,P>T #c 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>L ,LEVY 

,TEXT 3 

,P>T ,?REE 

,NO1 ,I W\LD NOT LIKE TO RETURN TO ! OLD TIMES 444 SIMPLY TO FOLL[ ! SAME ROAD & F9D \RSELVES BACK TO :]E WE >E N[4 ,TO WANT TO1 ONE %\LD ALSO BE ABLE TO TAKE ) ONE ! RESULTS ( FIFTY YE>S ACTIVITY & ALL ! EXP]I5CE ACQUIR$ 9 ?AT TIME4 ,& 9 ?AT CASE IT W\LD BE ! 0GOOD OLD DAYS40 

--,FROM ,MALATE/A'S PREFACE TO ,NETTLAU'S ,BAKUN9 E L',9T]NAZIONALE 9 ,ITALIA DAL #ahfd AL #ahgb 7#a#i#b#h7 

,WE DO NOT BOA/ ?AT WE POSSESS ABSOLUTE TRU?2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 WE BELIEVE ?AT SOCIAL TRU? IS NOT A FIX$ QUANTITY1 GOOD = ALL TIMES1 UNIV]SALLY APPLICABLE OR DET]M9ABLE 9 ADVANCE4444 ,\R SOLUTIONS ALWAYS LEAVE ! DOOR OP5 TO DIFF]5T &1 ONE HOPES1 BETT] SOLUTIONS4 

--,UMANITA ,NOVA1 #aiba 

,MALATE/A'S ,RELEVANCE ,= ,AN>*I/S ,TODAY3 ,AN ,ASSESSM5T 

,I 

,MALATE/A'S CRITICAL ESSAY ( RECOLLECTIONS ( ,KROPOTK9 WAS ONE ( ! LA/ ?+S HE WROTE1 & ?AT WAS ?IRTY-F\R YE>S AGO2 & SOME ( HIS WRIT+S SELECT$ = ?IS VOLUME GO BACK TO ! '#iS4 ,!RE HAVE BE5 TREM5D\S SOCIAL UPHEAVALS & ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5TS 9 !SE ?IRTY YE>S :I* ,MALATE/A1 W]E HE WRIT+ !SE CONCLUD+ L9ES = ME1 W\LD BE ! FIR/ TO RECOGNIZE & TAKE 9TO ACC\NT 9 =MULAT+ AN>*I/ TACTICS 9 ! '#fS ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,BUT WE %\LD BE W>Y ( CONFUS+ TE*NOLOGICAL & SCI5TIFIC DISCOV]IES & ADVANCEM5T ) POLITICAL PROGRESS & SOCIAL AW>5ESS4 ,OBVI\SLY 9 ! PA/ ?IRTY YE>S 9 ! FIELDS ( TE*NOLOGY & SCI5CE MANK9D HAS MADE /RIDES :I* ONLY FIFTY YE>S AGO MI<T HAVE BE5 CONSID]$ IMPOSSIBLE4 ,ON ! O!R H& ! GR[? ( RADICAL POLITICAL ?\<T & AW>5ESS DUR+ ! LATT] HALF ( ! #a#i? C5TURY IS A PH5OM5ON NOT EXP]I5C$ S9CE4 ,9DE$ ! *>ACT]I/IC ( \R AGE IS ?AT ?\< WE HAVE DEVELOP$ ! NEW SCI5CES TO ! PO9T :]E WE KN[ MORE AB\T \RSELVES1 AB\T \R MOTIVATIONS1 \R BEHAVIOR PATT]NS1 \R UNCONSCI\S ?\<TS2 :]E WE KN[ MORE AB\T ! WORK+S ( ! RUL+ GR\PS2 & ( ! ECONOMIC & F9ANCIAL SY/EM2 :]E AS A RESULT ( MASS COMMUNICATIONS SECRET DIPLOMACY & POLITICAL SC&ALS1 CANNOT REMA9 UNCOV]$1 AS EASILY AS 9 ! PA/1 REVOLUTION>Y AVANT-G>DE MOVEM5TS >E AT !IR L[E/ EBB1 & ,WE/]N ,MAN SEEMS UNABLE TO PROJECT1 LET ALONE REALIZE A WAY ( LIFE ?AT COMB9ES ! FULL SATISFACTION ( MAT]IAL NE$S ) 9DIVIDUAL FULFILLM5T & HAPP9ESS4 

,IT IS SIGNIFICANT ?AT 9 ! AFFLU5T NATIONS ( ! WORLD1 :]E AT LA/ ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS = ! REALIZATION ( SOCIALISM HAVE BE5 A*IEV$1 !RE IS NO LONG] A SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T WOR?Y ( ! NAME4 ,& ?AT 9 ! HUNGRY HALF ( ! WORLD ! MOVEM5TS ( 0LIB]ATION0 >E NATIONALI/IC & 9T5SELY HI]>*ICAL & POLITICAL1 & R>ELY 9FLU5C$ BY RADICAL REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC JU/ICE4 

,! TEMPTATION IS TO CONCLUDE ?AT ! AGE ( CLASSICAL REVOLUTION IS PASS$4 ,AS ONE SOCIOLOGI/ PUT IT 

,MOD]N REVOLUTION>Y !ORY WAS CONCEIV$ AT AN E>LY /AGE ( ,CAPITALISM1 9 A WORLD ( SC>CITY & RU?LESS EXPLOITATION1 :5 ONE C\LD ?9K ONLY ( A LIFE & DEA? /RUGGLE BETWE5 RI* & POOR 9 :I* ! POOR HAD NO?+ TO LOSE BUT HIS *A9S4 ,S9CE !N A SITUATION HAS DEVELOP$ 9 ADVANC$ 9DU/RIALI/ C\NTRIES :]E !RE >E TOO MANY PEOPLE :O C\LD LOSE ONLY BY REVOLUTION4 ,!Y W\LD !RE=E PREF] TO SEE A PEACEFUL TRANS=MATION T[>D A MORE 5LI<T5$ SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4.<#c#b.> 

,IT IS UND\BT$LY TRUE ?AT ! P[] /RUCTURE AT ! TOP HAS UND]GONE V]Y CONSID]ABLE *ANGE 9 ! PA/ ?IRTY YE>S1 & ?AT A GR[+ PROPORTION ( ! POPULATION1 BY REASON ( ITS ECONOMIC &_/OR SOCIAL /ATUS1 N[ HAS A /AKE 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY & WILL RESI/ ANY ATTEMPT AT RADICAL *ANGE4 ,BUT BECAUSE ! REVOLUTION>Y !ORY1 AS QUOT$ BY ,MANNHEIM1 HAS BE5 %[N TO BE FALLACI\S ANYWAY1 7! POOR BE+ MORE CONC]N$ ) !IR NEXT MEAL ?AN ) !IR *A9S1 >E ?US PREP>$ TO FOLL[ ANY DEMAGOGUE :O PROMISES !M A SQU>E MEAL EV]Y DAY 9 RETURN = !IR POLITICAL S]VITUDE7 & REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS1 AT ALL TIMES1 A SMALL SECTION ( ! COMMUNITY1 ! *ANCES ( A REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVAL 9 ?IS RESPECT HAVE NOT BE5 MADE ALL ?AT MU* MORE DIFFICULT BY ! 0MANAG]IAL REVOLUTION0 ON ! O!R SIDE4 

,TO ASSUME ?AT !SE ELEM5TS 9 !MSELVES REPRES5T A =MIDABLE PHYSICAL OB/ACLE1 :I* DAILY GR[S L>G]1 IS TO IGNORE ! LESSONS ( ,ALG]IA & ,K5YA = 9/ANCE & TO EXAGG]ATE :ITE MILITANCY 9 ,S\!RN ,RHODESIA & ,S\? ,AFRICA4 ,9 ! =M]1 ! )DRAWAL ( ! MILIT>Y MI<T ( ! RESPECTIVE ,METROPOLITAN P[]S REVEAL$ ! BANKRUPTCY ( ! MILITANT BOA/+ ( ! 0COLONS40 ,WE HAVE YET TO SEE H[ MILITANT !Y WILL BE 9 ,S4 ,RHODESIA & ,S\? ,AFRICA IF & :5 !Y >E RESI/$ BY >M$ ,AFRICANS1 & NOT BY MORAL >GUM5TS & ! ,LU?ULI TACTICS ( NONVIOL5CE1 :I* IT C\LD BE >GU$1 HAVE BE5 %[N TO BE 9ADEQUATE 9 DEAL+ ) !SE TWO SITUATIONS ( 9JU/ICE4 

,MANNHEIM1 9 HIS OBS]VATIONS ON DICTATOR%IP1 PO9TS \T ?AT 0GIV5 MOD]N SOCIAL TE*NIQUES1 A M9ORITY WILL NEV] H& OV] P[] TO AN UN>M$ MAJORITY40 ,HE FOLL[S ?IS EM95TLY ,MALATE/IAN & AN>*I/ REM>K ) 0,REVOLUTION AGA9/ ANY TOTALIT>IAN P[]1 ONCE 5TR5*$1 IS NE>LY HOPELESS4 ,NO E/ABLI%$ TOTALIT>IAN REGIME1 :ATEV] ITS POLITICAL CRE$1 CAN BE BROK5 FROM )92 IT TAKES AN EXT]NAL W> TO UNSEAT IT40 ,FROM :I*1 9 HIS OP9ION1 0IT FOLL[S ?AT ! UTOPIAN HOPES ( ! ,COMMUNI/S ?AT !IR DICTATOR%IP W\LD GRADUALLY FADE AWAY >E EV5 MORE VISION>Y ?AN MANY ( !IR O!R OV]-OPTIMI/IC EXPECTATIONS40 

,:ILE AGREE+ ) ,MANNHEIM ?AT ! 0WI!R+ AWAY0 ( ! ,/ATE !ORY ( ! ,M>XI/S IS 0VISION>Y10 ASSUM+ ?AT IT WAS EV] EXPRESS$ BY !M 9 GOOD FAI?1 ONE CANNOT ALL[ ,MANNHEIM'S EQUALLY UTOPIAN FAI? 9 ! POSITIVE ROLE ( 0EXT]NAL W> TO UNSEAT0 TOTALIT>IAN P[] TO PASS UN*ALL5G$4 ,HIS SIMPLIFICATIONS H>DLY /& UP TO EXAM9ATION4 ,! LA/ W> 7#a7 UNSEAT$ ! ,HITL] & ,MUSSOL9I GANGS 7#b7 AID$ ,FRANCO'S REGIME--AT A TIME :5 ACCORD+ TO ,MANNHEIM'S >GUM5TS IT C\LD HAVE DE/ROY$ IT 7#c7 CONSOLIDAT$ ! P[] ( ! ,/AL9 REGIME 9 ,RUSSIA 7#d7 & AS A RESULT ( ITS POSSESSION ( ! ,ATOMIC ,BOMB & ! F9ANCIAL ADVANTAGES RESULT+ FROM ITS LATE 5TRY 9 ! ,W>1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES EM]G$ AS ! DOM9AT+ WORLD ,P[]1 POLITICALLY & ECONOMICALLY4 

,?US IF IT CAN BE %[N ?AT 0EXT]NAL W>0 HAS UNSEAT$ DICTATOR%IP IT HAS ALSO CONSOLIDAT$ O!RS1 AS WELL AS CREAT+ NEW ONES 9 ! PROCESS6 ,SO ?AT ON BALANCE1 CONSID]+ ! PRICE MANK9D PAYS 9 DEA? & DE/RUCTION1 ANY ADVANTAGES ?AT CAN BE 5JOY$ BY ! SURVIVORS >E NOT POLITICAL BUT IF ANY?+ ECONOMIC ONES4 ,! *>ACT]I/IC ( MOD]N W> IS ! TE*NOLOGICAL PROGRESS ?AT IT /IMULATES & SUBSIDIZES AT ALL CO/S4 

,MO/ ( US WELCOME ! LABOR-SAV+ GADGETS ?AT >E N[ )9 ! REA* ( \R PURSES1 BUT )\T CONSID]+ ! T]RIBLE PRICE AT :I* ?IS TE*NOLOGICAL BREAK?R\< HAS BE5 B\<T NOR ! PRICE \R *ILDR5 & FUTURE G5]ATIONS WILL HAVE TO PAY TO LIQUIDATE \R DEBT ( FOLLY4 ,SOME ( US DO1 & ?AT M9ORITY 9 ! AFFLU5T SOCIETY IS ! GU>ANTEE ?AT HUMAN VALUES WILL SURVIVE 9 AN 5VIRONM5T ( MILK & GADGETS JU/ AS !Y EM]G$ 9 ONE ( ABJECT POV]TY LORD$ OV] BY AN >I/OCRACY ( UNDISGUIS$ WEAL? & PRIVILEGE4 

,MALATE/A'S ANALYSIS ( ,CAPITALISM IS /ILL VALID2 MASS PRODUCTION NE$S1 & EV5 CREATES1 MASS M>KETS4 ,YET ! RAISON D'ETRE ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMICS IS /ILL PR(ITS1 & !RE=E ! 0>TIFICIAL SC>CITY ( GOODS0 :I* ,MALATE/A REF]R$ TO 9 ! #a#i#bS AS 0A *>ACT]I/IC0 ( ?AT SY/EM1 /ILL OBTA9S1 & 9 ?AT CASE IT IS REASONABLE TO SUPPOSE ?AT ! 0AFFLU5CE0 WE 5JOY 9 ! ,WE/ IS NOT ! RESULT ( A *ANGE ( HE>T AMONG CAPITALI/S1 BUT ! *ANCE EFFECT ( A CAUSE S]V+ AT ! SAME TIME O!R 9T]E/S4 

,HAVE ! CAPITALI/S !N1 9 S]V+ !IR 9T]E/S AT ! SAME TIME SIL5C$ POPUL> OPPOSITION BY DANGL+ ! C>ROT ( FULL EMPLOYM5T & 0AFFLU5CE0 9 FRONT ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE8 ,!Y HAV5'T1 & NOT ONLY >E !Y UNABLE TO GU>ANTEE FULL EMPLOYM5T 7ASSUM+ ?AT !Y CONSID]$ IT TO BE GOOD BUS9ESS7 BUT NEI!R CAN !Y CONTROL !IR EMPLOYES' DEM&S1 = AS ,MALATE/A PO9T$ \T1 ! MORE SUCCESSFUL !Y >E 9 PRESS+ !IR DEM&S ! MORE WILL !Y DEM&4 

,9 O!R WORDS1 G5]AL PROSP]ITY1 :I* ALSO MEANS MORE $UCATION AS WELL AS MORE MAT]IAL ?+S1 DOES NOT RESULT 9 A PASSIVE OR CONT5T$ ACCEPTANCE ( A CLASS /RUCTURE & A PRIVILEG$ SOCIETY4 ,JU/ AS ! 9T5TIONS ( MASS COMMUNICATIONS 7AP>T FROM BE+ PR(ITABLE BUS9ESS7 :I* >E TO CONDITION ! MASS-READ+ PUBLIC1 ALSO PRODUCE ! OPPOSITE EFFECT ON L>GE NUMB]S ( PEOPLE1 SO PROSP]ITY 7MORE $UCATION7 PRODUCES GR[+ FEEL+S ( RES5TM5T AMONG WAGE E>N]S AT HAV+ TO BE ORD]$ AB\T BY ANO!R1 SIMPLY BECAUSE HE DISPOSES ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,!RE IS A GR[+ CYNICISM AB\T ! ALLEG$ SUP]IOR QUALITIES ( ?OSE :O CONTROL \R POLITICAL LIFE1 AS WELL AS LESS ACCEPTANCE ?AN 9 ! PA/ ( ! O/5TATI\S WAYS ( LIFE ( ! WEAL?Y P>ASITES 9 \R MID/4 ,/ATE FUN]ALS = POLITICIANS >E OBVI\S ATTEMPTS TO REHABILITATE ! =M]1 & FOOTBALL POOLS1 ) ! OCCASIONAL HUGE PRIZE W9N+S1 AN OP5 SESAME TO ! MILLIONAIRES' CLUB = ! MAN 9 ! /REET4 ,BUT ! DILEMMA ( CAPITALISM CANNOT BE SOLV$ BY !SE OBVI\S TRICKS1 :ATEV] !Y MAY DO 9 ! %ORT T]M TO DI/RACT ATT5TION FROM ! MAJOR ISSUES4 

,EV5 ASSUM+ ?AT ! PROBLEMS ( WORLD HUNG] & POV]TY CAN & WILL BE SATISFACTORILY SOLV$ 9 ! NEXT TW5TY YE>S1 & ,I MAKE ! ASSUMPTION ONLY 9 ORD] TO >GUE = ! VALIDITY ( AN>*Y 9 A WORLD 9 :I* ! BASIC MAT]IAL NE$S ( LIFE HAVE BE5 SATISFI$1 ! FACT IS1 IF ! CAPITALI/1 OR /ATE-SOCIALI/1 SY/EMS SUCCE$ 9 SOLV+ ! PROBLEMS ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION 9 A WAY ?AT 5SURES ! BASIC NECESSITIES TO MA9TA9 HEAL? = EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL 9 ! WORLD1 !Y WILL /ILL NOT HAVE T\*$ ! PROBLEM ( ,AU?ORITY4 

