREAT] DEGREE ?AN ,D>W9 
& ,M>X4 ,!IR TEA*+S REVOLUTIONIZ$ ! CONCEPTION ?AT ! GREAT MASSES 
HAD AB\T ! WORLD4 ,= DECADES !IR NAMES HAVE BE5 ON ! TONGUES ( 
EV]YBODY1 & !IR TEA*+S HAVE BECOME ! C5TRAL PO9T ( ! M5TAL 
/RUGGLES :I* ACCOMPANY ! SOCIAL /RUGGLES ( TODAY4 ,! CAUSE ( ?IS LIES 
PRIM>ILY 9 ! HI<LY SCI5TIFIC CONT5TS ( !IR TEA*+S4 

,! SCI5TIFIC IMPORTANCE ( ,M>XISM AS WELL AS ( ,D>W9ISM CONSI/S 9 
!IR FOLL[+ \T ! !ORY ( EVOLUTION1 ! ONE UPON ! DOMA9 ( ! 
ORGANIC WORLD1 ( ?+S ANIMATE2 ! O!R1 UPON ! DOMA9 ( SOCIETY4 ,?IS 
!ORY ( EVOLUTION1 H[EV]1 WAS 9 NO WAY NEW1 IT HAD ITS ADVOCATES BE=E 
,D>W9 & ,M>X2 ! PHILOSOPH]1 ,HEGEL1 EV5 MADE IT ! C5TRAL PO9T ( HIS 
PHILOSOPHY4 ,IT IS1 !RE=E1 NECESS>Y TO OBS]VE CLOSELY :AT W]E ! 
A*IEVEM5TS ( ,D>W9 & ,M>X 9 ?IS DOMA94 

,! !ORY ?AT PLANTS & ANIMALS HAVE DEVELOP$ ONE FROM ANO!R IS MET 
) FIR/ 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,=M]LY ! QUE/ION1 0,:5CE COME 
ALL !SE ?\S&S & HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( DIFF]5T K9DS ( PLANTS & 
ANIMALS ?AT WE KN[801 WAS ANSW]$3 0,AT ! TIME ( CREATION ,GOD CREAT$ 
!M ALL1 EA* AFT] ITS K9D40 ,?IS PRIMITIVE !ORY WAS 9 CON=MITY ) 
EXP]I5CE HAD & ) ! BE/ 9=MATION AB\T ! PA/ ?AT WAS AVAILABLE4 
,ACCORD+ TO AVAILABLE 9=MATION1 ALL KN[N PLANTS & ANIMALS HAVE ALWAYS 
BE5 ! SAME4 ,SCI5TIFICALLY1 ?IS EXP]I5CE WAS ?US EXPRESS$1 0,ALL 
K9DS >E 9V>IABLE BECAUSE ! P>5TS TRANSMIT !IR *>ACT]I/ICS TO !IR 
*ILDR540 

,!RE W]E1 H[EV]1 SOME PECULI>ITIES AMONG PLANTS & ANIMALS :I* 
GRADUALLY =C$ A DIFF]5T CONCEPTION TO BE 5T]TA9$4 ,!Y SO NICELY LET 
!MSELVES BE >RANG$ 9TO A SY/EM :I* WAS FIR/ SET UP BY ! ,SW$I% 
SCI5TI/ ,L9NAEUS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ?IS SY/EM1 ! ANIMALS >E DIVID$ 9TO 
PHYLA1 :I* >E DIVID$ 9TO CLASSES1 CLASSES 9TO ORD]S1 ORD]S 9TO 
FAMILIES1 FAMILIES 9TO G5]A1 EA* ( :I* CONTA9 A FEW SPECIES4 ,! MORE 
SEMBLANCE !RE IS 9 !IR *>ACT]I/ICS1 ! NE>] !Y /& T[>DS EA* 
O!R 9 ?IS SY/EM1 & ! SMALL] IS ! GR\P TO :I* !Y BELONG4 ,ALL ! 
ANIMALS CLASS$ AS MAMMALIAN %[ ! SAME G5]AL *>ACT]I/ICS 9 !IR 
BODILY FRAME4 ,! H]BIVOR\S ANIMALS1 & C>NIVOR\S ANIMALS1 & MONKEYS1 
EA* ( :I* BELONGS TO A DIFF]5T ORD]1 >E AGA9 DIFF]5TIAT$4 ,BE>S1 
DOGS1 & CATS1 ALL ( :I* >E C>NIVOR\S ANIMALS1 HAVE MU* MORE 9 COMMON 
9 BODILY =M ?AN !Y HAVE ) HORSES OR MONKEYS4 ,?IS CON=MITY IS /ILL 
MORE OBVI\S :5 WE EXAM9E V>IETIES ( ! SAME SPECIES2 ! CAT1 TIG] & 
LION RESEMBLE EA* O!R 9 MANY RESPECTS :]E !Y DIFF] FROM DOGS & BE>S4 
,IF WE TURN FROM ! CLASS ( MAMMALS TO O!R CLASSES1 SU* AS BIRDS OR FI%ES1 
WE F9D GREAT] DIFF]5CES BETWE5 CLASSES ?AN WE F9D )9 A CLASS4 ,!RE 
/ILL P]SI/S1 H[EV]1 A SEMBLANCE 9 ! =MATION ( ! BODY1 ! SKELETON 
& ! N]V\S SY/EM4 ,!SE FEATURES FIR/ DISAPPE> :5 WE TURN FROM ?IS 
MA9 DIVISION1 :I* EMBRACES ALL ! V]TEBRATES1 & GO TO ! MOLLUSKS 7S(T 
BODI$ ANIMALS7 OR TO ! POLYPS4 

,! 5TIRE ANIMAL WORLD MAY ?US BE >RANG$ 9TO DIVISIONS & SUBDIVISIONS4 
,HAD EV]Y DIFF]5T K9D ( ANIMAL BE5 CREAT$ 5TIRELY 9DEP5D5T ( ALL ! 
O!RS1 !RE W\LD BE NO REASON :Y SU* ORD]S %\LD EXI/4 ,!RE W\LD BE NO 
REASON :Y !RE %\LD NOT BE MAMMALS HAV+ SIX PAWS4 ,WE W\LD HAVE TO ASSUME1 
!N1 ?AT AT ! TIME ( CREATION1 ,GOD HAD TAK5 ,L9NAEUS' SY/EM AS A 
PLAN & CREAT$ EV]Y?+ ACCORD+ TO ?IS PLAN4 ,HAPPILY WE HAVE ANO!R WAY 
( ACC\NT+ = IT4 ,! LIK5ESS 9 ! CON/RUCTION ( ! BODY MAY BE DUE TO 
A REAL FAMILY RELATION%IP4 ,ACCORD+ TO ?IS CONCEPTION1 ! CON=MITY ( 
PECULI>ITIES %[ H[ NE> OR REMOTE ! RELATION%IP IS1 JU/ AS ! 
RESEMBLANCE BETWE5 BRO!RS & SI/]S IS GREAT] ?AN BETWE5 REMOTE 
RELATIVES4 ,! ANIMAL CLASSES W]E1 !RE=E1 NOT CREAT$ 9DIVIDUALLY1 BUT 
DESC5D$ ONE FROM ANO!R4 ,!Y =M ONE TRUNK ?AT />T$ ) SIMPLE 
F\NDATIONS & :I* HAS CONT9UALLY DEVELOP$2 ! LA/ & ?9 TWIGS >E \R 
PRES5T EXI/+ K9DS4 ,ALL SPECIES ( CATS DESC5D FROM A PRIMITIVE CAT1 :I* 
TOGE!R ) ! PRIMITIVE DOG & ! PRIMITIVE BE>1 IS ! DESC5DANT ( 
SOME PRIMITIVE TYPE ( C>NIVOR\S ANIMAL4 ,! PRIMITIVE C>NIVOR\S ANIMAL1 ! 
PRIMITIVE HO($ ANIMAL & ! PRIMITIVE MONKEY HAVE DESC5D$ FROM SOME 
PRIMITIVE MAMMAL1 ETC4 

,?IS !ORY ( DESC5T WAS ADVOCAT$ BY ,LAM>CK & BY ,GE(FREY ,/4 ,HILAIRE4 
,IT DID NOT1 H[EV]1 MEET ) G5]AL APPROVAL4 ,!SE NATURALI/S C\LD NOT 
PROVE ! CORRECTNESS ( ?IS !ORY &1 !RE=E1 IT REMA9$ ONLY A 
HYPO!SIS1 A M]E ASSUMPTION4 ,:5 ,D>W9 CAME1 H[EV]1 ) HIS MA9 BOOK1 
,! ,ORIG9 ( ,SPECIES /RUCK LIKE A ?UND]BOLT2 HIS !ORY ( 
EVOLUTION WAS IMM$IATELY ACCEPT$ AS A /RONGLY PROV$ TRU?4 ,S9CE !N ! 
!ORY ( EVOLUTION HAS BECOME 9SEP>ABLE FROM ,D>W9'S NAME4 ,:Y SO8 

,?IS WAS P>TLY DUE TO ! FACT ?AT ?R\< EXP]I5CE EV] MORE MAT]IAL 
WAS ACCUMULAT$ :I* W5T TO SUPPORT ?IS !ORY4 ,ANIMALS W]E F\ND :I* 
C\LD NOT V]Y WELL BE PLAC$ 9TO ! CLASSIFICATION SU* AS OVIP>\S MAMMALS 
7?AT IS1 ANIMALS :I* LAY EGGS & N\RI% !IR (FSPR+ FROM !IR BREA/4 
- ,TRANSLATOR7 FI%ES HAV+ LUNGS1 & 9V]TEBRATE ANIMALS4 ,! !ORY ( 
DESC5T CLAIM$ ?AT !SE >E SIMPLY ! REMNANTS ( ! TRANSITION BETWE5 ! 
MA9 GR\PS4 ,EXCAVATIONS HAVE REVEAL$ FOSSIL REMA9S :I* LOOK$ DIFF]5T 
FROM ANIMALS LIV+ N[4 ,!SE REMA9S HAVE P>TLY PROV$ TO BE ! PRIMITIVE 
=MS ( \R ANIMALS1 & ?AT ! PRIMITIVE ANIMALS HAVE GRADUALLY DEVELOP$ TO 
EXI/+ ONES4 ,!N ! !ORY ( CELLS WAS =M$2 EV]Y PLANT1 EV]Y ANIMAL1 
CONSI/S ( MILLIONS ( CELLS & HAS BE5 DEVELOP$ BY 9CESSANT DIVISION & 
DIFF]5TIATION ( S+LE CELLS4 ,HAV+ GONE SO F>1 ! ?\<T ?AT ! 
HI<E/ ORGANISMS HAVE DESC5D$ FROM PRIMITIVE BE+S HAV+ BUT A S+LE CELL1 
C\LD NOT APPE> AS /RANGE4 

,ALL !SE NEW EXP]I5CES C\LD NOT1 H[EV]1 RAISE ! !ORY TO A /RONGLY 
PROV$ TRU?4 ,! BE/ PRO( = ! CORRECTNESS ( ?IS !ORY W\LD HAVE BE5 
TO HAVE AN ACTUAL TRANS=MATION FROM ONE ANIMAL K9D TO ANO!R TAKE PLACE 
BE=E \R EYES1 SO ?AT WE C\LD OBS]VE IT4 ,BUT ?IS IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,H[ !N 
IS IT AT ALL POSSIBLE TO PROVE ?AT ANIMAL =MS >E REALLY *ANG+ 9TO NEW 
=MS8 ,?IS CAN BE DONE BY %[+ ! CAUSE1 ! PROPELL+ =CE ( SU* 
DEVELOPM5T4 ,?IS ,D>W9 DID4 ,D>W9 DISCOV]$ ! ME*ANISM ( ANIMAL 
DEVELOPM5T1 & 9 DO+ SO HE %[$ ?AT UND] C]TA9 CONDITIONS SOME ANIMAL 
K9DS WILL NECESS>ILY DEVELOP 9TO O!R ANIMAL-K9DS4 ,WE WILL N[ MAKE CLE> 
?IS ME*ANISM4 

,ITS MA9 F\NDATION IS ! NATURE ( TRANSMISSION1 ! FACT ?AT P>5TS 
TRANSMIT !IR PECULI>ITIES TO *ILDR51 BUT ?AT AT ! SAME TIME ! *ILDR5 
DIV]GE FROM !IR P>5TS 9 SOME RESPECTS & ALSO DIFF] FROM EA* O!R4 ,IT 
IS = ?IS REASON ?AT ANIMALS ( ! SAME K9D >E NOT ALL ALIKE1 BUT DIFF] 
9 ALL DIRECTIONS FROM ! AV]AGE TYPE4 ,)\T ?IS SO-CALL$ V>IATION IT 
W\LD BE :OLLY IMPOSSIBLE = ONE ANIMAL SPECIES TO DEVELOP 9TO ANO!R4 ,ALL 
?AT IS NECESS>Y = ! =MATION ( A NEW SPECIES IS ?AT ! DIV]G5CE FROM 
! C5TRAL TYPE BECOME GREAT] & ?AT IT GOES ON 9 ! SAME DIRECTION UNTIL 
?IS DIV]G5CE HAS BECOME SO GREAT ?AT ! NEW ANIMAL NO LONG] RESEMBLES ! 
ONE FROM :I* IT DESC5D$4 ,BUT :]E IS ?AT =CE ?AT C\LD CALL =? ! 
EV] GR[+ V>IATION 9 ! SAME DIRECTION8 

,LAM>CK DECL>$ ?AT ?IS WAS [+ TO ! USAGE & MU* EX]CISE ( 
C]TA9 ORGANS2 ?AT1 [+ TO ! CONT9U\S EX]CISE ( C]TA9 ORGANS1 !SE 
BECOME EV] MORE P]FECT$4 ,JU/ AS ! MUSCLES ( M5'S LEGS GET /RONG 
FROM RUNN+ MU*1 9 ! SAME WAY ! LION ACQUIR$ ITS P[]FUL PAWS & ! 
H>E ITS SPE$Y LEGS4 ,9 ! SAME WAY ! GIRAFFES GOT !IR LONG NECKS BECAUSE 
9 ORD] TO REA* ! TREE LEAVES1 :I* !Y ATE1 !IR NECKS W]E /RET*$ SO 
?AT A %ORT-NECK$ ANIMAL DEVELOP$ TO ! LONG-NECK$ GIRAFFE4 ,TO MANY ?IS 
EXPLANATION WAS 9CR$IBLE & IT C\LD NOT ACC\NT = ! FACT ?AT ! FROG 
%\LD HAVE SU* A GRE5 COLOR :I* S]V$ HIM AS A GOOD PROTECT+ COLOR4 

,TO SOLVE ! SAME QUE/ION1 ,D>W9 TURN$ TO ANO!R L9E ( EXP]I5CE4 ,! 
ANIMAL BRE$] & ! G>D5] >E ABLE TO RAISE >TIFICIALLY NEW RACES & 
V>IETIES4 ,:5 A G>D5] WANTS TO RAISE FROM A C]TA9 PLANT A V>IETY HAV+ 
L>GE BLOSSOMS1 ALL HE HAS TO DO IS TO KILL BE=E MATURITY ALL ?OSE PLANTS 
HAV+ SMALL BLOSSOMS & PRES]VE ?OSE HAV+ L>GE ONES4 ,IF HE REPEATS ?IS 
= A FEW YE>S 9 SUCCESSION1 ! BLOSSOMS WILL BE EV] L>G]1 BECAUSE EA* 
NEW G5]ATION RESEMBLES ITS PR$ECESSOR1 & \R G>D5]1 HAV+ ALWAYS PICK$ 
\T ! L>GE/ ( ! L>GE = ! PURPOSE ( PROPAGATION1 SUCCE$S 9 RAIS+ 
A PLANT ) V]Y L>GE BLOSSOMS4 ,?R\< SU* ACTION1 DONE SOMETIMES 
DELIB]ATELY & SOMETIMES ACCID5TALLY1 PEOPLE HAVE RAIS$ A GREAT NUMB] ( 
RACES ( \R DOME/ICAT$ ANIMALS :I* DIFF] FROM !IR ORIG9AL =M MU* 
MORE ?AN ! WILD K9DS DIFF] FROM EA* O!R4 

,IF WE %\LD ASK AN ANIMAL-BRE$] TO RAISE A LONG-NECK$ ANIMAL FROM A 
%ORT-NECK$ ONE1 IT W\LD NOT APPE> TO HIM AN IMPOSSIBILITY4 ,ALL HE W\LD HAVE 
TO DO W\LD BE TO *OOSE ?OSE HAV+ P>TLY LONG] NECKS1 HAVE !M 9T]-BR$1 
KILL ! Y\NG ONES HAV+ N>R[ NECKS & AGA9 HAVE ! LONG-NECK$ 
9T]-BRE$4 ,IF HE REPEAT$ ?IS AT EV]Y NEW G5]ATION ! RESULT W\LD BE 
?AT ! NECK W\LD EV] BECOME LONG] & HE W\LD GET AN ANIMAL RESEMBL+ ! 
GIRAFFE4 

,?IS RESULT IS A*IEV$ BECAUSE !RE IS A DEF9ITE WILL ) A DEF9ITE 
OBJECT1 :I*1 TO RAISE A C]TA9 V>IETY1 *OOSES C]TA9 ANIMALS4 ,9 NATURE 
!RE IS NO SU* WILL1 & ALL ! DEVIATIONS MU/ AGA9 BE /RAI<T5$ \T BY 
9T]BRE$+1 SO ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = AN ANIMAL TO KEEP ON DEP>T+ FROM 
! ORIG9AL /OCK & KEEP GO+ 9 ! SAME DIRECTION UNTIL IT BECOMES AN 
5TIRELY DIFF]5T SPECIES4 ,:]E !N1 IS ?AT P[] 9 NATURE ?AT *OOSES ! 
ANIMALS JU/ AS ! BRE$] DOES8 

,D>W9 POND]$ ?IS PROBLEM LONG BE=E HE F\ND ITS SOLUTION 9 ! 
0/RUGGLE = EXI/5CE40 ,9 ?IS !ORY WE HAVE A REFLEX ( ! 
PRODUCTIVE SY/EM ( ! TIME 9 :I* ,D>W9 LIV$1 BECAUSE IT WAS ! 
CAPITALI/ COMPETITIVE /RUGGLE :I* S]V$ HIM AS A PICTURE = ! /RUGGLE 
= EXI/5CE PREVAIL+ 9 NATURE4 ,IT WAS NOT ?R\< HIS [N OBS]VATION ?AT 
?IS SOLUTION PRES5T$ ITSELF TO HIM4 ,IT CAME TO HIM BY HIS READ+ ! WORKS 
( ! ECONOMI/ ,MAL?US4 ,MAL?US TRI$ TO EXPLA9 ?AT 9 \R B\RGEOIS WORLD 
!RE IS SO MU* MIS]Y & />VATION & PRIVATION BECAUSE POPULATION 
9CREASES MU* MORE RAPIDLY ?AN ! EXI/+ MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE4 ,!RE IS NOT 
5\< FOOD = ALL2 PEOPLE MU/ !RE=E /RUGGLE ) EA* O!R = !IR 
EXI/5CE1 & MANY MU/ GO D[N 9 ?IS /RUGGLE4 ,BY ?IS !ORY CAPITALI/ 
COMPETITION AS WELL AS ! MIS]Y EXI/+ W]E DECL>$ AS AN UNAVOIDABLE 
NATURAL LAW4 ,9 HIS AUTOBIOGRAPHY ,D>W9 DECL>ES ?AT IT WAS ,MAL?US' 
BOOK :I* MADE HIM ?9K AB\T ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE4 

