,LY+ = ,L59ISM ,AN ANALYSIS ( ,G4 ,Z9OVIEV'S LETT] TO ! ,I4,W4,W4 ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,IA9 ,MC,KAY ,TEXT 3 ,9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#b1 ,G4 ,Z,9,O,V,I,E,V1 ,PRESID5T ( ! ,C5TRAL ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL1 S5T A LETT] TO ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD4 ,IT APPE>$ 9 A #aib ISSUE ( ,ONE ,BIG ,UNION ,MON?LY1 A REGUL> PUBLICATION ( ! ,I,W,W ?AT APPE>$ UP UNTIL AB\T ,WORLD ,W> #b4 ,IT IS AN 9T]E/+ DOCUM5T4 ,GIV5 :AT ,Z9OVIEV WROTE 9 ! LETT] & ! ACTUAL CONDITIONS ?AT EXI/$ 9 ,RUSSIA AT ! TIME1 WE CAN SAFELY SAY ?AT ,/AL9ISM DID NOT 9V5T D\BLE?9K OR SY/EMATIC LY+ AS A POLITICAL PR9CIPLE4 ,AS WE WILL PROVE1 ! >GUM5TS & DESCRIPTIONS ( ,Z9OVIEV AM\NT TO LITTLE MORE ?AN A DELIB]ATE DI/ORTION4 ,9 PLA9 WORDS1 LIES PURE & SIMPLE4 ,IT MAY BE >GU$ ?AT ,Z9OVIEV LI$ BECAUSE ( ! DIRE SITUATION ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION WAS FAC+4 ,BY LY+1 HE HELP$ 5SURE ?AT ! REVOLUTION WAS NOT DEFEAT$ BY GA9+ SUPPORT]S = IT 9 ,AM]ICA & ELSE:]E4 ,H[EV]1 SU* A POSITION FAILS TO UND]/& ! P[] ( TRU? NOR ! CORRUPT+ 9FLU5CE ( LIES4 ,AS ! ,ITALIAN ,M>XI/ ,ANTONIO ,GRAMSCI ONCE WROTE1 0TO TELL ! TRU? IS A COMMUNI/ & REVOLUTION>Y ACT40 ,A REAL SOCIAL REVOLUTION CANNOT BASE ITSELF ON LIES AS ?OSE TAK+ P>T 9 IT MU/ BE 9 A POSITION TO UND]/& IT1 CRITICIZE IT & MAKE ! APPROPRIATE DECISIONS TO PU% IT =W>DS4 ,IF ONLY A FEW HAVE ! TRU?1 ONLY !Y WILL HAVE MEAN+FUL P[]4 ,CLE>LY1 BY SY/EMATICALLY LY+ 9 HIS LETT]1 ,Z9OVIEV %[$ ?AT ,BOL%EVISM & ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA W]E NOT COMMUNI/ NOR REVOLUTION>Y4 ,BY LY+ ,Z9OVIEV DID NOT DEF5D ! REVOLUTION1 HE BETRAY$ ITS SPIRIT JU/ AS ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD BETRAY$ ITS PROMISE4 ,IT MAY BE >GU$ ?AT ?IS CRITIQUE IS BAS$ ON H9DSIGU$ 79 HIS 0,LETT] TO ! ,WORK]S ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE07 ONE YE> BE=E ,Z9OVIEV WROTE HIS LETT] TO ! ,I4,W4,W3 0! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION 444 IS TRY+ TO REA* 444 ECONOMIC EQUALITY 444 ?IS EF=T HAS BE5 MADE 9 ,RUSSIA UND] A /RONGLY C5TRALIZ$ P>TY DICTATOR%IP 444 ?IS EF=T TO BUILD A COMMUNI/ REPUBLIC ON ! BASIS ( A /RONGLY C5TRALIZ$ /ATE COMMUNISM UND] ! IRON LAW ( A P>TY DICTATOR%IP IS B\ND TO 5D 9 FAILURE4 ,WE >E LE>N+ TO KN[ 9 ,RUSSIA H[ NOT TO 9TRODUCE COMMUNISM40 .<,KROPOTK9'S ,REVOLUTION>Y ,PAMPHLETS1 P4 #b#e#d.> ,CLE>LY1 ,KROPOTK9 & O!R AN>*I/S AT ! TIME W]E WELL AW>E ( ! FAILURES ( ! ,BOL%EVIK EXP]IM5T1 FAILURES ,Z9OVIEV FAILS TO M5TION 9 HIS LETT]4 ,AS SU*1 ?IS ANALYSIS HAS /RONG SIMIL>ITIES ) ! WORK ( AN>*I/S 9 ,RUSSIA AT ! TIME4 ,GIV5 ?AT !IR CRITIQUE WAS A PRODUCT ( !IR EXP]I5CES DUR+ ! REVOLUTION1 IT CANNOT BE SAID ?AT MY ANALYSIS IS PURELY ! B5EFIT ( H9DSI*I/ ANALYSIS ( ,Z9OVIEV'S COMM5TS4 ,HIS WORDS >E 9D5T$ :ILE M9ES >E NOT4 ,9 ADDITION1,I WILL CONC5TRATE ON ! DIV]G5CE BETWE5 ,Z9OVIEV'S RHETORIC & ! REALITY ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,RUSSIA4 ,HIS ANALYSIS ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ! ,U,S,A AT ! TIME WILL NOT BE DISCUSS$4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL TO ! ,I4,W4,W4 ,AN ,APPEAL ( ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL AT ,MOSC[ ,C,O,M,R,A,D,E,S ,& ,F,E,L,L,[ ,W,O,R,K,],S3 ,N[ IS NO TIME TO TALK ( 0BUILD+ ! NEW SOCIETY )9 ! %ELL ( ! OLD40 ,! OLD SOCIETY IS CRACK+ ITS %ELL4 ,! WORK]S MU/ E/ABLI% ! ,DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,PROLET>IAT1 :I* ALONE CAN BUILD ! NEW SOCIETY4 ,AN >TICLE 9 ! ,O,N,E ,B,I,G ,U,N,I,O,N ,M,O,N,?,L,Y1 Y\R (FICIAL ORGAN1 ASKS1 0,:Y %\LD WE FOLL[ ! ,BOL%EVIKS80 ,ACCORD+ TO ! WRIT]1 ALL ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA HAS DONE IS 0TO GIVE ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE ! VOTE40 ,?IS IS1 ( C\RSE1 UNTRUE4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION HAS TAK5 ! FACTORIES1 MILLS1 M9ES1 L& & F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTIONS \T ( ! H&S ( ! CAPITALI/S1 & TRANSF]R$ !M TO ! ,:,O,L,E ,W,O,R,K,+ ,C,L,A,S,S4 ,?IS IS1 ( C\RSE1 UNTRUE = TWO REASONS4 ,FIR/LY1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS MAY HAVE GIV5 ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE ! VOTE1 BUT !Y 5SUR$ ?AT IT C\NT$ = NO?+4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS C5TRALIZ$ P[] 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>S1 EFFECTIVELY R$UC+ ! SOVIETS TO BODIES C>RY+ \T ! ORD]S FL[+ FROM ! TOP4 ,MOREOV]1 !Y ALSO SY/EMATICALLY DISB&$1 BY =CE1 SOVIETS :I* HAD NON-,BOL%EVIK MAJORITIES ELECT$ TO !M4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 M>G9ALIZ+ & DISB&+ SOVIETS H>DLY EQUALS GIV+ ! WORK+ CLASS A MEAN+FUL VOTE4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS MAY HAVE CLAIM$ TO BE 9 FAVOR ( SOVIET DEMOCRACY & P[]1 BUT !IR ACTIONS PROV$ O!RWISE ,SECONDLY1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS DID TAKE 0! FACTORIES1 MILLS1 M9ES1 L& & F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTIONS \T ( ! H&S ( ! CAPITALI/S0 BUT !Y W]E NOT 0TRANSF]R$0 9TO ! H&S ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,RA!R !Y W]E TRANSF]$ 9TO ! H&S ( ! /ATE & RUN BY /ATE APPO9T$ MANAG]S4 ,! WORK+ CLASS DID NOT MANAGE OR CONTROL ! MEANS ( LIFE1 O!RS DID4 ,AS SU* [N]%IP WAS PURELY =MAL & HID ! CONT9U$ WAGE SLAV]Y ( ! WORK]S BY JUDICIAL =MS4 ,ULTIMATELY1 [N]%IP IS A JURIDICAL CONCEPT4 ,:AT MATT]S IS :E!R WORK]S MANAGE !IR [N WORK4 ,IF !Y DO NOT1 !N !Y >E /ILL ALI5AT$ FROM BO? ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! PRODUCT ( !IR LABOR4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD NOT *ANG$ ! SOCIAL RELATION%IPS )9 SOCIETY1 JU/ :O WAS TELL+ ! WORK+ CLASS :AT TO DO4 ,! NET EFFECT ( NATIONALIZ+ ! MEANS ( LIFE SIMPLY MEANT DIFF]5T BOSSES = ! WORK]S4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS CLAIM$ TO BE CREAT+ SOCIALISM BUT !IR ACTIONS PROV$ O!RWISE4 ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN PROVIDES AN EXCELL5T OV]VIEW ( :AT HAD HAPP5$ 9 ,RUSSIA AFT] ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION3 0,! ELECTIVE SY/EM WAS ABOLI%$1 FIR/ 9 ! >MY & NAVY1 !N 9 ! 9DU/RIES4 ,! ,SOVIETS ( PEASANTS & WORK]S W]E CA/RAT$ & TURN$ 9TO OB$I5T ,COMMUNI/ ,COMMITTEES1 ) ! DREAD$ SWORD ( ! ,*EKA .A-MILIT>Y POLICE.> EV] HANG+ OV] !M4 ,! LABOR UNIONS GOV]NM5TALIZ$1 !IR PROP] ACTIVITIES SUPPRESS$1 !Y W]E TURN$ 9TO M]E TRANSMITT]S ( ! ORD]S ( ! ,/ATE4 ,UNIV]SAL MILIT>Y S]VICE1 C\PL$ ) ! DEA? P5ALTY = CONSCI5TI\S OBJECTORS2 5=C$ LABOR1 ) A VA/ (FICIALDOM = ! APPREH5SION & PUNI%M5T ( 'DES]T]S'2 AGR>IAN & 9DU/RIAL CONSCRIPTION ( ! PEASANTRY2 MILIT>Y ,COMMUNISM 9 ! CITIES & ! SY/EM ( REQUISITION+ 9 ! C\NTRY 444 2 ! SUPPRESSION ( WORK]S' PROTE/S BY ! MILIT>Y2 ! CRU%+ ( PEASANT DISSATISFACTION ) AN IRON H&4440 .<,! ,RUSSIAN ,TRAG$Y1 P4 #b#g.> ,! AIM ( ?IS ANALYSIS IS TO %[ ! REALITIES ( ,BOL%EVIK RULE1 AS SUMM>IZ$ BY ,B]KMAN1 & ! RHETORIC ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 AS SUMM>IZ$ BY ,Z9OVIEV4 ,9 ! ANALYSIS ?AT FOLL[S ,I WILL PROVE ?AT ! TWO DO NO MEET4 ,Z9OVIEV WAS A LEAD+ MEMB] ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY :O TOOK AN ACTIVE P>T 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 ,CIVIL ,W> & P>TY MEET+S4 ,!RE IS NO WAY HIS LETT] C\LD HAVE BE5 A PRODUCT ( IGNORANCE & SO WE HAVE AN EXAMPLE ( ! SY/EMATIC LY+ USUALLY ASSOCIAT$ ) ,/AL9ISM4 ,BE=E CONT9U+1 IT IS USEFUL TO 9DICATE SOME ( ! HIDD5 MEAN+ BEG9 ,BOL%EVIK T]M9OLOGY4 ,ONCE Y\ UND]/& ?AT C]TA9 EXPRESSIONS >E M]E EUPHEMISMS !N ,BOL%EVIK RHETORIC BECOMES EASI] TO DECODE & UND]/&4 ,! KEY TO UND]/&+ ,Z9OVIEV'S CLAIMS IS TO UND]/& ?AT = ,BOL%EVISM !RE EXI/S A GREAT CONFUSION BETWE5 WORK+ CLASS P[] & P>TY P[]4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,L59 >GU$ 9 #aiba ?AT 0.O GO SO F> 9 ?IS MATT] AS TO DRAW A CONTRA/ 9 G5]AL BETWE5 ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! MASSES & ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! LEAD]S1 IS RIDICUL\SLY ABSURD & /UPID40 ,HE /RESS$ ?AT 0.HE V]Y PRES5TATION ( ! QUE/ION -- 'DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,P>TY OR DICTATOR%IP ( ! CLASS1 DICTATOR%IP 7,P>TY7 ( ! LEAD]S OR DICTATOR%IP 7,P>TY7 ( ! MASSES8' -- IS EVID5CE ( ! MO/ 9CR$IBLE & HOPELESS CONFUSION ( M9D 444 . CLASSES >E USUALLY 444 L$ BY POLITICAL P>TIES444 0 .<,LEFT-W+ ,COMMUNISM3 ,AN ,9FANTILE ,DISORD]1 P4 #bg & PP4 #b#e-#f.> ,IF ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY IS 9 P[] !N ! WORK+ CLASS RULES & SO ! 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT0 & ? 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! P>TY0 >E EFFECTIVELY ! SAME ?+4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 !Y >E NOT4 ,IF ! P>TY HOLDS P[] !N ! WORK+ CLASS DOES NOT4 ,IF ! P>TY DICTATES !N IT DICTATES TO ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,?IS CONFUSION ( P>TY P[] ) WORK+ CLASS P[] EXPLA9S ,Z9OVIEV'S CLAIM ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD TRANSF]R$ ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION TO ! 0,:,O,L,E ,W,O,R,K,+ ,C,L,A,S,S40 ,IF WE TAKE ! T]M 0,:,O,L,E ,W,O,R,K,+ ,C,L,A,S,S0 AS A EUPHEMISM = ! /ATE1 !N HIS WORDS >E CORRECT4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD EXPROPRIAT$ ! CAPITALI/ CLASS BY MEANS ( NATIONALIZATION4 ,?IS SIMPLY REPLAC$ ! CAPITALI/ CLASS ) ! /ATE1 LEAV+ ! WORK+ CLASS 9 EXACTLY ! SAME POSITION AS BE=E4 ,9/EAD ( BE+ WAGE SLAVES TO A CAPITALI/1 !Y HAD BECOME WAGE SLAVES TO ! /ATE4 ,WE UND]/&1 & %>E ) Y\1 Y\R DISGU/ = ! PR9CIPLES & TACTICS ( ! 