,HAV+ FILL$ ! EMPTY BELLIES !Y >E1 WILLY-NILLY FE$+ M9DS1 UNTIL !N EXCLUSIVELY OBSESS$ BY FOOD1 ) IDEAS1 ) AMBITIONS1 DREAMS1 P[]1 LOVE4 ,?US HAV+ SOLV$ ! PROBLEM ( HUNG] ! RUL+ ELITE W\LD SURR\ND ITSELF ) DOT+ FOLL[]S1 BUT ALSO 9 A %ORT TIME HAVE TO CONT5D ) ! PRESSURES FROM ?OSE HUNGRY = ! FRUITS ( P[] AS WELL AS FROM ?OSE SIMPLY DESIR\S ( RUNN+ !IR [N LIVES )\T BE+ BOSS$ >\ND FROM ABOVE4 

,MALATE/A1 SPEAK+ = ! LATT]1 DID NOT MAKE ! MI/AKE ( CONFUS+ !M ) ?OSE HE DESCRIB$ AS 0/RONG1 9TELLIG5T1 PASSIONATE 9DIVIDUALS1 ) /RONG MAT]IAL OR 9TELLECTUAL NE$S1 :O F9D+ !MSELVES BY *ANCE1 AMONG ! OPPRESS$1 SEEK1 AT ALL CO/S TO EMANCIPATE !MSELVES1 & DO NOT RES5T BECOM+ OPPRESSORS4444 0,!Y >E REBELS BUT NOT AN>*I/S10 HE CONCLUD$1 BECAUSE !Y HAD BO? ! FEEL+S & M5TALITY ( 0UNSUCCESSFUL B\RGEOIS0 & :5 !Y DO SUCCE$ !Y NOT ONLY BECOME B\RGEOIS 09 FACT0 BUT >E 0NOT ! LEA/ UNPLEASANT AMONG !M40 ,! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T HAS TO ?IS DAY BE5 UNABLE TO PROTECT ITSELF FROM ! ,COL9 ,WILSONS & O!R 0REBELS0 ( ?IS WORLD :O W]E NEV] AN>*I/S4 ,S9CE WE CANNOT PREV5T ANYONE FROM CALL+ HIMSELF BY :ATEV] NAME HE LIKES1 ALL WE CAN DO1 DECL>$ ,MALATE/A1 IS TO 0TRY TO PREV5T ANY CONFUSION1 OR AT LEA/ SEEK TO R$UCE IT TO A M9IMUM10 EV5 IF !RE MAY BE CIRCUM/ANCES 9 :I* WE 0F9D !M ALONGSIDE US40 ,?IS1 IT SEEMS TO ME IS A POSITIVE REACTION2 ! ALT]NATIVES LEAD TO SECT>IANISM1 ISOLATION1 & 9 AN>*I/ T]MS1 TO AN EXTREME =M ( 9DIVIDUALISM4 

,MALATE/A ALSO AVOID$ ! MI/AKE1 NOT UNCOMMON 9 AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS1 ( SEEK+ TO C\NT]ACT ! ILL-EFFECTS1 OR ! FAILURE1 ( ONE EXTREME BY OPT+ = ANO!R4 ,! ANSW] TO ! EXCESSES ( 0PROPAG&A BY ! DE$0 WAS NOT ,TOL/OYAN 0PASSIVE AN>*Y0 ANY MORE ?AN ORGANIZATION ) P>TY DISCIPL9E WAS ! ANSW] TO UNCOORD9AT$ ACTIONS1 OR FAI? 9 ! 9EVITABILITY ( AN>*Y4 ,SIMIL>LY ! FAILURE ( 9SURRECTION>Y ATTEMPTS 9 ! E>LY DAYS ( ! MOVEM5T L$ TO ! EXCESSIVE FAI?1 ( SOME1 9 ! P[]S ( ! 0G5]AL /RIKE10 :ILE O!RS CONC]N$ BY ! 9SUFFICI5T 9FLU5CE EX]T$ BY AN>*I/S 9 ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS & REVOLUTION>Y P>TIES1 EI!R S\<T TO CONTRACT \T ( SOCIETY 7BY />T+ ISOLAT$ COMMUNITIES7 OR BECAME SO 9VOLV$ 9 ,TRADES ,UNION & P>TY ACTIVITIES1 ?AT MANY 5D$ UP BY BE+ !IR SPOKESM54 

,9 /E]+ A MIDDLE C\RSE1 ,MALATE/A WAS UND\BT$LY GUID$ BY A LONG EXP]I5CE & OBS]VATION ( ! FATE ( !SE EXTREME ATTITUDES & GR\P+S1 NO LESS ?AN BY HIS CLE> IMAGE ( ! ROLE ( AN>*I/S 9 ! SOCIAL /RUGGLE4 ,F> FROM ?IS MIDDLE C\RSE IMPLY+ COMPROMISE & RE=MISM1 ,MALATE/A S\<T TO 5SURE ?AT ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T %\LD ALWAYS RETA9 ITS FUNDAM5TAL *>ACT]I/ICS BUT )\T !REBY BE+ CONDEMN$ TO /]ILITY & ! ROLE ( PASSIVE OBS]V]S ( ! WORLD POLITICAL SC5E4 

,AP>T FROM ! E>LY YE>S1 :5 HE TOO WAS C>RI$ AWAY BY ! BAKUN9I/ IDEAS ( SUCCESSFUL LOCAL 9SURRECTIONS SETT+ ! WORLD ON FIRE1 ,MALATE/A WAS ONLY TOO AW>E ( ! IMPROBABILITY ( A*IEV+ ! AN>*I/ REVOLUTION 9 A =ESEEABLE FUTURE1 & ONE CAN !RE=E UND]/& :Y HE %\LD HAVE /E]$ CLE> ( BO? K9DS ( AN>*I/ EXTREMI/S3 ?OSE :O W]E CONV9C$ ( ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( EV] A*IEV+ AN>*ISM 7SU* AS ! 9DIVIDUALI/S7 NO LESS ?AN ?OSE :O ?\<T IT C\LD BE U%]$ 9 OV]NI<T BY TOPPL+ A FEW HEADS ( ,/ATE1 BY A SUCCESSFUL ,G5]AL ,/RIKE1 OR BY A MASS SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATION4 

,= !SE REASONS HE AVOID$ DOGMATIC PO/URES & REFUS$ TO W9 APPLAUSE BY ORATORICAL FL\RI%ES4 ,HE C\LD NOT1 = 9/ANCE1 CONCEIVE ( A WORLD OR EV5 A COMMUNITY 9 :I* ABSOLUTE FRE$OM REIGN$4 0,MUTUAL ,AID0 IS NOT 0A ,LAW ( ,NATURE0--0NATURAL ,MAN IS 9 A /ATE ( CONT9U\S CONFLICT ) HIS FELL[S44440 ,HE WAS AN AN>*I/ BECAUSE IT CORRESPOND$ 0BETT] ?AN ANY O!R WAY ( SOCIAL LIFE0 TO ! K9D ( LIFE HE WI%$ TO LIVE1 :I* = HIM 9CLUD$1 0! GOOD ( ALL0 A CONSID]ATION1 9 ,MALATE/A'S CASE1 FREE FROM S5TIM5TAL OR ORATORICAL OV]TONES 9 VIEW ( HIS REALI/IC APPRAISAL ( HUMAN PROBLEMS4 

,9 #aib :5 HE WAS $ITOR ( ! AN>*I/ DAILY1 ,UMANITA ,NOVA & 9CIT+1 AS WELL AS1 HOP+ = F>-REA*+ POPUL> ACTION1 HE WAS NEV] TEMPT$ TO WRITE-D[N OR SIMPLIFY ! PROBLEMS ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION3 0,! NE$S1 TA/ES1 ASPIRATIONS1 & 9T]E/S ( MANK9D0--HE WROTE--0>E NEI!R SIMIL> NOR NATURALLY H>MONI\S2 (T5 !Y >E DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ & ANTAGONI/IC4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! LIFE ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL IS SO CONDITION$ BY ! LIFE ( O!RS ?AT IT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE1 EV5 ASSUM+ IT W]E CONV5I5T TO DO SO1 TO ISOLATE ONESELF1 & LIVE ONE'S [N LIFE4 ,SOCIAL SOLID>ITY IS A FACT FROM :I* NO ONE CAN ESCAPE40 

,HAV+ PRES5T$ :AT IS1 9 HIS OP9ION A REALI/IC PICTURE ( ! HUMAN SITUATION ,MALATE/A SUGGE/S ?AT 

.<,SOCIAL ,SOLID>ITY.> CAN BE FREELY & CONSCI\SLY ACCEPT$ & 9 CONSEQU5CE B5EFIT ALL CONC]N$1 OR IT CAN BE ACCEPT$ WILLY-NILLY1 CONSCI\SLY OR O!RWISE1 9 :I* CASE IT MANIFE/S ITSELF BY ! SUBJECTION ( ONE TO ANO!R1 BY ! EXPLOITATION ( SOME BY O!RS4 

,ORGANIZATION IS SURELY ONE ( ! BASIC MANIFE/ATIONS ( HUMAN SOLID>ITY & ONE IS NOT SURPRIS$ TO F9D ,MALATE/A 9 #ahig DEF9+ AN>*Y AS 0SOCIETY ORGANIZ$ )\T AU?ORITY04 ,TO SAY1 AS ,JOLL CONDESC5D+LY DOES1 ?AT HE 0HAD ALWAYS ACCEPT$ SOME DEGREE ( ORGANIZATION10 9 ORD] TO CONCLUDE ?AT 9 ! POLEMIC BETWE5 ,MALATE/A & ! !N AN>*O-SYNDICALI/1 ,MONATTE1 IT WAS ! LATT] 0:O WAS RI<T10 IS TO DI/ORT ! QUE/IONS AT ISSUE BETWE5 ! TWO MILITANTS AT ! ,AM/]DAM ,CONGRESS ( #a#i#g4 ,9DE$ ,MALATE/A W5T SO F> AS TO PO9T \T 9 ?AT SAME PIECE ( #ahig ?AT 

W]E WE TO BELIEVE ?AT ORGANIZATION WAS NOT POSSIBLE )\T AU?ORITY WE W\LD BE AU?ORIT>IANS BECAUSE WE W\LD /ILL PREF] AU?ORITY1 :I* FETT]S & IMPOV]I%ES LIFE1 TO DISORGANIZATION :I* MAKES LIFE IMPOSSIBLE 7MY ITALICS7 

& EV]Y?+ HE WROTE SUBSEQU5TLY EMPHASIZ$ ! NE$ =1 )\T MAK+ A CULT \T (1 ORGANIZATION4 ,ORGANIZATION IS 0A NECESS>Y ASPECT ( SOCIAL LIFE0 FROM :I* NOBODY CAN ESCAPE 

& EV5 ! MO/ EXTREME ANTI-ORGANIZ]S NOT ONLY >E SUBJECT TO ! G5]AL ORGANIZATION ( ! SOCIETY !Y LIVE 91 BUT 9 ! VOLUNT>Y ACTIONS 9 !IR LIVES1 & 9 !IR REBELLION AGA9/ ORGANIZATION1 !Y UNITE AMONG !MSELVES1 !Y %>E \T !IR TASKS1 !Y ORGANIZE ) :OM !Y >E 9 AGREEM5T1 & USE ! MEANS ?AT SOCIETY PUTS AT !IR DISPOSAL4 

,AS TO ORGANIZATION ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 NOT ONLY DID HE CONSID] IT 0USEFUL & NECESS>Y40 ,9 HIS VIEW ACTIVITY 9 ISOLATION1 :5 POSSIBILITIES EXI/$ TO COORD9ATE1 OR JO9 IT1 ) ! ACTIVITIES ( A /RONG GR\P CONDEMN$ ONE TO IMPOT5CE1 & TO WA/+ ONE'S EF=TS 9 SMALL 9EFFECTUAL ACTION4 

,H]E AGA91 ,MALATE/A'S APPROA* WAS ANY?+ BUT DOGMATIC4 ,= HIS EXP]I5CE ON ! DAILY AN>*I/ PAP] MADE HIM QUE/ION1 9 RETROSPECT1 ! WISDOM 7& ,I ASSUME ?IS TO MEAN ! EFFECTIV5ESS1 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( PROPAG&A7 ( SEEK+ TO RECONCILE ALL ! AN>*I/ CURR5TS ( ?\<T 9 ONE PAP]1 9 A P]IOD ( POLITICAL F]M5T SU* AS ,ITALY WAS PASS+ ?R\< 9 ! IMM$IATE PO/W> YE>S4 ,IF ONE JUXTAPOSES !SE ) ! FOLL[+ OBS]VATIONS 

,ISOLAT$1 SPORADIC PROPAG&A 444 S]VES LITTLE OR NO PURPOSE4 ,9 ! CONDITIONS ( AW>5ESS & MIS]Y 9 :I* ! MASSES LIVE1 & ) SO MANY =CES AGA9/ US1 SU* PROPAG&A IS =GOTT5 & LO/ BE=E ITS EF=TS CAN GR[ & BE> FRUIT4 ,! SOIL IS TOO UNGRATEFUL = SE$S S[N HAPHAZ>DLY TO G]M9ATE & MAKE ROOTS 

ONE IS PROBABLY JU/IFI$ 9 CONCLUD+ ?AT ,MALATE/A FELT ?AT :5 PROPAG&A WAS AT A L[ EBB IT WAS TIME = AN>*I/S ( ALL %ADES TO S9K !IR TACTICAL DIFF]5CES1 & SEEK TO COMB9E 9 PROPAGAT+ ! IDEAS1 ! 5DS1 !Y HELD 9 COMMON1 BUT ?AT :5 ! MOVEM5T WAS /RONG1 & ! POLITICAL 5VIRONM5T PROMIS+ FROM A REVOLUTION>Y PO9T ( VIEW1 !Y %\LD UNITE :]E POSSIBLE BUT NOT HESITATE TO HAVE !IR RESPECTIVE ORGANS ( EXPRESSION4 

,A CRITICAL /UDY ( ! 9T]NATIONAL AN>*I/ PRESS--NOT JU/ SIMPLY A BIBLIOGRAPHY--W\LD NOT ONLY BE REVEAL+1 BUT IMPORTANT 9 AN ATTEMPT TO FUR!R AN>*I/ IDEAS4 ,9 ! PA/ FIFTY YE>S ! :OLE ECONOMICS ( PR9T+ & PUBLI%+ HAVE RADICALLY *ANG$--& UNFAVORABLY FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! M9ORITY PRESS4 ,EQUALLY ! VOICE ( MASS COMMUNICATIONS HAS C5TUPL$ 9 ?AT TIME1 & RELATIVELY !RE=E ! DIFFICULTIES ( GETT+ A HE>+ = AN>*I/ IDEAS EV] GREAT]4 ,YET ?R\<\T ! WORLD ! AN>*I/ GR\PS & MOVEM5TS EA* GO ON /RUGGL+ TO PRODUCE !IR PAP]S & !IR J\RNALS )\T ANY ATTEMPT AT COORD9AT+ !IR EF=TS OR EV5 E/ABLI%+ ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y K9D ( 9=MATION S]VICE :I* W\LD HELP TO PROVIDE FACTUAL BACKGR\ND MAT]IAL ON POLITICAL & O!R EV5TS ( TOPICAL 9T]E/1 :ILE LEAV+ EA* J\RNAL FREE TO CONTRIBUTE ITS [N 9T]PRETATION4 

,F> FROM SUGGE/+ ?AT ! AN>*I/ PRESS %\LD BE C5TRALIZ$ 7SU* AN ATTEMPT WAS MADE 9 ,SPA9 BY ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I ,COMMITTEES 9 #ai* ) DISA/R\S CONSEQU5CES74 ,I AM SUGGE/+ ?AT 9T]NATIONALLY ITS RES\RCES C\LD BE US$ MORE EFFECTIVELY IF !Y W]E COORD9AT$4 ,I AM ALSO SUGGE/+ ?AT SU* COORD9ATION W\LD NOT ONLY IMPROVE ! TOPICAL CONT5T ( ! V>I\S J\RNALS1 BUT W\LD ALSO RESULT 9 ! DISCUSSION ( AN>*I/ IDEAS & TACTICS BY AN>*I/S 9T]NATIONALLY4 ,9 ,MALATE/A'S TIME !RE WAS A F]M5T ( IDEAS S+UL>LY LACK+ TODAY 9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 

