,MANN]S1 ,DEF]5CE1 & ,PRIVATE ,PROP]TY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

,?IS IS AN ESSAY AB\T ! NATURE ( HI]>*Y4 ,9 IT1 ,I WANT TO DELVE 9TO HI]>*Y'S MO/ ELEM5T>Y =MS3 ! WAY PEOPLE AV]T !IR EYES OR /& AT ATT5TION1 ! SORT ( TOPICS !Y AVOID 9 =MAL CONV]SATION1 :AT IT MEANS TO TREAT ANO!R HUMAN BE+ AS SOMEH[ AB/RACT1 SACR$1 TRANSC5D5T1 SET AP>T FROM ! 5DLESS 5TANGLEM5TS & %E] PHYSICAL MESS9ESS ( ORD9>Y PHYSICAL EXI/5CE1 & :Y SOME?+ LIKE ?AT ALWAYS SEEMS TO HAPP5 :5 SOME PEOPLE CLAIM TO BE 9H]5TLY SUP]IOR TO O!RS4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME AN 9VE/IGATION LIKE ?IS IS IMPORTANT S9CE IT IS ONLY BY BEG9N+ TO ASK SU* QUE/IONS ?AT WE CAN BEG9 TO ?9K AB\T :I* ( ! QUALITIES WE ORD9>ILY LUMP TOGE!R 9 A WORD LIKE 0HI]>*Y0 >E REALLY 9EVITABLE FEATURES ( HUMAN SOCIAL LIFE1 & :I* MI<T PROVE DISP5SABLE4 

,?IS IS ALSO AN ESSAY AB\T ! ORIG9S ( CAPITALISM4 ,AS MO/ ( MY READ]S WILL NO D\BT BE AW>E1 ,MAX ,WEB] MANY YE>S AGO MADE A FAM\S >GUM5T 9 ,! ,PROTE/ANT ,E?IC AN D ! ,SPIRIT O F ,CAPITALISM 7#a#i#c7 ?AT ! RISE ( ,PURITANISM 9 ,EUROPE WAS 9TIMATELY RELAT$ TO ! RISE ( A COMM]CIAL ECONOMY !RE1 & ULTIMATELY1 ?AT IT PLAY$ A KEY ROLE 9 %AP+ ! K9D ( NE>-MONA/IC WORK DISCIPL9E & OBSESSIVE /RATEGIES ( ACCUMULATION ?AT OP5$ ! WAY TO MOD]N CAPITALISM4 ,WEB]'S >GUM5T HAS BE5 DEBAT$ 5DLESSLY & ,I HAVE NO 9T5TION ( ADDRESS+ HIS SPECIFIC >GUM5TS H]E4 ,:AT REALLY 9T]E/S ME1 9/EAD1 IS ! CONFLU5CE BETWE5 :AT ,WEB] DESCRIBES & O!R1 APP>5TLY QUITE DIFF]5T1 SOCIAL TR5DS OCCURR+ AT R\<LY ! SAME TIME4 ,ONE WAS A PH5OM5ON ?AT WAS CALL$1 AT ! TIME1 0! ,RE=MATION ( ,MANN]S10 SPE>HEAD$ 9 ,5GL& BY ! ,CALV9I/S !MSELVES1 BUT 9 O!R P>TS ( ,EUROPE1 ) EQUAL GU/O1 BY !IR ,CA?OLIC EQUIVAL5TS4 ,AS ,PET] ,BURKE 7#a#i#g#h3 #b#g7 HAS PO9T$ \T1 !SE CAMPAIGNS W]E DIRECT$ LESS AT MANN]S 9 ! CONTEMPOR>Y S5SE ( ! T]M ?AN AT POPUL> CULTURE4 ,BEG9N+ 9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY1 ,*UR* AU?ORITIES ACROSS ! CONT95T BEGAN A S]IES ( CONC]T$ CAMPAIGNS TO ]ADICATE :AT !Y CONSID]$ TO BE IMMORAL ELEM5TS 9 PUBLIC LIFE & RITUAL4 ,! RESULT WAS A GREAT DEAL ( V]Y FRACTI\S SOCIAL CONFLICT3 9 FACT1 MANY ( ! POPUL> /RUGGLES BETWE5 ,PURITAN & ,ROYALI/ FACTIONS 9 ! YE>S BE=E ! ,5GLI% REVOLUTION TURN$ PRECISELY ON /RUGGLES OV] ATTACKS ON ! PLACE ( FE/IVALS 9 POPUL> LIFE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ?\<1 EV5 MORE PR(\ND *ANGES SEEM$ TO BE GO+ ON1 MU* ( IT ON A LEVEL ?AT MO/ PEOPLE ( ! TIME DID NOT SEEM TO BE FULLY AW>E (4 ,NORB]T ,ELIAS 7#a#i#g#h3 #g--#h#d7 HAS PO9T$ \T ?AT ! SIXTE5? C5TURY ALSO M>K$ ! BEG9N+ ( PR(\ND *ANGES 9 PEOPLE'S IMM$IATE PHYSICAL S5SIBILITIES 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,SPECIFICALLY1 HE SPEAKS ( A BROAD 0ADVANCE ( ?RE%OLDS ( %AME & EMB>RASSM5T10 AN 9CREAS+ T5D5CY TO REPRESS OP5 DISPLAYS ( ANG] OR EXTREME EMOTIONS1 BUT EV5 MORE1 DISPLAYS (1 OR REF]5CES TO1 BODILY FUNCTIONS 9 EV]YDAY 9T]ACTIONS4 ,BASIC /&>DS ( H[ ONE WAS EXPECT$ TO EAT1 DR9K1 SLEEP1 EXCRETE1 MAKE LOVE1 %IFT$ ALMO/ COMPLETELY4 ,! TRANSITION FROM ! WORLD ( ,RABELAIS TO ?AT ( ,QUE5 ,VICTORIA WAS1 9 HI/ORICAL T]MS1 SO REM>KABLY RAPID-- A M]E ?REE C5TURIES-- ?AT HI/ORIANS HAVE PUZZL$ OV] ! PH5OM5ON EV] S9CE ,ELIAS FIR/ PO9T$ IT \T4 ,IT SEEMS OBVI\S ?AT ALL ?IS MU/ HAVE BE51 9 SOME S5SE1 CONNECT$ TO ! RISE ( ,PURITANISM & ! MORE =MAL 0,RE=MATION ( ,MANN]S0 IT BR\<T 9 ITS WAKE1 BUT NO ONE HAS (F]$ ANY REALLY PLAUSIBLE SUGGE/ION AS TO :AT ?AT CONNECTION MI<T BE4 

,9 ?IS ESSAY1 ,I AM GO+ TO MAKE A SUGGE/ION BAS$ ON ! TOOLS ( COMP>ATIVE E?NOGRAPHY4 ,I WILL />T BY PICK+ UP TWO HO>Y E?NOGRAPHIC CATEGORIES CALL$ 0JOK+ RELATIONS0 & 0RELATIONS ( AVOIDANCE40 ,!SE >E T]MS ORIG9ALLY CO9$ BY ,EUROPEAN & ,AM]ICAN AN?ROPOLOGI/S 9 ! LATE N9ETE5? & E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURIES TO DESCRIBE :AT !Y CONSID]$ EXOTIC & EXTREME =MS ( BEHAVIOR PREVAL5T 9 :AT !Y CONSID]$ 0PRIMITIVE0 SOCIETIES4 ,IT /RIKES ME ?AT ! LOGIC ( JOK+ & AVOIDANCE ACTUALLY PROVIDES A V]Y USEFUL MEANS TO BEG9 TO CREATE BO? A RUDIM5T>Y !ORY ( MANN]S1 & A RUDIM5T>Y !ORY ( HI]>*Y4 ,>M$ ) ?IS !ORY1 ,I WILL RETURN TO ,E>LY ,MOD]N ,EUROPE1 & DEMON/RATE JU/ H[ ALL ?REE ( ! PROCESSES DESCRIB$ ABOVE--,WEB]'S ,CALV9ISM1 ,ELIAS'S /&>DS ( COMPORTM5T1 & ,BURKE'S RE=M ( POPUL> CULTURE--REALLY >E P>T ( ! SAME BROAD HI/ORICAL PROCESS-- ONE ?AT ALSO BR\<T AB\T IDEOLOGIES ( ABSOLUTE PRIVATE PROP]TY & ! 9CREAS+ COMM]CIALIZATION ( EV]YDAY LIFE4 

,N[1 ,I AM QUITE AW>E ?AT ?IS APPROA* MI<T /RIKE SOME AS A BIT IDIOSYNCRATIC4 ,C]TA9LY1 PA9T+ ) SU* BROAD !ORETICAL /ROKES HAS FALL5 \T ( FA%ION 9 REC5T YE>S4 ,EV5 AN?ROPOLOGI/S DO NOT TALK MU* ANYMORE AB\T 0JOK+ & AVOIDANCE40 ,SU* T]MS EVOKE MEMORIES ( L>GE DU/Y TOMES AB\T ,NEW ,GU9EA OR ,NEPAL1 PICTURES ( PEOPLE :O SEEM TO HAVE BE5 9T5TIONALLY PHOTOGRAPH$ 9 SU* A WAY ?AT Y\ C\LD NEV] IMAG9E HAV+ A CONV]SATION ) !M1 >CANE DIAGRAMS & ABSURD G5]ALIZATIONS 70! ,NAY> SAY444074 ,LIKE MO/ CONTEMPOR>Y AN?ROPOLOGI/S1 ,I APPROA* MO/ SU* TOMES ) A GREAT DEAL ( AMBIVAL5CE-- EV5 F9D !M1 9 SOME WAYS1 RA!R CREEPY--IF ONLY BECAUSE !Y >E SO OBVI\SLY1 & OBLIVI\SLY1 PRODUCTS ( IMP]IALISM4 ,BUT ,I ALSO ?9K !RE >E ?+S 9 !M ?AT CAN BE ( 5ORM\S USE TO CRITICAL SOCIAL !ORY4 ,ONE REASON IS BECAUSE ! PEOPLE :O WROTE !M W]E (T5 CONFRONT$ ) PRACTICES !Y CONSID]$ SO ODD & EXOTIC ?AT !Y LACK$ ANY FAMILI> RUBRIC TO FIT !M TO4 ,LIV+ AMONG A C]TA9 ,MELANESIAN GR\P1 SAY1 A RESE>*] DISCOV]S ?AT A Y\NG MAN :O HAPP5S ONTO ONE ( HIS CROSS-C\S9S ON ! ROAD IS EXPECT$ TO 9SULT HIM2 ?AT1 9 FACT1 IT MI<T EV5 BE CONSID]$ AN AFFRONT IF HE DOES NOT4 ,! RESE>*] CO9S A T]M 70JOK+ RELATION074 ,ANO!R1 SOME:]E 9 ,AMAZONIA1 DISCOV]S ?AT1 :]E HE IS CROSS-C\S9S >E EXPECT$ TO BEHAVE 9 :AT SEEMS TO BE EXACTLY ! SAME WAY4 ,EV5 ! 9SULTS >E SIMIL>4 ,SOME?+ WAS CLE>LY GO+ ON H]E4 ,IF NO?+ ELSE1 9 US+ T]MS LIKE 0JOK+ RELATION10 AN?ROPOLOGI/S W]E NOT SIMPLY 9FLICT+ ,EURO-,AM]ICAN CATEGORIES1 RAW1 ON ! PEOPLE ?AT !Y /UDI$4 

,IF Y\ LOOK AT ! E>LY HI/ORY ( AN?ROPOLOGY1 IT WAS FULL ( SU* MOM5TS ( RECOGNITION & CONFUSION1 & RESULTANT DESP]ATE EF=TS TO MAKE S5SE ( :AT SEEM$ UTT]LY ALI5 WAYS ( DEF9+ MAT]IAL & SOCIAL REALITY4 ,! !ORETICAL VOCABUL>Y ( ! DAY WAS FULL ( PECULI>-S\ND+ T]MS LIKE 0JOK+ P>TN]S0 OR 0RELATIONS ( AVOIDANCE10 OR \TRI<T BORR[+S FROM NON-,EUROPEAN LANGUAGES3 %AMANISM1 MANA1 TOTEM1 & TABOO4 ,! NEXT /EP WAS USUALLY TO DISCOV] ?AT :AT SEEM$ MO/ ALI5 WAS NOT ACTUALLY ALL ?AT ALI5 AT ALL3 ?AT SOME?+ V]Y MU* LIKE JOK+ & AVOIDANCE RELATIONS EXI/ 9 MIDDLE-CLASS H\SEHOLDS 9 ,EUROPE1 ?AT MILIT>Y UNITS 9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,EXP$ITION>Y ,=CE 9 ,WORLD ,W> ,I 5D$ UP PRACTIC+ =MS ( TOTEMISM >\ND !IR REGIM5TAL MASCOTS & SYMBOLS--=MS EFFECTIVELY 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM ?OSE PRACTIC$ BY ,AU/RALIAN ABORIG9ES 7,L9TON #a#i#b#d74 ,W]E IT NOT = ?OSE ABORIG9AL PRACTICES1 H[EV]1 IT IS LIKELY NO ONE W\LD HAVE ?\<T !RE WAS ANY?+ WOR? NOTIC+ 9 ! ODD PRACTICES SURR\ND+ ! REGIM5TAL 9SIGNIA ( >MY UNITS4 ,9 A WAY1 ?AT FIR/ MOM5T ( E/RANGEM5T1 & SECOND MOM5T ( BACK-TRANSLATION1 CON/ITUTE1 BETWE5 !M1 ! V]Y ESS5CE ( AN?ROPOLOGY-- A DISCIPL9E ?AT1 AFT] ALL1 RE/S ON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT IF IT IS POSSIBLE TO SAY ANY?+ TRUE ( HUMAN BE+S OR HUMAN SOCIETIES 9 G5]AL1 !N ONE HAS TO />T ) ! MO/ APP>5TLY ANOMAL\S CASES4 ,IT IS A LITTLE DI/URB+1 !N1 TO OBS]VE ?AT 9 REC5T YE>S AN?ROPOLOGY HAS L>GELY /OPP$ G5]AT+ ITS [N TE*NICAL VOCABUL>Y AT ALL1 BUT HAS TAK5 TO IMPORT+ BUZZWORDS FROM ,CONT95TAL !ORY3 BIOP[]1 GOV]NM5TALITY1 ! BODY1 OR SOME NEW TE*NICAL T]M BORR[$ FROM ,M>T9 ,HEIDEGG] OR ,GILLES ,DELEUZE4 ,ONE WOND]S AB\T ! IMPLICATIONS = ! LONG-T]M VIABILITY ( ! DISCIPL9E4 

,9 ?IS ESSAY1 !N1 ,I WI% TO RETURN TO :AT ,I TAKE TO BE ! ,GR& ,TRADITION4 ,MO/ ( ALL1 ,I WANT TO %[ ?AT TRADITION HAS AN ALMO/ 9F9ITE CAPACITY TO G5]ATE NEW POLITICAL P]SPECTIVES-- P]SPECTIVES ?AT >E1 AT !IR BE/1 RADICAL 9 ! S5SE ( DELV+ TO ! V]Y ROOTS ( =MS ( P[] & DOM9ATION4 ,H5CE ! EMPHASIS ON HI]>*Y4 ,I FRAME ! ISSUES 9 ! WAY ,I DO NOT JU/ BECAUSE ,I ?9K IT WILL HELP SOLVE A LONG/&+ 9TELLECTUAL PROBLEM AB\T ! ORIG9S ( CAPITALISM4 ,I ALSO BELIEVE A !ORY ( MANN]S OP5S ! POSSIBILITY ( UND]/&+ H[ =MS ( SOCIAL DOM9ATION COME TO BE EXP]I5C$ 9 ! MO/ 9TIMATE POSSIBLE WAYS--9 PHYSICAL HABITS1 9/9CTS ( DESIRE OR REVULSION-- ?AT (T5 SEEM ESS5TIAL TO \R V]Y S5SE ( BE+ 9 ! WORLD1 SO MU* SO ?AT EV5 \R 9/9CTS = REBELLION (T5 APPE> TO RE9=CE !M4 ,I DO NOT CLAIM TO HAVE F\ND A CLE> WAY \T ( ?IS DILEMMA2 BUT 9 ORD] TO DO SO1 IT IS AT LEA/ HELPFUL TO BE ABLE TO /ATE CLE>LY :AT ! DILEMMA IS4 

,JOK+ & ,AVOIDANCE1 ,SUB/ANCE & ,PROP]TY 

,LET ME TURN1 !N1 TO ! E?NOGRAPHIC LIT]ATURE ON 0JOK+0 & 0AVOIDANCE40 

,! FIR/ ?+ TO EMPHASIZE AB\T 0JOK+ RELATIONS0 IS ?AT ! NAME IS SOME:AT DECEPTIVE4 ,!Y >E NOT REALLY AB\T HUMOR4.<#a.> ,9 ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL LIT]ATURE1 ! EXPRESSION 0JOK+ RELATION0 DOES NOT REALLY REF] TO A RELATION ( PEOPLE :O JOKE ) ONE ANO!R SO MU* AS IT REF]S MORE TO A RELATION%IP M>K$ BY PLAYFUL AGGRESSION4 0,JOK+ P>TN]S0 >E PEOPLE :O >E EXPECT$ TO MAKE FUN ( ONE ANO!R1 TEASE1 H>ASS1 EV5 7(T57 MAKE PLAY ( ATTACK+ EA* O!R4 ,!Y >E RELATIONS ( EXTREME1 EV5 ONE MI<T SAY1 COMPULSORY DISRESPECT & 9=MALITY4 ,RELATIONS ( AVOIDANCE1 ON ! O!R H&1 >E M>K$ BY SU* EXTREME RESPECT & =MALITY ?AT ONE P>TY IS 5JO9$ NEV] TO SPEAK TO OR EV5 GAZE UPON ! O!R4 

,SOME E?NOGRAPH]S 7E4G41 ,EGGAN #a#i#c#g7 USE !SE T]M MORE LOOSELY1 DESCRIB+ A K9D ( BROAD CONT9UUM ( TYPES ( 9T]ACTION RANG+ FROM OBLIGATORY JOK+ TO RELATIONS ( 9DULG5T FAMILI>ITY1 !N PROCE$+ ?R\< RELATIONS M>K$ BY GREAT] & GREAT] =MALITY & DEF]5CE TO ?OSE ( EXTREME OR LIT]AL AVOIDANCE4 ,US$ ?IS WAY1 JOK+ & AVOIDANCE REPRES5T TWO IDEAL POLES1 & ALMO/ ANY RELATION%IP BETWE5 TWO PEOPLE C\LD CONCEIVABLY BE PLAC$ SOME:]E ON ! CONT9UUM BETWE5 !M4 ,:E!R OR NOT !Y TAKE ?IS VIEW1 AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE ALWAYS SE5 JOK+ & AVOIDANCE AS CLE>LY OPPOS$ MODES ( BEHAVIOR4 ,9 FACT1 !Y SEEM 9 MANY WAYS TO BE LOGICAL 9V]SIONS ( EA* O!R4 ,:]E JOK+ RELATIONS T5D TO BE MUTUAL1 AN EQUAL EX*ANGE ( ABUSE EMPHASIZ+ AN EQUALITY ( /ATUS1 AVOIDANCE IS G5]ALLY HI]>*ICAL1 ) ONE P>TY CLE>LY 9F]IOR & OBLIG$ TO PAY RESPECT4 ,ONE (T5 HE>S ! T]M 0JOK+ P>TN]S0 9 ! LIT]ATURE1 ALMO/ NEV] 0P>TN]S 9 AVOIDANCE40.<#b.> ,9 AVOIDANCE RELATIONS1 CONTACT ( ANY SORT BETWE5 ! TWO P>TIES T5DS TO BE DISC\RAG$3 SU* RELATIONS >E FULL ( /IPULATIONS AB\T H[ ! 9F]IOR P>TY MU/ NOT SPEAK FIR/ OR SPEAK MU* OR SPEAK ABOVE A :ISP]1 MU/ NOT LOOK ! O!R 9 ! EYE1 MU/ NEV] T\* ! O!R FIR/ OR T\* !M AT ALL1 & SO =?4 ,ALMO/ ALWAYS1 ! 9F]IOR P>TY MU/ /E] CLE> ( ANY SORT ( REF]5CE TO OR DISPLAY ( SU* BODILY FUNCTIONS AS EAT+1 EXCRETION1 SEX1 OR PHYSICAL AGGRESSION4 ,ONE (T5 HE>S ( 9JUNCTIONS AGA9/ SEE+ ! O!R EAT1 T\*+ H] B$1 BEHAV+ VIOL5TLY 9 H] PRES5CE1 MAK+ REF]5CE TO EXCRETION 9 CASUAL CONV]SATION1 & SO =?4 ,EMPHASES V>Y1 BUT ! G5]AL DIRECTION ( SU* PROHIBITIONS REMA9 SURPRIS+LY UNI=M ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 ,& JU/ AS REGUL>LY1 JOK+ RELATIONS PLAY UP ALL ?AT AVOIDANCE PLAYS D[N3 ONE HE>S CON/ANTLY ( JOK+ P>TN]S 5GAG+ 9 %AM FI<TS & SEXUAL HORSEPLAY1 ( LEWD ACCUSATIONS & SCATOLOGICAL JOKES4 ,9 SOME CASES1 ! AGGRESSIVE ELEM5T CAN BECOME V]Y /RONG3 ONE HE>S ALSO ( JOK+ P>TN]S PRIVILEG$ TO ?R[ EXCREM5T AT ONE ANO!R1 OR EV5 WAX-TIPP$ SPE>S4 

,! TWO /& OPPOS$ 9 O!R WAYS AS WELL4 ,ALMO/ ANY DESCRIPTION ( AVOIDANCE1 = 9/ANCE1 WILL MAKE SOME REF]5CE TO %AME3 (T5 IT IS SAID ! 9F]IOR P>TY IS EXPECT$ TO HAVE A G5]AL S5SE ( %AME 9 ! PRES5CE ( ! SUP]IOR P>TY2 IF NOT1 !Y >E C]TA9LY EXPECT$ TO BE A%AM$ IF !Y BREAK ANY ( ! RULES4 ,JOK+ BETWE5 JOK+ P>TN]S IS1 AS ! NAME IMPLIES1 G5]ALLY EXPECT$ TO BE ACCOMPANI$ BY MU* HIL>ITY ON ! P>T ( ALL 9VOLV$4 ,BUT IT IS IMPORTANT TO EMPHASIZE ?AT :AT GOES ON BETWE5 JOK+ P>TN]S IS NOT SIMPLY HUMOR2 IT IS HUMOR ( A V]Y P>TICUL> K9D1 ONE :I* MI<T JU/IFIABLY BE CALL$ 0%AMELESS10 AN 9T5TIONAL 9VOCATION ( ! V]Y ?+S ?AT W\LD BE MO/ LIKELY TO CAUSE EMB>RASSM5T 9 O!R CIRCUM/ANCES4 

7,ONE CAN ALSO CONTRA/ ! TWO ON A MORE AB/RACT LEVEL3 9 T]MS ( :AT ,LEVI-,/RAUSS CALLS 0UNIV]SALIZATION & P>TICUL>IZATION0 7#a#i#f#f3 #a#f#a74 ,9 AVOIDANCE1 OR O!R RELATIONS ( GREAT =MALITY1 ONE G5]ALLY DOES NOT USE ! PROP] NAME ( A P]SON TO BE %[N RESPECT1 BUT SUB/ITUTES A K9 T]M OR O!R TITLE4 ,9 \R [N SOCIETY WE DO SOME?+ V]Y SIMIL> ) FIR/ & LA/ NAMES4 ,9 EI!R CASE ! SUBJECT IS1 AS IT W]E1 TAK5 UP A RUNG ( ! TAXONOMIC LADD]1 !Y >E SPOK5 ( 9 A WAY ?AT MAKES !M MORE UNIV]SAL OR AB/RACT4 ,V>I\S BITS ( EVID5CE CONFIRM ?AT ?IS SORT ( AB/RACTION IS TYPICAL ( AVOIDANCE1 & PROBABLY ( =MAL DEF]5CE MORE G5]ALLY4 ,CONV]SELY1 JOK+1 ALONG ) LESS DRAMATIC =MS ( FAMILI>ITY1 T5DS TO FOCUS ON ! P>TICUL>3 REF]5CES TO IDIOSYNCRASIES1 P]SONAL QUIRKS--REAL OR IMAG9$-- & SO ON4 ,?IS IS SOME?+ ?AT WILL BECOME IMPORTANT LAT] ON1 :5 ,I TURN TO ! PROBLEM ( HI]>*Y47 

