,M>XISM & ,AN>*ISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,F$]AZIONE ,DEI ,COMUNI/I ,AN>*ICI 

,TEXT 3 

,AS ( ! #g? ,CONGRESS ( ! ,FD,C,A ( #a/ ,OCTOB] #b#f1 ?IS DOCUM5T CEASES TO BE P>T ( ! ,FD,C,A'S ,BASIC ,/RATEGY4 

,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNI/ ,CRITICISM ( 0,REAL ,SOCIALISM0 

  

,! ,BOL%EVIK MODEL = ! CON/RUCTION ( COMMUNISM ALREADY %[$ SIGNS ( CRISIS ) ,L59'S 9TRODUCTION ( ! ,N,E,P4 ,?IS WAS NO SUDD51 UNEXPECT$ CRISIS4 ,IT HAD BE5 PRESAG$ BY C]TA9 POLITICAL & GOV]NM5TAL *OICES 9 ! WAKE ( ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#g1 9 P>TICUL>3  

! LIQUIDATION ( ! GOV]N+ COALITION ( ALL ?OSE =CES :I* SUPPORT$ ! REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION ( ! C\NTRY4 ,! CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS ACT WAS ! SUPPRESSION ( ! 9/ITUTIONAL 5VIRONM5T :I* HO/$ ! DIALECTIC & DEBATE BETWE5 ! V>I\S POLITICAL =CES REPRES5T+ ! V>I\S GR\PS & CLASSES ?AT W]E ALLI$ 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 ,?IS 0SIMPLIFICATION0 ( ! POLITICAL SC5E WAS A*IEV$ ?ANKS TO MILIT>Y /R5G? & WELL BE=E ! /RUCTURAL CONDITIONS ( ! PRES5CE ( SU* =CES W]E REMOV$2  

! CONSEQU5T LIQUIDATION1 BY =CE ( >MS1 ( ! ANTI-9/ITUTIONAL =CES & !RE=E ( ! 0SOCIAL MOVEM5TS0 ( :I* ! ,AN>*I/S HAD ALWAYS BE5 ONE ( ! COMPON5TS 7! ,MAKHNOV%*9A1 ,KRON%TADT71 MOVEM5TS ?AT W]E CAPABLE ( CREAT+ SOCIAL MODELS & ALT]NATIVE1 REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICES2  

! LIQUIDATION ?R\< REPEAT$ POLICE ACTION ( ! ORGANIZ$ =CES :I* W]E CAPABLE ( COM+ UP ) PROJECTS & PROGRAMS 9 COMPETITION ) & FUR!R LEFT ?AN ! ,BOL%EVIKS' CONDUCT ( ! REVOLUTION -- ! V>I\S REVOLUTION>Y POLITICAL GR\PS ?AT OP]AT$ AT ! TIME 9 ,RUSSIA 7,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES1 ,AN>*I/S1 ETC472  

! LIQUIDATION ( ! WORK]S' OPPOSITION )9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 7,BOL%EVIK71 ! F9AL ACT ?AT SEAL$ ! DEF9ITIVE AFFIRMATION ( ! P>TY C5T] L$ BY ,L59 & ! CREATION ( AN AUTOCRATIC MANAGEM5T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS2  

! LOSS ( AU?ORITY1 BY DECREE ( ! #b#h? ,JUNE #a#i#a#h1 ( ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES1 ORGANS :I* W]E CAPABLE ( DIRECTLY EX]CIS+ WORK]S' CONTROL ( ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS1 A*IEV$ BY TRANSF]R+ P[] TO ! ,SOVIETS1 KN[+ WELL ?AT ! ELECTORAL SY/EM & ! /RUCTURE ( ! ,SOVIETS GAVE ! P>TY A GREAT] POSSIBILITY ( TAK+ !M OV]4  
  

,!SE *OICES1 :I* W]E ! RESULT ( ! ,L59I/ CONCEPT ( ! ROLE ( ! P>TY DUR+ ! REVOLUTION>Y PHASE1 HAD ! 7WELL-KN[N7 EFFECT ( R$UC+ MASS1 POPUL> P>TICIPATION 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS & MADE IT NECESS>Y = MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY & PRODUCTION TO BE AIM$ AT DEVELOP+ ACCUMULATION & ! MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION BY SMALL [N]S & BY A CLASS ( BUREAUCRATS :O W]E COMP>ABLE 9 EV]Y WAY ) ?OSE :O MANAGE ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION UND] A CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 

,! TRANSF] ( PROP]TY ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION FROM CAPITALI/ GR\PS TO ! 0SOCIALI/0 ,/ATE DID NOT RESULT 9 AN AUTOMATIC OV]TURN+ ( RELATIONS BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 LABOR REMA9$ TOTALLY SUBORD9ATE TO ! NEW ,/ATE 9/ITUTION 9TO :I* ! [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION WAS CONC5TRAT$ AFT] ITS EXPROPRIATION FROM ! CAPITALI/S4 ,! 0SOCIALI/ /ATE0 RAPIDLY BECAME ! LEGAL =M ?R\< :I* ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T WAS A*IEV$4 ,! ACCUMULATION ( PR(IT BECAME ! TASK ( ! ,/ATE1 :I* US$ ITS CAPITAL ACCORD+ TO ! ECONOMIC DIRECTIVES ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,9 ! LATE #a#i#bS 9 ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA & 9 MO/ ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES1 !RE WAS AN 9CREAS+ CONVICTION ?AT ! CONC5TRATION ( [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION 9 ! ,/ATE1 TOGE!R ) ! RESPONSIBILITY = PLANN+ IT1 W\LD CONSID]ABLY R$UCE ! 0AN>*Y ( PRODUCTION0 :I* AFFLICT$ ! ,WE/]N CAPITALI/ REGIMES1 !REBY AVOID+ ! %ORT-T]M RISK ( ECONOMIC CRISES4 ,9/EAD1 9 ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA1 TYPICALLY CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION RELATION%IPS W]E SL[LY RETURN+1 EV5 ?\< ! [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION WAS CONTROLL$ BY ! ,/ATE4 

,! REASON+ BEH9D ?IS *OICE CAN BE SE5 9 ! ME*ANI/IC APPLICATION ( ! PR9CIPLE ACCORD+ TO :I* ONCE ! [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION *ANGES1 !N !RE IS A CONSEQU5T *ANGE 9 ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE4 ,ADD TO ?IS ! FACT ?AT ,/ATE & P>TY W]E CONSID]$ EQUIVAL5T & ?AT ! P>TY WAS CONSID]$ TO BE EQUIVAL5T ) ! PROLET>IAT1 & Y\ HAVE %[N ! COMMUNI/ NATURE ( ! SOCIETY3 ! PROLET>IAT IS POLITICALLY REPRES5T$ BY ! P>TY & ! P>TY CONTROLS ! ,/ATE4 ,H5CE1 IT FOLL[S ?AT ! SOCIETY 9 :I* ?IS IS ! SITUATION & 9 :I* ! ,/ATE IS ! 0[N]0 ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION IS !RE=E A COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 ,! CLUMSY REASON+ IS OBVI\S1 YET ,TROTSKY 7:O DEVELOP$ IT7 WAS NEV] ABLE TO GO BEYOND ?IS APP>5T SYLLOGISM & CONT9U$ TO SU/A9 UP TO ! 5D ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN ,/ATE WAS 9DE$ A PROLET>IAN ONE1 ALBEIT BUREAUCRATICALLY DEG5]AT$4 ,AS E>LY AS #a#i#b#d1 ! CLASSES ?AT HELD CONTROL ( AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ATTEMPT$ TO REGA9 ! P[] :I* WAS DE FACTO !IRS1 IF ONLY BECAUSE !Y MAT]IALLY POSSESS$ ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 

,/AL9ISM 

  

,9 ?IS CONTEXT1 ! SUCCESSFUL EM]G5CE ( ,/AL9'S L9E WAS ! RESPONSE ?AT ! P>TY BUREAUCRACY & :AT WAS LEFT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y =CES TO ! ATTEMPT FROM )9 ! P>TY 7BUT ) SOLID /RUCTURAL BASES 9 ! PRODUCTIVE & SOCIAL FABRIC ( ! C\NTRY7 TO LAY ! GR\NDWORK TO RE/ORE1 ALSO ON AN 9/ITUTIONAL LEVEL1 ! REPRES5TATIVE P[] ( ! CLASSES :I* HAD ! POSSESSION & MANAGEM5T ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ) 0ECONOMIC DEMOCRACY04 ,) ! DEFEAT ( ,BUKH>9'S L9E1 ! SOLUTIONS PROPOS$ BY ,/AL9 MET ) UNEXPECT$ SUPPORT FROM ! 9T]NATIONAL ECONOMIC COMMUNITY & FROM ! CRISIS ?AT WAS AT ! TIME AFFLICT+ ! ME*ANISMS ( ACCUMULATION ?R\<\T ! CAPITALI/ WORLD 7! #aibi CRISIS74 

,ON AN ECONOMIC LEVEL1 ,/AL9ISM WAS AN ORIG9AL & ADEQUATE RESPONSE TO ! PROBLEM ( ! MOM5T4 ,ECONOMIC PLANN+1 RU?LESS USE ( MILIT>Y CONTROL OV] ! WORK=CE1 ! %IFT+ ( REVOLUTION>Y 5?USIASM ONTO ! PROCESSES ( ACCUMULATION 7! WORK E?IC1 ! ,/AKANOV SYNDROME1 & SO ON71 A D>+ =EIGN POLICY = ! IMPORT ( CIVIL & MILIT>Y TE*NOLOGY1 ALL ?IS MADE IT POSSIBLE TO BUILD ! BASIC /RUCTURES ( ! C\NTRY'S HEAVY 9DU/RY1 ! 9FRA/RUCTURE1 & ALL[$ ,RUSSIA TO MOVE ON FROM A PHASE ( /RUCTURAL ECONOMIC UND]DEVELOPM5T4 ,BUT ! COROLL>Y ( ?IS POLICY WAS ! TRANS=MATION ( ! P>TY BUREAUCRACY 9TO A CLASS4 

,! W>1 ) ! RAPID ACCEL]ATION ( ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESSES ?AT IT BR\<T1 ! PROMOTION ONCE MORE ( CONS5SUS FROM & ! P>TICIPATION ( ! MASSES 7/IMULAT$ ?R\< ! TACTICAL & /RATEGIC CONDUCT ( ! CONFLICT TO ! EXT5T ( 5C\RAG+ NATIONAL RECONCILIATION7 GAVE ,/AL9I/ POLICIES AN 5ORM\S BOO/4 ,!Y ALSO 5SUR$ ?AT ! PR(\ND CONTRADICTIONS )9 ! MODEL ( DEVELOPM5T & 9 ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL *OICES ?AT W]E MADE W\LD NOT BE ABLE TO N\RI% ! POLITICAL OPPOSITION :I* WAS DEPRIV$ ( A MASS BASE1 BECAUSE ( ! W>4 

,BUT ! W> 7?ANKS TO ! ACQUISITION ( O!R T]RITORIES & PEOPLES BY ! ,UNION7 DID ACC5TUATE ONE V]Y S]I\S PROBLEM ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIK P[] 9H]IT$ FROM ,CZ>I/ TIMES3 NATIONALITIES4 

,/AL9 DELUD$ HIMSELF 9TO ?9K+ ?AT HE C\LD WIPE \T ! BASIS ( ?IS PROBLEM ) =C$ MIGRATIONS & ! DEPORTATION ( 5TIRE POPULATIONS1 & TRI$ TO EFFECT A 0RE-MIX+0 NATIONALITIES BY DE/ROY+ T]RITORIAL HOMOG5EITY1 SEEK+ TO UPROOT ! C5TURIES-LONG TRADITIONS & HABITS ( V>I\S POPULATIONS4 ,?IS WAS SUPPOS$ TO HAVE BR\<T AB\T A SORT ( EQUALIZATION :I* W\LD1 BY ALT]NATIVELY SUPPORT+ ! V>I\S E?NIC GR\PS1 5ABLE P[] TO BE EX]CIS$ BY ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T4 ,! SY/EM W\LD MAKE EV]YONE FEEL SO 09SECURE0 AS TO 5C\RAGE COHESION & UNITY 9 ! C\NTRY OV] SEP>ATISM & NATIONALISMS1 DESPITE ! EXI/5CE ( !SE S5TIM5TS4 