0,9 ,OCTOB]1 #a#h#c#h1 ?AT IS1 FIFTE5 MON?S AFT] ,I HAD 
BEGUN MY SY/EMATIC 9QUIRY1 ,I HAPP5$ TO READ = AMUSEM5T ,MAL?US ON 
POPULATION1 & BE+ WELL PREP>$ TO APPRECIATE ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE 
:I* EV]Y:]E GOES ON FROM LONG CONT9U\S OBS]VATION ( ! HABITS ( 
ANIMALS & PLANTS1 IT AT ONCE /RUCK ME ?AT UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES 
FAVORABLE V>IATIONS W\LD T5D TO BE PRES]V$ & UNFAVORABLE ONES TO BE 
DE/ROY$4 ,! RESULT ( ?IS W\LD BE ! =MATION ( NEW SPECIES4 ,H]E1 !N1 
,I HAD AT LA/ GOT A !ORY BY :I* TO WORK40 

,IT IS A FACT ?AT ! 9CREASE 9 ! BIR? ( ANIMALS IS GREAT] ?AN ! 
EXI/+ FOOD P]MITS ( SU/A9+4 ,!RE IS NO EXCEPTION TO ! RULE ?AT ALL 
ORGANIC BE+S T5D TO 9CREASE SO RAPIDLY ?AT \R E>? W\LD BE OV]RUN V]Y 
SOON BY ! (FSPR+ ( A S+LE PAIR1 W]E !SE NOT DE/ROY$4 ,IT IS = ?IS 
REASON ?AT A /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE MU/ >ISE4 ,EV]Y ANIMAL TRIES TO LIVE1 
DOES ITS BE/ TO EAT1 & SEEKS TO AVOID BE+ EAT5 BY O!RS4 ,) ITS 
P>TICUL> PECULI>ITIES & WEAPONS IT /RUGGLES AGA9/ ! 5TIRE 
ANTAGONI/IC WORLD1 AGA9/ ANIMALS1 COLD1 HEAT1 DRYNESS1 9UNDATIONS1 & O!R 
NATURAL OCCURR5CES ?AT MAY ?REAT5 TO DE/ROY IT4 ,ABOVE ALL1 IT /RUGGLES 
) ! ANIMALS ( ITS [N K9D1 :O LIVE 9 ! SAME WAY1 HAVE ! SAME 
PECULI>ITIES1 USE ! SAME WEAPONS & LIVE BY ! SAME N\RI%M5T4 ,?IS 
/RUGGLE IS NOT A DIRECT ONE2 ! H>E DOES NOT /RUGGLE DIRECTLY ) ! H>E1 
NOR ! LION ) ! LION - UNLESS IT IS A /RUGGLE = ! FEMALE - BUT IT IS 
A /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE1 A RACE1 A COMPETITIVE /RUGGLE4 ,ALL ( !M CAN NOT 
REA* A GR[N-UP AGE2 MO/ ( !M >E DE/ROY$1 & ONLY ?OSE :O W9 ! 
RACE REMA94 ,BUT :I* >E ! ONES TO W9 9 ! RACE8 ,?OSE :I*1 ?R\< 
!IR PECULI>ITIES1 ?R\< !IR BODILY /RUCTURES >E BE/ ABLE TO F9D FOOD 
OR TO ESCAPE AN 5EMY2 9 O!R WORDS1 ?OSE :I* >E BE/ ADAPT$ TO EXI/+ 
CONDITIONS WILL SURVIVE4 0,BECAUSE !RE >E EV] MORE 9DIVIDUALS BORN 
?AN CAN REMA9 ALIVE1 ! /RUGGLE AS TO :I* %ALL REMA9 ALIVE MU/ />T 
AGA9 & ?AT CREATURE ?AT HAS SOME ADVANTAGE OV] ! O!RS WILL SURVIVE1 
BUT AS !SE DIV]G+ PECULI>ITIES >E TRANSMITT$ TO ! NEW G5]ATIONS1 
NATURE ITSELF DOES ! *OOS+1 & A NEW G5]ATION WILL >ISE HAV+ *ANG$ 
PECULI>ITIES40 

,H]E WE HAVE ANO!R APPLICATION = ! ORIG9 ( ! GIRAFFE4 ,:5 GRASS 
DOES NOT GR[ 9 SOME PLACES1 ! ANIMALS MU/ N\RI% !MSELVES ON TREE 
LEAVES1 & ALL ?OSE :OSE NECKS >E TOO %ORT TO REA* !SE LEAVES MU/ 
P]I%4 ,9 NATURE ITSELF !RE IS SELECTION1 & NATURE SELECTS ONLY ?OSE 
HAV+ LONG NECKS4 ,9 CON=MITY ) ! SELECTION DONE BY ! ANIMAL BRE$]1 
,D>W9 CALL$ ?IS PROCESS 0NATURAL SELECTION40 

,?IS PROCESS MU/ NECESS>ILY PRODUCE NEW SPECIES4 ,BECAUSE TOO MANY >E BORN 
( A C]TA9 SPECIES1 MORE ?AN ! EXI/+ FOOD SUPPLY CAN SU/A91 !Y >E 
=EV] TRY+ TO SPREAD OV] A L>G] >EA4 ,9 ORD] TO PROCURE !IR FOOD1 
?OSE LIV+ 9 ! WOODS GO TO ! PLA91 ?OSE LIV+ ON ! SOIL GO 9TO ! 
WAT]1 & ?OSE LIV+ ON ! GR\ND CLIMB ON TREES4 ,UND] !SE NEW CONDITIONS 
DIV]G5CE IS NECESS>Y4 ,!SE DIV]G5CIES >E 9CREAS$1 & FROM ! OLD 
SPECIES A NEW ONE DEVELOPS4 ,?IS CONT9U\S MOVEM5T ( EXI/+ SPECIES 
BRAN*+ \T 9TO NEW RELATIONS RESULTS 9 !SE ?\S&S ( DIFF]5T ANIMALS 
*ANG+ /ILL MORE4 

,:ILE ! ,D>W9IAN !ORY EXPLA9S ?US ! G5]AL DESC5T ( ! ANIMALS1 
!IR TRANSMUTATION & =MATION \T ( PRIMITIVE BE+S1 IT EXPLA9S1 AT ! 
SAME TIME1 ! WOND]FUL CON=MITY ?R\<\T NATURE4 ,=M]LY ?IS WOND]FUL 
CON=MITY C\LD ONLY BE EXPLA9$ ?R\< ! WISE SUP]9T5D+ C>E ( ,GOD4 
,N[1 H[EV]1 ?IS NATURAL DESC5T IS CLE>LY UND]/OOD4 ,= ?IS CON=MITY IS 
NO?+ ELSE ?AN ! ADAPTATION TO ! MEANS ( LIFE4 ,EV]Y ANIMAL & EV]Y 
PLANT IS EXACTLY ADAPT$ TO EXI/+ CIRCUM/ANCES1 = ALL ?OSE :OSE BUILD IS 
LESS CON=MABLE >E LESS ADAPT$ & >E EXT]M9AT$ 9 ! /RUGGLE = 
EXI/5CE4 ,! GRE5-FROG1 HAV+ DESC5D$ FROM ! BR[N-FROG1 MU/ PRES]VE 
ITS PROTECT+ COLOR1 = ALL ?OSE ?AT DEVIATE FROM ?IS COLOR >E SOON] 
F\ND BY ! 5EMIES & DE/ROY$ OR F9D GREAT] DIFFICULTY 9 OBTA9+ !IR 
FOOD & MU/ P]I%4 

,IT WAS ?US ?AT ,D>W9 %[$ US1 = ! FIR/ TIME1 ?AT NEW SPECIES 
CONT9UALLY =M$ \T ( OLD ONES4 ,! !ORY ( DESC5T1 :I* UNTIL !N WAS 
M]ELY A PRESUMPTIVE 9F]5CE ( MANY PH5OM5A ?AT C\LD NOT BE EXPLA9$ 
WELL 9 ANY O!R WAY1 GA9$ ! C]TA9TY ( AN ABSOLUTE 9F]5CE ( DEF9ITE 
=CES ?AT C\LD BE PROV$4 ,9 ?IS LIES ! MA9 REASON ?AT ?IS !ORY HAD 
SO QUICKLY DOM9AT$ ! SCI5TIFIC DISCUSSIONS & PUBLIC ATT5TION4 

,I,I4 ,M>XISM 

,IF WE TURN TO ,M>XISM WE IMM$IATELY SEE A GREAT CON=MITY ) 
,D>W9ISM4 ,AS ) ,D>W91 ! SCI5TIFIC IMPORTANCE ( ,M>X'S WORK 
CONSI/S 9 ?IS1 ?AT HE DISCOV]$ ! PROPELL+ =CE1 ! CAUSE ( SOCIAL 
DEVELOPM5T4 ,HE DID NOT HAVE TO PROVE ?AT SU* A DEVELOPM5T WAS TAK+ PLACE2 
EV]Y ONE KNEW ?AT FROM ! MO/ PRIMITIVE TIMES NEW SOCIAL =MS EV] 
SUPPLANT$ OLD]1 BUT ! CAUSES & AIMS ( ?IS DEVELOPM5T W]E UNKN[N4 

,9 HIS !ORY ,M>X />T$ ) ! 9=MATION AT H& 9 HIS TIME4 ,! 
GREAT POLITICAL REVOLUTION ?AT GAVE ,EUROPE ! ASPECT IT HAD1 ! ,FR5* 
,REVOLUTION1 WAS KN[N TO EV]YONE TO HAVE BE5 A /RUGGLE = SUPREMACY1 WAG$ 
BY ! B\RGEOIS AGA9/ NOBILITY & ROYALTY4 ,AFT] ?IS /RUGGLE NEW CLASS 
/RUGGLES ORIG9AT$4 ,! /RUGGLE C>RI$ ON 9 ,5GL& BY ! MANUFACTUR+ 
CAPITALI/S AGA9/ ! L&[N]S DOM9AT$ POLITICS2 AT ! SAME TIME ! 
WORK+ CLASS REVOLT$ AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,:AT W]E ALL !SE CLASSES8 
,:]E9 DID !Y DIFF] FROM EA* O!R8 ,M>X PROV$ ?AT !SE CLASS 
DI/9CTIONS W]E [+ TO ! V>I\S FUNCTIONS EA* ONE PLAY$ 9 ! 
PRODUCTIVE PROCESS4 ,IT IS 9 ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS ?AT CLASSES HAVE !IR 
ORIG91 & IT IS ?IS PROCESS :I* DET]M9ES TO :AT CLASS ONE BELONGS4 
,PRODUCTION IS NO?+ ELSE ?AN ! SOCIAL LABOR PROCESS BY :I* M5 OBTA9 
!IR MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE FROM NATURE4 ,IT IS ! PRODUCTION ( ! MAT]IAL 
NECESSITIES ( LIFE ?AT =MS ! MA9 /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY & ?AT DET]M9ES 
! POLITICAL RELATIONS & SOCIAL /RUGGLES4 

,! ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION HAVE CONT9U\SLY *ANG$ ) ! PROGRESS ( 
TIME4 ,:5CE CAME !SE *ANGES8 ,! MANN] ( LABOR & ! PRODUCTIVE 
RELATION%IP DEP5D UPON ! TOOLS ) :I* PEOPLE WORK1 UPON ! DEVELOPM5T 
( TE*NIQUE & UPON ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION 9 G5]AL4 ,BECAUSE 9 ! ,MIDDLE 
,AGES PEOPLE WORK$ ) CRUDE TOOLS1 :ILE N[ !Y WORK ) GIGANTIC 
MA*9]Y1 WE HAD AT ?AT TIME SMALL TRADE & FEUDALISM1 :ILE N[ WE HAVE 
CAPITALISM2 IT IS ALSO = ?IS REASON ?AT AT ?AT TIME ! FEUDAL NOBILITY & 
! SMALL B\RGEOISIE W]E ! MO/ IMPORTANT CLASSES1 :ILE N[ IT IS ! 
B\RGEOISIE & ! PROLET>IANS :I* >E ! CLASSES4 

,IT IS ! DEVELOPM5T ( TOOLS1 ( !SE TE*NICAL AIDS :I* M5 DIRECT1 
:I* IS ! MA9 CAUSE1 ! PROPELL+ =CE ( ALL SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT IS 
SELF-UND]/OOD ?AT ! PEOPLE >E EV] TRY+ TO IMPROVE !SE TOOLS SO ?AT 
!IR LABOR BE EASI] & MORE PRODUCTIVE1 & ! PRACTICE !Y ACQUIRE 9 
US+ !SE TOOLS1 LEADS !IR ?\<TS UPON FUR!R IMPROVEM5TS4 ,[+ TO ?IS 
DEVELOPM5T1 A SL[ OR QUICK PROGRESS ( TE*NIQUE TAKES PLACE1 :I* AT ! 
SAME TIME *ANGES ! SOCIAL =MS ( LABOR4 ,?IS LEADS TO NEW CLASS RELATIONS1 
NEW SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS & NEW CLASSES4 ,AT ! SAME TIME SOCIAL1 I4 E41 
POLITICAL /RUGGLES >ISE4 ,?OSE CLASSES PR$OM9AT+ UND] ! OLD PROCESS ( 
PRODUCTION TRY TO PRES]VE >TIFICIALLY !IR 9/ITUTIONS1 :ILE ! RIS+ 
CLASSES TRY TO PROMOTE ! NEW PROCESS ( PRODUCTION2 & BY WAG+ ! CLASS 
/RUGGLES AGA9/ ! RUL+ CLASS & BY CONQU]+ !M !Y PAVE ! WAY = 
! FUR!R UNH9D]$ DEVELOPM5T ( TE*NIQUE4 

,?US ! ,M>XIAN !ORY DISCLOS$ ! PROPELL+ =CE & ! ME*ANISM ( 
SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 DO+ ?IS IT HAS PROV$ ?AT HI/ORY IS NOT SOME?+ 
IRREGUL>1 & ?AT ! V>I\S SOCIAL SY/EMS >E NOT ! RESULT ( *ANCE OR 
HAPHAZ>D EV5TS1 BUT ?AT !RE IS A REGUL> DEVELOPM5T 9 A DEF9ITE 
DIRECTION4 ,9 DO+ ?IS IT WAS ALSO PROV$ ?AT SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T DOES NOT 
CEASE ) \R SY/EM1 BECAUSE TE*NIQUE CONT9UALLY DEVELOPS4 

,?US1 BO? TEA*+S1 ! TEA*+S ( ,D>W9 & ( ,M>X1 ! ONE 9 ! 
DOMA9 ( ! ORGANIC WORLD & ! O!R UPON ! FIELD ( HUMAN SOCIETY1 
RAIS$ ! !ORY ( EVOLUTION TO A POSITIVE SCI5CE4 

,9 DO+ ?IS !Y MADE ! !ORY ( EVOLUTION ACCEPTABLE TO ! MASSES AS 
! BASIC CONCEPTION ( SOCIAL & BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,I,I,I4 ,M>XISM & ! ,CLASS ,/RUGGLE 

,:ILE IT IS TRUE ?AT = A C]TA9 !ORY TO HAVE A LA/+ 
9FLU5CE ON ! HUMAN M9D IT MU/ HAVE A HI<LY SCI5TIFIC VALUE1 YET ?IS 9 
ITSELF IS NOT 5\<4 ,IT QUITE (T5 HAPP5$ ?AT A SCI5TIFIC !ORY WAS ( 
UTMO/ IMPORTANCE TO SCI5CE1 NEV]!LESS1 ) ! PROBABLE EXCEPTION ( A FEW 
LE>N$ M51 IT EVOK$ NO 9T]E/ :ATSOEV]4 ,SU*1 = 9/ANCE1 WAS 
,NEWTON'S !ORY ( GRAVITATION4 ,?IS !ORY IS ! F\NDATION ( 
A/RONOMY1 & IT IS [+ TO ?IS !ORY ?AT WE HAVE \R KN[L$GE ( HEAV5LY 
BODIES1 & CAN =ETELL ! >RIVAL ( C]TA9 PLANETS & ECLIPSES4 ,YET1 :5 
,NEWTON'S !ORY ( GRAVITATION MADE ITS APPE>ANCE1 A FEW ,5GLI% 
SCI5TI/S W]E ITS ONLY ADH]5TS4 ,! BROAD MASS PAID NO ATT5TION TO ?IS 
!ORY4 ,IT FIR/ BECAME KN[N TO ! MASS BY A POPUL> BOOK ( ,VOLTAIRE'S 
WRITT5 A HALF C5TURY AFT]W>DS4 

,!RE IS NO?+ SURPRIS+ AB\T ?IS4 ,SCI5CE HAS BECOME A SPECIALTY = A 
C]TA9 GR\P ( LE>N$ M51 & ITS PROGRESS CONC]NS !SE M5 ONLY1 JU/ AS 
SMELT+ IS ! SMI?'S SPECIALTY1 & AN IMPROVEM5T 9 ! SMELT+ ( 
IRON CONC]NS HIM ONLY4 ,ONLY ?AT :I* ALL PEOPLE CAN MAKE USE ( & :I* IS 
F\ND BY EV]YONE TO BE A LIFE NECESSITY CAN GA9 ADH]5TS AMONG ! L>GE 
MASS4 ,:51 !RE=E1 WE SEE ?AT A C]TA9 SCI5TIFIC !ORY /IRS UP ZEAL & 
PASSION 9 ! L>GE MASS1 ?IS CAN BE ATTRIBUT$ TO ! FACT ?AT ?IS !ORY 
S]VES !M AS A WEAPON 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,= IT IS ! CLASS /RUGGLE ?AT 
5GAGES ALMO/ ALL ! PEOPLE4 