,MO/ ( :AT ,I HAVE SAID IS PRETTY MU* TAK5 = GRANT$ 9 ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL LIT]ATURE ON JOK+ & AVOIDANCE4 ,R>ELY1 ?\<1 HAVE AN?ROPOLOGI/S TAK5 UP ! QUE/ION ( :Y ALL ?IS %\LD BE4 ,W HY %\LD IT BE SO COMMON1 9 SO MANY P>TS ( ! WORLD1 TO HAVE TO AV]T ONE'S EYES :5 9 ! PRES5CE ( A K+1 OR ( ONE'S MO!R 9 LAW8 ,W HY IS IT ?AT IF ONE MEETS A P]SON BE=E :OM ONE MU/ AV]T ONE'S EYES1 IT IS ALMO/ ALWAYS ALSO 9APPROPRIATE TO DISCUSS B[EL MOVEM5TS OR SEXUALITY8 ,ONE ( ! FEW AN?ROPOLOGI/S :O HAS EV5 TRI$ TO (F] A SOLUTION TO ?IS PROBLEM IS ,$MUND ,LEA*1 :O SUGGE/S ?AT IT IS NECESS>Y TO H$GE >EAS LIKE SEX & EXCRETION ) TABOO BECAUSE !Y T5D TO OBSCURE ! DIVISION BETWE5 SELF & O!R1 BODY & EXT]NAL WORLD 7#a#i#f#d3 #d74 ,?IS IS A PROMIS+ DIRECTION1 ,I ?9K1 BUT H>DLY A SOLUTION 9 ITSELF4 ,AFT] ALL1 :Y %\LD IT BE SO IMPORTANT TO MA9TA9 A CLE> DIVISION BETWE5 ! SELF & ! EXT]NAL WORLD 9 ! FIR/ PLACE8 ,PRESUMABLY1 ,LEA* DOES NOT MEAN TO SUGGE/ ?IS IS SOME K9D ( UNIV]SAL PSY*OLOGICAL NE$-- OR ANYWAY1 IF HE DOES1 HE W\LD C]TA9LY BE MI/AK51 BECAUSE IT IS PRECISELY !SE AMBIGUITIES ?AT >E EMPHASIZ$1 EV5 CELEBRAT$1 9 JOK+ RELATIONS4 ,! JOK+ BODY--IF ,I MAY USE ! T]M TO DESCRIBE ! HUMAN P]SON AS CONCEIV$ )9 JOK+ RELATIONS--IS IMAG9$1 PRIM>ILY1 AS A BODY CONT9U\S ) ! WORLD >\ND IT4 ,9 ?IS1 IT IS QUITE SIMIL> TO :AT ,MIKHAIL ,BAKHT9 HAS REF]R$ TO AS 0! GROTESQUE IMAGE ( ! BODY40 ,IT IS A BODY 9 ! ACT ( BECOM+4 ,IT IS NEV] F9I%$1 NEV] COMPLET$2 IT IS CONT9UALLY BUILT1 CREAT$1 & BUILDS & CREATES ANO!R BODY4 ,MOREOV]1 ! BODY SWALL[S ! WORLD & IS ITSELF SWALL[$ BY ! WORLD444 ,?IS IS :Y ! ESS5TIAL ROLE BELONGS TO ?OSE P>TS ( ! GROTESQUE BODY 9 :I* IT \TGR[S ITSELF1 TRANSGRESS+ ITS [N BODY1 9 :I* IT CONCEIVES A NEW1 SECOND BODY3 ! B[ELS & ! PHALLUS444 ,NEXT TO ! B[ELS & ! G5ITAL ORGANS IS ! M\?1 ?R\< :I* IT 5T]S ! WORLD TO BE SWALL[$ UP4 ,& NEXT IS ! ANUS4 ,A LL !SE CONVEXITIES & ORIFICES HAVE A COMMON *>ACT]I/IC3 IT IS )9 !M ?AT ! CONF9ES BETWE5 BODIES & BETWE5 ! BODY & ! WORLD >E OV]COME3 !RE IS AN 9T]*ANGE & AN 9T]ORI5TATION 7#a#i#h#d3 #c#a#g74 

,?IS IS :Y JOK+ RELATIONS CAN DRAW A P>ALLEL BETWE5 CONTACT BETWE5 PEOPLE 7LOOK+1 T\*+1 SPEAK+1 /RIK+1 SEXUAL RELATIONS4447 & SU* PH5OM5A AS EAT+1 EXCRETION1 RUNN+ NOSES1 DECOMPOSITION1 OP5 SORES4 ,:AT !SE LATT] ALL HAVE 9 COMMON IS ?AT !Y REF] TO DIFF]5T SORTS ( /UFFS & SUB/ANCES PASS+ 9 TO1 & \T (1 ! PHYSICAL P]SON-- ?AT IS1 TO CONTACT BETWE5 BODIES & ! WORLD4 

,/ILL1 IT IS NOT 5\< TO SIMPLY SAY ?AT ! JOK+ BODY IS CONT9U\S ) ! WORLD4 ,ALL ( ! =MS ( 9T]ACTION MO/ PLAY$ UP 9 JOK+ 7& BY ,BAKHT97-- EAT+1 SEX1 EXCRETION & AGGRESSION--IMPLY A V]Y SPECIFIC K9D ( CONT9UITY4 

,JOK+ P>TN]S 0TEASE0 OR 0ABUSE0 ONE ANO!R2 !Y TOSS 9SULTS1 EV5 MISSILES4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ONE HE>S AGA9 & AGA9 ( JOK+ P>TN]S PRIVILEG$ TO MAKE (F ) EA* O!R'S POSSESSIONS1 & ?IS SORT ( LIC5SE IS CONSID]$ ( A PIECE ) ALL ! O!RS4 ,!RE IS A SORT ( SYMBOLIC EQUIVAL5CE AT PLAY3 AN EQUIVAL5CE1 ONE MI<T SAY1 BETWE5 ! TAK+ ( GOODS1 & ! GIV+ ( BADS4 ,I W\LD V5TURE TO SAY ?AT ?IS SORT ( IDIOM IS A CON/ANT FEATURE ( JOK+ RELATIONS-- 0RELATIONS10 9 !IR BROADE/ S5SE3 0BETWE5 BODIES1 & BETWE5 ! BODY & ! WORLD40 ,TAKE1 = EXAMPLE1 ! FAM\S SYMBOLIC ID5TIFICATION ( SEX & EAT+1 FAMILI> TO ANY AN?ROPOLOGI/4 ,AS ,LEVI-,/RAUSS ONCE PO9T$ \T 7#a#i#f#f3 #a1 #a#e--#f71 IF ONE CONFLATES SEX ) EAT+1 IT'S H>D TO SEE SEX AS AN ESPECIALLY RECIPROCAL ACTIVITY4 ,EAT+ IS AN 9H]5TLY ONE-SID$ RELATION4 ,( C\RSE :O SE5 TO BE ! EAT]1 & :O ! EAT51 CAN V>Y ) CONTEXT3 SOMETIMES WOMAN CAN BE PICTUR$ AS DEV\R] 7AS1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ! CASE ( VAG9A D5TATA MOTIFS74 ,SOMETIMES IT'S ! MAN4 0,9 ,YORUBA10 HE NOTES1 0'TO EAT' & 'TO M>RY' >E EXPRESS$ BY A S+LE V]B ! G5]AL S5SE ( :I* IS 'TO W91 TO ACQUIRE'0 7IBID3 #a#e74 

,/ILL1 IF ,YORUBA TREATS SEXUAL RELATIONS AS ANALOG\S TO CONSUMPTION1 OR APPROPRIATION1 O!R ,AFRICAN LANGUAGES FRAME IT QUITE DIFF]5TLY4 ,9 ,KAGURU1 ,?OMAS ,BEIDELMAN PO9TS \T 7#a#i#f#f3 #c#f#f71 ! T]M US$ = SEXUAL 9T]C\RSE CAN ALSO MEAN 0TO 9SULT10 0TO ABUSE10 0TO BEHAVE OBSC5ELY BE=E O!RS40 ,IT IS ALSO ! WORD US$ TO DESCRIBE ! BEHAVIOR TYPICAL ( JOK+ P>TN]S4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 A TAK+ ( GOODS4 ,ON ! O!R1 A GIV+ ( BADS4 

,ONE C\LD CONT9UE ) ?IS SORT ( COMP>ISON 9DEF9ITELY4 ,IT C]TA9LY DOES SEEM TO APPLY TO ALL ! PR9CIPAL WAYS 9 :I* ! JOK+ BODY 9T]ACTS ) ! WORLD 7IF EAT+ IS ! TAK+ ( GOODS1 EXCRETION IS ! GIV+ ( BADS72 OR BETWE5 BODIES 7JOK+ P>TN]S ?REAT5+ CANNIBALISM AGA9/ ONE ANO!R1 OR TOSS+ DUNG1 >E DO+ MORE OR LESS ! SAME ?+74 

,IT FOLL[S ?AT JOK+ RELATIONS >E ONLY ULTIMATELY EGALIT>IAN4 ,ANY GIV5 9/ANCE1 FROM ANY GIV5 PO9T ( VIEW1 IS NOT EGALIT>IAN AT ALL4 ,IT IS AN ATTACK4 ,BUT S9CE LIC5SE BETWE5 JOK+ P>TN]S IS RECIPROCAL1 SU* ATTACKS CAN ALWAYS BE EXPECT$ TO MORE OR LESS BALANCE \T 9 ! 5D4 

,H]E AGA91 AVOIDANCE CAN BE SE5 AS AN 9V]SION ( JOK+4 ,ON ! LEVEL ( AVOIDANCE ! BODY IS CLOS$1 ALL ORIFICES %UT (F & NULLIFI$2 NO?+ FL[S EI!R 9 OR \T4 ,! BODY IS CON/ITUT$ AS A P]FECT1 AB/RACT1 & SELF-SUFFICI5T ?+ UNTO ITSELF1 ) NO NE$ = EX*ANGE EI!R ) O!R BODIES1 OR ! WORLD4 ,N[1 ?IS SORT ( SEP>ATION ITSELF CAN'T IMPLY A RELATION ( HI]>*Y1 SIMPLY BECAUSE SEP>AT+ TWO ?+S IMPLIES ?AT !RE IS NO RELATION BETWE5 !M AT ALL4 ,BUT AVOIDANCE IS ULTIMATELY HI]>*ICAL4 

,!RE IS1 IT IS TRUE1 A C]TA9 MUTUALITY 9 RELATIONS ( AVOIDANCE4 ,IF ,I W]E /&+ BE=E ! ,QUE5 ( ,5GL&1 ,I W\LDN'T PICK MY NOSE OR CRACK A DIRTY JOKE1 & ,I W\LD EXPECT ! SAME FROM H]4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! BURD5 ( AVOIDANCE W\LD DEF9ITELY BE ON ME1 & IT IS APPROPRIATE ?AT ANY SORT ( CONTACT \<T TO BE 9ITIAT$ BY ! P]SON ( SUP]IOR RANK3 CONV]SATION1 EYE CONTACT1 & ! LIKE4 ,& FUR!R1 IF ,I W ]E TO PICK MY NOSE AT ! ,QUE51 OR CRACK A DIRTY JOKE1 ,I C\LD FULLY EXPECT TO BE EXCLUD$ FROM POLITE SOCIETY TILL ! 5D ( MY DAYS2 :ILE IF ! ,QUE5 DID SO 9 MY PRES5CE ,I W\LD PROBABLY TAKE ?IS AS A GE/URE ( 9DULG5T FAMILI>ITY & P]HAPS RECIPROCATE-- ?\< NEV] QUITE SO FREELY AS %E4 ,NORB]T ,ELIAS PROVIDES A TELL+ QUOTE FROM A SIXTE5? C5TURY MANUAL ON MANN]S3 

,ONE %\LD NOT SIT ) ONE'S BACK OR PO/]IOR TURN$ T[>DS ANO!R1 NOR RAISE ! ?I< SO HI< ?AT ! MEMB]S ( ! HUMAN BODY1 :I* %\LD PROP]LY BE COV]$ ) CLO?+ AT ALL TIMES1 MI<T BE EXPOS$ TO VIEW4 ,= ?IS & SIM IL> ?+S >E NOT DONE1 EXCEPT AMONG PEOPLE BE=E :OM ONE IS NOT A%AM$4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT A GREAT LORD MI<T DO SO BE=E ONE ( HIS S]VANTS OR 9 ! PRES5CE ( A FRI5D ( L[] RANK2 = 9 ?IS HE W\LD NOT %[ HIM >ROGANCE BUT RA!R A P>TICUL> AFFECTION & FRI5D%IP 7#a#i#g#h3 #a#c#h74 

,BY ! LOGIC ( MY >GUM5T1 PICK+ MY NOSE AT ! ,QUE5 W\LD BE MU* ! SAME AS ?UMB+ MY NOSE AT ! ,QUE52 IT W\LD BE A SORT ( JOK+ ATTACK4.<#c.> ,IT'S MY OBLIGATION !N1 TO CON/ITUTE H] ON ! LEVEL ( AVOIDANCE1 AS UNT\*ABLE & SELF-5CLOS+2 %E1 9 H] ABILITY TO 9ITIATE CONTACT ) ME1 IS %[+ NO SU* COMPUNCTIONS1 & CON/ITUT+ ME MORE ON ! LEVEL ( JOK+4 

,IF ?IS SEEMS A T5U\S 9T]PRETATION1 !RE >E MANY O!R SORTS ( EVID5CE TO BACK IT UP4 ,LET ME TURN TO AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T CULTURAL MILIEU4 ,9 MO/ ,POLYNESIAN LANGUAGES1 ! T]M TABOO OR TAPU IS US$ TO DESCRIBE AVOIDANCE RELATIONS1 :E!R ) ONE'S FA!R-9-LAW OR ) A *IEF4 ,! WORD ALSO MEANS 0SET AP>T10 0NOT TO BE T\*$10 &1 ( C\RSE1 0SACR$40.<#d.> ,H[EV]1 IT IS ! *IEF OR ! FA!R-9-LAW :O 0HAVE TABOO 0 9 RELATION TO AN 9F]IOR3 ?AT IS TO SAY1 !Y >E SET AP>T1 M>K$ (F1 & SEP>AT$ FROM ! WORLD-- A WORLD :I* 9CLUDES1 AS A RESIDUAL CATEGORY1 EV]YONE ELSE1 9CLUD+ !IR SUBJECTS 7OR AFF9ES AS ! CASE MAY BE74 ,! T]M HAS ALSO HAD A CURI\S HI/ORY 9 MOD]N SOCIAL !ORY1 BECAUSE ,EMILE ,DURKHEIM1 9 HIS WORK ON RELIGION1 US$ ! ,POLYNESIAN CONCEPT ( TABOO TO COME UP ) A UNIV]SAL DEF9ITION ( 0! SACR$0 AS ?AT :I* IS SET AP>T FROM ! MUNDANE WORLD1 NOT TO BE T\*$4 ,LAT]1 ,]V+ ,G(FMAN 7#a#i#e#f7 BORR[$ ,DURKHEIM'S CONCEPT 9 HIS ANALYSIS ( EV]YDAY 9T]ACTIONS 9 ! MOD]N ,WE/1 >GU+ ?AT1 9 \R [N SOCIETY1 ! HUMAN P]SON IS ORD9>ILY CONSID]$ SOME?+ SACR$1 BECAUSE IT IS H$G$ AB\T BY 9VISIBLE B>RI]S1 ?AT IT IS (F-LIMITS TO O!RS1 NOT TO BE T\*$4 ,HE HAD1 APP>5TLY )\T REALIZ+1 COME BACK TO SOME?+ V]Y CLOSE TO ! ORIG9AL ,POLYNESIAN IDEA4 

,! BODY 9 ! DOMA9 ( JOK+1 ONE MI<T SAY1 IS CON/ITUT$ MA9LY ( SUB/ANCES-- /UFF FL[+ 91 OR FL[+ \T4 ,! SAME C\LD H>DLY BE TRUE ( ! BODY 9 ! DOMA9 ( AVOIDANCE1 :I* IS SET AP>T FROM ! WORLD4 ,TO A V]Y L>GE EXT5T1 ! PHYSICAL BODY ITSELF IS NEGAT$1 ! P]SON TRANSLAT$ 9TO SOME HI<] OR MORE AB/RACT LEVEL4 ,9 FACT1 ,I W\LD >GUE ?AT :ILE JOK+ BODIES >E NECESS>ILY APIECE ) ! WORLD 7ONE IS ALMO/ TEMPT$ TO SAY 0NATURE07 & MADE UP FROM ! SAME SORT ( MAT]IALS1 ! BODY 9 AVOIDANCE IS CON/RUCT$ \T ( SOME?+ COMPLETELY DIFF]5T4 ,IT IS CON/RUCT$ ( PROP]TY4 

,N[1 ,I REALIZE ?AT ?IS IS A SOME:AT D>+ ASS]TION4 ,NOT LEA/1 BECAUSE :AT IS CONSID]$ 0PROP]TY0 9 ! FIR/ PLACE CAN V>Y A GREAT DEAL FROM CULTURE TO CULTURE4 ,BUT ,I ?9K ONE CAN MAKE \T AN ELEM5T>Y LOGIC TO ! IDEA ( PROP]TY ?AT CAN BE SAID TO BE MORE OR LESS CON/ANT4 ,9T]E/+LY 5\<1 ?AT LOGIC IS V]Y SIMIL> TO ! LOGIC ( AVOIDANCE4 

,SOCIAL SCI5TI/S >E USUALLY CONT5T TO FOLL[ ! JURI/S & DEF9E PROP]TY AS A SOCIAL RELATION1 A BUNDLE ( RI<TS & PRIVILEGES ) REG>D TO SOME OBJECT1 HELD BY A P]SON OR GR\P ( P]SONS TO ! EXCLUSION ( ALL O!RS4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO /RESS ?AT ?IS IS NOT1 FUNDAM5TALLY1 A RELATION BETWE5 A P]SON & A ?+4 ,IT IS A RELATION BETWE5 PEOPLE4 ,ROB9SON ,CRUSOE 7B\RGEOIS 9DIVIDUALI/ ?\< HE MI<T HAVE BE57 W\LD H>DLY NE$ TO WORRY HIMSELF OV] PROP]TY RI<TS ON HIS ISL&1 S9CE NO ONE ELSE WAS !RE4 

,H[EV]1 IT IS H>D TO F9D A LONG1 DETAIL$ E?NOGRAPHY ?AT DOES NOT CONTA9 ! WORD 0[NS0 9 QUOTATION M>KS SOME:]E BETWE5 ITS COV]S-- ?AT IS1 :OSE AU?ORS >E =C$ TO PLACE ! WORD 9 QUOTES BECAUSE A WORD :I* O!RWISE REF]S TO [N]%IP ( PROP]TY IS ALSO US$ 9 O!R WAYS ?AT MAKE NO S5SE BY ?IS SORT ( DEF9ITION4 ,LET ME PRODUCE ONE FAIRLY R&OM EXAMPLE4 ,9 AN E?NOGRAPHIC ACC\NT ( ! ,LAU ,ISL&S ( ,FIJI1 ,LAURA ,?OMPSON 7#a#i#d3 #a#i--#a#a#a1 #a#b#f7 NOTES ?AT EV]Y >I/OCRATIC CLAN ( ?OSE ISL&S IS SAID TO 0[N0 ONE SPECIES ( ANIMAL1 ONE TYPE ( FI%1 & ONE V>IETY ( TREE4 ,!SE SPECIES1 %E SAYS1 >E TABOO = !M2 TO H>M ANY MEMB] ( !M W\LD BE CONSID]$ TANTAM\NT TO H>M+ !IR [N SELVES4 ,F> FROM HAV+ A RI<T TO EXCLUDE O!RS FROM !IR PROP]TY1 !SE PEOPLE >E !MSELVES =BIDD5 TO T\* ! ?+S !Y >E SAID TO [N4 ,9 FACT1 ?IS IS A FAIRLY CLE> CASE ( ID5TIFICATION4 ,A NUMB] ( AU?ORS HAVE PO9T$ \T H[ MANY LANGUAGES LACK ANY V]B = UNILAT]AL [N]%IP3 ONE CANNOT SAY 0,I [N ?AT CANOE10 M]ELY ?AT ! CANOE & ,I HAVE A SPECIAL RELATION TO EA* O!R.<#e.>-- RA!R AS 9 ,5GLI%1 ONE USES ! SAME WORD TO SAY 0?AT'S MY C>0 OR 0?AT'S MY BOSS40 ,IT'S 9T]E/+ TO NOTE ?AT ! ,5GLI% WORD 0PROP]TY0 HAS TWO MEAN+S4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 MY PROP]TY IS SOME?+ ,I [N1 ?AT IS1 SOME ?+ ?AT TAKES ON ITS ID5TITY FROM ME4 ,ON ! O!R1 ONE CAN ALSO SAY 0IT IS A PROP]TY ( FIRE TO BE HOT0--H]E 0PROP]TY0 IS :AT MAKES SOME?+ :AT IT IS1 ?AT GIVES IT ITS ID5TITY4 

,ONE MI<T CALL ! LATT] S5SE ( PROP]TY 70IT IS ! PROP]TY ( FIRE TO BE HOT07 PROP]TY 9 ITS SEMIOTIC MODE1 9 SO F> AS ITS S]VES MA9LY TO CONVEY MEAN+4 ,BUT :AT ,I WANT TO EMPHASIZE IS ?AT EV5 H]E1 ONE F9DS ! SAME LOGIC ( EXCLUSION4 ,TO RETURN TO ! ,LAU ,ISL&S3 IT WAS ONLY >I/OCRATIC CLANS ?AT 0[N$0 SPECIES ( ANIMALS OR BIRD4 ,COMMON] CLANS DID NOT2 !Y W]E REF]R$ TO COLLECTIVELY AS 0[N]S ( ! L&0 7,L4 ,?OMPSON1 OP CIT474 ,& AS ,M>%ALL ,SAHL9S 7#a#i#h#a7 HAS OBS]V$1 !RE WAS A T5D5CY TO M]GE SU* ,FIJIAN 0[N]S ( ! L&0 ) NATURE & NATURAL PROCESSES1 TO ID5TIFY !M ) :AT ,BAKHT9 CALLS 0! MAT]IAL BODILY L[] /RATUM0-- ! LATT] SIMPLY BE+ ! GROTESQUE IMAGE ( ! BODY 9 ITS SOCIAL 9C>NATION4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! >I/OCRATIC GR\PS >E SET AP>T1 M>K$ (F AGA9/ A RESIDUAL CATEGORY :I* IS MORE OR LESS M]G$ ) ! WORLD4 ,?IS IS PRECISELY ! LOGIC ( AVOIDANCE4.<#f.> 

,IT CAN BE MU* ! SAME ) 9DIVIDUALS4 ,! WORD TABOO AGA9 PROVIDES A CONV5I5T ILLU/RATION4 ,E?NOGRAPH]S ( ! ,MAORI ( ,NEW ,ZEAL& 7,FIR? #a#i#e#i1 ,JOHANS5 #a#i#e#d1 ,%IRRES #a#i#h#b1 ,SMI? #a#i#h#d7 (T5 NOTE ?AT EV]YONE WAS ?\<T TO HAVE HAD A C]TA9 AM\NT ( 0TAPU40.<#g.> ,ACTUALLY1 IT WAS NOT QUITE EV]YONE4 ,SLAVES HAD NONE 7!Y W]E O!RS' PROP]TY72 NEI!R DID MO/ WOM5 7S9CE MO/ WOM5 C\LD NOT [N PROP]TY74 ,O!RWISE1 ! EXT5T ( ONE'S TAPU V>I$ ) SOCIAL POSITION4 ,! HI<] UP ! SOCIAL SCALE1 ! MORE TAPU ONE HAD4 ,A *IEF'S TAPU = 9/ANCE EXT5D$ TO ALL ( HIS POSSESSIONS3 ALL ( !M W]E SET AP>T1 JU/ AS HE WAS SET AP>T1 FROM ! ORD9>Y WORLD1 & IT W\LD BE AS DANG]\S = A COMMON] TO T\* ! *IEF'S ?+S AS TO T\* ! *IEF HIMSELF4 ,W HAT'S MORE1 A GREAT *IEF'S TAPU WAS SO V]Y P[]FUL1 HIS P]SON WAS SO SACR$1 WE >E TOLD1 ?AT ANY?+ ?AT DID T\* HIS P]SON WAS AS IT W]E DRAWN 9TO ! *>M$ CIRCLE ( HIS SANCTITY4 0,! PIGS ?AT W]E CALL$ BY ,HONGI'S NAME C\LD NEV] BE EAT5 BY O!R P]SONS-- SU* W\LD BE TANTAM\NT TO EAT+ H IM 0 7,FIR? #a#i#e#i3 #c#d#e74 ,HIS PROP]TY WAS AN EXT5SION ( HIS P]SON1 & HIS P]SON WAS SET AP>T FROM ALL ! WORLD4 

,IF PROP]TY IS SO CLOSELY RELAT$ TO AVOIDANCE1 & IF !SE TWO PR9CIPLES ( ID5TIFICATION & EXCLUSION REALLY >E SO CONSI/5TLY AT PLAY 7& ,I ?9K !Y >E71 !N IS IT REALLY SO D>+ TO SUGGE/ ?AT ! P]SON1 9 ! DOMA9 ( AVOIDANCE1 IS CON/RUCT$ \T ( PROP]TY8 ,OR1 AT LEA/1 ( 0PROP]TIES80 

,! ETYMOLOGY ( ! WORD 0P]SON0 IS ITSELF SUGGE/IVE4 ,AS ,M>CEL ,MAUSS PO9T$ \T LONG AGO 7#a#i#c#h .<#a#i#f#h.>71 ! ,LAT9 P]SONA IS D]IV$ FROM AN ,ETRUSCAN WORD MEAN+ MASK2 EV5 :5 TAK5 UP 9 LEGAL P>LANCE AS A T]M R\<LY SIMIL> TO \R WORD P]SON1 IT /ILL KEPT ITS IMPLICATION ( AN AB/RACT SOCIAL BE+ ID5TIFI$ BY PHYSICAL OBJECTS3 PROP]TIES & 9SIGNIA ( V>I\S SORTS4 ,SLAVES1 & MO/ WOM51 HAD NO P]SONAE = ! SAME REASONS ?AT ,MAORI SLAVES & WOM5 HAD NO TAPU4 

