Notes

[1] The most extensive biography of Malatesta is in Italian. See Giampietro Berti, Errico Malatesta e il movimento anarchico italiano e internazionale 1872–1932 (Milan: FrancoAngeli, 2003). See also Errico Malatesta, Autobiografia mai scritta. Ricordi (1853–1932), Piero Brunello and Pietro Di Paola, eds. (Santa Maria Capua Vetere: Edizioni Spartaco, 2003); and Davide Turcato, Making Sense of Anarchism: Errico Malatesta’s Experiments with Revolution, 1889–1900 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012).

[2] On Malatesta in London, see Carl Levy, “Malatesta in Exile,” Annali della Fondazione Luigi Einaudi 15 (1981): 245–70; Carl Levy, “Malatesta in London: The Era of Dynamite,” in A Century of Italian Emigration to Britain 1880–1980s, eds. Lucia Sponza and Arturo Tosi, special supplement of The Italianist 13 (1993), 25–42; Carl Levy, “Da Bresci a Wormwood Scrubs: Il ‘Capo’ dell’anarchismo mondiale a Londra,” in “Lo sciopero generale armato”: Il lungo esilio londinese, 1900–1913 (vol. 5 of Errico Malatesta, Opere complete), ed. Davide Turcato (Milan: Zero in Condotta, 2014). On Malatesta and the Italian colony of anarchists in London, see Pietro Di Paola, The Knights Errant of Anarchy: London and the Italian Anarchist Diaspora (1880–1917) (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2013).

[3] Carl Levy, “Anarchism and Cosmopolitanism,” Journal of Political Ideologies 16, no. 3 (2011): 265–78; David Berry and Constance Bantman, New Perspectives on Anarchism, Labour and Syndicalism: The Individual, the National and the Transnational (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publications, 2010); Steven Hirsch and Lucien van der Walt, eds., Anarchism and Syndicalism in the Colonial and Postcolonial World, 1870–1940: The Praxis of National Liberation, Internationalism, and Social Revolution (Leiden: Brill, 2010); Constance Bantman and Bert Altena, eds., Reassessing the Transnational Turn: Scales of Analysis in Anarchist and Syndicalist Studies (London: Routledge, 2015).

[4] Pier Carlo Masini, Cafiero (Milan: Rizzoli, 1974).

[5] Giampietro Berti, Francesco Saverio Merlino: dall’anarchismo socialista al socialismo liberale (1856–1930) (Milano: FrancoAngeli, 1993).

[6] Maurizio Antonioli and Roberto Giulianelli, eds., Da Fabriano a Montevideo. Luigi Fabbri: vita e idee di un intellettuale anarchico e antifascista (Pisa: BFS, 2006).

[7] Levy, Malatesta in Exile, 258–59.

[8] For accounts of Emidio Recchioni’s life, see Pietro Di Paola, “Recchioni, Emidio,” in Dizionario biografico degli anarchici italiani, eds. Maurizio Antonioli, Giampietro Berti, Santi Fedele, and Pasquale Iuso (Pisa: BFS, 2004), 418–20; Erika Diemoz, A morte il tiranno. Anarchia e violenza da Crispi a Mussolini (Turin: Giulio Einaudi, 2011).

[9] Richard Bach Jensen, The Battle against Anarchist Terrorism: An International History, 1878–1934 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014).

[10] Misato Toda, Errico Malatesta da Mazzini a Bakunin (Naples: Guida, 1988).

[11] Carl Levy, “Charisma and Social Movements: Errico Malatesta and Italian Anarchism,” Modern Italian 3, no. 2 (1998): 205–17.

[12] Ugo Fedeli, Luigi Galleani: Quarant’anni di lotte rivoluzionarie 1891–1931 (Cesena: AntiStato, 1956); Paul Avrich, Sacco and Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991).

[13] Carl Levy, “The Rooted Cosmopolitan: Errico Malatesta, Syndicalism, Transnationalism and the International Labour Movement,” in New Perspectives on Anarchism, Labour and Syndicalism, eds. Berry and Bantman, 61–79.

[14] Levy, Charisma and Social Movements, 214.