,DO WE REALLY KN[ ALL ! ANSW]S8 ,HAVE WE RE/AT$ AN>*ISM 9 CURR5T T]MS ) ALL ! WEAL? ( SOCIOLOGICAL RESE>* AT \R DISPOSAL8 ,HAVE WE REEXAM9$ AN>*I/ TACTICS 9 ! LI<T ( ! MOM5T\S EV5TS TE*NOLOGICAL & POLITICAL ?AT HAVE TAK5 PLACE 9 ! PA/ ?IRTY YE>S8 ,HAVE WE UND]/OOD ! DEVELOPM5TS 9 ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 & 9 GOV]NM5T 9 !SE PO/W> YE>S & HAVE WE MADE AN ANALYSIS ( !IR SIGNIFICANCE 9 AN>*I/ T]MS8 ,I ?9K NOT1 & ,I SAY ?IS AS AN ASSIDU\S READ] ( AN>*I/ LIT]ATURE ( ALL K9DS 9 F\R LANGUAGES1 AS WELL AS 9 ALL HUMILITY1 9 VIEW ( MY CLOSE ASSOCIATION ) ! PUBLI%+ ACTIVITIES ( ,FRE$OM ,PRESS OV] MANY YE>S4 

,9 ! C\RSE ( COMPIL+ ?IS VOLUME ,I HAVE BE5 MADE ONLY TOO AW>E ( ! 9ADEQUACIES ( AN>*I/ PROPAG&A 9 DEAL+ ) ! MEANS :I* WE BELIEVE WILL LEAD A UNIV]SALLY AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETY 91 AT LEA/1 A LIB]T>IAN DIRECTION4 ,& AS ,I WAS PO9T+ \T E>LI] \R *OICE ( PANACEAS IS DET]M9$ BY CIRCUM/ANCES1 ) ! T5D5CY TO VE] FROM ONE EXTREME TO ANO!R4 ,MY POLITICAL $UCATION 9CLUD$1 = 9/ANCE1 UNQUE/ION+ 0FAI?0 9 ! EFFICACY ( ! 0,G5]AL ,/RIKE0 AS ! ANSW] TO EV]Y AN>*I/'S PRAY]1 & 9 ! C\RSE ( ! YE>S1 LIKE MANY ( MY COMRADES1 ,I HAVE CALL$ ON ! 0G5]AL /RIKE0 TO PUT ?+S RI<T1 JU/ AS SOCIALI/S HAVE APPEAL$ TO 0REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T0 TO SOLVE ALL ! PROBLEMS /EMM+ FROM 0BAD0 GOV]NM5TS6 

,IT WAS ONLY BECAUSE ,I 9T5D$ TO 9CLUDE 9 ! ,SELECTIONS A SECTION ON ! 0G5]AL /RIKE0 ?AT ,I DISCOV]$ ?AT ,MALATE/A HAD WRITT5 V]Y LITTLE ON ! SUBJECT & ?AT :5 HE DID IT WAS G5]ALLY TO W>N AGA9/ PLAC+ TOO HI< HOPES 9 ! G5]AL /RIKE AS A WEAPON ( SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,?IS L$ ME TO R]EAD SOME ( ! LIT]ATURE ON ! SUBJECT 9CLUD+ ,B]KMAN'S VALUABLE ,A,B,C ( ,AN>*ISM 7REC5TLY REISSU$ BY ,FRE$OM ,PRESS7 ,I APP5D ! RESULTS ( MY [N SOME:AT CURSORY READ+1 MORE AS AN ILLU/RATION ( ! EXTREMISM 7ONE WAY OR ! O!R7 ( AN>*I/ POSITIONS & ! UNQUE/ION+ ACCEPTANCE ( \R PANACEAS1 ?AN AS CONFIRMATION ( ,MALATE/A'S !SIS OR HIS WAY ( SUMM+ UP ! PROBLEMS1 & ( EVALUAT+ :I*1 9 ! CIRCUM/ANCES >E ! BE/ TACTICS1 ?\< ,I FEEL ?AT WE HAVE SOME?+ TO LE>N 9 !SE DIRECTIONS TOO4 

,I,I 

,9 ! E>LY '#bS ,MALATE/A WAS WRIT+ ( ! G5]AL /RIKE ?AT IT WAS A P[]FUL WEAPON ( /RUGGLE 9 ! H&S ( ! WORK]S & 0IS1 OR C\LD BE1 A WAY & ! OCCASION TO DET]M9E A RADICAL SOCIAL REVOLUTION40 ,! SITUATION WAS ANALOG\S TO ?AT 9 ,SPA9 F\RTE5 YE>S LAT]1 A WEAK GOV]NM5T UNABLE TO IMPOSE ITS AU?ORITY2 ! WORK]S ON ! V]GE ( REVOLUTION2 ! ,RI<T US+ ! SOCIALI/ R5EGADE ,MUSSOL9I TO REE/ABLI% ! RULE ( 0,LAW & ,ORD]40 ,! OBVI\S & VITAL DIFF]5CE WAS ?AT :]EAS 9 ,SPA9 ! REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS CAPTUR$ ! IMAG9ATION ( ! RE=MI/S & 9DIFF]5TS1 & SWEPT !M =W>D1 9 ,ITALY ! DEAD H& ( ! SOCIALI/ POLITICIANS & ,TRADE ,UNION LEAD]S KILL$ ! REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIALITIES ( ! SITUATION4 ,OBVI\SLY 9 SU* A SITUATION ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE AS ,MALATE/A PUT IT1 0IF UND]/OOD & US$ DIFF]5TLY FROM ! WAY ! OLD ADVOCATES ( ?IS WEAPON US$ IT0 C\LD HAVE BE5 A 0REALLY EFFECTIVE MEANS = SOCIAL TRANS=MATION40 ,NEV]!LESS 9 G5]AL T]MS HE ASK$ HIMSELF :E!R 0! IDEA ( ! G5]AL /RIKE HAS NOT DONE MORE H>M ?AN GOOD TO ! REVOLUTION>Y CAUSE40 

,IT WAS SOME YE>S E>LI]1 AT ! ,AN>*I/ ,CONGRESS 9 ,AM/]DAM 9 #a#i#g1 ?AT ,MALATE/A EXPRESS$ HIS REASONS :I* W]E ?AT3 ,FIR/LY1 MANY SYNDICALI/S W]E ADVOCAT+ ! G5]AL /RIKE AS A SUB/ITUTE = ! 9SURRECTION1 & SECONDLY ?AT !Y OV]LOOK$ ! LIMITATIONS ( ! G5]AL /RIKE AS A WEAPON 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/ REGIME4 

,)\T HAV+ ANY ILLUSIONS AB\T !IR PA/ A*IEVEM5TS1 ,MALATE/A SAW ?AT AT LEA/ /EADY PROGRESS HAD BE5 MADE 9 ! RI<T DIRECTION BY ! 9SURRECTION>Y SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 BE=E IT WAS HALT$ BY ! EM]G5CE ( ,M>XISM1 0) ITS DOGMAS & FATALISM0 & 0UN=TUNATELY1 ) ITS SCI5TIFIC PRET5SES 7WE W]E 9 A P]IOD ( FULL1 SCI5TIFI/ EUPHORIA71 ,M>XISM GAVE FALSE HOPES & ALSO ATTRACT$ OR DIV]T$ MO/ ( ! AN>*I/S40 ,!Y BEGAN BY SAY+ ?AT 0! REVOLUTION COMES BUT IS NOT MADE0 ?AT SOCIALISM W\LD 09EVITABLY COME AB\T0 9 ! ORD] ( ?+S1 & ?AT ! POLITICAL FACTOR 7:I* ,MALATE/A PO9TS \T IS 0AFT] ALL SIMPLY VIOL5CE 9 ! S]VICE ( ECONOMIC 9T]E/S07 IS ( NO IMPORTANCE BECAUSE ! ECONOMIC QUE/ION DET]M9ES EV]Y ASPECT ( SOCIAL LIFE4 0,& SO 9SURRECTION>Y PREP>ATION WAS NEGLECT$ & PRACTICALLY AB&ON$4 ,F> FROM DESPIS+ ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE1 ! ANTI-9SURRECTIONAL ,M>XI/S LAT] DECID$ ?AT POLITICS WAS ! PR9CIPAL & ALMO/ ! ONLY MEANS TO BR+ AB\T ! TRIUMPH ( SOCIALISM ?AT IS1 ONCE !Y SAW ! POSSIBILITY ( 5T]+ ,P>LIAM5T & ( GIV+ TO ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE ! RE/RICT$ MEAN+ ( ELECTORAL /RUGGLE1 & ) ?IS MEANS !Y S\<T TO EXT+UI% 9 ! MASSES ALL 5?USIASM = 9SURRECTIONAL ACTION40 

,IT WAS 9 ?IS ATMOSPH]E1 WRITES ,MALATE/A1 ?AT ! IDEA ( ! G5]AL /RIKE WAS LAUN*$1 & 0WELCOM$ 5?USIA/ICALLY BY ?OSE :O HAD NO FAI? 9 P>LIAM5T>Y ACTION1 & SAW 9 IT A NEW & PROMIS+ ROAD LEAD+ TO POPUL> ACTION40 ,! TR\BLE WAS H[EV]1 ?AT MO/ ( !M VIEW$ ! G5]AL /RIKE 0NOT AS A MEANS ( DRAW+ ! MASSES T[>DS 9SURRECTION1 ?AT IS1 ( ! VIOL5T DE/RUCTION ( ! POLITICAL P[]1 & TO ! SEIZURE ( ! L&1 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ( ALL SOCIAL WEAL?1 BUT AS A SUB/ITUTE = ! 9SURRECTION1 A WAY ( '/>V+ ! B\RGEOISIE' & OBLIG+ IT TO CAPITULATE )\T A BL[ BE+ /RUCK40 ,F> FROM />V+ ! B\RGEOISIE1 0WE %\LD />VE \RSELVES FIR/10 WAS HIS CRYPTIC COMM5T4 

,?AT ,MALATE/A WAS NOT EXAGG]AT+ :5 HE REF]R$ TO ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE AS A PANACEA & AS A SUB/ITUTE = ! 9SURRECTION IS TO BE F\ND 9 A :OLE NUMB] ( PAMPHLETS PUBLI%$ AT ! TIME4 ,9 ?IS C\NTRY1 = 9/ANCE1 ! AN>*I/ PRESS ISSU$ ,>NOLD ,ROLL]'S WELL-KN[N ESSAY ON 0,! ,SOCIAL ,G5]AL ,/RIKE0 7,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#a#b7 9 :I* ONE READS ?AT1 0,! H]OIC TIMES ( ! BATTLE ON ! B>RICADES HAVE GONE BY40 ,! 0W9D+ LANES0 9 :I* A B>RICADE C\LD EASILY BE ]ECT$ & DEF5D$ HAVE BE5 REPLAC$ 9 L>GE CITIES BY 0BROAD LONG /REETS1 9 :I* ! COLUMNS ( AN >MY CAN EASILY OP]ATE & TAKE ! B>RICADES10 & EV5 ! PAV+ /ONES HAVE BE5 REPLAC$ BY WOOD5 BLOCKS & ASPHALT 0& SU* MAT]IAL IS NOT FIT = BUILD+ B>RICADES40 ,!RE=E1 ,ROLL] CONCLUDES 0IT W\LD BE FOOLI% = ! PEOPLE TO BEG9 A REVOLUTION1 RELY+ UPON SU* 9SUFFICI5T MEANS ( DEF5SE40 ,AN EXCELL5T >GUM5T AGA9/ B>RICADES 9 ,BOND ,/REET BUT NOT NECESS>ILY AGA9/ 9SURRECTION6 

,ROLL] ALSO DEALS ) ! PROBLEM ( FE$+ ! POPULATION DUR+ A G5]AL /RIKE3 

,AS SOON AS ! BAK]S & BUT*]S QUIT WORK+1 ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE WILL BE FELT MU* MORE 9T5SELY1 & IT WILL BE PROBABLY ! FIR/ TIME ?AT ! RUL+ CLASSES WILL UND]/& & FEEL :AT IT MEANS TO BE HUNGRY4444 ,! PROLET>IANS CAN /OP PRODUCTION1 BUT !Y CANNOT /OP CONSUMPTION4 ,9 ?IS WAY !Y W\LD DUR+ ! TRANSITION DO ! SAME ?+ AS ! RUL+ CLASSES HAVE DONE UN9T]RUPT$LY = ?\S&S ( YE>S--?AT IS1 0CONSUME )\T PRODUC+40 ,?IS ACTION ( ! RUL+ CLASSES ! WORK+ CLASS CALLS 0EXPLOITATION02 & IF ! PROLET>IANS DO IT1 ! POSSESS+ CLASSES CALL IT 0PLUND]+10 & ,SOCIALI/S CALL IT 0EXPROPRIATION40 

,9 #aig ,MALATE/A WAS TELL+ HIS FELL[ DELEGATES 9 ,AM/]DAM3 0,SOME ( ! 5?USIA/S ( ! G5]AL /RIKE GO SO F> AS TO ADMIT ?AT ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE 9VOLVES EXPROPRIATION4 ,BUT !N ! SOLDI]S COME4 ,>E WE TO LET \RSELVES BE %OT D[N8 ,( C\RSE NOT4 ,WE %\LD /& UP TO !M1 & ?AT W\LD MEAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,SO :Y NOT SAY ,REVOLUTION AT ONCE1 9/EAD ( ,G5]AL ,/RIKE8 

,?IS WAS NOT SIMPLY A QUE/ION ( WORDS = 9 ,MALATE/A'S VIEW IT W5T DEEP] ?AN ?AT3 

,! ADVOCATES ( ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE MAKE PEOPLE ?9K !Y CAN DO ?+S )\T FI<T+1 & ?US ACTUALLY SPOIL ! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT ( ! PEOPLE4 ,IT WAS PROPAG&A ( ?IS K9D ?AT BR\<T AB\T SU* ILLOGICAL POSITIONS AS ?AT TAK5 UP BY ! /RIK]S REC5TLY AT ,B>CELONA1 :]E !Y DID FI<T ! SOLDI]S1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME TREAT$ ) ! ,/ATE4 ,?IS WAS BECAUSE !Y W]E UND] ! DELUSION ?AT IT WAS ONLY AN ECONOMIC QUE/ION4 

,AGA9 ! IDEA EXPRESS$ BY SU* WRIT]S AS ,ROLL] ?AT 0:5 ! BAK]S & BUT*]S QUIT WORK+0 ! RUL+ CLASSES WILL 0PROBABLY = ! FIR/ TIME UND]/& :AT IT MEANS TO BE HUNGRY0 IS NOT ONLY D\BTFUL1 BUT EV5 IF IT W]E TRUE1 ! FACT IS ?AT !Y W\LD BE NO MORE WORSE (F ?AN ! RE/ ( ! POPULATION & ?AT %ORT ( EV]YBODY />V+ TO DEA? SOME?+ MU/ GIVE1 & IT IS 9EVITABLE ?AT IT WILL BE ! WORK]S1 = !Y & NOT ! EMPLOY]S >E ! PRODUC]S ( ! NECESSITIES ( LIFE4 ,MALATE/A >GU$ ?US BECAUSE HE WAS F> FROM CONV9C$ ?AT UND] CAPITALISM !RE WAS EV] OV]-PRODUCTION OR ?AT ! GRAN>IES & ! W>EH\SES W]E /UFF$ ) SURPLUS FOOD4 ,UNLIKE ,ROLL] :O BELIEV$ ?AT 

! CRISIS ( OV]-PRODUCTION IS ! BE/ GU>ANTEE = ! SUCCESS ( ! ,SOCIAL ,G5]AL ,/RIKE1 BECAUSE ! PRODUCTS ON H& P]MIT ! SATISFACTION ( ALL NE$S BE=E ! COMPLETE REORGANIZATION2 NAMELY1 BY A G5]AL 0,HELP Y\RSELF0 ON ! P>T ( ! WORK]S4 

,MALATE/A ALWAYS PO9T$ \T ?AT ! *>ACT]I/IC ( CAPITALISM IS UND]-RA!R ?AN OV]-PRODUCTION 7SEE ,SECTION #ab 0,PRODUCTION @& ,DI/RIBUTION07 & ?AT IT WAS A MI/AKE TO BELIEVE ?AT ! /OCKS ( FOOD & ESS5TIAL GOODS 9 ! L>GE CITIES WAS SUFFICI5T TO FE$ ! PEOPLE = MORE ?AN A FEW DAYS4 ,:5 PRESS$ BY ,MALATE/A TO 9VE/IGATE ! TRUE POSITION1 ,KROPOTK9 :O1 9 ALL HIS WRIT+S ON ! SUBJECT1 HAD BE5 A P>TIZAN ( ! PRIZE AU TAS 7TAK+ FROM ! /OREH\SES7 VIEW1 DISCOV]$ ?AT IF ! IMPORTS ( FOOD 9TO ,5GL& W]E /OPP$ = F\R WEEKS EV]YBODY 9 ! C\NTRY W\LD DIE ( />VATION2 & ?AT 9 SPITE ( ALL ! W>EH\SES 9 ,LONDON1 ! CAPITAL CITY WAS NEV] PROVISION$ = MU* MORE ?AN ?REE DAYS4 ,IS ! SITUATION MU* DIFF]5T TODAY 9 ,LONDON & 9 ALL ! L>GE CITIES ( ! WORLD8 

