,MANUEL ,ESCORZA DEL ,VAL 7#a#i#a#b-#a#i#f#h7 
,A BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,AGU/9 ,GUILLAMON 

,TEXT 3 

,MANUEL ,ESCORZA DEL ,VAL WAS BORN 9 ,B>CELONA 9 #a#i#a#b4 ,! SON ( ,B]N>DO ,ESCORZA ,TELLO1.<#a.> A VET]AN ,C,N,T MILITANT ( ! ,WOODWORK]S ,TRADE ,UNION1 :O DI$ ON ,SEPTEMB] #b#i1 #a#i#c#h1 9 MY/]I\S CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,:5 HE WAS A *ILD HE SUFF]$ FROM POLIO :I* LEFT HIM P]MAN5TLY P>ALYZ$4 ,( V]Y %ORT /ATURE DUE TO ! ATROPHY ( HIS LEGS1 HE US$ 5ORM\S LIFTS 9 HIS %OES1 :I*1 COMB9$ ) HIS CRUT*ES1 GAVE HIM A V]Y PA!TIC APPE>ANCE & MADE WALK+ EXTREMELY DIFFICULT = HIM4 

,( A V]Y HEAD/RONG1 AC]BIC & H>% *>ACT]1 HE WAS HI<LY $UCAT$ & EXHIBIT$ GREAT =CE ( WILL4 ,HE DID NOT ALL[ ANYONE TO HELP HIM WALK & HE /ROVE TO REMA9 AS 9DEP5D5T AS POSSIBLE4 ,HE WAS ACTIVE 9 ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\? & BECAME A MEMB] ( ! ,P59SUL> ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,F,A,I4 ,HE PLAY$ A V]Y ACTIVE ROLE 9 ! ,AT5EO ,F>OS1 LOCAT$ ON ,MI/RAL ,AV5UE4.<#b.> 

,AT ! \TBREAK ( ! CIVIL W> HE P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! ,PL5UM ( ,LOCAL & ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEES1 :I* MET ON ,JULY #b#a1 #a#i#c#f1 :]E HE ADVOCAT$ A ?IRD WAY 9 OPPOSITION TO ,JUAN ,G>CIA ,OLIV]'S HALF-HE>T$ SUPPORT = 0GO+ = BROKE01 & ALSO 9 OPPOSITION TO ! MAJORITY POSITION SUPPORT$ BY ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN & ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y ?AT CALL$ = LOYAL COLLABORATION ) ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,ESCORZA ADVOCAT$ ! TEMPOR>Y & OPPORTUNI/ USE ( ! B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T AS AN 9/RUM5T = SOCIALIZATION & COLLECTIVIZATION1 AS WELL AS TO G5]ATE A RESPECTABLE IMAGE = =EIGN GOV]NM5TS2 ! GOAL ( HIS PROPOSAL1 H[EV]1 WAS TO F9ALLY GET RID ( ! ,G5]ALITAT & KICK IT 9TO ! /REET :5 IT HAD CEAS$ TO BE USEFUL TO ! ,C,N,T4 

,HE WAS ! HI<E/ (FICIAL ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I ,9TELLIG5CE & ,9VE/IGATION ,S]VICES1 :I* HAD BE5 =M$1 & UND]W5T FUR!R DEVELOPM5T1 AS A NECESS>Y COMPLEM5T ( ! CL&E/9E /RUCTURE ( ! ,C,N,T DEF5SE COMMITTEES4 ,BEG9N+ 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 !SE ,S]VICES PLANN$ & C>RI$ \T ALL K9DS ( REPRESSIVE TASKS1 AS WELL AS 5GAG+ 9 9TELLIG5CE GA!R+ & ESPIONAGE & C\NT]-ESPIONAGE4 ,! ,9VE/IGATION ,COMMITTEE WAS COMPOS$ ( TWO SECTIONS4 ,LIB]ATO ,M9UE1 ,ESCORZA'S BRO!R-9-LAW1 WAS 9 *>GE ( =EIGN ESPIONAGE1 & ,ESCORZA WAS HIMSELF RESPONSIBLE = DOME/IC 9TELLIG5CE4 