,?IS CAN BE SE5 MO/ CLE>LY 9 ,M>XISM4 ,W]E ! ,M>XIAN ECONOMIC TEA*+S 
( NO IMPORTANCE 9 ! MOD]N CLASS /RUGGLE1 !N NONE BUT A FEW PR(ESSIONAL 
ECONOMI/S W\LD SP5D !IR TIME ON !M4 ,IT IS1 H[EV]1 [+ TO ! FACT 
?AT ,M>XISM S]VES ! PROLET>IANS AS A WEAPON 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ 
CAPITALISM ?AT ! SCI5TIFIC /RUGGLES >E C5T]$ ON ?IS !ORY4 ,IT IS 
[+ TO ?IS S]VICE ?AT ,M>X'S NAME IS HONOR$ BY MILLIONS :O KN[ 
EV5 V]Y LITTLE ( HIS TEA*+1 & IS DESPIS$ BY ?\S&S ?AT UND]/& 
NO?+ ( HIS !ORY4 ,IT IS [+ TO ! GREAT ROLE ! ,M>XIAN !ORY PLAYS 9 
! CLASS /RUGGLE ?AT HIS !ORY IS DILIG5TLY /UDI$ BY ! L>GE MASS & 
?AT IT DOM9ATES ! HUMAN M9D4 

,! PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE EXI/$ BE=E ,M>X = IT IS ! (FSPR+ ( 
CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION4 ,IT WAS NO?+ MORE ?AN NATURAL ?AT ! WORK]S1 
BE+ EXPLOIT$1 %\LD ?9K AB\T & DEM& ANO!R SY/EM ( SOCIETY :]E 
EXPLOITATION W\LD BE ABOLI%$4 ,BUT ALL !Y C\LD DO WAS TO HOPE & DREAM 
AB\T IT4 ,!Y W]E NOT SURE ( ITS COM+ TO PASS4 ,M>X GAVE TO ! LABOR 
MOVEM5T & ,SOCIALISM A !ORETICAL F\NDATION4 ,HIS SOCIAL !ORY %[$ ?AT 
SOCIAL SY/EMS W]E 9 A CONT9U\S FL[ :]E9 CAPITALISM WAS ONLY A TEMPOR>Y 
=M4 ,HIS /UDIES ( CAPITALISM %[$ ?AT [+ TO ! CONT9U\S DEVELOPM5T 
( P]FECTION ( TE*NIQUE1 CAPITALISM MU/ NECESS>ILY DEVELOP TO ,SOCIALISM4 
,?IS NEW SY/EM ( PRODUCTION CAN ONLY BE E/ABLI%$ BY ! PROLET>IANS 
/RUGGL+ AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/S1 :OSE 9T]E/ IT IS TO MA9TA9 ! OLD 
SY/EM ( PRODUCTION4 ,SOCIALISM IS !RE=E ! FRUIT & AIM ( ! 
PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE4 

,?ANKS TO ,M>X1 ! PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE TOOK ON AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T 
=M4 ,M>XISM BECAME A WEAPON 9 ! PROLET>IAN H&S2 9 PLACE ( VAGUE HOPES 
HE GAVE A POSITIVE AIM1 & 9 TEA*+ A CLE> RECOGNITION ( ! SOCIAL 
DEVELOPM5T HE GAVE /R5G? TO ! PROLET>IAN & AT ! SAME TIME HE CREAT$ 
! F\NDATION = ! CORRECT TACTICS TO BE PURSU$4 ,IT IS FROM ,M>XISM ?AT 
! WORK+M5 CAN PROVE ! TRANSITOR9ESS ( CAPITALISM & ! NECESSITY & 
C]TA9TY ( !IR VICTORY4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ,M>XISM HAS DONE AWAY ) ! OLD 
UTOPIAN VIEWS ?AT ,SOCIALISM W\LD BE BR\<T AB\T BY ! 9TELLIG5CE & GOOD 
WILL ( SOME JUDICI\S M52 AS IF ,SOCIALISM W]E A DEM& = JU/ICE & 
MORALITY2 AS IF ! OBJECT W]E TO E/ABLI% AN 9FALLIBLE & P]FECT SOCIETY4 
,JU/ICE & MORALITY *ANGE ) ! PRODUCTIVE SY/EM1 & EV]Y CLASS HAS 
DIFF]5T CONCEPTIONS ( !M4 ,SOCIALISM CAN ONLY BE GA9$ BY ! CLASS :OSE 
9T]E/ LIES 9 ,SOCIALISM1 & IT IS NOT A QUE/ION AB\T A P]FECT SOCIAL 
SY/EM1 BUT A *ANGE 9 ! ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION LEAD+ TO A HI<] /EP1 I4 
E41 TO SOCIAL PRODUCTION4 

,BECAUSE ! ,M>XIAN !ORY ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T IS 9DISP5SABLE TO ! 
PROLET>IANS 9 !IR /RUGGLE1 !Y1 ! PROLET>IANS1 TRY TO MAKE IT A P>T ( 
!IR 9N] SELF2 IT DOM9ATES !IR ?\<TS1 !IR FEEL+S1 !IR 5TIRE 
CONCEPTION ( ! WORLD4 ,BECAUSE ,M>XISM IS ! !ORY ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 9 
! MID/ ( :I* WE /&1 !RE=E ,M>XISM ITSELF /&S AT ! C5TRAL 
PO9T ( ! GREAT M5TAL /RUGGLES ?AT ACCOMPANY \R ECONOMIC REVOLUTION4 

,I,V4 ,D>W9ISM & ! ,CLASS ,/RUGGLE 

,?AT ,M>XISM [ES ITS IMPORTANCE & POSITION ONLY TO ! ROLE IT 
TAKES 9 ! PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE1 IS KN[N TO ALL4 ,) ,D>W9ISM1 
H[EV]1 ?+S SEEM DIFF]5T TO ! SUP]FICIAL OBS]V]1 = ,D>W9ISM DEALS 
) A NEW SCI5TIFIC TRU? :I* HAS TO CONT5D ) RELIGI\S PREJUDICES & 
IGNORANCE4 ,YET IT IS NOT H>D TO SEE ?AT 9 REALITY ,D>W9ISM HAD TO UND]GO 
! SAME EXP]I5CES AS ,M>XISM4 ,D>W9ISM IS NOT A M]E AB/RACT !ORY :I* 
WAS ADOPT$ BY ! SCI5TIFIC WORLD AFT] DISCUSS+ & TE/+ IT 9 A M]E 
OBJECTIVE MANN]4 ,NO1 IMM$IATELY AFT] ,D>W9ISM MADE ITS APPE>ANCE1 IT HAD 
ITS 5?USIA/IC ADVOCATES & PASSIONATE OPPON5TS2 ,D>W9'S NAME1 TOO1 
WAS EI!R HI<LY HONOR$ BY PEOPLE :O UND]/OOD SOME?+ ( HIS !ORY1 OR 
DESPIS$ BY PEOPLE :O KNEW NO?+ MORE ( HIS !ORY ?AN ?AT 0MAN 
DESC5D$ FROM ! MONKEY10 & :O W]E SURELY UNQUALIFI$ TO JUDGE FROM 
A SCI5TIFIC /&PO9T ! CORRECTNESS OR FALSITY ( ,D>W9'S !ORY4 
,D>W9ISM1 TOO1 PLAY$ A ROLE 9 ! CLASS-/RUGGLE1 & IT IS [+ TO ?IS 
ROLE ?AT IT SPREAD SO RAPIDLY & HAD 5?USIA/IC ADVOCATES & V5OM\S 
OPPON5TS4 

,D>W9ISM S]V$ AS A TOOL TO ! B\RGEOISIE 9 !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! 
FEUDAL CLASS1 AGA9/ ! NOBILITY1 CL]GY-RI<TS & FEUDAL LORDS4 ,?IS WAS AN 
5TIRELY DIFF]5T /RUGGLE FROM ! /RUGGLE N[ WAG$ BY ! PROLET>IANS4 ,! 
B\RGEOISIE WAS NOT AN EXPLOIT$ CLASS /RIV+ TO ABOLI% EXPLOITATION4 ,OH NO4 
,:AT ! B\RGEOISIE WANT$ WAS TO GET RID ( ! OLD RUL+ P[]S /&+ 9 
!IR WAY4 ,! B\RGEOISIE !MSELVES WANT$ TO RULE1 BAS+ !IR DEM&S UPON 
! FACT ?AT !Y W]E ! MO/ IMPORTANT CLASS1 ! LEAD]S ( 9DU/RY4 ,:AT 
>GUM5T C\LD ! OLD CLASS1 ! CLASS ?AT BECAME NO?+ BUT USELESS 
P>ASITES1 BR+ =? AGA9/ !M8 ,!Y LEAN$ ON TRADITION1 ON !IR ANCI5T 
DIV9E RI<TS4 ,!SE W]E !IR PILL>S4 ,) ! AID ( RELIGION ! PRIE/S 
HELD ! GREAT MASS 9 SUBJECTION & READY TO OPPOSE ! DEM&S ( ! 
B\RGEOISIE4 

,IT WAS !RE=E = !IR [N 9T]E/S ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE W]E 9 DUTY 
B\ND TO UND]M9E ! 0DIV9ITY0 RI<T ( RUL]S4 ,NATURAL SCI5CE 
BECAME A WEAPON 9 ! OPPOSITION TO BELIEF & TRADITION2 SCI5CE & ! NEWLY 
DISCOV]$ NATURAL LAWS W]E PUT =W>D2 IT WAS ) !SE WEAPONS ?AT ! 
B\RGEOISIE F\<T4 ,IF ! NEW DISCOV]IES C\LD PROVE ?AT :AT ! PRIE/S 
W]E TEA*+ WAS FALSE1 ! 0DIV9E0 AU?ORITY ( !SE PRIE/S 
W\LD CRUMBLE & ! 0DIV9E RI<TS0 5JOY$ BY ! FEUDAL CLASS 
W\LD BE DE/ROY$4 ,( C\RSE ! FEUDAL CLASS WAS NOT CONQU]$ BY ?IS ONLY1 
AS MAT]IAL P[] CAN ONLY BE OV]?R[N BY MAT]IAL P[]1 BUT M5TAL WEAPONS 
BECOME MAT]IAL TOOLS4 ,IT IS = ?IS REASON ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE RELI$ SO MU* 
UPON MAT]IAL SCI5CE4 

,D>W9ISM CAME AT ! DESIR$ TIME2 ,D>W9'S !ORY ?AT MAN IS ! 
DESC5DANT ( A L[] ANIMAL DE/ROY$ ! 5TIRE F\NDATION ( ,*RI/IAN DOGMA4 
,IT IS = ?IS REASON ?AT AS SOON AS ,D>W9ISM MADE ITS APPE>ANCE1 ! 
B\RGEOISIE GRASP$ IT ) GREAT ZEAL4 

,?IS WAS NOT ! CASE 9 ,5GL&4 ,H]E WE AGA9 SEE H[ IMPORTANT ! CLASS 
/RUGGLE WAS = ! SPREAD+ ( ,D>W9'S !ORY4 ,9 ,5GL& ! 
B\RGEOISIE HAD ALREADY RUL$ A FEW C5TURIES1 & AS A MASS !Y HAD NO 
9T]E/ TO ATTACK OR DE/ROY RELIGION4 ,IT IS = ?IS REASON ?AT AL?\< ?IS 
!ORY WAS WIDELY READ 9 ,5GL&1 IT DID NOT /IR ANYBODY2 IT M]ELY REMA9$ A 
SCI5TIFIC !ORY )\T GREAT PRACTICAL IMPORTANCE4 ,D>W9 HIMSELF CONSID]$ 
IT AS SU*1 & = FE> ?AT HIS !ORY MI<T %OCK ! RELIGI\S PREJUDICES 
PREVAIL+1 HE PURPOSELY AVOID$ APPLY+ IT IMM$IATELY TO M54 ,IT WAS ONLY 
AFT] NUM]\S PO/PONEM5TS & AFT] O!RS HAD DONE IT BE=E HIM1 ?AT HE 
DECID$ TO MAKE ?IS /EP4 ,9 A LETT] TO ,HAECKEL HE DEPLOR$ ! FACT ?AT HIS 
!ORY MU/ HIT UPON SO MANY PREJUDICES & SO MU* 9DIFF]5CE ?AT HE DID NOT 
EXPECT TO LIVE LONG 5\< TO SEE IT BREAK ?R\< !SE OB/ACLES4 

,BUT 9 ,G]MANY ?+S W]E 5TIRELY DIFF]5T1 & ,HAECKEL CORRECTLY ANSW]$ 
,D>W9 ?AT 9 ,G]MANY ! ,D>W9IAN !ORY MET ) AN 5?USIA/IC RECEPTION4 
,IT SO HAPP5$ ?AT :5 ,D>W9'S !ORY MADE ITS APPE>ANCE1 ! 
B\RGEOISIE WAS PREP>+ TO C>RY ON A NEW ATTACK ON ABSOLUTISM & JUNK]ISM4 
,! LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE WAS HEAD$ BY ! 9TELLECTUALS4 ,]NE/ ,HAECKEL1 A GREAT 
SCI5TI/1 & ( /ILL GREAT] D>+1 IMM$IATELY DREW 9 HIS BOOK1 
0,NATURAL ,CREATION10 MO/ D>+ CONCLUSIONS AGA9/ RELIGION4 ,SO1 
:ILE ,D>W9ISM MET ) ! MO/ 5?USIA/IC RECEPTION BY ! PROGRESSIVE 
B\RGEOISIE1 IT WAS ALSO BITT]LY OPPOS$ BY ! REACTIONI/S4 

,! SAME /RUGGLE ALSO TOOK PLACE 9 O!R ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES4 ,EV]Y:]E ! 
PROGRESSIVE LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE HAD TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ REACTION>Y P[]S4 
,!SE REACTIONI/S POSSESS$1 OR W]E TRY+ TO OBTA9 ?R\< RELIGI\S 
FOLL[]S1 ! P[] COVET$4 ,UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES1 EV5 ! SCI5TIFIC 
DISCUSSIONS W]E C>RI$ ON ) ! ZEAL & PASSION ( A CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,! 
WRIT+S ?AT APPE>$ PRO & CON ON ,D>W9 HAVE !RE=E ! *>ACT] ( 
SOCIAL POLEMICS1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT !Y BE> ! NAMES ( SCI5TIFIC 
AU?ORS4 ,MANY ( ,HAECKEL'S POPUL> WRIT+S1 :5 LOOK$ AT FROM A 
SCI5TIFIC /&PO9T1 >E V]Y SUP]FICIAL1 :ILE ! >GUM5TS & 
REMON/RANCES ( HIS OPPON5TS %[ UNBELIEVABLE FOOLI%NESS ?AT CAN ONLY BE 
MET :I* ONLY F9D !IR EQUAL 9 ! >GUM5TS US$ AGA9/ ,M>X4 

,! /RUGGLE C>RI$ ON BY ! LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE AGA9/ FEUDALISM WAS NOT 
F\<T TO ITS F9I%4 ,?IS WAS P>TLY [+ TO ! FACT ?AT EV]Y:]E 
,SOCIALI/ PROLET>IANS MADE !IR APPE>ANCE1 ?REAT5+ ALL RUL+ P[]S1 
9CLUD+ ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE REL5T$1 :ILE ! 
REACTION>Y T5D5CIES GA9$ AN UPP] H&4 ,! =M] ZEAL 9 COMBAT+ 
RELIGION DISAPPE>$ 5TIRELY1 & :ILE IT IS TRUE ?AT ! LIB]ALS & 
REACTIONI/S W]E /ILL FI<T+ AMONG EA* O!R1 9 REALITY1 H[EV]1 !Y 
NE>$ EA* O!R4 ,! 9T]E/ =M]LY MANIFE/$ 9 SCI5CE AS A WEAPON 9 
! CLASS /RUGGLE1 HAS 5TIRELY DISAPPE>$1 :ILE ! REACTION>Y T5D5CY 
?AT ! MASSES MU/ BE BR\<T TO RELIGION1 BECAME EV] MORE PRON\NC$4 

,! E/IMATION ( SCI5CE HAS ALSO UND]GONE A *ANGE4 ,=M]LY ! $UCAT$ 
B\RGEOISIE F\ND$ UPON SCI5CE A MAT]IALI/IC CONCEPTION ( ! UNIV]SE1 
:]E9 !Y SAW ! SOLUTION ( ! UNIV]SAL RIDDLE4 ,N[ MY/ICISM HAS GA9$ 
! UPP] H&2 ALL ?AT WAS SOLV$ APPE>$ AS V]Y TRIVIAL1 :ILE ALL ?+S 
?AT REMA9$ UNSOLV$1 APPE>$ AS V]Y GREAT 9DE$1 EMBRAC+ ! MO/ 
IMPORTANT LIFE QUE/ION4 ,A SKEPTICAL1 CRITICAL & D\BT+ FRAME ( M9D HAS 
TAK5 ! PLACE ( ! =M] JUBILANT SPIRIT 9 FAVOR ( SCI5CE4 

,?IS C\LD ALSO BE SE5 9 ! /& TAK5 AGA9/ ,D>W94 0,:AT DOES 
HIS !ORY %[8 ,IT LEAVES UNSOLV$ ! UNIV]SAL RIDDLE6 ,:5CE COMES ?IS 
WOND]FUL NATURE ( TRANSMISSION1 :5CE ! ABILITY ( ANIMATE BE+S TO *ANGE 
SO FITLY80 ,H]E LIES ! MY/]I\S LIFE RIDDLE ?AT C\LD NOT BE OV]COME 
) ME*ANICAL PR9CIPLES4 ,!N1 :AT WAS LEFT ( ,D>W9ISM 9 ! LI<T ( 
LAT] CRITICISM8 

,( C\RSE1 ! ADVANCE ( SCI5CE BEGAN TO MAKE RAPID PROGRESS4 ,! SOLUTION 
( ONE PROBLEM ALWAYS BR+S A FEW MORE PROBLEMS TO ! SURFACE TO BE SOLV$1 
:I* W]E HIDD5 UND]NEA? ! !ORY ( TRANSMISSION4 ,?IS !ORY1 ?AT 
,D>W9 HAD TO ACCEPT AS A BASIS ( 9QUIRY1 WAS EV] MORE 9VE/IGAT$1 & A 
HOT DISCUSSION >OSE AB\T ! 9DIVIDUAL FACTORS ( DEVELOPM5T & ! 
/RUGGLE = EXI/5CE4 ,:ILE A FEW SCI5TI/S DIRECT$ !IR ATT5TION TO 
V>IATION1 :I* !Y CONSID]$ DUE TO EX]CISE & ADAPTATION TO LIFE 
7FOLL[+ ! PR9CIPLE LAID D[N BY ,LAM>CK7 ?IS IDEA WAS EXPRESSLY D5I$ BY 
SCI5TI/S LIKE ,WEISSMAN & O!RS4 ,:ILE ,D>W9 ONLY ASSUM$ GRADUAL & SL[ 
*ANGES1 ,DE ,VRIES F\ND SUDD5 & LEAP+ CASES ( V>IATION RESULT+ 9 ! 
SUDD5 APPE>ANCE ( NEW SPECIES4 ,ALL ?IS1 :ILE IT W5T TO /R5G!N & 
DEVELOP ! !ORY ( DESC5T1 9 SOME CASES MADE ! IMPRESSION ?AT ! NEW 
DISCOV]IES R5T ASUND] ! ,D>W9IAN !ORY1 & !RE=E EV]Y NEW DISCOV]Y 
?AT MADE IT APPE> SO WAS HAIL$ BY ! REACTIONI/S AS A BANKRUPTCY ( 
,D>W9ISM4 ,?IS SOCIAL CONCEPTION HAD ITS 9FLU5CE ON SCI5CE4 ,REACTION>Y 
SCI5TI/S CLAIM$ ?AT A SPIRITUAL ELEM5T IS NECESS>Y4 ,! SUP]NATURAL & 
9SOLVABLE HAS TAK5 ! PLACE ( ,D>W9ISM & ?AT CLASS :I* 9 ! 
BEG9N+ WAS ! BANN] BE>] ( ,D>W9ISM BECAME EV] MORE REACTION>Y4 