[15] Levy, The Rooted Cosmopolitan, 69.

[16] Levy, “Malatesta in London,” 37–39.

[17] Levy, Da Bresci a Wormwood Scrubs.

[18] Carl Levy, “Errico Malatesta and the War Interventionist Debate: 1914–1917,” in Anarchism 1914–1918, eds. Matthew Adams and Ruth Kinna (Manchester: Manchester University Press, forthcoming).

[19] Carl Levy, Malatesta in London; Davide Turcato, “European Anarchism in the 1890s: Why Labor Matters in Categorizing Anarchism,” Working USA: The Journal of Labor and Society 12 (2009): 459–62; and “The 1896 London Congress: Epilogue or Prologue?,” in New Perspectives on Anarchism, Labour and Syndicalism, eds. Berry and Bantman, 110–25.

[20] Carl Levy, ed., Colin Ward. Life, Times and Thought (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 2013).

[21] The details of Vernon Richard’s life in the next paragraphs can be found in Colin Ward, “Vernon Richards,” The Guardian, 4 February 2002.

[22] Di Paola, Recchioni, Emidio, 419; Diemoz, A morte il tiranno, 277–81, 297–332.

[23] “Between Ourselves,” Freedom, September, 1915.

[24] Berneri needs an English language biography, but see: Carlo De Maria, Camillo Berneri: tra anarchism e liberalism (Milan: FrancoAngeli, 2004); Massimo Granchi, Camillo Berneri e i totalitarismi (Reggio Calabria: Cittanova, 2006).

[25] Lessons of the Spanish Revolution (London: Freedom Press, 1953).

[26] Vernon Richards, George Orwell at Home (and among the Anarchists): Essays and Photographs (London: Freedom Press, 1998).

[27] For the trial in 1945 and the Freedom Group in the 1940s see, Pietro Di Paola, “‘The man who knows his village’: Colin Ward and Freedom Press,” in Levy, Colin Ward, 28–52.

[28] Pietro Di Paola, “Marie Louise Berneri e il gruppo di Freedom Press,’ in Carlo De Maria, Maria Luisa Berneri e l’anarchismo inglese (Reggio Emilia: Biblioteca Panizzi/Archivio famiglia Berneri-Aurelio Chessa, 2013), 133–57.

[29] Marie Louise Berneri, Journey through Utopia (London: Freedom Press, 1950).

[30] David Goodway, “Colin Ward and the New Left,” in Levy, Colin Ward, 53–71.

[31] For a recent account of the “zepps” see Jerry White, Zeppelin Nights: London in the First World War (London: The Bodley Head, 2014).

[32] For example, Anarchy (London: Freedom Press, 1974).

[33] The Anarchist Revolution: Polemical Articles 1924–1931 (London: Freedom Press, 1995).

[34] James Joll wrote a letter to Margaret Cole, the wife of historian G.D.H. Cole, who had taught at Nuffield College, Oxford, and was a maverick Fabian and former Guild Socialist, and whose immense multi-volume history of socialism was quite sympathetic to the anarchists, indeed concluding with a plea for libertarian socialism in an era of nuclear terror. The letter is dated 5 January 1965 from St Anthony’s College Oxford, just after the publication of Joll’s book The Anarchists and, as we will see, just after a damning review in Ward’s Anarchy by Vernon Richards:

“Your letter came at a most opportune moment, when Anarchy had devoted two long articles to demolishing me and the book, so that it was very encouraging to know that a serious historian of the working-class movement had not thought that that I was unsympathetic to the ideas I was describing!” (Papers of Margaret Cole, Archive collections of Nuffield College, Oxford: MIC/E4/3/1).

On Cole’s relationship to anarchism, see Leonie Holthaus, “G.D.H. Cole’s International Thought: The Dilemmas of Justifying Socialism in the Twentieth Century,” The International History Review 36, no. 5 (2014): 858–75.

[35] George Woodcock, Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1962).