,REPRESSION WAS AIM$ NOT ONLY AT REBEL ORGANIZATIONS & 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT ALSO AT ,C,N,T MILITANTS4 ,ESCORZA WAS RESPONSIBLE = ! EXECUTION ( ,JOSE ,G>D5AS1 AN \T/&+ MILITANT ( ! ,CON/RUCTION ,WORK]S ,TRADE ,UNION1 & ( ,MANUEL ,F]N&EZ1 ! PRESID5T ( ! ,FOOD ,S]VICE ,WORK]S ,TRADE ,UNION1 BY ORD] ( ! ,ORGANIZATION1 ) ! KN[L$GE & CONS5T ( ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y & ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN4 

,HIS WORK 9 9TELLIG5CE & ESPIONAGE WAS *>ACT]IZ$ BY ,JUAN ,G>CIA ,OLIV] AS EXCELL5T4 ,! ACTIVITIES ( ! POLICE1 ! 9TELLIG5CE S]VICES & ! REPRESSIVE ACTIONS AGA9/ ! ,FIF? ,COLUMN1 BO? FASCI/ ELEM5TS AS WELL AS PRIE/S1 & ITS ACTIVITIES1 AS WELL AS AGA9/ ?OSE :O W]E SL&]$ AS 09CONTROLADOS0 )9 ! ANTI-FASCI/ CAMP ITSELF1 9CLUD+ ! ,C,N,T1 GAVE HIM A S9I/] REPUTATION ?AT1 9 CONJUNCTION ) HIS P>ALYZES & HIS DRAMATIC PHYSICAL APPE>ANCE1 ) CRUT*ES & LIFTS 9 HIS %OES1 :I* CONF]R$ UPON HIM A REPULSIVE & HUN*BACK$ APPE>ANCE1 MADE HIM FE>$ = HIS P[] OV] LIFE & DEA?1 :I* WAS FUR!RMORE COLOR$ BY A MY?ICAL AURA ?AT1 HALFWAY BETWE5 SPITEFULNESS & ! BLACK ANTI-LIB]T>IAN LEG5D1 DEF9$ HIM 79 ! WORDS ( ,G>CIA ,OLIV]7 AS 0CRIPPL$ 9 BODY & S\L04 

,ESCORZA ALWAYS P]=M$ HIS \T/&+ & EFFECTIVE 9TELLIG5CE & REPRESSIVE WORK 9 ACCORDANCE ) /RICT ORD]S FROM ! ,ORGANIZATION1 & NEV] US$ HIS POSITION = P]SONAL 5RI*M5T4 ,HE WAS PROV]BIAL = HIS HONE/Y1 HIS AU/]ITY & HIS CULTURE4 ,HE NEI!R DRANK ALCOHOL NOR SMOK$4 

,9 ! SUMM] ( #aicf HE P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! TALKS BETWE5 ! ,C,C,M,A & ! ,MOROCCAN PRO-9DEP5D5CE =CES1 = ! PURPOSE ( DEMOBILIZ+ ! ,MOROCCAN VOLUNTE]S 9 ,FRANCO'S UNITS1 EXPRESS+ ! WILL+NESS TO GRANT !M 9DEP5D5CE4 

,! VICTORY ( ! WORK]S 9SURRECTION 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 :I* DEFEAT$ ! MILIT>Y REVOLT1 L$ TO A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION 9 ,CATALONIA 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#c#f1 9 :I* ! >M$ PROLET>IAT IMPOS$ CLASS REPRESSION AGA9/ P]SONS & SYMBOLS ( ! B\RGEOISIE 7EMPLOY]S1 PRIE/S1 FASCI/S & ! PI/OL]OS ( ! YELL[ TRADE UNIONS71 EXPROPRIAT$ !IR PROP]TY1 CRU%$ !IR REPRESSIVE =CES 7! ,>MY & ! POLICE71 & SUPPRESS$ ! ,*UR*4 ,IT WAS A SPONTANE\S1 VIOL5T1 & FE/IVE WORK+ CLASS REPRESSION EX]CIS$ AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE & ! ,*UR*1 TAK+ ! =M ( AN IMM$IATE RETALIATION AGA9/ !IR ATTEMPTS TO IMPOSE A MILIT>Y & FASCI/ DICTATOR%IP BY =CE ( >MS4 ,AFT] A LONG PROCESS ?AT BEGAN ) ! 9SURRECTION ( ,JULY #a#i-#b ( #a#i#c#f1 ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS W]E (FICIALLY F\ND$ 7ON ,AUGU/ #a#a7 AS POLICE 9/ITUTIONS ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTI-FASCI/ ,MILITIAS 7! ,C,C,M,A74 

,! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS LA/$ LONG] ?AN ! ,C,C,M,A1 S9CE !Y W]E NOT DISSOLV$ UNTIL E>LY ,JUNE 9 #a#i#c#g1 A MON? AFT] ! EV5TS KN[N AS 0,! ,MAY ,EV5TS0 ( #a#i#c#g4 ,!Y W]E COMPOS$ ( ELEV5 SECTIONS1 COV]+ ALL ! NEI<BORHOODS ( ,B>CELONA4 ,!Y W]E /AFF$1 AT FIR/1 BY A TOTAL ( SEV5 HUNDR$ M51 ) ELEV5 DI/RICT LEAD]S1 ONE = EA* SECTION4 ,SOME ( !M CAME FROM ! REQUISITION PATROLS1 & O!RS FROM ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES1 AL?\< MANY ( ! LATT] PROV$ TO BE RELUCTANT TO S]VE AS 0POLICEM50 = IDEOLOGICAL REASONS1 :I* OP5$ ! DOOR TO NEW1 OPPORTUNI/ ELEM5TS4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ONLY AB\T HALF ( ! MEMB]S ( ! PATROLS W]E MEMB]S ( ! ,C,N,T OR ! ,F,A,I2 ! O!R HALF W]E MEMB]S ( ! O!R ORGANIZATIONS ?AT =M$ ! ,C,C,M,A3 ! ,P,\,M1 ! ,ESQU]RA ,REPUBLICANA ( ,CATALONIA 7! ,],C7 & ! ,/AL9I/S ( ! ,P,S,U,C1 = ! MO/ P>T4 ,ONLY F\R SECTION DELEGATES1 \T ( ! ELEV5 SECTIONS1 W]E MEMB]S ( ! ,C,N,T3 ?OSE RESPONSIBLE = ! NEI<BORHOODS ( ,PUEBLO ,NUEVO1 ,SANTS1 ,SAN ,&RES 7,>MONIA7 & ,CLOT2 ANO!R F\R W]E ) ! ,],C1 ?REE FROM ! ,P,S,U,C & NONE FROM ! ,P,\,M4 

,! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS W]E UND] ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,9VE/IGATION ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,C,M,A1 L$ BY ,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ 7,F,A,I7 & ,SALVADOR ,GONZALEZ 7,P,S,U,C71 :O REPLAC$ ,VIDIELLA4 ,!IR SECTION HEADQU>T]S WAS LOCAT$ AT #fag ,GRAN ,VIA1 L$ BY TWO DELEGATES ( ! ,PATROLS1 I4E41 ,JOSE ,AS5S 7,F,A,I7 & ,TOMAS ,FABREGAS 7,ACCIO ,CATALANA74 ,! WAGES ( ! MEMB]S ( ! ,PATROLS1 T5 PESETAS P] DAY1 WAS PAID BY ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,AL?\< >RE/S W]E MADE 9 ALL ! SECTIONS1 & SOME ( ! PRISON]S W]E 9T]ROGAT$ 9 ! OLD ,CASA ,CAMBO1 ! C5TRAL PRISON WAS LOCAT$ 9 ! =M] ,SAN ,ELIAS CONV5T ( ! ,ORD] ( ,/4 ,CLAIR4 