0YELL[0 ,SOCIALI/ POLITICIANS1 :O1 ALL OV] ! WORLD1 HAVE DISCR$IT$ ! V]Y NAME ( ,SOCIALISM4 ,\R AIM IS ! SAME AS Y\RS -- ,A ,C,O,M,M,O,N,W,E,A,L,? ,),\,T ,/,A,T,E1 ,),\,T ,G,O,V,],N,M,5,T1 ,),\,T ,C,L,A,S,S,E,S1 ,9 ,:,I,* ,! ,W,O,R,K,],S ,%,A,L,L ,A,D,M,9,I,/,] ,! ,M,E,A,N,S ,( ,P,R,O,D,U,C,T,I,O,N ,& ,D,I,/,R,I,B,U,T,I,O,N ,= ,! ,C,O,M,M,O,N ,B,5,E,F,I,T ,( ,A,L,L4 ,& YET !SE AIMS >E TO BE PURSU$ US+ MEANS ?AT >E DIRECTLY OPPOSITE TO !M4 ,! /ATE1 GOV]NM5T & CLASSES >E TO BE US$ TO ABOLI% /ATE1 GOV]NM5T & CLASSES4 ,WORK]S %ALL ADM9I/] PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION1 BUT FIR/ !Y >E TO BE DISPOSSESS$ ( SU* ACTIVITY & PLAC$ UND] ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T4 ,CLASSES WILL BE ABOLI%$1 BUT FIR/ ! PROLET>IAT MU/ REMA9 ! PROLET>IAT & HAVE NO CONTROL OV] !IR WORK OR WORKPLACES4 ,! /ATE WILL BE ABOLI%$1 BUT FIR/ IT IS NECESS>Y TO /R5G!N IT1 CREATE AN >MY1 POLICE & SECRET POLICE 7! ,*EKA7 SEP>ATE FROM ! MASS ( PEOPLE 7& 9 DIRECT OPPOSITION TO ,L59'S CLAIMS 9 ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION74 ,GOV]NM5T MU/ 5D1 BUT FIR/ IT MU/ BE TURN$ 9TO ! DICTATOR%IP ( A P>TY & BECOME ! MO/ C5TRALIZ$ ! WORLD HAS EV] SE54 ,9DE$1 ,TROTSKY 79 #a#i#b7 BR\E ONLY =MS ( ! EXPRESSION ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 TWO CLOSELY CONNECT$ REGIONS 444 UND] ,SOCIALISM !RE WILL NOT EXI/ ! APP>ATUS ( COMPULSION ITSELF1 NAMELY1 ! ,/ATE3 = IT WILL HAVE MELT$ AWAY 5TIRELY 9TO A PRODUC+ & CONSUM+ COMMUNE4 ,NONE ! LESS1 ! ROAD TO ,SOCIALISM LIES ?R\< A P]IOD ( ! HI+1 ASSUMES ! =M ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 I4E41 ! MO/ RU?LESS =M ( ,/ATE1 :I* EMBRACES ! LIFE ( ! CITIZ5S AU?ORITATIVELY 9 EV]Y DIRECTION444 ,NO ORGANIZATION EXCEPT ! >MY HAS EV] CONTROLL$ MAN ) SU* SEV]E COMPULSION AS DOES ! ,/ATE ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! MO/ DIFFICULT P]IOD ( TRANSITION4 ,IT IS JU/ = ?IS REASON ?AT WE SPEAK ( ! MILIT>IZATION ( LABOR40 ,SO1 9 ORD] TO 5SURE FREE LABOR UND] COMMUNISM1 ! WORK+ CLASS MU/ BE SUBJECT$ TO ! MILIT>IZATION ( LABOR4 ,TO 5SURE ?AT ! /ATE DISAPPE>S1 WE MU/ 9CREASE ITS P[]1 SCOPE & SIZE4 ,YET WE >E TO BELIEVE ?AT ?IS MILIT>IZATION ( LIFE & LABOR WILL HAVE NO EFFECT ON ?OSE SUBJECT TO IT NOR ?OSE :O IMPOSE IT4 ,& SUPPORT]S ( ,BOL%EVISM CALL AN>*I/S UTOPIANS & IDEALI/S6 ,5DS >E NOT 9DEP5D5T ( MEANS1 JU/ AS ! 5D ( A J\RNEY IS DEP5D5T ON ! PA? TAK54 ,Y\ CANNOT 5D UP 9 ,P>IS IF Y\ FOLL[ ! SIGNS LEAD+ TO ,ROME4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT H[ A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY W\LD LOOK LIKE & WORK IS NOT 9DEP5D5T ( ! MEANS US$ TO CREATE IT4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY WILL REFLECT ! SOCIAL /RUGGLE :I* PREC$$ IT & ! IDEAS :I* EXI/$ )9 ?AT /RUGGLE AS MODIFI$ BY ! PRACTICAL NE$S ( ANY GIV5 SITUATION4 ,IF ! MEANS >E AU?ORIT>IAN1 ! 5DS WILL ALSO BE SO4 ,IF ! MEANS D5Y FRE$OM & WORK+ CLASS AUTONOMY1 !N SO WILL ! 5DS4 ,?US1 IF ! 5D IS A SOCIETY ( FREE & EQUAL 9DIVIDUALS CO-OP]AT+ TO MANAGE !IR AFFAIRS !N ! MEANS CANNOT BE 9 CONTRADICTION TO !M4 ,IF !Y >E1 IF ! MEANS >E BAS$ ON 9EQUALITY1 AU?ORIT>IANISM & HI]>*Y !N ! 5DS WILL ALSO BE M>K$ BY 9EQUALITY1 AU?ORIT>IANISM & HI]>*Y4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT IF ! 5DS >E SPECIFI$ AS 0,A ,C,O,M,M,O,N,W,E,A,L,? ,),\,T ,/,A,T,E1 ,),\,T ,G,O,V,],N,M,5,T1 ,),\,T ,C,L,A,S,S,E,S1 ,9 ,:,I,* ,! ,W,O,R,K,],S ,%,A,L,L ,A,D,M,9,I,/,] ,! ,M,E,A,N,S ,( ,P,R,O,D,U,C,T,I,O,N ,& ,D,I,/,R,I,B,U,T,I,O,N ,= ,! ,C,O,M,M,O,N ,B,5,E,F,I,T ,( ,A,L,L0 !N ! MEANS MU/ REFLECT !SE GOALS4 ,?US ! REVOLUTION MU/ BE M>K$ BY ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZ$ 9 A LIB]T>IAN WAY :I* WILL ALL[ WORK+ PEOPLE TO MANAGE !IR AFFAIRS DIRECTLY1 )\T NE$ = GOV]NM5T OR APPO9T$ MANAG]S4 ,9/EAD ( C5TRALIZ+ P[] AT ! TOP ( ! SOCIAL PYRAMID1 AS ! ,BOL%EVIKS DID1 P[] MU/ BE DEC5TRALIZ$ BACK ! H&S ( ! WORK+ CLASS & !IR ORGANIZATIONS4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION MU/ BE 5C\RAG$1 WORK+ CLASS AUTONOMY1 FRE$OM & DEMOCRACY PROTECT$ & 5C\RAG$ & WORK+ CLASS ADM9I/RATION ( SOCIETY =MALIZ$4 ,?IS IS :AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS FAIL$ TO DO4 ,AS ,SAMUEL ,F>B] NOTES1 0!RE IS NO EVID5CE 9DICAT+ ?AT ,L59 OR ANY ( ! MA9/REAM ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]S LAM5T$ ! LOSS ( WORK]S' CONTROL OR ( DEMOCRACY 9 ! SOVIETS1 OR AT LEA/ REF]R$ TO !SE LOSSES AS A RETREAT1 AS ,L59 DECL>$ ) ! REPLACEM5T ( ,W> ,COMMUNISM BY ,N,E,P 9 #a#i#b#a40 .<,BE=E ,/AL9ISM1 P4 #d#d.> ,?IS >GUM5T DOES NOT MEAN ?AT AN>*I/S ?9K ?AT WE CAN JUMP /RAIGU$3 0! F$]ATIVE ALLIANCE ( ALL WORK+ M5'S ASSOCIATIONS 444 CON/ITUTE ! ,COMMUNE 444 ALL PROV9CES1 COMMUNES & ASSOCIATIONS 444 BY FIR/ REORGANIZ+ ON REVOLUTION>Y L9ES 444 . CON/ITUTE ! F$]ATION ( 9SURG5T ASSOCIATIONS1 COMMUNES & PROV9CES 444 .<&.> ORGANIZE A REVOLUTION>Y =CE CAPABLE DEFEAT+ REACTION 444 .<& =.> SELF-DEF5SE 444 .<,!.> REVOLUTION EV]Y:]E MU/ BE CREAT$ BY ! PEOPLE1 & SUPREME CONTROL MU/ ALWAYS BELONG TO ! PEOPLE ORGANIZ$ 9TO A FREE F$]ATION ( AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL ASSOCIATIONS 444 ORGANIZ$ FROM ! BOTTOM UPW>DS BY MEANS ( REVOLUTION>Y DELEGATION444 0 .<,MI*AEL ,BAKUN93 ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S1 P4 #a#g-#b.