,TWO IMPORTANT OBS]VATIONS FOLL[ FROM ALL ?IS4 ,! FIR/ CONC]NS EX*ANGE4 ,MAUSS 7#a#i#b#e .<#a#i#e#d.>7 HAS ALSO >GU$ ?AT 9 GIV+ A GIFT1 ONE IS GIV+ A P>T ( ONESELF4 ,IF ! P]SON IS 9DE$ MADE UP ( A COLLECTION ( PROP]TIES1 ?IS W\LD C]TA9LY BE TRUE4 ,BUT IT'S IMPORTANT TO BE> 9 M9D ?AT ! 0SELF0 9 QUE/ION IS !RE=E A V]Y P>TICUL> K9D ( 0SELF03 SPECIFICALLY1 ?AT SORT :I* IS CON/ITUT$ ON ! LEVEL ( AVOIDANCE4 ,GIFT-GIV+ ( ! ,MAUSSIAN V>IETY IS NEV]1 TO MY KN[L$GE1 ACCOMPANI$ BY ! SORT ( BEHAVIOR TYPICAL ( JOK+ RELATIONS2 BUT IT (T5 ACCOMPANIES AVOIDANCE4.<#h.> 

,SECOND1 9 SO F> AS IT S]VES TO CON/RUCT A P]SON 9 ?IS WAY1 A PROP]TY NE$ NOT HAVE ANY PRACTICAL USE4.<#i.> ,9 WAYS1 IT IS P]HAPS BETT] ?AT IT DOES NOT4 ,IT SIMPLY NE$S TO SAY SOME?+ AB\T ITS [N]4 ,?IS IS A TOPIC ,I HAVE DISCUSS$ AT SOME L5G? ELSE:]E 7,GRAEB] #a#i#i#f71 BUT H]E SUFFICE IT TO SAY ?AT ! KEY ?+ IS SOME L>G] CODE ( MEAN+S BY :I* OBJECTS CAN DO ?IS1 BY :I* PROP]TIES CAN BE COMP>$ & CONTRA/$4 ,?IS NE$ NOT BE ONE ( EX*ANGE VALUE1 BUT ?AT IT IS A SALI5T EXAMPLE1 & ,I W\LD >GUE ?AT IT IS NO CO9CID5CE ?AT ! G5]ALIZATION ( EX*ANGE VALUE AS A M$IUM = SOCIAL RELATIONS HAS BE5 ACCOMPANI$1 9 ,EUROPE1 BY A G5]ALIZATION ( AVOIDANCE4 ,BUT ?IS >GUM5T ,I WILL HAVE TO RETURN TO A LITTLE LAT] ON4 

,BE=E MOV+ ON TO HI]>*Y1 ,I %\LD PROBABLY ?R[ 9 A PO9T ( CL>IFICATION4 ,9 TREAT+ JOK+ & AVOIDANCE RELATIONS AS EXTREME POLES ( A CONT9UUM ?AT 9CLUDES EV]Y?+ FROM PLAYFUL FAMILI>ITY TO BEHAVIOR AT =MAL D9N]S1 ,I DO NOT MEAN TO IMPLY ?AT ALL BEHAVIOR MU/ NECESS>ILY P>TAKE ( ONE OR ! O!R4 ,I C]TA9LY DO NOT MEAN TO SUGGE/ ?AT ALL RELATIONS ( RESPECT IMPLY SUBORD9ATION2 EV5 LESS1 ?AT ALL RELATIONS ( 9TIMACY 9VOLVE SOME ELEM5T ( COMPETITION OR AGGRESSION4 ,:AT ,I AM DESCRIB+1 RA!R1 IS A LOGIC ?AT--:ILE IT MAY COME 9TO PLAY 9 SOME WAY OR ANO!R 9 ANY SOCIAL RELATION--IS AT BE/ ONLY ONE ASPECT ( IT4 ,!RE >E ALWAYS O!R LOGICS4 ,I HAVE SAID NO?+1 = EXAMPLE1 ( :AT AN?ROPOLOGI/S CALL 0RELATIONS ( COMMON SUB/ANCE10 :]E AN 5TIRELY MAT]IAL IDIOM ( BODILY /UFFS & SUB/ANCES CAN BE SE5 AS ! BASIS = BONDS ( C>+ & MUTUAL RESPONSIBILITY BETWE5 HUMAN BE+S4.<#a.> ,SEXUAL RELATIONS1 AFT] ALL1 NE$ NOT BE REPRES5T$ AS A MATT] ( ONE P>TN] CONSUM+ ! O!R2 IT CAN ALSO BE IMAG9$ AS TWO PEOPLE %>+ FOOD4 

,ON ,HI]>*Y 

,! T]M 0GOOD10 9 MO/ ,GREEK ?\<T1 CONNOT$ ABOVE ALL A C]TA9 DEF9ITE1 ?\< /ILL ESS5TIALLY NEGATIVE1 *>ACT]I/IC4 ,?IS IS MANIFE/ 9 NE>LY ALL ! ,GREEK S*OOLS ( MORAL PHILOSOPHY :I* DESC5D$ FROM ,SOCRATES-- 9 ! TEMP] ( ! IDEAL ,CYNIC1 ,DIOG5ES1 :O NE$$ & WANT$ NO?+ ANY O!R MAN C\LD GIVE HIM 1 9 ! AT>AXY ( ! ,EPICUREANS1 9 ! APA?Y ( ! ,/OICS4 ,! ESS5CE ( 0GOOD10 EV5 9 ORD9>Y HUMAN EXP]I5CE1 LAY 9 SELF-CONTA9M5T1 FRE$OM FROM ALL DEP5D5CE UPON ?AT :I* IS EXT]NAL TO ! 9DIVIDUAL 

7,LOVEJOY #a#i#c#f3 #d#b74 

,TJAD5 HASN'T F9I%$ YET4 ,HE ?9KS = A :ILE & !N ASKS3 0,& W\LD A ,K+ HAVE TO /& UP /IFF TO AN EMP]OR80 

,NONE ( US >E QUITE SURE AB\T IT1 BUT WE DON'T SUPPOSE SO4 ,!Y >E BO? SO EXALT$ ?AT /&+ /RICTLY TO ATT5TION IS PROBABLY NOT 9SI/$ ON4 

0,W HAT ROT Y\ HAT* \T10 SAYS ,KAT4 0,! M A9 PO9T IS ?AT Y\ HAVE TO /& /IFF Y\RSELF40 

,BUT ,TJAD5 IS QUITE FASC9AT$4 ,HIS O!RWISE PROSY FANCY IS BL[+ BUBBLES4 0,BUT LOOK10 HE ANN\NCES1 0,I SIMPLY CAN'T BELIEVE ?AT AN EMP]OR HAS TO GO TO ! LATR9E ! SAME AS ,I HAVE40 

-- ,REM>QUE1 ,ALL ,QUIET ON ! ,W E/]N ,FRONT4 

 0,HI]>*Y0 HAS BECOME A V]Y POPUL> T]M 9 CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL SCI5CE1 ?\< IT IS (T5 ?R[N AB\T SO CASUALLY ?AT :5 AN AU?OR USES IT1 IT'S V]Y DIFFICULT TO FIGURE \T PRECISELY :AT !Y MEAN4 ,TO SAY ?AT A SET ( ITEMS >E ORGANIZ$ 9TO A HI]>*Y1 AFT] ALL1 IS M]ELY TO SAY ?AT !Y >E RANK$ 9 SOME WAY4 ,BUT !RE >E ALL SORTS ( WAYS TO RANK ?+S4 

,! NOTION ! T]M MO/ IMM$IATELY BR+S TO M9D IS :AT MI<T BE CALL$ A 0L9E> HI]>*Y10 A WAY ( RANK+ A COLLECTION ( ITEMS1 AS ALONG A RUL]1 SO ?AT 9 ! CASE ( ANY TWO ITEMS1 ONE CAN IMM$IATELY KN[ :I* IS HI<] & :I* IS L[] ?AN ! O!R4 ,! CLASSIC EXAMPLE ( SU* A L9E> HI]>*Y IS PROBABLY ! ,GREAT ,*A9 ( ,BE+1 MADE FAM\S BY ,>?UR ,LOVEJOY 7#a#i#c#f74 ,?IS WAS A SY/EM BY :I* ,M$IEVAL & ,R5AISSANCE S*OL>S TRI$ TO RANK ALL LIV+ CREATURES FROM MOSS TO SLUGS TO HUMANS & S]APHIM1 ACCORD+ TO ! DEGREE TO :I* !Y W]E BELIEV$ TO POSSESS A RATIONAL S\L4 ,LOVEJOY PO9TS \T ?AT IT IS CRITICAL TO SU* A SY/EM ?AT !RE CAN ONLY BE ONE CRIT]ION ( RANK+2 AS SOON AS O!RS >E 9TRODUC$1 ! :OLE SY/EM WILL T5D TO DISSOLVE 9TO CONFUSION 7#a#i#c#f3 #e#f--#g74 

,:5 AN AN?ROPOLOGI/ REF]S TO A 0SOCIAL HI]>*Y10 H[EV]1 %E IS LIKELY TO BE WORK+ ) A V]Y DIFF]5T IMPLICIT MODEL1 ONE ?AT LESS RESEMBLES ! ,GREAT ,*A9 ( ,BE+ ?AN ! SORT ( TAXONOMIC HI]>*IES EMPLOY$ BY BOTANI/S OR ZOOLOGI/S4 ,!SE >E SOMETIMES REF]R$ TO AS HI]>*IES ( 9CLUSION1 S9CE EA* LEVEL 5COMPASSES ?OSE BEL[3 LIONS >E A K9D ( CAT1 CATS >E A K9D ( MAMMAL1 MAMMALS >E V]TEBRATES1 & SO ON4 ,LEVELS >E HI<] 9 SO F> AS !Y >E MORE 5COMPASS+ & AB/RACT1 ?AT IS1 9S(> AS !Y HAVE A GREAT] LEVEL ( G5]ALITY4 ,A TAXONOMIC HI]>*Y ( ?IS SORT IS OBVI\SLY QUITE DIFF]5T ?AN A SIMPLE L9E> HI]>*Y1 BUT R>ELY DO SOCIAL SCI5TI/S MAKE A CLE> DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! TWO4 ,SOME1 LIKE ! ,FR5* AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,L\IS ,DUMONT--:O IS 9 FACT ! MAN MO/ RESPONSIBLE = POPUL>IZ+ ! USE ( ! T]M HI]>*Y TO BEG9 )-- QUITE CONSCI\SLY >GUE ?AT NO DI/9CTION %\LD BE MADE3 ?AT :5 SOCIAL CATEGORIES >E RANK$1 IT IS ALWAYS ON ! BASIS ( GREAT] G5]ALITY & 9CLUSIV5ESS4 

,LET ME TAKE UP ,DUMONT'S >GUM5TS AB\T ! NATURE ( HI]>*Y 9 A LITTLE MORE DETAIL1 S9CE IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT !Y >E ! S\RCE ( A GREAT DEAL ( SUBSEQU5T CONFUSION4 

,!SE >GUM5TS GO BACK TO ,DUMONT'S ORIG9AL /RUCTURAL ANALYSIS ( ! CA/E SY/EM 9 ,9DIA1 & P>TICUL>LY1 ( ! F\RFOLD DIVISION ( ! V>NAS4 ,IT MI<T BE USEFUL H]E TO TAKE A GLANCE AT HIS =MAL ANALYSIS ( ?IS SY/EM 7,DUMONT #a#i#g3 #f#g7--:I* IS ACTUALLY QUITE BRIEF4 ,HE BEG9S BY DESCRIB+ A SIMPLE L9E> HI]>*Y4 ,EV]Y?+ IS BAS$ ON PURITY4 ,BRAHMANS 7,PRIE/S7 >E CONSID]$ PUR] ?AN ,K%ATRIYAS 7,W>RIORS71 ,K%ATRIYAS >E PUR] ?AN ,VAI%YAS 7,M]*ANTS71 & ,VAI%YAS >E PUR] ?AN ,%UDRAS 7,F>M]S74 ,H[EV]1 AFT] SAY+ ?IS1 HE IMM$IATELY PROCE$S TO EXPLA9 ?AT ?IS RANK+ IS WORK$ \T ?R\< 0A S]IES ( SUCCESSIVE DI*OTOMIES OR 9CLUSIONS0-- ?US IMPLY+ ! EXI/5CE ( A TAXONOMIC HI]>*Y 9/EAD3 

,! SET ( ! F\R V>NAS DIVIDES 9TO TWO3 ! LA/ CATEGORY1 ?AT ( ! ,%UDRAS1 IS OPPOS$ TO ! BLOCK ( ! FIR/ ?REE1 :OSE MEMB]S >E 0TWICE-BORN0444 ,!SE TWICE-BORN 9 TURN DIVIDE 9TO TWO3 ! ,VAI%YAS >E OPPOS$ TO ! BLOCK =M$ BY ! ,K%ATRIYAS & ! ,BRAHMANS1 :I* 9 TURN DIVIDES 9TO TWO 7IBID474 

,?IS IS A LITTLE CONFUS+ BUT ! BASIC IDEA IS SIMPLE 5\<3 AT ANY PO9T ALONG ! LADD]1 ?OSE ON TOP C\LD BE SE5 AS 9 SOME S5SE LUMP$ TOGE!R1 9S(> AS !Y >E ALL SUP]IOR TO ?OSE IMM$IATELY BEL[ !M4 ,?IS IS OBVI\SLY TRUE 9 A C]TA9 S5SE-- P>TICUL>LY IF ONE LOOKS AT ?+S FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( ?OSE T[>DS ! TOP ( ! LADD]4 ,/ILL1 FRAM+ MATT]S SEEMS TO BE AN 9T5TIONAL EF=T TO SIDE/EP :AT ALMO/ ANYONE ELSE W\LD ?9K IS ! S+LE MO/ IMPORTANT FEATURE ( ANY CA/E SY/EM3 ?AT FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( ?OSE ON ! BOTTOM1 WE >E DEAL+ ) A SY/EM NOT ( 9CLUSION1 BUT ( EXCLUSION4 ,ACTUALLY1 NOT EV5 JU/ FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( ?OSE ON ! BOTTOM4 ,W\LD IT NOT MAKE MORE S5SE TO FRAME ?+S ?IS WAY3 ,! ,BRAHMANS1 ! GR\P AT ! TOP1 SEE !MSELVES AS SET (F FROM ALL O!RS AS P>TICUL>LY PURE & HOLY4 ,FROM !IR P]SPECTIVE1 EV]YONE ELSE CAN EV5 BE SE5 AS A K9D ( UNDIFF]5TIAT$ MASS1 %AD+ 9TO EA* O!R & EV5 9TO NON-HUMAN CREATURES 9 SO F> AS ALL LACK ! PURITY ( ,BRAHMANS4 ,H[EV]1 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! NEXT HI<E/ GR\P1 ! ,K%ATRIYAS1 ! MORE RELEVANT OPPOSITION IS ?AT :I* SETS BO? !Y & ! ,BRAHMANS AP>T AGA9/ ANO!R RESIDUAL CATEGORY1 :I* IS AGA9 RELATIVELY IMPURE4 ,!N COMES ! OPPOSITION BETWE5 TWICE-BORN & O!RS--:I* W\LD 9CLUDE BO? ,%UDRAS & ,UNT\*ABLES1 :O >E SO BASE !Y FALL \T ( ! F\RFOLD SCALE 5TIRELY1 & :O ,DUMONT !RE=E IGNORES 5TIRELY4 ,& SO ON4 

,PROBABLY IT W\LD BE BE/ TO DESCRIBE ALL SU* L9E> HI]>*IES AS 0EXCLUSIVE0 RA!R ?AN 09CLUSIVE40 ,! LOGIC1 IT MAY BE OBS]V$1 W\LD !N BE MU* ! SAME AS ?AT ( AVOIDANCE1 S9CE ! HI<] GR\P IS SET AP>T FROM A RESIDUAL CATEGORY COMPOS$ ( ALL ! O!RS4 

,IF SO1 H[EV]1 IT MAY BE EASI] TO UND]/& H[ SOCIAL SCI5TI/S CAN GET AWAY ) FUDG+ ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 TWO DIFF]5T K9DS ( HI]>*Y1 OR EV5 9SI/+ !Y >E REALLY ! SAME4 ,IT IS BECAUSE ANY ACTUAL SOCIAL HI]>*Y WILL T5D TO COMB9E ELEM5TS ( BO?4 ,ALWAYS1 !RE >E HI<] & HI<] LEVELS ( 9CLUSION 7FROM H\SEHOLD TO L9EAGE TO CLAN TO TRIBE2 OR FROM H\SEHOLD TO P>I% TO BOR\< TO C\NTY44471 BUT ALSO !RE IS A S]IES ( ASC5D+1 9CREAS+LY EXCLUSIVE1 GR\PS1 :O GA9 !IR EXCLUSIVE /ATUS BY BE+ ABLE TO MAKE A CLAIM TO REPRES5T ! :OLE AT EV]Y LEVEL4.<#a#a.> ,L9E> & TAXONOMIC HI]>*IES ?US T5D TO BE SUP]IMPOS$4 

,LET ME RETURN ONCE MORE TO ! TRADITIONAL L9EAGE SY/EM ( ! ,MAORI4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 SOCIETY WAS IDEALLY ORGANIZ$ ACCORD+ TO :AT AN?ROPOLOGI/S W\LD CALL A SEGM5T>Y L9EAGE SY/EM-- A TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION ( SOCIAL GR\PS4 ,EV]Y H\SEHOLD BELONG$ TO A L9EAGE1 EV]Y L9EAGE TO A CLAN1 EV]Y CLAN TO A TRIBE4 ,AT EA* TAXONOMIC LEVEL1 EA* ( !SE GR\PS HAD ITS REPRES5TATIVE-- CALL$ 0HEADMAN0 OR 0*IEF0 9 ! LIT]ATURE-- & ?AT HEADMAN OR *IEF WAS ALSO SAID TO 0[N0 EV]Y?+ ?AT BELONG$ TO HIS L9EAGE1 OR CLAN1 OR TRIBE4.<#a#b.> ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ! HI<] UP 9 ! TAXONOMIC HI]>*Y ! REPRES5TATIVE1 ! MORE TAPU HE WAS SAID TO HAVE4 ,BUT IT'S H]E ?AT ?+S BECOME 9T]E/+1 BECAUSE 7AS ,I HAVE PO9T$ \T7 IT IS PRECISELY 9 ! NOTION ( TAPU ?AT ! ELEM5T ( EXCLUSION COMES BACK 94 

,:AT ?IS MEANS IS ?AT ! GREAT] ! PURVIEW ( ANY GIV5 REPRES5TATIVE1 ! MORE 9CLUSIVE ! GR\P HE WAS SE5 TO REPRES5T1 ! MORE HE HIMSELF WAS SET AP>T FROM EV]YONE ELSE1 9CLUD+ O!R MEMB]S ( HIS [N CLAN OR L9EAGE4.<#a#c.> ,AS ! HEAD ( CLAN1 ,I /& = EV]YONE ELSE 9 ! CLAN-- ESPECIALLY1 9 DEAL+S ) \TSID]S4 ,!Y >E ?US 9 A S5SE 09CLUD$0 9 MY POLITICAL P]SONA4 ,BUT ?IS 9 TURN MAKES ME A HI<]1 MORE 0EXCLUSIVE0 SORT ( P]SON1 FIT TO 9T]ACT ON AN EQUAL FOOT+ ) O!R CLAN *IEFS LIKE MYSELF1 P]HAPS1 BUT NOT ) ?OSE 9CLUD$ 9 ME4 ,& ( C\RSE ! /ATUS ( ! HEAD ( A TRIBE IS EV5 MORE EXCLUSIVE4 

,A MOM5T'S REFLECTION WILL MAKE IT CLE> ?AT SOME?+ ALONG !SE L9ES HAPP5S ALMO/ EV]Y:]E SOCIETY IS ORGANIZ$ 9TO MORE & MORE 9CLUSIVE GR\PS4 ,IF ?OSE GR\PS HAVE REPRES5TATIVES 7B>ONS1 DUKES & K+S2 MAYORS1 GOV]NORS1 & ,PRESID5TS4447 !N ?OSE REPRES5TATIVES WILL ALSO BE SET (F AGA9/ ?OSE !Y REPRES5T AS MEMB]S ( MORE & MORE EXCLUSIVE CATEGORIES ( PEOPLE4 ,! HI<] ! GR\P !Y REPRES5T 9 ! TAXONOMIC HI]>*Y1 ! MORE AB/RACT & UNIV]SAL !Y !MSELVES >E SE5 TO BE2 H5CE1 ! MORE !Y >E SET (F AGA9/ ! WORLD-- 9CLUD+ ?OSE !Y REPRES5T4 

,IT IS EASY TO SEE H[ ?IS LOGIC C\LD EV5TUALLY LEAD TO SOME?+ LIKE AN IDEOLOGY ( SOCIAL CLASS4 ,BUT IT MI<T ALSO HELP EXPLA9 SOME O!RWISE RA!R ODD CONSI/5CIES 9 ! WAY PEOPLE ?9K AB\T CLASS4 ,H[ (T51 = 9/ANCE1 DOES ONE HE> ?AT ! UPP] CLASSES ( SOME SOCIETY OR O!R DESCRIB$ AS MORE REF9$ & ELEGANT ?AN ?OSE BEL[ !M1 F9] 9 FEATURES1 MORE TACTFUL & DISCIPL9$ 9 !IR EMOTIONS8 ,OR ?AT ! L[] ORD]S >E CRUD]1 CO>S] 9 FEATURES AS 9 MANN]S--BUT AT ! SAME TIME MORE FREE ) !IR FEEL+S1 MORE SPONTANE\S8 ,MO/ PEOPLE SEEM TO CONSID] IT A MATT] ( C\RSE ?AT UPP] & L[] /RATUM ( SOCIETY %\LD DIFF] 9 ?IS WAY 7IF !Y ?9K AB\T IT AT ALL1 P]HAPS !Y WRITE IF (F TO CONDITIONS ( HEAL?1 WORK1 & LEISURE71 OR AT LEA/1 ?AT !Y %\LD BE REPRES5T$ SO4 ,9 FACT1 SU* /]EOTYPES EV5 RECUR 9 TIMES & PLACES-- SAY1 MU* ( E>LY ,M$IEVAL ,EUROPE--:]E ! UPP] /RATUM C\LD EQUALLY WELL BE REPRES5T$ AS A GANG ( HEAVILY >M$ ?UGS EXTORT+ PROTECTION FROM A POPULATION ( HELPLESS F>M]S4 

,IT'S H]E ONE HAS TO MOVE FROM ! ROLE PLAY$ BY JOK+ & AVOIDANCE 9 ! DYNAMICS ( P]SONAL RELATIONS1 TO ! WAY A :OLE SOCIAL CLASS OR /RATUM M>KS ITSELF (F FROM ?OSE IT CONSID]S BEL[ IT BY ! WAY ITS MEMB]S CONDUCT !MSELVES T[>DS ONE ANO!R4 ,NORB]T ,ELIAS 7#a#i#g#h7 HAS WRITT5 AT SOME L5G? AB\T ! C\RTESY MANUALS ,M$IEVAL LORDS & LADIES US$ TO SET !MSELVES (F AGA9/ !IR SUBJECTS4 ,!Y >E1 HE >GUES1 PRIM>ILY CONC]N$ ) 5C\RAG+ !IR READ]S TO REPRESS BODILY FUNCTIONS 7AT LEA/ 9 ! PRES5CE ( !IR FELL[S71 ! CONTROL (BO? NATURAL IMPULSES & VIOL5T EMOTIONS-- &1 AS ,I'VE M5TION$1 ! MA9T5ANCE ( A C]TA9 0?RE%OLD ( EMB>RASSM5T OR %AME40 ,9 O!R WORDS1 WE >E DEAL+ ) SOME?+ ALONG ! L9ES ( AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR1 OR ANYWAY1 BEHAVIOR EXPECT$ 9 SITUATIONS ( =MAL DEF]5CE4 ,! DIFF]5CE ( C\RSE IS ?AT !SE /&>DS W]E EXPECT$ TO BE1 AT A C]TA9 LEVEL1 MUTUAL2 9 OBS]V+ !M1 ONE WAS NOT SETT+ ! O!R P]SON (F AGA9/ ! WORLD 7A WORLD :I* 9CLUD$ ONE'S [N DEF]5TIAL SELF71 SO MU* AS SETT+ BO? (F AGA9/ ?OSE :OSE 9T]ACTIONS W]E ASSUM$ TO LACK SU* REF9EM5T4 ,& ALL ?IS IS QUITE EXPLICIT 9 ! MANUALS1 :I* CON/ANTLY W>N$3 ONE %\LD NOT BEHAVE LIKE A PEASANT OR AN ANIMAL4 

,! T5D5CY TO SEE ! COMMON PEOPLE AS BE/IAL WAS ITSELF P]FECTLY 9 KEEP+ ) ! NOTION ?AT /&>DS ( COMPORTM5T W]E A WAY = ! >I/OCRACY TO CON/ITUTE !MSELVES ON A LEVEL ( AVOIDANCE1 OV] & AGA9/ 0A RESIDUAL CATEGORY MORE OR LESS M]G$ ) ! WORLD40 ,! SAME ATTITUDE WAS TO BE SE5 9 LIT]>Y /]EOTYPES ( ! PEASANT AS 0B>ELY HUMAN MON/]0 7,LE,G(F #a#i#g#h3 #i#c7 & 9 ,M$IEVAL >T1 :]E ,M AN WAS FREQU5TLY DEPICT$ AS P>T ( NATURE3 IMAGES ( ANIMAL-M5 & PLANT-M51 TREES ) HUMAN HEADS1 AN?ROPOMORPHIC M\NTA9S1 BE+S ) MANY H&S & M ANY LEGS1 RECUR OV] & OV] A LL ?R\< ANTIQUITY & ! ,M IDDLE ,AGES1 & F9D !IR MO/ COMPLETE EXPRESSION 9 ! WORKS ( ,BRUE<EL & ,BOS* 7,GUREVI* #a#i#h#e3 #e#c74 

,! AU?OR DOESN'T NOTE ?IS--IT H>DLY NE$S BE SAID-- BUT ! 0,MAN0 HE IS REF]R+ TO IS ,COMMON ,MAN2 BI%OPS & DU*ESSES W]E NOT DEPICT$ AS HALF TREE4.<#a#d.> 