,IT WAS !RE NOT A NEW POLICY1 BUT AN 9DICATION ( ! CONT9UITY ( ! OLD ,CZ>I/ REGIME :I* CONC$$ ! RI<T ( SETTLEM5T TO V>I\S E?NIC GR\PS DUR+ ! FREQU5T MIGRATIONS 9 ORD] TO CONTA9 DEM&S = AUTONOMY BY ! V>I\S PEOPLES :O W]E SUBJECTS ( ! EMPIRE4 ,?IS VASSALAGE E/ABLI%$ BETWE5 ! C5TRAL P[] & NEW >RIVALS WAS N[ C>EFULLY PLANN$4 ,?IS WAS ! ONLY DIFF]5CE ) ! PA/1 AS ! V>I\S COMMUNITIES ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY 7BO? !N & N[7 DO NOT COMMUNICATE ) EA* O!R1 DO NOT JO9 TOGE!R TO BECOME ONE4 ,9/EAD1 !Y ACC5TUATE !IR ATTA*M5T TO !IR [N LANGUAGES1 RELIGIONS1 CULTURES & TRADITIONS4 ,?IS LAY AT ! ROOT ( ! SEP>ATI/ MOVEM5TS ?AT >E TODAY CAUS+ DIFFICULTY )9 ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,DUR+ ! SECOND WORLD W>1 ! V>I\S CONT5D]S TRI$ TO EXPLOIT ! PRES5CE ( POPULATIONS1 DI/9CT FROM EA* O!R & (T5 9 CONFLICT1 ALL ALONG ! CONF9ES ( ,GREAT ,RUSSIA1 FROM ! ,BALTIC TO ! ,URALS4 ,BACK$ BY ! ,ALLIES1 ,/AL9 ONCE AGA9 OPT$ = ! DE/RUCTION ( 5TIRE E?NIC GR\PS BY MEANS ( =C$ EMIGRATIONS1 ! DISP]SION ( POPULATIONS 9 ! IMM5SE T]RITORIES ( ! EA/ & EV5 EXT]M9ATION4 ,! POLICY ( E?NIC MIX+ WAS NOT APPLI$ 9 ! ,BALTIC REPUBLICS AS !SE W]E NOT ACQUIR$ BY ! ,U,S,S,R UNTIL LAT]4 ,HAV+ ACQUIR$ !M1 H[EV]1 & ?IS BE+ IMM$IATELY FOLL[$ BY A W> :I* DECIMAT$ ! LOCAL POPULATIONS1 IT WAS POSSIBLE TO 5GAGE 9 A 0,RUSSIFICATION0 ( ! >EA BY PROMOT+ EMIGRATION BY ,RUSSIANS & PEOPLE FROM O!R REPUBLICS4 ,= ?IS REASON1 ! PROBLEM TODAY ( RESPECT = NATIONALITY 9 !SE C\NTRIES IS1 AT LEA/ 9 SOME WAYS1 DIFF]5T ?AN 9 ! RE/ ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 

,LEFT ,M>XISM 

  

,BUT ! GREAT FAILURE ( ,/AL9I/ POLICY 7& ONE :I* ACTUALLY CAUS$ ITS D[NFALL AS A ME?OD1 /YLE & POLITICAL !ORY ( GOV]NM5T7 WAS PR9CIPALLY ITS 9ABILITY TO L9K ! MANAGEM5T ( ?OSE ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES :]E ! ,R$ ,>MY HAD IMPOS$ SOCIALISM TO ! MANAGEM5T ( ! ,U,S,S,R 9 AN ORGANIC WAY4 ,! C5TRALI/1 BUREAUCRATIC VISION ( ! ROLE ( ! P>TY1 ! SUBORD9ATION ( ! V>I\S NATIONAL P>TIES TO ! HEGEMONY ( ! ,SOVIET COMMUNI/ P>TY1 DE/ROY$ ! /R5G?1 ! CR$IBILITY1 ! MASS BASE ( COMMUNI/ P>TIES ) A SOLID1 VA/ PRES5CE 9 ! V>I\S C\NTRIES4 ,?IS L$ TO ! REVOLTS ( #a#i#e#f1 A CLE> SIGNAL ( DISSATISFACTION ) ! 0,RUSSIAN0 MANAGEM5T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS1 DUE TO ! BUREAUCRATIC NATURE ( ! =MS ( GOV]NM5T & ! POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC & SOCIAL POLICIES :I* TYPIFI$ IT4 ,!SE 9SURRECTIONS W]E *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! M>K$ POLITICAL HEGEMONY ( LEFT COMMUNISM1 (T5 ( C\NCIL COMMUNI/ 9SPIRATION4 ,?IS %\LD ALSO BE SE5 9 ! WORK]S' REVOLTS ( #a#i#f#h-#g1 P>T ( ! LONG WAVE ( LEFTI/ REVOLTS 9 #a#i#e#f4 ,!Y CONTA9 ! EMBRYO ( ! REJECTION ( ! RUNN+ ( SOCIETY ALONG ,M>XI/ COMMUNI/ L9ES4 ,?IS REJECTION ALSO ON ! P>T ( WIDE SECTORS ( ! WORK]S & PEASANTS >OSE FROM ! FAILURES & FROM ! REPRESSION :I* FOLL[$ ANY UPRIS+ ( A PROGRESSIVE1 REVOLUTION>Y NATURE4 ,9 FACT1 POPUL> REVOLTS 5D$ ) 9CREAS+LY MORE 0RI<T-W+0 SOLUTIONS TO ! PROBLEMS RAIS$4 ,! LEAD+ CLASS ( !SE /ATES HAS AS ITS PRIME OBJECTIVE ! PRES]VATION ( ! /RATEGIC BALANCE & IS !RE=E WILL+ TO MAKE ALLIANCES ) :OEV] CAN GU>ANTEE IT & IS READY TO MAKE CONCESSIONS ON A /RUCTURAL LEVEL4 ,H]E1 MORE SO ?AN 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 !RE >E !RE=E ! /RUCTURAL CONDITIONS TO *OOSE ! PA? SUGGE/$ LONG AGO BY ,BUKH>91 ) ! RESULT ?AT1 DUE TO ! *ANGES 9 ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC MANAGEM5T ( SOCIETY1 !RE IS A REBIR? 7EV5 9 ! ECONOMIC & PRODUCTIVE /RUCTURE ( !SE C\NTRIES7 ( ! DOM9ATION BY CLASSES :OSE P[] IS BAS$ ON ! MANAGEM5T ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ON ! BUREAUCRATICALLY-EX]CIS$ CONTROL ( ! PROCESSES ( ACCUMULATION4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 ! /RUCTURAL & SUP]/RUCTURAL BASES = ! RE-9TRODUCTION ( PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! M>KET W]E RECREAT$4 

,! ,REBIR? ,( ,CAPITALISM 

  

,TODAY1 9 C]TA9 C\NTRIES SU* AS ,HUNG>Y & ,POL&1 ?IS PROCESS IS MORE ADVANC$ & SO WE CAN SEE ! 9TRODUCTION ( RE=MS 9 /RUCTURE & 9/ITUTIONS ( POLITICAL DEMOCRACY ( A ,WE/]N TYPE4 ,9 O!RS1 LIKE ! ,G]MAN ,DEMOCRATIC ,REPUBLIC1 ! CALL ( NATIONAL UNITY SEEMS TO BE =C+ ! PACE ( *ANGE4 ,9 ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA1 ,ROMANIA & ,BULG>IA1 ! POLITICAL SITUATION IS MOV+ ACCORD+ TO ! P>TICUL> CONDITIONS ( EA* C\NTRY4 ,WE WILL LOOK AT ! *>ACT]I/ICS & CONSEQU5CES ( ALL ?IS FUR!R ON4 ,:AT WE W\LD LIKE TO PO9T \T H]E IS ?AT 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 ! COMMUNI/ P>TY IS PLAY+ ! MO/ DIFFICULT C>D4 

,9 FACT1 !RE IS AN ATTEMPT TO CON/ITUTE ! CONTROL ( P[] BY ! S+LE P>TY 7SO-CALL$ COMMUNI/7 ) ! RE/ORATION1 ALBEIT GRADUAL & P>TIAL1 ( ! M>KET1 9TRODUC+ GU>ANTEES SIMIL> TO ?OSE 9 ! LIB]AL /ATE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 !RE IS A SE>* = AN ORIG9AL WAY TO F9D A NEW 7NEO-COMMUNI/7 SOLUTION ?AT QUIETLY DRAWS ON ! EXP]I5CE ACCUMULAT$ BY ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC P>TIES & IS GRADUALLY 9TRODUC$ 9TO !IR PROGRAMS1 9 ! CONVICTION ?AT ! ,SOVIET ,/ATE CAN ONLY B5EFIT FROM A POLICY ( DEBATE_/COMPETITION ) O!R ,/ATES4 ,TODAY1 ! ,U,S,S,R IS A FULL MEMB] 9 ITS [N RI<T ( ! 9T]NATIONAL COMMUNITY & A :OLLY LEGITIMATE ONE4 ,AS A MILIT>Y P[]1 AS A ,/ATE ?AT CAN (F] AN IMM5SE1 RECEPTIVE M>KET ATTRACTIVE ABOVE ALL TO ?OSE ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES :I* >E 9 A PHASE ( /RONG1 /EADY PRODUCTIVE GR[?1 ! ,U,S,S,R IS LOOK+ = SOME?+ 9 RETURN ON ! LEVEL ( SECURITY & ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T1 & SEEKS SOLID>ITY FROM ,WE/]N 7ABOVE ALL1 ,EUROPEAN7 C\NTRIES 9 ORD] TO CONTA9 ! SEP>ATI/ T5D5CIES ( ITS PEOPLES1 AS ONLY A C5TRAL ,RUSSIAN P[] CAN GU>ANTEE ! CONDITIONS ( /ABILITY :I* PROVIDE ! M>KET ) SECURITY & BALANCE4 

,!RE IS MU* TO BE SAID ON ! NEW PHASE ( ,EUROPEAN & WORLD HI/ORY ?AT IS OP5$ UP ?ANKS TO ?IS *OICE4 ,IT IS SUFFICI5T TO ?9K ( ! 0,BALKANIZATION0 ( ! :OLE ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPE RI<T UP TO ! BORD]S ( ! ,RUSSIAN REPUBLIC & ( C]TA9 SITUATIONS 9 ,ASIA 9 ORD] TO UND]/& ?AT WE >E EMB>K+ ON A PHASE ( GREAT 9/ABILITY4 ,& WE CAN BE SURE ?AT 9 ?IS SITUATION ! PROCESSES 9 PROGRESS WILL NOT BE )\T !IR DIFFICULTIES OR )\T CONSEQU5CES = PEACE4 

,! ,FAILURE ( ,M>XISM 

  

,IT IS NECESS>Y TO PO9T \T ?AT AT ! 5D ( ?IS LONG ROAD1 !RE IS NO?+ COMMUNI/ LEFT 9 ! ,U,S,S,R & 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE & ?AT ! MU*-VAUNT$ SUP]IORITY 7AS A POLITICAL !ORY7 ( ,M>XISM OV] ,AN>*ISM IS N[ SE5 TO BE )\T ANY BASIS4 ,WE N[ SEE ! 9CONSI/5CY ( ?OSE :O BAS$ ?IS SUP]IORITY ON ,M>XISM'S ABILITY TO PROVIDE POSITIVE1 CONCRETE SOLUTIONS TO ! 0TRANSITIONAL PHASE01 PROVID+ AS AN EXAMPLE ! REALIZATION ( SOCIALISM 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE4 ,9 ! WAKE ( :AT HAS HAPP5$1 WE CAN HAPPILY SAY ?AT NO?+ IS AS IT WAS BE=E1 EV5 ?\< ! PROBLEMS ( ! EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN & ! NE$ TO BUILD A COMMUNI/ SOCIETY REMA91 9 FACT ! URG5TLY CONC]N ! :OLE WORLD4 ,! 9CREAS+ GAP BETWE5 ! NOR? & S\? ( ! WORLD1 BETWE5 RI* C\NTRIES & POOR1 ! ECOLOGICAL & 5VIRONM5TAL EM]G5CY1 ! EXPLOSION ( NATIONALISM & RELIGI\S & E?NIC CONFLICT >E ALL 9DICATION ( A DEEP CRISIS :I* REQUIRES ! URG5T ADOPTION ( GLOBAL SOLUTIONS4 ,! ,M>XI/ HYPO!SIS1 :I* IS ALSO UND]GO+ AN ID5TITY CRISIS 9 ,*9A & 9 O!R P>TS ( ! WORLD1 NO LONG] (F]S SURE SOLUTIONS4 