> ,H[EV]1 IF Y\ SEEK A SOCIETY )\T GOV]NM5T1 CLASSES & /ATE !N IT CAN ONLY BE A*IEV$ BY SELF-MANAGEM5T & ORGANIZATION FROM BEL[ UPW>DS4 ,! EXP]I5CE ( ,BOL%EVISM %[S ! CLE> L9KAGE BETWE5 MEANS & 5DS4 ,WE ADDRESS ?IS LETT] TO Y\1 FELL[-WORK]S ( ! ,I4,W4,W41 9 RECOGNITION ( Y\R LONG & H]OIC S]VICES 9 ! CLASS W>1 ( :I* Y\ MAY HAVE BORNE ! BRUNT 9 Y\R [N C\NTRY1 SO ?AT Y\ MAY CLE>LY UND]/& \R ,COMMUNI/ PR9CIPLES & PROGRAM4 ,WE APPEAL TO Y\1 AS REVOLUTION>IES1 TO RALLY TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 BORN 9 ! DAWN ( ! ,WORLD ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,H[EV]1 )\T PRES5T+ AN ACCURATE PICTURE ( ! REALITIES ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 ( H[ ,BOL%EVIK 0PR9CIPLES & PROGRAM0 HAD BE5 APPLI$ 9 PRACTICE1 ANY SU* UND]/&+ WILL H>DLY BE CLE>4 ,ESS5TIALLY ,Z9OVIEV IS ASK+ US TO JUDGE ,BOL%EVISM BY :AT IT SAYS AB\T ITSELF1 NOT :AT IT ACTUALLY DOES4 ,9 ?IS1 !Y DIFF] %>PLY FROM ,M>X :O HAD >GU$ ?AT WE MU/ JUDGE PEOPLE BY :AT !Y DO1 NOT BY :AT !Y SAY4 ,IF WE DO JUDGE ! ,BOL%EVIKS BY :AT !Y DID1 NOT BY :AT !Y SAID1 !N IT QUICKLY BECOMES CLE> ?AT REAL REVOLUTION>IES CANNOT HELP BUT REJECT ! 0PR9CIPLES & PROGRAM0 ( ,COMMUNISM4 ,WE CALL Y\ TO TAKE ! PLACE TO :I* Y\R C\RAGE & REVOLUTION>Y EXP]I5CE 5TITLES Y\1 9 ! FRONT RANKS ( ! PROLET>IAN ,R$ ,>MY FIIAN ,R$ ,>MY PRES5TS US ) A CLE> EXAMPLE ( :AT IS MEANT BY ! 0BANN] ( ,COMMUNISM40 ,LET US QUOTE ! F\ND] ( ?IS 0PROLET>IAN0 ,R$ ,>MY1 ,TROTSKY1 ON ITS NATURE4 ,WRIT+ 9 #a#i#b#b1 HE >GU$ ?AT3 0,!RE WAS & C\LD BE NO QUE/ION ( CONTROLL+ TROOPS BY MEANS ( ELECT$ COMMITTEES & COMM&]S :O W]E SUBORD9ATE TO !SE COMMITTEES & MIMY.> HAD C>RI$ \T A SOCIAL REVOLUTION )9 ITSELF1 CA/+ ASIDE ! COMM&]S FROM ! L&LORD & B\RGEOIS CLASSES & E/ABLI%+ ORGANS ( REVOLUTION>Y SELF-GOV]NM5T1 9 ! %APE ( ! ,SOVIETS ( ,SOLDI]S' ,DEPUTIES4 ,!SE ORGANIZATIONAL & POLITICAL MEASURES W]E CORRECT & NECESS>Y FROM ! /&PO9T ( BREAK+ UP ! OLD >MY4 ,BUT A NEW >MY CAPABLE ( FIMY ?REAT5$ TO UND]M9E IT FROM ! V]Y \TSET 444 ! SY/EM ( ELECTION C\LD 9 NO WAY SECURE COMPET5T1 SUITABLE & AU?ORITATIVE COMM&]S = ! REVOLUTION>Y >MY4 ,! ,R$ ,>MY WAS BUILT FROM ABOVE1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! PR9CIPLES ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,COMM&]S W]E SELECT$ & TE/$ BY ! ORGANS ( ! ,SOVIET P[] & ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,ELECTION ( COMM&]S BY ! UNITS !MSELVES -- :I* W]E POLITICALLY ILL-$UCAT$1 BE+ COMPOS$ ( REC5TLY MOBILIZ$ Y\NG PEASANTS -- W\LD 9EVITABLY HAVE BE5 TRANS=M$ 9TO A GAME ( *ANCE1 & W\LD (T51 9 FACT1 HAVE CREAT$ FAVORABLE CIRCUM/ANCES = ! MA*9ATIONS ( V>I\S 9TRIGU]S & ADV5TUR]S4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! REVOLUTION>Y >MY1 AS AN >MY = ACTION & NOT AS AN >5A ( PROPAG&A1 WAS 9COMPATIBLE ) A REGIME ( ELECT$ COMMITTEES1 :I* 9 FACT C\LD NOT BUT DE/ROY ALL C5TRALIZ$ CONTROL40 .<,! ,PA? ( ! ,R$ ,>MY.> ,TROTSKY ADMITS ?AT ! 0,R$ ,>MY WAS BUILT FROM ABOVE1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! PR9CIPLES ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! WORK+ CLASS40 ,:I* MEANS1 TO /ATE ! OBVI\S1 APPO9TM5T FROM ABOVE1 ! DISMANTL+ ( SELF-GOV]NM5T1 & SO ON >E 09 ACCORDANCE ) ! PR9CIPLES0 ( ,BOL%EVISM4 ,!SE COMM5TS W]E NOT MADE 9 ! HEAT ( ! CIVIL W>1 BUT AFT]W>DS DUR+ PEACETIME4 ,NOTICE ,TROTSKY ADMITS ?AT A 0SOCIAL REVOLUTION0 HAD SWEPT ?R\< ! ,CZ>I/ >MY4 ,HIS ACTIONS1 HE ALSO ADMITS1 REV]S$ ?AT REVOLUTION & REPLAC$ ITS ORGANS ( 0SELF-GOV]NM5T0 ) ONES ID5TICAL TO ! OLD REGIME4 ,:5 ?AT HAPP5S IT IS USUALLY CALL$ BY ITS TRUE NAME1 NAMELY C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,?IS JU/ ONE EXAMPLE ( ! 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT0 DE/ROY+ DEMOCRACY EX]CIS$ BY ! WORK+ MASSES & REPLAC+ !IR DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATIONS ) APPO9TEES FROM ABOVE4 ,! RATIONALE BEH9D ?IS ATTACK ON WORK+ CLASS DEMOCRACY IS SIGNIFICANT & WOR? DISCUSS+4 ,IT WAS US$ AGA9 & AGA9 BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS TO ELIM9ATE ! GA9S ( ! REVOLUTION 7= EXAMPLE1 WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION74 ,TROTSKY PROVID$ ?IS RATIONALE ON ,M>* #b#h?1 #a#i#a#h1 :5 HE GAVE A REPORT TO ! ,MOSC[ ,CITY ,CONF]5CE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,9 ?IS REPORT HE /AT$ ?AT 0! PR9CIPLE ( ELECTION IS POLITICALLY PURPOSELESS & TE*NICALLY 9EXP$I5T1 & IT HAS BE51 9 PRACTICE1 ABOLI%$ BY DECREE0 & ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS 0FAC.<$.> ! TASK ( CREAT+ A REGUL> ,>MY40 ,:Y ! *ANGE8 ,SIMPLY BECAUSE 0POLITICAL P[] IS 9 ! H&S ( ! SAME WORK+ CLASS FROM :OSE RANKS ! ,>MY IS RECRUIT$40 ,( C\RSE1 P[] WAS ACTUALLY HELD BY ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY1 NOT ! WORK+ CLASS1 BUT NEV] FE>3 0,ONCE WE HAVE E/ABLI%$ ! ,SOVIET REGIME1 ?AT IS A SY/EM UND] :I* ! GOV]NM5T IS HEAD$ BY P]SONS :O HAVE BE5 DIRECTLY ELECT$ BY ! ,SOVIETS ( ,WORK]S'1 ,PEASANTS' & ,SOLDI]S' ,DEPUTIES1 !RE CAN BE NO ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ! GOV]NM5T & ! MASS ( ! WORK]S1 JU/ AS !RE IS NO ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! UNION & ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( ITS MEMB]S1 &1 !RE=E1 !RE CANNOT BE ANY GR\NDS = FE>+ ! APPO9TM5T ( MEMB]S ( ! COMM&+ /AFF BY ! ORGANS ( ! ,SOVIET ,P[]40 .<,WORK1 ,DISCIPL9E1 ,ORD].