,MALATE/A (F]$ ! ,CONGRESS ( #aig :AT HE CALL$ 0A MORE OR LESS NOVEL CONCEPTION0 ( ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE3 NAMELY 0?AT 9 DEAL+ ) ?IS QUE/ION WE MU/ BEG9 BY CONSID]+ ! NECESSITY ( FOOD40 ,& 9 :I* CASE 

,A PEASANT /RIKE1 = 9/ANCE1 APPE>$ TO HIM AS ! GREATE/ ABSURDITY4 ,!IR ONLY TACTICS W]E IMM$IATE EXPROPRIATION1 & :]EV] WE F9D !M SETT+ TO WORK ON ?OSE L9ES IT IS \R BUS9ESS TO GO & HELP !M AGA9/ ! SOLDI]S4 ,& !N HE HAD READ SOME:]E ?AT WE \<T TO GO & SMA% ! RAILWAY BRIDGES6 ,HE WOND]$ :E!R ! ADVOCATES ( SU* FOOLI%NESS EV] REALIZ$ ?AT CORN HAS TO COME ! SAME WAY ! CANNONS COME4 ,TO ADOPT ! POLICY ( NEI!R CANNONS NOR CORN IS TO MAKE ALL REVOLUTIONI/S ! 5EMIES ( ! PEOPLE4 ,WE MU/ FACE ! CANNONS IF WE WANT ! CORN4 

0,WE MU/ FACE ! CANNONS IF WE WANT ! CORN0 SYMBOLIZES ! COMMONS5SE :I* 9=M$ ALL ,MALATE/A'S1 C\NSELS & HIS [N ACTIONS 9 ! LONG YE>S ( HIS POLITICAL MATURITY4 ,IT IS HIS APPROA* :I* EV5 9 ?IS NEW SCI5TIFIC AGE 9 :I* WE LIVE1 %\LD COMM5D ITSELF TO US TODAY4 ,IT IS NOT ONLY AB\T 0CANNONS & CORN0 ?AT HIS >GUM5TS HAVE ?AT R+ ( REALISM4 ,I SUGGE/ ?AT ?R\<\T ! ,SELECTIONS ?IS APPROA* IS APPLI$ TO EV]Y MAJOR PROBLEM4 ,= SIXTY YE>S ,MALATE/A WAS AN AN>*I/ BECAUSE IT 0W\LD CORRESPOND BETT] ?AN ANY O!R WAY ( SOCIAL LIFE1 TO MY DESIRE = ! GOOD ( ALL1 TO MY ASPIRATIONS T[>DS A SOCIETY :I* RECONCILES ! LIB]TY ( EV]YONE ) COOP]ATION & LOVE AMONG M51 & NOT BECAUSE AN>*ISM IS A SCI5TIFIC TRU? & A NATURAL LAW40 ,& = MO/ ( ?OSE SIXTY YE>S )\T EV] AB&ON+ !SE FEEL+S HIS FEET REMA9$ FIRMLY PLANT$ ON ! GR\ND4 ,9SURRECTION1 ,G5]AL /RIKES1 ,REVOLUTION1 ,AN>*Y--YES1 BUT ! EV]-RECURR+ W>N+ 9 ALL HIS !ORETICAL & AGITATIONAL WRIT+S IS ?AT ! COMMUNITY HAS TO GO ON EAT+ EV]Y DAY :ATEV] ! POLITICAL UPHEAVALS4 

,HE MAY WELL HAVE BE5 /AT+ ! OBVI\S BUT SO LONG AS IT IS OV]LOOK$ IT NE$S TO BE REPEAT$ AGA9 & AGA94 

,MONATTE'S TAUNT1 AFT] HE>+ ,MALATE/A'S VIEW AT ! #aig ,CONGRESS WAS 

,9 LI/5+ TONI<T TO ,MALATE/A BITT]LY CRITICIZ+ ! NEW REVOLUTION>Y CONCEPTS1 ,I FELT ?AT ,I WAS LI/5+ TO ! >GUM5TS ( A DI/ANT PA/4 ,TO !SE NEW CONCEPTS1 ! BRUTAL REALITY ( :I* FRI<T5S HIM1 ,MALATE/A HAS SIMPLY (F]$ ! OLD ,BLANQUI/ IDEAS :I* FONDLY IMAG9$ ?AT IT WAS POSSIBLE TO RE9VIGORATE ! WORLD BY MEANS ( A TRIUMPHANT >M$ 9SURRECTION4 

,FUR!RMORE1 ! REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S PRES5T TONI<T1 HAVE BE5 REPROA*$ = HAV+ DELIB]ATELY SACRIFIC$ AN>*ISM & ! REVOLUTION TO SYNDICALISM & ! G5]AL /RIKE4 ,WELL1 ,I WI% TO DECL>E1 ?AT \R AN>*ISM IS AS GOOD AS Y\RS & WE HAVE NO MORE 9T5TION ?AN Y\ HAVE DE METTRE NOT] DRAPEAU DANS NOT] PO*E 7( HID+ \R TRUE COLORS74 ,AS EV]YBODY H]E1 AN>*Y IS \R F9AL OBJECT4 ,BUT BECAUSE TIMES HAVE *ANG$1 WE HAVE ALSO MODIFI$ \R CONCEPT ( ! MOVEM5T & ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,! LATT] CANNOT BE A*IEV$ 9 ! MELD ( #a#h#d#h4 ,AS TO SYNDICALISM1 IF 9 SOME C\NTRIES 9 PRACTICE IT HAS GIV5 RISE TO SOME ]RORS & DEVIATIONS1 ! EXP]I5CE IS !RE :I* WILL PREV5T US FROM REPEAT+ !M4 ,IF 9/EAD ( CRITICIZ+ FROM ABOVE ! PA/1 PRES5T OR EV5 FUTURE %ORTCOM+S ( SYNDICALISM1 AN>*I/S W]E TO BECOME MORE CLOSELY 9VOLV$ 9 ITS ACTIVITY1 ! HIDD5 DANG]S ?AT MI<T BE CONTA9$ 9 SYNDICALISM W\LD ONCE = ALL BE EXORCIZ$6 

,MONATTE EXAGG]AT$ ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 SYNDICALI/S & AN>*I/S BECAUSE HE DID NOT OR = TACTICAL REASONS WAS NOT WILL+ TO TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! OP5+ S5T5CES 9 ,MALATE/A'S EXPOSE :I* MADE IT QUITE CLE> ?AT HE W\LD ONLY DEAL ) ?OSE ASPECTS ( HIS IDEAS 9 :I* 0HE WAS 9 DISAGREEM5T ) E>LI] SPEAK]S & 9 P>TICUL> ) ,MONATTE0 = TO DO O!RWISE W\LD SIMPLY MEAN BURD5+ DELEGATES ) ! K9D ( REPETITIONS :I* >E P]MISSIBLE AT MEET+S :5 ONE IS ADDRESS+ A HO/ILE OR 9DIFF]5T AUDI5CE4 ,BUT H]E--HE W5T ON TO ADD--0WE >E AMONG COMRADES & NONE ( Y\ HE>+ ME CRITICIZE :AT CAN BE CRITICIZ$ 9 SYNDICALISM WILL SURELY BE TEMPT$ TO TAKE ME = AN 5EMY ( WORK]S' ORGANIZATION & ACTION2 ANYONE :O DOES OBVI\SLY DOESN'T KN[ ME V]Y WELL60 

,)\T WI%+ TO BE UNK9D TO ,MONATTE1 :O REMA9$ DEVOT$ TO ! CAUSE ( REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM TO ! 5D ( A LONG LIFE1 BUT 9 ! 9T]E/S ( TRU?1 IT MU/ BE M5TION$ ?AT :]EAS ,MONATTE SUCCUMB$ TO ! TEMPTATIONS ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION A FEW YE>S LAT] 7?\< HE SOON LEFT !M71 ,MALATE/A NOT ONLY EXPOS$ ! DANG]S FROM ! BEG9N+ BUT RECEIV$ ! ANN\NCEM5T ( ,L59'S DEA? ) :AT WAS1 = ! REVOLUTION>Y ,LEFT1 NO LESS ?AN = SOME AN>*I/S1 ! %OCK+ REM>K 0,L59 IS DEAD4 ,LONG ,LIVE ! ,REVOLUTION60 

,I HAVE ONLY APP>5TLY DIV]G$ FROM ! SUBJECT ( ! PROS & CONS ( ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE AS A REVOLUTION>Y WEAPON1 BECAUSE IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT FROM ! =EGO+ ONE CAN ! BETT] JUDGE :E!R ,MALATE/A'S CRITICISMS W]E ! 0>GUM5TS ( ! DI/ANT PA/0 OR ?OSE ( A MAN :O REFUS$ TO BE DEFLECT$ FROM ! REALITIES ( ! PRES5T &1 9 ! CIRCUM/ANCES1 ( ! =ESEEABLE FUTURE4 

,IT IS 9T]E/+ TO NOTE ?AT ,FR5* SYNDICALI/S1 SU* AS ,PI]RE ,BESN>D1 9 ! '#cS W]E DEF9+ ! G5]AL /RIKE AS 0LA GREVE G5]ALE 9SURRECTIONELLE ET EXPROPRIATRICE40.<#c#c.> ,! G5]AL /RIKE HE EXPLA9$ AS 0A SPECIFICALLY SYNDICALI/ WEAPON0 :I* CAN DEAL 09 A DECISIVE MANN] ) ALL REVOLUTION>Y SITUATIONS :ATEV] ! 9ITIAL FACTORS ( ! MOVEM5TS SET 9 MOTION4 ,IT IS DIRECTLY OPPOS$ TO 9SURRECTION1 ! ONLY WEAPON ( ! POLITICAL P>TIES40 ,& HE ADDS ?AT IT IS 

BY F> MORE COMPLETE ?AN .<9SURRECTION.>4 ,9 FACT :]EAS ! LATT] ONLY MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO TAKE P[]1 ! G5]AL /RIKE NOT ONLY PROVIDES ! POSSIBILITY ( DE/ROY+ ?AT P[]1 ( GETT+ RID ( ?OSE :O 5JOY IT1 ( PREV5T+ ANY P>TY FROM CAPTUR+ IT1 IT DEPRIVES CAPITALISM & ! ,/ATE ( ALL MEANS ( DEF5SE1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME ABOLI%+ 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY1 REPLAC+ IT BY COLLECTIVE PROP]TY4 

,9 A WORD1 ! G5]AL /RIKE HAS A P[] ( IMM$IATE TRANS=MATION1 & ?IS P[] IS EX]CIS$ = ! SOLE B5EFIT ( ! PROLET>IAT1 TO :OM ! POSSESSION ( ! APP>ATUS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE (F]S ! MEANS ( RADICALLY TRANS=M+ ! SOCIAL ORD]4 

,! EXPROPRIATORY G5]AL /RIKE1 ) VIOL5CE :I* ! PROLET>IAT WILL 9V>IABLY BE OBLIG$ TO USE1 WILL BE1 MOREOV]1 CLE>LY 9SURRECTIONAL4 

,ITS EFFECT WILL BE FELT AT ! SAME TIME POLITICALLY & ECONOMICALLY1 :]EAS 9SURRECTION P]MITS A P>TY TO ACT ONLY 9 ! POLITICAL FIELD4 

,SURELY ,MALATE/A W\LD BE JU/IFI$ 9 RIS+ FROM HIS GRAVE 9 ANG] & DEM&+ ?AT WE CALL A SPADE A SPADE6 ,& HE W\LD NE$ DO NO MORE ?AN PO9T TO ! FACT ?AT ! SYNDICALI/S W]E N[ EMBELLI%+ ! T]M 0G5]AL /RIKE0 ) 09SURRECTIONELLE ET EXPROPRIATRICE0 & ?AT ,BESN>D1 SYNDICALI/1 9 HIS 9T]E/+ 0PROGRAM0 %>ES ! SAME PREOCCUPATIONS AS ,MALATE/A1 AN>*I/1 :5 HE WRITES 

,LET US1 N[1 EXAM9E :AT >E ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! G5]AL /RIKE4 ,I HAVE SAID ?AT IT SIGNIFI$ 9 ! FIR/ PLACE & ABOVE ALL1 ! CESSATION ( PRODUCTION1 & WORK1 UND] CAPITALISM4 

,?IS MEANS ?AT WORK]S1 !N ! PEASANTS1 MU/ SIMULTANE\SLY /OP WORK4 ,DOES ?IS MEAN !Y MU/ QUIT !IR PLACE ( WORK & AB&ON ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION TO ! BOSSES8 ,NO4 ,UNLIKE :AT HAPP5S DUR+ A /RIKE1 WORK]S WILL HAVE TO AT ! SAME TIME /OP WORK1 OCCUPY ! PLACE ( PRODUCTION1 GET RID ( ! BOSS1 EXPROPRIATE HIM1 & GET READY TO GET PRODUCTION MOV+ AGA91 BUT 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! REVOLUTION4 

,! CESSATION ( WORK & PRODUCTION WILL M>K ! 5D ( A REGIME1 ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! POSSESSORS ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE & AT ! SAME TIME ! OV]?R[ ( ,/ATE P[]4 

0,ON ! DURATION ( ?IS /OPPAGE WILL DEP5D ! FUTURE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T10 WRITES ,BESN>D4 ,MALATE/A 9 #aig SEE+ CLE>LY ?IS DANG] DECL>$ ?AT 0RA!R ?AN CALL+ ON WORK]S TO /OP WORK+ WE MU/ GET !M TO WORK ON !IR [N ACC\NT4 ,FAIL+ :I* ! G5]AL /RIKE WILL BECOME A G5]AL FAM9E EV5 IF WE HAD BE5 ABLE FROM ! \TSET TO SEIZE ALL ! GOODS /OR$ 9 ! W>EH\SES40 ,& AGA9 9 #aib WE F9D HIM ADVOCAT+ ! TAK+-OV] ( FACTORIES AS ! ANSW] TO G5]AL /RIKES ( PROTE/ 7SEE ,SECTION #a#h74 

,TO ?IS DAY = SYNDICALI/S & MANY AN>*I/S ! G5]AL /RIKE REMA9S ! BATTLE CRY1 ! %ORT CUT TO ! FREE SOCIETY 0IF ONLY ! WORK]S W\LD MAKE UP !IR M9DS40 ,AS F> AS ,I KN[ NO OBJECTIVE /UDY ON ! SUBJECT ( ! G5]AL /RIKE HAS BE5 MADE BY AN>*I/S OR SYNDICALI/S S9CE ,MALATE/A EXPRESS$ HIS D\BTS AT ! ,AN>*I/ ,CONGRESS 9 #aig & AGA9 9 #a#i#b4 ,IT IS SIGNIFICANT ?AT ! MAJOR WORK ON ! SUBJECT %\LD BE BY AN ,AM]ICAN PR(ESSOR1 ,WILFRID ,CROOK1 & IS PACK$ ) VALUABLE MAT]IAL ?\< M>R$ BY ! AU?OR'S OBSESSION ) ! ,COMMUNI/ BOGEY4.<#c#d.> ,A WORK :I* IS MORE OBJECTIVE & VALUABLE1 ?\< IT ONLY DEALS BRIEFLY ) ! PROBLEM1 IS ,LADY ,*ORLEY'S ,>MIES & ! ,>T ( ,REVOLUTION1.<#c#e.> A W>-TIME PUBLICATION :I* WAS PRESUMABLY JU/IFI$ BY ! PUBLI%]S AS A WORK ( 0NATIONAL 9T]E/0 9 SO F> AS IT W\LD ASSI/ ?OSE 5GAG$ 9 0POLITICAL W>F>E0 9 DEAL+ ) REVOLUTION>Y SITUATIONS AMONG ! DEFEAT$ NATIONS4 ,BE ?AT AS IT MAY1 ,LADY ,*ORLEY HAS DONE ! K9D ( RESE>* AN>*I/S %\LD HAVE LONG AGO 5GAG$ 94 ,H] CONCLUSIONS >E ( CONSID]ABLE 9T]E/ & BE> \T ! >GUM5TS ADVANC$ BY ,MALATE/A FROM HIS [N EXP]I5CE4 ,! AU?OR IS 0SUMM+ UP0 

! RA!R HET]OG5E\S EVID5CE .<( ! PREC$+ PAGES & TRY+.> TO >RIVE AT SOME CONCLUSIONS AS TO ! VALUE ( ! G5]AL /RIKE AS A REVOLUTION>Y WEAPON4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 AN ATTEMPT MU/ BE MADE TO ANSW] ! QUE/ION :E!R A G5]AL /RIKE CAN 9 ANY CIRCUM/ANCES PROVIDE CONDITIONS :I* WILL 9DIRECTLY WEAK5 ! FI<T+ P[] ( ! =CES ( ! /ATUS QUO GOV]NM5T1 SO ?AT AN 9SURRECTION MAY SUCCE$ EV5 AGA9/ !IR OPPOSITION4 