,WE MU/ RE-LAUN* ! DEBATE LEAV+ BEH9D US ! RU9S ( A HI/ORIC DEFEAT1 /RONG 9 ! KN[L$GE ?AT1 AL?\< CAPITAL CONT9UES TO GR[ /RONG]1 AL?\< EXPLOITATION IS ON ! RISE1 AL?\< ! REF9EM5T ( ! TE*NIQUES ( DOM9ATION IS EV] GREAT]1 AT LEA/ A !ORY ON :I* WE HAVE BE5 DIVID$ IS N[ SE5 TO BE A FAILURE1 ?US OP5+ ! WAY TO REVOLUTION>Y UNITY1 ! UNITY ?AT *>ACT]IZ$ ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ITS E>LIE/ DAYS4 

,TODAY1 F9ALLY1 BEH9D ! WALLS ( ! ,KREML91 ! HEIRS ( ! ,LONDON ,SECRET>IAT ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL HAVE TAK5 !IR LA/ BREA?4 ,ONCE AGA91 ! MASSES BECOME ! LEAD+ ACTOR 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 ,BUT 9 ORD] ?AT !Y CAN HAVE ! 9/RUM5TS = POLITICAL ACTION1 COMMUNI/ AN>*ISM MU/ GET BACK TO C>RY+ \T ITS POLITICAL ACTION1 AN>*I/ COMMUNI/ ORGANIZATIONS MU/ MAKE !IR CONTRIBUTION BY CON/ANTLY UPDAT+ !IR !ORY1 BY SETT+ \T A /RATEGY :I* IS MANAG$ BY 9T]NATIONAL CONNECTIONS & BR\<T 9TO ! WORKPLACE & AMONG ! MASSES BY MEANS ( A TACTICAL >TICULATION :I* ALL[S = ! MAXIMUM P>TICIPATION & CON/ANT V]IFICATION4 

,WE 9VITE ?OSE REVOLUTION>Y COMRADES :O HAVE BE5 OR /ILL >E MEMB]S ( ,M>XI/ ORGANIZATIONS TO DEBATE ) US & WORK ) US1 />T+ ) ! WORK AMONG ! MASSES & ) A FIR/ V]IFICATION ( ! RESULTS A*IEV$4 

,! ,/RATEGIC ,PROPOSALS ( ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM 

  

,EV5 AT ! TIME ( ! PREP>ATIONS = ! REVOLUTION>Y UPRIS+S 9 ,RUSSIA1 ,AN>*I/S HAD !IR [N ORIG9AL PROPOSALS :I* AT TIMES HELD SWAY )9 ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,! DEVELOPM5T 9 #aie ( ! SOVIETS AS A MEANS = ! SELF-MANAGEM5T ( ! /RUGGLES1 AS ORGANS ( REVOLUTION>Y DEMOCRACY 9 SUB/ITUTION ( ! 9/ITUTION & =MS ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY & ! NOBILITY1 WAS ! DIRECT RESULT ( !IR POLITICAL !ORY4 ,! SOVIET1 9 FACT1 GA!RS ! ACTIVE =CES :I* >E REALLY 9VOLV$ 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT 9 PROGRESS & ALL[S = ! P>TICIPATION ( ALL1 IRRESPECTIVE ( !IR POLITICAL BELIEFS1 !IR LABOR UNION OR RELIGION1 ON ! BASIS ( TOTAL EQUALITY4 ,?IS ORIG9AL 9/RUM5T ( PROLET>IAN DEMOCRACY & MASS P>TICIPATION DOES NOT D5Y ! ROLE ( P>TIES & POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS1 BUT A*IEVES ! POLITICAL OBJECTIVE ( MASS P>TICIPATION BY PRES5T+ ITSELF AS ! ONLY REAL & FUNCTIONAL 7ORIG9AL7 9/RUM5T ( P>TICIPATION4 ,! FULL APPROVAL BY ! MASSES ( ! SOVIET AS AN 9/RUM5T ( POLITICAL P>TICIPATION 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS IS EVID5C$ BY ! FACT ?AT EV5 ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E =C$ BY ! MOVEM5T TO ADOPT AS !IR [N ! SLOGAN 0,ALL P[] TO ! ,SOVIETS604 ,EV5 9 ! E>LY PHASE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS ( #aiag 7! 9SURRECTIONAL PHASE71 ,AN>*ISM HAD LAID ! GR\NDWORK = LEAV+ B\RGEOIS REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY BEH9D & HAD CREAT$ ! BASIC NUCLEUS = BUILD+ A NEW TYPE ( SY/EM = P>TICIPATION1 ALSO ON AN 9/ITUTIONAL LEVEL1 BY F9D+ A POSITIVE SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEM ( P[] & ( ! ,/ATE 9 ! PHASE ( TRANSITION TO COMMUNISM4 

,AN>*ISM NOT ONLY SUPPORT$ BUT PROMOT$ ! LIQUIDATION ( ! LA/ ,/ATE /RUCTURES & ! B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY 7! REVOLUTION>Y VANGU>DS ?AT PHYSICALLY CLOS$ D[N ! ,DUMA W]E ,AN>*I/S & ! ,BOL%EVIKS RATIFI$ ! OP]ATION74 ,BUT IT MU/ NOT BE =GOTT5 ?AT 9 ! SOVIETS1 NOT ONLY ! ,BOL%EVIKS & ,AN>*I/S W]E REPRES5T$1 !RE W]E ALSO ! ,M5%EVIKS1 ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES &1 EV5 MORE IMPORTANT1 ?OSE )\T P>TY1 PROV+ ! EXT5T ( ! SOVIETS' COMPREH5SIVE CAPACITY = REPRES5TATION4 

,! LIQUIDATION ( ! LEFT-W+ & RI<T-W+ OPPOSITION BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 HEGEMONIZ$ BY ! ,L59I/ >EA1 W5T H& 9 H& ) ! SUBJUGATION ( ! SOVIETS & !IR TOTAL DOM9ATION BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,! RISE TO P[] ( ! P>TY & ! EM]G5CE ( ! BUREAUCRATIC CLASS 9 ! ,U,S,S,R NECESS>ILY MEANT D5Y+ ! PLURALI/ NATURE & ! 5ORM\S MASS POPUL> P>TICIPATION 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 

,9/EAD1 BY AFFIRM+ 0,ALL P[] TO ! SOVIETS1 NOT TO ! P>TY01 AS ! SAILORS ( ,KRON%TADT DID 9 #a#i#b#a1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE TO PRES]VE ! G5U9ELY COMMUNI/ & REVOLUTION>Y NATURE ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ! ,U,S,S,R4 

,LAT] EV5TS DEMON/RAT$ ?AT :5 !RE IS NO MORE DIALECTICS ) =CES \TSIDE ! P>TY & :5 ! SOCIAL OPPOSITION IS REQUIR$ TO C>RY \T ITS ROLE EXCLUSIVELY )9 A S+LE P>TY1 !N POPUL> MASS P>TICIPATION & ! P>TICIPATION ( REVOLUTION>IES DISAPPE> & EV5 ! LEFTI/ =CES )9 ! P>TY SUCCUMB4 ,9 FACT1 !Y GA9 SU/5ANCE ONLY FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T :I*1 DEPRIV$ ( ITS 9/RUM5TS 7! SOVIETS & ! POLITICAL DEBATE BETWE5 ! V>I\S =CES71 9EVITABLY DISAPPE>$4 

,! EV5TS ( ! FIR/ F\R YE>S ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION TAU<T ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ?AT !RE IS NO COMMUNISM )\T DEMOCRACY & ?AT DEMOCRACY IS NOT EXPRESS$ ?R\< ! B\RGEOIS =MS ( P>LIAM5T>IANISM & ! ELECTORAL DELEGATE1 BUT ?R\< ! DIRECT P>TICIPATION ( EV]YONE 9 ALL ! POLITICAL DECISIONS & ALL ! DECISIONS ( GOV]NM5T4 ,! MA9 *>ACT]I/IC ( SU* A SY/EM IS NOT ! ABS5CE ( ! DELEGATE 7EV5 ! MEMB]S ( ! SOVIETS W]E DELEGAT$ & ELECT$71 BUT CON/ANT GRASSROOTS CONTROL ( ! DELEGATES BY ?OSE :O DELEGAT$ !M4 ,DELEGATES MU/ ALWAYS BE SUBJECT TO !IR M&ATE BE+ RECALL$ BY ?OSE :O DELEGAT$ !M4 

,! PRES5CE ( ! SOVIET ) ELECT$1 RECALLABLE DELEGATES WAS P>T ( ! G5]AL /RATEGY & POLITICAL PROPOSALS = ! MANAGEM5T ( ! TRANSITION TO COMMUNISM SET \T BY ! ,AN>*I/S ) REG>D TO ! RUNN+ ( ! ECONOMY4 ,ONLY A SOCIETY BAS$ ON SOVIETS ( PRODUC]S 7BY :I* IT IS 9T5D$ ! FACTORY WORK]S1 PEASANTS1 9TELLECTUALS1 ETC47 C\LD P]MIT A NEW =M ( MANAGEM5T AT A POLITICAL & 9/ITUTIONAL LEVEL ( ! ECONOMY BY MEANS ( ! SELF-MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION & S]VICES4 ,REJECT+ ! POSITIVI/ CAUSE & EFFECT RELATION%IP BETWE5 /RUCTURE & SUP]/RUCTURE AS EXP\ND$ BY ! ,L59I/S1 ! ,AN>*I/S 9/EAD CONSID]$ ! TWO TO 9T]ACT ) EA* O!R4 ,IT FOLL[S ?AT ! ELEM5T ( POLITICAL MANAGEM5T 7SUP]/RUCTURAL7 9T]ACT$ ) ! /RUCTURAL ELEM5T ( ! MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ONE WAS A CONDITION = ! O!R1 TO ! PO9T ?AT ! SOVIETS & ! SELF-MANAGEM5T ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & S]VICES W]E TWO SIDES ( ! SAME PROBLEM3 ! COMMUNI/ MANAGEM5T ( SOCIETY4 

,/AL9ISM & ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,ECONOMY -- ,REFLECTIONS ON ,AN>*ISM 

  

,! VICTORY ( ,/AL9ISM 9 ! ,U,S,S,R GREATLY AFFECT$ ,AN>*ISM'S !ORETICAL & /RATEGIC DEVELOPM5T4 ,! PR(\ND /RATEGIC REEXAM9ATION ?AT 9VOLV$ ,AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS ?R\<\T ! WORLD RESULT$ 93  