> ,( C\RSE1 MO/ WORK]S' >E WELL AW>E ?AT ! ADM9I/RATION ( A TRADE UNION USUALLY WORKS AGA9/ !M DUR+ P]IODS ( /RUGGLE4 ,9DE$1 SO >E MO/ ,TROTSKYI/S AS !Y (T5 D5\NCE ! BETRAYALS BY ?AT ADM9I/RATION4 ,?US ,TROTSKY'S [N ANALOGY 9DICATES ! FALLACY ( HIS >GUM5T4 ,ELECT$ (FICIALS DO NOT NECESS>Y REFLECT ! 9T]E/S ( ?OSE :O ELECT$ !M4 ,?AT IS :Y AN>*I/S HAVE ALWAYS SUPPORT$ DELEGATION RA!R ?AN REPRES5TATION COMB9$ ) DEC5TRALIZATION1 /RICT ACC\NTABILITY & ! P[] ( 9/ANT RECALL4 ,9 A HIE QUITE A FEW GR\NDS = FE>+ ! APPO9TM5T ( COMM&]S BY ! GOV]NM5T -- NO MATT] :I* P>TY MAKES IT UP4 ,TROTSKY REPEAT$ ?IS RATIONALE :5 HE >GU$ 9 FAVOR ( MILIT>IZATION ( LABOR & ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T4 ,AS HE PUT IT1 0.T W\LD BE ! MO/ CRY+ ]ROR TO CONFUSE ! QUE/ION AS TO ! SUPREMCY ( ! PROLET>IAT ) ! QUE/ION ( BO>DS ( WORK]S AT ! HEAD ( FACTORIES4 ,! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT IS EXPRESS$ 9 ! ABOLITION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY 9 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 9 ! SUPREMACY OV] ! :OLE SOVIET ME*ANISM ( ! COLLECTIVE WILL ( ! WORK]S & NOT AT ALL 9 ! =M 9 :I* 9DIVIDUAL 5T]PRISES >E ADM9I/]$40 .<,T]RORISM & ,COMMUNISM.> ,H[EV]1 )\T ECONOMIC P[] AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION1 )\T WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T1 WORK+ CLASS POLITICAL P[] W\LD BE WEAK4 ,IF CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC RELATIONS EXI/$ 9 PRODUCTION1 !N H[ C\LD SOCIALI/ POLITICAL =MS EXI/8 ,!Y CANNOT NOT & !Y DID NOT4 ,TROTSKY'S 0COLLECTIVE WILL ( ! WORK]S0 IS SIMPLY A EUPH5ISM = ! ,P>TY4 ,9 ! SAME WORK HE >GU$ ?AT 0IT CAN BE SAID ) COMPLETE JU/ICE ?AT ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,SOVIETS BECAME POSSIBLE ONLY BY MEANS ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! P>TY0 & ?AT !RE IS 0NO SUB/ITUTION AT ALL0 :5 ! 0P[] ( ! P>TY0 REPLACES ! 0P[] ( ! WORK+ CLASS40 ,! P>TY1 HE /RESS$1 0HAS AF=D$ TO ! ,SOVIETS ! POSSIBILITY ( BECOM+ TRANS=M$ FROM %APELESS P>LIAM5TS ( LABOR 9TO ! APP>ATUS ( ! SUPREMACY ( LABOR40 ,H[ LABOR C\LD EXPRESS ?IS 0SUPREMACY0 :5 IT C\LD NOT EV5 VOTE = ITS DELEGATES 7NEV] M9D MANAGE SOCIETY7 IS NEV] EXPLA9$4 ,IT C\LD BE >GU$ ?AT ?IS 0SUB/ITUTION0 ONLY CAME AB\T DUE TO ! T]RIBLE CIRCUM/ANCES ( ! ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,?IS IS NOT ! CASE4 ,TROTSKY'S C\NT]-REVOLUTION 9 ! ,R$ ,>MY OCCURR$ BE=E ITS />T1 AS DID ! ,BOL%EVIK ATTACKS ON SOVIET DEMOCRACY4 ,NOR DID ,TROTSKY >GUE ?AT ?IS 0SUB/ITUTION0 WAS ! RESULT ( OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS1 RA!R HE CONSID]$ IT AS NATURAL4 ,HE REPEAT$ ?IS >GUM5T 9 #a#i#c#g3 0,! REVOLUTION>Y DICTATOR%IP ( A PROLET>IAN P>TY IS = ME NOT A ?+ ?AT ONE CAN FREELY ACCEPT OR REJECT3 ,IT IS AN OBJECTIVE NECESSITY IMPOS$ UPON US BY ! SOCIAL REALITIES -- ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 ! HET]OG5EITY ( ! REVOLUTION>Y CLASS1 ! NECESSITY = A SELECT$ VANGU>D 9 ORD] TO ASSURE ! VICTORY4 ,! DICTATOR%IP ( A P>TY BELONGS TO ! B>B>IAN PREHI/ORY AS DOES ! /ATE ITSELF1 BUT WE CAN NOT JUMP OV] ?IS *APT]1 :I* CAN OP5 7NOT AT ONE /ROKE7 G5U9E HUMAN HI/ORY444 ,! REVOLUTION>Y P>TY 7VANGU>D7 :I* R5\NCES ITS [N DICTATOR%IP SURR5D]S ! MASSES TO ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION 444 ,AB/RACTLY SPEAK+1 IT W\LD BE V]Y WELL IF ! P>TY DICTATOR%IP C\LD BE REPLAC$ BY ! 'DICTATOR%IP' ( ! :OLE TOIL+ PEOPLE )\T ANY P>TY1 BUT ?IS PRESUPPOSES SU* A HI< LEVEL ( POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T AMONG ! MASSES ?AT IT CAN NEV] BE A*IEV$ UND] CAPITALI/ CONDITIONS4 ,! REASON = ! REVOLUTION COMES FROM ! CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT CAPITALISM DOES NOT P]MIT ! MAT]IAL & ! MORAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! MASSES40 .<,TROTSKY1 ,WRIT+S #a#i#c#f-#c#g1 PP4 #e#a#c-#d.> ,CAPITALISM IS MAK+ DESP]ATE EF=TS TO RECON/RUCT ITS %ATT]$ WORLD4 ,! WORK]S MU/ SEIZE BY =CE ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE1 & RECON/RUCT SOCIETY 9 ITS [N 9T]E/S4 ,BY MAK+ ?IS COMM5T1 ,Z9OVIEV CONFUSES TWO ?+S4 ,FIR/LY1 !RE IS ! 0P[] ( ! ,/ATE0 &1 SECONDLY1 !RE IS WORK+ CLASS P[] TO RECON/RUCT SOCIETY4 ,!SE TWO ?+S >E NOT ! SAME4 ,AS ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ ,LUIGI ,FABBRI >GU$3 0,IT IS FAIRLY C]TA9 ?AT BETWE5 ! CAPITALI/ REGIME & ! SOCIALI/ !RE WILL BE AN 9T]V5+ P]IOD ( /RUGGLE1 DUR+ :I* PREOLET>IAN REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S WILL HAVE TO WORK TO UPROOT ! REMNANTS ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY 444 RELY+ ON ! /R5G? ( !IR ORGANIZATION 444 ! PROLET>IAT 444 WILL NE$ ORGANUSATION TO MEET NOT JU/ ! DEM&S ( ! /RUGGLE BUT ALSO ! DEM&S ( PRODUCTION & SOCIAL LIFE 444 0,! MI/AKE ( AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNI/S 9 ?IS CONNECTION IS ! BELIEF ?AT FIE IMPOSSIBLE )\T SUBMISSION TO A GOV]NM5T2 & ?US !Y REG>D AN>*I/S 444 AS ! FOES ( ALL ORGANIZATION & ALL CO-ORD9AT$ /RUGGLE4 ,WE1 ON ! O!R H&1 MA9TA9 ?AT NOT ONLY >E REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE & REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION POSSIBLE \TSIDE & 9 SPITE ( GOV]NM5T 9T]F]5CE BUT ?AT1 9DE$1 ?AT IS ! ONLY EFFECTIVE WAY TO /RUGGLE & ORGANIZE1 = IT HAS ! ACTIVE P>TICIPATION ( ALL MEMB]S ( ! COLLECTIVE UNIT1 9/EAD ( !IR PASSIVELY 5TRU/+ !MSELVES TO ! AU?ORITY ( ! SUPREME LEAD]S4 0,ANY GOV]N+ BODY IS AN IMP$IM5T TO ! REAL ORGANIZATION ( ! BROAD MASSES1 ! MAJORITY4 ,:]E A GOV]NM5T EXI/S1 !N ! ONLY REALLY ORGANIZ$ PEOPLE >E ! M9ORITY :O MAKE UP ! GOV]NM5T2 & 444 IF ! MASSES DO ORGANIZE1 !Y DO SO AGA9/ IT1 \TSIDE IT1 OR AT ! V]Y LEA/1 9DEP5D5TLY ( IT4 ,9 OSSIFY+ 9TO A GOV]NM5T1 ! REVOLUTION AS SU* W\LD FALL AP>T1 ON ACC\NT ( ITS AW>D+ ?AT GOV]NM5T ! MONOPOLY ( ORGANIZATION & ( ! MEANS ( /RUGGLE40 .