,IT SEEMS CLE> ?AT ! G5]AL /RIKE HAS C]TA9 9H]5T WEAKNESSES ?AT CANNOT BE OV]COME4 ,ITS OBJECT IS TO HOLD A GOV]NM5T TO RANSOM BY ! DISLOCATION ( ALL ECONOMIC LIFE4 ,IF ! MIDDLE CLASSES >E AGA9/ ! /RIKE1 ?IS DISLOCATION CANNOT BE COMPLETELY EFFECT$ S9CE !Y >E COMPET5T TO RUN SKELETON NECESS>Y S]VICES4 ,:5 ! DISLOCATION IS COMPLETE1 AFT] A FEW DAYS ! /RA9S PUT UPON ! /RIKE ORGANIZATION WILL PROBABLY BE BEYOND ITS RES\RCES ON A VA/ & PROBABLY QUITE IMPOSSIBLE SCALE4 ,MOREOV]1 ! /RUCTURE ( MOD]N COMMUNITY LIFE CANNOT SURVIVE SU* A DISLOCATION = MORE ?AN A FEW DAYS4 ,& IF ! :OLE /RUCTURE CRUMBLES1 ! RESULT+ *AOS WILL BE A CRU%+ LIABILITY RA!R ?AN AN ASSET4 ,HI/ORY %[S ?AT SUCCESSFUL REVOLUTIONS HAVE 9V>IABLY TAK5 (F FROM A SPR+BO>D ( PROP]LY ORGANIZ$ COMMUNITY LIFE4 ,:E!R1 ! COMMUNITY LIFE IS ORGANIZ$ 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ?IS OR ?AT CLASS IS ( NO MOM5T4 ,! PO9T IS ?AT IT IS ORGANIZ$4 ,IT IS A FALLACY TO SUPPOSE ?AT REVOLUTIONS >E EV] ! (FSPR+ ( *AOS & F\L NI<T4 ,RELATIVE ECONOMIC *AOS MAY 5SUE = A TIME AFT] A SUCCESSFUL REVOLUTION4 ,?IS MAY BE 9EVITABLE4 ,BUT NO LEAD] CAN AF=D TO MAKE ! PRODUCTION ( G5]AL *AOS AN 9/RUM5T ( REVOLUTION>Y POLICY4 ,DUR+ A REVOLUTION1 ! MORE SMOO?LY ! MA*9]Y RUNS = ! NEUTRAL POPULATION1 ! BETT]4444 

,A G5]AL /RIKE1 !N1 MU/ SUCCE$ 9 ITS OBJECTIVE )9 ! FIR/ FEW DAYS4 ,IF ?IS DOES NOT HAPP51 IT WILL PROBABLY COLLAPSE UND] ! WEI<T ( ! DISLOCATION IT HAS ITSELF BR\<T AB\T BE=E ?AT DISLOCATION ACTUALLY BR+S D[N ! :OLE SOCIAL /RUCTURE4 ,!RE IS A ?IRD ALT]NATIVE3 ?AT IT %\LD TRANS=M ITSELF 9TO >M$ REVOLT4 ,GRANT$ ! OPPOSITION ( ! >M$ =CES ( ! GOV]NM5T1 SU* A REVOLT CAN ONLY BE SUCCESSFUL IF ! CONDITIONS CREAT$ BY ! /RIKE PREV5T ! TROOPS FROM EX]T+ !IR FULL /R5G?4444 ,TAK+ IT BY & L>GE1 ! G5]AL /RIKE IS NOT A GOOD REVOLUTION>Y WEAPON4 ,ITS MA9 REVOLUTION>Y VALUE IS AS AN EXPRESSION ( WORK+-CLASS SOLID>ITY4 ,IT CAN SOMETIMES BE US$ TO CREATE >TIFICIALLY A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION1 BUT UNLESS SU* A SITUATION CAN BE US$ AS ! TAK+-(F PO9T = AN ALREADY PLANN$ 9SURRECTION1 :OSE *ANCES HAVE BE5 CALCULAT$1 IT IS A USELESS EXP5DITURE ( 5ORM\S 5]GY4 ,AS AN ACTUAL 9/RUM5T ( POLICY IT IS MORE WA/EFUL ( 5]GY ?AN A /RAI<T 9SURRECTION1 & ITS FAILURE IS MORE LIKELY TO SET BACK A WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T ?AN ! FAILURE ( AN 9SURRECTION4 

,! PASSAGES ,I HAVE ITALICIZ$ 9 ,LADY ,*ORLEY'S CONCLUSIONS SEEM TO ME TO BE ! P>TICUL>LY RELEVANT ONES 9 A PIECE FULL ( IMPORTANT OBS]VATIONS = AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S1 & NOT LEA/ = ?OSE :O SEE 9 ! G5]AL /RIKE ! WEAPON P> EXCELL5CE ( ! NONVIOL5T REVOLUTION4 

,! PO9T SURELY IS ?AT :]E ! G5]AL /RIKE IS NEI!R PURELY ECONOMIC OR POLITICAL BUT REVOLUTION>Y 9 ITS OBJECTIVES1 ITS PURPOSE BE+ TO REPLACE GOV]NM5T & ALL ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ,/ATE BY O!R =MS ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL ORGANIZATION1 IT IS 9 EFFECT ! 9SURRECTION AS VISUALIZ$ BY ,MALATE/A1 & ! ONLY DIFF]5CE BETWE5 HIS APPROA* & ?AT ( ANY O!R1 :AT ,I W\LD CALL1 PRACTICAL AN>*I/S1 SU* AS ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN IS ONE ( EMPHASIS1 BUT IT IS CRUCIAL TO ! :OLE FUTURE DEVELOPM5T ( AN>*I/ ?9K+ & PROPAG&A NO LESS ?AN 9 ITS POSSIBILITIES ( DEVELOP+ AS A MOVEM5T ( RADICAL *ANGE4 ,ON ! SUBJECT ( 0,ORGANIZATION ( LABOR = ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION0 ,B]KMAN WRITES 9 ! ,A,B,C ( ,AN>*ISM 

,WE KN[ ?AT REVOLUTION BEG9S ) /REET DI/URBANCES1 & \TBREAKS2 IT IS ! 9ITIAL PHASE :I* 9VOLVES =CE & VIOL5CE4444 ,?IS PHASE ( ! REVOLUTION IS ( %ORT DURATION4 ,IT IS USUALLY FOLL[$ BY ! MORE CONSCI\S1 YET /ILL SPONTANE\S1 DE/RUCTION ( ! CITADELS ( AU?ORITY1 ! VISIBLE SYMBOLS ( ORGANIZ$ VIOL5CE & BRUTALITY2 JAILS1 POLICE /ATIONS & O!R GOV]NM5T BUILD+S >E ATTACK$1 ! PRISON]S LIB]AT$1 LEGAL DOCUM5TS DE/ROY$4444 ,BUT ?IS /AGE PASSES QUICKLY2 ! PEOPLE'S IRE IS SOON SP5T4 ,SIMULTANE\SLY ! REVOLUTION BEG9S ITS CON/RUCTIVE WORK4 

,BUT !N TO HIS IMAG9>Y 9T]LOCUTOR :O ASKS :E!R HE REALLY ?9KS ! RECON/RUCTION WILL />T SO SOON1 HE RI<TLY REPLIES ?AT 0IT MU/ BEG9 IMM$IATELY0 7! PEOPLE MU/ EAT TODAY & TOMORR[ W>N$ ,MALATE/A2 & ?IS IS :AT ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S 9 ,B>CELONA 9 #aicf REALIZ$ :5 )9 #dh H\RS ( CRU%+ ! MILIT>Y REBELLION--& )\T GOV]NM5T AU?ORITY !Y REE/ABLI%$ ! ESS5TIAL S]VICES NE$$ BY ! COMMUNITY74 

,BUT :5 ,B]KMAN'S QUE/ION] ASKS 0,>E Y\ NOT TOO HOPEFUL0 HE REPLIES3 0,NO1 ,I DON'T ?9K SO4 ,I AM CONV9C$ ?AT ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION WILL NOT 'JU/ HAPP54' ,IT WILL HAVE TO BE PREP>$1 ORGANIZ$4 ,YES1 9DE$1 ORGANIZ$--JU/ AS A /RIKE IS ORGANIZ$4 ,9 TRU? IT WILL BE A /RIKE1 ! /RIKE ( ! UNIT$ WORK]S ( AN 5TIRE C\NTRY--A G5]AL /RIKE40 

,& HE !N GOES ON TO >GUE ?AT IT IS OBVI\S UN>M$ MASSES & !IR B>RICADES C\LDN'T 9 !SE DAYS ( 0>MOR$ TANKS1 POISON GAS1 & MILIT>Y PLANES0 )/& 0HI< P[] >TILL]Y & BOMBS ?R[N UPON !M FROM FLY+ MA*9ES40 ,! :OLE PROPOSITION IS 0RIDICUL\S0 & IT IS !RE=E 0TIME TO HAVE DONE ) ?IS OBSOLETE IDEA ( REVOLUTION0 

,! /R5G? ( LABOR IS NOT 9 ! FIELD ( BATTLE4 ,IT IS 9 ! %OP1 9 ! M9E & FACTORY4 ,!RE LIES ITS P[] ?AT NO >MY 9 ! WORLD CAN DEFEAT1 NO HUMAN AG5CY CONQU]4 

,9 O!R WORDS ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION CAN TAKE PLACE ONLY BY MEANS ( ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE4 ,! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE1 RI<TLY UND]/OOD & ?OR\<LY C>RI$ \T1 IS ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 

,IT IS MO/ IMPORTANT ?AT WE REALIZE ?AT ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE IS ! ONLY POSSIBILITY ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,9 ! PA/ ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE HAS BE5 PROPAGAT$ 9 V>I\S C\NTRIES )\T SUFFICI5T EMPHASIS ?AT ITS REAL MEAN+ IS REVOLUTION1 ?AT IT IS ! ONLY PRACTICAL WAY TO IT4 ,IT IS TIME = US TO LE>N ?IS1 & :5 WE DO SO ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION WILL CEASE TO BE A VAGUE1 UNKN[N QUANTITY4 ,IT WILL BECOME AN ACTUALITY1 A DEF9ITE ME?OD & AIM1 A PROGRAM :OSE FIR/ /EPS IS ! TAK+ OV] ( ! 9/RUM5TS BY ORGANIZ$ LABOR4 

,B]KMAN'S IMAG9>Y 9T]LOCUTOR EXPRESSES HIMSELF SATISFI$--BUT AB\T ANO!R TOPIC3 0?AT ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION MEANS CON/RUCTION RA!R ?AN DE/RUCTION06 ,BUT 9 ALL FRANKNESS1 ,B]KMAN'S >GUM5T JU/ DOES NOT HOLD WAT] AS IT /&S4 0,Y\ CAN %OOT PEOPLE TO DEA? BUT Y\ CAN'T %OOT !M TO WORK0 HE DECL>ES4 ,BUT1 EQUALLY CAN IT BE SAID ?AT )\T %OOT+ !M TO DEA? Y\ CAN />VE !M BACK TO WORK4 

,IT IS :5 ,B]KMAN IMPLIES ?AT A REVOLUTION>Y SOCIAL /RIKE WILL PREV5T ANY 9T]V5TION BY ! >M$ =CES ?AT HE SEEMS TO JO9 COMPANY ) ! SYNDICALI/S1 ! 0NONVIOL5T0 AN>*I/S1 & O!RS :OM ,MALATE/A R\NDLY CRITICIZ$1 SAVE ?AT ,B]KMAN DOES RECOGNIZE !RE MU/ BE A 0CLA%0 BETWE5 ,AU?ORITY & ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S1 :I* 09VOLVES =CE & VIOL5CE0 BUT :I* 0WILL BE ( %ORT DURATION40 ,:AT IS ?IS BUT ,MALATE/A'S 9SURRECTION>Y P]IOD8 ,& :Y ASSUME ?AT ! =CES OPPOS$ TO ! /RUGGLE WILL NOT BE ! FULL =CE ( ! ,/ATE'S >M$ P[]8 

,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT = ?OSE AN>*I/S OR REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S :O CANNOT HONE/LY SEE H[ VIOL5CE CAN BE AVOID$ 9 ANY DECISIVE CONFRONTATION BETWE5 ! =CES ( ! UND]-PRIVILEG$ & ?OSE ( ! ,/ATE :I*1 AFT] ALL1 !Y >E OP5LY DECL>+ DAILY1 EXI/ TO PROTECT PRIVILEGE BY VIOL5CE 7EV5 LAW CAN ONLY BE 5=C$ BY ! USE OR ?REAT ( =CE71 IT IS BAD PROPAG&A 9 ! LONG T]M TO SEEK TO SUGGE/ ?AT ! /RUGGLE TO OV]?R[ AU?ORIT>IAN RULE AS ! FIR/ /EP 9 BUILD+ A LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY WILL NOT 9VOLVE VIOL5CE1 OR A S]IES ( VIOL5T 5C\NT]S ) ! 5TR5*$ =CES ( ! /ATUS QUO4 ,NOT ONLY DOES ONE DISILLUSION ?OSE :O W]E L$ TO BELIEVE ?AT ! REVOLUTION W\LD ALL BE PLA9 SAIL+1 BUT ONE APPE>S AS UTOPIANS TO ?OSE PRACTICAL PEOPLE :OSE LOGIC & COMMONS5SE >E 9SULT$ BY SU* 0SIMPLICI/0 >GUM5TS4 

,>NOLD ,ROLL] 9 #aiab WAS NOT TO KN[ ?AT 9 #aicf ! PEOPLE ( ,B>CELONA W\LD DEFEAT A C>EFULLY LAID PLAN BY ! MILIT>Y TO SEIZE ! CITY 9 LESS ?AN #bd H\RS1 & 9 SPITE ( ! FACT ?AT ! NEW P>T ( ,B>CELONA :]E !Y MET !IR DEFEAT CONSI/$ ( WIDE & /RAI<T AV5UES & 0NOT W9D+ LANES06 ,OR ?AT 9 #aidd ! ,DANES W\LD IGNORE ! PROBLEMS ( WOOD BLOCKS & ASPHALT & 9/EAD 0TURN$ OV] TROLLEY C>S = B>RICADES0 7SEE ,CROOK P4#c#b71 ANY MORE ?AN ,B]KMAN WAS TO KN[ 9 #aibi ?AT ! ,ALG]IAN RESI/ANCE C\LD SUCCESSFULLY WAGE ITS W> ( 9DEP5D5CE AGA9/ ! CREAM ( ,FR5* MILIT>Y MI<T--#e1 /RONG1 >M$ ) ! LATE/ WEAPONS ( HORROR1 BO? MILIT>Y & PSY*OLOGICAL1 FROM FLAME ?R[]S1 HELICOPT]S1 ! LATE/ 9 AUTOMATIC WEAPONS & HEAVY >MOR$ TRANSPORT & (F5SIVE WEAPONS1 & ! RU?LESS 0P>AS0 AS WELL AS A MILITANT MILLION :ITE 0COLONS0 :O C]TA9LY DID NOT GIVE UP !IR PRIVILEG$ /ATUS )\T A FI<T1 TO TORTURE1 REF9$ & CRUDE1 T]RORISM1 BOMB+S ( CIVILIAN POPULATIONS1 />VATION 444 9 A WORD1 ! ,FR5* PULL$ EV]Y DIRTY TRICK FROM ! MILIT>I/-IMP]IALI/ BAG TO NO AVAIL4 ,B5 ,BELLA 9 ! 5D WAS RECEIV$ 9 ! ,ELYSEE AS SPOKESM5 = ! ,ALG]IAN PEOPLE1 JU/ AS 9 #aicf ! AN>*I/S 9 ,CATALONIA W]E RECEIV$ 9 ! ,G5]ALITAT AS 0MA/]S0 ( ! CITY1 & ( ! PROV9CE4 

,IT IS SURELY SIGNIFICANT ?AT ,MALATE/A :O EQUALLY WAS NOT TO KN[ AB\T !SE1 & O!R1 EV5TS ?AT C\LD BE 5UM]AT$1 PUTS =W>D >GUM5TS :I* >E CONFIRM$--NOT REFUT$--BY ! EXP]I5CE ( ! PA/ ?IRTY YE>S4 ,:AT1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 MAKES HIS APPROA* SO WOR?Y ( S]I\S CONSID]ATION AS CONTEMPOR>Y IS ?AT IT WAS NOT ONLY PAT5TLY HONE/ BUT WAS ALSO ILLUM9$ BY AN IMAG9ATION :I* WAS POLITICAL AS WELL AS HUMAN4 ,CAN ONE1 BY ! SAME TOK51 CONC$E ?AT HE WAS PROBABLY RI<T :5 HE DECL>$ ?AT ! SIMPLIFICATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROBLEMS ONLY S]V$ TO 0SPOIL ! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT ( ! PEOPLE08 

,I,I,I 

,I HAVE ONLY T\*$ ON ! SUBJECT ( ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE4 ,PR(ESSOR ,CROOK'S ANGL$ WORK ON ! SUBJECT HAS PROBABLY UNCOV]$ ALL ! S\RCES AVAILABLE4 ,:AT WE NE$ IS AN AN>*I/ EYE & IMAG9ATION TO 9T]PRET ! #d PAGES ( TEXT & PROBE ! #g 9VALUABLE PAGES ( S\RCE NOTES1 & 9 DUE C\RSE SUPPLY US ) ! F9D+S6 