,H[EV]1 :AT'S REALLY 9T]E/+ AB\T !SE IMAGES ( AN UNDIFF]5TIAT$ MAT]IAL WORLD ( BODIES & SUB/ANCES IS ?AT IT DID NOT SIMPLY REPRES5T ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! >I/OCRACY4 ,M IKHAIL ,BAKHT9 7#a#i#h#d7 = 9/ANCE1 9 HIS FAM\S /UDY ( ,RABELAIS1 HAS %[N ?AT !RE WAS A P[]FUL /RA9 9 ,M$IEVAL & ,E>LY ,MOD]N POPUL> CULTURE & POPUL> IMAG]Y :I* TOOK ALL ( ! QUALITIES TYPICALLY 9VOK$ BY ! ELITE & !IR REPRES5TATIVES TO D5\NCE ! L[] /RATUM ( SOCIETY--LU/ & DRUNK5NESS1 BODILY FUNCTIONS1 ! MON/R\S & GROTESQUE-- & AFFIRM$ & CELEBRAT$ !M 9/EAD4 ,S9CE ?IS T5D5CY F\ND ITS HI<E/ ELABORATION 9 FE/IVALS LIKE ,C>NIVAL1 ,BAKHT9 CALLS IT 0! C>NIVALESQUE02 BUT HE ALSO >GUES IT P]VAD$ POPUL> CULTURE1 SETT+ ! TONE = EV]Y?+ FROM *>IV>IS TO FOLK TALES1 MIRACLE-PLAYS1 & ! SPIELS ( IT9]ANT QUACKS & M$IC9E- P$DL]S1 OR ! REM>KABLY 9TRICATE IDIOM ( OBSC5ITY & V]BAL ABUSE TYPICAL ( ! ,M$IEVAL M>KET PLACE4 ,BAKHT9 SEES GROTESQUE IMAG]Y ( ?IS SORT AS1 (T51 POS$ 9 DIRECT OPPOSITION TO ! /UFFY1 OV]BE>+ & HI]>*ICAL 0(FICIAL CULTURE0 ( ! TIME2 A =M ( RESI/ANCE AGA9/ ! /ATIC1 LIFELESS ASCETICISM FOI/$ ON ! MASSES BY ! *UR* & CIVIL AU?ORITIES4 

,BAKHT9 WAS CLE>LY ON TO SOME?+4 ,BUT IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT HE DREW ! L9ES BETWE5 :AT WE N[ CALL HI< & L[ CULTURE A BIT TOO %>PLY4 ,ONE ( ! VIRTUES ( ! VIEW ( HI]>*Y ,I'VE BE5 TRY+ TO DEVELOP IS ?AT NO SU* %>P L9E NE$ BE DRAWN4 ,W]E ! GROTESQUE ELEM5TS 9 ! WORK ( ,BOS* OR ,BRUE<EL D]IV$ FROM POPUL> CULTURE1 OR FROM ! ELITE'S NOTIONS ( :AT ! COMMON PEOPLE W]E LIKE8 ,IS !RE ANY REAL NE$ TO ASK8 ,AFT] ALL1 IT WAS NOT ONLY PEASANTS & J\RNEYM51 BUT M]*ANTS1 MONKS & B>ONS :O TOOK P>T 9 ,C>NIVAL4 ,IF ! EMPHASIS 9 ,C>NIVAL WAS QUITE CLE>LY ON ! JOK+ BODY-- ON SEX1 GLUTTONY1 VIOL5CE & GAY ABUSE-- P]HAPS :AT WE %\LD REALLY BE ASK+ IS :AT ALL ?IS MEANT TO ! DIFF]5T P>TICIPANTS1 & :E!R IT WAS ALWAYS ! SAME ?+4 

,:AT EVID5CE !RE IS IMPLIES !RE WAS A FAIRLY WIDE CONT9UUM BETWE5 TWO EXTREME PO9TS ( VIEW4 ,= ! L(TIE/1 ,C>NIVAL WAS AN 9DULG5CE = ! MASSES1 A *ANCE = !M TO PLAY ! FOOL & GIVE V5T TO !IR BASE & S9FUL NATURES4 ,SOME ( ! MORE REFLECTIVE DEVELOP$ A K9D ( FUNCTIONAL !ORY3 LET ! COMMON]S WORK (F A BIT ( /EAM1 EV5 PLAY AT TURN+ ! WORLD UPSIDE D[N = A DAY OR TWO1 & IT WILL MAKE IT EASI] = !M TO 5DURE !IR LOT DUR+ ! RE/ ( ! YE>4.<#a#e.> ,EV5 A M9OR KNI<T OR MA/] CRAFTSM5 MI<T (T5 HAVE TAK5 P>T HALF ) A FEEL+ = FUN1 & HALF ) ONE ( VEIL$ CONTEMPT4 

,TO ! L[LIE/1 H[EV]-- & EV5 MANY ( ! NOT SO V]Y L[LY-- ! JOK+ ELEM5T C\LD SEEM G5U9ELY SUBV]SIVE4 ,& ?IS IS APP>5TLY TRUE ( ! 0C>NIVALESQUE0 AS A :OLE4 

,GIV5 ! >GUM5T ,I'VE BE5 DEVELOP+1 IT IS EASY TO SEE AT LEA/ TWO DIFF]5T WAYS H[ ?IS MI<T BE4 ,! FIR/ IS QUITE SIMPLE4 ,JOK+ RELATIONS >E PLAY$ \T 9 AN IDIOM ( ATTACK3 ! TAK+ ( GOODS & GIV+ ( BADS4 ,9 ! POPUL> CULTURE ( ! TIME1 ?IS IDIOM WAS (T5 US$ TO IMPLICITLY POLITICAL EFFECTS3 A GOOD EXAMPLE >E ! FOLK TALES 9 :I* Y\NG PEASANT LADS SO (T5 \TWIT !IR SUP]IORS1 ALWAYS 7AS ,ROB]T ,D>NTON PO9TS \T3 #a#i#h#d3 #e#i7 MAK+ A PO9T ( BO? GETT+ :ATEV] GOODS !Y >E AFT] & HUMILIAT+ HIS ADV]S>Y3 0! CLEV] WEAKL+ MAKES A FOOL ( ! /RONG OPPRESSOR BY RAIS+ A *ORUS ( LAU<T] AT HIS EXP5SE1 PREF]ABLY BY SOME BAWDY /RATAGEM4 ,HE =CES ! K+ TO LOSE FACE BY EXPOS+ HIS BACKSIDE40 ,SO IT WAS TOO ) SATIRIC *>IV>IS & O!R V>IETIES ( 0R\< MUSIC40 ,BAKHT9 7#a#i#h#d3 #a#i#g1 ETC47 SEES ! UNCR[N+ & DEBASEM5T ( ! ,C>NIVAL ,K+ AS A MORE UNIV]SAL ATTACK1 ONE DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! V]Y PR9CIPLE ( HI]>*Y ITSELF4 

,?IS LA/ 9/ANCE MOVES CLOS] TO ! SECOND SUBV]SIVE ELEM5T 9 JOK+--:I* ,I ?9K IS ALSO BY F> ! MORE PR(\ND4 ,9 ,C>NIVAL1 NOT ONLY WAS HI]>*Y TEMPOR>ILY SUSP5D$ OR REV]S$1 BUT ! :OLE WORLD WAS RECON/RUCT$ AS A 0,L& ( ,COCKAIGNE10 AS ! SAY+ W5T1 A DOMA9 9 :I* !RE WAS NO?+ BUT BODIES HAPPILY P>TAK+ ( ! WORLD & ( EA* O!R4 ,BAKHT9 IMPLIES ?AT ! GROTESQUE1 ?AT JOK+ & LAU<T]1 WAS A SORT ( UNIV]SAL SOLV5T ( HI]>*Y3 ?AT BY REPRES5T+ A WORLD ( JOK+ BODIES & NO?+ MORE1 ! V]Y FIB] WAS /RIPP$ \T ( ! /RUCTURES ( (FICIAL CULTURE SO ?AT EV5 ITS L(TIE/ P9NACLES 9EVITABLY CAME CRA%+ TO ! E>?4 ,GIV5 ! CATEGORIES ,I'VE BE5 US+ 9 ?IS PAP]1 ?IS MAKES P]FECT S5SE4 ,IF ONE REJECTS ! PR9CIPLE ( AVOIDANCE ALTOGE!R1 IF NO?+ IS SET AP>T OR SACR$1 HI]>*Y CANNOT EXI/4 ,9 A JOK+ WORLD1 !RE >E ONLY BODIES1 & ! ONLY POSSIBLE DIFF]5CE BETWE5 !M IS ?AT SOME >E BIGG] & /RONG] ?AN O!RS2 !Y CAN TAKE MORE GOODS & GIVE MORE BADS4 ,& ! IMPLICATIONS ( ?AT = A VIEW ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL ORD]1 & P>TICUL>LY = ! MORAL /&+ ( ! HI< & MI<TY ( ! WORLD1 NE$ H>DLY BE M5TION$4 

,AS ALWAYS1 ,I MU/ PO9T \T ?AT ,I AM AW>E ?AT ?+S >E MORE COMPLICAT$ ?AN ?IS2 ,I AM DWELL+ ON ONE P>TICUL> ASPECT4 ,= 9/ANCE1 !RE WAS AN ELEM5T 9 ,C>NIVAL :I* /RESS$ NOT JOK+ /RUGGLE BUT AN IDYLLIC ,GOLD5 ,AGE3 ?IS WAS AN IMPORTANT ELEM5T 9 SOCIAL CRITICISM BO? AMONG ,*UR* ?9K]S & POPUL> REBELS1 & H>K$ BACK TO ,CLASSICAL !MES 7CF4 ,COHN #a#i#g74 ,/ILL1 ! ANALOGY ) JOK+ RELATIONS IS A USEFUL ANALYTIC TOOL1 IF = NO O!R REASON ?AN BECAUSE IT OP5S UP ALL SORTS ( 9T]E/+ POSSIBILITIES4 .<#a#f.> ,?IS IS ESPECIALLY TRUE :5 ONE MOVES FROM PUBLIC RITUAL TO EV]YDAY PRACTICES4 ,BAKHT9 HIMSELF DREW ATT5TION TO ! LANGUAGE ( ! M>KETPLACE 7#a#i#h#d3 #a#d#e--#a#i#e7 & POPUL> IDIOMS ( ABUSE & OBSC5ITY 9 ,M$IEVAL & ,E>LY ,MOD]N CULTURE4 ,W\LD IT REALLY BE GO+ TOO F> TO SUGGE/ ?AT ?IS 9VOLVES SOME?+ V]Y SIMIL> TO ! RECON/RUCTION ( ! WORLD ON ! BODILY LEVEL ?AT OCCURS 9 ,C>NIVAL8 ,IF IT DOES1 ?IS W\LD BE A P]FECT EXAMPLE ( ! PRACTICES ( ! L[] /RATA APP>5TLY RE9=C+ ! IMAGES & /]EOTYPES 5T]TA9$ BY ! UPP]1 ?\< ) DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ 9T5T4 ,& F9ALLY1 ?IS W\LD NOT SEEM TO BE AN ISOLAT$ PH5OM5A4 ,!RE >E SOCIETIES APL5TY 9 :I* ! L[] CLASSES DO SEEM TO EMPLOY OBSC5E LANGUAGE MORE FREELY1 OR AT LEA/ MORE OP5LY & CONSI/5TLY1 ?AN ! MORE PRIVILEG$ ONES4 ,IT IS H>D TO ESCAPE ! IMPRESSION ?AT ?IS IS1 9 EFFECT1 A K9D ( SUBV]SION-- AT LEA/ TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT ASS]TS AN 9TR9SICALLY SUBV]SIVE VIEW ( ! CONDITIONS ( HUMAN EXI/5CE4 

,! ,G5]ALIZATION ( ,AVOIDANCE 

,SO F>1 ,I HAVE BE5 DESCRIB+ TWO DIFF]5T WAYS ( LOOK+ AT ! HUMAN P]SON3 EI!R AS A COLLECTION ( BODILY SUB/ANCES ULTIMATELY CONT9U\S ) ! WORLD SURR\ND+ IT1 OR AS AN AB/RACT SET ( PROP]TIES SET AP>T FROM ?AT WORLD4.<#a#g.> ,!SE >E C]TA9LY NOT ! ONLY POSSIBLE WAYS ( CONCEIV+ ! HUMAN P]SON2 BUT !Y CAN ALWAYS1 IT SEEMS1 BE EXPECT$ TO EM]GE 9 SITUATIONS ( HI]>*Y & =MAL DEF]5CE4 

,AT ?IS PO9T1 ,I CAN RETURN TO ,NORB]T ,ELIAS' >GUM5T AB\T ! 0CIVILIZ+ PROCESS0 9 ,EUROPE 7#a#i#g#h .<#a#i#c#i.>71 & ,PET] ,BURKE'S NOTION ( ! RE=M ( POPUL> CULTURE 7#a#i#g#h3 #b#g-#b#d#c74 

,ELIAS' OBS]VATIONS >E MA9LY BAS$ ON COMP>+ PRIM]S US$ TO 9/RUCT *ILDR5 9 DIFF]5T P]IODS ( ,EUROPEAN HI/ORY1 BEG9N+ 9 ! TWELF? C5TURY1 & 5D+ 9 ! EI<TE5? & N9ETE5?4 ,:AT HE DISCOV]S IS A CONT9UAL 0ADVANCE 9 ?RE%OLDS ( EMB>RASSM5T & %AME0 OV] TIME1 AN 9CREAS+ DEM& TO SUPPRESS ANY PUBLIC ACKN[L$GM5T ( BODILY FUNCTIONS1 EXCRETION1 AGGRESSIV5ESS1 DEA?1 DECAY--9 FACT1 ANY OR ALL ( ?OSE ?+S :I* >E TYPICALLY ?\<T TO BE EMB>RASS+ OR %AMEFUL )9 RELATIONS ( AVOIDANCE4 ,! MO/ 9T]E/+ ASPECT ( ,ELIAS' MAT]IAL1 FROM MY [N P]SPECTIVE1 IS H[ BEHAVIOR :I* ,M$IEVAL C\RTESY BOOKS REPRES5T$ AS %AMEFUL ONLY IF DONE BE=E SUP]IORS 7SAY1 BL[+ ONE'S NOSE 9 ! TABLECLO?71 GRADUALLY CAME TO BE REPRES5T$ AS EMB>RASS+ EV5 IF DONE BE=E EQUALS1 !N 9F]IORS1 & F9ALLY1 AS BEHAVIOR TO BE AVOID$ ON PR9CIPLE1 EV5 IF NO ONE ELSE IS !RE4.<#a#h.> ,9 MY T]MS1 ONE MI<T SAY ?AT AVOIDANCE BECAME G5]ALIZ$3 9 ! S5SE ?AT PR9CIPLES ( BEHAVIOR :I* ONCE APPLI$ MA9LY TO RELATIONS ( =MAL DEF]5CE GRADUALLY CAME TO SET ! T]MS = ALL SOCIAL RELATIONS1 UNTIL !Y BECAME SO ?OR\<LY 9T]NALIZ$ !Y 5D$ UP TRANS=M+ PEOPLE'S MO/ BASIC RELATIONS ) ! WORLD >\ND !M4 

,N[1 ,ELIAS HIMSELF IS MA9LY CONC]N$ ) FEUDAL C\RTS & ! C\RTLY >I/OCRACY4 ,IF !RE WAS ANY MOTOR DRIV+ ! *ANGE1 HE SUGGE/S1 IT WAS ! /ATE'S 9CREAS+ MONOPOLY ON ! LEGITIMATE USE ( CO]CIVE =CE1 :I* COMPELL$ C\RTI]S TO CONTA9 !IR AGGRESSIVE IMPULSES1 & ?US 9TRODUC$ A G5]AL PR9CIPLE ( SELF-CONTROL4 ,BUT HE ALSO SUGGE/S ?AT IT WAS1 9 FACT1 :5 !SE NEW IDEALS EXP&$ \TSIDE ! C\RTS1 TO AFFECT ! NASC5T B\RGEOISIE1 ?AT !Y BEGAN TO BE FULLY 9T]NALIZ$ PSY*OLOGICALLY4 ,?IS EXPANSION WAS SOME?+ ?AT L>GELY OCCURR$ 9 ! SIXTE5?1 SEV5TE5?1 & EI<TE5? C5TURIES1 :5 ONE FIR/ F9DS MIDDLE-CLASS RE=M]S D5\NC+ ! POLI%$ >TIFICIALITY ( C\RTLY MANN]S1 CLAIM+ !Y ACT MA9LY TO MAKE 9VIDI\S DI/9CTIONS & PLACE SOME PEOPLE ABOVE O!RS1 & HOLD+ UP !IR [N /&>DS ( COMPORTM5T AS MORE HONE/1 MORAL & SPONTANE\S-- & !RE=E1 AS FIT TO BE ADOPT$ BY SOCIETY AS A :OLE 7,ELIAS #a#i#g#h3 #db -#e 74.<#a#i.> 

,BURKE'S 0RE=M ( POPUL> CULTURE0 WAS P>T ( ?IS SAME MOVEM5T4 ,ESS5TIALLY IT CAME D[N TO ! ATTEMPT1 L>GELY ON ! P>T ( MIDDLE CLASS RELIGI\S AU?ORITIES1 TO IMPROVE ! MANN]S ( ?OSE BEL[3 MO/ ( ALL1 BY ELIM9AT+ ALL TRACES ( ! C>NIVALESQUE FROM POPUL> LIFE4 ,BURKE LI/S AMONG !IR T>GETS 0ACTORS1 BALLADS1 BE>-BAIT+1 BULL-FI<TS1 C>DS1 *AP- BOOKS1 *>IV>IS1 *>LATANS1 DANC+1 DIC+1 DIV9+1 FAIRS1 FOLKTALES1 =TUNE-TELL+1 MAGIC1 MASKS1 M9/RELS1 PUPPETS1 TAV]NS & WIT*CRAFT0 7,BURKE #a#i#g#h3 #b#h71 TO NAME A FEW4 ,9 ,5GL&1 ,PURITANS ACTUALLY CALL$ !IR CAMPAIGN A 0RE=MATION ( MANN]S02 9 ITS NAME !Y W5T AB\T %UTT+ D[N ALE-H\SES1 5=C+ LAWS CONC]N+ SEXUAL MORALITY1 & MO/ ( ALL1 \TLAW+ POPUL> MODES ( 5T]TA9M5T LIKE ,MAY POLES1 MORRIS DANC+1 & ,*RI/MAS REVELS4 ,9 ,CA?OLIC ,EUROPE1 C\NT]-RE=MATION AU?ORITIES W]E CONDUCT+ ANALOG\S CAMPAIGNS4 ,SU* CAMPAIGNS ALMO/ ALWAYS G5]AT$ A GREAT DEAL ( OPPOSITION1 BUT OV]ALL1 !Y W]E REM>KABLY SUCCESSFUL4 

,! ROLE ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 ,I ?9K1 IS CRUCIAL4 0,MIDDLE CLASSES10 9 ?IS P]IOD1 ESS5TIALLY MEANS 0?OSE SECTIONS ( ! POPULATION MO/ ?OR\<LY CAU<T UP 9 ! COMM]CIAL LIFE ( ! TIMES03 NOT ONLY M]*ANTS & %OPKEEP]S1 BUT PROSP]\S F>M]S & URBAN CRAFTSM54 ,IT IS NOTORI\S1 = 9/ANCE1 ?AT ?IS WAS ! /RATUM MO/ ATTRACT$ TO ,5GLI% ,PURITANISM 7,TAWNEY #a#i#c#g3 .<#b.>2 ,HILL #a#i#f#d2 ,WRI<TSON #a#i#h#d74 ,!Y W]E ALSO ! PEOPLE :OSE LIVES W]E MO/ DOM9AT$ BY RELATIONS ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 :I* IS ALSO CRUCIAL3 S9CE ACCORD+ TO ! T]MS ,I HAVE BE5 DEVELOP+ H]E1 A G5]ALIZATION ( AVOIDANCE W\LD BE A PROCESS 9 :I* EV]YONE 9 SOCIETY CAME 9CREAS+LY TO BE DEF9$ BY ! LOGIC ( AB/RACT1 EXCLUSIVE PROP]TIES4 ,ONE MI<T WELL IMAG9E ?AT1 AS SOCIAL LIFE AMONG ALL CLASSES ( SOCIETY CAME TO BE %AP$1 MORE & MORE1 BY ! LOGIC ( ! M>KET1 ! MANN]S ONCE TYPICAL ( ! COMM]CIAL CLASSES W\LD T5D TO BE G5]ALLY ADOPT$ TOO4 

,! QUE/ION1 !N1 IS3 >E !RE ANY E?NOGRAPHIC PREC$5TS = SOME?+ LIKE ?IS HAPP5+8 ,HAVE !RE BE5 CASES :]E SPREAD ( EX*ANGE RELATIONS L$ TO DIFF]5T /&>DS ( DAILY COMPORTM5T8 ,LET ME TRY TO ANSW] ?IS BRIEFLY BE=E RETURN+ TO CONCEPTS ( ! P]SON 9 ,E>LY ,MOD]N ,EUROPE4 

,ONE ?+ ! E?NOGRAPHIC EVID5CE MAKES ABUNDANTLY CLE> IS ?AT1 :5 RELATION%IPS BETWE5 TWO PEOPLE1 OR TWO GR\PS1 >E DEF9$ PRIM>ILY >\ND EX*ANGE 7& NOT1 SAY1 BY IDIOMS ( COMMON SUB/ANCE71 !Y HAVE A /RONG T5D5CY TO ALSO BE M>K$ BY RULES ( AVOIDANCE4 ,! CLASSIC EXAMPLE IS RELATIONS BETWE5 AFF9ES3 P>TICUL>LY :5 TWO FAMILIES >E LOCK$ 9 EXT5D$ CYCLES ( M>RIAGE PAYM5TS4 

,:]E RULES ( AVOIDANCE DO EXI/1 & HAVE BE5 BROK51 V]Y (T5 SOME SORT ( =MAL EX*ANGE IS REQUIR$ TO SET ?+S /RAI<T4 ,SOMETIMES !SE TAKE ! =M ( F9ES4 ,BUT !Y DO NOT NE$ TO4 ,MAC,ALLI/] 7#a#i#c#g3 #a#c#a7 RECALLS ! CASE ( A ,KI[A-,APA*E MAN :O ACCID5TALLY BUMP$ 9TO HIS MO!R-9-LAW1 A P]SON HE WAS =BIDD5 EV] TO T\*4 ,TO MAKE UP = IT1 IT WAS >RANG$ = ! TWO ( !M TO EX*ANGE HORSES4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ACCORD+ TO ,ROY ,WAGN] 7#a#i#f#g3 #a#g#f71 SOME?+ SIMIL> IS COMMON PRACTICE AMONG ! ,D>IBI ( ,NEW ,GU9EA1 :]E A MAN %\LD NEV] EV5 CA/ EYES ON HIS WIFE'S MO!R4 ,%\LD HE HAPP5 TO DO SO BY ACCID5T1 ! TWO HAVE TO MEET & EX*ANGE MALE & FEMALE GOODS ( EQUAL VALUE BE=E !Y CAN GO BACK TO !IR =M] SITUATION4 ,CLE>LY1 9 NEI!R CASE >E WE TALK+ AB\T A PUNI%M5T OR COMP5SATION2 BO? P>TIES 5D$ UP ) ?+S ( EXACTLY ! SAME VALUE AS !Y HAD BE=E4 ,RA!R ?AN BE+ A MATT] ( REP>ATIONS1 IT APPE>S TO BE A SIMPLE MATT] ( REPAIR4 ,TWO PEOPLE HAVE COME 9TO CONTACT :O %\LD NOT HAVE DONE SO4 ,! RESULT+ RIFT 9 ! %ELL ( AVOIDANCE CAN ONLY BE PAT*$ UP BY MEANS ( AN EX*ANGE1 BECAUSE ! ACT ( EX*ANG+ GOODS ITSELF TRANSPOSES RELATIONS FROM ! LEVEL ( BODIES & SUB/ANCES & BACK TO ?AT ( AB/RACT PROP]TIES AGA94#b 

,MORE (T51 IF !RE'S BE5 A VIOLATION ( ! RULES ( AVOIDANCE1 A M9OR F9E IS LEVI$ ON ! L[]-/ATUS P>TY 7! ONE ON :OM ! BURD5 ( AVOIDANCE LIES74 ,BUT EV5 H]E1 ! F9ES >E MORE ?AN SIMPLE RECOMP5SE2 ! V]Y ACT ( GIV+ !M ALSO ACTS TO RE/ORE RELATIONS TO !IR APPROPRIATE LEVEL ( AB/RACTION4 ,& ! SAME GOES = F9ES LEVI$ = ACTUAL DAMAGE TO ! P]SON OR PROP]TY ( O!RS1 OR = ?AT MATT]1 AFF9AL PAYM5TS--9 FACT1 = ALL ?OSE V>I$ K9DS ( TRANSACTION :I* TYPICALLY KNIT TOGE!R TO =M :AT AN?ROPOLOGI/S REF] TO AS A 0GIFT ECONOMY40 

,EV5 MORE 9T]E/+ = PRES5T PURPOSES IS :AT HAPP5S TO A SOCIETY :5 SU* NETWORKS ( =MAL EX*ANGE BECOME SO IMPORTANT ?AT !Y C\LD BE SAID TO BE ! MA9 9/ITUTION SETT+ ! T]MS ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,9 SU* SOCIETIES1 EV]YDAY /&>DS ( 9T]ACTION (T5 BEG9 TO RESEMBLE :AT W\LD 9 O!R SOCIETIES BE CONSID]$ MILD AVOIDANCE4 