! /R5G!N+ ( ! RI<T-W+ POSITIONS :I* HAD ALWAYS BE5 PRES5T 9 ,AN>*ISM1 MAT*$ BY ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC DEVIATION )9 ! ,M>XI/ MOVEM5T4 ,! 9DIVIDUALI/S ( V>I\S T5D5CIES F\ND >GUM5TS TO CREATE & /R5G!N ORGANIZATIONS :I* REVOLV$ >\ND C]TA9 PUBLICATIONS :I* HAD BE5 E/ABLI%$ 9 ORD] TO 9FLU5CE PUBLIC OP9ION4 ,!Y AB&ON$ COMMUNISM & ! ,BAKUN9I/ TRADITION1 ONLY TO RETURN TO ! LIB]AL-9SPIR$ PROTO-AN>*ISM ( MA9LY ,ANGLO-,SAXON ORIG94 ,!SE ELEM5TS TOOK 9SPIRATION FROM A REEXAM9ATION ( ! NEO-POSITIVI/ IDEAS ( ,KROPOTK9 & CAME UP ) ! MESSIANIC IDEA ( ! 9EVITABILITY ( ,AN>*ISM4 ,AS IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO A*IEVE AN ,AN>*I/ SOCIETY !N1 !Y *OSE TO 9TRODUCE IT 0RELIGI\SLY0 9TO ! PRIVATE SPH]E ( !IR DAILY LIVES1 TO S]VE AS AN EXAMPLE4 ,?US1 FROM BE+ A POLITICAL IDEOLOGY1 ,AN>*ISM BECAME FIR/ & =EMO/ AN EXI/5TIAL *OICE & MET ) SOME SUCCESS AMONG C]TA9 CULTURAL & 9TELLECTUAL MOVEM5TS1 FULFILL+ ! MESSIANIC NE$ ?AT IS ALWAYS PRES5T1 ABOVE ALL 9 ! SOCIAL LAY]S :I* >E REMOV$ FROM ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS4  

,! RADICALIZATION ( ! COMMUNI/ *OICE BY A L>GE SECTION ( 9T]NATIONAL ,AN>*ISM LEAD+ TO AN 9T5SIFICATION ( LABOR ACTION & TO ! CREATION ( AN AN>*I/-9SPIR$ SYNDICALI/ 9T]NATIONAL 7! ,I,W,A74  
  

,?R\< !SE MEANS1 ?IS >EA ( ,AN>*ISM SUCCE$$ = A DECADE 9 KEEP+ ! CLASS /RUGGLE ALIVE & 9 OPPOS+ ! VA/ RE/RUCTUR+ ( PRODUCTION :I* FOLL[$ ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( A NEW 9T]NATIONAL DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,CRU%$ BY ! #aibi DEPRESSION & BY ! RISE ( ,NAZISM1 ,FASCISM1 ,ROOSEVELTISM & ,/AL9ISM1 !Y SURVIV$ )9 ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURES 9 ! V>I\S C\NTRIES :I* KEPT ! CLASS /RUGGLE ON A G5U9ELY REVOLUTION>Y FOOT+ DUR+ ! FOLL[+ DECADE &1 9 P>T1 ALSO DUR+ ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y COMPON5T ( ,AN>*ISM WAS ALSO RESPONSIBLE = ! CREATION 9 C]TA9 >EAS SU* AS ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA & ,S\?-,EA/ ,ASIA ( CLASS-/RUGGLE UNIONS & POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS :I* PAV$ ! WAY = FUTURE ANTI-IMP]IALI/ /RUGGLES4 

,BUT !RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ! MO/ MATURE REVOLUTION>Y EXP]I5CE WAS ,SPA91 ?ANKS ALSO TO ! P>TICUL>LY FAVORABLE CONDITIONS CREAT$ BY ,AN>*ISM & BY ! ,SPANI% PROLET>IAT OV] DECADES ( /RUGGLE4 ,REFLECT+ ON ! FAILURE ( ! ,AN>*I/ /RATEGY 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 BUT ALSO 9 ,ITALY & ,G]MANY 7:]E ! WORK]S' C\NCILS 9 ,BAV>IA & ! UNRE/ 9 ,B]L9 W]E TO F9I% TRAGICALLY71 ,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM DEVELOP$ A MORE ELABORATE !ORY & /RATEGY ( ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM4 

,! ,EXP]I5CE 9 ,SPA9 

  

,! ,IB]IAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 7,F,A,I7 ADOPT$ 0ORGANIZATIONAL DUALISM01 BY :I* IT LEFT ! TASK ( COORD9AT+ & LEAD+ MASS ACTION TO ! LABOR UNION1 :ILE IT WORK$ ON ! DEVELOPM5T ( !ORY1 /RATEGY & A PROGRAM4 ,! TWO ORGANIZATIONS W]E L9K$ BY A CON/ANT DIALECTIC RAPPORT1 C>RI$ \T ?R\< CONT9UAL V]IFICATION 7!ORY-PRACTICE-!ORY7 9VOLV+ EV]Y MILITANT :O WAS AT ! SAME TIME MEMB] ( ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATION & ( ! MASS ORGANIZATION4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 ! !ORIZATIONS ( ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATION W]E PRES5T$ TO ! MASS ORGANIZATION1 :]E !Y UND]W5T A DEMOCRATIC EXAM9ATION BY ALL ! MEMB]S ( ! MOVEM5T 9 /RUGGLE & CAME BACK1 CONFIRM$1 TO ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATION1 5RI*+ NOT ONLY ITS POLITICAL1 /RATEGIC & PROGRAMMATIC WORK BUT ALSO ITS !ORETICAL BAGGAGE4 ,IT WAS !RE=E A DYNAMIC VISION ( ! !ORY & ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT & ALL[$ ! ORGANIZATION TO /RUGGLE 9 ORD] TO CREATE ! CONDITIONS = REALIZ+ COMMUNISM BY SP>K+ (F A G5U9ELY REVOLUTION>Y1 PLURALI/ & LIB]T>IAN PROCESS4 

,DESPITE ! 9T]NATIONAL COALITION AGA9/ IT1 AS SE5 9 ! MILIT>Y 9T]V5TION ( ! ,FASCI/ REGIMES1 DESPITE ! DI/URB+ ACTION BY ! ,/AL9I/S :I* AFFECT$ ! REVOLUTION>Y UNITY & DESPITE ! GUILTY 9DIFF]5CE & COMPLICITY ( ! B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACIES1 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION WAS AN EXEMPL>Y REVOLUTION>Y EXP]I5CE BY REASON ( ! MANY POSITIVE RESULTS IT SAW ) RESPECT TO ! ECONOMY1 TO MASS POPUL> P>TICIPATION 9 PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION1 TO ! CREATION ( /RUCTURES = SELF-MANAGEM5T1 TO ! =MATION ( NEW 9/ITUTIONS ( PRODUC]S & CITIZ5S :I* L$ TO A DIFF]5T1 MORE ADVANC$ CONCEPT ( ! ,/ATE1 ( RI<TS1 ( SOCIAL WELF>E1 ( CULTURAL 5RI*M5T1 ! QUALITY ( LIFE1 ! RI<TS ( 9DIVIDUALS & 9 P>TICUL> ( WOM51 FRE$OM FROM RELIGI\S 5SLAVEM5T1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME A*IEV+ FULL LIB]TY ( CONSCI5CE4 ,SIMPLY PUT1 ! CONDITIONS W]E CREAT$ TO 5ABLE AN ORIG9AL & EFFICI5T MODEL = ! TRANSITION T[>DS A COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 

,9 RESPONSE TO ! ,/AL9I/ POLICY ( PLANN+ & ! MILIT>IZATION ( ! WORK=CE2 9 RESPONSE TO AUT>*Y1 ! DEPRESSION ( WAGES & CONSUMPTION & ! POLICY ( RE->MAM5T S\<T BY ! ,FASCI/S & :I* W\LD 9EVITABLY HAVE L$ TO W>2 9 RESPONSE TO A GREAT] ROLE = ! ,/ATE 9 ! ECONOMY & ! DRA9+ ( RES\RCES AWAY FROM WAGES1 ?R\< A MASSIVE DEVALUATION 9 ORD] TO RE-LAUN* CONSUMPTION 7AFT] AN UNEQUAL & =C$ RE-DI/RIBUTION ( RES\RCES71 AS =ESE5 BY ! ,NEW ,DEAL & ,KEYNESIAN POLICIES2 9 RESPONSE TO ALL ?IS1 ,AN>*ISM PROPOS$ & A*IEV$ 9 ,SPA9 7DESPITE ! CIVIL W>7 AN ECONOMY ) ! PEOPLE AT ! C5T]4 

,! MO/ WAS MADE ( ! C\NTRY'S RES\RCES BY MOBILIZ+ ! 5]GIES ( ! PEOPLE4 ,BY ELIM9AT+ COMPANY PR(IT1 RES\RCES W]E DIRECT$ 9TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( COLLECTIVIZATION4 ,9 AGRICULTURE1 EF=TS W]E CONC5TRAT$ ON MOD]NIZATION :ILE COLLECTIVIZATION ALL[$ COMPANIES TO RETURN TO COMPETITIVE & ECONOMICALLY DESIRABLE DIM5SIONS4 ,DI/ORTIONS 9 ! SY/EM ( DI/RIBUTION W]E ELIM9AT$1 AS W]E P>ASITIC PR(ITS1 GA9S1 B5EFITS & ECCLESIA/IC PRIVILEGES4 ,! :OLE OP]ATION WAS SO EFFICI5T ?AT1 DESPITE ! /ATE ( CIVIL W>1 ! F>MS :I* HAD BE5 COLLECTIVIZ$ 5D$ ! YE> 9 ! BLACK1 !REBY 5SUR+ EMPLOYM5T1 PRODUCE & FOOD SUPPLIES4 ,9 ! 9DU/RIAL SECTOR1 & DESPITE BE+ P5ALIZ$ BY ! W> EF=T1 !RE WAS 9VE/M5T & TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION1 COMPANY ACC\NTS W]E 9 ! BLACK & ! RE/RUCTUR+ ( DI/RIBUTION ?R\< ! ELIM9ATION ( 9T]M$I>IES HAD A POSITIVE EFFECT ON PR(ITS & CONSUMPTION4 

,9 S]VICES1 DESPITE ! REPEAT$ DAMAGE CAUS$ BY ! W>1 !RE W]E NOTABLE SUCCESSES4 ,S]VICES W]E EXT5D$ & MADE ACCESSIBLE VIA A POLICY ( L[] T>IFFS LEAD+ TO GREAT] COMPANY PR(ITS & ALSO 5SUR+ HI<] /&>DS ( S]VICES4 ,!RE WAS ALSO GREAT DEVELOPM5T 9 HEAL? & SOCIAL S]VICES1 ?ANKS ALSO TO ! AVAILABILITY ( RES\RCES SU* AS ?OSE ( P>ASITIC ELEM5TS LIKE ! ,*UR*1 ! RELIGI\S ORD]S & ! NOBILITY4 

,! ACTION ( ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNI/S 9 ,SPA9 WAS PRO( ( ,AN>*ISM'S ABILITY TO A*IEVE RESULTS4 ,IT !RE=E HAD TO BE ELIM9AT$4 ,?IS WAS ! TASK :I* BO? ! ,FASCI/S & ! ,/AL9I/S SET AB\T ) GREAT GU/O1 ABLY ASSI/$ BY ! DEMOCRATIC REGIMES4 

,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNI/ ,IDEAS ,SURVIVES 

  

,IF ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> SEEM$ TO HAVE S\ND$ ! DEA? KNELL = ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM1 ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> APPE>$ TO BURY IT = GOOD4 ,REVOLUTION & ,COMMUNISM W]E NOT SE5 TO >RIVE BY MEANS ( ! /RUGGLES ( ! P>TISANS 7:OSE RANKS ?RONG$ ) ,AN>*I/S FROM ALL C\NTRIES7 BUT AT BAYONET PO9T1 IMPOS$ BY ! ,R$ ,>MY4 ,9/EAD1 ! COMMUNI/ REGIMES SET UP 9 ! >EAS UND] ,SOVIET 9FLU5CE W]E 9 REALITY DEG5]ATE =MS ( ,/ATE ,SOCIALISM :I* 9 MANY CASES SWAMP$ ! POSITIVE EXP]I5CES ?AT ! PROLET>IAT 9 SOME C\NTRIES HAD DEVELOP$4 ,9DE$1 ,/AL9ISM WAS RESPONSIBLE = ELIM9AT+ SOME ( ! MO/ ABLE & AUTONOM\S LEAD]S & MILITANTS1 & WAS ACCOMPLICE TO ! WIP+ \T ( MANY CLASS-/RUGGLE MOVEM5TS 9 >EAS :I* W]E \TSIDE ITS DIRECT CONTROL4 ,! 9/ALLATION ( SOCIALISM 9 MANY ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES WAS !RE=E P>T ( ! EXPANSION ( ,RUSSIAN IMP]IALISM :I* DID NOT HESITATE TO MAKE USE ( A POLICY ( ANNEXATION 9 ! ,BALTIC1 ,BALKAN & ,ASIATIC >EAS4 ,! 0,UNION ( ,SOVIET ,SOCIALI/ ,REPUBLICS0 HAD 9H]IT$ ! IMP]IALI/ POLICY ( ,CA!R9E ,I,I & ,PET] ! ,GREAT TO ! CO/ ( ! PEOPLES1 ! E?NIC GR\PS & ! NATIONALITIES ( ,EUROPE & ,ASIA4 