,A TRIBUNAL HAD BE5 CON/ITUT$ AT ,SAN ,ELIAS1.<#c.> :OSE MISSION WAS TO JUDGE ! PRISON]S AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE4 ,ORD9>ILY1 ?IS TRIBUNAL WAS COMPOS$ ( ! ,>IAS BRO!RS1 ,AUBI & ,BONET1 FROM ! ,F,A,I2 ,AFRICA DE LAS ,H]AS & ,SALVADOR ,GONZALEZ1 ( ! ,P,S,U,C2 ,COLL FROM ! ,],C & ,B>CELO FROM ! ,P,\,M4 ,! OP]ATIONS ( ?IS TRIBUNAL W]E 9DEP5D5T & OCCASIONALLY ,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ1 ,MANUEL ,ESCORZA1 ,VIC5TE ,GIL 70,PORTELA071 ,DIONISIO ,]OLES1 ,RI]A & ,JOSE ,AS5S ATT5D$ ITS PROCE$+S1 DUE TO !IR POSITIONS4 ,! PRISON]S W]E SUMM>ILY 9T]ROGAT$1 )\T ANY JUDICIAL GU>ANTEES ( ANY K9D1 9 AN EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! COLLAPSE ( ! ADM9I/RATIVE1 JUDICIAL & POLICE APP>ATUS ( ! REPUBLICAN ,/ATE4 

,SALVADOR ,GONZALEZ E/ABLI%$ A ,P,S,U,C PRISON & A NETWORK ( REPRESSION 9 ! ,HOTEL ,COLON & ! ,CIRCULO ,ECUE/RE1 ) ! HELP ( ,JOAQU9 ,OLASO1 ,AFRICA DE LAS ,H]AS & ,VICTOR9O ,SALA4 ,JOSEP ,SOL] ,>UMI1 FROM ! ,],C1 SET UP HIS [N PRISON 9 ! ,C5TRO ,F$]AL ON ! ,PASEO DE ,GRACIA1 & HE 9CURR$ ! DESPICABLE DI/9CTION ( BE+ ! FIR/ TO SY/EMATICALLY TORTURE PRISON]S4 ,ALL ( !M W]E FREQU5T VISITORS TO ! CONV5T ( ,SAN ,ELIAS1 :I* WAS ! C5TRAL PRISON ( ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS ( ! ,C,C,M,A4 

,MANUEL ,ESCORZA DEL ,VAL WAS 9 *>GE ( ! ,9VE/IGATION & ,9TELLIG5CE ,S]VICES ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 AN ESPIONAGE & C\NT]-ESPIONAGE 9/ITUTION ?AT WAS NOT ANSW]ABLE TO ! ,C,C,M,A1 BUT TO ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I1 ?AT IS1 IT WAS A LIB]T>IAN 9/ITUTION ?AT1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! PROPOSAL MADE BY ,ESCORZA AT ! ,PL5UM ( ,JULY #b#a1 S\<T TO CREATE AN AUTONOM\S & 9DEP5D5T 9/ITUTION ( ! ,C,N,T ?AT W\LD EV5TUALLY BE CAPABLE ( 0KICK+ 9TO ! /REETS0 ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,LAT]1 ,ESCORZA WAS ! HEAD ( ! ,SPECIAL ,9VE/IGATION ,BRIGADE1 A DEP>TM5T ( ! ,SECURITY ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 