,V4 ,D>W9ISM V]SUS ,SOCIALISM 

,D>W9ISM HAS BE5 ( 9E/IMABLE S]VICE TO ! B\RGEOISIE 9 
ITS /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! OLD P[]S4 ,IT WAS !RE=E ONLY NATURAL ?AT 
B\RGEOISDOM %\LD APPLY IT AGA9/ ITS LAT] 5EMY1 ! PROLET>IANS2 NOT 
BECAUSE ! PROLET>IANS W]E ANTAGONI/ICALLY DISPOS$ TO ,D>W9ISM1 BUT JU/ 
! REV]SE4 ,AS SOON AS ,D>W9ISM MADE ITS APPE>ANCE1 ! PROLET>IAN VANGU>D1 
! ,SOCIALI/S1 HAIL$ ! ,D>W9IAN !ORY1 BECAUSE 9 ,D>W9ISM !Y SAW A 
CORROBORATION & COMPLETION ( !IR [N !ORY2 NOT AS SOME SUP]FICIAL 
OPPON5TS BELIEVE1 ?AT !Y WANT$ TO BASE ,SOCIALISM UPON ,D>W9ISM BUT 9 ! 
S5SE ?AT ! ,D>W9IAN DISCOV]Y1 - ?AT EV5 9 ! APP>5TLY /AGNANT 
ORGANIC WORLD !RE IS A CONT9U\S DEVELOPM5T - IS A GLORI\S 
CORROBORATION & COMPLETION ( ! ,M>XIAN !ORY ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,YET IT WAS NATURAL = ! B\RGEOISIE TO MAKE USE ( ,D>W9ISM AGA9/ ! 
PROLET>IANS4 ,! B\RGEOISIE HAD TO CONT5D ) TWO >MIES1 & ! 
REACTION>Y CLASSES KN[ ?IS FULL WELL4 ,:5 ! B\RGEOISIE ATTACKS !IR 
AU?ORITY1 !Y PO9T AT ! PROLET>IANS & CAUTION ! B\RGEOISIE TO BEW>E 
LE/ ALL AU?ORITY CRUMBLE4 ,9 DO+ ?IS1 ! REACTIONI/S MEAN TO FRI<T5 ! 
B\RGEOISIE SO ?AT !Y MAY DESI/ FROM ANY REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY4 ,( C\RSE1 
! B\RGEOIS REPRES5TATIVES ANSW] ?AT !RE IS NO?+ TO FE>2 ?AT !IR 
SCI5CE BUT REFUTES ! GR\NDLESS AU?ORITY ( ! NOBILITY & SUPPORTS !M 
9 !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ 5EMIES ( ORD]4 

,AT A CONGRESS ( NATURALI/S1 ! REACTION>Y POLITICIAN & SCI5TI/ 
,VIR*[ ASSAIL$ ! ,D>W9IAN !ORY ON ! GR\ND ?AT IT SUPPORT$ ,SOCIALISM4 
0,BE C>EFUL ( ?IS !ORY10 HE SAID TO ! ,D>W9I/S1 0= 
?IS !ORY IS V]Y NE>LY RELAT$ TO ! !ORY ?AT CAUS$ SO MU* DREAD 9 
\R NEI<BOR+ C\NTRY40 ,?IS ALLUSION TO ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 MADE 9 ! 
YE> FAM\S = ! HUNT+ ( ,SOCIALI/S1 MU/ HAVE HAD A GREAT EFFECT4 ,:AT 
%ALL BE SAID1 H[EV]1 AB\T ! SCI5CE ( A PR(ESSOR :O ATTACKS ,D>W9ISM 
) ! >GUM5T ?AT IT IS NOT CORRECT BECAUSE IT IS DANG]\S6 ,?IS REPROA*1 
( BE+ 9 LEAGUE ) ! R$ REVOLUTIONI/S1 CAUS$ A LOT ( ANNOYANCE TO 
,HAECKEL1 ! DEF5DANT ( ?IS !ORY4 ,HE C\LD NOT /& IT4 ,IMM$IATELY 
AFT]W>DS HE TRI$ TO DEMON/RATE ?AT IT IS JU/ ! ,D>W9IAN !ORY ?AT 
%[S ! UNT5ABL5ESS ( ! ,SOCIALI/ DEM&S1 & ?AT ,D>W9ISM & 
,SOCIALISM 05DURE EA* O!R AS FIRE & WAT]40 

,LET US FOLL[ ,HAECKEL'S CONT5TIONS1 :OSE MA9 ?\<TS RE-OCCUR 9 
MO/ AU?ORS :O BASE !IR >GUM5TS AGA9/ ,SOCIALISM ON ,D>W9ISM4 

,SOCIALISM IS A !ORY :I* PRESUPPOSES NATURAL EQUALITY = PEOPLE1 & 
/RIVES TO BR+ AB\T SOCIAL EQUALITY2 EQUAL RI<TS1 EQUAL DUTIES1 EQUAL 
POSSESSIONS & EQUAL 5JOYM5TS4 ,D>W9ISM1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IS ! SCI5TIFIC 
PRO( ( 9EQUALITY4 ,! !ORY ( DESC5T E/ABLI%ES ! FACT ?AT ANIMAL 
DEVELOPM5T GOES 9 ! DIRECTION ( EV] GREAT] DIFF]5TIATION OR DIVISION ( 
LABOR2 ! HI<] OR MORE P]FECT ! ANIMAL1 ! GREAT] ! 9EQUALITY 
EXI/+4 ,! SAME HOLDS ALSO GOOD 9 SOCIETY4 ,H]E1 TOO1 WE SEE ! GREAT 
DIVISION ( LABOR BETWE5 VOCATIONS1 CLASS1 ETC41 & ! MORE SOCIETY HAS 
DEVELOP$1 ! GREAT] BECOME ! 9EQUALITIES 9 /R5G?1 ABILITY & FACULTY4 
,! !ORY ( DESC5T IS !RE=E TO BE RECOMM5D$ AS 0! BE/ ANTIDOTE 
TO ! ,SOCIALI/ DEM& ( MAK+ ALL EQUAL40 

,! SAME HOLDS GOOD1 BUT TO A GREAT] EXT5T1 ( ! ,D>W9IAN !ORY ( 
SURVIVAL4 ,SOCIALISM WANTS TO ABOLI% COMPETITION & ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE4 
,BUT ,D>W9ISM TEA*ES US ?AT ?IS /RUGGLE IS UNAVOIDABLE & IS A NATURAL LAW 
= ! 5TIRE ORGANIC WORLD4 ,NOT ONLY IS ?IS /RUGGLE NATURAL1 BUT IT IS ALSO 
USEFUL & B5EFICIAL4 ,?IS /RUGGLE BR+S AN EV] GREAT] P]FECTION1 & ?IS 
P]FECTION CONSI/S 9 AN EV] GREAT] EXT]M9ATION ( ! UNFIT4 ,ONLY ! 
*OS5 M9ORITY1 ?OSE :O >E QUALIFI$ TO )/& COMPETITION1 CAN SURVIVE2 
! GREAT MAJORITY MU/ P]I%4 ,MANY >E CALL$1 BUT FEW >E *OS54 ,! 
/RUGGLE = EXI/5CE RESULTS AT ! SAME TIME 9 A VICTORY = ! BE/1 :ILE 
! BAD & UNFIT MU/ P]I%4 ,?IS MAY BE LAM5TABLE1 JU/ AS IT IS LAM5TABLE 
?AT ALL MU/ DIE1 BUT ! FACT CAN NEI!R BE D5I$ NOR *ANG$4 

,WE WI% TO REM>K H]E H[ A SMALL *ANGE ( ALMO/ SIMIL> WORDS S]VES AS A 
DEF5SE ( CAPITALISM4 ,D>W9 SPOKE AB\T ! SURVIVAL ( ! FITTE/1 ( ?OSE 
?AT >E BE/ FITT$ TO ! CONDITIONS4 ,SEE+ ?AT 9 ?IS /RUGGLE ?OSE ?AT 
>E BETT] ORGANIZ$ CONQU] ! O!RS1 ! CONQU]ORS W]E CALL$ ! 
VIGILANT1 & LAT] ! 0BE/40 ,?IS EXPRESSION WAS CO9$ BY 
,H]B]T ,SP5C]4 ,9 ?US W9N+ ON !IR FIELD1 ! CONQU]ORS 9 ! SOCIAL 
/RUGGLE1 ! L>GE CAPITALI/S1 W]E PROCLAIM$ ! BE/ PEOPLE4 

,HAECKEL RETA9$ & /ILL UPHOLDS ?IS CONCEPTION4 ,9 #ahib HE SAID1 

0,D>W9ISM1 OR ! !ORY ( SELECTION1 IS ?OR\<LY 
>I/OCRATIC2 IT IS BAS$ UPON ! SURVIVAL ( ! BE/4 ,! DIVISION ( LABOR 
BR\<T AB\T BY DEVELOPM5T CAUSES AN EV] GREAT] V>IATION 9 *>ACT]1 AN 
EV] GREAT] 9EQUALITY AMONG ! 9DIVIDUALS1 9 !IR ACTIVITY1 $UCATION & 
CONDITION4 ,! HI<] ! ADVANCE ( HUMAN CULTURE1 ! GREAT] ! DIFF]5CE 
& GULF BETWE5 ! V>I\S CLASSES EXI/+4 ,COMMUNISM & ! DEM&S PUT UP 
BY ! ,SOCIALI/S 9 DEM&+ AN EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS & ACTIVITY IS 
SYNONYM\S ) GO+ BACK TO ! PRIMITIVE /AGES ( B>B>ISM40 

,! ,5GLI% PHILOSOPH] ,H]B]T ,SP5C] ALREADY HAD A !ORY ON SOCIAL GR[? 
BE=E ,D>W94 ,?IS WAS ! B\RGEOIS !ORY ( 9DIVIDUALISM1 BAS$ UPON ! 
/RUGGLE = EXI/5CE4 ,LAT] HE BR\<T ?IS !ORY 9TO CLOSE RELATION ) 
,D>W9ISM4 0,9 ! ANIMAL WORLD10 HE SAID1 0! OLD1 WEAK & 
SICK >E EV] ROOT$ \T & ONLY ! /RONG & HEAL?Y SURVIVE4 ,! /RUGGLE 
= EXI/5CE S]VES !RE=E AS A PURIFICATION ( ! RACE1 PROTECT+ IT FROM 
DET]IORATION4 ,?IS IS ! HAPPY EFFECT ( ?IS /RUGGLE1 = IF ?IS /RUGGLE 
%\LD CEASE & EA* ONE W]E SURE ( PROCUR+ ITS EXI/5CE )\T ANY 
/RUGGLE :ATSOEV]1 ! RACE W\LD NECESS>ILY DET]IORATE4 ,! SUPPORT GIV5 
TO ! SICK1 WEAK & UNFIT CAUSES A G5]AL RACE DEG5]ATION4 ,IF SYMPA?Y1 
F9D+ ITS EXPRESSIONS 9 *>ITY1 GOES BEYOND ITS REASONABLE B\NDS1 IT MISSES 
ITS OBJECT2 9/EAD ( DIM9I%+1 IT 9CREASES ! SUFF]+ = ! NEW 
G5]ATIONS4 ,! GOOD EFFECT ( ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE CAN BE/ BE SE5 9 
WILD ANIMALS4 ,!Y >E ALL /RONG & HEAL?Y BECAUSE !Y HAD TO UND]GO 
?\S&S ( DANG]S :]E9 ALL ?OSE ?AT W]E NOT QUALIFI$ HAD TO P]I%4 
,AMONG M5 & DOME/IC ANIMALS SICKNESS & WEAKNESS >E SO G5]AL BECAUSE ! 
SICK & WEAK >E PRES]V$4 ,SOCIALISM1 HAV+ AS ITS AIM TO ABOLI% ! 
/RUGGLE = EXI/5CE 9 ! HUMAN WORLD1 WILL NECESS>ILY BR+ AB\T AN EV] 
GR[+ M5TAL & PHYSICAL DET]IORATION40 

,!SE >E ! MA9 CONT5TIONS ( ?OSE :O USE ,D>W9ISM AS A DEF5SE ( ! 
B\RGEOIS SY/EM4 ,/RONG AS !SE >GUM5TS MI<T APPE> AT FIR/ SI<TS !Y 
W]E NOT H>D = ! ,SOCIALI/S TO OV]COME4 ,TO A L>GE EXT5T1 !Y >E ! 
OLD >GUM5TS US$ AGA9/ ,SOCIALISM1 BUT WE>+ ! NEW G>B ( ,D>W9I/IC 
T]M9OLOGY1 & !Y %[ AN UTT] IGNORANCE ( ,SOCIALISM AS WELL AS ( 
CAPITALISM4 

,?OSE :O COMP>E ! SOCIAL ORGANISM ) ! ANIMAL BODY LEAVE UNCONSID]$ 
! FACT ?AT M5 DO NOT DIFF] LIKE V>I\S CELLS OR ORGANS1 BUT ONLY 9 DEGREE 
( !IR CAPACITY4 ,9 SOCIETY ! DIVISION ( LABOR CANNOT GO SO F> ?AT ALL 
CAPACITIES %\LD P]I% AT ! EXP5SE ( ONE4 ,:AT IS MORE1 EV]YONE :O 
UND]/&S SOME?+ ( ,SOCIALISM KN[S ?AT ! EFFICI5T DIVISION ( LABOR 
DOES NOT CEASE ) ,SOCIALISM2 ?AT FIR/ UND] ,SOCIALISM REAL DIVISIONS WILL BE 
POSSIBLE4 ,! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! WORK]S1 !IR ABILITY1 & EMPLOYM5TS 
WILL NOT CEASE2 ALL ?AT WILL CEASE IS ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 WORK]S & 
EXPLOIT]S4 

,:ILE IT IS POSITIVELY TRUE ?AT 9 ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE ?OSE ANIMALS 
?AT >E /RONG1 HEAL?Y & WELL SURVIVE2 YET ?IS DOES NOT HAPP5 UND] 
CAPITALI/ COMPETITION4 ,H]E VICTORY DOES NOT DEP5D UPON P]FECTION ( ?OSE 
5GAG$ 9 ! /RUGGLE1 BUT 9 SOME?+ ?AT LIES \TSIDE ( !IR BODY4 ,:ILE 
?IS /RUGGLE MAY HOLD GOOD ) ! SMALL B\RGEOIS1 :]E SUCCESS DEP5DS UPON 
P]SONAL ABILITIES & QUALIFICATIONS1 YET ) ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( 
CAPITAL1 SUCCESS DOES NOT DEP5D UPON P]SONAL ABILITIES1 BUT UPON ! 
POSSESSION ( CAPITAL4 ,! ONE :O HAS A L>G] CAPITAL AT COMM& AS WILL SOON 
CONQU] ! ONE :O HAS A SMALL] CAPITAL AT HIS DISPOSAL1 AL?\< ! LATT] 
MAY BE MORE SKILLFUL4 ,IT IS NOT ! P]SONAL QUALITIES1 BUT ! POSSESSION ( 
MONEY ?AT DECIDES :O ! VICTOR %ALL BE 9 ! /RUGGLE4 ,:5 ! SMALL 
CAPITALI/S P]I%1 !Y DO NOT P]I% AS M5 BUT AS CAPITALI/S2 !Y >E NOT 
WE$$ \T FROM AMONG ! LIV+1 BUT FROM ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,!Y /ILL EXI/1 
BUT NO LONG] AS CAPITALI/S4 ,! COMPETITION EXI/+ 9 ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM 
IS !RE=E SOME?+ DIFF]5T 9 REQUISITES & RESULTS FROM ! ANIMAL 
/RUGGLE = EXI/5CE4 

,?OSE PEOPLE ?AT P]I% AS PEOPLE >E MEMB]S ( AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T 
CLASS1 A CLASS ?AT DOES NOT TAKE P>T 9 ! COMPETITIVE /RUGGLE4 ,! WORK]S 
DO NOT COMPETE ) ! CAPITALI/S1 !Y ONLY SELL !IR LABOR P[] TO !M4 
,[+ TO !IR BE+ PROP]TYLESS1 !Y HAVE NOT EV5 ! OPPORTUNITY TO MEASURE 
!IR GREAT QUALITIES & 5T] A RACE ) ! CAPITALI/S4 ,!IR POV]TY & 
MIS]Y CANNOT BE ATTRIBUT$ TO ! FACT ?AT !Y FELL 9 ! COMPETITIVE 
/RUGGLE ON ACC\NT ( WEAKNESS1 BUT BECAUSE !Y W]E PAID V]Y LITTLE = 
!IR LABOR P[]1 IT IS = ?IS V]Y REASON ?AT1 AL?\< !IR *ILDR5 >E 
BORN /RONG & HEAL?Y1 !Y P]I% 9 GREAT MASS1 :ILE ! *ILDR5 BORN TO 
RI* P>5TS1 AL?\< BORN SICK1 REMA9 ALIVE BY MEANS ( ! N\RI%M5T & 
GREAT C>E ?AT IS BE/[$ ON !M4 ,!SE *ILDR5 ( ! POOR DO NOT DIE 
BECAUSE !Y >E SICK OR WEAK1 BUT BECAUSE ( EXT]NAL CAUSES4 ,IT IS CAPITALISM 
:I* CREATES ALL ?OSE UNFAVORABLE CONDITIONS BY MEANS ( EXPLOITATION1 
R$UCTION ( WAGES1 UNEMPLOYM5T CRISES1 BAD DWELL+S1 & LONG H\RS ( 
EMPLOYM5T4 ,IT IS ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM ?AT CAUSES SO MANY /RONG & HEAL?Y 
ONES TO SUCCUMB4 