,! OP]ATION WAS C>RI$ \T UND] ! IDEOLOGICAL COV] ( 9T]NATIONALISM :OSE TRUE MEAN+ WAS DI/ORT$ 9TO AID+ & GU>ANTEE+ ! P[] ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,BOL%EVIK P>TY OV] ! 9T]NATIONAL ,COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T4 

,BUT ,AN>*ISM HAD W>N$ ( ! DANG]S ( PAN-,RUSSIAN IDEOLOGY & ,RUSSIAN IMP]IALISM1 US+ ! ,SLAVIC QUE/ION AS ! LEVEL ( DEBATE1 & HAD COME UP ) CONCRETE PROPOSALS4 ,BAKUN9 HAD /UDI$ ! ,SLAVIC QUE/ION DEEPLY & ) A RE-WORK+ ( ! CONCEPT ( F$]ALISM1 HAD LAID ! BASIS = AN ORIG9AL VISION ( ! ,/ATE T5D+ T[>DS ITS PROGRESSIVE NEGATION & EV5TUAL DISSOLUTION4 ,! ,AN>*I/ PROPOSAL C\LD HAVE ACTUALLY BE5 A*IEV$ ?R\< A RADICAL *ANGE ( [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 :I* W\LD HAVE PASS$ TO DIRECT MANAGEM5T BY ! PRODUC]S 7ECONOMIC SELF-MANAGEM5T7 & ?R\< A NEW SY/EM ( POLITICAL P>TICIPATION4 ,! BASIC PO9TS ( ?IS NEW 9/ITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK W]E3  

! CREATION ( ELECT$ SOVIETS 9 ! WORKPLACES & NEI<BORHOODS2  

! EV]-PRES5T POSSIBILITY ( RECALL+ ! M&ATE ( DELEGATES BY ?OSE :O DELEGAT$ !M2  

! E/ABLI%M5T ( ORGANISMS ( DELEGAT$ DEMOCRACY = HI<] LEVELS ( REPRES5TATION UP TO ! PO9T ( /RUCTURES MEET+ ! NE$S = ! MANAGEM5T ( E?NIC1 L+UI/IC & CULTURAL MATT]S2  

! 0CEM5T0 = ?IS 0SOCIETY ( AUTONOMIES0 WAS ! COMMON VISION ( ! LIB]ATION ( MAN FROM CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION & NE$1 & ( 9T]NATIONALISM UND]/OOD AS ! OV]COM+ ( ! 5MITY BETWE5 NATIONS FOM5T$ BY CAPITALISM4 ,! F$]ALI/ /RUCTURE WAS 9 ORD] TO AVOID ! EV]-PRES5T POSSIBILITY ( ! DOM9ATION ( ONE E?NIC GR\P1 PEOPLE OR NATIONALITY BY ANO!R4 ,?IS COLLECTIVE P>TICIPATION 9 SOCIAL LIFE W\LD BE HELD TOGE!R BY POLITICAL PLURALISM & !RE=E ! CONT9UATION ( POLITICAL & P>TY ASSOCIATIONS & ( ORGANIZATIONAL PLURALISM 9 ! FIELD ( LABOR1 CONDITIONAL ON ACCEPTANCE ( ! 9/ITUTIONAL /RUCTURE ?AT SOCIETY HAD GIV5 ITSELF1 ?ANKS TO ! REVOLUTION>Y BREAK ) ! DOM9ATION ( CAPITAL4 ,9 ?IS DELICATE PHASE1 :]E SOCIETY AS A :OLE IS MOV+ T[>DS COMMUNISM & T[>DS ! 0NEW HUMANITY01 ! ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNI/ ORGANIZATION W\LD HAVE ! DELICATE TASK ( GU>ANTEE+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS1 SAFEGU>D+ & /R5G!N+ ! 9/ITUTIONS CREAT$ BY ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 KEEP+ ALIVE ! DIALECTIC T5SION BETWE5 ! DOM9ATION ( CAPITAL 7ALWAYS LY+ 9 WAIT TO RISE UP ONCE MORE7 & ! ATTEMPT BY ! WORK=CE TO BUILD A COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 ,IT WAS NOT 7& ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNI/S W]E WELL AW>E ( ! FACT7 A L9E> PROCESS OR ONE )\T OB/ACLES4 ,BUT ! PROPOS$ /RATEGY WAS ! ONLY ONE BY :I* COMMUNISM C\LD HAVE BE5 A*IEV$ 9 LIB]TY1 BEG9N+ BY BUILD+ AN ALT]NATIVE TO CAPITALISM :I* W\LD NOT BE R$UC$ 9TO ! MORE ( ,/AL9ISM OR ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4  
  
,CRISIS & ,RE/RUCTUR+ 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE 

  

,= SEV]AL MON?S N[1 ! CRISIS 9 ! ,U,S,S,R'S SATELLITES 9 ,EUROPE HAVE BE5 OCCUPY+ ALL ! PAP]S1 9 A /REAM ( ANTI-COMMUNI/ PROPAG&A ( AN 9T5SITY NEV] BE=E SE54 ,:AT IS TAK+ PLACE C\LD BE US$ TO DISCR$IT ANY TYPE ( COMMUNISM & PRES5TS ! LONG S\<T-AFT] OPPORTUNITY TO ELIM9ATE ANY OPPOSITION TO CAPITALISM4 ,H[EV]1 NOT MU* IS BE+ SAID AB\T ?OSE 7& !RE HAVE ALWAYS BE5 ?OSE7 :O SAY ?AT !RE HAS NEV] BE5 MU* COMMUNISM AB\T ?OSE REGIMES ?AT >E N[ COLLAPS+4 

,BUT BEYOND ! REP]CUSSIONS ( ?IS PROPAG&A 7IMPORTANT AS !Y >E71 ON AN IDEOLOGICAL LEVEL ! CRISIS ( !SE REGIMES 9TRODUCES A SITUATION ( 9/ABILITY 9TO ,EUROPE :I* M]ITS C>EFUL ATT5TION BY ! V]Y PEOPLE1 LIKE US1 :O C>E AB\T ! CLASS /RUGGLE & ! PROBLEMS ( PEACE4 

,9 ANALYZ+ ! NEW SITUATION1 WE ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNI/S CAN HOLD \R HEADS HI<1 HAV+ UNCEAS+LY & FROM ! V]Y />T CRITICIZ$ ! 0REAL SOCIALISM0 ( ?OSE C\NTRIES1 />T+ ) ! ,L59I/ SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEM ( ! TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM4 ,TODAY1 \R CRITICISM F9DS ITS CONFIRMATION 9 HI/ORY1 CRITICISM :I* WAS PAID = ) ! BLOOD ( SO MANY ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNI/ COMRADES DUR+ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 9 ,BULG>IA1 ,G]MANY1 ,ITALY & EV]Y C\NTRY :]E ,AN>*I/S W]E ACTIVE 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,BUT IT IS POOR CONSOLATION1 AS !RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT \R /RUGGLE IS ALL ! MORE DIFFICULT N[ ?ANKS TO ! MUD ?R[N AT ! IDEA ( COMMUNISM ITSELF1 TO ! MI/RU/ S[N AMONG ! PEOPLE1 = ! CONSCI\SNESS :I* N[ P]VADES ! MASSES :O >E DRIV5 TO ?9K ( ! 0,COMMUNISM0 ?AT EXI/$ BUT IS N[ DEFEAT$ & ! ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM ?AT WE PROMOTE AS ONE & ! SAME ?+4 ,IT MAY REQUIRE A G5]ATION BE=E :AT HAS HAPP5$ CAN BE OBJECTIVELY ANALYZ$1 BE=E ! CAUSES ( :AT HAS HAPP5$ & ! NE$ TO CONT9UE ! /RUGGLE = COMMUNISM CAN BE UND]/OOD4 

,BUT ! EV5TS ( !SE PA/ MON?S ALSO (F] ANO!R IMPORTANT LESSON3 NO?+ REMA9S ! SAME & ?+S CAN *ANGE 9 A %ORT SPACE ( TIME IF !Y >E SUPPORT$ BY A DESIRE = /RUCTURAL *ANGE & IF !RE IS MASS SUPPORT4 ,IT IS DUR+ PHASES ( CRISIS 9 ACCUMULATION ?AT A TRANS=MATION ( SOCIAL & PRODUCTIVE RELATION%IPS CAN BE SP>K$ (F & TODAY WE >E GO+ ?R\< A P>TICUL>LY 9T5SE CRISIS4 ,IT IS A CRISIS :I* EFFECTS NOT ONLY ! ,SOVIET EMPIRE1 C]TA9LY A SPECTACUL> CRISIS1 BUT ALSO AN EQUALLY PR(\ND1 ?\< /ILL P>TIALLY OBSCUR$1 CRISIS ( ! ,AM]ICAN EMPIRE4 ,A BATTLE IS 9 PROGRESS1 ) NO HOLDS B>R$1 :]E ,JAPAN & ,WE/]N ,EUROPE >E B5T ON CONQU]+ 9CREAS+ PROPORTIONS ( ! M>KET & ! C5T] ( GRAVITY ( ! PLANET'S HI/ORY IS REVOLV+ ONCE MORE >\ND ,EUROPE AFT] MANY YE>S4 

,9 ?IS SITUATION IT IS ! TASK ( ! MO/ CONSCI\S ELEM5TS 7! VANGU>D7 TO WORK T[>DS DEVELOP+ ! CONSCI\SNESS ( 9CREAS+ SECTORS ( ! WORK]S ( !IR /RATEGIC OBJECTIVES1 BY ADAPT+ !IR POLITICAL /RATEGY ACCORD+ TO ! *ANG+ SITUATION1 BY /IMULAT+ AN UPDAT+ ( !IR !ORY TOGE!R ) ! EVOLUTION ( ! ECONOMIC /RUCTURE & TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION :I*1 ABOVE ALL 9 ! FIELD ( COMMUNICATIONS1 HAS OV]TURN$ ! OLD RULES4 ,& ONE ESS5TIAL TOOL TO A*IEVE ?IS IS ANALYSIS4 ,! NOTES :I* FOLL[ >E !RE=E AIM$ AT CONTRIBUT+ TO ?IS4 

,YALTA & ! ,BALANCE ( ,P[]S 

  