,?IS ,C,N,T-,F,A,I ,9VE/IGATION ,S]VICE P]=M$ TASKS RELAT$ TO 9TELLIG5CE1 REPRESSION & ESPIONAGE4 ,IT WAS L$ BY ,MANUEL ,ESCORZA :O1 9/ALL$ 9 ! ATTIC ( ! OLD ,CASA ,CAMBO1 HAD CONFISCAT$ ! >*IVES ( ! ,EMPLOY]S' ,ASSOCIATION 7! ,FOM5TO DEL ,TRABAJO7 & ( ! ,LEAGUE 7! RI<T-W+ ,CATALANI/ P>TY71 :I* PROVID$ HIM ) MANY NAMES1 A L>GE AM\NT ( 9=MATION1 & A L>GE NUMB] ( CONTACTS & ADDRESSES1 ON ! BASIS ( :I* HE ACCOMPLI%$ AN EFFICI5T LABOR ( 0PURG+0 ( RI<T W+ ELEM5TS1 PRIE/S & 9DIVIDUALS :O W]E DISCONT5T$ ) ! 0NEW REVOLUTION>Y ORD]01 COMPIL+ = ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS1 OR ! V>I\S AN>*I/ 9VE/IGATION COMMITTEES1 NOT ONLY 9 ,B>CELONA BUT = ALL ( ,CATALONIA1 FATEFUL LI/S ( PEOPLE :O W]E TO BE >RE/$ & 9T]ROGAT$4 ,!SE G5]AL LI/S W]E COMPLET$ = EA* LOCALITY OR C\NTY ) ! NAMES CONTRIBUT$ BY ! LOCAL & C\NTY REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES1 OR BY ! 9VE/IGATION COMMITTEES ( ! V>I\S MILITIA COLUMNS4 ,! BATTLE AGA9/ FASCISM WAS F\<T NOT ONLY AT ! FRONT1 BUT ALSO BEH9D ! L9ES4 ,& IT WAS NOT A TASK C>RI$ \T EXCLUSIVELY BY ! ,C,N,T1 BUT BY ALL ! ANTI-FASCI/ ORGANIZATIONS4 

,MANUEL ,ESCORZA WAS ALSO 9 *>GE ( SCRE5+ & APPROV+ ! NOM9ATION ( ! MO/ QUALIFI$ M5 = ! V>I\S RESPONSIBLE POSITIONS 9 ! ,C,N,T1 BO? )9 ! ,C,N,T ITSELF & 9 ! V>I\S ADM9I/RATIVE BODIES2 ?IS FUNCTION MADE HIM V]Y 9FLU5TIAL )9 ! SUP]IOR COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T4 

,9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#f1 ,ESCORZA SIGN$ ! ,C,N,T-,U,G,T-,P,S,U,C-,F,A,I UNITY PACT1 ALONG ) ,]OLES & ,H]R]A4 ,9 ,APRIL #a#i#c#g1 ,P$RO ,H]R]A1 ! 0CONSELL]0 7,M9I/]7 ( ,HEAL? 9 ! SECOND ,T>RADELLAS GOV]NM5T1 & ,MANUEL ,ESCORZA1 W]E ! LEAD+ MEMB]S ( ! ,C,N,T :O NEGOTIAT$ A SETTLEM5T ) ,LLUIS ,COMPANYS 7! PRESID5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT7 TO BR+ AN 5D TO ! GOV]NM5T CRISIS ?AT HAD BROK5 \T 9 ,M>* #a#i#c#g1 DUE TO ! RESIGNATION ( ! 0CONSELL]0 ( ,DEF5SE1 ,ISGLEAS ( ! ,C,N,T4.<#d.> 

,COMPANYS DECID$ TO AB&ON ! TACTIC ( ,T>RADELLAS1 :O C\LD NOT IMAG9E A GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT ?AT WAS NOT A GOV]NM5T ( ANTI-FASCI/ UNITY1 9 :I* ! ,C,N,T DID NOT P>TICIPATE1 9 ORD] TO ADOPT ! TACTIC PROPOS$ BY ,COMOR]A1 ! SECRET>Y ( ! ,P,S,U,C1 :I* CONSI/$ 9 IMPOS+ A 0/RONG0 GOV]NM5T BY =CE1 ONE ?AT W\LD NO LONG] TOL]ATE A ,C,N,T ?AT WAS 9CAPABLE ( KEEP+ ITS [N MILITANTS 9 L9E1 DESCRIB$ AS 09CONTROLADOS04 