,I AM NOT ! FIR/ TO MAKE NOTE ( ?IS PH5OM5A4 ,BUT E>LI] AN?ROPOLOGI/S SEEM TO HAVE LACK$ A LANGUAGE ) :I* TO DESCRIBE IT4 ,SOME APPEAL$ TO ,WEB]4 ,M>G>ET ,MEAD1 = 9/ANCE1 SAW ! ,MANUS ( ! ,ADMIRALTY ,ISL&S ( ,NEW ,GU9EA AS PRACTIC+ 0A K9D ( CAPITALISM10 :I*1 %E SAID1 WAS ROOT$ 9 AN E?OS ( ASCETICISM & SELF-D5IAL 7#a#i#c1 #a#i#c#d1 #a#i#c#g74 ,ALFR$ ,KROEB] SPOKE ( ! 05TREPR5EURIAL SPIRIT0 ( ! ,YUROK ,9DIANS ( ,CALI=NIA1 :I* HE SAID >OSE FROM SOME?+ LIKE A ,PURITAN E?IC 7#a#i#b#e1 #a#i#b#h74 ,TO ! MOD]N E>1 SU* T]MS REALLY DON'T SEEM APPROPRIATE4 ,IF ,NEW ,GU9EA FI%]M5 CAN BE CAPITALI/S1 ! WORD 0CAPITALISM0 LOSES MO/ ( ITS EXPLANATORY P[]1 & ONE W\LD HAVE TO COME UP ) AN 5TIRELY NEW T]M = ! HEADS ( JO9T-/OCK CORPORATIONS EMPLOY+ L>GE NUMB]S ( CLOCK-PUN*+ WAGE-LABOR]S4 ,BUT ,I DON'T ?9K IT W\LD BE WISE TO DISMISS SU* AU?ORS' 9SI<TS \T ( H&4 ,:AT ! ,MANUS & ,YUROK DID %>E WAS SOME?+ QUITE REM9ISC5T ( ,EURO-,AM]ICAN IDEAS ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 & %ELL MONEY :I* FUNCTION$ AS A K9D ( CURR5CY4 ,PROP]TY C\LD BE B\<T & SOLD ACCORD+ TO AN AB/RACT M$IUM ( VALUE4 ,BO? W]E ALSO SOCIETIES 9 :I* ! EX*ANGE ( PROP]TY WAS ONE ( ! MA9 WAYS 9 :I* RELATIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE WORK$ !MSELVES \T3 EV51 SOMETIMES1 RELATIONS BETWE5 ! CLOSE/ K94 ,MU* ( ! COMMONPLACE DRAMA ( DAILY LIFE SEEMS TO HAVE TURN$ L>GELY ON :O HAD BE5 GIV5 :AT1 :O [$ :AT1 :O ACCEPT$ :AT FROM :OM4 ,&1 SIGNIFICANTLY 5\<1 IT IS )9 RELATIONS MO/ M$IAT$ BY EX*ANGE ?AT 0ASCETICISM0 WAS MO/ 9 EVID5CE4 0,SEX10 ! ,YUROK DICTUM HAD IT1 0DRIVES AWAY MONEY40.<#b#a.> ,IT WAS AS IF )9 SU* RELATIONS1 ! HUMAN P]SON ITSELF HAD TO BE H$G$ >\ND ) EXCLUSIVE RE/RICTIONS AS SEV]E AS ?OSE SURR\ND+ PROP]TY4 

,ALL !SE EXAMPLES SUGGE/ ?AT !RE CAN1 9DE$1 BE RELATIONS ( AVOIDANCE ?AT >E NOT IMM$IATELY CONC]N$ ) CON/RUCT+ HI]>*ICAL RELATIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE1 OR EV5 ) SETT+ ONE CLASS (F AGA9/ ! RE/ ( SOCIETY4 ,:5 TWO PEOPLE EX*ANGE HORSES ) ONE ANO!R1 !Y >E M>K+ !IR EQUIVAL5CE1 AS P]SONS1 BY ID5TIFY+ !MSELVES ) TWO POSSESSIONS ( EQUIVAL5T VALUE4 ,SIMIL>LY1 9 ! ,MANUS OR ,YUROK CASES1 IT WAS ! EXI/5CE ( MONEY-- AN AB/RACT SY/EM BY :I* ! VALUE ( JU/ AB\T ANY PIECE ( PROP]TY C\LD BE COMP>$-- ?AT MADE ALL P]SONS COMP>ABLE AS WELL4 ,9 CONTEXTS 9VOLV+ EX*ANGE1 P]SONS W]E DEF9$ BY :AT !Y HAD2 S9CE MONEY MADE ALL PROP]TY AT LEA/ POT5TIALLY EQUIVAL5T1 !N PEOPLE W]E AS WELL4 ,& ! ACTUAL PROCESS ( EX*ANGE MEANT ?AT 9 PRACTICE1 PEOPLE W]E CON/ANTLY E/ABLI%+ SU* TEMPOR>Y EQUIVAL5CES4.<#b#b.> 

,ALL ?IS T5DS TO CONFIRM ?AT ! MO/ IMPORTANT >EA TO LOOK AT 9 ,E>LY ,MOD]N ,EUROPE IS NOT SO MU* ,ELIAS' C\RT SOCIETY--:I* WAS ALWAYS MA9LY 9T]E/$ 9 SETT+ ITSELF (F FROM ! RE/ ( SOCIETY-- AS ! EM]G5CE ( REGIMES ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 COMM]CIAL EX*ANGE1 & ( A CLASS ( PEOPLE :OSE LIVES W]E SO ORGANIZ$ >\ND IT ?AT !Y HAD BEGUN TO 9T]NALIZE ITS LOGIC ( EXCLUSION AS A WAY ( DEF9+ !IR [N SOCIAL P]SONS4 

,9 FACT1 IDEALS ( PRIVATE PROP]TY EM]G$ SL[LY & UNEV5LY4 ,?IS WAS TRUE P>TICUL>LY ( PROP]TY 9 L&4 ,UND] A FEUDAL REGIME1 ALMO/ ANY PLOT ( L& HAD MORE ?AN ONE 0[N]40 ,USUALLY1 !RE W]E DIFF]5T LEVELS ( [N]%IP1 :5 ?OSE CAME 9TO CONFLICT1 LEGAL !ORY ( ! TIME ALMO/ ALWAYS RECOGNIZ$ ! MO/ 9CLUSIVE LEVEL TO HAVE ! ULTIMATE CLAIM4 ,! CLAIMS ( A VILLAGE COMMUNITY1 = 9/ANCE1 TOOK PREC$5CE OV] ?OSE ( A PLOT'S ACTUAL HOLD]4 ,FEUDAL T5URE MEANT TITLE TO A PIECE ( L& T5D$ TO BE P>CEL$ \T ALONG A GRAD$ HI]>*Y ( [N]S2 :ILE A SIMPLE HUSB&MAN MI<T HAVE HAD EFFECTIVE POSSESSION ( A PLOT1 & A LOCAL KNI<T OR B>ON EFFECTIVE CONTROL OV] ITS DISPOSITION1 JURI/S /ILL 9SI/$ ?AT TRUE DOM9IUM1 OR ABSOLUTE [N]%IP1 BELONG$ ONLY TO ! ,K+--:O REPRES5T$ ! HI<E/ & MO/ 9CLUSIVE LEVEL ( ALL4 

,ALL ?IS MI<T HAVE BE5 9 KEEP+ ) ! HI]>*ICAL PR9CIPLES ( ! TIME1 BUT IT WAS LITTLE CONDUCIVE TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( A M>KET 9 L&4 ,9 ,5GL&1 MO/ L& ONLY BECAME FREELY DISPOSABLE AFT] ! FIR/ GREAT WAVE ( 5CLOSURE MOVEM5TS ( ! SIXTE5? & SEV5TE5? C5TURIES4 ,9 AN OP5 FIELD SY/EM1 A F>M] MI<T HAVE EXCLUSIVE RI<T TO GR[ :EAT ON A GIV5 PLOT1 BUT W\LD HAVE TO OP5 !IR [N FIELDS1 AFT] ! H>VE/1 TO ANYONE 9 ! VILLAGE ) %EEP :O WI%$ TO GRAZE !M ON ! /UBBLE2 F5CES HAD TO BE TAK5 D[N DUR+ ! AGRICULTURAL (F-SEASON4 ,W I? 5CLOSURE1 F5CES W]E REPLAC$ BY H$GES & WALLS ?AT MAKE CLE> ! [N]'S RI<T TO EXCLUDE O!R MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNITY FROM IT AT ANY TIME4 ,9 O!R CASES 5CLOSURES 9VOLV$ B\ND+ (F /RET*ES ( MEAD[ OR =E/ ?AT HAD ALWAYS BE5 CONSID]$ P>T ( ! VILLAGE COMMON-- ! EXPLOITATION ( SU* COMMON L&S1 ONE MI<T ADD1 HAV+ LONG BE5 ! KEY TO ! SURVIVAL ( ! L&LESS OR POOR] VILLAG]S4 ,[N]%IP ( 5CLOS$ L& DID NOT DEP5D ON MEMB]%IP 9 ANY L>G] GR\P2 IT WAS AN EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( ACCESS HELD BY A S+LE [N] 0AGA9/ ALL ! WORLD0 7,?RUPP #a#i#g#g2 ,E4 ,P4 ,?OMPSON #a#i#g#f72 H5CE1 IT C\LD BE FREELY B\<T & SOLD4 ,SU* L& WAS1 EFFECTIVELY1 PRIVATE PROP]TY-- EV5 IF IT TOOK ! LAW SOME TIME TO FULLY RECOGNIZE ?IS3 S9CE IT WAS ONLY >\ND ! TIME ( ! ,RE/ORATION ?AT JURI/S W]E WILL+ TO (FICIALLY RECOGNIZE A DOM 9IUM BELONG+ TO ANYONE BUT ! ,K+ 7,ALYM] #a#i#h74 

,! PHRAS+ H]E--05CLOSURE10 0AGA9/ ALL ! WORLD0-- IS C]TA9LY SUGGE/IVE ( ! LOGIC ( AVOIDANCE4 ,IT IS MU* H>D] TO DET]M9E ! DEGREE TO :I* !SE NEW DEF9ITIONS AFFECT$ PEOPLE'S COMMON S5SE AB\T ! NATURE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 SOCIETY1 OR ! RELATION BETWE5 ! TWO4 ,BUT NOT1 P]HAPS1 IMPOSSIBLE4 ,AT LEA/ ONE HI/ORIAN1 ,C4,B4 ,MAC,PH]SON 7#a#i#f#b71 HAS SUGGE/$ ?AT BY ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY ! PR9CIPLE ( 9DIVIDUAL1 EXCLUSIVE PRIVATE PROP]TY HAD BECOME SO BROADLY ACCEPT$ AMONG ORD9>Y ,5GLI% PEOPLE ?AT POPUL> POLITICIANS C\LD 9VOKE IT AS ! BASIS = MAK+ CLAIMS ( NATURAL RI<TS & POLITICAL LIB]TIES4 ,MAC,PH]SON IS MO/ FAM\S1 P]HAPS1 = HIS >GUM5TS AB\T ASSUMPTIONS AB\T PROP]TY UND]LY+ ! POLITICAL !ORIES ( ,HOBBES & ,LOCKE1 BUT HIS MO/ 9T]E/+ MAT]IAL IS DRAWN FROM ! ,LEVEL]S1 A RADICAL POLITICAL FACTION 9 ,CROMWELL'S ,NEW ,MODEL ,>MY DUR+ ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION4 ,9 #a#f#d#f1 = 9/ANCE1 ,LEVEL] ,RI*>D ,OV]TON WROTE 9 HIS TRACT ,AN ,>R[ ,AGA9/ ,ALL ,TYRANTS ?AT3 

,TO EV]Y ,9DIVIDUAL 9 NATURE IS GIV5 AN 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY BY NATURE1 NOT TO BE 9VAD$ OR USURP$ BY ANY3 = EV]Y ONE AS HE IS HIMSELF1 SO HE HA? A SELF PROPRIETY1 ELSE C\LD HE NOT BE HIMSELF1 & ON ?IS NO SECOND M AYE PRESUME TO DEPRIVE ANY (1 )\T MANIFE/ VIOLATION & AFFRONT TO ! V]Y PR9CIPLES ( NATURE1 & ( ! ,RULES ( EQUITY & JU/ICE BETWE5 MAN & M AN 444 ,EV]Y MAN .<IS.> BY NATURE A ,K+1 ,PRIE/ & ,PROPHET 9 HIS [N NATURAL CIRCUIT & COMPASS1 :]E( NO SECOND M AYE P>TAKE1 BUT BY DEPUTATION1 COMMISSION1 & FREE CONS5T FROM HIM :OSE NATURAL RI<T & FRE$OM IT IS40 79 ,MAC,PH]SON #a#i#f#b3 #a#d-#a#d#a74 

,9 O!R WORDS1 A MAN'S P]SON--HIS BODY1 LIKE HIS *ATTELS--W]E HIS EXCLUSIVE PROP]TY1 & !RE=E HE HAD ! ABSOLUTE RI<T TO EXCLUDE 0ALL ?+S HURTFUL & OBNOXI\S0 FROM IT4.<#b#c.> ,EV5 ! K+ C\LD NOT TRESPASS ON ?IS RI<T4 ,?IS WAS P]HAPS ! FIR/ POLITICAL EVOCATION ( ! PR9CIPLE ?AT 7AS ,G(FMAN PUT IT7 ! HUMAN P]SON WAS SACR$4 ,! FACT ?AT1 BY ! TIME ( ! ,5GLI% REVOLUTION1 SU* AN >GUM5T C\LD MAKE S5SE TO AN AUDI5CE ( COMMON SOLDI]S DOES %[ ?AT CONCEPTS ( PRIVATE PROP]TY HAD 9DE$ PLAY$ A L>GE ROLE 9 RE%AP+ POPUL> CONCEPTIONS ( ! P]SON4 ,&1 AS ,MAC,PH]SON NOTES1 ?IS DOCTR9E-- HE CALLS IT 0POSSESSIVE 9DIVIDUALISM0-- BECAME ! BASIS ( NOTIONS ( POLITICAL FRE$OM ?AT EM]G$ AT ! TIME1 & :I* HAVE REMA9$ ! F\NDATION ( PREVAIL+ !ORIES ( ! RI<TS ( MAN TO ! PRES5T DAY 7IBID43 #a#d#b--#a#e#i74 

,MAC,PH]SON'S >GUM5TS 9SPIR$ A LIVELY DEBATE 7E4G41 ,LASLETT #a#i#f#c1 ,MAC,PH]SON #a#i#f#d1 ,>BLA/] #a#i#h#a71 BUT ?IS FUNDAM5TAL 9SI<T HAS NEV] BE5 S]I\SLY *ALL5G$4 ,MOD]N 9DIVIDUALISM WAS NOT ONLY AN IDEOLOGY :I* DEVELOP$ ?R\< ! RISE ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 IT EM]G$ FIR/ & =EMO/ ?R\< METAPHORS ( PROP]TY4 ,! ASSUMPTIONS ALREADY IMPLICIT 9 AU?ORS LIKE ,HOBBES & ,LOCKE BECAME MORE EXPLICIT 9 ! DOCTR9ES ( ,BRITI% ,M]CANTILI/S & ,FR5* ,PHYSIOCRATS1 & EV5TUALLY BECAME ! BASIS ( POLITICAL ECONOMY3 ?AT PRIVATE PROP]TY WAS A NATURAL 9/ITUTION1 9 ?AT ITS LOGIC PR$AT$ ! EM]G5CE ( ANY L>G] HUMAN SOCIETY-- ?AT1 9 FACT1 SOCIETY ITSELF HAD TO BE CREAT$ BECAUSE ( PEOPLE'S NE$ TO SAFEGU>D !IR PROP]TY & REGULATE ITS EX*ANGE4 ,:]E AN E>LI]1 HI]>*ICAL VIEW ASSUM$ ?AT PEOPLE'S ID5TITIES 7!IR PROP]TIES1 IF Y\ WILL7 W]E DEF9$ BY !IR PLACE 9 SOCIETY1 ! ASSUMPTION WAS N[ ?AT :O ONE WAS WAS BAS$ ON :AT ONE HAD1 RA!R ?AN ! O!R WAY >\ND4.<#b#d.> 

,ONE IS ULTIMATELY LEFT ) ! VIEW ( ! WORLD PRES5T$ BY ECONOMICS1 :I* TAKES IT = GRANT$ ?AT HUMANS >E B\ND$1 AUTONOM\S BE+S :OSE ID5TITY IS DET]M9$ BY :AT !Y POSSESS1 & :OSE MUTUAL 9T]C\RSE IS ASSUM$ TO CONSI/ PRIM>ILY ( EX*ANG+ SU* POSSESSIONS ) ONE ANO!R ACCORD+ TO ! PR9CIPLES ( RATIONAL CALCULATION4 ,IT IS ! VIEW ( HUMAN SOCIETY :I* HAS =M$ ! BACKBONE ( MO/ SUBSEQU5T SOCIAL !ORY1 :I* HAS DEVELOP$ EI!R ON ITS BASIS OR 9 REACTION TO IT4 ,IT IS ALSO BAS$ ON A WAY ( IMAG9+ ! HUMAN P]SON ?AT IS 9 ALMO/ EV]Y WAY ANALOG\S TO H[ ! P]SON IS IMAG9$ 9 AVOIDANCE4 

,$UCATION & ! ,FATE ( ,Y\? 

,SO F>1 ,I HAVE BE5 TRY+ TO MAKE A CASE ?AT IT WAS ! EM]G+ COMM]CIAL CLASSES ( ,E>LY ,MOD]N ,EUROPE ?AT FIR/ EMBRAC$ ! NOTION ( RE=M+ SOCIETY BY RE=M+ ITS MANN]S1 & ?AT ! /&>DS ( PROPRIETY !Y EMBRAC$ W]E ULTIMATELY ROOT$ 9 IDEOLOGIES ( PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,I ALSO SUGGE/$ ?AT1 9 SO F> AS PROJECTS ( RE=M W]E SUCCESSFUL1 IT WAS L>GELY BECAUSE ! M>KET & COMM]CIAL LOGIC WAS 9CREAS+LY SETT+ ! T]MS ( SOCIAL LIFE AMONG ALL CLASSES ( PEOPLE4 ,ATTEMPTS TO CLOSE D[N ALE-H\SES OR BAN MUMM]S' PLAYS1 AFT] ALL1 C\LD ONLY A*IEVE SO MU*1 & !Y T5D$ TO CREATE A DET]M9$ & RES5TFUL OPPOSITION4 ,! MORE LA/+ *ANGES W]E ON A MU* MORE DEEPLY 9T]NALIZ$ LEVEL4 ,H]E SOME ( ,ELIAS' MAT]IAL IS P>TICUL>LY REVEAL+4 ,9 #a#e#e#h1 = EXAMPLE1 AN ,ITALIAN C\RTI] C\LD /ILL WRITE3 

,= ! SAME REASON IT IS NOT A REF9$ HABIT1 :5 COM+ ACROSS SOME?+ DISGU/+ 9 ! /REET1 AS SOMETIMES HAPP5S1 TO TURN AT ONCE TO ONE'S COMPANION & PO9T IT \T TO HIM4 

,IT IS F> LESS PROP] TO HOLD \T ! /9K+ ?+ = ! O!R TO SMELL1 AS SOME >E WONT1 :O EV5 URGE ! O!R TO DO SO1 LIFT9 G ! F\L-SMELL+ ?+ TO HIS NO/RILS & SAY+1 0,I %\LD LIKE TO KN[ H[ MU* ?AT /9KS10 :5 IT W\LD BE BETT] TO SAY1 0,BECAUSE IT /9KS ,I DO NOT SMELL IT40 7,DELLA ,CASO1 ,G ALATEO1 9 ,ELIAS #a#i#g#h3 #a#c#a7 

,A HUNDR$ YE>S LAT]1 MO/ READ]S W\LD PROBABLY HAVE F\ND ! V]Y NOTION ( BEHAV+ ?IS WAY AB\T AS REVOLT+ AS PEOPLE W\LD TODAY4 ,BUT H[ DOES ONE GO AB\T EXPLA9+ *ANGES ON ?IS LEVEL--9 PEOPLE'S MO/ SPONTANE\S1 VISC]AL REACTIONS TO ! WORLD >\ND !M8 ,IT IS ONE ?+ TO SAY ?AT !RE IS A LOGICAL CONNECTION BETWE5 MANN]S & REGIMES ( PROP]TY2 QUITE ANO!R TO UND]/& H[ SU* *ANGES ACTUALLY TOOK PLACE4 

,! OBVI\S PLACE TO LOOK IS 9 ! $UCATION ( *ILDR54 ,ELIAS' MAT]IAL1 = EXAMPLE1 IS ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY DRAWN FROM MANUALS MEANT TO 9/RUCT Y\?4 ,:AT ,I AM GO+ TO DO 9 ?IS SECTION1 !N1 IS PROVIDE A V]Y BRIEF SKET* ( IDEAS ( $UCATION & ! PUBLIC ROLE ( Y\? 9 ,M$IEVAL & ,E>LY ,MOD]N SOCIETIES3 ONE :I* ,I ?9K MAKES CLE> :Y ! EM]G5CE ( A REGIME ( WAGE LABOR %\LD ALMO/ 9EVITABLY HAVE L$ TO PROJECTS ( SOCIAL RE=M4 ,IT IS NOT EXACTLY AN EXPLANATION2 BUT IT DOES LAY \T ! \TL9ES ( :AT A FULL EXPLANATION MI<T BE LIKE4 

,9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 JU/ AB\T EV]YONE :O DID KN[ H[ TO READ HAD LE>N$ !IR LETT]S AT LEA/ P>TLY FROM 0C\RTESY BOOKS0-- BOOKS :I* W]E PRODUC$ 9 REM>KABLE NUMB]S4 ,! FIR/ W]E 9 ,LAT91 & MEANT = ! $UCATION ( ! CL]GY & P]HAPS ! HI<] NOBILITY4 ,BY ! F\RTE5? C5TURY1 H[EV]1 V]NACUL> C\RTESY BOOKS1 CAT]+ TO AN 9CREAS+ DEM& = LIT]ACY AMONG ! LESS EXALT$ NOBILITY1 & MANY ( ! M]*ANTS & TRADESM5 9 ! CITIES1 HAD BECOME COMMON 7,NI*OLLS #a#i#h#e3 #e#g--#g#d74.<#b#e.> ,AS ,PHILIPPE ,>IES 7#a#i#f#b3 #c#h#a-#c#h#c7 REM>KS1 !SE BOOKS (T5 COV]$ A WIDE V>IETY ( TOPICS-- RANG+ FROM ADVICE ON CUTT+ ONE'S F+]NAILS TO ADVICE ON *OOS+ A SUITABLE WIFE4 ,!Y ALSO HAD A /RONG T5D5CY TO MIX PRECEPTS ON H[ TO EAT AT TABLE ) PRECEPTS ON H[ TO WAIT AT TABLE4 ,?IS LATT] IS SIGNIFICANT3 BECAUSE ! P]IOD :5 Y\NG PEOPLE W]E LE>N+ MANN]S WAS ALMO/ ALWAYS ! ONE 9 :I* !Y W]E ALSO EXPECT$ TO BE 9 DOME/IC S]VICE4 

,>IES CITES A LATE-F\RTE5? C5TURY ACC\NT ( ,5GL&1 WRITT5 BY A TRAVEL] FROM ,ITALY3 

,! WANT ( AFFECTION 9 ! ,5GLI% IS /RONGLY MANIFE/$ T[>DS !IR *ILDR52 = AFT] HAV+ KEPT !M AT HOME TILL !Y >RIVE AT ! AGE ( SEV5 OR N9E YE>S AT ! UTMO/1 !Y PUT !M \T1 BO? MALES & FEMALES1 TO H>D S]VICE 9 ! H\SEHOLDS ( O!R PEOPLE1 B9D+ !M G5]ALLY = SEV5 OR N9E YE>S4 ,& !SE >E CALL$ APPR5TICES1 & DUR+ ?AT TIME !Y P]=M ALL ! MO/ M5IAL (FICES2 & FEW >E BORN :O >E EXEMPT$ FROM ?IS FATE1 = EV]YONE1 H[EV] RI* HE M AYE BE1 S5DS AWAY HIS *ILDR5 9TO ! H\SES ( O!RS1 :IL/ HE1 9 RETURN1 RECEIVES ?OSE ( /RANG]S 9TO HIS [N 7FROM ,A ,R ELA TION O F ! ,I S LA N D O F ,E N GL& .<APP>5TLY ANONYM\S.>1 CIT$ 9 ,>IES #a#i#f#b3 #c#f#e74 

,?\< 0! ,ITALIAN CONSID]S ?IS CU/OM CRUE,L49S9UAT+ ?AT ! ,5GLI% TOOK 9 EA* O!R'S *ILDR5 BECAUSE !Y ?\<T ?AT 9 ?AT WAY !Y W\LD OBTA9 BETT] S]VICE ?AN !Y W\LD FROM !IR [N (FSPR+10 ,>IES SUGGE/S1 REALI/ICALLY 5\<1 ?AT 0! EXPLANATION :I* ! ,5GLI% !MSELVES GAVE TO ! ,ITALIAN OBS]V] WAS PROBABLY ! REAL ONE3 0,9 ORD] ?AT !IR *ILDR5 MI<T LE>N BETT] MANN]S0 7OP CIT474 