,AT ! 5D ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 ! DIVISION ( ,EUROPE 9TO SPH]ES ( 9FLU5CE SATISFI$ ! APPETITES ( ! W>R+ P[]S :ILE AT ! SAME TIME PUTT+ AN 5D TO A SITUATION ( P]5NIAL 9/ABILITY 9 ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE4 ,GEOGRAPHICAL ISOLATION1 L+UI/IC DIFF]5CES EV5 TO ! PO9T ( ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( COMMUNICATION1 RELIGI\S DIFF]5CES1 DIFF]5T TRADITIONS1 ELEM5TS :I* 9 O!R P>TS ( ! CONT95T HAD BE5 ! BASIS = ! CON/RUCTION ( NATIONAL ID5TITIES & ! DEF9ITION ( BORD]S W]E ABS5T 9 ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE ON PRODUC$ ONLY VAGUE BORD]S4 ,H5CE ! 9DET]M9ATE NATURE ( FRONTI]S :I* ALL[$ ,HITL] TO DREAM ( A ,GREAT] ,G]MANY & TO F9D NO %ORTAGE ( ALLIES AMONG ! FRAGILE MON>*IES & LITTLE TYRANTS :O RUL$ 9 ! C\NTRIES ( ! ,BALKANS & ALONG ! ,DANUBE4 ,YALTA REPLAC$ ,G]MAN CONTROL ) ! HEGEMONY ( ,RUSSIA1 ACCEPT$ BY ! ,AM]ICANS & /RONGLY DESIR$ BY ! ,BRITI% 7& LAT] BY ! ,FR5*7 AS AN ANTI-,G]MAN DEVICE4 ,BORD]S BECAME /RONG & WELL-DEF9$1 CEM5T$ BY ! IDEOLOGY ( ,/AL9I/ ,COMMUNISM & SUPPORT$ 9 SOME CASES BY POPUL> 5?USIASM4 ,! REASONS = ?IS CONS5SUS1 :I* WAS C]TA9LY LIMIT$ TO SOME >EAS ONLY BUT WAS NONE!LESS VA/ & DEEPLY FELT 9 ITS E>LIE/ PHASE1 >E TO BE F\ND 9 ! EXI/5CE 9 !SE C\NTRIES ( /RONG1 WELL-E/ABLI%$ LEFT-W+ P>TIES & LABOR UNIONS :OSE UPP] E*ELONS W]E US$ BY ,/AL9 DUR+ ! YE>S ( ! ,COM9=M DICTATOR%IP1 AT LEA/ AS F> AS ! ,M>XI/S W]E CONC]N$ 7IT IS SIGNIFICANT TO NOTE ! MASSACRE ( MEMB]S & LEAD]S ( ! ,POLI% COMMUNI/ P>TY74 ,/AL9 HAD ALREADY SE5 TO ! ELIM9ATION ( ! LEAD]S ( ! O!R POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS AS ! ,R$ ,>MY ADVANC$ 7A CLE> EXAMPLE BE+ ! LIQUIDATION ( ! ,BULG>IAN ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T1 AN EV5T :I* HAS BE5 IGNOR$ 9 EV]Y HI/ORICAL RECON/RUCTION74 

,! HI/ORY ( ! ROLE ( ,C,O,M,9,=,M 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE & ! P]SECUTION ( LEFTI/ OPPOSITION 9 ?OSE C\NTRIES NE$S TO BE COMPLETELY RE-WRITT5 IF WE >E TO UND]/& ! REASONS = ! E>LY POPUL> SUPPORT1 :I* IS ONLY P>TLY EXPLA9ABLE BY ! ANTI-,NAZI /RUGGLE & LIB]ATION AT ! H&S ( ! ,R$ ,>MY1 OR TO UND]/& :Y ?IS POPUL> SUPPORT GRADUALLY DIM9I%$1 & NOT ?R\< AN 5TIRELY PA9LESS PROCESS AT ?AT4 

,WE W\LD DO WELL TO REM9D ?OSE :O HAVE =GOTT5 AB\T ! DI/URBANCES 9 ,B]L9 9 #aiec :I* W]E 9SPIR$ BY LEFT COMMUNISM1 ! ,HUNG>IAN & ,POLI% REVOLUTIONS 9 #aief :I*1 ALONGSIDE ! M9ORITY PRO-,WE/]N ELEM5TS1 W]E L>GELY ! RESULT ( ! WORK]S' C\NCILS1 & A SIMIL> MOVEM5T 9 ,POL& AGA9/ 9 #a#i#g4 ,!SE EXP]I5CES 5D$ 9 BLOODY REPRESSION1 A LIMIT C]TA9LY NOT DESIR$ BY ?OSE :O HAD PROMOT$ !M4 ,H[EV]1 ! WAYS 9 :I* ! REPRESSION WAS C>RI$ \T PROVID$ GREAT] SPACE = RI<T-W+ =CES1 TO ! PO9T ?AT !RE SPREAD ?R\<\T ! MASSES A MI/RU/ 9 ! NOTION ?AT !RE C\LD BE AN EVOLUTION FROM ,MOSC['S BR& ( 0COMMUNISM04 ,! SO-CALL$ ,COMMUNI/ GOV]NM5TS W]E 9CREAS+LY SE5 AS OCCUPATION REGIMES & EXI/$ UND] ! %AD[ ( !IR BIG BRO!R1 :5EV] !Y DID NOT TURN 9TO P]SONAL DICTATOR%IPS1 AS 9 ,ROMANIA4 ,9 FACT1 IT WAS ?IS V]Y *>ACT] ( REGIME ?AT PREV5T$ ! 9T]NAL DIALECTICS NECESS>Y = ANY SORT ( *ANGE FROM )91 RESULT+ 9 ! /AGNATION ( ! P>TY & ITS MEMB]S4 ,:]E CONDITIONS DID1 9/EAD1 P]MIT IT1 AS 9 ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA 9 #a#i#f#h1 ! RIGIDITY ( ! SY/EM BUILT BY ,/AL9 IMPOS$ ! >M$ REPRESSION ( A VITAL COMMUNI/ P>TY :I* HAD MASS SUPPORT1 RESULT+ 9 ! P>TY'S CR$IBILITY BE+ IRREP>ABLY DAMAG$4 ,IT WASN'T LONG BE=E ! LEAD]%IPS ( ! ,EA/]N ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES 7LIKE ?AT 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 & 9 SOME CASES EV5 MORE SO7 F\ND !MSELVES BESET ) DIFFICULTIES RELAT+ TO ! QUE/ION ( !IR SUCCESSION1 UND]/&ABLE GIV5 ! EXTREME DIFFICULTY 9 SELECT+ NEW MEMB]S ( ! LEAD+ CLASS4 

,! ,POLI% ,CRISIS & ! ,DOM9O ,!ORY 

  

,9 #ai< A NEW ELEM5T >RIV$ ONTO ! 9T]NATIONAL SC5E :I* WAS ALREADY FEEL+ ! /RA9 ( A PR(\ND PHASE ( RE/RUCTUR+ ( ! PRODUCTIVE RELATION%IPS & ( DIVISION ( ! M>KETS ON A WORLDWIDE SCALE4 

,! ELECTION ( A ,POLI% POPE SUDD5LY %IFT$ ! BALANCE ( P[]4 ,?IS MAN1 9SPIR$ BY ! SAME POLITICAL VISION AS ,GREGORY ,V,I,I & SUPPORT$ BY ,CA?OLIC F9ANCE ?R\< (T5 MURKY DEAL+S 7AN EXAMPLE BE+ ! ,I,O,R-,CALVI AFFAIR71 HAS ACT$ BOLDLY ON ALL FRONTS & HIS POLICIES ASPIRE AT A RE/ORATION ( ! TEMPORAL P[] ( ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*4 ,HE HAS ?US SUPPORT$ ! RI<T-W+ ELEM5TS FI<T+ AGA9/ ! REGIME 9 HIS [N C\NTRY1 NOT ONLY 9 AN ATTEMPT TO *ANGE ! SITUATION 9 ,POL& BUT ALSO AS A WAY ( SP>K+ (F 9/ABILITY ?R\<\T ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE4 ,TO DO ?IS1 IT WAS NECESS>Y TO CREATE A SY/EM ( ALLIANCES :I* C\LD BR+ AB\T W> )9 ! ,RUSSIAN EMPIRE4 ,& TO DO ?IS1 HE HAS GRADUALLY TRANS=M$ ECUM5ICAL DIALOGUE 9TO A POLITICAL ALLIANCE ( AN ANTI-,RUSSIAN NATURE4 ,& 9 ORD] TO A*IEVE ?IS GOAL1 HE HAS EV5 E/ABLI%$ AN 5T5TE CORDIALE ) EV]Y O!R =CE ON ! SOLE CONDITION ?AT !Y BE ANTI-COMMUNI/ 7SEE = EXAMPLE ! EX*ANGE ( MESSAGES ) ,KHOME9I1 *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! COMMON /RUGGLE ( ,ISLAM & ,*RI/IANITY AGA9/ A!I/ ,M>XISM74 

,:ILE ! ,ROMAN ,CA?OLICS )9 ,SOLID>ITY C>RI$ ON ! BATTLE 9 ,POL& & ,LI?UANIA1 ! ,LU!RAN ,*UR* HAS TAK5 ON ! TASK ( BE+ A PO9T ( REF]5CE = ! OPPOSITION 9 ! ,G]MAN ,DEMOCRATIC ,REPUBLIC1 ,E/ONIA & ,LATVIA1 & AMONG ?AT VA/ M9ORITY ( ,G]MANS SPREAD ?R\<\T ! PLA9S ( ! ,DANUBE4 ,! >EA ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPE & ! ,U,S,S,R HAS BE5 SUBJECT$ TO A CONC5TRIC ATTACK4 

,?US1 :5 EV5TS CAME TO A CRISIS 9 ,POL&1 WE WITNESS$ ! EFFECTS ( ! SO-CALL$ DOM9O !ORY ADVANC$ BY ,KISS+] 9 ! ,VIETNAM ,W>1 :]EBY IF ONE C\NTRY FALLS1 ALL ! O!RS 9 ! >EA W\LD 9EVITABLY FOLL[4 

,9 ANY EV5T1 ! SITUATION ON A /RUCTURAL LEVEL L5T ITSELF P]FECTLY TO ?IS OP]ATION4 ,IF ONE EXAM9ES ! DATA ON ! P]=MANCE ( ! ECONOMIES 9 ! C\NTRIES 9 ! >EA1 ! CRISIS 9 ! PLANN$ ECONOMY IS P]FECTLY EVID5T1 AS IS ! GR[? 9 ! CO/ ( ! APP>ATUS NECESS>Y TO SU/A9 CONS5SUS 9 RATIO TO ! AVAILABLE RES\RCES4 ,!RE HAS BE5 NO *ANGE ( A /RUCTURAL NATURE 9 ! C\NTRIES ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPE1 ?\< IT MI<T BE APPROPRIATE TO DEAL SEP>ATELY ) ! PRODUCTIVE /RUCTURE 9 ! ,G,D,R & P]HAPS ALSO 9 ,HUNG>Y4 ,! FAILURE ( ,C,O,M,E,C,O,N & ! 9ABILITY TO A*IEVE AN 9TEGRATION ( ! PRODUCTIVE SY/EMS 9 ! ASSOCIAT$ C\NTRIES WAS CAUS$ BY ! HEGEMONY & GRE$ ( ! ,U,S,S,R 9 ASSIGN+ SECTORS ( DEVELOPM5T & ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 & BY ! V]Y /RUCTURE ( ,C,O,M,E,C,O,N1 :I* DID NOT ALL[ = ! SORT ( EFFECTIVE ECONOMIC & MONET>Y 9TEGRATION ?AT W\LD HAVE 5SUR$ EQUAL /ATUS ) ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,IT WAS !RE=E 9EVITABLE ?AT !RE W\LD BE REC\RSE TO =EIGN DEBT & TO EA* S+LE C\NTRY 5T]+ ! 9T]NATIONAL M>KET4 ,?IS 9TRODUC$ 9TO ! >EA ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,WORLD ,BANK & WAS RESPONSIBLE = ! 9FLATION :I* WAS NECESS>Y TO PAY (F =EIGN DEBT4 ,?IS L$ TO ! /RUCTURAL CAUSES ( ! FRI<T5+ ECONOMIC CRISIS :I* HAS HIT ,EA/]N ,EUROPE4 ,BACK 9 #a#i#h1 ! ,SOVIET ECONOMY HAD BEGUN TO REACT TO ! CRISIS ?R\< 9CREAS$ CONC5TRATION1 CREAT+ A S]IES ( 0GR\PS0 ( BUS9ESSES1 EFFECT OLIGOPOLIES :I*1 BY REASON ( !IR SIZE & !IR /RUCTURAL *>ACT]I/ICS1 HAD AN 9T]E/ 9 *ANG+ ! ECONOMIC SY/EM & 9 ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! M>KET4 

,H[EV]1 ! OBJECTIVE CAUSES TO :I* WE HAVE REF]R$ >E NOT SUFFICI5T TO EXPLA9 ! SPE$ ( ! *ANGES1 :OSE REASONS %\LD ALSO BE S\<T 9 ! /RATEGIC PROJECT ?AT LIES BEH9D ! POLICIES ( ,GORBA*EV & ! POLITICAL CLASS TO :I* HE BELONGS1 MADE UP ( ! NEW MANAG]S1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT DIRECTORS ( ! ,/ATE OLIGOPOLIES1 MANY ( :OM COME FROM ! RANKS ( ! >MY4 ,?IS CLASS IS SUPPORT$ BY A MIDDLE CLASS MADE UP ( 9TELLECTUALS1 HI<LY PR(ESSIONALIZ$ WORK]S & TE*NICIANS ) A HI< LEVEL ( $UCATION4 