,?US ! ,SOCIALI/S PROVE ?AT DIFF]5T FROM ! ANIMAL WORLD1 ! 
COMPETITIVE /RUGGLE EXI/+ BETWE5 M5 DOES NOT BR+ =? ! BE/ & MO/ 
QUALIFI$1 BUT DE/ROYS MANY /RONG & HEAL?Y ONES BECAUSE ( !IR POV]TY1 
:ILE ?OSE ?AT >E RI*1 EV5 IF WEAK & SICK1 SURVIVE4 ,SOCIALI/S PROVE ?AT 
P]SONAL /R5G? IS NOT ! DET]M9+ FACTOR1 BUT IT IS SOME?+ \TSIDE ( 
MAN2 IT IS ! POSSESSION ( MONEY ?AT DET]M9ES :O %ALL SURVIVE & :O 
%ALL P]I%4 

,V,I4 ,NATURAL ,LAW & ,SOCIAL ,!ORY 

,! FALSE CONCLUSIONS REA*$ BY ,HAECKEL & ,SP5C] ON 
,SOCIALISM >E NO SURPRISE4 ,D>W9ISM & ,M>XISM >E TWO DI/9CT !ORIES1 ONE 
( :I* APPLIES TO ! ANIMAL WORLD1 :ILE ! O!R APPLIES TO SOCIETY4 ,!Y 
SUPPLEM5T EA* O!R 9 ! S5SE ?AT1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,D>W9IAN !ORY ( 
EVOLUTION1 ! ANIMAL WORLD DEVELOPS UP TO ! /AGE ( MAN1 & FROM !N ON1 
?AT IS1 AFT] ! ANIMAL HAS RIS5 TO MAN1 ! ,M>XIAN !ORY ( EVOLUTION 
APPLIES4 ,:5 H[EV]1 ONE WI%ES TO C>RY ! !ORY ( ONE DOMA9 9TO ?AT ( 
! O!R1 :]E DIFF]5T LAWS >E APPLICABLE HE MU/ DRAW WRONG 
9F]5CES4 

,SU* IS ! CASE :5 WE WI% TO ASC]TA9 FROM NATURAL LAW :AT SOCIAL =M 
IS NATURAL & APPLICABLE & ?IS IS JU/ :AT ! B\RGEOIS ,D>W9I/S DID4 
,!Y DREW ! 9F]5CE ?AT ! LAWS :I* GOV]N 9 ! ANIMAL WORLD1 :]E 
! ,D>W9IAN !ORY APPLIES1 APPLY ) EQUAL =CE 9 ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 
& ?AT !RE=E CAPITALISM IS A NATURAL ORD] & MU/ 5DURE =EV]4 ,ON ! 
O!R H&1 !RE W]E SOME ,SOCIALI/S :O DESIR$ TO PROVE ?AT1 ACCORD+ TO 
,D>W91 ! ,SOCIALI/ SY/EM IS ! NATURAL ONE4 ,SAID !SE ,SOCIALI/S1 

0,UND] CAPITALISM M5 DO NOT C>RY ON ! /RUGGLE = 
EXI/5CE ) LIKE TOOLS1 BUT ) UNLIKE ONES >TIFICIALLY MADE4 ,! NATURAL 
SUP]IORITY ( ?OSE ?AT >E HEAL?I]1 /RONG]1 MORE 9TELLIG5T OR MORALLY 
BETT]1 IS ( NO AVAIL SO LONG AS BIR?1 CLASS1 OR ! POSSESSION ( MONEY 
CONTROL ?IS /RUGGLE4 ,SOCIALISM1 9 ABOLI%+ ALL !SE >TIFICIAL 
DISSIMIL>ITIES1 WILL MAKE EQUAL PROVISIONS = ALL1 & !N ONLY WILL ! 
/RUGGLE = EXI/5CE PREVAIL1 :]E9 ! REAL P]SONAL SUP]IORITIES WILL BE 
! DECID+ FACTORS40 

,!SE CRITICAL >GUM5TS1 :ILE !Y >E NOT BAD :5 US$ AS REFUTATIONS 
AGA9/ B\RGEOIS ,D>W9I/S1 >E /ILL FAULTY4 ,BO? SETS ( >GUM5TS1 ?OSE 
US$ BY ! B\RGEOIS ,D>W9I/S 9 FAVOR ( CAPITALISM1 & ?OSE ( ! 
,SOCIALI/S1 :O BASE !IR ,SOCIALISM ON ,D>W91 >E FALSELY ROOT$4 ,BO? 
>GUM5TS1 AL?\< REA*+ OPPOSITE CONCLUSIONS1 >E EQUALLY FALSE BECAUSE 
!Y PROCE$ FROM ! WRONG PREMISES ?AT !RE IS A NATURAL & A P]MAN5T 
SY/EM ( SOCIETY4 

,M>XISM HAS TAU<T US ?AT !RE IS NO SU* ?+ AS A NATURAL & A 
P]MAN5T SOCIAL SY/EM1 & ?AT !RE CAN BE NONE1 OR1 TO PUT IT ANO!R WAY1 
EV]Y SOCIAL SY/EM IS NATURAL1 = EV]Y SOCIAL SY/EM IS NECESS>Y & NATURAL 
UND] GIV5 CONDITIONS4 ,!RE IS NOT A S+LE DEF9ITE SOCIAL SY/EM ?AT CAN BE 
ACCEPT$ AS NATURAL2 ! V>I\S SOCIAL SY/EMS TAKE ! PLACE ( ONE ANO!R AS 
A RESULT ( DEVELOPM5TS 9 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,EA* SY/EM IS !RE=E 
! NATURAL ONE = ITS P>TICUL> TIME4 ,CAPITALISM IS NOT ! ONLY NATURAL 
ORD]1 AS ! B\RGEOISIE BELIEVES1 & NO ,SOCIALI/ SY/EM IS ! ONLY NATURAL 
SY/EM1 AS SOME ,SOCIALI/S TRY TO PROVE4 ,CAPITALISM WAS NATURAL UND] ! 
CONDITIONS ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 JU/ AS FEUDALISM WAS 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 
& AS ,SOCIALISM WILL BE 9 ! COM+ AGE4 ,! ATTEMPT TO PUT =W>D A C]TA9 
SY/EM AS ! ONLY NATURAL & P]MAN5T ONE IS AS FUTILE AS IF WE W]E TO TAKE 
AN ANIMAL & SAY ?AT ?IS ANIMAL IS ! MO/ P]FECT ( ALL ANIMALS4 ,D>W9ISM 
TEA*ES US ?AT EV]Y ANIMAL IS EQUALLY ADAPT$ & EQUALLY P]FECT 9 =M TO 
SUIT ITS SPECIAL 5VIRONM5TS1 & ,M>XISM TEA*ES US ?AT EV]Y SOCIAL SY/EM 
IS P>TICUL>LY ADAPT$ TO ITS CONDITIONS1 & ?AT 9 ?IS S5SE IT MAY BE 
CALL$ GOOD & P]FECT4 

,H]E9 LIES ! MA9 REASON :Y ! 5DEAVOR ( ! B\RGEOIS ,D>W9I/S TO 
DEF5D ! F\ND]+ CAPITALI/ SY/EM IS B\ND TO FAIL4 ,>GUM5TS BAS$ ON 
NATURAL SCI5CE1 :5 APPLI$ TO SOCIAL QUE/IONS1 MU/ ALMO/ ALWAYS LEAD TO 
WRONG CONCLUSIONS4 ,?IS HAPP5S BECAUSE1 :ILE NATURE IS V]Y SL[ 9 ITS 
DEVELOPM5T & *ANGES DUR+ HUMAN HI/ORY >E PRACTICABLY IMP]CEPTIBLE1 SO 
?AT IT MAY ALMO/ BE REG>D$ AS /ABLE1 HUMAN SOCIETY NEV]!LESS UND]GOES 
QUICK & CONT9U\S *ANGES4 ,9 ORD] TO UND]/& ! MOV+ =CE & ! 
CAUSE ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 WE MU/ /UDY SOCIETY AS SU*4 ,IT IS ONLY H]E ?AT 
WE CAN F9D ! REASON ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,M>XISM & ,D>W9ISM %\LD 
REMA9 9 !IR [N DOMA9S2 !Y >E 9DEP5D5T ( EA* O!R & !RE IS NO 
DIRECT CONNECTION BETWE5 !M4 

,H]E >ISES A V]Y IMPORTANT QUE/ION4 ,CAN WE /OP AT ! CONCLUSION ?AT 
,M>XISM APPLIES ONLY TO SOCIETY & ?AT ,D>W9ISM APPLIES ONLY TO ! ORGANIC 
WORLD1 & ?AT NEI!R ( !SE !ORIES IS APPLICABLE 9 ! O!R DOMA98 ,9 
PRACTICE IT IS V]Y CONV5I5T TO HAVE ONE PR9CIPLE = ! HUMAN WORLD & 
ANO!R ONE = ! ANIMAL WORLD4 ,9 HAV+ ?IS1 H[EV]1 WE =GET ?AT MAN IS 
ALSO AN ANIMAL4 ,MAN HAS DEVELOP$ FROM AN ANIMAL1 & ! LAWS ?AT APPLY TO ! 
ANIMAL WORLD CANNOT SUDD5LY LOSE !IR APPLICABILITY TO MAN4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT 
MAN IS A V]Y PECULI> ANIMAL1 BUT IF ?AT IS ! CASE IT IS NECESS>Y TO F9D 
FROM !SE V]Y PECULI>ITIES :Y ?OSE PR9CIPLES APPLICABLE TO ALL ANIMALS DO 
NOT APPLY TO M51 & :Y !Y ASSUME A DIFF]5T =M4 

,H]E WE COME TO ANO!R GRAVE PROBLEM4 ,! B\RGEOIS ,D>W9I/S DO NOT 
5C\NT] SU* A PROBLEM2 !Y SIMPLY DECL>E ?AT MAN IS AN ANIMAL1 & )\T 
FUR!R ADO !Y SET AB\T TO APPLY ! ,D>W9IAN PR9CIPLES TO M54 ,WE HAVE 
SE5 TO :AT ]RONE\S CONCLUSIONS !Y COME4 ,TO US ?IS QUE/ION IS NOT SO 
SIMPLE2 WE MU/ FIR/ BE CLE> AB\T ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 M5 & ANIMALS1 
& !N WE CAN SEE :Y1 9 ! HUMAN WORLD1 ! ,D>W9IAN PR9CIPLES *ANGE 
9TO DIFF]5T ONES1 NAMELY1 9TO ,M>XISM4 

,V,I,I4 ,! ,SOCIABILITY ( ,MAN 

,! FIR/ PECULI>ITY ?AT WE OBS]VE 9 MAN IS ?AT HE IS A 
SOCIAL BE+4 ,9 ?IS HE DOES NOT DIFF] FROM ALL ANIMALS1 = EV5 AMONG ! 
LATT] !RE >E MANY SPECIES ?AT LIVE SOCIALLY AMONG !MSELVES4 ,BUT MAN 
DIFF]S FROM ALL ?OSE ?AT WE HAVE OBS]V$ UNTIL N[ 9 DEAL+ ) ! 
,D>W9IAN !ORY2 HE DIFF]S FROM ?OSE ANIMALS ?AT DO NOT LIVE SOCIALLY1 BUT 
?AT /RUGGLE ) EA* O!R = SUBSI/5CE4 ,IT IS NOT ) ! RAPACI\S 
ANIMALS :I* LIVE SEP>ATELY ?AT MAN MU/ BE COMP>$1 BUT ) ?OSE ?AT 
LIVE SOCIALLY4 ,! SOCIABILITY ( ANIMALS IS A P[] ?AT WE HAVE NOT YET SPOK5 
(2 A P[] ?AT CALLS =? NEW QUALITIES AMONG ANIMALS4 

,IT IS AN ]ROR TO REG>D ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE AS ! ONLY P[] GIV+ 
%APE TO ! ORGANIC WORLD4 ,! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE IS ! MA9 P[] ?AT 
CAUSES ! ORIG9 ( NEW SPECIES1 BUT ,D>W9 HIMSELF KNEW FULL WELL ?AT O!R 
P[]S CO-OP]ATE :I* GIVE %APE TO ! =MS1 HABITS1 & PECULI>ITIES ( 
ANIMATE ?+S4 ,9 HIS 0,DESC5T ( ,MAN0 ,D>W9 ELABORATELY TREAT$ 
SEXUAL SELECTION & %[$ ?AT ! COMPETITION ( MALES = FEMALES GAVE RISE 
TO ! GAY COLORS ( ! BIRDS & BUTT]FLIES & ALSO TO ! S++ VOICES ( 
BIRDS4 ,!RE HE ALSO DEVOT$ A *APT] TO SOCIAL LIV+4 ,MANY ILLU/RATIONS ON 
?IS HEAD >E ALSO TO BE F\ND 9 ,KROPOTK9'S BOOK1 0,MUTUAL ,AID AS A 
,FACTOR 9 ,EVOLUTION40 ,! BE/ REPRES5TATION ( ! EFFECTS ( 
SOCIABILITY >E GIV5 9 ,KAUTSKY'S 0,E?ICS & ! ,MAT]IALI/IC 
,CONCEPTION ( ,HI/ORY40 

,:5 A NUMB] ( ANIMALS LIVE 9 A GR\P1 H]D OR FLOCK1 !Y C>RY ON ! 
/RUGGLE = EXI/5CE 9 COMMON AGA9/ ! \TSIDE WORLD2 )9 SU* A GR\P 
! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE CEASES4 ,! ANIMALS :I* LIVE SOCIALLY NO LONG] 
WAGE A /RUGGLE AGA9/ EA* O!R1 :]E9 ! WEAK SUCCUMB2 JU/ ! REV]SE1 
! WEAK 5JOY ! SAME ADVANTAGES AS ! /RONG4 ,:5 SOME ANIMALS HAVE ! 
ADVANTAGE BY MEANS ( GREAT] /R5G?1 %>P] SMELL1 OR EXP]I5CE 9 F9D+ 
! BE/ PA/URE OR 9 W>D+ (F ! 5EMY1 ?IS ADVANTAGE DOES NOT ACCRUE 
ONLY TO !SE BETT] FITT$1 BUT ALSO TO ! 5TIRE GR\P4 ,?IS COMB9+ ( ! 
ANIMALS' SEP>ATE P[]S 9TO ONE UNIT GIVES TO ! GR\P A NEW & MU* 
/RONG] P[] ?AN ANY ONE 9DIVIDUAL POSSESS$1 EV5 ! /RONGE/4 ,IT IS 
[+ TO ?IS UNIT$ /R5G? ?AT ! DEF5SELESS PLANT-EAT]S CAN W>D (F 
RAPACI\S ANIMALS4 ,IT IS ONLY BY MEANS ( ?IS UNITY ?AT SOME ANIMALS >E ABLE 
TO PROTECT !IR Y\NG4 

,A SECOND ADVANTAGE ( SOCIABILITY >ISES FROM ! FACT ?AT :]E ANIMALS 
LIVE SOCIALLY1 !RE IS A POSSIBILITY ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,SU* ANIMALS 
S5D \T SC\TS OR PLACE S5T9ELS :OSE OBJECT IT IS TO LOOK AFT] ! SAFETY 
( ALL1 :ILE O!RS SP5D !IR TIME EI!R 9 EAT+ OR 9 PLUCK+1 RELY+ 
UPON !IR GU>DS TO W>N !M ( DANG]4 

,SU* AN ANIMAL SOCIETY BECOMES1 9 SOME RESPECTS A UNIT1 A S+LE ORGANISM4 
,NATURALLY1 ! RELATION REMA9S MU* LOOS] ?AN ! CELLS ( A S+LE ANIMAL 
BODY2 NEV]!LESS1 ! GR\P BECOMES A COH]5T BODY1 & !RE MU/ BE SOME 
P[] ?AT HOLDS TOGE!R ! 9DIVIDUAL MEMB]S4 

,?IS P[] IS F\ND 9 ! SOCIAL MOTIVES1 ! 9/9CT ?AT HOLDS !M 
TOGE!R & CAUSES ! CONT9UANCE ( ! GR\P4 ,EV]Y ANIMAL MU/ PLACE ! 
9T]E/ ( ! 5TIRE GR\P ABOVE HIS [N2 IT MU/ ALWAYS ACT 9/9CTIVELY = 
! ADVANTAGE & MA9T5ANCE ( ! GR\P )\T CONSID]ATION ( ITSELF4 ,AS 
LONG AS ! WEAK PLANT-EAT]S ?9K ( !MSELVES ONLY & RUN AWAY :5 
ATTACK$ BY A RAPACI\S ANIMAL1 EA* ONE M9D+ HIS LIFE ONLY1 ! 5TIRE H]D 
DISAPPE>S4 ,ONLY :5 ! /RONG MOTIVE ( SELF-PRES]VATION IS SUPPRESS$ BY A 
/RONG] MOTIVE ( UNION1 & EA* ANIMAL RISKS ITS LIFE = ! PROTECTION ( 
ALL1 ONLY !N DOES ! H]D REMA9 & 5JOY ! ADVANTAGES ( /ICK+ 
TOGE!R4 ,9 SU* A CASE1 SELF-SACRIFICE1 BRAV]Y1 DEVOTION1 DISCIPL9E & 
CONSCI\SNESS MU/ >ISE1 = :]E !SE DO NOT EXI/ SOCIETY DISSOLVES2 
SOCIETY CAN ONLY EXI/ :]E !SE EXI/4 

,!SE 9/9CTS1 :ILE !Y HAVE !IR ORIG9 9 HABIT & NECESSITY1 >E 
/R5G!N$ BY ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE4 ,EV]Y ANIMAL H]D /ILL /&S 9 A 
COMPETITIVE /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! SAME ANIMALS ( A DIFF]5T H]D2 ?OSE ?AT 
>E BE/ FITT$ TO )/& ! 5EMY WILL SURVIVE1 :ILE ?OSE ?AT >E POOR] 
EQUIPP$ WILL P]I%4 ,?AT GR\P 9 :I* ! SOCIAL 9/9CT IS BETT] 
DEVELOP$ WILL BE ABLE TO HOLD ITS GR\ND1 :ILE ! GR\P 9 :I* SOCIAL 
9/9CT IS L[ WILL EI!R FALL AN EASY PREY TO ITS 5EMIES OR WILL NOT BE 9 A 
POSITION TO F9D FAVORABLE FE$+ PLACES4 ,!SE SOCIAL 9/9CTS BECOME 
!RE=E ! MO/ IMPORTANT & DECISIVE FACTORS ?AT DET]M9E :O %ALL 
SURVIVE 9 ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE4 ,IT IS [+ TO ?IS ?AT ! SOCIAL 
9/9CTS HAVE BE5 ELEVAT$ TO ! POSITION ( PR$OM9ANT FACTORS4 