,?IS P>TICUL> ,ITALIAN OBS]V] SEEMS TO HAVE SP5T MO/ ( HIS TIME 9 L>GE T[NS1 BUT ?IS PICTURE APPE>S1 9 ITS BROAD \TL9ES1 TO HAVE BE5 TRUE ( ! C\NTRYSIDE AS WELL1 NOT ONLY 9 ,5GL& BUT ACROSS MU* ( ,NOR!RN ,EUROPE1 FROM ! ,HI< ,MIDDLE ,AGES ONW>DS4 ,Y\NG M5 & WOM5 W]E EXPECT$ TO LEAVE HOME AT A FAIRLY E>LY AGE--IF NOT BY N9E1 !N C]TA9LY BY !IR E>LY TE5S-- & SP5D ! NEXT T5 OR FIFTE5 YE>S 9 0S]VICE0--:I* BASICALLY MEANT1 AS WAGE-LABOR]S LIV+ UND] ! RO( ( !IR EMPLOY]S4 ,RURAL Y\?S1 = 9/ANCE1 W]E USUALLY HIR$ AT LOCAL FAIRS & WORK$ = A YE>'S T]M BE=E RECEIV+ !IR WAGES4 ,O!RS W]E PLAC$ BY !IR P>5TS1 ?\< MO/ (T5 ) MA/]S :OSE SOCIAL POSITION WAS SOME:AT HI<] ?AN !IR [N3 A HUSB&MAN'S SON 9 ! FAMILY ( A YEOMAN1 A YEOMAN'S DAU<T] AS A MAID = A M9OR MEMB] ( ! LOCAL G5TRY1 & SO ON 7,LASLETT #a#i#g#b1 #a#i#g#g1 #a#i#h#c2 ,WALL #a#i#h#c2 ,KUSSMAUL #a#i#h#a74 

,?IS CONDITION WAS EXPECT$ TO LA/ UNTIL ! AGE ( TW5TY-FIVE OR EV5 ?IRTY3 9 P>T1 BECAUSE NO ONE WAS EXPECT$ TO M>RY UNTIL !Y HAD ACCUMULAT$ 5\< RES\RCES TO SET UP AN 9DEP5D5T H\SEHOLD ( !IR [N4 ,WAGE-LABOR1 9 O!R WORDS1 WAS BASICALLY A LIFE-CYCLE PH5OM5A1 & 0Y\?10 OR ADOLESC5CE1 ! P]IOD DUR+ :I* ONE ACCUMULAT$ ! RES\RCES TO E/ABLI% ONESELF AS A FULLY MATURE1 AUTONOM\S BE+4 ,IT WAS ALSO ! P]IOD DUR+ :I* ONE LE>N$ ONE'S FUTURE TRADE4 ,EV5 F>M S]VICE WAS1 9 EFFECT1 A =M ( APPR5TICE%IP4.<#b#f.> ,S]VANTS 9 HUSB&RY--NO LESS ?AN DY]'S OR DRAP]'S APPR5TICES1 OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 KNI<T'S PAGES--W]E 9 TRA9+1 & ?\< ! TE*NICAL KN[-H[ ONE PICK$ UP 9 SU* CIRCUM/ANCES WAS UND\BT$LY DI/+UI%$1 9 ! AB/RACT1 FROM MORE COMMONPLACE MATT]S ( DEPORTM5T & PROPRIETY1 9 PRACTICE ! PROCESS ( LE>N+ !M WAS MORE OR LESS ! SAME4.<#b#g.> 

,9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES &1 IF ANY?+1 EV5 MORE 9 ! ,E>LY ,MOD]N P]IOD1 IDIOMS ( Y\? & AGE W]E ! MO/ COMMON WAY PEOPLE HAD ( TALK+ AB\T AU?ORITY4 ,IT WAS A COMMONPLACE ( ,R5AISSANCE !ORY ?AT AG+ WAS A LONG PROCESS ( ! DRY+-\T ( ! BODY2 ?AT Y\NG PEOPLE W]E AS A RESULT DOM9AT$ BY !IR 0ANIMAL SPIRITS10 & H5CE PRONE TO VIOL5T LU/S & PASSIONS & EV]Y MANN] ( EXCESS2 & ?AT IT WAS ONLY :5 A MAN REA*$ AB\T ! AGE ( ?IRTY1 :5 PHYSICAL /R5G? BEGAN TO DECL9E1 ?AT HIS S\L OR P[]S ( REASON 7! TWO W]E CONSID]$ MORE OR LESS ! SAME ?+7 WAS DEEM$ CAPABLE ( OV]COM+ !M 7,?OMAS #a#i#g#a3 #b#h--#b#a1 #a#i#g#f74 ,?IRTY WAS ALSO ! AGE AT :I* HIS FIR/ *ILD %\LD BE BORN1 ?US E/ABLI%+ ONCE & = ALL HIS SOCIAL P]SONA AS A SETTL$ H\SEHOLD] & FULL MEMB] ( ! COMMUNITY1 ) ALL ! RESPONSIBILITY ?AT 5TAIL$4 0,= Y\NG M5 TO COMM&10 ON ! O!R H&1 0WAS AGA9/ ! 'LAW ( NATURE'3 !Y MU/ OBEY UNTIL !Y HAD A*IEV$ MA/]Y ( !IR BAS] DESIRES0 7,BRIGD5 #a#i#h#b3 #c#g--#c#h74 ,9CAPABLE ( AUTONOMY1 !Y HAD TO BE KEPT UND] ! WAT*FUL EYE & FIRM H& ( SOME MATURE MA/]-- ONE1 IDEALLY1 :O WAS NOT A K9SMAN1 S9CE K9%IP WAS ?\<T TO SOME:AT COMPROMISE AU?ORITY--= !IR 5]GIES TO BE PUT TO PROP] USE4 

,IT %\LD BE CLE> 5\< H[ ALL ?IS RELATES TO ! LOGIC ( JOK+ & AVOIDANCE4 ,IT'S NOT JU/ ?AT Y\? W]E CONSID]$ UN=M$3 !IR TYPICAL VICES W]E ! C>NAL ONES ( VIOL5CE & DEBAU*]Y4 ,!Y W]E BY NATURE RIOT\S1 REBELLI\S AGA9/ ! LEGITIMATE AU?ORITY ( !IR ELD]S4 ,MATURE M51 ON ! O!R H&1 W]E RATIONAL & SELF-CONTA9$2 !Y W]E ! MA/]S ( AUTONOM\S1 B\ND$1 SELF-SUFFICI5T H\SEHOLDS4 ,BUT ! NOTION ?AT S]VICE HAD AN $UCATIONAL VALUE ADD$ A COMPLEX PLAY ( !ORY AGA9/ PRACTICE TO ?IS RELATIVELY /RAI<T=W>D WAY ( REPRES5T+ ?+S4 ,9 ANY RELATION ( AVOIDANCE1 ! BURD5 ( AVOIDANCE IS ALWAYS ON ! 9F]IOR P>TY4 ,MA/]S MAY HAVE HAD BE5 SE5 AS MORE REF9$ OR DISCIPL9$ 9 !IR SPONTANE\S COMPORTM5T 7!Y HAD BETT] MANN]S71 BUT1 /ILL1 IT WAS !IR S]VANTS :O HAD TO P]=M ! ACTS ( =MAL DEF]5CE4.<#b#h.> ,9 PRACTICE1 IT WAS BY SU* ACTS1 & BY RESPECTFUL OB$I5CE BE=E !IR MA/]S1 ?AT !Y CON/RUCT$ ! LATT] AS HI<]1 MORE AB/RACT BE+S-- A T ! SAME TIM E AS !Y GRADUALLY 9T]NALIZ$ ?OSE SAME DISCIPL9$ COMPORTM5TS SO AS TO BE ABLE TO ULTIMATELY PASS ON TO ! /ATUS ( MA/] !MSELVES4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 IT IS EQUALLY IMPORTANT TO /RESS ?AT1 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 ! MANN]S ( Y\? W]E NOT UTT]LY REJECT$4 ,!Y HAD !IR PLACE1 :I* CORRESPOND$ ALMO/ EXACTLY TO ! PLACE ( ! C>NIVALESQUE4 ,NATALIE ,ZEMON ,DAVIS 7#a#i#g#e7 GOES SO F> AS SAY+ ?AT Y\NG M5 W]E CONSID]$ TO HAVE A K9D ( COMMUNAL 0JURISDICTION0 OV] ! DOMA9S ( SEX & VIOL5CE :I* W]E CONSID]$ !IR NATURAL SPH]ES ( ACTIVITY4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 EV]Y VILLAGE OR URBAN QU>T] HAD ITS 0Y\? ABBEYS0 :I* W]E NOT ONLY ! BASIS ( ! LOCAL MILITIA BUT RESPONSIBLE = PUTT+ ON SATIRICAL *>IV>IS TO MOCK IMMORAL VILLAG]S1 AS WELL AS ORGANIZ+ CELEBRATIONS LIKE ,C>NIVAL4 ,9 ,5GL&1 ! ORGANIZATION WAS LESS =MALIZ$ 7,CAPP #a#i#g#g71 & Y\? LEAD]S-- LIKE ! FAM\S ,LORDS ( ,MISRULE :O PRESID$ OV] ,*RI/MAS REVELS-- T5D$ TO EM]GE ONLY DUR+ C]TA9 MOM5TS ( ! RITUAL CAL5D>2 BUT ! PR9CIPLE WAS MU* ! SAME4 

,! EXI/5CE ( ?IS IDEOLOGY ( Y\? & AGE HAD A PR(\ND EFFECT ON H[ *ANGES 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION1 9 ! ,E>LY ,MOD]N P]IOD1 W]E P]CEIV$4 ,9 A TYPICAL ,M$IEVAL T[N1 ! MAJORITY ( Y\NG M5 W]E APPR5TICES & J\RNEYM5 9 ! EMPLOY ( AN OLD] MA/] CRAFTSMAN4 ,IDEALLY1 ANY APPR5TICE C\LD EXPECT TO SOM$AY BECOME A MA/] HIMSELF1 & FULL MEMB] ( ! GUILD--IT WAS = ?IS REASON GUILD REGULATIONS LIMIT$ ! NUMB] ( APPR5TICES A MA/] WAS P]MITT$ TO TAKE ON4 ,BUT ! MORE CAPITALI/ RELATIONS CAME TO DOM9ATE A GIV5 9DU/RY1 ! LONG] A J\RNEYMAN W\LD HAVE TO WAIT BE=E BE+ ABLE TO A*IEVE FULL ADULT /ATUS1 A WIFE1 A H\SEHOLD1 & A %OP ( HIS [N4 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 HE W\LD CONT9UE WORK+ = WAGES = HIS MA/]4 ,! RESULT WAS ?AT A L>GE P>T ( ! WORK =CE1 M5 9 !IR ?IRTIES & =TIES1 F\ND !MSELVES LIV+ 9 A SORT ( SUSP5D$ SOCIAL ADOLESC5CE4 ,9 ! 5D1 MANY BEGAN TO AB&ON ! IDEAL ( AUTONOMY 5TIRELY1 TO M>RY Y\NG & RESIGN !MSELVES TO ! /ATUS ( P]MAN5T WAGE LABOR]S4 ,W I? ! 5CLOSURE MOVEM5TS & RISE ( COMM]CIAL AGRICULTURE ( ! SIXTE5? & SEV5TE5? C5TURIES1 MANY ( ! RURAL POOR W]E LEFT 9 MU* ! SAME POSITION4 

,ALL ( ?IS HAPP5$ SO GRADUALLY1 ?\<1 ?AT ! UND]LY+ ASSUMPTIONS PEOPLE HAD AB\T ! MEAN+ ( WAGE-LABOR NE$ NEV] HAVE BE5 S]I\SLY CALL$ 9TO QUE/ION4 ,TRADITIONALLY1 WAGE-LABOR HAD BE5 NO MORE A P]MAN5T /ATE ?AN WAS ADOLESC5CE--IT WAS1 9 FACT1 ! MEANS BY :I* ADOLESC5CE WAS OV]COME4 ,EV5 AFT] IT HAD BECOME A P]MAN5T /ATUS1 IT WAS /ILL IMAG9$ AS A PROCESS ( TRANS=MATION4 ,9 ! EYES ( !IR EMPLOY]S1 ! LABOR+ CLASSES W]E NOT SO MU* UNDISCIPL9$ & C>NAL BY NATURE 7A JOK+ RESIDUE1 A BASE /RATUM :OSE VICES C\LD BE HELD \T AS A EVID5CE ( ?OSE EMPLOY]'S [N 9NATE SUP]IORITY7 AS RAMBUNCTI\S ADOLESC5TS :O NE$$ TO BE DISCIPL9$ & RE=M$ ?R\< C>EFULLY SUP]VIS$ LABOR4 

,CA/+ ?+S 9 ?IS WAY AT LEA/ MAKES IT EASI] TO UND]/& :Y ! ACTUAL SOCIAL /RUGGLES :I* SURR\ND$ ! COMM]CIALIZATION ( ,5GLI% SOCIETY & ! EM]G5CE ( A PROTO-B\RGEOISIE TOOK ! =M ?AT IT DID3 TO A L>GE EXT5T1 5DLESS QU>RELS OV] ! PLACE ( Y\? 9 ! COMMUNITY1 & /RUGGLES OV] POPUL> FE/IVALS & 5T]TA9M5TS4 ,LET ME RETURN BRIEFLY H]E ! ,PURITAN 0RE=MATION ( MANN]S0 9 ,TUDOR & ,/U>T ,5GL&4 

,5GLI% ,PURITANS 

,5GLI% ,CALV9I/S 70,PURITANS0 WAS1 9 FACT1 A T]M ( ABUSE7 W]E MO/LY DRAWN FROM ! 0MIDDLE /RATUM0 ( !IR COMMUNITIES1 ! ONE :I*1 AS ,I'VE SAID1 WAS MO/ ?OR\<LY CAU<T UP 9 ! EM]G+ NATIONAL M>KET4 ,!Y W]E ALSO ! PROSP]\S H\SEHOLD]S :O EMPLOY$ ! L>GE/ NUMB]S ( LOCAL Y\? AS S]VANTS4 ,! RETREAT ( ! >I/OCRACY FROM RURAL LIFE1 ALONG ) MU* ( ! G5TRY 7,/ONE #a#i#f#e1 ,LASLETT #a#i#f#e3 #a#h--#h#a7 LEFT SU* PEOPLE 9 A /RATEGIC POSITION 9 MO/ VILLAGES1 ONE :I* !Y W]E QUICK TO TAKE ADVANTAGE (4 ,GODLY RE=M]S CIRCULAT$ PAMPHLETS & BIBLES1 POOL$ FUNDS TO HIRE PREA*]S1 & TRI$ AS BE/ !Y C\LD TO W9 CONTROL ( BO? ! BOR\< & ! P>I% GOV]NM5TS4 ,AS *UR*W>D5S & MAGI/RATES1 !Y BEGAN /RIPP+ AWAY EV]Y?+ !Y F\ND DI/A/EFUL 9 TRADITIONAL WOR%IP4 ,BELLS NO LONG] TOLL$ AT FUN]ALS1 NOR WAS CORN ?R[N AT W$D+S2 BAGPIP]S & FIDDL]S W]E TO HAVE NO P>T 9 RELIGI\S C]EMONIES 7,?OMAS #a#i#g#a3 #f#f--#f#g74 ,MO/ ( ALL1 !IR ATTACKS W]E AIM$ AT CAL5D> FE/IVALS1 ESPECIALLY C>NIVALESQUE RITUALS LIKE ,*RI/MAS & ,MAY ,DAY1 & ! ONGO+ FE/IVE LIFE ( ! VILLAGE GRE54 

,AS ,KEI? ,?OMAS PO9TS \T1 SU* ATTACKS W]E AT ! SAME TIME ATTACKS ON ! PUBLIC PLACE ( ! Y\NG 9 VILLAGE CULTURE3 

,W HAT W]E ! CAMPAIGNS = ! ,RE=MATION ( ,M ANN]S IF NOT ATTEMPTS TO SUPPRESS ALL ! GREAT OB/ACLES TO ! SUBORD9ATION ( Y\?3 HOLIDAYS1 :5 ! Y\NG PEOPLE W]E RELEAS$ FROM !IR MA/]S' SUP]VISION2 !AT]S1 TO :I* !Y FLOCK$ TO BE CORRUPT$2 ALEH\SES1 :I* ?REW !M 9TO DISORD]1 !RE BE+ 0MANY DRUNK>DS %ORT ( TW5TY YE>S OLD02 GAM +1 0A P]NICI\S ?+ & DE/RUCTIVE ( Y\?02 MAYPOLES1 :I* 5C\RAG$ 0! R\T0 9 !IR 9SOL5CY T[>DS ! 0ANCI5T & ! HONORABLE0 & TAU<T 0Y\NG PEOPLE IMPUD5CY & REBELLION03 DANC+1 = 0:]E %ALL Y\NG M5 & MAID5S MEET1 IF NOT AT ! DANC+-PLACE802 SABBA?-BREAK+1 BY 0S]VANTS &444! Y\NG] SORT02 & ALL ! ANNUAL RITES ( MISRULE :5 Y\? TEMPOR>ILY 9V]T$ ! SOCIAL ORD]8 7,?OMAS #a#i#g#f3 #b #b #a 74 

,BUT CONC]NS AB\T Y\? W]E ALREADY BECOM+ H>D TO DI/+UI% FROM ?OSE CONC]N+ CLASS4 ,ONE CON/ANT COMPLA9T 9 ,PURITAN TRACTS WAS ! MULTIPLICATION ( IMPOV]I%$ H\SEHOLDS4 ,! PROBLEM1 9 !IR VIEW1 WAS ?AT Y\NG M5 & WOM5 W]E AB&ON+ DOME/IC S]VICE & M>RY+ E>LY1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT NEI!R HAD ! RES\RCES TO SUPPORT A PROP] FAMILY4 ,?IS CONC]N WAS MAT*$ ) ONE OV] 0MA/]LESS M50--) ! 9DEP5D5T POOR1 ! MURKY & DISORD]$ WORLD ( HAWK]S1 BEGG>S1 M9/RELS & VAGABONDS4 ,9 AN IDEAL SOCIETY1 ALL !SE %\LD BE ASSEMBL$ UND] ! DOME/IC DISCIPL9E ( ! ,GODLY1 :O W\LD DIRECT !M 9 LABOR AS 9 PRAY] 7,HILL #a#i#g#i2 ,WRI<TSON @& ,LEV9E #a#i#g#i74.<#b#i.> 

,! MORE RADICAL ,CALV9I/S DEVELOP$ A UTOPIAN VISION 9 :I* SU* AU?ORIT>IAN FAMILIES W]E ! ONLY HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATION ?AT REALLY NE$$ TO EXI/4 ,! IDEAL COMMUNITY W\LD BE GOV]N$ BY AN ASSEMBLY ( 0ELD]S10 :O W]E SIMPLY ! HEADS ( L>G] H\SEHOLDS4 ,9 ,NEW ,5GL&1 :]E ,PURITANS W]E ACTUALLY 9 A POSITION TO PUT SOME ( !SE IDEALS 9TO PRACTICE1 ! *IEF M5 ( A COMMUNITY W]E GIV5 LEGAL AU?ORITY TO PLACE ANY Y\NG MAN & WOMAN DET]M9$ TO BE LIV+ ALONE 9 AN 0UNRULY H\SEHOLD0 AS A S]VANT 9 ! H\SEHOLDS ( MORE RESPECTABLE ELD]S--BY =CE IF NECESS>Y 7,MORGAN #a#i#d#d3 #d#e-#d#g1 #h#e-#h#i74 

,9 O!R WORDS1 ! ,PURITANS DID NOT SEE ANY DI/9CTION BETWE5 PROJECTS ( SOCIAL RE=M DIRECT$ AT ! L[] CLASSES1 & ! PROCESS ( $UCAT+ ! Y\?4 ,! TWO CATEGORIES W]E NOT FULLY DI/+UI%$3 !Y =M$1 AS IT W]E1 A K9D ( UNRULY RESIDUAL2 ! SOLUTION 9 EI!R CASE BE+ ! IMPOSITION ( DOME/IC DISCIPL9E4 ,9 !IR IDEAL SOCIETY1 ANYONE )\T ! MEANS OR DISCIPL9E TO SUPPORT A FAMILY %\LD BE 9CORPORAT$ 9TO A L>G] H\SEHOLD1 WORK+ UND] ! PAY & C>EFUL DIRECTION ( A DISCIPL9$ MA/]1 :O W\LD ALSO BE RESPONSIBLE = !IR CATE*ISM & MORAL 9/RUCTION4 

,AS ONE MI<T IMAG9E1 ?IS VISION1 OR ! PROSPECT ( R$UC+ COLLECTIVE RITUAL LIFE TO A MATT] ( S]MONS & BIBLE-READ+1 DID NOT 9SPIRE UNI=M 5?USIASM AMONG P>I%ION]S4 ,5GLI% VILLAG]S SEEM TO HAVE HAD A P>TICUL> AV]SION TO BE+ PREA*$ AT4 0,:5 ! VIC> GOE? 9TO ! PULPIT TO READ :AT HE HIMSELF HA? WRITT510 OBS]VES ONE ,/EPH5 ,G>D9] 9 #a#e#d#g1 0!N DO ! MULTITUDE GOE? /RAI<T \T ( *UR*1 & HOME TO DR9K0 7,?OMAS #a#i#g#a3 #a#f#a74 ,& ONCE CALL$ SO 9TO QUE/ION1 EV]YDAY HABITS LIKE /OPP+ (F AT ! LOCAL ALEH\SE AFT] A DAY'S WORK1 OR PIP+ ON ! VILLAGE GRE51 BECAME OV]T POLITICAL ISSUES4 ,MAY ,DAY CELEBRATIONS 7! ,5GLI% EQUIVAL5T ( ! CONT95TAL ,C>NIVAL7 BECAME P]HAPS ! GREATE/ S+LE P>TICUL> FOCUS ( CONT5TION4 

,! VILLAGE MAYPOLE1 ,RI*>D ,BAXT] TELLS US1 WAS NE> HIS FA!R'S H\SE AT ,EATON ,CON/ANT9E1 0SO ?AT WE C\LD NOT READ ! ,SCRIPTURES 9 \R FAM ILY )\T ! GREAT DI/URBANCE ( A TABOR & PIPE & NOISE 9 ! /REET40 ,BAXT] (T5 WANT$ TO JO9 ! REVEL]S1 BUT HE WAS PUT (F BY !IR CALL+ HIS FA!R A ,PURITAN4 ,! PHALLIC MAYPOLE WAS = ! RURAL L[] CLASS ALMO/ A SYMBOL ( 9DEP5D5CE ( !IR BETT]S3 ,BAXT]'S FA!R 0C\LD NOT BREAK ! SPORT10 EV5 ?\< ! PIP] WAS ONE ( HIS [N T5ANTS 7,H ILL #a#i#f#d3#a#h#d74 

,9 SOME CASES !Y LEAD TO OP5 CONFRONTATION3 

,A ,/> ,*AMB] CASE = #afd TELLS H[ A GR\P 9 ! C\NTRY P>I% ( ,ALTON1 ,S\?AM1 PROCUR$ A M9/REL & DANC$ ON ,W HITSUNDAY4 ,W H5 ! CON/ABLE & *UR* W>D5 TRI$ TO >RE/ ! MUSICIAN1 !Y W]E OV]P[]$ BY HIS SUPPORT]S :O MOV$ HIM TO ANO!R P>T ( ! VILLAGE1 LOCK$ HIM 9 A H\SE &1 PO/+ ONE ( !IR [N NUMB] ON ! RO( TO KEEP WAT*1 CONT9U$ TO DANCE M]RILY ON ! LAWN TO ! /RA9S ( ! MUSIC ?AT CAME \T ?R\< ! OP5 W9D[ 7,W RI<T @& ,LONES #a#i#c#h3 #b#i#i74 

,IT'S H>D TO SAY H[ (T5 SU* OCCASIONS LEAD TO \TRI<T VIOL5CE 7MO/ ( \R S\RCES W]E WRITT5 BY ,PURITANS :O REF]R$ TO ORD9>Y *UR* ALES AS 0HEA!NI% RIOT+071 BUT RIOTS DID OCCUR1 & NOT ONLY OV] ECONOMIC ISSUES LIKE 5CLOSURE4 

,USUALLY1 9 ANY COMMUNITY 9 :I* A CADRE ( ,CALV9I/ ZEALOTS W]E ATTEMPT+ TO RE=M SOCIETY1 !RE W]E ALSO VILLAGE NOTABLES-- TRADITIONALLY M9D$ M9I/]S1 M9OR G5TRY1 PROSP]\S YEOMAN F>M]S--:O SAW !M AS FANATICS & PRIGS3 0PRECISE FELL[S10 0BUSY CONTROLL]S10 AS !Y W]E (T5 CALL$1 DET]M9$ TO UND]M9E ! ANCI5T WAYS4 ,SU* M5 (T5 F\ND !MSELVES ! UN(FICIAL LEAD]S ( ANTI-,PURITAN FACTIONS1 & W]E TO BE F\ND HOLD+ C\RT AT ! LOCAL ALEH\SE OR HO/+ A DANCE 9 !IR COTTAGES EA* ,SUNDAY1 AS SURELY AS ! GODLY !MSELVES W\LD BE AT !IR S]MONS 7,HUNT #a#i#h#c3 #a#e--#a#e#a2 ,COLL9SON #a#i#h#c3 #d#h--#d#i 74 

,! CONFLICT BETWE5 ,PURITANS & 0HONE/ GOOD FELL[S0-- OR1 FROM ! ,PURITAN PO9T ( VIEW1 BETWE5 ! GODLY & ! PR(ANE-- DIVID$ VIRTUALLY EV]Y P>I% 9 S\!RN ,5GL&4 ,9 ,W ILT%IRE & ,DORSET%IRE 9 ! #a#f#cS1 IT WAS ! CU/OM 9 MANY P>I%ES TO BALANCE ! FACTIONS BY *OOS+ ONE ,PURITAN & ONE 0HONE/ MAN0 AS *UR*W>D5S4 ,T HIS CONFLICT WAS F> MORE UBIQUIT\S & 9T5SE1 ,I W\LD >GUE1 ?AN ANTAGONISMS BAS$ EXPLICITLY ON SOCIAL CLASS OR EV5 ECONOMIC 9T]E/ 7,HUNT #a#i#h#c3#a#d#f74 