[36] Davide Turcato, ed., The Method of Freedom: An Errico Malatesta Reader (Oakland: AK Press, 2014). Besides the fifth volume of Zero in Condotta’s complete works of Malatesta mentioned in endnote 2, two other volumes have been published: Vol. 3, “Un Lavoro Lungo e Paziente”: Il socialism anarchico dell’Agitazione 1897–1898, introductory essay by Roberto Giulianelli (2011); and Vol. 4, “Verso l’Anarchia”: Malatesta in America 1899–1900, introductory essay by Nunzio Pernicone (2012).

[37] Pensiero e Volontà, May 16, 1925

[38] Pensiero e Volontà, September 1, 1925.

[39] l’Agitazione, June 4, 1897

[40] Umanità Nova, August 25, 1920

[41] Umanità Nova, September 2, 1922

[42] Umanità Nova, April 27, 1922

[43] Umanità Nova, September 16, 1921

[44] Pensiero e Volontà, May 15, 1924

[45] Pensiero e Volontà, January 1, 1924

[46] Volontà, June 15, 1913

[47] Pensiero e Volontà, May 16, 1925

[48] Umanità Nova, September 16, 1922

[49] Volontà, June 15, 1913

[50] Umanità Nova, April 27, 1922

[51] Il Risveglio, December 20, 1922

[52] Umanità Nova, July 25, 1920

[53] Il Programma Anarchico, Bologna, 1920, in this volume, pp.173–88

[54] Il Programma Anarchico, Bologna, 1920, in this volume, pp.173–88

[55] Pensiero e Volontà, July 1, 1925

[56] Umanità Nova, February 27, 1920

[57] Pensiero e Volontà, April 1, 1926

[58] Pensiero e Volontà, August 8, 1924

[59] Pensiero e Volontà, July 1, 1924

[60] Pensiero e Volontà, July 1, 1924

[61] Pensiero e Volontà, April 1, 1926

[62] Pensiero e Volontà, August 25, 1926

[63] Pensiero e Volontà, June 1, 1926

[64] Umanità Nova, August 31, 1921

[65] Pensiero e Volontà, April 1, 1926

[66] Il Risveglio, November 30, 1929

[67] Volontà, December 27, 1913

[68] Umanità Nova, April 27, 1922

[69] Pensiero e Volontà, September 15, 1924

[70] Pensiero e Volontà, November 1, 1924

[71] Pensiero e Volontà, July 1, 1925

[72] Pensiero e Volontà, November 16, 1925

[73] Pensiero e Volontà, February 1, 1926

[74] Umanità Nova, September 30, 1922

[75] Umanità Nova, September 24, 1920

[76] Umanità Nova, November 24, 1921

[77] Umanità Nova, September 11, 1920

[78] La Questione Sociale, November 25, 1899

[79] La Questione Sociale, November 25, 1899

[80] Umanità Nova, August 25, 1921

[81] Pensiero e Volontà, September 1, 1924

[82] Il Programma Anarchico, Bologna, 1920, in this volume, pp.173–88

[83] Umanità Nova, August 12, 1920

[84] Umanità Nova, September 9, 1921

[85] Umanità Nova, April 27, 1920

[86] Umanità Nova, May 9, 1920

[87] Pensiero e Volontà, April 16, 1925

[88] Fede!, October 28, 1923

[89] Umanità Nova, October 21, 1922

[90] Il Risveglio, December 20, 1922