,BUT EV5 A CURSORY GLANCE AT ! G5]AL /RIKE AS A WEAPON ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION LEADS US TO ! QUE/ION ( 0VIOL5CE0 & 0NONVIOL5CE0 ONE ( ! ?REE TACTICAL ISSUES OV] :I* AN>*I/S HAVE WA/$ MORE H\RS & REAMS ( PAP] >GU+ AT CROSS PURPOSES4 ,IT WILL COME AS SOME?+ ( A %OCK TO SOME AN>*I/S READ+ ,MALATE/A TO LE>N ?AT 0NONVIOL5T REVOLUTION>Y DIRECT ACTION0 WAS 9 FACT 0R$ISCOV]$0 NOT DISCOV]$ BY ! 0,COMMITTEE ( #a0 9 ITS METEORIC1 %ORT-LIV$1 BUT HI/ORICALLY & SOCIALLY1 SIGNIFICANT EXI/5CE4 ,:5 HE REF]R$ TO 0PASSIVE AN>*Y0 AS 0AN ]ROR ! OPPOSITE ( ! ONE :I* ! T]RORI/S MAKE0 HE WAS WRIT+ 9 #a#h#i#f4 ,?US IT CAN BE SAID ?AT ! ,TOL/OYAN-,G&HI/ & ,BAKUN9I/-,MALATE/IAN TR5DS HAVE CO-EXI/$ 9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T !SE PA/ #g YE>S1 & !RE=E1 TO PRES5T ! =M] AS A NEW DEP>TURE 9 AN>*I/ TACTICS--AS AN>*ISM'S ,NEW ,LOOK--IS AS UNCONV9C+ AS IT IS HI/ORICALLY FALSE6 

,IF ! B>RICADES 9 ,B>CELONA L$ TO ,FRANCO & HIS VAUNT$ 0#b#e ANOS DE PAZ0 70#b#e YE>S ( PEACE0--OR %\LD IT BE 0REPRESSION10 OR 0APA?Y087 :AT DID ,G&HISM LEAD TO 9 ,9DIA1 & :]E HAS IT GOT ! BLACKS 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA8 ,AGA91 TO SAY AS ! ,TOL/OYANS DO1 ?AT EV5 ASSUM+ ! B>RICADES & 9SURRECTION HAD A *ANCE ( SUCCE$+ 9 ! DI/ANT PA/1 ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE BACK$ BY =MIDABLE >M$ =CES1 & ! 5TR5*$ P[] ( 9DU/RIALI/S & F9ANCI]S1 TODAY HAS RELEGAT$ SU* TACTICS TO ! HI/ORY BOOKS1 IS AN >GUM5T :I* MU/ BE EXAM9$ & APPRAIS$ 9 ! LI<T ( ALL ! EVID5CE FROM ,SPA91 ,CUBA1 ,ALG]IA1 ,EGYPT1 & ,BLACK ,AFRICA4 

,BUT TO SAY ALL ?IS )\T RECOGNIZ+ ?AT !SE SAME 0PROBLEMS0 EQUALLY MILITATE AGA9/ 0NONVIOL5T0 TACTICS1 CLE>LY 9DICATES ?AT = SOME NONVIOL5CE IS ACCEPT$ AS AN >TICLE ( FAI?4 ,IT PROBABLY EXPLA9S ! /]ILITY ( ! DISCUSSIONS 9 ! COLUMNS ( ,FRE$OM 9 REC5T YE>S4 ,:AT ,I PROPOSE TO DO N[ IS NOT TO REOP5 ! DISCUSSION1 BUT SIMPLY TO PO9T \T ?AT ,MALATE/A & ?OSE ( A LIKE M9D HAVE NEV] SUGGE/$ ?AT ! AN>*I/ SOCIETY C\LD BE BR\<T AB\T ?R\< VIOL5CE4 

,:AT !Y DO SAY IS ?AT ! POSSIBILITY ( RADICAL *ANGE 9 SOCIETY DEP5DS ON FIR/ DE/ROY+ ! 5TR5*$ P[] ( ! RUL+1 ! PRIVILEG$1 M9ORITY OR CLASS 9 PRES5T SOCIETY1 SEE+ ?AT ALL ! EVID5CE ON :I* WE CAN DRAW 9DICATES ?AT NO RUL+ CLASS ABDICATES ITS P[] EXCEPT :5 OPPOS$ BY A SUP]IOR =CE1 & AN>*I/S >E NOT ALONE 9 DRAW+ SU* CONCLUSIONS4 ,BUT AS ,MALATE/A PO9TS \T AGA9 & AGA91 :AT EM]GES FROM SU* UPHEAVALS IS NOT NECESS>ILY AN>*Y BUT 0! RESULTANT0 ( ALL ! ACTIVE =CES 9 SOCIETY4 ,SO F> AS ! ROLE ( AN>*I/S 9 SU* SITUATIONS IS CONC]N$1 !Y MU/ BEW>E ( TRY+1 OR HOP+1 TO IMPOSE AN>*Y BY =CE1 JU/ AS !Y MU/ BE PREP>$ TO DEF5D !IR RI<T TO LIVE AS AN>*I/S1 ) =CE IF NECESS>Y1 IT BE+ CLE>LY UND]/OOD H[EV] ?AT 9 LIV+ !IR WAY ( LIFE !Y DO NOT 9T]F]E ) ! EQUAL FRE$OM ( O!RS TO LIVE !IRS4 

,MALATE/A !RE=E REMA9$ TO ! 5D ( HIS LIFE A BELIEV] 9 ! NE$ = VIOL5T1 9SURRECTION>Y1 ACTION1 NOT = ! ROMANTIC & S5TIM5TAL REASONS ATTRIBUT$ TO HIM BY POPUL> HI/ORIANS1 BUT BECAUSE IT WAS ! ONLY WAY \T ( ! 0VICI\S CIRCLE0 :I* HE SO SUCC9CTLY DEF9ES 9 !SE T]MS3 

,BETWE5 MAN & HIS SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T !RE IS A RECIPROCAL ACTION4 ,M5 MAKE SOCIETY :AT IT IS & SOCIETY MAKES M5 :AT !Y >E1 & ! RESULT IS !RE=E A K9D ( VICI\S CIRCLE4 ,TO TRANS=M SOCIETY M5 MU/ BE *ANG$1 & TO TRANS=M M5 SOCIETY MU/ BE *ANG$4 

,PROPAG&A BY ! SPOK5 & WRITT5 WORD IS NOT ! ANSW]4 ,BY PROPAG&A WE MU/ 5C\RAGE AS MANY PEOPLE AS POSSIBLE TO MAKE DEM&S ON ! BOSSES & ,/ATE BY DIRECT ACTION2 ?IS 9 TURN WILL1 OP5 ! WAY TO FUR!R P5ETRATION BY AN>*I/ PROPAG&A AMONG L>G] SECTIONS ( ! COMMUNITY & SO ON4 ,MALATE/A S\<T TO CREATE ON ! ONE H& AN EV]-GR[+ MASS-MOVEM5T ( POLITICAL & SOCIAL AW>5ESS AS WELL AS MILITANCY :I* ON ! O!R H& W\LD WEAK5 ! P[] AS WELL AS ! RAISON D'ETRE ( ! ,/ATE1 A SITUATION :I* IDEALLY W\LD CULM9ATE 9 A VIOL5T 0CONFRONTATION0 PROVOK$ BY ! ,/ATE 9 A LA/ DESP]ATE ATTEMPT TO /AVE (F ! 9EVITABLE4 

,9 REALITY ( C\RSE1 ! 0CONFRONTATION0 G5]ALLY TAKES PLACE AT A MU* E>LI] /AGE1 ?AT IS :5 GOV]NM5T /ILL FEELS CONFID5T ( HAV+ ! NECESS>Y =CES TO 9TIMIDATE & CURB ?OSE ( ! PEOPLE :O D>E TO *ALL5GE ITS AU?ORITY4 ,RUSSIA 9 #a#i#a#g1 ,SPA9 #a#i#c#f1 ,ITALY #aib W]E ! CULM9AT+ *APT]S 9 LONG HI/ORIES ( /RUGGLE1 ( *ALL5GE & REPRESSION1 HI<LI<TS ( REVOLUTION>Y 0BREAK?R\<S0 FOLL[$ BY 0BI5NIA NEGROS10 MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IPS1 & ! SUPPRESSION ( 0ELEM5T>Y RI<TS40 ,?AT NEI!R 9 ,RUSSIA1 ,ITALY1 OR ,SPA9 DID !SE /RUGGLES LEAD TO ANY?+ RESEMBL+ ! LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY--9DE$ !Y 9 FACT 5D$ 9 ! VICTORY ( DICTATOR%IPS--MU/ OBVI\SLY MAKE US QUE/ION ! MEANS4 

,IF WE DISMISS !SE 0FAILURES10 AS ! PROPAG&I/S ( 0NONVIOL5CE0 9V>IABLY DO1 ) ! SLOGAN ?AT 0VIOL5CE BEGETS VIOL5CE0 WE %ALL LE>N NO?+4 ,! V]Y FACT ?AT !Y >E PROPOS+ TO COMBAT ! VIOL5CE ( ! ,/ATE & ( ! PRIVILEG$ CLASS1 ) NONVIOL5CE1 :I* !Y (F] AS A VIABLE TACTIC1 W\LD 9DICATE ?AT !Y >E NOT CONV9C$ ?AT VIOL5CE 0BEGETS VIOL5CE40 ,& 9DE$ ONE HAS ONLY TO LOOK >\ND ONE TO SEE ?AT ,/ATE VIOL5CE MORE (T5 ?AN NOT 0BEGETS0 OB$I5CE & S]VILITY1 AS WELL AS BOTTL$-UP FEEL+S ( REV5GE :I* 9 TIMES ( UPHEAVAL (T5 MANIFE/ !MSELVES 9 HORRIBLE1 ANTI-SOCIAL ACTS ( VIOL5CE4 ,& IT IS !SE EXPLOSIONS BY ! POLITICALLY UNCONSCI\S VICTIMS ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETY1 & NOT ! POSITIVE1 G5]\S PRACTICAL ACTIONS ( ! CONSCI\S REVOLUTION>IES AT SU* MOM5TS ( HI/ORY1 :I* >E SEIZ$ UPON BY REACTION>Y NEWSPAP]M5 9 ! HEAT ( ! /RUGGLE & P]PETUAT$ BY EQUALLY REACTION>Y1 & CLOI/]$ & UNIMAG9ATIVE HI/ORIANS4 

,MALATE/A S\<T TO BASE AN>*I/ TACTICS ON HI/ORIC REALITIES )\T NEV]!LESS ASSUM+ ?AT ! PATT]N ?AT EM]G$ %\LD OR MU/ P]=CE BE SLAVI%LY FOLL[$4 ,IF HI/ORY TEA*ES US NO?+ ELSE IT IS SURELY ?AT WE %\LD SEEK TO AVOID REPEAT+ ! MI/AKES ( \R PR$ECESSORS4 ,?US !RE >E C]TA9 WELL TRODD5 POLITICAL PA?S :I* FROM AN AN>*I/ PO9T ( VIEW 9V>IABLY LEAD TO DISA/]4 ,BUT IF AN>*I/S >E TO C\NT 9 ?OSE SOCIAL /RUGGLES :I*1 ALBEIT1 >E NOT AN>*I/1 !Y MU/ (F] PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS AS WELL AS VALUABLE CRITICISM4 ,IT %\LD BE EMPHASIZ$ ?AT \R PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS MAY WELL BE UNATTA9ABLE 9 ! CIRCUM/ANCES & YET /ILL BE PRACTICAL4 

,AN>*I/S1 AS ,MALATE/A WAS ALWAYS PO9T+ \T1 CANNOT /& ON ! SIDEL9ES WAIT+ = A SIGN ?AT MI<T 9DICATE SOCIETY WAS RIPE = AN>*Y4 ,=1 IF !Y DO1 !Y WILL WAIT =EV]2 9 FACT !Y W\LD DO BETT] TO GIVE UP BECAUSE !Y W\LD BE LEFT BEH9D BY EV5TS4 ,! AN>*I/ REVOLUTION IS ! CULM9ATION ( A S]IES ( =W>D & ALT]NAT+ /EPS BY MAN & HIS 5VIRONM5T1 & = !M TO LEAD EV5TUALLY TO AN>*I/ 5DS1 DEM&S ! P>TICIPATION ( AN>*I/S AT EV]Y /AGE1 AS AN>*I/S4 

,SO LONG AS ! LIFE ( SOCIETY IS REGULAT$ BY A PRIVILEG$ M9ORITY ASS]T+ & PROTECT+ ITSELF ) ! COMPLEX MA*9]Y ( ,LAW & VIOL5CE1 & ?US CREAT+ A CLASS ) A VE/$ 9T]E/ 9 ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! /ATUS QUO1 EV]Y S]I\S *ALL5GE TO ITS AU?ORITY BE IT VIOL5T OR NONVIOL5T WILL BE MET ) ! FULL =CE ( ! ,LAW & LEGALIZ$ VIOL5CE1 ! ONLY LANGUAGE ) :I* A PRIVILEG$ M9ORITY CAN ADDRESS ITSELF TO ! >GUM5TS & PRESSURES ( A MAJORITY )\T PRIVILEGES1 9 ANY SOCIETY4 ,I DO NOT PROPOSE TO DEVELOP ! 9SURRECTION>Y >GUM5T H]E2 IT HAS ALREADY BE5 CLE>LY PUT BY ,MALATE/A4 ,ALL ,I W\LD ADD IS ?AT SUBSEQU5T EV5TS HAVE CONFIRM$ HIS >GUM5TS AS WELL AS HIS W>N+S4 ,FROM ! AN>*I/ PO9T ( VIEW OBVI\SLY ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f-#c#i IS ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT SOCIAL UPHEAVAL 9 \R TIME4 ,?\< ! AN>*I/S HAVE NOT YET SUBJECT$ !SE EV5TS TO ! EXHAU/IVE ANALYSIS !Y DES]VE1 ! BROAD \TL9E CONTA9$ 9 ! LIT]ATURE AVAILABLE C\LD SO EASILY BE US$ TO ILLU/RATE !SE PAGES ( ,MALATE/A'S WRIT+S1 JU/ AS HIS WRIT+S1 BECAUSE !Y =ESAW ! V]Y PROBLEMS ?AT FAC$ ! AN>*I/S & O!R REVOLUTION>IES 9 ! ,SPANI% /RUGGLE1 C\LD HAVE S]V$ !M AS A TACTICAL MANUAL1 ! ACCEPTANCE & APPLICATION ( :I* W\LD HAVE 9 ALL PROBABILITY PU%$ ! REVOLUTION>Y POSSIBILITIES TO !IR FULLE/ LIMITS RESULT+ EI!R 9 ! COMPLETE DEFEAT ( ,FRANCO'S C\P D'ETAT 9 ! FIR/ WEEKS ( ! /RUGGLE OR 9 HIS MILIT>Y VICTORY 9 ! FIR/ SIX MON?S1 BUT )\T ! POSSIBILITY ( LORD+ OV] ! C\NTRY4 