,!SE RELATIONS ?R[ AN 5TIRELY NEW LI<T UPON ! VIEWS ( ! B\RGEOIS 
,D>W9I/S4 ,!IR CLAIM IS ?AT ! EXT]M9ATION ( ! WEAK IS NATURAL & 
?AT IT IS NECESS>Y 9 ORD] TO PREV5T ! CORRUPTION ( ! RACE1 & ?AT 
! PROTECTION GIV5 TO ! WEAK S]VES TO DET]IORATE ! RACE4 ,BUT :AT DO WE 
SEE8 ,9 NATURE ITSELF1 9 ! ANIMAL WORLD1 WE F9D ?AT ! WEAK >E PROTECT$2 
?AT IT IS NOT BY !IR [N P]SONAL /R5G? ?AT !Y MA9TA9 !MSELVES1 & 
?AT !Y >E NOT BRU%$ ASIDE ON ACC\NT ( !IR P]SONAL WEAKNESS4 ,?IS 
>RANGEM5T DOES NOT WEAK5 ! GR\P1 BUT GIVES TO IT NEW /R5G?4 ,! ANIMAL 
GR\P 9 :I* MUTUAL AID IS BE/ DEVELOP$ IS BE/ FIT TO MA9TA9 ITSELF 9 
! /RIFE4 ,?AT :I*1 ACCORD+ TO ! N>R[ CONCEPTION APPE>$ AS A CAUSE 
( WEAKNESS1 BECOMES JU/ ! REV]SE1 A CAUSE ( /R5G?4 

,! SOCIABLE ANIMALS >E 9 A POSITION TO BEAT ?OSE ?AT C>RY ON ! 
/RUGGLE 9DIVIDUALLY4 ,?IS SO-CALL$ DEG5]AT+ & DET]IORAT+ RACE 
C>RIES (F ! VICTORY & PRACTICALLY PROVES ITSELF TO BE ! MO/ SKILLFUL & 
BE/4 

,H]E WE FIR/ SEE FULLY H[ NE> SI<T$1 N>R[ & UNSCI5TIFIC >E ! 
CLAIMS & >GUM5TS ( ! B\RGEOIS ,D>W9I/S4 ,!IR NATURAL LAWS & !IR 
CONCEPTIONS ( :AT IS NATURAL >E D]IV$ FROM A P>T ( ! ANIMAL WORLD1 FROM 
?OSE :I* MAN RESEMBLES LEA/1 :ILE ?OSE ANIMALS ?AT PRACTICALLY LIVE UND] 
! SAME CIRCUM/ANCES AS MAN >E LEFT UNOBS]V$4 ,! REASON = ?IS CAN BE 
F\ND 9 ! B\RGEOISE'S [N CIRCUM/ANCES2 !Y !MSELVES BELONG TO A 
CLASS :]E EA* COMPETES 9DIVIDUALLY AGA9/ ! O!R4 ,!RE=E1 !Y SEE 
AMONG ANIMALS ONLY ?AT =M ( ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE4 ,IT IS = ?IS 
REASON ?AT !Y OV]LOOK ?OSE =MS ( ! /RUGGLE ?AT >E ( GREATE/ 
IMPORTANCE TO M54 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT !SE B\RGEOIS ,D>W9I/S >E AW>E ( ! FACT ?AT MAN IS 
NOT RUL$ BY M]E EGOISM )\T REG>D = HIS NEI<BORS4 ,! B\RGEOIS 
SCI5TI/S SAY V]Y (T5 ?AT EV]Y MAN IS POSSESS$ ( TWO FEEL+S1 ! 
EGOTI/ICAL1 OR SELF-LOVE1 & ! ALTRUI/IC1 ! LOVE ( O!RS4 ,BUT AS !Y 
DO NOT KN[ ! SOCIAL ORIG9 ( ?IS ALTRUISM1 !Y CANNOT UND]/& ITS 
LIMITATIONS & CONDITIONS4 ,ALTRUISM 9 !IR M\?S BECOMES A V]Y 9DI/9CT 
IDEA :I* !Y DON'T KN[ H[ TO H&LE4 

,EV]Y?+ ?AT APPLIES TO ! SOCIAL ANIMALS APPLIES ALSO TO MAN4 ,\R 
APE-LIKE ANCE/ORS & ! PRIMITIVE M5 DEVELOP+ FROM !M W]E ALL 
DEF5SELESS1 WEAK ANIMALS :O1 AS ALMO/ ALL APES DO1 LIV$ 9 TRIBES4 ,H]E ! 
SAME SOCIAL MOTIVES & 9/9CTS HAD TO >ISE :I* LAT] DEVELOP$ TO MORAL 
FEEL+S4 ,?AT \R CU/OMS & MORALS >E NO?+ O!R ?AN SOCIAL FEEL+S1 
FEEL+S ?AT WE F9D AMONG ANIMALS1 IS KN[N TO ALL2 EV5 ,D>W9 SPOKE AB\T 
0! HABITS ( ANIMALS :I* W\LD BE CALL$ MORAL AMONG M540 ,! 
DIFF]5CE IS ONLY 9 ! MEASURE ( CONSCI\SNESS2 AS SOON AS !SE SOCIAL 
FEEL+S BECOME CLE> TO M51 !Y ASSUME ! *>ACT] ( MORAL FEEL+S4 ,H]E 
WE SEE ?AT ! MORAL CONCEPTION - :I* B\RGEOIS AU?ORS CONSID]$ AS 
! MA9 DI/9CTION BETWE5 M5 & ANIMALS - IS NOT COMMON TO M51 BUT 
IS A DIRECT PRODUCT ( CONDITIONS EXI/+ 9 ! ANIMAL WORLD4 

,IT IS 9 ! NATURE ( ! ORIG9 ( !SE MORAL FEEL+S ?AT !Y DO NOT 
SPREAD FUR!R ?AN ! SOCIAL GR\P TO :I* ! ANIMAL OR ! MAN BELONGS4 
,!SE FEEL+S S]VE ! PRACTICAL OBJECT ( KEEP+ ! GR\P TOGE!R2 BEYOND 
?IS !Y >E USELESS4 ,9 ! ANIMAL WORLD1 ! RANGE & NATURE ( ! SOCIAL 
GR\P IS DET]M9$ BY ! CIRCUM/ANCES ( LIFE1 & !RE=E ! GR\P ALMO/ 
ALWAYS REMA9S ! SAME4 ,AMONG M51 H[EV]1 ! GR\PS1 !SE SOCIAL UNITS1 >E 
EV] *ANG+ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T1 & ?IS ALSO *ANGES ! 
SOCIAL 9/9CTS4 

,! ORIG9AL GR\PS1 ! /EMS ( ! WILD & B>B>IAN PEOPLE1 W]E MORE 
/RONGLY UNIT$ ?AN ! ANIMAL GR\PS4 ,FAMILY RELATION%IP & A COMMON 
LANGUAGE /R5G!N$ ?IS UNION FUR!R4 ,EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL HAD ! SUPPORT ( 
! 5TIRE TRIBE4 ,UND] SU* CONDITIONS1 ! SOCIAL MOTIVES1 ! MORAL FEEL+S1 
! SUBORD9ATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO ! :OLE1 MU/ HAVE DEVELOP$ TO ! 
UTMO/4 ,) ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY1 ! TRIBES >E DISSOLV$ & 
!IR PLACES >E TAK5 BY NEW UNIONS1 BY T[NS & PEOPLES4 

,NEW =MATIONS /EP 9TO ! PLACE ( ! OLD ONES1 & ! MEMB]S ( !SE 
GR\PS C>RY ON ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE 9 COMMON AGA9/ O!R PEOPLES4 ,9 
EQUAL RATIO ) ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T1 ! SIZE ( !SE UNIONS 9CREASES1 ! 
/RUGGLE ( EA* AGA9/ ! O!R DECREASES1 & SOCIAL FEEL+S SPREAD4 ,AT ! 
5D ( ANCI5T TIMES WE F9D ?AT ALL ! PEOPLE KN[N !N =M$ A UNIT1 ! 
,ROMAN ,EMPIRE1 & AT ?AT TIME >OSE ! !ORY - ! MORAL FEEL+S 
HAV+ !IR 9FLU5CE ON ALMO/ ALL ! PEOPLE - :I* L$ TO ! MAXIM 
?AT ALL M5 >E BRO!RS4 

,:5 WE REG>D \R [N TIMES1 WE SEE ?AT ECONOMICALLY ALL ! PEOPLE =M 
ONE UNIT1 AL?\< A V]Y WEAK ONE2 NEV]!LESS ! AB/RACT FEEL+ ( 
BRO!RHOOD BECOMES EV] MORE POPUL>4 ,! SOCIAL FEEL+S >E /RONGE/ AMONG 
MEMB]S ( ! SAME CLASS1 = CLASSES >E ! ESS5TIAL UNITS EMBODY+ 
P>TICUL> 9T]E/S & 9CLUD+ C]TA9 MEMB]S4 ,?US WE SEE ?AT ! SOCIAL 
UNITS & SOCIAL FEEL+S *ANGE 9 HUMAN SOCIETY4 ,!SE *ANGES >E BR\<T 
AB\T BY ECONOMIC *ANGES1 & ! HI<] ! /AGE ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T1 ! 
HI<] & NOBL] ! SOCIAL FEEL+S4 

,V,I,I,I4 ,TOOLS1 ,?\<T & ,LANGUAGE 

,SOCIABILITY1 ) ITS CONSEQU5CES1 ! MORAL FEEL+S1 IS A 
PECULI>ITY :I* DI/+UI%ES MAN FROM SOME1 BUT NOT FROM ALL1 ANIMALS4 ,!RE 
>E1 H[EV]1 SOME PECULI>ITIES :I* BELONG TO MAN ONLY1 & :I* SEP>ATE 
HIM FROM ! 5TIRE ANIMAL WORLD4 ,!SE1 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE1 >E LANGUAGE1 
!N REASON4 ,MAN IS ALSO ! ONLY ANIMAL ?AT MAKES USE ( SELF-MADE TOOLS4 

,= ALL !SE ?+S1 ANIMALS HAVE BUT ! SLI<TE/ PROP5SITY1 BUT AMONG 
M51 !SE HAVE DEVELOP$ ESS5TIALLY NEW *>ACT]I/ICS4 ,MANY ANIMALS HAVE 
SOME K9D ( VOICE1 & BY MEANS ( S\NDS !Y CAN COME TO SOME UND]/&+1 
BUT ONLY MAN HAS SU* S\NDS AS S]VE AS A M$IUM = NAM+ ?+S & ACTIONS4 
,ANIMALS ALSO HAVE BRA9S ) :I* !Y ?9K1 BUT ! HUMAN M9D %[S1 AS WE 
%ALL SEE LAT]1 AN 5TIRELY NEW DEP>TURE1 :I* WE DESIGNATE AS REASONABLE OR 
AB/RACT ?9K+4 ,ANIMALS1 TOO1 MAKE USE ( 9ANIMATE ?+S :I* !Y USE = 
C]TA9 PURPOSES2 = 9/ANCE1 ! BUILD+ ( NE/S4 ,MONKEYS SOMETIMES USE 
/ICKS OR /ONES1 BUT ONLY MAN USES TOOLS :I* HE HIMSELF DELIB]ATELY MAKES 
= P>TICUL> PURPOSES4 ,!SE PRIMITIVE T5D5CIES AMONG ANIMALS %[ US ?AT 
! PECULI>ITIES POSSESS$ BY MAN CAME TO HIM1 NOT BY MEANS ( SOME WOND]FUL 
CREATION1 BUT BY CONT9U\S DEVELOPM5T4 

,ANIMALS LIV+ ISOLAT$ CAN NOT >RIVE AT SU* A /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT IS 
ONLY AS A SOCIAL BE+ ?AT MAN CAN REA* ?IS /AGE4 ,\TSIDE ! PALE ( 
SOCIETY1 LANGUAGE IS JU/ AS USELESS AS AN EYE 9 D>KNESS1 & IS B\ND TO DIE4 
,LANGUAGE IS POSSIBLE ONLY 9 SOCIETY1 & ONLY !RE IS IT NE$$ AS A MEANS BY 
:I* MEMB]S MAY UND]/& ONE ANO!R4 ,ALL SOCIAL ANIMALS POSSESS SOME MEANS 
( UND]/&+ EA* O!R1 O!RWISE !Y W\LD NOT BE ABLE TO EXECUTE C]TA9 
PLANS CONJO9TLY4 ,! S\NDS ?AT W]E NECESS>Y AS A MEANS ( COMMUNICATION = 
! PRIMITIVE MAN :ILE AT HIS TASKS MU/ HAVE DEVELOP$ 9TO NAMES ( 
ACTIVITIES1 & LAT] 9TO NAMES ( ?+S4 

,! USE ( TOOLS ALSO PRESUPPOSES A SOCIETY1 = IT IS ONLY ?R\< SOCIETY 
?AT ATTA9M5TS CAN BE PRES]V$4 ,9 A /ATE ( ISOLAT$ LIFE EV]Y ONE HAS TO 
MAKE DISCOV]IES = HIMSELF & ) ! DEA? ( ! DISCOV]] ! DISCOV]Y 
ALSO BECOMES EXT9CT1 & EA* HAS TO />T ANEW FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+4 ,IT IS 
ONLY ?R\< SOCIETY ?AT ! EXP]I5CE & KN[L$GE ( =M] G5]ATIONS CAN 
BE PRES]V$1 P]PETUAT$1 & DEVELOP$4 ,9 A GR\P OR BODY A FEW MAY DIE1 BUT 
! GR\P1 AS SU*1 DOES NOT4 ,IT REMA9S4 ,KN[L$GE 9 ! USE ( TOOLS IS NOT 
BORN ) MAN1 BUT IS ACQUIR$ LAT]4 ,M5TAL TRADITION1 SU* AS IS POSSIBLE ONLY 
9 SOCIETY1 IS !RE=E NECESS>Y4 

,:ILE !SE SPECIAL *>ACT]I/ICS ( MAN >E 9SEP>ABLE FROM HIS SOCIAL 
LIFE1 !Y ALSO /& 9 /RONG RELATION TO EA* O!R4 ,!SE *>ACT]I/ICS 
HAVE NOT BE5 DEVELOP$ S+LY1 BUT ALL HAVE PROGRESS$ 9 COMMON4 ,?AT ?\<T 
& LANGUAGE CAN EXI/ & DEVELOP ONLY 9 COMMON IS KN[N TO EV]YONE :O HAS 
BUT TRI$ TO ?9K ( ! NATURE ( HIS [N ?\<TS4 ,:5 WE ?9K OR CONSID]1 
WE1 9 FACT1 TALK TO \R SELVES2 WE OBS]VE !N ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = US TO 
?9K CLE>LY )\T US+ WORDS4 ,:]E WE DO NOT ?9K ) WORDS \R ?\<TS 
REMA9 9DI/9CT & WE CAN NOT COMB9E ! V>I\S ?\<TS4 ,EV]YONE CAN 
REALIZE ?IS FROM HIS [N EXP]I5CE4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE SO-CALL$ AB/RACT REASON 
IS P]CEPTIVE ?\<T & CAN TAKE PLACE ONLY BY MEANS ( P]CEPTIONS4 
,P]CEPTIONS WE CAN DESIGNATE & HOLD ONLY BY MEANS ( NAMES4 ,EV]Y ATTEMPT TO 
BROAD5 \R M9DS1 EV]Y ATTEMPT TO ADVANCE \R KN[L$GE MU/ BEG9 BY 
DI/+UI%+ & CLASSIFY+ BY MEANS ( NAMES OR BY GIV+ TO ! OLD ONES A 
MORE PRECISE MEAN+4 ,LANGUAGE IS ! BODY ( ! M9D1 ! MAT]IAL BY :I* 
ALL HUMAN SCI5CE CAN BE BUILT UP4 

,! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! HUMAN M9D & ! ANIMAL M9D WAS V]Y APTLY 
%[N BY ,S*OP5HAU]4 

,?IS CITATION IS QUOT$ BY ,KAUTSKY 9 HIS 0,E?ICS & ! ,MAT]IALI/ 
,CONCEPTION ( ,HI/ORY0 7PAGES #a#c#i-#d1 ,5GLI% ,TRANSLATION74 ,! 
ANIMAL'S ACTIONS >E DEP5D5T UPON VISUAL MOTIVES1 IT IS ONLY BY !SE 
?AT IT SEES1 HE>S OR OBS]VES 9 ANY O!R WAY4 ,WE CAN ALWAYS TELL :AT 
9DUC$ ! ANIMAL TO DO ?IS OR ! O!R ACT1 = WE1 TOO1 CAN SEE IT IF WE 
LOOK4 ,) MAN'S H[EV]1 IT IS 5TIRELY DIFF]5T4 ,WE CAN NOT =ETELL 
:AT HE WILL DO1 = WE DO NOT KN[ ! MOTIVES ?AT 9DUCE HIM TO ACT2 !Y >E 
?\<TS 9 HIS HEAD4 ,MAN CONSID]S1 & 9 SO DO+1 ALL HIS KN[L$GE1 ! 
RESULT ( =M] EXP]I5CE1 COMES 9TO PLAY1 & IT IS !N ?AT HE DECIDES H[ 
TO ACT4 ,! ACTS ( AN ANIMAL DEP5D UPON IMM$IATE IMPRESSION1 :ILE ?OSE ( 
MAN DEP5D UPON AB/RACT CONCEPTIONS1 UPON HIS ?9K+ & P]CEIV+4 ,MAN IS 
AT ! SAME TIME 9FLU5C$ BY F9] 9VISIBLE MOTIVES4 ,?US ALL HIS MOVEM5TS 
BE> ! IMPRESS ( BE+ GUID$ BY PR9CIPLES & 9T5TIONS :I* GIVE !M 
! APPE>ANCE ( 9DEP5D5CE & OBVI\SLY DI/+UI%ES !M FROM ?OSE ( 
ANIMALS4 

,[+ TO !IR HAV+ BODILY WANTS1 M5 & ANIMALS >E =C$ TO SEEK TO 
SATISFY !M 9 ! NATURAL OBJECTS SURR\ND+ !M4 ,! IMPRESSION ON ! M9D 
IS ! IMM$IATE IMPULSE & BEG9N+2 ! SATISFACTION ( ! WANTS IS ! AIM 
& 5D ( ! ACT4 ,) ! ANIMAL1 ACTION FOLL[S IMM$IATELY AFT] 
IMPRESSION4 ,IT SEES ITS PREY OR FOOD & IMM$IATELY IT JUMPS1 GRASPS1 EATS1 OR 
DOES ?AT :I* IS NECESS>Y = GRASP+1 & ?IS IS 9H]IT$ AS AN 9/9CT4 
,! ANIMAL HE>S SOME HO/ILE S\ND1 & IMM$IATELY IT RUNS AWAY IF ITS LEGS 
>E SO DEVELOP$ TO RUN QUICKLY1 OR LIES D[N LIKE DEAD SO AS NOT TO BE SE5 IF 
ITS COLOR S]VES AS A PROTECTOR4 ,BETWE5 MAN'S IMPRESSIONS & ACTS1 
H[EV]1 !RE COMES 9TO HIS HEAD A LONG *A9 ( ?\<TS & CONSID]ATIONS4 
,HIS ACTIONS WILL DEP5D UPON ! RESULT ( !SE CONSID]ATIONS4 