[91] Fede!, November 25, 1923

[92] Umanità, Nova July 18, 1920

[93] l’Anarchia (Numero Unico), August 1896

[94] Pensiero e Volontà, September 1, 1924

[95] Pensiero e Volontà, September 1, 1924

[96] l’Agitazione, September 22, 1901

[97] “Causa ed Effetti,” September 22, 1900

[98] Umanità Nova, December 18, 1921

[99] Umanità Nova, December 24, 1921

[100] l’En Dehors, August 17, 1892

[101] Umanità Nova, June 25, 1922

[102] l’Anarchia, August 1896

[103] Umanità Nova, August 11, 1922

[104] Umanità Nova, October 6, 1921

[105] Pensiero e Volontà, June 15, 1924

[106] Umanità Nova, September 16, 1922

[107] Umanità Nova, July 25, 1920

[108] Umanità Nova, September 2, 1922

[109] Umanità Nova, October 21, 1922

[110] Il Pensiero, June 1, 1909

[111] Umanità Nova, May 10, 1922

[112] Pensiero e Volontà, May 15, 1924

[113] Umanità Nova, September 10, 1920

[114] Pensiero e Volontà, March 1, 1924

[115] Il Risveglio, October 15, 1927

[116] l’Agitazione, June 4, 1897

[117] l’Agitazione, June 11, 1897

[118] Il Risveglio, October 15, 1927

[119] l’Agitazione, June 11, 1897

[120] l’Agitazione, June 18, 1897

[121] Umanità Nova, March 7, 1920

[122] Il Pensiero, May 16, 1905

[123] Il Risveglio, May 16, 1931

[124] Il Risveglio, December 30, 1922

[125] Umanità Nova, March 7, 1920

[126] Pensiero e Volontà, May 1, 1924

[127] Umanità Nova, October 4, 1922

[128] Umanità Nova, May 9, 1920

[129] Il Risveglio, December 30, 1922

[130] Pensiero e Volontà, August 25, 1926

[131] Umanità Nova, May 15, 1920

[132] Umanità Nova, April 18, 1922

[133] Umanità Nova, October 7, 1922

[134] Il Risveglio, November 30, 1929

[135] Umanità Nova, May 10, 1922

[136] Umanità Nova, April 18, 1922

[137] Il Risveglio, November 31, 1929

[138] Umanità Nova, August 27, 1920

[139] Pensiero e Volontà, August 15, 1924

[140] Umanità Nova, September 30, 1922

[141] Umanità Nova, August 19, 1922

[142] Umanità Nova, September 30, 1922

[143] Umanità Nova, September 2, 1920

[144] Umanità Nova, September 2, 1920

[145] Umanità Nova, September 2, 1920

[146] Umanità Nova, August 10, 1922

[147] Il Risveglio, February 11, 1933

[148] Il Risveglio, October 1–15, 1927

[149] Umanità Nova, March 14, 1922

[150] Umanità Nova, April 13, 1922

[151] Umanità Nova, April 6, 1922

[152] Umanità Nova, April 13, 1922

[153] Umanità Nova, April 6, 1922

[154] Pensiero e Volontà, April 16, 1925

[155] Umanità Nova, April 6, 1922

[156] Fede!, September 30, 1922

[157] Pensiero e Volontà, February 16, 1925

[158] Umanità Nova, March 17, 1920

[159] Confederazione Generale del Lavoro (the reformist Trade Union organization).