<0,AN>*Y & ',SCI5TIFIC' ,COMMUNISM01 9 ,! ,POV]TY ( ,/ATISM1 PP4 #a#c-#d#i1 ,ALB]T ,MELTZ] 7$471 PP4 #b#f-#g.> ,! /ATE IS A SPECIFIC =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,IT IS BAS$ ON ! DELEGATION & C5TRALIZATION ( P[]4 ,AS ,MALATE/A PUT IT1 AN>*I/ 0HAVE US$ ! WORD ,/ATE 444 TO MEAN ! SUM TOTAL ( ! POLITICAL1 LEGISLATIVE1 JUDICI>Y1 MILIT>Y & F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTIONS ?R\< :I* ! MANAGEM5T ( !IR [N AFFAIRS1 ! CONTROL OV] !IR P]SONAL BEHAVIOR1 ! RESPONSIBILITY = !IR P]SONAL SAFETY1 >E TAK5 AWAY FROM ! PEOPLE & 5TRU/$ TO O!RS :O1 BY USURPATION OR DELEGATION1 >E VE/$ ) ! P[] TO MAKE LAWS = EV]Y?+ & EV]YBODY1 & TO OBLIGE ! PEOPLE TO OBS]VE !M1 IF NE$ BE1 BY ! USE ( COLLECTIVE =CE40 .<,AN>*Y1 P4 #a#c.> ,9 ?IS1 ! ,BOL%EVIK /ATE WAS EXACTLY ! SAME AS ANY O!R /ATE4 ,IT WAS BAS$ ON ! FEW 7! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]S7 GOV]N+ ! MANY 7! WORK+ CLASS74 ,?AT ! FEW CLAIM$ TO BE DO+ IT = ! MANY DOES NOT *ANGE ! SOCIAL RELATION%IPS ! /ATE CREAT$4 ,NOR DOES ! CLAIMS ( ?OSE 9 P[] HAVE ANY BE>+ TO :AT !Y DO4 ,/AL91 = EXAMPLE1 >GU$ ?AT HIS RULE EXPRESS$ ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,IF WE LOOK AT :AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS DID1 IT IS CLE> !Y ACT$ FIR/ & =EMO/ TO DEF5D !IR [N P[]1 NOT ?AT ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,! /ATE IS C5TRALIZ$ TO FACILITATE M9ORITY RULE BY EXCLUD+ ! MASS ( PEOPLE FROM TAK+ P>T 9 ! DECISION MAK+ PROCESSES )9 SOCIETY4 ,?IS IS TO BE EXPECT$ AS SOCIAL /RUCTURES DO NOT EVOLVE BY *ANCE -- RA!R !Y DEVELOP TO MEET SPECIFIC NE$S & REQUIREM5TS4 ,! SPECIFIC NE$ ( ! RUL+ CLASS IS TO RULE & ?AT MEANS M>G9ALIZ+ ! BULK ( ! POPULATION4 ,ITS REQUIREM5T IS = M9ORITY P[] & ?IS IS TRANS=M$ 9TO ! /RUCTURE ( ! /ATE 7& ! CAPITALI/ COMPANY74 ,IRONICALLY1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS FAC$ ! SAME PROBLEMS AS ! B\RGEOIS DUR+ ITS REVOLUTION4 ,! PROCESS ( REVOLUTION 9 ,FRANCE & ,AM]ICA SAW POPUL> ORGANIZATIONS BE+ CREAT$ BY ! WORK+ POPULATION 7T[N MEET+S 9 ! ,U,S,A1 SECTIONS & COMMUNES 9 ,FRANCE74 ,?IS CAUS$ ! B\RGEOIS A PROBLEM4 ,AS ,KROPOTK9 PUT IT1 0.O ATTACK ! C5TRAL P[]1 TO /RIP IT ( ITS PR]OGATIVES1 TO DEC5TRALIZE1 TO DISSOLVE AU?ORITY1 W\LD HAVE BE5 TO AB&ON TO ! PEOPLE ! CONTROL ( ITS AFFAIRS1 TO RUN ! RISK ( A TRULY POPUL> REVOLUTION4 ,?AT IS :Y ! B\RGEOISIE S\ ,! SAME PROBLEM FAC$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,BY C5TRALIZ+ P[] UND] !IR CONTROL1 !Y EFFECTIVELY DISP[]$ ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,?US ! SEIZURE ( 0! P[] ( ! ,/ATE0 & WORK]S 0RECON/RUCT.<+.> SOCIETY 9 ITS [N 9T]E/S0 >E TWO LOGICALLY OPPOSITE ?+S4 ,IF ! /ATE P[] IS SEIZ$ !N ! WORK]S >E NOT 9 P[]1 ! /ATE IS4 ,IF WORK+ PEOPLE >E 9 A POSITION TO RECON/RUCT SOCIETY !N !Y HAVE ! P[] & SO GOV]NM5T DOES NOT EXI/4 ,BOL%EVISM SOLVES ?IS PROBLEM BY SIMPLY PLAY+ ) WORDS -- IT CONFUSES P>TY P[] ) WORK]S P[]4 ,OR ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION ,WILL ! CAPITALI/S BE ABLE TO DO ?IS8 ,!Y WILL1 UNLESS ! WORK]S DECL>E W> ON ! :OLE CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 OV]?R[ ! CAPITALI/ GOV]NM5TS1 & SET UP A ,GOV]NM5T ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 :I* %ALL DE/ROY ! 9/ITUTION ( CAPITALI/ PRIVATE PROP]TY & MAKE ALL WEAL? ! PROP]TY ( ! WORK]S 9 COMMON4 ,?IS IS :AT ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S HAVE DONE1 & ?IS IS ! ,O,N,L,Y ,W,A,Y = ! WORK]S ( O!R C\NTRIES TO FREE !MSELVES FROM 9DU/RIAL SLAV]Y1 & TO MAKE OV] ! WORLD SO ?AT ! WORK] %ALL GET ,A,L,L ,H,E ,P,R,O,D,U,C,E,S1 & NOBODY %ALL BE ABLE TO MAKE MONEY \T ( ! LABOR ( O!R M54 ,IT CANNOT BE D5I$ ?AT ! CAPITALI/ GOV]NM5T HAD BE5 OV]?R[N 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,NOR CAN IT BE D5I$ ?AT A GOV]NM5T CLAIM+ TO BE 0( ! WORK+ CLASS0 HAD BE5 CREAT$4 ,NOR CAN IT BE D5I$ ?AT ! 9/ITUTION ( CAPITALI/ PRIVATE PROP]TY HAD BE5 DE/ROY$4 ,H[EV]1 0ALL WEAL?0 WAS NOT 9 ! H&S ( ! WORK]S1 NOR HAD 9DU/RIAL SLAV]Y BE5 ABOLI%$1 NOR DID ! WORK] GET ALL ?AT HE OR %E PRODUC$4 ,AS F> AS ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION W5T1 ! WORK] DID NOT MANAGE !M4 ,RA!R1 !Y W]E 9 ! H&S ( /ATE APPO9TEES4 ,! ROLE ( WORK]S W]E1 AS ,L59 HAD >GU$1 SIMPLY TO OBEY -- JU/ AS !Y DO 9 ANY CAPITALI/ FIRM4 ,9DE$1 ,TROTSKY WANT$ TO MILIT>IZE LABOR & HIS IDEAS W]E 9TRODUC$ 9 MANY 9DU/RIES1 MO/ NOTABLY BY HIMSELF ON ! RAILWAYS4 ,9 #a#i#b1 HE 0/>T$ BY PLAC+ ! RAILWAYM5 & ! P]SONNEL ( ! REPAIR WORK%OPS UND] M>TIAL LAW4 ,:5 ! RAILWAYM5'S TRADE UNION OBJECT$1 HE SUMM>ILY \/$ ITS LEAD]S &1 ) ! FULL SUPPORT & 5DORSEM5T ( ! ,P>TY LEAD]%IP1 'APPO9T$ O!RS WILL+ TO DO HIS BIDD+4 ,HE REPEAT$ ! PROC$URE 9 O!R UNIONS ( TRANSPORT WORK]S4'0 .