,:5CE COMES ?IS DIFF]5CE8 ,IT IS NOT H>D TO SEE ?AT IT IS CLOSELY 
ASSOCIAT$ ) ! USE ( TOOLS4 ,9 ! SAME MANN] ?AT ?\<T >ISES BETWE5 
MAN'S IMPRESSIONS & ACTS1 ! TOOL COMES 9 BETWE5 MAN & ?AT :I* 
HE SEEKS TO ATTA94 ,FUR!RMORE1 S9CE ! TOOL /&S BETWE5 MAN & \TSIDE 
OBJECTS1 ?\<T MU/ >ISE BETWE5 ! IMPRESSION & ! P]=MANCE4 ,MAN DOES 
NOT />T EMPTY-H&$ AGA9/ HIS 5EMY OR TE> D[N FRUIT1 BUT HE GOES AB\T 
IT 9 A R\NDAB\T MANN]1 HE TAKES A TOOL1 A WEAPON 7WEAPONS >E ALSO TOOLS7 
:I* HE USES AGA9/ ! HO/ILE ANIMAL2 !RE=E HIS M9D MU/ ALSO MAKE ! 
SAME CIRCUIT1 NOT FOLL[ ! FIR/ IMPRESSIONS1 BUT IT MU/ ?9K ( ! TOOLS 
& !N FOLL[ ?R\< TO ! OBJECT4 ,?IS MAT]IAL CIRCUIT CAUSES ! M5TAL 
CIRCUIT2 ! ?\<TS LEAD+ TO A C]TA9 ACT >E ! RESULT ( ! TOOLS 
NECESS>Y = ! P]=MANCE ( ! ACT4 

,H]E WE TOOK A V]Y SIMPLE CASE ( PRIMITIVE TOOLS & ! FIR/ /AGES ( 
M5TAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,! MORE COMPLICAT$ TE*NIQUE BECOMES1 ! GREAT] IS ! 
MAT]IAL CIRCUIT1 & AS A RESULT ! M9D HAS TO MAKE GREAT] CIRCUITS4 ,:5 
EA* MADE HIS [N TOOLS1 ! ?\<T ( HUNG] & /RUGGLE MU/ HAVE DIRECT$ 
! HUMAN M9D TO ! MAK+ ( TOOLS4 ,H]E WE HAVE A LONG] *A9 ( ?\<TS 
BETWE5 ! IMPRESSIONS & ! ULTIMATE SATISFACTION ( M5'S NE$S4 ,:5 
WE COME D[N TO \R [N TIMES1 WE F9D ?AT ?IS *A9 IS V]Y LONG & 
COMPLICAT$4 ,! WORK] :O IS DIS*>G$ =ESEES ! HUNG] ?AT IS B\ND TO 
COME2 HE BUYS A NEWSPAP] 9 ORD] TO SEE :E!R !RE IS ANY DEM& = 
LABOR]S2 HE GOES TO ! RAILROAD1 (F]S HIMSELF = A WAGE :I* HE WILL GET 
ONLY LONG AFT]W>DS1 SO ?AT HE MAY BE 9 A POSITION TO BUY FOOD & ?US 
PROTECT HIMSELF FROM />VATION4 ,:AT A LONG CIRCUIT\S *A9 ! M9D MU/ MAKE 
BE=E IT REA*ES ITS DE/9Y4 ,BUT IT AGREES ) \R HI<LY DEVELOP$ 
TE*NIQUE1 BY MEANS ( :I* MAN CAN SATISFY HIS WANTS4 

,MAN1 H[EV]1 DOES NOT RULE OV] ONE TOOL ONLY1 BUT OV] MANY1 :I* HE 
APPLIES = DIFF]5T PURPOSES1 & FROM :I* HE CAN *OOSE4 ,MAN1 BECAUSE ( 
!SE TOOLS1 IS NOT LIKE ! ANIMAL4 ,! ANIMAL NEV] ADVANCES BEYOND ! TOOLS 
& WEAPONS ) :I* IT WAS BORN1 :ILE MAN MAKES HIS TOOLS & *ANGES !M 
AT WILL4 ,MAN1 BE+ AN ANIMAL US+ DIFF]5T TOOLS1 MU/ POSSESS ! M5TAL 
ABILITY TO *OOSE !M4 ,9 HIS HEAD V>I\S ?\<TS COME & GO1 HIS M9D 
CONSID]S ALL ! TOOLS & ! CONSEQU5CES ( !IR APPLICATION1 & HIS 
ACTIONS DEP5D UPON !SE CONSID]ATIONS4 ,HE ALSO COMB9ES ONE ?\<T ) 
ANO!R1 & HOLDS FA/ TO ! IDEA ?AT FITS 9 ) HIS PURPOSE4 

,ANIMALS HAVE NOT ?IS CAPACITY2 IT W\LD BE USELESS = !M = !Y W\LD 
NOT KN[ :AT TO DO ) IT4 ,ON ACC\NT ( !IR BODILY =M1 !IR ACTIONS >E 
CIRCUMSCRIB$ )9 N>R[ B\NDS4 ,! LION CAN ONLY JUMP UPON HIS PREY1 BUT 
CAN NOT ?9K ( CAT*+ IT BY RUNN+ AFT] IT4 ,! H>E IS SO =M$ ?AT IT 
CAN RUN2 IT HAS NO O!R MEANS ( DEF5SE AL?\< IT MAY LIKE TO HAVE4 ,!SE 
ANIMALS HAVE NO?+ TO CONSID] EXCEPT ! MOM5T ( JUMP+ OR RUNN+4 ,EV]Y 
ANIMAL IS SO =M$ AS TO FIT 9TO SOME DEF9ITE PLACE4 ,!IR ACTIONS MU/ 
BECOME /RONG HABITS4 ,!SE HABITS >E NOT UN*ANGEABLE4 ,ANIMALS >E NOT 
MA*9ES1 :5 BR\<T 9TO DIFF]5T CIRCUM/ANCES !Y MAY ACQUIRE DIFF]5T 
HABITS4 ,IT IS NOT 9 ! QUALITY ( !IR BRA9S1 BUT 9 ! =MATION ( !IR 
BODIES ?AT ANIMAL RE/RICTIONS LIE4 ,! ANIMAL'S ACTION IS LIMIT$ BY ITS 
BODILY =M & SURR\ND+S1 & CONSEQU5TLY IT HAS LITTLE NE$ = 
REFLECTION4 ,TO REASON W\LD !RE=E BE USELESS = IT & W\LD ONLY LEAD TO 
H>M RA!R ?AN TO GOOD4 

,MAN1 ON ! O!R H&1 MU/ POSSESS ?IS ABILITY BECAUSE HE EX]CISES 
DISCRETION 9 ! USE ( TOOLS & WEAPONS1 :I* HE *OOSES ACCORD+ TO 
P>TICUL> REQUIREM5TS4 ,IF HE WANTS TO KILL ! FLEET H>E1 HE TAKES ! B[ 
& >R[2 IF HE MEETS ! BE>1 HE USES ! AX1 & IF HE WANTS TO BREAK OP5 
A C]TA9 FRUIT HE TAKES A HAMM]4 ,:5 ?REAT5$ BY DANG]1 MAN MU/ CONSID] 
:E!R HE %ALL RUN AWAY OR DEF5D HIMSELF BY FI<T+ ) WEAPONS4 ,?IS 
ABILITY TO ?9K & TO CONSID] IS 9DISP5SABLE TO MAN 9 HIS USE ( 
>TIFICIAL TOOLS4 

,?IS /RONG CONNECTION BETWE5 ?\<TS1 LANGUAGE1 & TOOLS1 EA* ( :I* 
IS IMPOSSIBLE )\T ! O!R1 %[S ?AT !Y MU/ HAVE DEVELOP$ AT ! SAME 
TIME4 ,H[ ?IS DEVELOPM5T TOOK PLACE1 WE CAN ONLY CONJECTURE4 ,UND\BT$LY IT 
WAS A *ANGE 9 ! CIRCUM/ANCES ( LIFE ?AT *ANG$ M5 FROM \R APELIKE 
ANCE/ORS4 ,HAV+ MIGRAT$ FROM ! WOODS1 ! ORIG9AL HABITAT ( APES1 TO ! 
PLA91 MAN HAD TO UND]GO AN 5TIRE *ANGE ( LIFE4 ,! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 H&S 
& FEET MU/ HAVE DEVELOP$ !N4 ,SOCIABILITY & ! APE-LIKE H&1 WELL 
ADAPT$ = GRASP+1 HAD A DUE %>E 9 ! NEW DEVELOPM5T4 ,! FIR/ R\< 
OBJECTS1 SU* AS /ONES OR /ICKS1 CAME TO H& UNS\<T1 & W]E ?R[N AWAY4 
,?IS MU/ HAVE BE5 REPEAT$ SO (T5 ?AT IT MU/ HAVE LEFT AN IMPRESSION ON 
! M9DS ( ?OSE PRIMITIVE M54 

,TO ! ANIMAL1 SURR\ND+ NATURE IS A S+LE UNIT1 ( ! DETAILS ( :I* 
IT IS UNCONSCI\S4 ,IT CAN NOT DI/+UI% BETWE5 V>I\S OBJECTS4 ,\R PRIMITIVE 
MAN1 AT HIS L[E/ /AGE1 MU/ HAVE BE5 AT ! SAME LEVEL ( CONSCI\SNESS4 
,FROM ! GREAT MASS SURR\ND+ HIM1 SOME OBJECTS 7TOOLS7 COME 9TO HIS H&S 
:I* HE US$ 9 PROCUR+ HIS EXI/5CE4 ,!SE TOOLS1 BE+ V]Y IMPORTANT 
OBJECTS1 SOON W]E GIV5 SOME DESIGNATION1 W]E DESIGNAT$ BY A S\ND :I* AT 
! SAME TIME NAM$ ! P>TICUL> ACTIVITY4 ,[+ TO ?IS S\ND1 OR 
DESIGNATION1 ! TOOL & ! P>TICUL> K9D ( ACTIVITY /&S \T FROM ! 
RE/ ( ! SURR\ND+S4 ,MAN BEG9S TO ANALYZE ! WORLD BY CONCEPTS & NAMES1 
SELF-CONSCI\SNESS MAKES ITS APPE>ANCE1 >TIFICIAL OBJECTS >E PURPOSELY S\<T 
& KN[+LY MADE USE ( :ILE WORK+4 

,?IS PROCESS - = IT IS A V]Y SL[ PROCESS - M>KS ! 
BEG9N+ ( \R BECOM+ M54 ,AS SOON AS M5 DELIB]ATELY SEEK & APPLY 
C]TA9 TOOLS1 WE CAN SAY ?AT !SE >E BE+ DEVELOP$2 FROM ?IS /AGE TO ! 
MANUFACTUR+ ( TOOLS1 !RE IS ONLY ONE /EP4 ,! FIR/ CRUDE TOOLS DIFF] 
ACCORD+ TO USE2 FROM ! %>P /ONE WE GET ! KNIFE1 ! BOLT1 ! DRILL1 
& ! SPE>2 FROM ! /ICK WE GET ! HAT*ET4 ,) ! FUR!R 
DIFF]5TIATION ( TOOLS1 S]V+ LAT] = ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 LANGUAGE & 
?\<T DEVELOP 9TO RI*] & NEW] =MS1 :ILE ?\<T LEADS MAN TO USE ! 
TOOLS 9 A BETT] WAY1 TO IMPROVE OLD & 9V5T NEW ONES4 

,SO WE SEE ?AT ONE ?+ BR+S ON ! O!R4 ,! PRACTICE ( SOCIABILITY & 
! APPLICATION TO LABOR >E ! SPR+S 9 :I* TE*NIQUE1 ?\<T1 TOOLS & 
SCI5CE HAVE !IR ORIG9 & CONT9UALLY DEVELOP4 ,BY HIS LABOR1 ! PRIMITIVE 
APE-LIKE MAN HAS RIS5 TO REAL MANHOOD4 ,! USE ( TOOLS M>KS ! GREAT 
DEP>TURE ?AT IS EV] MORE WID5+ BETWE5 M5 & ANIMALS4 

,I,X4 ,ANIMAL ,ORGANS & ,HUMAN ,TOOLS 

,9 ANIMAL ORGANS & HUMAN TOOLS WE HAVE ! MA9 DIFF]5CE 
BETWE5 M5 & ANIMALS4 ,! ANIMAL OBTA9S ITS FOOD & SUBDUES ITS 5EMIES 
) ITS [N BODILY ORGANS2 MAN DOES ! SAME ?+ ) ! AID ( TOOLS4 ,ORGAN 
7ORGANON7 IS A ,GREEK WORD :I* ALSO MEANS TOOLS4 ,ORGANS >E NATURAL1 ADNAT$ 
7GR[N-ON7 TOOLS ( ! ANIMAL4 ,TOOLS >E ! >TIFICIAL ORGANS ( M54 ,BETT] 
/ILL1 :AT ! ORGAN IS TO ! ANIMAL1 ! H& & TOOL IS TO MAN4 ,! H&S 
& TOOLS P]=M ! FUNCTIONS ?AT ! ANIMAL MU/ P]=M ) ITS [N 
ORGANS4 ,[+ TO ! CON/RUCTION ( ! H& TO HOLD V>I\S TOOLS1 IT BECOMES 
A G5]AL ORGAN ADAPT$ TO ALL K9DS ( WORK2 IT BECOMES !RE=E AN ORGAN ?AT 
CAN P]=M A V>IETY ( FUNCTIONS4 

,) ! DIVISION ( !SE FUNCTIONS1 A BROAD FIELD ( DEVELOPM5T IS OP5$ 
= M5 :I* ANIMALS DO NOT KN[4 ,BECAUSE ! HUMAN H& CAN USE V>I\S TOOLS1 
IT CAN COMB9E ! FUNCTIONS ( ALL POSSIBLE ORGANS POSSESS$ BY ANIMALS4 ,EV]Y 
ANIMAL IS BUILT & ADAPT$ TO A C]TA9 DEF9ITE SURR\ND+4 ,MAN1 ) HIS 
TOOLS1 IS ADAPT$ TO ALL CIRCUM/ANCES & EQUIPP$ = ALL SURR\ND+S4 ,! 
HORSE IS BUILT = ! PRAIRIE1 & ! MONKEY IS BUILT = ! =E/4 ,9 ! 
=E/1 ! HORSE W\LD BE JU/ AS HELPLESS AS ! MONKEY W\LD BE IF BR\<T TO 
! PRAIRIE4 ,MAN1 ON ! O!R H&1 USES ! AX 9 ! =E/1 & ! SPADE 
ON ! PRAIRIE4 ,) HIS TOOLS1 MAN CAN =CE HIS WAY 9 ALL P>TS ( ! WORLD 
& E/ABLI% HIMSELF ALL OV]4 ,:ILE ALMO/ ALL ANIMALS CAN LIVE 9 P>TICUL> 
REGIONS1 SU* AS SUPPLY !IR WANTS1 & IF TAK5 TO DIFF]5T REGIONS CANNOT 
EXI/1 MAN HAS CONQU]$ ! :OLE WORLD4 ,EV]Y ANIMAL HAS1 AS A ZOOLOGI/ 
EXPRESS$ IT ONCE1 ITS /R5G? BY :I* MEANS IT MA9TA9S ITSELF 9 ! 
/RUGGLE = EXI/5CE1 & ITS WEAKNESS1 [+ TO :I* IT FALLS A PREY TO 
O!RS & CANNOT MULTIPLY ITSELF4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 MAN HAS ONLY /R5G? & NO 
WEAKNESS4 ,[+ TO HIS HAV+ TOOLS1 MAN IS ! EQUAL ( ALL ANIMALS4 ,AS !SE 
TOOLS DO NOT REMA9 /ATION>Y1 BUT CONT9UALLY IMPROVE1 MAN GR[S ABOVE EV]Y 
ANIMAL4 ,HIS TOOLS MAKE HIM MA/] ( ALL CREATION1 ! K+ ( ! E>?4 

,9 ! ANIMAL WORLD !RE IS ALSO A CONT9U\S DEVELOPM5T & P]FECTION ( 
ORGANS4 ,?IS DEVELOPM5T1 H[EV]1 IS CONNECT$ ) ! *ANGES ( ! 
ANIMAL'S BODY1 :I* MAKES ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ORGANS 9F9ITELY SL[1 
AS DICTAT$ BY BIOLOGICAL LAWS4 ,9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ORGANIC WORLD1 
?\S&S ( YE>S AM\NT TO NO?+4 ,MAN1 H[EV]1 BY TRANSF]R+ HIS ORGANIC 
DEVELOPM5T UPON EXT]NAL OBJECTS HAS BE5 ABLE TO FREE HIMSELF FROM ! *A9 
( BIOLOGIC LAW4 ,TOOLS CAN BE TRANS=M$ QUICKLY1 & TE*NIQUE MAKES SU* 
RAPID /RIDES ?AT1 9 COMP>ISON ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( ANIMAL ORGANS1 IT MU/ 
BE CALL$ M>VEL\S4 ,[+ TO ?IS NEW ROAD1 MAN HAS BE5 ABLE1 )9 ! %ORT 
P]IOD ( A FEW ?\S& YE>S1 TO RISE ABOVE ! HI<E/ ANIMAL4 ,) ! 
9V5TION ( !SE IMPLEM5TS1 MAN GOT TO BE A DIV9E P[]1 & HE TAKES 
POSSESSION ( ! E>? AS HIS EXCLUSIVE DOM9ION4 ,! PEACEFUL & HI!RTO 
UNH9D]$ DEVELOPM5T ( ! ORGANIC WORLD CEASES TO DEVELOP ACCORD+ TO ! 
,D>W9IAN !ORY4 ,IT IS MAN ?AT ACTS AS BRE$]1 TAM]1 CULTIVATOR2 & IT IS 
MAN ?AT DOES ! WE$+4 ,IT IS MAN ?AT *ANGES ! 5TIRE 5VIRONM5T1 MAK+ 
! FUR!R =MS ( PLANTS & ANIMALS SUIT HIS AIM & WILL4 