[160] Umanità Nova, June 28, 1922

[161] Pensiero e Volontà, April 1, 1924

[162] Umanità Nova, August 10, 1922

[163] Umanità Nova, October 20, 1921

[164] Pensiero e Volontà, May 16, 1925

[165] Umanità Nova, October 20, 1921

[166] Umanità Nova, September 3, 1921

[167] l’Agitazione, September 23, 1897

[168] l’Anarchia, August 1896

[169] l’Agitazione, May 15, 1897

[170] Umanità Nova, August 31, 1921

[171] l’Agitazione, May 15, 1897

[172] Fede!, October 28, 1923

[173] l’Anarchia, August 1896

[174] Umanità Nova, May 1, 1920

[175] Umanità Nova, May 4, 1922

[176] Umanità Nova, June 25, 1922

[177] Umanità Nova, August 26, 1922

[178] Pensiero e Volontà, June 1, 1924

[179] Pensiero e Volontà, August 1, 1926

[180] Umanità Nova, November 25, 1922

[181] Pensiero e Volontà, May 1, 1924

[182] Pensiero e Volontà, June 15, 1924

[183] Umanità Nova, October 28, 1921

[184] Umanità Nova, September 30, 1920

[185] Umanità Nova, April 22, 1920

[186] Umanità Nova, August 30, 1921

[187] Il Risveglio, December 30, 1922

[188] Umanità Nova, November 25, 1922

[189] Pensiero e Volontà, June 15, 1924

[190] Pensiero e Volontà, June 1, 1926

[191] Pensiero e Volontà, July 1, 1926

[192] Pensiero e Volontà, June 16, 1926

[193] Pensiero e Volontà, August 1, 1926

[194] Il Risveglio, December 14, 1929

[195] Il Risveglio, November 30, 1929

[196] Vogliamo, June 1930

[197] Vogliamo, June 1930

[198] Umanità Nova, August 12, 1920

[199] Umanità Nova, August 7, 1920

[200] Umanità Nova, September 6, 1921

[201] Vogliamo, June 1930

[202] Umanità Nova, April 7, 1922

[203] Il Programma Anarchico, Bologna, 1920, in this volume, pp.173–88

[204] Il Programma Anarchico, Bologna, 1920, in this volume, pp.173–88

[205] Umanità Nova, June 19, 1920

[206] Umanità Nova, April 1, 1920

[207] Fede!, November 25, 1923

[208] Umanità Nova, August 27, 1920

[209] Umanità Nova, October 7, 1922

[210] Pensiero e Volontà, October 1, 1924

[211] Pensiero e Volontà, October 1, 1925

[212] Umanità Nova, August 12, 1920

[213] Umanità Nova, September 2, 1921

[214] Pensiero e Volontà, April 1, 1924

[215] l’Adunata dei Refrattari, December 26, 1931

[216] Umanità Nova, February 27, 1920

[217] Pensiero e Volontà, January 1, 1925

[218] l’Agitazione, September 22, 1901

[219] Il Programma Anarchico was drafted by Malatesta and adopted by the Unione Anarchica Italiana at its Congress in Bologna (1920)

[220] Pensiero e Volontà, July 1, 1926

[221] Max Nettlau, Errico Malatesta—La Vida de un Anarquista (Buenos Aires, 1923)

[222] Armando Borghi, Errico Malatesta (Milan, 1947)

[223] Errico Malatesta, Scritti Scelti Vol. 2 (Naples, 1954)

[224] George Woodcock, Anarchism—A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements (London, 1963)

[225] Max Nettlau, op. cit.

[226] Max Nettlau, op. cit.

[227] Luis Fabbri, Malatesta (Buenos Aires, 1945)

[228] Max Nettlau, op. cit.

[229] Armando Borghi, Mezzo Secolo di Anarchia (Naples, 1954)

[230] Pensiero e Volontà, July 1, 1926

[231] Pensiero e Volontà, September 16, 1925

[232] Max Nettlau, Bakunin e l’Internazionale in Italia dal 1864 al 1872 (Geneva, 1928) preface by Malatesta

[233] Luis Fabbri, op. cit.

[234] Max Nettlau, Errico Malatesta—El Hombre, el Revolucionario, el Anarquista (Barcelona 1933)

[235] Luis Fabbri, op. cit.

[236] Angiolini quoted Nettlau, Errico Malatesta—La Vida de un Anarquista (Buenos Aires, 1923)

[237] Max Nettlau, op. cit.

[238] Questione Sociale (Florence, 1884) quoted Nettlau op. cit.

[239] Max Nettlau, op. cit.

[240] Max Nettlau, op. cit.

[241] Malatesta in preface to Nettlau op. cit.

[242] Malatesta in preface to Nettlau op. cit.

[243] Questione Sociale, quoted Nettlau, Errico Malatesta

[244] Questione Sociale, quoted Nettlau, Errico Malatesta

[245] Max Nettlau, op. cit.

[246] Max Nettlau, op. cit.

[247] Malatesta, in preface to Nettlau op. cit.

[248] Umanità Nova, March 11, 1922

[249] Pensiero e Volontà, July 1, 1926

[250] Malatesta in preface to Nettlau, op. cit.

[251] Luis Fabbri, op. cit.

[252] Errico Malatesta, Scritti Vol. 3 (Geneva, 1936)

[253] Umanità Nova, August 24, 1921

[254] op. cit.

[255] James Joll, The Anarchists (London, 1964)

[256] Luis Fabbri, op. cit.

[257] Errico Malatesta, Scritti Scelti (Naples, 1954)

[258] op. cit.

[259] Armando Borghi, Errico Malatesta (Milan, 1947)

[260] Luis Fabbri, op. cit.