,9 O!R WORDS1 IF ! AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/ 0LEAD]S0 AFT] !IR SPECTACUL> VICTORIES ( ! FIR/ DAYS ( ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+ HAD S\<T TO EXPLOIT !IR RI*LY DES]V$ PRE/IGE 9 ! EYES ( ! WORK]S BY DIRECT+ ALL !IR 5]GIES & PROPAG&A TO ! WORK]S1 9CIT+ !M TO 5L>GE & CONSOLIDATE ! REVOLUTION>Y GA9S ( ! #a#i? ,JULY1 RA!R ?AN SEEK+ TO USE ?AT PRE/IGE TO CEM5T A UNITY AT TOP LEVEL ) ! O!R ORGANIZATIONS & P>TIES 7:I* IS :AT !Y DID ) SCANT SUCCESS7 !Y W\LD HAVE LIB]AT$ ALL ! LAT5T & POT5TIAL REVOLUTION>Y =CES 9 ! C\NTRY & BEYOND !IR FRONTI]S4 ,?IS MAY HAVE 5D$ 9 DEFEAT )9 A FEW WEEKS4 ,BUT IT W\LD HAVE BE5 DEFEAT :5 ! REVOLUTION>Y FEEL+S & EXPECTATIONS W]E /ILL HI<--& !RE=E :5 IT WAS POSSIBLE TO CONT9UE ! /RUGGLE BY O!R MEANS4 ,:]EAS1 9 PROLONG+ ! /RUGGLE BY SACRIFIC+ ! REVOLUTION TO ! W> ( FRONTS1 NOT ONLY DID ! POLITICIANS1 ) ! SUPPORT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS1 5SURE MILIT>Y DEFEAT1 BUT ALSO 5SUR$ ?AT A PEOPLE SUBJECT$ = MORE ?AN TWO YE>S TO GREAT MAT]IAL PRIVATIONS AS WELL AS GR[+ POLITICAL DISS5SIONS BETWE5 ! P>TIES & WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS1 :5 IT DID F9ALLY CONC$E VICTORY TO ,FRANCO & HIS BACK]S1 WAS EXHAU/$1 DECIMAT$1 DISILLUSION$1 BITT]1 & HELPLESS4 ,! GREAT EXODUS ( HALF A MILLION ,SPANI>DS1 :O PREF]R$ EXILE OR ,FR5* CONC5TRATION CAMPS1 TO ,SPA9 UND] ,FRANCO1 WAS NO GU>ANTEE ( CONT9UITY 9 ! /RUGGLE1 = !Y1 NO LESS ?AN ?OSE LEFT BEH9D1 & :O ESCAP$ ! REPRESSION W]E ALSO EXHAU/$1 DISILLUSION$1 & 444 DIVID$4 ,FRANCO'S PROCLAIM$ 0#b#e YE>S ( PEACE0 OBVI\SLY DOES NOT ACCURATELY DESCRIBE HIS YE>S ( REPRESSIVE & CORRUPT RULE4 ,BUT NEI!R W\LD 0#b#e YE>S ( RESI/ANCE0 ACCURATELY DESCRIBE ! OPPOSITION TO HIS REGIME4 ,& ,I SAY ALL ?IS NOT 9 A CRITICAL VE9 7= IF WE MU/ BE CRITICAL1 IT IS ( MY G5]ATION :I* SUPPORT$ ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE'S GREAT /RUGGLE ONLY ) F9E WORDS & M$ICAL AID7 BUT 9 SEEK+ TO PROVOKE A DISPASSIONATE EVALUATION ( AN>*I/ TACTICS & PR9CIPLES 9 ! LI<T ( AN>*I/ EXP]I5CE 9 ?AT LIFE-&-DEA? /RUGGLE4 ,SPA9 WAS NOT ONLY ! MILIT>Y TRA9+ GR\ND = ,HITL]'S TROOPS & ! TE/+ GR\ND = HIS WEAPONS ( DE/RUCTION1 IT WAS ALSO A POLITICAL CRUCIBLE = ALL ! P>TIES & MOVEM5TS ( ! ,LEFT4 ,!Y ALL FAIL$1 NOT JU/ ! AN>*I/S & ! REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S ( ! ,C,N,T1 BUT ! ,SOCIALI/S1 ! ,COMMUNI/S1 ! ,CATALAN ,SEP>ATI/S NO LESS ?AN ! ,BASQUE ,NATIONALI/S1 7& ,I ASSUME ?AT JU/ AS BY AN>*I/S ,I MEAN ALL %ADES FROM EXTREME 9DIVIDUALI/S TO 0RELUCTANT0 ,M9I/]S1 SO ! READ] ALSO TAKES SOCIALI/S & COMMUNI/S TO 9CLUDE ALL ! %ADES & FACTIONS FROM ,RI<T TO ,LEFT3 FROM ,P,\,M TO ,P,S,U,C76 

,WE KN[ ?AT FI<T+ A W> ( FRONTS RESULT$ 9 MILIT>Y DEFEAT2 WE KN[ ?AT ! 5TRY ( AN>*I/S & ! TWO WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS 7,U,G,T,C,N,T7 9TO ! GOV]NM5T NEI!R SAFEGU>D$ !IR P>TICUL> 9T]E/S NOR HELP$ ! >M$ /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,FRANCO2 WE KN[ ?AT CONSCRIPTION DID NOT PRODUCE MILIT>Y VICTORIES ANY MORE ?AN DID ,RUSSIAN MILIT>Y AID4 ,! QUE/ION ,SPANI% AN>*I/S HAVE NOT TO ?IS DAY S\<T TO ANSW] IS3 FROM ! AN>*I/ PO9T ( VIEW WAS ! DEFEAT 9 ,SPA9 A DEFEAT ( AN>*I/ !ORY & TACTICS AS DI/9CT FROM ! FAILURE ( AN>*I/S TO SEEK TO APPLY !IR !ORY & TACTICS8 ,& FROM :AT ,I HAVE PREVI\SLY SAID1 BY 0DEFEAT0 ,I AM NOT REF]R+ TO ,FRANCO'S MILIT>Y VICTORY BUT TO ! DEFEAT ( ! ,REVOLUTION ) :I* A SECTION ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE OPPOS$1 & 9 TWO ?IRDS ( ,SPA9 DEFEAT$1 ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+ 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f4 ,AN>*I/ TACTICS MI<T WELL HAVE L$ TO DEFEAT3 ?IS HAS ALREADY BE5 ADMITT$4 ,:AT WE MU/ ASK \RSELVES IS :E!R ! ALT]NATIVE C\RSE1 ( PLAY+ ! GOV]NM5T GAME1 PRODUC$ B5EFICIAL RESULTS1 IRRESPECTIVE ( MILIT>Y DEFEAT4 ,! PO9T ,I AM TRY+ TO MAKE IS ?AT !RE >E 0SUCCESSFUL0 FAILURES2 ?AT IS1 :]E ! SE$S ( POSITIVE FUTURE /RUGGLES HAVE BE5 S[N4 ,?IS WAS NOT ONLY ! BASIS ( ,MALATE/A'S TEA*+S1 BUT ALSO ! CONCLUSIONS REA*$ BY ,LADY ,*ORLEY3 

,! OBJECT ( AN 9SURRECTION IS TO AFFECT A SEIZURE ( P[]2 & ?IS HAS BE5 %[N 9 ! OP5+ *APT] ?AT /RAI<T 9SURRECTIONS HAVE NEV] BE5 WON & PROBABLY NEV] CAN BE WON AGA9/ ! FULL /R5G? ( A PR(ESSIONAL >MY4 ,BUT 9SURRECTIONS HAVE FREQU5TLY BROK5 \T SPONTANE\SLY 9 CONDITIONS :]E ANY *ANCE ( P]MAN5T SUCCESS WAS IMPOSSIBLE & EV5 OCCASIONALLY HAVE BE5 LAUN*$ DELIB]ATELY 9 ! ACCEPT$ KN[L$GE ?AT !Y C\LD A*IEVE NO POSITIVE & DIRECT SUCCESS4 ,REG>D+ REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY BY & L>GE IT DOES NOT NECESS>ILY FOLL[ ?AT SU* 9SURRECTIONS >E ALWAYS UNJU/IFIABLE4 ,9DIRECTLY1 !Y CAN SOMETIMES ALT] ! :OLE POLITICAL SITUATION SO DEEPLY ?AT FROM A REVOLUTION>Y /&PO9T !Y MAY BE A VALUABLE FACTOR 9 LONG-T]M /RATEGY1 EV5 ?\< =$OOM$ TO MILIT>Y FAILURE4 

,& IT IS 9T]E/+ ?AT AMONG ! HI/ORIC EXAMPLES %E QUOTES TO SUPPORT H] CONCLUSIONS IS ?AT ( ! ,A/URIAN ,RIS+ 9 #a#i#c#d1 :I* WAS FOLL[$ BY ! 0BI5NIO NEGRO0 7! TWO BLACK YE>S74 

,! ,A/URIAN ,RIS+ WAS A DESP]ATE PROTE/ AGA9/ ! FAILURE ( ! #aica ,REVOLUTION TO HOLD ITS GA9S & EFFECT ANY DEEP ALT]ATION 9 ! SOCIAL SY/EM ( ,SPA94444 ,9 ! ,A/URIAS :]E ! ,U,G,T WAS SUPREME1 ! WORK+ CLASS ROSE 9 A REVOLT AS DET]M9$ & H]OIC AS ANY 9 ALL ,EUROPEAN WORK+ CLASS HI/ORY4 ,!Y HELD \T = A =TNI<T1 & W]E F9ALLY SUBDU$ BY ,MOORI% TROOPS1 =EIGN LEGION>IES1 & AIR BOMB+4 ,! LIQUIDATION ( ! REVOLT WAS P>TICUL>LY CRUEL--SOME #c1 PRISON]S W]E KEPT 9 JAIL = EI<TE5 MON?S AP>T FROM BLOODI] & MORE SPECTACUL> ACTS ( V5GEANCE4444 ,! WORK+ CLASSES N[ HAD A TRADITION & A H]OIC MY?4 ,A/URIAS COMB9$ = !M 0! PRIDE ( AN >MY 9 ITS PREVI\S FEATS ( MILIT>Y GLORY & ! PRIDE ( A ,*UR* 9 ITS RELIGI\S M>TYRS40 ,IT WAS A WELD+ IRON TO FUZE ! DIFF]5CES ( ! ,LEFT P>TIES 9TO A COMMON AIM4444 ,IT IS NOT1 !RE=E GO+ TOO F> TO SAY ?AT A DIRECT RESULT ( ! SPL5DID FAILURE 9 ,A/URIAS WAS ! TRIUMPH ( ! ,LEFT 9 ! ELECTIONS ( ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#f#c1 ! DECISIVE TURN+ PO9T 9 ! PA? ( ! REVOLUTION4.<#c#f.> 

,= #be YE>S AN>*I/S ! WORLD OV] HAVE BE5 COMMEMORAT+ ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION4 ,IF READ+ ,MALATE/A CONV9CES US ?AT IT IS TIME WE />T$ /UDY+ ! VALUABLE LESSONS IT CAN TEA* US1 ,I AM CONV9C$ ?AT WE W\LD LE>N TO WA/E LESS ( \R TIME & \R O!R SL5D] MAT]IAL RES\RCES 9 SLOGANIZ+ & GE/UR+2 ,I ?9K SOME ( US W\LD DROP \T2 & ,I AM ALSO CONV9C$ ?AT ?OSE :O DO NOT BELIEVE 9 ! ,KROPOTK9IAN !ORY ( 9EVITABILITY OR 9 SOME K9D ( SOCIAL SPONTANE\S COMBU/ION1 WILL WELCOME ) RELIEF ! ,MALATE/IAN COLD-D\*E ( COMMONS5SE1 PRAGMATIC AN>*ISM1 & F> FROM BE+ PESSIMI/IC AS A RESULT1 WE TOO MAY ALSO DISCOV] ! >GUM5T ?AT = SIXTY YE>S 0CAPTUR$0 SU* AN 9TELLIG5CE :O WAS ALSO1 BY COMMON CONS5T1 ! MO/ ACTIVE & REALI/IC ( ALL AN>*I/S6 

,I,V 

,! WRIT]S ( ALL ! REC5TLY PUBLI%$ HI/ORIES ( AN>*ISM >E UNANIM\S 9 DECL>+ ?AT ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T IS DEAD4 ,ALL ?AT REMA9S IS ! IDEA & A FEW AN>*I/S DOTT$ AB\T ! GLOBE4 ,!IR CONCLUSIONS MAY WELL BE RI<T2 :AT ,I QUE/ION >E ! >GUM5TS :I* LEAD !M TO !IR CONCLUSION1 = ,I F9D MYSELF WOND]+ :E!R ! ,MOVEM5T !Y >E TALK+ AB\T IS ! ONE ,I HAVE 9 M9D4 ,= AS ,I SEE IT1 IT IS A MOVEM5T ( CONT9U\S R5EWAL RA!R ?AN 0AN HI/ORICALLY DET]M9$ MOVEM5T0 AS ! ,M>XI/ HI/ORIAN ,SANT>ELLI VIEWS IT1 & AS ,I SUSPECT ,WOODCOCK & ,JOLL ALSO DO4 

,NOT ONLY DO ! HI/ORIANS CONSID] ?AT ! AN>*I/ 0MOVEM5T0 9 ! #a#h#hS WAS NUM]ICALLY /RONG] ?AN IT HAS EV5 BE5 S9CE1 BUT ?AT IT WAS MORE ACTIVE1 & AS A MOVEM5T ) A POPUL> BASIS1 HAD GREAT] OPPORTUNITIES ( A*IEV+ ITS AIMS4 ,FUR!RMORE ?AT GOV]NM5TAL P[] & ! MEANS ( REPRESSION W]E WEAK BY CONTRA/ ) :AT !Y W]E SOON TO BECOME4 ,TO SU/A9 SU* A !SIS ONE %\LD ALSO BE PREP>$ TO ACCOMMODATE SU* NOTABLE EXCEPTIONS AS ! REVIVAL ( AN>*I/ =TUNES 9 ,ITALY 9 #a#i#a#c-#a#d & 9 #a#i#a#i-#b#b1 AS WELL AS ( AN>*ISM AS A GR[+ 9FLU5CE 9 ,SPANI% POLITICS AT V>I\S P]IODS 9 ! PRES5T C5TURY1 CULM9AT+ 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y EV5TS ( #a#i#c#f4 ,ONE HAS ALSO TO BE> 9 M9D ?AT ! #b? IS A C5TURY ( REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVALS1 :E!R WE APPROVE ( !M OR NOT1 BY COMP>ISON TO :I* ?OSE ( ! #a#i? C5TURY >E ALMO/ SMALL FRY6 

,I CRITICIZE ! MOD]N HI/ORIANS ( AN>*ISM BECAUSE IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT !Y HAVE EI!R />T$ WORK ) AN IDEE FIXE & SELECT$ !IR FACTS TO PROVE !IR !SIS1 OR HAVE />T$ ) NO PRECONCEIV$ IDEAS BUT NEI!R ) ANY BURN+ DESIRE TO GET TO ! ROOT ( ! AN>*I/ DILEMMA1 IF SU* IT IS4 ,!Y HAVE 9/EAD CONT5T$ !MSELVES ) REHA%+ ! CONSID]ABLE MAT]IAL ALREADY AVAILABLE ON ! #a#i? C5TURY REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS1 & SEEM TO HAVE FALL5 9TO ! TRAP ( ASSUM+ ?AT WRIT]S & DI>I/S & ASSIDU\S CORRESPOND5TS >E NECESS>ILY ! MO/ ACTIVE REVOLUTION>IES & 0TR5D-SETT]S40 ,& BECAUSE1 AS ,I HAVE PO9T$ \T 9 ! 9TRODUCTION TO ?IS VOLUME1 ,MALATE/A WAS A RELUCTANT WRIT]1 & TOO GOOD A REVOLUTION>Y & CONSPIRATOR TO KEEP A DI>Y OR FILE AWAY HIS LETT]S = PO/]ITY1 \R HI/ORIANS HAVE NOT EV5 BO!R$ TO READ :AT HE DID WRITE & HAVE AS A RESULT FAIL$ TO REALIZE ?AT NOT ONLY WAS HE A 0D$ICAT$0 REVOLUTION>Y BUT ALSO A ?9K] :OSE IDEAS W]E =G$ 9 ! SOCIAL /RUGGLE & HAD NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! RHETORICAL1 ! 0MILL5>IAN10 PR$ICTIONS ( A WORLD ( LOVE & PL5TY :I* MO/ ( HIS #a#i? C5TURY CONTEMPOR>IES 9DULG$ 94 ,F> FROM ,MALATE/A BE+ ,KROPOTK9'S 0COLLABORATOR & MO/ FAM\S DISCIPLE0 AS ONE WRIT].<#c#g.>--:O DECL>ES ?AT HE HAS BE5 09T]E/$ 9 ! 9T]NATIONAL AN>*I/ MOVEM5T S9CE ! TURN ( ! C5TURY0--REC5TLY PUT IT1 IT IS ABUNDANTLY CLE> ?AT ! P]SONAL E/EEM EA* HAD = ! O!R NEV] BRIDG$ ! FUNDAM5TAL TACTICAL DIFF]5CES :I* DIVID$ !M = MO/ ( !IR LIVES4 ,! FACT IS ?AT BO? M5 W5T !IR [N WAYS1 NEI!R SEEK+ TO JO9 ISSUE ) ! O!R 7UNTIL ,KROPOTK9 DECL>$ HIS SUPPORT = ! ,ALLIES 9 ! #a#i#a#d-#a#h W>1 & ,MALATE/A PUBLICLY DISASSOCIAT$ HIMSELF FROM HIS FRI5D'S ATTITUDE74 

,FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T ! ,M>X-,BAKUN9 /RUGGLE C\LD BE SE5 TO BE LESS SIGNIFICANT ?AN ! ,KROPOTK9-,MALATE/A CONFRONTATION ?AT-MI<T-HAVE-BE5--& FROM ?IS DI/ANCE 9 TIME1 NOT TO HAVE PROVOK$ IT1 SEEMS TO ?IS WRIT] TO HAVE BE5 A S]I\S TACTICAL MI/AKE ON ,MALATE/A'S P>T4 

,BO? M5 W]E UND\BT$LY ! MAJOR 0TR5D-SETT]S0 9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS ?AT SAW ! LI<T 9 ! #b? C5TURY4 ,WOODCOCK SUCC9CTLY SUMM$ UP !IR DIFF]5T APPROA*ES 9 HIS ,BIOGRAPHY ( ,KROPOTK9.<#c#h.> :5 HE WROTE3 