,?\< ONE SUSPECTS !SE O!R ISSUES W]E USUALLY 5TANGL$ 9 ! L>G] ONE4 ,HUNT ALSO SUGGE/S ?AT :AT WAS REALLY AT ISSUE WAS A CONFLICT BETWE5 TWO V]Y DIFF]5T IMAGES ( COMMUNITY 7IBID43 #a#c--#a#c#f74 ,! ,PURITAN ONE ,I HAVE ALREADY DESCRIB$4 ,! ONE ?AT ROSE 9 OPPOSITION TO IT WAS LESS CLE>LY >TICULAT$1 BUT IT SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 L>GELY BAS$ ON ! E?OS LONG IMPLICIT 9 ! V]Y POPUL> FE/IVITIES & RITUALS :I* HAD N[ BE5 ?R[N SO />KLY 9TO QUE/ION4 ,AS A RESULT1 OPPOSITION TO ,PURITANISM FOLL[$ ! SAME DUAL NATURE AS ,C>NIVAL ITSELF3 ! SAME COMB9ATION ( JOK+ AGGRESSION & IDEALI/IC UTOPIAS4 

,AT ITS SIMPLE/1 OPPOSITION TO ! ,PURITANS MI<T BE SIMPLE MOCK]Y3 DISRUPTIVE CATCALLS DUR+ S]MONS OR CATE*ISMS1 RUDE DRAMAS IMPROVIS$ LATE AT NI<T AT ! LOCAL ALE-H\SE4 ,IF SOMEONE C\LD COME UP ) AN EXCUSE TO C>RY \T A *>IV>I AGA9/ ONE ( ! 0,SA9TS10 !N ?AT WAS BE/ ( ALL3 COMMON SUSPICION1 AFT] ALL1 WAS ?AT BEH9D !IR FA/IDI\S EXT]IORS1 ,PURITANS W]E REALLY UTT]LY DEPRAV$ 7,HUNT #a#i#h#c3 #a#d#e74 ,F9ALLY1 AS FE/IVALS LIKE ,MAY ,DAY BECAME POLITICAL ISSUES1 !IR SUBV]SIVE SIDE WAS PLAY$ UP MORE & MORE3 IT WAS 9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY1 = 9/ANCE1 ?AT PLAYS & BALLADS AB\T ,ROB9 ,HOOD BEGAN APPE>+ 9 ,MAY GAMES ?R\<\T ,5GL& 7,WRI<T @& ,LONES #ai* ,I,I3 #b#c--#b#c#a2 ,HUTTON #a#i#i#d3 #f#f--#f#g74 

,ALONGSIDE ! ABUSE !RE WAS-- H]E TOO-- A MORE UTOPIAN SIDE4 ,FE/IVALS HAD ONCE BE5 MOM5TS TO DEF9E A COMMUNITY ( EQUALS3 N[1 AFT] !Y HAD BE5 PULL$ \T ( ! FABRIC ( EV]YDAY LIFE & *ALL5G$ FROM ABOVE1 ?AT DEF9ITION BEGAN TO ACQUIRE A :OLE NEW MEAN+4 ,LIKE ,C>NIVALS ON ! ,CONT95T1 !Y CAME TO COMMEMORATE A GOLD5 AGE :51 IT WAS IMAG9$1 EQUALITY & PHYSICAL HAPP9ESS W]E NOT YET ?+S ( ! PA/4 ,FE/IVALS W]E TIMES = M]RY-MAK+2 ONCE1 ALL ,5GL& HAD BE5 M]RY4 ,NOTE ! WAY 9 :I* ! EXPRESSION 0M]RY ,5GL&0 WAS ORIG9ALLY EMPLOY$3 0,I P]CEIVE Y\ >E A ,PURITAN \TRI<T1 Y\ >E ONE ( ?OSE NEW M5 ?AT W\LD HAVE NO?+ BUT PREA*+4 ,IT WAS NEV] A M]RY WORLD S9CE ?AT SECT FIR/ CAME AMONG US0 7,COLL9SON #a#i#h#c3 #a74 0,! SIMPLE SORT1 :I* CANNOT SKILL ( DOCTR9E1 SPEAK ( ! M]RY WORLD :5 !RE WAS LESS PREA*+1 & :5 ALL ?+S W]E SO *EAP1 ?AT !Y MI<T HAVE TW5TY EGGS = A P5NY0 7,HUNT #a#i#h#c3 #a#d#h74 ,OR EV53 0,IT WAS NEV] M]RY ,5GL& S9CE WE W]E IMPRESS$ TO COME TO ! *UR*0 7,?OMAS #a#i#g#a3 #a#e#a74 ,9 LAT] C5TURIES ,TORY POLITICIANS W\LD MAKE ! MAYPOLE & M]RY ,5GL& 9TO NO/ALGIC1 S5TIM5TAL IMAGES 9 SUPPORT ( REACTION>Y POLITICS4 ,9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY1 ?IS IMAG]Y WAS NO/ALGIC-- & EV51 9 A S5SE1 REACTION>Y-- BUT ! IMPLICATIONS W]E V]Y DIFF]5T4 ,IT REFLECT$1 = 9/ANCE1 ! CON/ANT COMPLA9TS OV] ! LOSS ( 0GOOD NEI<BORHOOD10 ( ! SOLID>ITY & MUTUAL AID-- SE5 ESPECIALLY 9 ! %>+ ( FOOD1 OR ! COLLECTIVE *>ITY ( *UR*-ALES1 S\L-ALES1 & ! LIKE-- ?AT PEOPLE ASSUR$ EA* O!R HAD BE5 ! UNIV]SAL RULE 9 ?OSE ABUNDANT DAYS BE=E GRE$Y YEOM5 & ,CALV9I/ PREA*]S CONSPIR$ TO DE/ROY IT4 ,AS TIME W5T ON1 ! PA/ CAME TO LOOK MORE & MORE LIKE ! ,L& ( ,COCKAIGNE4 

,9 #a#f#d#g1 A GR\P ( DISSID5TS & Y\NG S]VANTS FROM ! NEWLY F\ND$ ,PURITAN COLONY ( ,PLYM\?1 ,MASSA*USETTS AB&ON$ !IR H\SEHOLDS TO JO9 ! LOCAL ,9DIANS1 SETT+ UP A SIXTY FOOT ,MAYPOLE TO CELEBRATE !IR NEWF\ND 9DEP5D5CE4 ,! ELD]S ( ,PLYM\? IMM$IATELY S5T \T A MILIT>Y EXP$ITION TO HAVE ! POLE RIPP$ D[N & ! R+LEAD]S >RE/$4 

,P]SPECTIVES 

,I BEGAN ?IS ESSAY BY >GU+ = ! CONT9U+ RELEVANCE ( COMP>ATIVE E?NOGRAPHY4 ,! ADVANTAGE ( T]MS LIKE JOK+ & AVOIDANCE1 ,I SUGGE/$1 WAS ?AT !Y >E 9 NO S5SE PROJECTIONS ( EXI/+ ,EURO-,AM]ICAN CATEGORIES ON O!R CULTURES2 9 FACT1 ! PEOPLE :O FIR/ CO9$ ! T]MS W]E UND] ! IMPRESSION ?AT !Y W]E DEAL+ ) SOME?+ ) NO P>ALLEL 9 !IR [N SOCIETIES4 ,NONE!LESS1 ! IMPLICIT LOGIC !Y REVEAL CAN 9DE$ BE APPLI$ BACK TO PATT]NS ( =MAL DEF]5CE & HI]>*Y ANY:]E--9 ,EURO-,AM]ICAN SOCIETIES AS MU* AS ANY O!R4 ,! FIR/ SECTION ( ! ESSAY WAS ?US L>GELY CONC]N$ ) DEVELOP+ ! \TL9ES ( SU* A !ORY4 ,I BEGAN BY DI/+UI%+ TWO WAYS ( DEF9+ ! HUMAN P]SON1 EI!R AS A COLLECTION ( SUB/ANCES 9TR9SICALLY CONT9U\S ) ! WORLD & ) O!RS1 OR AS A COLLECTION ( AB/RACT PROP]TIES SET AP>T FROM IT4 ,9 0JOK+0 7BY :I* ,I MEAN H]E1 SU* BEHAVIOR AS IS CONSID]$ TYPICAL BETWE5 JOK+ P>TN]S7 RELATIONS BETWE5 BODIES >E AT LEA/ PLAYFULLY HO/ILE2 BUT 9 ! CASE ( RELATIONS ( COMMON SUB/ANCE !Y CAN TAKE ON A MORE IDEALI/IC1 EV5 UTOPIAN COLOR4 ,?IS CAME \T P>TICUL>LY /RONGLY 9 MY ANALYSIS ( HI]>*Y1 & ITS MOCK-DISSOLUTION 9 ! C>NIVALESQUE1 :]E IT IS :OLE GR\PS ?AT >E SET (F AGA9/ ! WORLD4 ,I ALSO SUGGE/$ ?AT C>NIVAL IS NOT SIMPLY A MATT] ( 9V]T+ HI]>*Y1 BUT ( *ALL5G+ ITS V]Y BASIS BY 9VOK+ RADICALLY DIFF]5T WAYS ( CONCEIV+ ! WORLD-- EV5 IF1 FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( SUP]IORS1 ! V]Y ACT ( *ALL5G+ HI]>*Y WILL (T5 S]VE TO PROVIDE MORE EVID5CE ( !IR [N SUP]IORITY4 

,9 FACT1 ?\<1 ALL !SE P]SPECTIVES T5D TO BE AVAILABLE TO ANYONE1 :ATEV] !IR SOCIAL /ATION1 & T5D TO BE 9VOK$ BY ! SAME 9DIVIDUALS 9 DIFF]5T CONTEXTS4 ,?IS IS PRECISELY :AT MAKES HI]>*Y SU* A P[]FUL SOCIAL PR9CIPLE3 ?\< ,I ALSO ?9K IT W\LD BE CLE>LY WRONG TO CONCLUDE1 AS SOME DO1 ?AT HI]>*Y IS AN IMMUTABLE1 ALL-5COMPASS+ SY/EM ?AT WILL ALWAYS BE ABLE TO ABSORB ANY *ALL5GE ?R[N AT IT4.<#c.> ,C>NIVALESQUE RITUALS ( REBELLION MI<T HAVE S]V$1 9 ! EYES ( ! MA/]S1 AS MEANS ( RE9=C+ SOCIAL ORD]1 BUT !Y HAD A NOTORI\S CAPACITY TO SPIRAL \T ( !IR CONTROL4 ,REBELLIONS DO OCCUR1 ALMO/ EV]Y:]E4 ,HI]>*IES HAVE BE5 SMA%$ & UPROOT$-- EV5 IF ! PR9CIPLE1 ! POT5TIAL = !IR REEM]G5CE1 CAN NEV] P]HAPS BE COMPLETELY ]ADICAT$1 ROOT$ AS IT IS 9 ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL DYNAMICS ( SOCIAL LIFE4 

,! SECOND HALF ( ! ESSAY FOCUS$ SPECIFICALLY ON ! QUE/ION ( MANN]S & PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,RA!R ?AN REHE>SE ! >GUM5T AGA91 LET ME 5D ) A NOTE ( COMP>ISON1 BY COMP>+ MY [N ANALYSIS ) ! WORK ( ,L\IS ,DUMONT1 :OSE ACTUALLY HAS SOME V]Y 9T]E/+ ?+S TO SAY ON ! PASSAGE FROM HI]>*ICAL SOCIETIES TO ONES BAS$ ON PR9CIPLES ( COMM]CIAL 9DIVIDUALISM 7,DUMONT #a#i#h#a1 #a#i#h#f74 

,DUMONT CONCEIVES HI]>*ICAL SOCIETIES1 MO/ ( ALL1 AS HOLI/IC ONES4 ,A SOCIAL HI]>*Y IS A SY/EM :]EBY DIFF]5T GR\PS >E RANK$ 9 RELATION TO A :OLE4.<#c#a.> ,IF ONE GR\P IS RANK$ HI<] ?AN ANO!R1 IT IS ALWAYS BECAUSE IT IS ! ONE ?AT REPRES5TS ! TOTALITY TO :I* BO? ( !M BELONG4 ,TO RETURN TO ! ,H9DU CA/E SY/EM1 AGA91 ,W>RIORS >E EXALT$ BECAUSE AS K+S & TEMPORAL RUL]S1 !Y REPRES5T SOCIETY AS A :OLE2 ,PRIE/S RANK EV5 HI<] BECAUSE !Y REPRES5T HUMANITY BE=E ! 5TIRE COSMOS4 ,BY ,DUMONT'S LOGIC1 EV]Y?+ REALLY IS AB\T 9CLUSION 7IT IS JU/ ?AT1 9 A SORT ( ,ORWELLIAN S5SE1 SOME >E A LITTLE MORE 9CLUD$ ?AN O!RS74 ,TO TALK ( 0EXCLUSION0 W\LD BE TO 9VOKE AN 5TIRELY ALI5 LOGIC4 ,9 FACT1 ,DUMONT >GUES1 ONE SIMPLY CANNOT SPEAK ( EXCLUSION 9 A HI]>*ICAL SY/EM4 ,! T]M ONLY MAKES S5SE :]E ONE IS DEAL+ ) A SOCIETY BAS$ ON PR9CIPLES ( 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,?IS1 HE >GUES1 IS :AT REALLY DE/ROY$ ! OLD HI]>*ICAL WORLD ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,! RISE ( A COMM]CIAL SOCIETY BR\<T ) IT AN IDEOLOGY ( 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,?IS CON/ITUT$ A FUNDAM5TAL BREAK ) EV]Y?+ ?AT HAD COME BE=E4 ,IDEOLOGIES ( 9DIVIDUALISM MEANT ?AT EA* HUMAN BE+ CAME TO BE SE5 AS UNIQUE1 & !RE=E1 ( 9COMM5SURABLE VALUE4 ,IF ! VALUE ( HUMANS C\LD NOT BE COMP>$1 !N NO ONE C\LD BE HELD SUP]IOR TO ANY O!R4 ,IF NO ONE C\LD BE HELD SUP]IOR TO ANY O!R1 !N !RE WAS NO PLAUSIBLE REASON TO :Y ONE %\LD HAVE MORE OR LESS ACCESS TO ! GOOD ?+S 9 LIFE1 TO ! PURSUIT ( PROP]TY1 OR HAPP9ESS1 OR H[EV] ONE MI<T C>E TO PHRASE IT1 :]EV] IT BE F\ND4 ,IDEOLOGIES ( HUMAN EQUALITY >E ?US REALLY SIDE-EFFECTS ( 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,( C\RSE1 9 PRACTICE1 EGALIT>IAN IDEALS >E NEV] FULLY PUT 9TO PRACTICE4 ,(T5 EV5 9 ! MO/ EGALIT>IAN SOCIETIES1 SU* AS ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 !RE >E C]TA9 GL>+ EXCEPTIONS1 :]E C]TA9 CATEGORIES ( PEOPLE >E 9DE$ EXCLUD$ FROM ! NATIONAL COMMUNITY4 ,! ,AM]ICAN 0COLOR B>10 ACCORD+ TO ,DUMONT1 IS JU/ SU* AN IDEOLOGY ( EXCLUSION1 & AS SU* IT HAS NO?+ 9 COMMON ) HI]>*Y4 ,IT IS A FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T TYPE ( ?+4 

,DUMONT'S >GUM5TS AB\T 9DIVIDUALISM >E NO?+ IF NOT 9SI<TFUL & ,I W\LD H>DLY PROPOSE !Y SIMPLY BE ?R[N AWAY4 ,/ILL1 ! POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS >E1 AS SO (T5 9 HIS WORK 7,ROBB9S #a#i#i#d71 PR(\NDLY UNSETTL+4 ,MY [N 9SI/5CE ?AT SOCIAL HI]>*IES >E ALWAYS COMB9ATIONS ( 9CLUSION & EXCLUSION HAS 5TIRELY DIFF]5T IMPLICATIONS4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 ONE NE$ POSIT NO ABSOLUTE BREAK BETWE5 ! TWO P]IODS4 ,TAKE ! IDEOLOGY ( ,PURITANISM AS AN EXAMPLE4 ,IT WAS CLE>LY HI]>*ICAL2 ONLY1 9 PLACE ( ! 5DLESS GRADATIONS *>ACT]I/IC ( A FEUDAL SY/EM1 ONE IS LEFT ) A M9IMAL HI]>*Y ( TWO OR P]HAPS ?REE LEVELS4 ,WOM51 *ILDR51 & S]VANTS W]E 5COMPASS$ )9 ! P]SONALITY ( ! H\SEHOLD]2 &1 9 ALL BUT ! MO/ RADICAL V]SIONS1 ( H\SEHOLD]S 5COMPASS$ BY ! ,K+ OR ,/ATE4 ,NEI!R WAS ! ,PURITAN CONC]N ) 0! D>K] P>I%0 & FLOAT+ POPULATION ( 0MA/]LESS M50 NOTABLY DIFF]5T ?AN CONTEMPOR>Y CONC]NS ) AN IMMORAL & OV]LY F]TILE 0UND]CLASS40 ,9 FACT1 AS SOME HI/ORIANS ( ! TIME HAVE NOT$ 7,HILL #a#i#g#b1 ,HUNT #a#i#h#d71 ,PURITAN OP9IONS ON ?IS SUBJECT-- ?AT ! PROBLEM ( POV]TY HAD NO?+ TO DO ) REAL WAGES1 BUT WAS REALLY ROOT$ 9 ! POOR'S [N LACK ( MORALITY & SELF-CONTROL1 !IR UNWILL+NESS TO CREATE PROP] FAMILIES-- HAVE AN UNCANNY RESEMBLANCE TO ?OSE EMPLOY$ BY ,AM]ICAN CONS]VATIVES TODAY4 ,RA!R ?AN HI]>*IES BE+ SWEPT AWAY1 IT IS MORE AS IF ! HI]>*ICAL RESIDUAL WAS SQUEEZ$ D[N1 ITS IMAG]Y BECOM+ ALL ! MORE 9T5SE HAV+ BE5 SO4 

,?IS LEADS TO MY SECOND PO9T3 ?AT ANY ATTEMPT TO CREATE A G5U9ELY EGALIT>IAN E?OS ON ! BASIS ( PR9CIPLES ( =MAL DEF]5CE IS ULTIMATELY IMPOSSIBLE4 ,!RE IS A FUNDAM5TAL CONTRADICTION H]E4 ,! LOGIC ( SETT+ AN AB/RACT BE+ AP>T NECESS>ILY 9VOLVES SETT+ IT (F AGA9/ SOME?+2 9 PRACTICE1 ?AT ALWAYS SEEMS TO MEAN CREAT+ A RESIDUAL CATEGORY ( PEOPLE--IF NOT SOME RACIAL OR E?NIC CATEGORY1 !N WORK]S1 ! POOR1 LOS]S 9 ! ECONOMIC GAME-- ?AT >E SE5 AS *AOTIC1 CORPOREAL1 ANIMALI/IC1 DANG]\S4 ,BY ?IS LOGIC1 = 9/ANCE1 ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN RACISM IS NOT ! GREAT EXCEPTION TO ! POSSESSIVE 9DIVIDUALISM ON :I* ! C\NTRY IS F\ND$-- AN ANOMALY = SOME REASON NEV] SEEMS TO GO AWAY-- BUT SOME?+ ESS5TIAL TO ITS NATURE4 ,9 ! CONTEMPOR>Y WORLD1 :]E 0! M>KET0 IS 5DLESSLY T\T$ AS SYNONYM\S ) FRE$OM & DEMOCRACY1 & :]E ITS PROPON5TS HAVE !REBY CLAIM$ = !MSELVES ! RI<T TO 0RE=M0 EV]Y?+ & EV]YONE ON E>?1 ?IS IS A PO9T ?AT EV5 LIB]ALS MI<T DO WELL TO ?9K AB\T4 ,NO HI]>*Y IS EV] IMMUTABLE4 ,9DE$1 LIKE CAPITALISM1 ONE C\LD WELL >GUE ?AT ALL HI]>*IES BY !IR [N 9T]NAL LOGIC MU/ NECESS>ILY CREATE IMAGES ( REBELLI\S DISORD]--IMAGES1 9DE$1 ( !IR [N NEGATION-- ?AT !Y !N HAVE TO EX]T 5ORM\S AM\NTS ( 5]GY TO CONTA91 SO AS TO 5SURE ?AT !Y DO NOT BUR/ \T ( ! LEVEL ( ! IMAG9>Y4 ,SU* SY/EMS >E ALWAYS VULN]ABLE4 ,BUT BY ! SAME TOK51 ANY G5U9ELY EGALIT>IAN SY/EM MU/1 IT SEEMS1 ADOPT EQUIVAL5T ME*ANISMS1 TO /& GU>D AGA9/ ITS [N DEEPLY EMB$D$ HI]>*ICAL POSSIBILITIES4.<#c#b.> 

,ALL[ ME A F9AL WORD ON ?OSE HI]>*ICAL POSSIBILITIES4 ,ONE ( ! DANG]S ( MUDDL$ T]MS IS ?AT !Y MAKE 0HI]>*Y0 7USUALLY DEF9$ 9 TWO OR ?REE DIFF]5T WAYS AT ONCE7 AS AN 9EVITABLE FEATURE ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,TO A C]TA9 DEGREE1 ( C\RSE1 IT IS4 ,!RE WILL ALWAYS BE NE/$ SETS ( CATEGORIES1 & PEOPLE WILL ALWAYS HAVE A T5D5CY TO RANK SOME ?+S AS BETT] OR WORSE ?AN O!RS4 ,BUT NONE ( ?IS HAS ANY NECESS>Y SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS ONE WAY OR ANO!R4 ,:AT WE >E US$ TO ?9K+ ( AS SOCIAL HI]>*IES >E A P>TICUL> CON/ELLATION ( !SE PR9CIPLES1 & AS ,>?UR ,LOVEJOY 7#a#i#c#f7 PO9T$ \T1 FAIRLY UN/ABLE ONES1 S9CE 9 ORD] TO IMPOSE A S+LE ALL-5COMPASS+ HI]>*ICAL SY/EM1 Y\ NE$ TO MEASURE EV]YONE ON A S+LE SCALE2 ! MOM5T ONE BEG9S TO 9TRODUCE MORE ?AN ONE CRIT]IA 7REF9EM5T1 RATIONALITY1 MONEY1 GRACE1 ETC7 9TO ! ,GREAT ,*A9 ( ,BE+1 ! :OLE ?+ FALLS AP>T4 ,OBVI\SLY1 ?IS ALONE IS NOT 5\< TO DE/ROY A HI]>*ICAL =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,AS ,DUMONTIANS REGUL>LY PO9T \T1 ! USUAL SOLUTION IS TO CREATE A HI]>*Y ( SCALES3 SO ?AT 9 A CA/E SY/EM1 = 9/ANCE1 ! SCALE ( PURITY IS ! HI<E/1 :I* IS :Y ,BRAHMANS >E ! MO/ EXALT$ SORT ( PEOPLE1 ! SCALE ( P[] SECOND1 ! SCALE ( WEAL? COMES AFT] ?AT1 & SO ON4 ,?IS IS C]TA9LY TRUE TO AN EXT5T1 BUT-- EV5 ASIDE FROM ! FACT ?AT IT'S NEV] CLE> IF ! SY/EM IS REALLY SO UNIFI$ AS ,DUMONTIANS LIKE TO MAKE \T-- !RE >E V]Y REAL LIMITS TO H[ MANY DIFF]5T AXES ( DISCRIM9ATION CAN BE ABSORB$4 ,MULTIPLY L9E> HI]>*IES 5DLESSLY1 & ANY SU* SY/EM WILL1 9EVITABLY1 FALL AP>T4 ,A MILLION DIFF]5T MODES ( DISCRIM9ATION IS1 TO ALL PRACTICAL 9T5TS & PURPOSES1 ID5TICAL TO NO MODE ( DISCRIM9ATION AT ALL4 

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#aibe ,H&BOOK O F ! ,9DIANS O F ,CALI=NIA4 ,WA%+TON ,D4 ,C43 ,BUREAU ( ,AM]ICAN ,E?NOLOGY #g#h4 

#aibh 0,! ,LAW ( ! ,YUROK ,9DIANS40 ,PROCE$+S O F ! #b #b N D ,9 T]N A TION A L ,CONGRESS O F ,AM]ICANI/S3 #e#a#a--#e#a#f4 

,KUSSMAUL1 ,ANN 

#aiha ,S]VANTS 9 ,HUSB&RY 9 ,E >LY,M OD]N ,5GL&4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,LASLETT1 ,PET] 

#aigb 0,*>ACT]I/ICS ( ! ,WE/]N ,FAMILY ,CONSID]$ OV] ,TIME40 ,9 ,H \SEHOLD A N D ,FAMILY 9 ,PA/ ,TIME 7,P4 ,LASLETT & ,R4 ,WALL1 $S474 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

#aigg ,FAMILY ,LIFE A N D ,I LLICIT ,LOVE 9 ,E>LI] ,G5]ATIONS4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

#aihc 0,FAMILY & ,H\SEHOLD AS ,WORK ,GR\P & ,K9 ,GR\P40 ,9 ,FAMILY ,=MS 9 ,HI/ORIC ,EUROPE 7,R4 ,WALL1 $474 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,LEA*1 ,$MUND 