[261] Freedom, July 1914

[262] James Joll, op. cit., see Appendix I

[263] Freedom, April 1916, see Appendix II

[264] Freedom, December 1914

[265] l’Adunata dei Refrattari (Newark, NJ, September 3, 10, 17, 24, 1932)

[266] See Ugo Fedeli, Errico Malatesta—Bibliografia (Naples, 1951)

[267] Luigi Fabbri, Malatesta l’Uomo e il Pensiero (Naples, 1951)

[268] Trento Tagliaferri, Errico Malatesta, Armando Borghi e Compagni davanti ai Giurati di Milano (Milan n.d. 1921?)

[269] Il Libero Accordo (Rome, 1920–1926), Fede! (Rome, 1923–1926)

[270] Pensiero e Volontà (Rome 1924–1926)

[271] Max Nettlau, op. cit. (Barcelona, 1933)

[272] Max Nettlau, in Freedom Bulletin, December 1932

[273] See Appendix IV

[274] Max Nettlau, op. cit. (Geneva, 1928)

[275] A proposito della Piataforma in Risveglio (Geneva, December 14, 1929)

[276] Freedom Bulletin, December 1932

[277] See Borghi, Fabbri, Nettlau, op. cit.

[278] See Nettlau, Errico Malatesta Vita e Pensiero (New York, 1921) Chapter 11

[279] Only quite recently a Spanish syndicalist of mature years expressed to me his admiration for Malatesta’s ideas but repeated as a fact that Malatesta always managed to get away when things were getting “too hot.” He was most surprised when I told him that Malatesta had spent some ten years in the various prisons of the world!

[280] Umanità Nova

[281] Trento Tagliaferri, op. cit.

[282] op. cit.

[283] La Protesta was a daily paper for 25 years. See Rocker, Anarcho-Syndicalism (London, 1938)

[284] Luis Fabbri, op. cit.

[285] Errico Malatesta, Scritti Scelti Vol. 1 (Naples, 1947), Vol. 2 (Naples, 1954)

[286] Luis Fabbri, op. cit.

[287] Max Nettlau, op. cit.

[288] Armando Borghi, op. cit.

[289] See Appendix III

[290] P. Kropotkin, Memoirs of a Revolutionist (London, 1899) Vol. 2, pp.59–60

[291] E.H. Carr, Michael Bakunin (London, 1937)

[292] Luis Fabbri, op. cit.

[293] James Joll, op. cit.

[294] MacMillan (New York, 1932)

[295] Armando Borghi Errico Malatesta (Istituto Editoriale Italiano, Milan, 1947) pp.136–37

[296] Man!, March, 1933

[297] Avanti! October 3, 1897. Reprinted in Scritti Scelti (Naples, 1954) p.54

[298] Borghi op. cit. pp.135–36

[299] Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements (Cleveland, 1962)

[300] Pelican Books (London, 1963)

[301] See “Anarchism and the Historians” by V.R. in the monthly journal Anarchy 46 (Freedom Press, London, December, 1964) for a detailed analysis of the escape, fact and fiction.

[302] Karl Mannheim, Freedom, Power and Democratic Planning (London, 1951)

[303] Pierre Besnard, Les Syndicats Ouvriers et la Revolution Sociale (Paris, 1930)

[304] Wilfrid H. Crook, Communism and the General Strike (Connecticut, 1960)

[305] Katharine Chorley, Armies and the Art of Revolution (London, 1943)

[306] I do not agree with all the evidence with which Lady Chorley builds up her case. For instance I would consider more significant as a revolutionary portent the weakness of the government, following the repression of the Asturian Rising and the mass imprisonment of the revolutionaries, to assert itself dictatorially, and the more or less free elections (by Spanish standards) which it found itself obliged to hold, than by the results! From an anarchist point of view Lady Chorley’s conclusions and observations are so valuable because if anything they stem from personal convictions which at most are orthodox Labour Party, and her Spanish sources, Jellinek, Atholl, et alia, are the kind I spent my time denouncing!

[307] Max Nomad in New Leader (New York, December, 1964).

[308] Woodcock and Avakumovic, The Anarchist Prince (London, 1950)