<,MAURICE ,BR9TON1 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS & ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL1 P4 #f#g.> ,HE1 LIKE ,MUSSOL9I1 GOT ! TRA9S WORK+ AGA9 BUT IT HAD AS LITTLE TO DO ) SOCIALISM AS ,ITALIAN ,FASCISM4 ,TROTSKY'S P]SPECTIVE ON ?IS ISSUE WAS SIMPLY FOLL[+ PREVI\S ,BOL%EVIK >GUM5TS & PRACTICE TO !IR LOGICAL CONCLUSION4 ,RA!R ?AN BE+ FIRM SUPPORT]S ( WORK]S SELF-MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION1 ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]%IP OPPOS$ IT FROM ! />T4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 SU* A HUGE SUBJECT CANNOT BE COV]$ 9 ?IS >TICLE4 ,ALL WE CAN DO IS PRES5T A FEW IMPORTANT PO9TS & REF] READ]S TO ,MAURICE ,BR9TON'S ,! ,BOL%EVIKS & ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL3 #aiag TO #aiba = DETAILS4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]S QUICKLY />T$ TO UND]M9E ANY =M ( WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION4 ,L59 >GU$ 9 ,SIX ,!SES ON ! ,IMM$IATE ,TASKS ( ! ,SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T = 0OB$I5CE1 & UNQUE/ION+ OB$I5CE AT ?AT1 DUR+ WORK TO ! ONE-MAN DECISIONS ( ,SOVIET DIRECTORS1 ( DICTATORS ELECT$ OR APPO9T$ BY ,SOVIET 9/ITUTIONS1 VE/$ ) DICTATORIAL P[]S40 ,!SE !SES W]E WRITT5 BETWE5 ,APRIL #b#i? & ,MAY #cRD1 #a#i#a#h4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 BE=E ! />T ( ! CIVIL W> AT ! 5D ( ,MAY1 #a#i#a#h4 ,UNQUE/ION+ OB$I5CE ( APPO9T$ DICTATORS IS ! HALL-M>K ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION 709DU/RIAL SLAV]Y07 & NOT ( SOCIALISM4 ,! PRACTICE ( ,BOL%EVISM FOLL[$ ! !ORY4 ,AS AN>*I/ ,PET] ,>%9OV >GU$ 9 #a#i#b#c1 A 0FUNDAM5TAL FACT0 ( ! ,BOL%EVIK REVOLUTION WAS 0?AT ! WORK]S & ! PEASANT LABOR]S REMA9$ )9 ! E>LI] SITUATION ( 'WORK+ CLASSES' -- PRODUC]S MANAG$ BY AU?ORITY FROM ABOVE40 ,HE /RESS$ ?AT ,BOL%EVIK POLITICAL & ECONOMIC IDEAS MAY HAVE 0REMOV.<$.> ! WORK]S FROM ! H&S ( 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/S0 BUT !Y 0DELIV]$ !M TO ! YET MORE RAPACI\S H&S ( A S+LE EV]-PRES5T CAPITALI/ BOSS1 ! ,/ATE4 ,! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! WORK]S & ?IS NEW BOSS >E ! SAME AS E>LI] RELATIONS BETWE5 LABOR & CAPITAL 444 ,WAGE LABOR HAS REMA9$ :AT IT WAS BE=E1 EXPECT ?AT IT HAS TAK5 ON ! *>ACT] ( AN OBLIGATION TO ! ,/ATE4444 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT 9 ALL ?IS WE >E DEAL+ ) A SIMPLE SUB/ITUTION ( ,/ATE CAPITALISM = PRIVATE CAPITALISM40 .<,! ,HI/ORY ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ ,MOVEM5T1 P4 #ce & P4 #g#a.> ,CLE>LY1 ,Z9OVIEV IS NOT PRES5T+ AN HONE/ ACC\NT ( ! SITUATION ( WORK]S 9 ! SO-CALL$ 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT0 NOR PRES5T+ AN HONE/ ACC\NT ( ,BOL%EVIK PRACTICE UP TO ,JANU>Y #a#i#b4 ,TROTSKY'S DICTATOR%IP OV] ! RAILWAY WORK]S LAT] ?AT YE> WAS JU/ CONT9U+ ! POLICIES />T$ BY ,L59 9 #a#i#a#h4 ,BUT UNLESS ! WORK]S ( O!R C\NTRIES RISE AGA9/ !IR [N CAPITALI/S1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION CANNOT LA/4 ,! CAPITALI/S ( ! 5TIRE WORLD1 REALIZ+ ! EXAMPLE ( ! DANG] ( ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA1 HAVE UNIT$ TO CRU% IT4 ,! ,ALLIES HAVE QUICKLY =GOTT5 !IR HATR$ = ,G]MANY1 & HAVE 9VIT$ ! ,G]MAN CAPITALI/S TO JO9 !M 9 ! COMMON CAUSE4 ,NOTICE ?AT ,Z9OVIEV M5TIONS ! =EIGN 9T]V5TION 9 ,RUSSIA & YET DOES NOT 9DICATE ?AT ?IS HAS HAD ANY SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,?AT ,REVOLUTION 0CANNOT LA/0 9DEF9ITELY1 BUT1 APP>5TLY1 ! GA9S ( ?AT REVOLUTION ,Z9OVIEV LI/S 9 HIS LETT] /ILL EXI/4,?IS WAS A COMMON FEATURE ( ,BOL%EVISM AT ! TIME4 ,IT WAS ONLY ) ! RISE ( ,/AL9ISM DID ,L59I/S />T TO USE ! PROBLEMS CREAT$ DUR+ ! ,CIVIL ,W> AS AN EXCUSE = ! ANTI-SOCIALI/ & ANTI-DEMOCRATIC ACTIVITIES ( ,L59 & ! O!R ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]S4 ,AS ,VICTOR ,S]GE NOT$ 9 HIS MEMIORS1 DUR+ ?IS P]IOD 7LAT] CALL$ 0,W> ,COMMUNISM07 0ANY ONE :O1 LIKE MYSELF1 W5T SO F> AS TO CONSID] IT PURELY TEMPOR>Y WAS LOCK$ UPON ) DISDA940 .<,MEMOIRS ( A ,REVOLUTION>Y1 P4 #a#a#e.> ,ALSO1 WE MU/ PO9T \T A C]TA9 +5UITY 9 LAT] ,TROTSKYI/ >GUM5TS ?AT ,/AL9ISM CAN BE EXPLA9$ PURELY BY ! T]RIBLE CIVIL W> ,RUSSIA EXP]I5C$4 ,AFT] ALL1 ,L59 HIMSELF /AT$ ?AT EV]Y 0REVOLUTION 4441 9 ITS DEVELOPM5T1 W\LD GIVE RISE TO EXCEPTIONALLY COMPLICAT$ CIRCUM/ANCES0 & 0.EVOLUTION IS ! %>PE/1 MO/ FURI\S1 DESP]ATE CLASS W> & CIVIL W>4 ,NOT A S+LE GREAT REVOLUTION 9 HI/ORY HAS ESCAP$ CIVIL W>4 ,NO ONE :O DOES NOT LIVE 9 A %ELL C\LD IMAG9E ?AT CIVIL W> IS CONCEIVABLE )\T EXCEPTIONALLY COMPLICAT$ CIRCUM/ANCES40 .<,WILL ! ,BOL%EVIKS ,MA9TA9 ,P[]81 P4 #h & P4 #h#a.