,GORBA*EV'S ,DIFFICULTIES 

  

,AT ! TIME ( HIS RISE TO P[]1 ,GORBA*EV 9H]IT$ A SITUATION :I* HAD GREATLY DET]IORAT$4 

,! MORASS ( ! ,AF<AN W> WAS DEV\R+ RES\RCES1 ACC5TUAT+ ! REASONS = ! CRISIS 9 ! REPUBLICS ALONG ! BORD] :OSE POPULATIONS >E ( ,MUSLIM RELIGION & TRADITION4 ,! W9DS ( ,ISLAM1 FANN$ BY ,KHOME9I1 HAVE BL[N ALL ! WAY 9TO ! ,RUSSIA & HAVE BE5 FE$+ ! EXPECTATIONS ( E?NIC GR\PS UND]GO+ DEMOGRAPHIC GR[? & :O >E EAG] TO HAVE A GREAT] SAY )9 ! C\NTRY OR AT ANY EV5T TO GA9 AUTONOMY FROM ! RUL+ CLASSES1 MADE UP = ! MO/ P>T ( ,EUROPEAN ,RUSSIANS4 ,?IS HAS GIV5 RISE TO ! REBIR? ( C5TURIES-OLD E?NIC RIVALRIES SU* AS ! CLA% BETWE5 ! ,GEORGIANS & ,>M5IANS1 EA* ) !IR [N /RONG TRADITIONS & A DEEP NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS4 

,?IS SITUATION CAN BE CONTRA/$ 7?\< ! DEM&S >E SIMIL>7 ) ! DESIRE = AUTONOMY FELT 9 ! ,BALTIC >EA :I* HAS SE5 NOTABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 FACT1 MANY ( ! OLIGOPOLIES WE SPOKE AB\T >E BAS$ 9 ?IS >EA1 & ! COMPUT]IZATION ( ! PRODUCTIVE SY/EM H]E IS ALSO NOTABLE4 ,?IS HAS FACILITAT$ COMMUNICATIONS 7?9K1 = EXAMPLE1 ( ! MEMB]S ( ! ,NATIONAL ,FRONTS :O COMMUNICATE BY MEANS ( ! COMPUT]S 9 ! COMPANIES :]E !Y WORK671 AN EX*ANGE :I* HAS 5ABL$ ! RIGID 9COMMUNICABILITY IMPOS$ UND] ! PLANN$ SY/EM1 TO BE OV]COME & :I* GIVES HOPE TO ! POSSIBILITY ?AT !SE REPUBLICS1 ONCE !Y BECOME EV5 P>TIALLY AUTONOM\S FROM ,MOSC[1 CAN JO9 ! ,SC&9AVIAN >EA ( PRODUCTION :]E !Y W\LD UND\BT$LY BE ABLE TO 9TEGRATE4 ,NATIONAL1 E?NIC1 L+UI/IC1 HI/ORICAL & RELIGI\S REASONS HAVE SE5 TO ! RE/4 

,?IS 9/ABILITY EXT5D$ TO ! ,SLAVIC >EA1 ) SIMIL> PROBLEMS >IS+ 9 REPUBLICS :I* >E P>T ( ! ,U,S,S,R & >E IMPORTANT BO? /RATEGICALLY & ECONOMICALLY1 SU* AS ,UKRA9E1 TO :OM ! REBORN AUTONOMY ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPEAN /ATES IS UND5IABLY ATTRACTIVE4 ,! BORD]S BETWE5 ! /ATES 9 !SE REGIONS HAVE ALWAYS BE5 UNC]TA94 ,PAN-,G]MAN CLAIMS OV] ! ,DANUBE >EA & ! ,BALTIC HAVE CAUS$ 9 ! PA/ & /ILL CONT9UE TO CAUSE WORRY1 AS HAVE ,POLI% CLAIMS ON ,LI?UANIA & ,UKRA9E1 ,HUNG>IAN CLAIMS ON ,TRANSYLVANIA & ,ROMANIA'S 9T]E/ 9 ,MOLDAVIA4 ,EQUALLY 9T5SE >E ! V>I\S CLAIMS & C\NT]CLAIMS 9 O!R P>TS ( ! REGION1 NOT LEA/ 9 ,YUGOSLAVIA1 :I* IS 9 DANG] ( FALL+ AP>T4 

,!RE IS1 9 EFFECT1 A REAL RISK ?AT ! DEM&S ( NEI<BOR+ C\NTRIES >E T5D+ T[>DS ! RE/ORATION ( ! BORD]S PREC$+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 !REBY 9TRODUC+ 9 ! REGION AN 9/ABILITY :I* W\LD HAVE NEGATIVE IMPLICATIONS ?R\<\T ! CONT95T TO ! PO9T ?AT IT C\LD ONCE AGA9 BE ! CAUSE ( >M$ CONFLICT 7NOT =GETT+ ?AT UNRE/ 9 ?IS >EA SP>K$ (F TWO WORLD W>S674 

,! ,REASONS = A ,/RATEGIC ,*OICE 

  

,AW>5ESS ( ! CRISIS AFFECT+ IT 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION TODAY IS ( A CL>ITY R>ELY SE5 AMONG ! LEAD]%IP 9 ,MOSC[4 ,& !Y >E EQUALLY AW>E ( ! CRISIS HITT+ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,H5CE ! SUCCESSFUL POLICY ( DIS>MAM5T & DIS5GAGEM5T :I* HAS BR\<T AB\T A DEF9ITE %IFT 9 ! ROLE ( !SE GLOBAL SUP]P[]S4 ,!RE >E ?US C]TA9 >EAS :I* >E NOT COV]$1 9 :I* !RE IS A GREAT RISK ( 9/ABILITY ) ! POSSIBILITY ?AT O!R P[]S WILL MOVE 94 ,BO? ! ,U,S,S,R & ! ,U,S,A >E WORRI$ AB\T ! GR[+ ECONOMIC P[] ( ,JAPAN & ,EUROPE4 ,IT IS COMMONLY FELT ?AT #aiib WILL SEE ! />T 9 ,EUROPE ( A SOLID PROCESS ( 9TEGRATION ?AT ! ,U,S,A HAS ALWAYS 7BUT VA9LY7 TRI$ TO OB/RUCT ?R\< ! POLICIES ( ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM1 :I* HAS PAID = ?IS ATTEMPT ) AN IRREV]SIBLE DE FACTO 9TEGRATION ( ! ,E,E,C & A R$UCTION ( ITS ROLE AS A MILIT>Y & ECONOMIC P[]4 

,= ! ,U,S,S,R1 ! *OICE HAS BE5 :E!R TO TAKE AN ANTAGONI/IC POSITION T[>DS ! C\NTRIES ( ! ,EUROPEAN ,COMMUNITY OR TO BUILD A P>TN]%IP ) !M ON ! BASIS ( COMMON 9T]E/S4 ,IT IS WELL KN[N ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R NE$S ! TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION ?AT ,EUROPE CAN EASILY PROVIDE4 ,& IT CAN (F] UNLIMIT$ RAW MAT]IALS1 AN 5ORM\S POT5TIAL M>KET & A QUALIFI$ WORK=CE :I* CAN QUICKLY ADAPT TO ! NEW TE*NOLOGY4 ,9 FACT1 ! ,U,S,S,R HAS ! HI<E/ NUMB] ( 5G9E]S1 MA!MATICIANS & SCI5TI/S ( ANY C\NTRY 9 ! WORLD4 ,SOME SORT ( UNION IS !RE=E POSSIBLE1 PROVID$ ANY POT5TIAL CAUSES ( CONFLICT >E ELIM9AT$ & ! POLITICAL UNITY ( ! ,EUROPEAN AGGLOM]ATION IS WEAK5$1 LEAV+ A MORE M>K$LY ECONOMIC UNION4 

,TO DO ?IS1 ,GORBA*EV1 HAV+ NOT$ ! CRISIS AFFECT+ ! C\NTRIES ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPE1 IS TRY+ TO FACE ! PROBLEM ) ! COOP]ATION ( !SE C\NTRIES1 IF ONLY BECAUSE TO DO O!RWISE W\LD MEAN LOS+ !M ALTOGE!R4 ,! FALL ( ! ,EA/ ,G]MAN REGIME WAS !RE=E WELCOM$ & IF !Y WANT TO TALK AB\T ,G]MAN REUNIFICATION !N SO BE IT -- ?AT WAY ,WE/ ,G]MANY WILL BE LESS CONC]N$ ) ! POLITICAL 9TEGRATION ( ! ,E,E,C AS IT WILL BE FOCUS+ ON REUNIFICATION4 ,AP>T FROM 5SUR+ ! UNITY ( ! ,G]MAN PEOPLE1 REUNIFICATION HAS ! ADD$ BONUS ( CREAT+ AN 9T]NAL M>KET ( #h MILLION CONSUM]S & BR++ TOGE!R ! PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY ( ! WORLD'S F\R? & T5? BIGGE/ ECONOMIES4 ,ONCE AN 9JECTION ( ,WE/ ,G]MAN CAPITAL HAS BAIL$ \T & RE-LAUN*$ ! ECONOMY ( ! O!R ,G]MANY1 :O KN[S :AT WILL HAPP5 TO ! ,G]MAN POPULATIONS LY+ \TSIDE ! BORD]S ( ! TWO /ATES8 ,& :AT 9T]E/ WILL ,G]MANY /ILL HAVE 9 ,EUROPEAN POLITICAL UNITY8 

,H]E !N >E ! FIR/ POSITIVE REACTIONS4 ,POL& IS CONT9U+ ) ITS ATTEMPTS TO RE-9TRODUCE ! M>KET :ILE /ILL SWE>+ LOYALTY TO ! ,W>SAW ,PACT4 ,NEI!R WILL IT BE LONG BE=E ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA DOES LIKEWISE1 UNWILL+ AS IT IS TO REPEAT ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,SUDET5 ,G]MANS4 ,HUNG>Y IS MORE LIB]AL1 BUT EV5 H]E !RE >E ,G]MAN SECTIONS ( ! POPULATION & A ,GREAT] ,G]MANY W\LD HAMP] COLLABORATION ) ! ,AU/RIAN >EA & ! ,DANUBE1 :I* ,HUNG>Y VIEWS AS VITAL 7SEE = EXAMPLE ! REC5T POLITICAL & COMM]CIAL AGREEM5T BETWE5 ,HUNG>Y1 ,AU/RIA1 ,ITALY & ,YUGOSLAVIA74 ,!N !RE >E ! ,BALTIC REPUBLICS :O WILL HAVE TO KEEP 9 M9D ! LOV+ ATT5TION !Y W]E LAVI%$ ) BY ,G]MANY DUR+ ! TW5TY YE>S :I* PREC$$ ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>4 

,SO1 IS IT NOT BETT] TO /IMULATE *ANGE 9 ,BULG>IA BE=E IT OCCURS SPONTANE\SLY8 ,OR PROMOTE *ANGE 9 ,ROMANIA BY =C+ ! 9T]NATIONAL ,MASONIC CLIQUE TO AB&ON ,CEAUCESCU1 :O IS NO LONG] EV5 USEFUL TO ! ,WE/ AS AN OPPON5T ( ,SOVIET POLICY )9 ! COMMUNI/ C\NTRIES8 ,& IT IS BETT] = ?IS *ANGE TO OCCUR BE=E AN OPPOSITION CLASS CAN BE =M$ !RE & BE=E ?IS OPPOSITION PRODUCES ! POLITICAL CLASS ?AT WILL DECIDE ! *ANGES1 AS HAS HAPP5$ 9 ,POL& & ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA4 