,COMPANYS WAS DET]M9$ TO BREAK ) A POLICY1 :I* WAS BECOM+ 9CREAS+LY MORE DIFFICULT1 ( MAK+ PACTS ) ! ,C,N,T & HE ?\<T ?AT ! TIME HAD COME1 ?ANKS TO ! SUPPORT ( ! ,P,S,U,C & ! ,SOVIETS1 TO IMPOSE BY =CE ! AU?ORITY & ! DECISIONS ( A GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT ?AT1 AS ! FACTS W]E TO DEMON/RATE1 WAS /ILL NOT /RONG 5\< TO DISP5SE ) NEGOTIATIONS ) ! ,C,N,T4 ,! NEGOTIATIONS BETWE5 ,COMPANYS & ,ESCORZA & ,H]R]A1.<#e.> AFT] NOT RESULT+ 9 ANY K9D ( POLITICAL SOLUTION AFT] TWO MON?S1 C\LD BE CONSID]$ TO HAVE BE5 A FAILURE1 AL?\< !Y DID F9D 9 EXTREMIS A LIFE PRES]V] ) ! ACCEPTANCE ( ,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ AS 0CONSELL]0 9 ! EPHEM]AL NEW GOV]NM5T ( ,APRIL #a#f4.<#f.> ,! OP5 OPPOSITION ( ,COMPANYS TO ! APPO9TM5T ( ,AURELIO GAVE WAY BE=E ! DANG] POS$ BY A TOTAL BREAK ) ! ,C,N,T4 

,F9ALLY1 ON ,APRIL #ae A P]SONAL AGREEM5T WAS >RIV$ AT BETWE5 ,COMPANYS1 ! PRESID5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 & ,MANUEL ,ESCORZA1 :O AT ?AT TIME SEEM$ TO BE ! MO/ P[]FUL FIGURE 9 ! ,C,N,T1 S9CE HE NOT ONLY CONTROLL$ ! ,9VE/IGATION ,S]VICE1 BUT ALSO EX]CIS$ DECISIVE 9FLU5CE OV] ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS1 ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES ( ! ,B>CELONA NEI<BORHOODS & ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I4 

,ON ,APRIL #b#g1 #a#i#c#g1 ! ASSASS9ATION 9 AN AMBU% AT ! ,BELLV] BRIDGE ( ,ANTONIO ,M>T91 ! AN>*I/ LEAD] FROM ! LIB]T>IAN DI/RICT ( ,C]DANA & A LONG-TIME MEMB] ( ! GR\P1 0,LOS ,SOLID>IOS01 %ATT]$ ! FRAGILE AGREEM5T REA*$ ON ,APRIL #ae BETWE5 ,ESCORZA & ,COMPANYS4 

,MANUEL ,ESCORZA1 BY DISCLOS+ HIS REPORTS ON ! ONGO+ PREP>ATIONS = A JO9T C\P DE MA9 ON ! P>T ( ! ,/AL9I/S & ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 PUT ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES ON A /ATE ( AL]T4 ,IT CAN BE SAID ?AT ,ESCORZA LIT ! FUZE ?AT L$ DIRECTLY TO ! >M$ CONFRONTATIONS ( ,MAY #aicg 9 ,B>CELONA4 

,COMPANYS1 )\T NOTIFY+ ,T>RADELLAS 7OR1 ( C\RSE1 ,ESCORZA & ,H]R]A71 ISSU$ ! ORD] TO ,>TEMI ,AGUADE1 ! 0CONSELL]0 ( ! ,9T]IOR1 TO OCCUPY ! ,TELEPHONE ,EX*ANGE BUILD+1 :I* WAS C>RI$ \T BY ,RODRIGUEZ ,SALAS1 ! ,COMMISS> ( ,PUBLIC ,ORD]1 AT >\ND #b3#d#e P4M4 ON ! AFT]NOON ( ,MAY #c1 #a#i#c#g4 

,JOSEP ,AS5S & ,DIONISIO ,]OLES TRI$ TO /OP ! 9SURRECTION1 BUT W]E IGNOR$ BY ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES ( ! ,B>CELONA NEI<BORHOODS4 ,ESCORZA ?\<T ?AT ! ,MAY 9SURRECTION WAS PREMATURE1 POORLY PREP>$ & LACK+ CLE> OBJECTIVES & AN EFFECTIVE LEAD]%IP4.<#g.> ,HE WAS AFRAID ?AT ! PR$ICTABLE SUBSEQU5T REPRESSION ( ! 9SURRECTION W\LD WEAK5 ! ,ORGANIZATION4 