,) ! ORIG9 ( TOOLS1 FUR!R *ANGES 9 ! HUMAN BODY CEASE4 ,! HUMAN 
ORGANS REMA9 :AT !Y W]E1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ! BRA94 ,! HUMAN BRA9 
HAD TO DEVELOP TOGE!R ) TOOLS2 &1 9 FACT1 WE SEE ?AT ! DIFF]5CE 
BETWE5 ! HI<] & L[] RACES ( MANK9D CONSI/S MA9LY 9 ! CONT5TS ( 
!IR BRA9S4 ,BUT EV5 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ?IS ORGAN HAD TO /OP AT A C]TA9 
/AGE4 ,S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( CIVILIZATION1 ! FUNCTIONS ( ! BRA9 >E EV] 
MORE TAK5 AWAY BY SOME >TIFICIAL MEANS2 SCI5CE IS TREASUR$ UP 9 BOOKS4 ,\R 
REASON+ FACULTY ( TODAY IS NOT MU* BETT] ?AN ! ONE POSSESS$ BY ! 
,GREEKS1 ,ROMANS OR EV5 ! ,TEUTONS1 BUT \R KN[L$GE HAS GR[N IMM5SELY1 & 
?IS IS GREATLY DUE TO ! FACT ?AT ! M5TAL ORGAN WAS UNBURD5$ BY ITS 
SUB/ITUTES1 ! BOOKS4 

,HAV+ LE>N$ ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 M5 & ANIMALS1 LET US N[ AGA9 
CONSID] H[ !Y >E AFFECT$ BY ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE4 ,?AT ?IS /RUGGLE 
IS ! CAUSE ( P]FECTION & ! WE$+ \T ( ! IMP]FECT1 CAN NOT BE 
D5I$4 ,9 ?IS /RUGGLE ! ANIMALS BECOME EV] MORE P]FECT4 ,H]E1 H[EV]1 IT 
IS NECESS>Y TO BE MORE PRECISE 9 EXPRESSION & 9 OBS]VATION ( :AT 
P]FECTION CONSI/S4 ,9 BE+ SO1 WE CAN NO LONG] SAY ?AT ANIMALS AS A :OLE 
/RUGGLE & BECOME P]FECT$4 ,ANIMALS /RUGGLE & COMPETE BY MEANS ( !IR 
P>TICUL> ORGANS4 ,LIONS DO NOT C>RY ON ! /RUGGLE BY MEANS ( !IR TAILS2 
H>ES DO NOT RELY ON !IR EYES2 NOR DO ! FALCONS SUCCE$ BY MEANS ( !IR 
BEAKS4 ,LIONS C>RY ON ! /RUGGLE BY MEANS ( !IR SALTATORY 7LEAP+7 MUSCLES 
& !IR TEE?2 H>ES RELY UPON !IR PAWS & E>S1 & FALCONS SUCCE$ ON 
ACC\NT ( !IR EYES & W+S4 ,IF N[ WE ASK :AT IS IT ?AT /RUGGLES & 
:AT COMPETES1 ! ANSW] IS1 ! ORGANS /RUGGLE4 ,! MUSCLES & TEE? ( ! 
LION1 ! PAWS & E>S ( ! H>E1 & ! EYES & W+S ( ! FALCON C>RY 
ON ! /RUGGLE4 ,IT IS 9 ?IS /RUGGLE ?AT ! ORGANS BECOME P]FECT$4 ,! 
ANIMAL AS A :OLE DEP5DS UPON !SE ORGANS & %>ES !IR FATE4 

,LET US N[ ASK ! SAME QUE/ION AB\T ! HUMAN WORLD4 ,M5 DO NOT /RUGGLE 
BY MEANS ( !IR NATURAL ORGANS1 BUT BY MEANS ( >TIFICIAL ORGANS1 BY MEANS ( 
TOOLS 7& WEAPONS WE MU/ UND]/& AS TOOLS74 ,H]E1 TOO1 ! PR9CIPLE ( 
P]FECTION & ! WE$+ \T ( ! IMP]FECT1 ?R\< /RUGGLE1 HOLDS TRUE4 
,! TOOLS /RUGGLE1 & ?IS LEADS TO ! EV] GREAT] P]FECTION ( TOOLS4 
,?OSE GR\PS ( TRIBES ?AT USE BETT] TOOLS & WEAPONS CAN BE/ SECURE !IR 
MA9T5ANCE1 & :5 IT COMES TO A DIRECT /RUGGLE ) ANO!R RACE1 ! RACE 
?AT IS BETT] EQUIPP$ ) >TIFICIAL TOOLS WILL W94 ,?OSE RACES :OSE 
TE*NICAL AIDS >E BETT] DEVELOP$1 CAN DRIVE \T OR SUBDUE ?OSE :OSE 
>TIFICIAL AIDS >E NOT DEVELOP$4 ,! ,EUROPEAN RACE DOM9ATES BECAUSE ITS 
EXT]NAL AIDS >E BETT]4 

,H]E WE SEE ?AT ! PR9CIPLE ( ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE1 =MULAT$ BY 
,D>W9 & EMPHASIZ$ BY ,SP5C]1 HAS A DIFF]5T EFFECT ON M5 ?AN ON ANIMALS4 
,! PR9CIPLE ?AT /RUGGLE LEADS TO ! P]FECTION ( ! WEAPONS US$ 9 ! 
/RIFE1 LEADS TO DIFF]5T RESULTS BETWE5 M5 & ANIMALS4 ,9 ! ANIMAL1 IT 
LEADS TO A CONT9U\S DEVELOPM5T ( NATURAL ORGANS2 ?AT IS ! F\NDATION ( 
! !ORY ( DESC5T1 ! ESS5CE ( ,D>W9ISM4 ,9 M51 IT LEADS TO A 
CONT9U\S DEVELOPM5T ( TOOLS1 ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,?IS1 H[EV]1 IS 
! F\NDATION ( ,M>XISM4 ,H]E WE SEE ?AT ,M>XISM & ,D>W9ISM >E NOT TWO 
9DEP5D5T !ORIES1 EA* ( :I* APPLIES TO ITS SPECIAL DOMA91 )\T 
HAV+ ANY?+ 9 COMMON ) ! O!R4 ,9 REALITY1 ! SAME PR9CIPLE 
UND]LIES BO? !ORIES4 ,!Y =M ONE UNIT4 ,! NEW C\RSE TAK5 BY M51 ! 
SUB/ITUTION ( TOOLS = NATURAL ORGANS1 CAUSES ?IS FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE TO 
MANIFE/ ITSELF DIFF]5TLY 9 ! TWO DOMA9S2 ?AT ( ! ANIMAL WORLD TO 
DEVELOP ACCORD+ TO ,D>W9IAN PR9CIPLE1 :ILE AMONG MANK9D ! ,M>XIAN 
PR9CIPLE APPLIES4 ,:5 M5 FRE$ !MSELVES FROM ! ANIMAL WORLD1 ! 
DEVELOPM5T ( TOOLS & PRODUCTIVE ME?ODS1 ! DIVISION ( LABOR & KN[L$GE 
BECAME ! PROPELL+ =CE 9 SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT IS !SE ?AT BR\<T 
AB\T ! V>I\S SY/EMS1 SU* AS PRIMITIVE COMMUNISM1 ! PEASANT SY/EM1 ! 
BEG9N+S ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION1 FEUDALISM1 & N[ MOD]N CAPITALISM1 & 
:I* BR+ US EV] NE>] TO ,SOCIALISM4 

,X4 ,CAPITALISM & ,SOCIALISM 

,! P>TICUL> =M ?AT ! ,D>W9IAN /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE 
ASSUMES 9 DEVELOPM5T IS DET]M9$ BY M5'S SOCIABILITY & !IR USE ( 
TOOLS4 ,! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE1 :ILE IT IS /ILL C>RI$ ON AMONG MEMB]S ( 
DIFF]5T GR\PS1 NEV]!LESS CEASES AMONG MEMB]S ( ! SAME GR\P1 & ITS 
PLACE IS TAK5 BY MUTUAL AID & SOCIAL FEEL+4 ,9 ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 GR\PS1 
TE*NICAL EQUIPM5T DECIDES :O %ALL BE ! VICTOR2 ?IS RESULTS 9 ! 
PROGRESS ( TE*NIQUE4 ,!SE TWO CIRCUM/ANCES LEAD TO DIFF]5T EFFECTS UND] 
DIFF]5T SY/EMS4 ,LET US SEE 9 :AT MANN] !Y WORK \T UND] CAPITALISM4 

,:5 ! B\RGEOISIE GA9$ POLITICAL P[] & MADE ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM 
! DOM9AT+ ONE1 IT BEGAN BY BREAK+ ! FEUDAL BONDS & FREE+ ! PEOPLE 
FROM ALL FEUDAL TIES4 ,IT WAS ESS5TIAL = CAPITALISM ?AT EV]Y ONE %\LD BE 
ABLE TO TAKE P>T 9 ! COMPETITIVE /RUGGLE2 ?AT NO ONE'S MOVEM5TS BE 
TI$ UP OR N>R[$ BY CORPORATE DUTIES OR HAMP]$ BY LEGAL /ATUTES1 = ONLY 
?US WAS IT POSSIBLE = PRODUCTION TO DEVELOP ITS FULL CAPACITY4 ,! WORK]S 
MU/ HAVE FREE COMM& OV] !MSELVES & NOT BE TI$ UP BY FEUDAL OR GUILD 
DUTIES1 = ONLY AS FREE WORK]S CAN !Y SELL !IR LABOR-P[] TO ! 
CAPITALI/S AS A :OLE COMMODITY1 & ONLY AS FREE LABOR]S CAN ! CAPITALI/S 
USE !M4 ,IT IS = ?IS REASON ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE HAS DONE AWAY ) ALL OLD 
TIES & DUTIES4 ,IT MADE ! PEOPLE 5TIRELY FREE1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME LEFT 
!M 5TIRELY ISOLAT$ & UNPROTECT$4 ,=M]LY ! PEOPLE W]E NOT ISOLAT$2 
!Y BELONG$ TO SOME CORPORATION2 !Y W]E UND] ! PROTECTION ( SOME LORD 
OR COMMUNE1 & 9 ?IS !Y F\ND /R5G?4 ,!Y W]E A P>T ( A SOCIAL GR\P 
TO :I* !Y [$ DUTIES & FROM :I* !Y RECEIV$ PROTECTION4 ,!SE DUTIES 
! B\RGEOISIE ABOLI%$2 IT DE/ROY$ ! CORPORATIONS & ABOLI%$ ! 
FEUDAL RELATIONS4 ,! FREE+ ( LABOR MEANT AT ! SAME TIME ?AT ALL REFUGE 
WAS TAK5 AWAY FROM HIM & ?AT HE C\LD NO LONG] RELY UPON O!RS4 

,EV]Y ONE HAD TO RELY UPON HIMSELF4 ,ALONE1 FREE FROM ALL TIES & PROTECTION1 
HE MU/ /RUGGLE AGA9/ ALL4 

,IT IS = ?IS REASON ?AT1 UND] CAPITALISM1 ! HUMAN WORLD RESEMBLES 
MO/LY ! WORLD ( RAPACI\S ANIMALS & IT IS = ?IS V]Y REASON ?AT ! 
B\RGEOIS ,D>W9I/S LOOK$ = M5'S PROTOTYPE AMONG ANIMALS LIV+ 
ISOLAT$4 ,TO ?IS !Y W]E L$ BY !IR [N EXP]I5CE4 ,!IR MI/AKE1 H[EV]1 
CONSI/$ 9 CONSID]+ CAPITALI/ CONDITIONS AS EV]LA/+4 ,! RELATION 
EXI/+ BETWE5 \R CAPITALI/ COMPETITIVE SY/EM & ANIMALS LIV+ ISOLAT$1 
WAS ?US EXPRESS$ BY ,5GELS 9 HIS BOOK1 0,ANTI-,DUEHR+0 7PAGE #b#c#i4 
,?IS MAY ALSO BE F\ND ON PAGE #ei ( 0,SOCIALISM1 ,UTOPIAN & 
,SCI5TIFIC07 AS FOLL[S3 

0,F9ALLY1 MOD]N 9DU/RY & ! OP5+ ( ! WORLD 
M>KET MADE ! /RUGGLE UNIV]SAL & AT ! SAME TIME GAVE IT UNHE>D-( 
VIRUL5CE4 ,ADVANTAGES 9 NATURAL OR >TIFICIAL CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION N[ 
DECIDE ! EXI/5CE OR NONEXI/5CE ( 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/S AS WELL AS ( 
:OLE 9DU/RIES & C\NTRIES4 ,HE ?AT FALLS IS REMORSELESSLY CA/ ASIDE4 ,IT IS 
! ,D>W9IAN /RUGGLE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL = EXI/5CE TRANSF]R$ FROM ,NATURE 
TO SOCIETY ) 9T5SIFI$ VIOL5CE4 ,! CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE NATURAL TO ! 
ANIMAL APPE> AS ! F9AL T]M ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T40 

,:AT IS ?AT :I* C>RIES ON ! /RUGGLE 9 ?IS CAPITALI/ COMPETITION1 
! P]FECTNESS ( :I* DECIDES ! VICTORY8 

,FIR/ COME TE*NICAL TOOLS1 MA*9ES4 ,H]E AGA9 APPLIES ! LAW ?AT 
/RUGGLE LEADS TO P]FECTION4 ,! MA*9E ?AT IS MORE IMPROV$ \T/RIPS ! 
LESS IMPROV$1 ! MA*9ES ?AT CANNOT P]=M MU*1 & ! SIMPLE TOOLS >E 
EXT]M9AT$ & MA*9E TE*NIQUE DEVELOPS ) GIGANTIC /RIDES TO EV] 
GREAT] PRODUCTIVITY4 ,?IS IS ! REAL APPLICATION ( ,D>W9ISM TO HUMAN 
SOCIETY4 ,! P>TICUL> ?+ AB\T IT IS ?AT UND] CAPITALISM !RE IS PRIVATE 
PROP]TY1 & BEH9D EV]Y MA*9E !RE IS A MAN4 ,BEH9D ! GIGANTIC MA*9E 
!RE IS A BIG CAPITALI/ & BEH9D ! SMALL MA*9E !RE IS A SMALL 
CAPITALI/4 ,) ! DEFEAT ( ! SMALL MA*9E1 ! SMALL CAPITALI/1 AS 
CAPITALI/1 P]I%ES ) ALL HIS HOPES & HAPP9ESS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! 
/RUGGLE IS A RACE ( CAPITAL4 ,L>GE CAPITAL IS BETT] EQUIPP$2 L>GE CAPITAL 
IS GETT+ EV] L>G]4 ,?IS CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL UND]M9ES CAPITAL ITSELF1 
= IT DIM9I%ES ! B\RGEOISIE :OSE 9T]E/ IT IS TO MA9TA9 CAPITALISM1 
& IT 9CREASES ?AT MASS :I* SEEKS TO ABOLI% IT4 ,9 ?IS DEVELOPM5T1 ONE 
( ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( CAPITALISM IS GRADUALLY ABOLI%$4 ,9 ! WORLD :]E 
EA* /RUGGLES AGA9/ ALL & ALL AGA9/ EA*1 A NEW ASSOCIATION DEVELOPS 
AMONG ! WORK+ CLASS1 ! CLASS ORGANIZATION4 ,! WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS 
/>T ) 5D+ ! COMPETITION EXI/+ BETWE5 WORK]S & COMB9E !IR 
SEP>ATE P[]S 9TO ONE GREAT P[] 9 !IR /RUGGLE ) ! \TSIDE WORLD4 
,EV]Y?+ ?AT APPLIES TO SOCIAL GR\PS ALSO APPLIES TO ?IS CLASS 
ORGANIZATION1 BR\<T AB\T BY NATURAL CONDITIONS4 ,9 ! RANKS ( ?IS CLASS 
ORGANIZATION1 SOCIAL MOTIVES1 MORAL FEEL+S1 SELF-SACRIFICE & DEVOTION = 
! 5TIRE BODY DEVELOP 9 A MO/ SPL5DID WAY4 ,?IS SOLID ORGANIZATION GIVES TO 
! WORK+ CLASS ?AT GREAT /R5G? :I* IT NE$S 9 ORD] TO CONQU] ! 
CAPITALI/ CLASS4 ,! CLASS /RUGGLE :I* IS NOT A /RUGGLE ) TOOLS BUT = 
! POSSESSION ( TOOLS1 A /RUGGLE = ! RI<T TO DIRECT 9DU/RY1 WILL BE 
DET]M9$ BY ! /R5G? ( ! CLASS ORGANIZATION4 

,LET US N[ LOOK AT ! FUTURE SY/EM ( PRODUCTION AS C>RI$ ON UND] 
,SOCIALISM4 ,! /RUGGLE LEAD+ TO ! P]FECTION ( ! TOOLS DOES NOT CEASE4 
,AS BE=E UND] CAPITALISM1 ! 9F]IOR MA*9E WILL BE \TDI/ANC$ & 
BRU%$ ASIDE BY ! ONE ?AT IS SUP]IOR4 ,AS BE=E1 ?IS PROCESS WILL LEAD TO 
GREAT] PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR4 ,BUT PRIVATE PROP]TY HAV+ BE5 ABOLI%$1 !RE 
WILL NO LONG] BE A MAN BEH9D EA* MA*9E CALL+ IT HIS [N & %>+ ITS 
FATE4 ,MA*9ES WILL BE COMMON PROP]TY1 & ! DISPLACEM5T ( ! LESS 
DEVELOP$ BY ! BETT] DEVELOP$ MA*9]Y WILL BE C>RI$ \T UPON C>EFUL 
CONSID]ATION4 

,) ! ABOLITION ( CLASSES ! 5TIRE CIVILIZ$ WORLD WILL BECOME ONE 
GREAT PRODUCTIVE COMMUNITY4 ,)9 ?IS COMMUNITY MUTUAL /RUGGLE AMONG MEMB]S 
WILL CEASE & WILL BE C>RI$ ON ) ! \TSIDE WORLD4 ,IT WILL NO LONG] BE A 
/RUGGLE AGA9/ \R [N K9D1 BUT A /RUGGLE = SUBSI/5CE1 A /RUGGLE 
AGA9/ NATURE4 ,BUT [+ TO DEVELOPM5T ( TE*NIQUE & SCI5CE1 ?IS CAN 
H>DLY BE CALL$ A /RUGGLE4 ,NATURE IS SUBJECT TO MAN & ) V]Y LITTLE 
EX]TION FROM HIS SIDE %E SUPPLIES HIM ) ABUNDANCE4 ,H]E A NEW C>E] OP5S 
= MAN3 MAN'S RIS+ FROM ! ANIMAL WORLD & C>RY+ ON HIS /RUGGLE 
= EXI/5CE BY ! USE ( TOOLS1 CEASES1 & A NEW *APT] ( HUMAN HI/ORY 
BEG9S4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #a1 #bba 3 ,M>XISM ,& ,D>W9ISM -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,M>XISM ,& ,D>W9ISM -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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