,IF ?IS IS ,GORBA*EV'S G5]AL POLICY 7& IT IS71 !N IT MATT]S LITTLE IF SU*-&-SU* A LEAD] ( ! OLD REGIME WAS A ?IEF 7>E \R [N ,*RI/IAN ,DEMOCRAT OR ,SOCIALI/ RUL]S ANY LESS SO87 OR IF !Y HAD COLLECTIONS ( PORNOGRAPHIC FILMS OR SPL5DID VILLAS4 ,IT MATT]S LITTLE IF ,G5]AL ,SO-&-,SO IS OR WAS FRI5DLY ) ! ,RUSSIANS1 OR IF SOME P>TY (FICIAL OR FACTORY MANG] /UDI$ 9 ,MOSC[ 9 SU*-&-SU* A P]IOD4 ,IT W\LD BE LIKE SAY+ ?AT ANYONE :O /UDI$ AT ,OXBRIDGE OR ,IVY ,LEAGUE COLLEGES IS P>T ( A POLITICAL PLOT AMONG ,WE/]N C\NTRIES1 GIV5 ?AT ANYONE 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE :O WANT$ ACCESS TO ! V]Y HI<E/ LEVELS ( $UCATION 9EVITABLY W5T TO ,MOSC[4 ,\R ATT5TION NE$S TO BE FOCUS$ ON ! G5]AL POLITICAL PROJECT4 

,RE/RUCTUR+ 9 ! ,EA/ 

  

,! ,U,S,S,R IS TODAY (F]+ ! C\NTRIES ( ! ,E,E,C ! 9T]NAL ,SOVIET M>KET -- #be MILLION POT5TIAL CONSUM]S TO :I* WE CAN ADD ! #a MILLION 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE4 ,BUT = 9VE/M5TS & ! M>KETS TO BE SECURE1 ! ,C5TRAL ,EUROPEAN >EA REQUIRES POLITICAL /ABILITY :I* CAN ONLY BE GU>ANTE$ BY ! RE-CONFIRMATION ( ! ,U,S,S,R'S HEGEMONY4 ,! FIR/ SIGNIFICANT EVID5CE ( ! VALIDITY ( ?IS /ATEM5T IS ! REQUE/ BY ! ,WE/ ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R 9T]V5E 9 ,ROMANIA & ! ROLE ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R HAS PLAY$ !RE 9 5ABL+ ! FALL ( ,CEAUCESCU & SET AB\T ! WORK ( RE/RUCTUR+ TO BR+ IT BACK 9TO A POLITICALLY HOMOG5\S >EA4 ,! ,U,S,S,R ?US A*IEVES ! FIR/ RESULT ( SEE+ ITS ROLE 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE RECOGNIZ$ BY ITS LONG-TIME RIVALS &1 MORE IMPORTANTLY1 IT GA9S ! *ANCE TO PROVIDE /RUCTURAL SUPPORT 9 ! FUTURE ( ITS DOM9ANT ROLE 9 ! >EA4 

,BUT 9 ORD] = ! RE/RUCTUR+ :I* HAS BEGUN TO HAVE A REAL *ANCE ( SUCCESS1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO CORRELATE ! ECONOMIES ( ! ,U,S,S,R & ! ,EA/]N ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES TO ! ,WE/]N ECONOMY & TO DO ?IS1 ,GORBA*EV WILL BE =C$ TO PUT AN 5D TO ! ANOMALY ?AT IS 7:AT REMA9S (7 PO/-REVOLUTION>Y ,RUSSIA4 ,?US1 HE HAS DEF9ITIVELY LIQUIDAT$ ! ,L59I/ 0?IRD WAY0 & ,RUSSIA IS RETURN+ TO ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC FAMILY FROM :I*1 IF ! TRU? BE TOLD1 IT HAD NEV] REALLY /RAY$ TO F>4 

,:ILE 9 POLITICS !RE IS A RETURN TO P>LIAM5T>IANISM & ! RULE ( LAW1 ! HUGE OLIGOPOLIES :I* DEVELOP$ UND] ! ,G,O,S,P,L,A,N >E IMPORT+ NOT ONLY TE*NOLOGY BUT ALSO SY/EMS = COMPANY & LABOR ORGANIZATION SO ?AT !Y CAN MAKE ,SOVIET PRODUCTION CO/S COMPETITIVE ON ! M>KET4 ,SIGNIFICANT ACCORDS 9 ?IS RESPECT HAVE BE5 MADE 79CLUD+ SOME DUR+ ,GORBA*EV'S VISIT TO ,ITALY7 & CONC]N ALL SECTORS1 FROM HEAVY 9DU/RY TO 9FRA/RUCTURE4 ,ALONGSIDE !SE GR\PS :I* REPRES5T BO? ! PRES5T & ! FUTURE ( ! ,U,S,S,R'S ECONOMY1 !RE >E ATTEMPTS TO /IMULATE PRIVATE 9ITIATIVE 9 ORD] TO DEVELOP ! S]VICE SECTOR1 TO USE TE*NOLOGICAL RESE>* ON ! M>KET ?R\< ! ( GOODS = L>GE-SCALE CONSUMPTION4 ,?IS DUAL PA? IS BE+ REPRODUC$ 9 AGRICULTURE TOO1 :]E ALONGSIDE 9VE/M5T 9 HUGE >EAS ALSO 9 COLLABORATION ) C]TA9 MULT9ATIONALS ( ! SECTOR 7SEE1 = EXAMPLE1 ! AGREEM5T ) ,F]RUZI,MONT$ISON71 ! RESURG5CE ( M$IUM-SIZ$ F>MS & ! CREATION ( COOP]ATIVES >E ALSO BE+ 5C\RAG$4 

,?IS *OICE UND\BT$LY REPRES5TS A VICTORY = ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION & M>KS A RETURN TO ! =M ( LABOR ORGANIZATION & ! VALUES ?AT ! PROLET>IAT ( ! WORLD HAVE ALWAYS F\<T4 ,SO1 AP>T FROM ! GREAT DISAPPO9TM5T FELT BY ?OSE :O HAD ?\<T ( ! ,U,S,S,R AS ! HOME ( REAL SOCIALISM1 !RE IS N[ ALSO AN OBJECTIVE /R5G!N+ ( ! CONTROL ( MULT9ATIONALS ON A GLOBAL SCALE4 

,IT IS NECESS>Y1 H[EV]1 TO EXAM9E C>EFULLY ! POSSIBLE SC5>IOS ?AT C\LD >ISE ON AN 9T]NATIONAL LEVEL AS A RESULT ( ?IS SITUATION4 

,IT SEEMS CLE> ?AT ! MA9 B5EFICI>IES ( ?IS POLICY WILL BE ! ,E,E,C C\NTRIES4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 ! ,F$]AL ,REPUBLIC ( ,G]MANY IS DE/9$ TO SEE AN 9CREASE 9 ITS ,G,D,P BY #a#i#i#e1 REA*+ ! LEVELS ( ,FRANCE & ! ,U,K4 ,! GREAT] P>T ( ITS 9VE/M5T WILL NO D\BT BE DIRECT$ AT ! ,G,D,R'S 9FRA/RUCTURE & PRODUCTIVE APP>ATUS1 9 AN EF=T TO /R5G!N ECONOMIC TIES BETWE5 ! TWO C\NTRIES & CREATE A DE FACTO REUNIFICATION4 ,WE/]N C\NTRIES 9 G5]AL WILL BE FOCUS$ ON ! ,EA/]N BLOC'S DEBT REPAYM5TS 9 ORD] TO CREATE TRU/WOR?Y CONSUM]S4 ,9 ! ,PACIFIC >EA & ON ! WORLD'S *ESS BO>D1 ! CLA% BETWE5 ! ,U,S,A & ,JAPAN IS DE/9$ TO BECOME WORSE & !RE BAN BE NO D\BT BUT ?AT POOR C\NTRIES WILL FALL FUR!R 9TO DEBT & WILL ALSO SEE LESS 9VE/M5T FROM ,O,E,C,D C\NTRIES :OSE ATT5TION WILL BE FOCUS$ ON 9TRODUC+ CAPITAL 9TO ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE4 

,! LABOR MOVEM5T & ! WORK]S ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE MAY BE ABLE TO CREATE /RUGGLES AIM$ AT BETT]+ !IR LIV+ & WORK+ CONDITIONS 9 VIEW ( ! PROBABLE GR[? 9 ! ECONOMY1 BUT AT AL /RATEGIC LEVEL1 !IR ACTION WILL NATURALLY BE AFFECT$ BY ! MI/RU/ S[N BY ! FAILURE ( ,L59ISM4 ,& BY NO MEANS CAN IT BE DISC\NT$ ?AT 9T]NATIONAL CAPITALISM WILL NOT TAKE ADVANTAGE EV5 MORE SO ?AN BE=E TO /RANGLE ANY =M ( ORGANIZ$ OPPOSITION4 ,EV5 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC P>TIES WILL BE =C$ 9TO POLICIES :I* >E MORE COMPATIBLE ) ! SY/EM4 

,! ,ROLE ( ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNI/S 

  

,:ILE IT IS C]TA9LY IMPORTANT = CLASS-/RUGGLE MILITANTS TO UND]/& :AT IS HAPP5+1 IT IS EV5 MORE IMPORTANT TO DEVISE A /RATEGY = :AT ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNI/S CAN DO4 ,! ANALYSIS WE MAKE & ! DISCUSSION ( ?IS ANALYSIS ) O!R MILITANTS ON ! LEFT HELPS US TO CL>IFY ?+S FUR!R1 TO GET RID ( ! ,BOL%EVIK MY? & ANY ,L59I/ RESIDUALS4 ,WE NE$ TO LAY ! BASIS = A WIDE-RANG+ !ORETICAL DEBATE 9 ORD] TO E/ABLI% AN ORGANIZATIONAL PROJECT ?AT HAS AS ITS BASIS A COMMON ANALYSIS ( ! SITUATION ( ?OSE MANY COMRADES :O UP TO N[ HAVE BE5 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,L59I/ MY?4 

,WE NE$ TO CONT9UE TO C>RY \T \R WORK )9 ! MASS ORGANIZATIONS & AMONG ! WORK]S 9 \R WORKPLACES4 ,WE MU/ MAKE EF=TS TO GIVE \R ACTION A /RATEGIC DIM5SION & RANGE1 ELABORAT+ CONCRETE1 ALT]NATIVE POLITICAL L9ES TO DEMON/RATE ! CONT9U+ VALIDITY & FEASIBILITY ( \R POLITICAL ALT]NATIVE4 

,WE NE$ TO DEVELOP \R !ORETICAL ANALYSIS1 UPDAT+ \R ELABORATIONS ABOVE ALL 9 RELATION TO ! MANAGEM5T ( ! FUTURE SOCIETY & ! 0TRANSITIONAL PHASE01 & ORGANIZATION ( ! ECONOMY & PRODUCTION4 ,ONE ?+ WE HAVE LE>N$ FROM HI/ORY IS ?AT !RE IS NO POSSIBILITY ( *ANGE IF WE DO NOT PROVIDE SOLUTIONS TO PEOPLE'S NE$S4 ,HI/ORY TEA*ES US1 9 FACT1 ?AT IT IS :5 ! CRISIS IS AT ITS WOR/ & ! SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEMS IS UNC]TA91 ?AT ! REACTION IS ABLE TO 9S]T ITSELF & IMPOSE ITSELF4 

,WE NE$ TO SUPPORT \R COMRADES 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE SO ?AT !Y CAN RE-BUILD ! HI/ORICAL MEMORY :I* HAS BE5 WIP$ \T AFT] YE>S ( FALSIFICATION & RE-WRIT+ ( HI/ORY ON ! P>T ( ! ,L59I/ C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,ON \R P>T1 WE MU/ 9T5SIFY \R WORK )9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE & MAKE EF=TS TO GIVE \R ACTION ( OPPOSITION TO CAPITALISM & ! MULT9ATIONALS A /RATEGIC BASIS SO ?AT WE CAN ASSI/ ! /RUGGLES ( \R COMRADES 9 ! ,EA/ & 9 ! ,WE/1 L9K+ !M TO ! /RUGGLES ( ?OSE 9 ! ?IRD WORLD & ELSE:]E -- ANY:]E :]E PEOPLE FI<T = A SOCIETY ?AT IS FREE FROM ! EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY O!R M54 

7,S\RCE3 HTTP3_/_/WWW4FDCA4IT_/FDCA5_/ORGANIZATION_/SDF-PA/_/M>XISM.-&.-AN>*ISM4HTM47 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #a#e1 #bbb 3 ,M>XISM & ,AN>*ISM -- ,ADD$4 

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