,IT WAS ,JULIAN ,M]9O1 ! SECRET>Y ( ! ,LOCAL ,F$]ATION ( ! ,F,A,I1 :O UNLEA%$ ! 9SURRECTION1 BY CREAT+ A SECRET REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T & TWO COMMISSIONS TO SPREAD ! /RUGGLE 9 ! /REETS4.<#h.> 

,AFT] ! BLOODY EV5TS ( ,MAY #c TO #g1 ,ESCORZA PLAC$ HIS HOPES = ! /R5G?1 ! SURVIVAL & ! OPPORTUNITIES = 9FLU5CE ON ! P>T ( ! ,C,N,T 9 ! ROLE ( ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/S 9 ! DOMA9 ( ! ECONOMY4 

,5TR5*$ 9 ! ATTIC ( ! ,CASA ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 ,ESCORZA PROV$ TO BE BEYOND ! REA* ( ! REPUBLICAN JUDICIAL REPRESSION & ! ,*EKAS ( ! ,/AL9I/S UNLEA%$ 9 ,B>CELONA 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#c#g1 :I* EV5 REA*$ SU* \T/&+ LEAD]S AS ,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ4 ,! BRUTAL REPRESSION MADE ! ,C,N,T DISAPPE> AS AN ORGANIZATION 9 MANY LOCALITIES & C\NTIES3 ,C]DANA1 ,TI]RAS DEL ,EBRO1 ,IGUALADA4444 

,AT ! 5D ( ! W> ,ESCORZA W5T 9TO EXILE 9 ,*ILI1 ?ANKS TO ! ,MASONIC SOLID>ITY & ! COMPLICITY ( ! ,*ILEAN CONSUL 9 ,T\L\SE1 TOGE!R ) HIS BRO!R-9-LAW ,M9UE4 ,HE L$ A V]Y AU/]E LIFE 7:I* BELI$ ! SL&]\S ,/AL9I/ FAIRY TALES AB\T ! 0TREASURE0 HE ACCUMULAT$ DUR+ ! ,SPANI% CIVIL W>7 9 ,VALP>AISO4 ,CLOSELY MONITOR$ BY ,FRANCO'S AG5TS1 HIS POLICE DOSSI] WAS 9FLAT$ ) FALLACI\S REPORTS ?AT N\RI%$ ! BLACK1 ANTI-LIB]T>IAN LEG5D1 ( ,/AL9I/ ORIG94 

,HE WAS A RIGOR\S1 P$AGOGICAL1 & FE>SOME CRITIC ( ! !AT]1 C9EMA1 LIT]ATURE & >T 9 ! DAILY NEWSPAP]S1 ,LA ,UNION & ,LA ,E/RELLA1 9 :I* HIS >TICLES W]E PUBLI%$ UND] ! PSEUDONYM ( ,M4 DEL ,VAL4 ,HE DI$ 9 ,VALP>AISO1 HIS CITY ( REFUGE1 9 #a#i#f#h4 

.<#a.> ,B]N>DO WORK$ AS A CU/ODIAN AT SEV]AL ,C,N,T BRAN* (FICES1 & DI$1 ALONG ) ,JUAN ,RASCON1 A CA%I]1 9 A GUNFI<T DUR+ A ROBB]Y4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! TRADE UNION ,BULLET9 ?AT RECORD$ ! DEA?S ( ,ESCORZA & ,RASCON1 ,B]N>DO ,ESCORZA WAS A NATIVE ( ,ALCANIZ & LIV$ ON ,C>RETES ,/REET 9 ! ,RABAL1 & WORK$ AS A B>B]4 