,?AT ?IS QUALITY .<,KROPOTK9'S CON/ITUTIONAL OPTIMISM.>1 ) ITS T5D5CY TO EXPECT RAPID & PA9LESS SOLUTIONS TO VA/ PROBLEMS1 AM\NT$ AT TIMES TO A FAULT1 WAS EVID5T NOT ONLY TO HO/ILE CRITICS1 BUT ALSO TO SOME :O %>$ HIS FUNDAM5TAL IDEALS1 = EV5 HIS OLD FRI5D & COMRADE1 ,MALATE/A1 ! MO/ REALI/IC ( ALL AN>*I/S1 SAID AFT] HIS DEA? ?AT HE HAD LEAN$ TOO MU* T[>DS EXCESSIVE OPTIMISM & !ORETICAL FATALISM 7P4#d#c#i7 

& AGA9 9 A FOOTNOTE HE PO9TS \T ?AT EV5 ?\< ! TWO M5 W]E 0CLOSE P]SONAL FRI5DS UP TO ! TIME ( ! BREAK OV] ! FIR/ WORLD W>1 

!Y DID NOT ALWAYS AGREE ON TACTICS OR G5]AL IDEAS4 ,MALATE/A WAS A PRACTICAL REVOLUTIONI/1 ) A T5D5CY T[>DS CONSPIRATORIAL ACTION4 ,! MO/ REALI/ ( ! GREAT AN>*I/S1 HE DID NOT ALWAYS %>E ,KROPOTK9'S OPTIMISM & :ILE HE ACCEPT$ AN>*I/ COMMUNISM1 REG>D$ IT 9 ! LI<T ( A HYPO!SIS TO BE REVIS$ & RECONSID]$ ACCORD+ TO *ANG+ CIRCUM/ANCES 7P4#c#h#b7 

,I HAVE ITALICIZ$ ,WOODCOCK'S TWO REF]5CES TO ,MALATE/A 9 ORD] TO UND]L9E MY SURPRISE ?AT 9 HIS ,HI/ORY1 PUBLI%$ T5 YE>S AFT] ! ,BIOGRAPHY1 ,MALATE/A BECOMES ! 0KNI<T ]RANT 9 SE>* ( REVOLUTION>Y ADV5TURE0 & ! SUBJECT = ! USUAL ANECDOTES1 BUT HAS NO PLACE 9 ! FIR/ HALF ( HIS HI/ORY DEAL+ ) ! ,IDEA1 9 :I* HE DEVOTES #c PAGES TO ,GODW91 #ab TO ,/IRN]1 & #ci TO ,PR\DHON4 ,?AT !SE WRIT]S >E FULL ( ?\<T-PROVOK+ IDEAS NO ONE :O HAS BO!R$ 7OR TRI$7 TO READ !M WILL D5Y4 ,BUT :AT HAVE !Y1 EXCEPT = ,PR\DHON1 TO DO ) ! SECOND P>T ( HIS ,HI/ORY--0,! ,MOVEM5T08 

,UNTIL REC5T YE>S ! NAMES1 LET ALONE ! WRIT+S1 ( ,GODW9 & ,/IRN] W]E UNKN[N 9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,AS ,WOODCOCK PO9TS \T ( ,GODW9'S 0,POLITICAL ,JU/ICE10 9 SPITE ( ! SUCCES D'E/IME IT 5JOY$ AT ! TIME ( PUBLICATION 9 #a#g#i#c1 A C5TURY WAS TO ELAPSE BE=E IT WAS REPR9T$4 ,& ,GODW9 HIMSELF 0DI$ 9 OBSCURITY4 ,HIS IDEAS W]E FAMILI> ONLY TO A RE/RICT$ GR\P ( PEOPLE ) LIT]>Y 9T]E/S1 & HIS SOCIAL WRIT+S BECAME ! GOSPEL ( NO POLITICAL GR\P10 & HE ADDS 0,! G5]AL NEGLECT ( ,GODW9 HAS P]SI/$4 ,NEV]1 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 WAS HE AMONG ! REV]$ POLITICAL WRIT]S40 

,MALATE/A WAS = MORE ?AN FIFTY YE>S BO? AT ! C5T] ( ! F]M5T ( IDEAS1 & = MO/ ( ?AT TIME AN ACTIVE MILITANT 9 V>I\S C\NTRIES4 ,HE DID NOT 5JOY ! SAME K9D ( REV]5T E/EEM ACCORD$ TO ,KROPOTK9 9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T IF = NO O!R REASON ?AT HIS WRIT+S = ! MO/ P>T PUBLI%$ 9 J\RNALS ( :I* HE WAS $ITOR1 & :I* W]E AGITATIONAL PAP]S EXI/+ TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( A P>TICUL> POLITICAL SITUATION 7E4G41 L',AGITAZIONE1 ,VOLONTA1 ,UMANITA ,NOVA--,I CAN ONLY ?9K ( ,P5SI]O E ,VOLONTA PUBLI%$ AFT] ,MUSSOL9I'S VICTORY1 AS ! EXCEPTION TO ?IS RULE7 & ONE ( ,MALATE/A'S ROLES 9 SU* PAP]S WAS TO SEEK TO CREATE A COORD9AT$ MOVEM5T \T ( ALL ! AN>*I/ GOODWILL DISP]S$ & UNORGANIZ$4 ,AS A RESULT HE F\ND HIMSELF FREQU5TLY 5GAG$ 9 POLEMICS G5]ALLY ) ! EXTREMI/ ELEM5TS1 BETWE5 ! \T & \T 9DIVIDUALI/S ON ! ONE H& & ?OSE :O 9 !IR CONC]N TO DO SOME?+ W\LD ALMO/ VE] TO AU?ORIT>IANISM4 ,AS A RESULT ,MALATE/A WAS ALWAYS A CONTROV]SIAL FIGURE1 & NOT )\T HIS DETRACTORS )9 ! AN>*I/ CIRCLES AS WELL AS1 ( C\RSE1 9 ! ,LEFT W+ AU?ORIT>IAN P>TIES4 ,& ONE CAN IMAG9E ?AT HE FELT ?AT HE W\LD DO HIS CAUSE MORE H>M ?AN GOOD BY *ALL5G+ ! ,KROPOTK9IAN 0OPTIMISM & !ORETICAL FATALISM40 ,?AT IT WAS 9 HIS OP9ION A /UMBL+ BLOCK TO ! FULL DEVELOPM5T ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T AS A REVOLUTION>Y & POLITICAL =CE1 EM]GES ONLY TOO CLE>LY FROM HIS RECOLLECTIONS ON ,KROPOTK91 :I* WAS ! LA/ >TICLE HE WROTE1 ONLY A YE> BE=E HIS DEA?4 ,I CANNOT UND]/& H[ AN HI/ORIAN ( ,WOODCOCK'S EXP]I5CE & KN[L$GE ( ! AN>*I/ TR5DS C\LD DELIB]ATELY DISREG>D ?IS DOCUM5T ( FUNDAM5TAL IMPORTANCE TO AN OBJECTIVE UND]/&+ ( :Y ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T HAS FAIL$4 

,I TOO1 ?9K ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T HAS FAIL$ BUT NOT BECAUSE1 TO QUOTE ,WOODCOCK'S CONCLUSIONS1 09 ALMO/ A C5TURY ( EF=T IT HAS NOT EV5 APPROA*$ ! FULFILLM5T ( ITS GREAT AIM TO DE/ROY ! /ATE & BUILD ,J]USALEM 9 ITS RU9S0--FEW AN>*I/S W\LD %>E ! VIEW ?AT ?IS HAS BE5 ! AIM ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T AS SU*--BUT BECAUSE MO/ AN>*I/S HAVE SEEM$ UNABLE OR HAVE BE5 UNWILL+1 TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 !IR PROBLEMS AS CONSCI\S 9DIVIDUALS & ! PROBLEMS ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,& BECAUSE !Y G5]ALLY MANAGE TO F9D SOLUTIONS TO !IR BASIC MAT]IAL NE$S :I* P]MIT !M TO LIVE FULL LIVES !Y ASSUME ?AT :AT !Y HAVE DONE O!RS CAN ALSO DO1 & EI!R !Y CONCLUDE ?AT PROPAG&A IS UNNECESS>Y1 9 :I* CASE !Y SP5D ! RE/ ( !IR LIVES LIV+ \T !IR ONE-MAN-REVOLUTIONS2 OR IF !Y FEEL AN URGE TO COMMUNICATE !IR 0DISCOV]IES0 TO !IR FELL[-M5 T5D TO EXPRESS & PROJECT !IR P]SONAL EXP]I5CE & SOLUTIONS AS APPLICABLE & POSSIBLE = ! COMMUNITY AT L>GE4 ,SU* PROPAG&A CAN BE %[N TO HAVE PRODUC$ VALUABLE RESULTS 9 HELP+ O!R 9DIVIDUALS 0DISCOV]0 A NEW WAY ( LIFE = !MSELVES1 & EV5 MAKE !M1 9 TURN1 9TO PROPAG&I/S4 ,9 !ORY SU* PROPAG&A WILL SN[BALL1 & 9 A %ORT TIME AN IMPORTANT M9ORITY ( ! POPULATION WILL BE AN>*I/S4 ,9 PRACTICE ! RESULTS FROM SU* PROPAG&A HAVE BE5 LIMIT$ BECAUSE ITS IMPACT IS P]SONAL & NOT SOCIAL4 

,BY WAY ( ILLU/RATION ,I RECALL ! CASE ( A ,GLASG[ FACTORY WORK] DUR+ ! LA/ WORLD W> :O BECAME AN AN>*I/ & DEVELOP$ 9TO A BRILLIANT PUBLIC SPEAK]4 ,AT A C]TA9 /AGE HE REALIZ$ ?AT ! FACTORY WAS NO PLACE = HIM1 & SET \T 9 A C>AVAN TO LIVE ! FREE LIFE1 E>N+ A LIV+ MAK+ CLO!S PEGS4 ,HE HAD APPLI$ !ORY TO PRACTICE1 WAS ! CONCLUSION DRAWN BY HIS AN>*I/ COMRADES4 ,HE HAS NOT BE5 HE>D ( S9CE 9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T--:I* MEANS NE>LY TW5TY YE>S SIL5CE4 ,?OSE :O SAY ?AT HE--ASSUM+ HE IS /ILL MAK+ & SELL+ CLO!S PEGS FROM HIS HORSE-DRAWN C>AVAN--IS /ILL ! BE/ AN>*I/ AMONG US1 >E RI<T 9 ONE S5SE3 HE HAS OBVI\SLY R$UC$ HIS P]SONAL MAT]IAL NE$S TO A M9IMUM & ?IS HE CAN ACQUIRE BY MAK+ PEGS & IS LEFT ) A GREAT DEAL ( LEISURE TO 5JOY LIFE4 ,!Y >E ALSO WRONG1 BECAUSE !Y OV]LOOK ! EQUALLY IMPORTANT FACT ?AT \R CLO!S-PEG-AN>*I/ DEP5DS ON O!R PEOPLE WANT+ HIS PEGS & GR[+ ! FOOD HE & HIS HORSE NE$2 &1 MO/ IMPORTANT1 ?AT V]Y FEW O!R PEOPLE HAVE *OS5 TO %>E HIS WAY ( LIFE4 ,= IF EV]YBODY DECID$ TO TAKE TO ! ROAD & E>N A LIV+ MAK+ PEGS1 ALL ( US1 HORSES & AN>*I/S W\LD ALL DIE ( HUNG]2 & ! MONUM5T TO !IR NAIVETE--M\NTA9S ( UNWANT$ CLO!S PEGS6 

,WOODCOCK MAKES A VALID PO9T :5 HE WRITES ?AT :ILE IT IS TRUE ?AT AN>*I/S >E1 9 !ORY1 REVOLUTION>IES 

9 PRACTICE H[EV]1 ORGANIZ$ AN>*ISM 9 ! N9ETE5? & TW5TIE? C5TURIES WAS REALLY A MOVEM5T ( REBELLION RA!R ?AN A MOVEM5T ( REVOLUTION4 ,IT WAS A PROTE/1 A D$ICAT$ RESI/ANCE TO ! WORLDWIDE TR5D S9CE ! MIDDLE ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY T[>D POLITICAL & ECONOMIC C5TRALIZATION4 

,BUT ONE CANNOT %>E HIS CONCLUSIONS ?AT AN>*ISM IS A LO/--ALBEIT GOOD--CAUSE BUT ?AT 0ONCE LO/ !Y >E NEV] WON AGA90 & ?AT ! 0H]ITAGE ?AT AN>*ISM HAS LEFT TO ! MOD]N WORLD0 IS 

9 ! 9CITEM5T TO RETURN TO A MORAL & NATURAL VIEW ( SOCIETY :I* WE F9D 9 ! WRIT+S ( ,GODW9 & ,TOL/OY1 ( ,PR\DHON & ,KROPOTK91 & 9 ! /IMULATION SU* WRIT]S GIVE TO ?AT V]Y TA/E = FREE *OICE & FREE JUDGM5T :I* MOD]N SOCIETY HAS SO 9SIDI\SLY 9DUC$ ! MAJORITY ( M5 TO B>T] = MAT]IAL GOODS & ! ILLUSION ( SECURITY4 ,! GREAT AN>*I/S CALL ON US TO /& ON \R [N MORAL FEET LIKE A G5]ATION ( PR9CES1 TO BECOME AW>E ( JU/ICE AS AN 9N] FIRE & TO LE>N ?AT ! /ILL1 SMALL VOICES ( \R [N HE>TS SPEAK MORE TRULY ?AN ! *ORUSES ( PROPAG&A ?AT DAILY ASSAULT \R \T] E>S4 

,= IF AN>*ISM IS A LO/ CAUSE !N !RE CAN BE NO AN>*I/ 0H]ITAGE0 UNLESS ONE IS SATISFI$ TO SAY ?AT AN>*I/S >E AN ELITE1 ! 0PR9CES0 9 A WORLD ( SLAVES4 

,WOODCOCK ALSO FAILS TO SEE ?AT = A L>GE NUMB] ( AN>*I/S 0! HI/ORIC AN>*I/ MOVEM5T0 HAS NO MEAN+4 ,FEW PEOPLE COME TO ACCEPT AN IDEA SIMPLY BY READ+ AN 0AU?ORITY40 ,SOME:]E ,MALATE/A WRITES ?AT IT IS ACTION ?AT SETS PEOPLE ?9K+--& :ILE ?IS IS C]TA9LY TRUE 9 HIS CASE = HE ONLY DISCOV]$ ! EXI/5CE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL & ,BAKUN9 AFT] HE HAD BECOME AN ACTIVE ,MAZZ9IAN 9 HIS E>LY /UD5T DAYS--& :ILE HE WAS NOT DOGMATIC ON ?IS & W\LD RECOGNIZE ?AT = SOME1 ?\<T PREC$ES1 ACTION1 ,I ?9K IT IS G5]ALLY TRUE ?AT PEOPLE =MULATE EV5 VAGUE SOCIAL IDEAS AS A RESULT ( !IR DIRECT EXP]I5CE OR OBS]VATION ( ! WORLD >\ND !M4 ,WRIT]S CAN HELP TO CL>IFY OR DEVELOP !SE VAGUE IDEAS1 IF !Y SUCCE$ 9 RELAT+ !IR WRIT+S TO REALITIES4 

,IT IS 9 ?IS RESPECT ?AT ,MALATE/A WAS ONE ( ! ABLE/ & MO/ HONE/ ( AN>*I/ PROPAG&I/S1 & BECAUSE ! BASIC PROBLEMS1 :I* SET 9 MOTION ! VAGUE IDEAS ,I REF] TO1 HAVE NOT 9 FACT *ANG$ ALL ?AT MU* 9 ! PA/ FIFTY YE>S !RE IS /ILL A GREAT DEAL ?AT ,MALATE/A CAN TEA* US1 NOT AS A PROPHET1 BUT AS SOMEBODY :O BELONGS TO \R TIME & :O WORK$ & LIV$ AMONG ! PEOPLE1 & ALWAYS AW>E ?AT HE W\LD BE ! LA/ TO SUGGE/ ?AT AN>*I/S TODAY %\LD BL9DLY ACCEPT HIS IDEAS1 OR ADOPT HIS 0AN>*I/ PROGRAM0 PIECEMEAL OR SEEK TO RELIVE HIS LIFE AS AN AGITATOR4 

,MALATE/A HAS MU* TO TEA* US1 BE>+ 9 M9D ! PRES5T SITUATION 9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS ( ! WORLD1 9 HIS APPROA* TO AN>*ISM1 BO? AS AN IDEA & A WAY ( LIFE1 & 9 HIS POLITICAL S5SE & REALISM4 ,TO IGNORE !SE LESSONS IS TO CONDEMN ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T TO ! POLITICAL GRAVEY>D1 M\RN$ BY ! FEW D$ICAT$ CU/ODIANS ( ! 0,IDEA10 & TO P]IODIC DIS9T]M5T BY HI/ORIANS 9 SE>* ( A SUBJECT4 

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