#ai$ ,P O LITICA L ,SY/EMS O F ,H I<L& ,BURMA4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 #aifd 0,AN?ROPOLOGICAL ,ASPECTS ( ,LANGUAGE3 ,ANIMAL ,CATEGORIES & ,V]BAL ,ABUSE40 ,9 

,N EW ,D IRECTIONS 9 ! ,/UDY O F ,LANGUAGE 7,E4 ,L5N5B]G1 $474 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,M,I,T ,PRESS4 

,LE,G(F1 ,JACQUES 

#ai< ,TIME1 ,WORK A N D ,CULTURE 9 ! ,M IDDLE ,AGES4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,LEVI-,/RAUSS1 ,CLAUDE 

#aifb ,TOTEMISM4 ,BO/ON3 ,BEACON ,PRESS4 

#aiff ,! ,SAVAGE ,M 9D4 ,*ICAGO3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS4 

,L9TON1 ,RALPH 

#aibd 0,TOTEMISM & ! ,A4 ,E4 ,F40 ,AM]ICAN ,A N?ROPOLOGI/ 7,NEW ,S]IES7 ,VOL4 #bf 7#b73 #bif -#c4 

,LOVEJOY1 ,>?UR 

#aicf ,! ,GREAT ,*A9 O F ,BE+4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,H>V>D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,MAC,ALLI/]1 ,J4 ,GILB]T 

#aicg 0,KI[A-,APA*E ,SOCIAL ,ORGANIZATION40 ,9 ,! ,S OCIA L ,A N?ROPOLOGY O F ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN ,TRIBES 7,F]D ,EGGAN1 $474 ,*ICAGO3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS4 

,MAC,F>LANE1 ,ALAN 

#aig ,W IT*CRAFT 9 ,TUDOR & ,/U>T ,5GL&3 ,A ,R EGIONAL & ,COMP>ATIVE ,/UDY4 

,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE @& ,KEGAN ,PAUL4 

#ai< ,! ,ORIG9S O F ,5GLI% ,9DIVIDUALISM 4 ,OX=D3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,MAC,PH]SON1 ,C4 ,B4 

#aifb ,! ,P O LITICA L ,!ORY O F ,POSSESSIVE ,9DIVIDUALISM 4 ,OX=D3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

#aigc 0,S]VANTS & ,LABOR]S 9 ,SEV5TE5? ,C5TURY ,5GL&40 ,9 ,C4,B4 ,MAC,PH]SON1 

,D EM OCRATIC ,!ORY3 ,ESSAYS 9 ,RETRIEVAL4 ,LONDON3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,MAUSS1 ,M>CEL 

#ai$ ,! ,GIFT4 ,BO/ON3 ,BEACON ,PRESS4 

#aifh 0,A ,CATEGORY ( ! ,HUMAN ,SPIRIT40 ,P SY*OANALYTIC ,R EVIEW #e#e3 #d#e#g--#d#h#a4 

,MEAD1 ,M>G>ET 

#aic ,G R[+ ,UP 9 ,N EW ,GU9EA3 ,A ,COMP>ATIVE ,/UDY O F ,P RIM ITIV E ,$UCATION4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,MORR[ @& ,CO4 

#aicd ,K9%IP ,ORGANIZATION 9 ? E ,ADMIRALTY ,ISL&S4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,AM]ICAN ,MUSEUM ( ,NATURAL ,HI/ORY4 

,I#i #c #g 0,! ,MANUS ( ! ,ADMIRALTY ,ISL&S40 ,9 ,COOP]ATION A N D ,COMPETITION AM ON G ,P RIM ITIV E ,PEOPLES4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,MAC,GRAW ,HILL4 

,MORGAN1 ,$MUND ,SE>S 

#aidd ,! ,PURI-TAN ,FAMILY4 ,BO/ON3 ,TRU/EES ( ! ,PUBLIC ,LIBR>Y4 

,NI*OLLS1 ,JONA?AN 

#aihe ,! ,M A TT] O F ,C\RTESY4 ,WOODBRIDGE3 ,BREW] ,PRESS4 

,ROBB9S1 ,JOEL 

#aiid 0,EQUALITY AS A ,VALUE3 ,DUMONT1 ,MELANESIA1 & ! ,WE/40 ,S OCIA L ,ANALYSIS #c#f3 #b#a-- #g4 

,SAHL9S1 ,M>%ALL 

#aigb ,/ONE ,AGE ,ECONOMICS4 ,*ICAGO3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS4 #aihe ,ISL&S O F ,HI/ORY4 ,*ICAGO3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS4 

,%IRRES1 ,M4 ,P4 

#aihb 0,TAPU40,J\ RN A L O F ! ,POLYNESIAN ,SOCIETY #ia 7#a73 #b#i--#e#a4 

,SMI?1 ,JEAN 

#aigd ,TAPU ,REM OVAL 9 ,M AORI ,RELIGION4 ,MEMOIRS ( ! ,POLYNESIAN ,SOCIETY NO4#d4 

,WELL+TON3 ,POLYNESIAN ,SOCIETY4 

,/AS*1 ,RUP]T 

#bb 0,JOK+,AVOIDANCE3 ,A ,KOR[AI ,PRAGMATICS ( ,BE+ ,TWO40 ,AM]ICAN ,E?NOLOGI/ #bi 7#b73 #c#c#e-#c#f#e4 

,/ONE1 ,LAUR5CE 

#aife ,! ,CRISIS O F ! ,>I/OCRACY1 #a#e#e#h--#a#f#d#a4 ,OX=D3 ,CL>5DON ,PRESS4 

#aifh ,! ,FAMILY1 ,SEX A N D ,M >RIAGE 9 ,E NGL& #a#e--#a#h4 ,LONDON3 ,WEID5FELD @& ,NI*OLSON4 

,?OMAS1 ,KEI? 

#aiga ,RELIGION A N D ! ,D ECL9 E O F ,M AGIC4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,SCRIBN] ,PRESS4 

#aigf 0,AGE & ,AU?ORITY 9 ,E>LY ,MOD]N ,5GL&40 ,P ROCE$+S O F ? E ,BRITI% ,ACADEMY 

#f#b3 #a-#d#f4 

,?OMPSON1 ,E4 ,P4 

#aiff ,! ,M AK+ O F ! ,5GLI% ,WORK+ ,CLASS4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,V9TAGE ,PRESS4 

#aifg 0,TIME1 ,LABOR ,DISCIPL9E1 & ,9DU/RIAL ,CAPITALISM40 ,PA/ A N D ,PRES5T #c#h3 #e#f--#i#g4 

#aigf 0,! ,GRID ( ,9H]ITANCE40 ,9 ,FAMILY A N D ,9H]ITANCE 7,J4 ,GOODY1 ,J4 ,?IRSK @& ,E4 ,P4 ,?OMPSON1 $S474 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,?OMPSON1 ,LAURA 

#aid ,! ,S\!RN L A U 1 ,FIJI4 ,B]NICE ,BI%OP ,MUSEUM ,BULLET9 NO4#a#f#b4 

,?RUPP1 ,SYLVIA 

#aigg ,SOCIETY @& ,HI/ORY3 ,ESSAYS4 ,ANN ,>BOR3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,MI*IGAN ,PRESS4 

,TURN]1 ,VICTOR 

#aifi ,! ,R ITUAL ,PROCESS3 ,S TRU CTU RE & ,A NTI-,/RUCTURE4 ,I?ACA1 ,N,Y3 ,CORNELL ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,WAGN]1 ,ROY 

#aifg ,! ,CURSE O F,S \W 4 ,*ICAGO3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS4 

,WALL1 ,RI*>D 

#aihc ,FAMILY ,=MS 9 ,H I/ORIC ,EUROPE4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,WEB]1 ,MAX 

#aic ,! ,PROTE/ANT ,E?IC A N D ! ,SPIRIT O F ,CAPITALISM4 ,LONDON3 ,UNW9 ,PRESS4 

,WRI<T1 ,A4,R41 & ,T4 ,E4 ,LONES 

#ai* ,BRITI% ,CAL5D> ,CU/OMS4 ,GLAI%]1 ,LONDON4 

,WRI<TSON1 ,KEI?1 & ,DAVID ,LEV9E 

#aigi ,POV]TY A N D ,P IETY 9 AN ,5GLI% ,VILLAGE4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

.<#a.> ,FAILURE TO RECOGNIZE ?IS IS ! WEAKNESS1 ,I ?9K1 ( MU* ( ! EXI/+ !ORETICAL LIT]ATURE ON ! SUBJECT4 ,M >Y ,D\GLAS' ESSAY ON 0JOKES0 = 9/ANCE />TS \T AS AN ANALYSIS ( JOK+ RELATIONS4 ,! RESULT IS A BRILLIANT REFLECTION ON ! NATURE ( HUMOR1 BUT1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 IS ( LITTLE USE 9 UND]/&+ ! NATURE ( JOK+ RELATIONS 9 ! TRADITIONAL AN?ROPOLOGICAL S5SE ( ! T]M4 

.<#b.> ,?\< ,/AS* #b#b4 

.<#c.> ,AGA91 ,I REM9D ! READ] ?AT ,I AM US+ ! T]M 0JOK+0 H]E 9 A SPECIAL1 TE*NICAL S5SE1 MEAN+ 0ALONG ! L9ES ( ! SORT ( CON/RUCTION ( HUMAN RELATIONS TYPICAL ( JOK+ RELATIONS02 H5CE ,I DO NOT SIMPLY MEAN 0HUMOR\S40 

.<#d.> 0,SACR$0 IMPLIES 0NOT TO BE T\*$0 9 MO/ ,EUROPEAN LANGUAGES AS WELL-- A FACT :I* ,DURKHEIM MADE MU* (--?\< ,I DO NOT KN[ H[ WIDESPREAD ?IS IS ELSE:]E4 

.<#e.> ,TIKOPIANS = 9/ANCE ID5TIFY A MAN ) A CANOE BY A T]M ,RAYMOND ,FIR? TRANSLATES AS 0L9K$10 ! SAME T]M ?AT IS US$ =1 SAY1 BOND-FRI5DS 7#a#i#f#e3 #beg -#h 74 

.<#f.> ,CLAUDE ,LEVI-,/RAUSS 7#a#i#f#b7 HAS MADE ! PO9T ?AT TOTEMIC SY/EMS >E NOT REALLY AB\T ID5TITY BUT ANALOGY1 ?AT IS1 !Y >E NOT SAY+ CLAN ,X >E LIKE BE>S OR CLAN ,Y LIKE EAGLES1 BUT ?AT ! RELATION BETWE5 CLAN ,X & CLAN ,Y IS LIKE ! RELATION BETWE5 BE>S & EAGLES4 ,?IS IS1 ( C\RSE1 A V]Y FAM\S >GUM5T4 ,H[EV]1 9 A LAT] WORK 7#a#i#f#f71 HE ALSO NOT$ ?AT SU* TOTEMIC SY/EMS USUALLY DEVELOP BETWE5 GR\PS ?AT ALL %>E A R\<LY EQUAL /ATUS2 & MAKES ! 9TRIGU+ SUGGE/ION ?AT1 :5 ONE BEG9S TO HE> ?AT CLAN ,X REALLY DO RESEMBLE BE>S1 IT IS USUALLY BECAUSE SOME ELEM5T ( HI]>*Y HAS 5T]$ 94 ,IF NO?+ ELSE1 ?IS C]TA9LY SEEMS TO WORK = ! ,LAU ,ISL&S4 

.<#g.> ,& ! ,MAORI SEEM TO HAVE BE5 TYPICAL ( ,POLYNESIAN SOCIETIES 9 ?IS RESPECT4 

.<#h.> ,AGA91 :5 ,I SAY ?AT JOK+ BEHAVIOR NEV] SEEMS TO ACCOMPANY GIFT-GIV+1 ,I DO NOT MEAN TO SUGGE/ ?AT IT NEV] ACCOMPANIES EX*ANGE4 ,IT C]TA9LY DOES4 ,! MO/ OBVI\S EXAMPLE IS 9 SOME V]Y COMMON =MS ( B>T]2 ANO!R1 SOME:AT MORE OBSCURE1 CAN BE F\ND 9 C]TA9 =MS ( 9T]-VILLAGE EX*ANGE SAID TO BE PRACTIC$ BY ! ,YANOMAMI ( ,V5EZUELA 7,*AGNON #a#i#f#h73 ONE GR\P 5T]S ! VILLAGE ( ! O!R MAK+ EV]Y SORT ( MOCK-?REAT-- ?REATS :I* ! LATT] >E EXPECT$ TO IGNORE ) CASUAL APLOMB-- & !N1 BEG9S DEM&+ ITEMS ( PROP]TY-- DEM&S :I* ! LATT] CANNOT REFUSE4 ,!IR DEM&S >E ONLY LIMIT$ BY !IR KN[L$GE ?AT !IR VICTIMS WILL LAT] HAVE ! RI<T TO COME TO !IR VILLAGE & DO ! SAME4 ,! 9T]E/+ ?+ H]E IS ?AT WE >E DEAL+ ) A SORT ( MIRROR IMAGE ( ,MAUSS' =MULA1 NOT ! RECIPROCAL GIV+1 BUT 9/EAD ! RECIPROCAL TAK+ ( GOODS4 ,?AT IT %\LD BE ACCOMPANI$ BY BEHAVIOR ?AT SMACKS ( JOK+ !N %\LD H>DLY BE SURPRIS+4 

.<#i.> ,:5 ,%AKESPE>E'S ,H5RY ,V REF]S TO ,FRANCE AS ANO!R JEWEL = HIS CR[N1 HE IS EXPRESS+ P]FECTLY ! EQUIVAL5CE ( ORNAM5TS OR 9SIGNIA & :AT WE LIKE TO CALL 0REAL PROP]TY10 9 T]MS ( SIGNIFICATION4 ,?\< ON ?IS1 SEE ALSO ,GRAEB] #a#i#i#f4 

.<#a.> ,:I* (T5 ACCOMPANY :AT ,M>%ALL ,SAHL9S 7#a#i#g#b7 HAS CALL$ 0G5]ALIZ$ RECIPROCITY40 

.<#a#a.> ,TRUE1 DIFF]5T SY/EMS LEAN MORE OR LESS HEAVILY TO ONE SIDE OR ANO!R4 ,! ,9DIAN CA/E SY/EM1 C]TA9LY1 PRESSES D[N V]Y H>D ON ! L9E> SIDE2 ! ,NU] SEGM5T>Y SY/EM1 TO TAKE A FAM\S EXAMPLE1 LEAN ) EQUAL WEI<T 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION4 ,BUT ,I D\BT ONE CAN F9D ANY SOCIETY BAS$ 5TIRELY ON ONE PR9CIPLE & NOT ! O!R4 

.<#a#b.> 0,[N]%IP0 9 ?IS S5SE G5]ALLY HAD LITTLE TO DO ) ANY K9D ( RI<TS & DUTIES4 

.<#a#c.> ,9 L+UI/IC T]M9OLOGY1 ONE W\LD SAY ! HI<] UP HE IS1 ! MORE HE IS AN UNM>K$ T]M3 /&+ = NOT ONLY 0MAN10 BUT 0H\SEHOLD10 0CLAN10 0TRIBE0 & SO ON4 ,?IS DOES FIT QUITE NICELY ) MY OBS]VATIONS AB\T AVOIDANCE & UNIV]SAL- ISM 7MOV+ UPW>DS ON ! TAXONOMIC HI]>*Y74 ,BUT IT MAKES TAPU A SOME:AT P>ADOXICAL PROCESS3 ! M>K+ ( ! UNM>K$4 

.<#a#d.> ,ONE C\LD GO ON FROM H]E TO SPEAK ( LEGAL NOTIONS1 :I* DESCRIB$ PEASANTS AS BE+ 0[N$ BY ! L&0 AS MU* AS ! O!R WAY >\ND1 OR = ?AT MATT] ! ETYMOLOGIES ( WORDS /ILL 9 COMMON USE TODAY3 ! ,OX=D ,5GLI% ,DICTION>Y = 9/ANCE1 HAS IT ?AT ! ,5GLI% WORD 0CL[N0 IS D]IV$ FROM AN ,G]MANIC ROOT MEAN+ BO? 0PEASANT0 & 0LUMP ( E>?0 70CLOD0 HAS ! SAME D]IVATION47 

.<#a#e.> ,BURKE 7#a#i#g#h3 #a#i#i--#b#d7 NOTES ?AT ! METAPHOR ( 0LETT+ (F /EAM0 BEGAN TO BE EMPLOY$ ! MOM5T IT WAS TE*NICALLY POSSIBLE2 BE=E ?AT1 ! PREF]R$ METAPHOR WAS LETT+ (F PRESSURE 9 A W9E CASK4 ,EV5 AT ! TIME1 ?\<1 MANY OBJECT$ ?AT1 AS SAFETY-VALVES GO1 POPUL> FE/IVALS MADE EXTRAORD9>ILY POOR ONES1 CONSID]+ H[ MANY G5U9E REBELLIONS GREW \T ( SU* FE/IVITIES 7SEE ,B]CE #a#i#g#f2 ,BURKE OP CIT42 ,DAVIS #a#i#h74 ,B]CE = EXAMPLE PROVIDES VIVID ACC\NTS ( PREP>ATIONS = C>NIVAL 9 ,FR5* CITIES DUR+ ! #a#f?& #a#g?C5TURIES1 DUR+ :I* ! SOLDI]S MANN+ ! CITY WALLS W\LD SY/EMATICALLY TURN ! CANNONS ON ! P>APETS >\ND SO !Y W\LD FACE 9TO ! T[N1 9 CASE ( ANY S]I\S TR\BLE4 

.<#a#f.> ,ANYWAY IT /RIKES ME ?AT IT CAN BE MORE POT5TIALLY REVEAL+1 = ! ANALYSIS ( RITUALS SU* AS ,C>NIVAL1 ?AN1 SAY1 ,VICTOR ,TURN]'S NOTION ( LIM 9ALITY & COM- MUNITAS 7#a#i#f#i7-- T]MS (T5 ?R[N >\ND SO V]Y CASUALLY ?AT !IR USE CAN /IFLE FUR!R DISCUSSION MORE ?AN 5C\RAGE IT4 

.<#a#g.> ,EA* 5TAILS ITS [N *>ACT]I/IC NOTION ( EX*ANGE3 9 JOK+ RELATIONS1 AN ABUSIVE 7OR MOCK-ABUSIVE7 EX*ANGE ( SUB/ANCES 9 ONE1 A B5EVOL5T 7OR MOCK-B5EVOL5T7 EX*ANGE ( PROP]TIES4 

.<#a#h.> ,EV5 BE=E M$ICAL SCI5CE WAS ABLE TO PRODUCE >GUM5TS ( 0P]SONAL HYGI5E10 ,]ASMUS WAS W>N+ *ILDR5 TO RE/RA9 !IR MANN]S EV5 9 PRIVATE1 BECAUSE ANGELS C\LD BE WAT*+ ONE UNAW>ES4 

.<#a#i.> ,ELIAS' IDEA ( ! 0CIVILIZ+ PROCESS0 IS PRETTY UNABA%$LY EVOLUTIONI/ & HAS BE5 WIDELY CRITICIZ$ AS SU*4 ,MANY HAVE ALSO PO9T$ TO ,ELIAS' UNDUE ATT5TION TO C\RTLY CIRCLES & HIS NEGLECT ( ,PURITAN & O!R MIDDLE CLASS IDEAS AS A CRUCIAL FLAW 9 HIS ANALYSIS4 

.<#b.> ,!RE >E P>ALLEL CASES :I* DON'T 9VOLVE A BREA* ( AVOIDANCE BUT O!R K9DS ( BODILY CONTACT CONSID]$ TOO 9TIMATE = ! RELATION 9 :I* IT OCCURR$4 ,9 ! ,NEW ,HEBRIDES3 0,SODOMY BETWE5 TWO G5EALOGICALLY RELAT$ M5 IS REG>D$ AS 9CE/U\S4 ,H[EV] IT IS NOT VIEW$ TOO S]I\SLY1 AS ! PUNI%M5T 9FLICT$ IS ?AT BO? P>TIES MU/ KILL & EX*ANGE TWO PIGS0 7,CORLETTE #a#i#c#e3 #d#h#f74 

.<#b#a.> ,= ,MANUS P>ALLELS1 SEE ,MEAD #a#i#c#d3 #a#i#a1 #c#h4 

.<#b#b.> ,OBVI\SLY1 IT WAS UNUSUAL = ANY TWO 9DIVIDUALS TO BE EXACTLY EQUIVAL5T 9 WOR?2 AT ANY GIV5 TIME1 BUT !Y W]E 9H]5TLY CAPABLE ( BE+ SO4 

.<#b#c.> ,OV]TON CLE>LY DID NOT MEAN TO 9CLUDE WOM52 OR = ?AT MATT] S]VANTS4 ,!RE IS SOME DEBATE AS TO :E!R ! ,LEVEL]S EV5 MEANT TO GIVE WAGE LABOR]S ! FRAN*ISE4 

.<#b#d.> ,ELIAS HIMSELF NOTES 7#a#i#g#h3 #d#b--#e7 H[ ?OR\<LY EMB$D$ !SE IDEAS HAD BECOME 9 ! COMMON S5SE ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES MO/ D$ICAT$ TO ! RE=M ( MANN]S4 

.<#b#e.> ,! LIT]ATE CLASS & ! C\RTE\S CLASS T5D$ ALWAYS TO BE ONE & ! SAME4 

.<#b#f.> ,IT'S NOT SO MU* ?AT 0APPR5TICE%IP & S]VICE W]E CONFUS$0 AS ,>IES PUTS IT 7IBID43 #c#f#f--#c#f#g7 ?AN ?AT !Y W]E NEV] REALLY DI/+UI%$ TO BEG9 )4 

.<#b#g.> ,IT W\LD BE 9T]E/+ TO EXAM9E ! 9/ITUTION ( ,M$IEVAL & ,E>LY ,MOD]N S]VICE 9 ! LI<T ( ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL LIT]ATURE ON 9ITIATION1 P>TICUL>LY ! K9D :I* 9VOLVES 0,ACTIVE K9%IP0 ( ONE SORT OR ANO!R4 ,! /UDY ( COM - PADRAZGO 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA PROVIDES SOME OBVI\S P>ALLELS3 :ILE AU?ORS SU* AS ,WOLF 7#a#i#f#f7 HI<LI<T ! WAY SU* TIES CREATE TIES ( PATRONAGE ACROSS CLASS L9ES1 SYMBOLICANALYSES 7E4G41 ,GUDEMAN #a#i#g#a2 ,BLO* & ,GUGG5HEIM #a#i#h#a7 /RESS ! DIVISION BETWE5 ! FEMALE DOME/IC1 & MALE PUBLIC DOMA9S--:I* 9 ,WE/]N CULTURE HAVE BE5 G5]ALLY PRES5T$ 9 T]MS ( ! SPIRIT & ! FLE%4 ,I'VE ALREADY M5TION$ ?AT1 9 ,EUROPE1 MO/ Y\?S S]V$ MA/]S ( A M>G9ALLY HI<] SOCIAL CLASS4 ,AS = ! SYMBOLIC ASPECTS1 ,>IES NOTES ?AT ! AGE ( 0SEV5 OR N9E0-- ! AGE AT :I* ! ,ITALIAN AU?OR ( ! ABOVE-CIT$ ACC\NT ( ,5GLI% HABITS CLAIMS MO/ FAMILIES S5T (F !IR *ILDR5 TO ! H\SES ( /RANG]S--WAS 09 ! OLD ,FR5* AU?ORS444GIV5 AS ! AGE :5 ! BOYS LEAVE ! C>E ( ! WOM5FOLK TO GO TO S*OOL OR 5T] ! ADULT WORLD0 7OP CIT474 ,! OPPOSITION ( SPIRIT & FLE%-- OR ANYWAY1 SOME?+ V]Y MU* LIKE IT--WAS ALSO AT PLAY 9 ! V]Y DEF9ITION ( 0Y\?0 ITSELF4 

.<#b#h.> ,AN OBVI\S P>ALLEL IS ! C>E] MILIT>Y (FIC] :O IS NEV] OBLIG$ TO /& AS /IFFLY OR SALUTE AS SM>TLY AS RECRUITS HAVE TO DO TO HIM1 BUT IS /ILL SE5 AS REFLECT+ 9 HIS ORD9>Y BE>+ A MORE 0M ILIT>Y0 COMPORTM5T ?AN !Y4 

.<#b#i.> ,I NOTE 9 PASS+ ?AT ! NOTION ( RE=M+ ! L[] /RATA WAS A BIT DIFFICULT TO RECONCILE ) ,CALV9I/ DOCTR9E1 :I* 5C\RAG$ MO/ HEADS (H\SEHOLD TO AT LEA/ ! /RONG SUSPICION ?AT !IR *>GES W]E PR$E/9$ FROM ! />T TO GO TO HELL 7CF4 ,HILL #a#i#f#d74 ,BUT ?IS M]ELY UND]L9ES H[ MU* ! PROJECT ITSELF--( DEF9+ A SOCIAL CLASS 9 T]MS ( A /AGE 9 ! LIFE-CYCLE--WAS 9H]5TLY CONTRADICTORY4 

.<#c.> ,ANY MORE ?AN CAPITALISM1 AB\T :I* V]Y SIMIL> >GUM5TS >E (T5 MADE4 

.<#c#a.> ,HE ALSO SEEMS TO ASSUME ?AT ALL HOLI/IC SY/EMS MU/ BE HI]>*ICAL2 BUT ?IS IS ANO!R ISSUE4 

.<#c#b.> ,I HAVE ELABORATE ?IS >GUM5T 9 AN E>LI] WORK 7,GRAEB] #b#d3 #b#d--#c#g74 

7,S\RCE3 ,RETRIEV$ ON #b#h? ,NOVEMB] #bba FROM DAVIDGRAEB]4ORG47 

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