.<#b.> ,H]E IS ! TE/IMONY ( ,CONXA ,P]EZ3 0,MANUEL ,ESCORZA1 :O 9 #aicf WAS ! HEAD ( ! SPECIAL GR\PS ( ! ,F,A,I D$ICAT$ TO C\NT]9TELLIG5CE & ! P]SECUTION ( FASCI/S1 TAU<T US AB\T SEXUALITY & SPOKE AT $UCATIONAL MEET+S4 ,HE WAS A NATURAL-BORN TEA*]1 HE LIV$ 9 ,LES ,CORTS4 ,MAURICIO1 MY MA9 COMPANION1 C>RI$ HIM ON HIS BACK1 S9CE HE WAS CRIPPL$1 TO ! ,AT5EO ,F>OS :]E HE WAS S*$UL$ TO SPEAK4 ,HE WAS V]Y 9TELLIG5T4 ,HIS H\SE WAS FULL ( BOOKS1 & ALWAYS SURR\ND$ BY Y\NG PEOPLE4 ,9 #aicf HE ASK$ ME TO JO9 ! ,F,A,I 9TELLIG5CE S]VICE1 :I* HE L$4 ,I WAS A V]Y CLOSE FRI5D ( HIS1 BUT ,I DID NOT WANT TO40 ,9T]VIEW ) ,TXEMA ,B(ILL 9 ,CATALUNYA1 ,FEBRU>Y #b#a#a4 

.<#c.> ,?IS ,REVOLUTION>Y OR ,EM]G5CY ,TRIBUNAL WAS 0(FICIALLY AU?ORIZ$0 AT ! MEET+ ( ! ,SECRET>IAT ( ! ,PATROLS ON ,JANU>Y #c1 #a#i#c#g2 IT WAS COMPOS$ ( ,TORR5TS 7,P,\,M71 ,BONET 7,C,N,T71 ,COLL 7,],C7 & ,*UECA 7,U,G,T74 ,SEE ,AGU/9 ,GUILLAMON1 ,LA GU]RA DEL PAN1 ,ALD>ULL_/,DESCONTROL1 #b#a#d1 PP4 #a#a#c-#a#a#e4 

.<#d.> ,ISGLEAS RESIGN$ :5 HE WAS 9=M$ ( ! 9T5TION ( ! ,C>LOS ,M>X ,DIVISION1 CONTROLL$ BY ! ,P,S,U,C1 TO AB&ON ! ,>AGON ,FRONT & GO TO ,MADRID4 ,ISGLEAS WAS OPPOS$ TO ANY WEAK5+ ( ! ,>AGON ,FRONT1 AS WELL AS TO ! PROPOSAL MADE BY ,COMPANYS TO DIS>M & CONTROL ! =CES BEH9D ! L9ES4 ,! ,C,N,T OPPOS$ ! DECREES ( ,M>* #d1 #a#i#c#g1 :I* ORD]$ ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS & ! =MATION ( A ,UNIFI$ ,SECURITY ,CORPS1 TO BE =M$ BY ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS & ! =M] ,CIVIL ,GU>DS4 ,SEE ,AGU/9 ,GUILLAMON1 ,LA GU]RA DEL PAN1 ,ALD>ULL_/,DESCONTROL1 #b#a#d1 PP4 #ccb ET SEQ4 

.<#e.> 0,M9UTES ( ! MEET+S ( ,COMPANYS ) ,H]R]A & ,ESCORZA ON ,APRIL #aa & #a#c1 #a#i#c#g04 

.<#f.> ,9 ?IS GOV]NM5T 7:I* LA/$ FROM ,APRIL #af TO ,MAY #d71 ! ,M9I/]S FROM ! ,C,N,T W]E ,ISGLEAS 7,DEF5SE71 ,CAPDEVILA 7,PUBLIC ,S]VICES7 & ,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ 7,HEAL? & ,PUBLIC ,WELF>E74 

.<#g.> ,SEE ,AGU/9 ,GUILLAMON1 ,9SURRECCION4 ,LAS SANGRI5TAS JORNADAS DEL #c AL #g DE MAYO DE #a#i#c#g1 ,$ICIONES ,DESCONTROL1 #b#a#g4 

.<#h.> ,IBID4 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#c1 #bba 3 ,MANUEL ,ESCORZA DEL ,VAL 7#a#i#a#b-#a#i#f#h7 -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #f1 #bbb 3 ,MANUEL ,ESCORZA DEL ,VAL 7#a#i#a#b-#a#i#f#h7 -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/