> ,IF ! ,BOL%EVIK POLITICAL & ORGANIZATIONAL =M CANNOT SURVIVE DUR+ ! 9EVITABLE P]IOD ( CIVIL W>1 DISRUPTION & COMPLICAT$ CIRCUM/ANCES ASSOCIAT$ ) A REVOLUTION !N IT IS CLE>LY A !ORY TO BE AVOID$ AT ALL CO/S4 ,MOREOV]1 ! ATTACKS ON WORK+ CLASS AUTONOMY 7I4E4 ! DISB&M5T ( SOVIETS1 ! APPO9TM5T ( (FIC]S 9 ! >MY & ! APPO9TM5T ( MANAG]S ) 0DICTATORIAL0 P[]S1 REPRESSION AGA9/ LEFT-W+ & AN>*I/ OPPON5TS7 ALL />T$ BE=E ! />T ( ! ,CIVIL ,W> & SO CAN H>DLY BE BLAM$ ON IT4 ,9 ORD] TO DE/ROY ,CAPITALISM1 ! WORK]S MU/ FIR/ WRE/ ,/ATE P[] \T ( ! H&S ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS4 ,!Y MU/ NOT ONLY ,S,E,I,Z,E ?IS P[]1 BUT ,A,B,O,L,I,% ,! ,O,L,D ,C,A,P,I,T,A,L,I,/ ,A,P,P,>,A,T,U,S ,5,T,I,R,E,L,Y4 ,= ! EXP]I5CE ( ,REVOLUTIONS HAS %[N ?AT ! WORK]S CANNOT TAKE HOLD ( ! ,/ATE MA*9E & USE IT = !IR [N PURPOSES -- SU* AS ! ,YELL[ ,SOCIALI/ POLITICIANS PROPOSE TO DO4 ,! CAPITALI/ ,/ATE IS BUILT TO S]VE CAPITALISM1 & ?AT IS ALL IT CAN DO1 NO MATT] :O IS RUNN+ IT4 ,& 9 PLACE ( ! CAPITALI/ ,/ATE ! WORK]S MU/ BUILD !IR [N ,W,O,R,K,],S' ,/,A,T,E1 ! ,DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,PROLET>IAT4 ,9 & ( ITSELF1 ! NOTION ?AT ! CAPITALI/ /ATE BE+ BUILT TO S]VE CAPITALISM IS ONE AN>*I/S HAD BE5 >GU+ LONG BE=E ,L59 WROTE 0,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION0 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,AS ,KROPOTK9 PUT IT1 ,AN>*I/S 0MA9TA9 ?AT ! ,/ATE ORGANIZATION1 HAV+ BE5 ! =CE TO :I* M9ORITIES RESORT$ = E/ABLI%+ & ORGANIZ+ !IR P[] OV] ! MASSES1 CANNOT BE ! =CE :I* WILL S]VE TO DE/ROY !SE PRIVILEGES40 .<,KROPOTK9'S ,REVOLUTION>Y ,PAMPHLETS1 P4 #a#g.> ,! QUE/ION N[ >ISES ( :E!R WORK]S NE$ TO BUILD !IR [N /ATE OR NOT4 ,AN>*I/S ANSW] NO1 ( C\RSE4 ,WE >GUE ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = ! WORK+ CLASS1 AS A CLASS1 TO TAKE P[] BY MEANS ( A /ATE4 ,!Y CAN ONLY DO SO 9 SELF-MANAG$ ORGANIZATIONS :I* ELIM9ATE HI]>*Y4 ,9 ,BAKUN9'S WORDS1 ! 0 FUTURE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION MU/ BE MADE SOLELY FROM ! BOTTOM UP1 BY ! FREE ASSOCIATION OR F$]ATION ( WORK]S1 FIR/LY 9 !IR UNIONS1 !N 9 ! COMMUNES1 REGIONS1 NATIONS & F9ALLY 9 A GREAT F$]ATION1 9T]NATIONAL & UNIV]SAL40 .<,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #b#f.> ,BY 5D+ ! DIVISION ( SOCIETY 9TO GOV]N$ & GOV]NORS BY UNIV]SAL SELF-MANAGEM5T 9 WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS1 ! WORK+ CLASS CAN DE/ROY CAPITALISM & RESI/ ATTEMPTS BY M9ORITIES 7EX-CAPITALI/S1 W\LD BE 0REVOLUTION>Y LEAD]S07 TO DOM9ATE !M4 ,ONLY BY =M+ NEW ORGANIZATIONS /RUCTUR$ 9 A SELF-MANAG$ WAY CAN A NEW SOCIETY BE CREAT$4 ,GIV+ P[] TO A FEW LEAD]S CANNOT DO ?IS4 ,REAL SOCIALISM CANNOT BE WORK$ \T BY A H&FUL ( PEOPLE SITT+ AT ! C5T]1 IT HAS TO BE WORK$ FROM BEL[1 BY ! PEOPLE ( EV]Y CITY1 T[N & VILLAGE4 ,! ,DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,PROLET>IAT ,MANY MEMB]S ( ! ,I4,W4,W4 DO NOT AGREE ) ?IS4 ,!Y >E AGA9/ 0! ,/ATE 9 G5]AL40 ,!Y PROPOSE TO OV]?R[ ! CAPITALI/ ,/ATE1 & TO E/ABLI% 9 ITS PLACE IMM$IATELY ! ,9DU/RIAL ,COMMONWEAL?4 ,! ,COMMUNI/S >E ALSO OPPOS$ TO ! 0,/ATE40 ,!Y ALSO WI% TO ABOLI% IT -- TO SUB/ITUTE = ! GOV]NM5T ( M51 ! ADM9I/RATION ( ?+S4 ,BUT UN=TUNATELY ?IS CANNOT BE DONE IMM$IATELY4 ,! DE/RUCTION ( ! CAPITALI/ ,/ATE DOES NOT MEAN ?AT CAPITALISM AUTOMATICALLY & IMM$IATELY DISAPPE>S4 ,! CAPITALI/S /ILL HAVE >MS1 :I* MU/ BE TAK5 AWAY FROM !M2 !Y >E /ILL SUPPORT$ BY HORDES ( LOYAL BUREAUCRATS1 MANAG]S1 SUP]9T5D5TS1 =EM51 & TRA9$ M5 ( ALL SORTS1 :O WILL SABOTAGE 9DU/RY -- & !SE MU/ BE P]SUAD$ OR COMPELL$ TO S]VE ! WORK+ CLASS2 !Y /ILL HAVE >MY (FIC]S :O CAN BETRAY ! ,REVOLUTION1 PREA*]S :O CAN RAISE SUP]/ITI\S FE>S AGA9/ IT1 TEA*]S & ORATORS :O CAN MISREPRES5T IT TO ! IGNORANT1 ?UGS :O CAN BE HIR$ TO DISCR$IT IT BY EVIL BEHAVIOR1 NEWSPAP] $ITORS :O CAN DECEIVE ! PEOPLE ) FLOODS ( LIES1 & 0YELL[0 ,SOCIALI/S & ,LABOR FAK]S :O PREF] CAPITALI/ 0DEMOCRACY0 TO ,REVOLUTION4 ,ALL !SE PEOPLE MU/ BE /]NLY SUPPRESS$4 ,Z9OVIEV SIMPLY FAILS TO UND]/& ?AT 0/]N SUPPRESSION0 CANNOT BE ! MEANS TO LIB]ATION4 ,AS ,MALATE/A PUT IT3 0,IF SOME PEOPLE 444 HAVE ASSUM$ ! RI+ ! TRIUMPH ( FRE$OM1 !Y WILL ALWAYS F9D ?AT ! PEOPLE >E NOT YET SUFFICI5TLY MATURE1 ?AT ! DANG]S ( REACTION >E EV]-PRES5T1 ?AT ! $UCATION ( ! PEOPLE HAS NOT YET BE5 COMPLET$4 ,& ) !SE EXCUSES !Y WILL SEEK TO P]PETUATE !IR [N P[]40 .<,]RICO ,MALATE/A1 ,LIFE & ,IDEAS1 P4 #e#b.> ,MOREOV]1 ! /R5G? ( A REVOLUTION DEP5DS ON ! WORK+ MASSES BE+ ITS MA/]S4 ,AS ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN >GU$1 0! /R5G? ( ! REVOLUTION 444 ,FIR/ & =EMO/1 . 9 ! SUPPORT ( ! PEOPLE 444 ,IF !Y FEEL ?AT !Y !MSELVES >E MAK+ ! REVOLUTION1 ?AT !Y HAVE BECOME MA/]S ( !IR LIVES1 ?AT !Y HAVE GA9$ FRE$OM & >E BUILD+ UP !IR WELF>E1 !N 9 ?AT V]Y S5TIM5T Y\ HAVE ! GREATE/ /R5G? ( ! REVOLUTION444 ,LET !M BELIEVE 9 ! REVOLUTION1 & !Y WILL DEF5D IT TO ! DEA?40 ,?US ! 0>M$ WORK]S & PEASANTS >E ! ONLY EFFECTIVE DEF5SE ( ! REVOLUTION40 ,?IS /R5G? CAN ONLY EXI/ 9 LIB]TY1 SO NO ATTEMPT CAN BE MADE TO 0DEF5D0 ! REVOLUTION AGA9/ M]E TALK1 AGA9/ ! M]E EXPRESSION ( AN OP9ION4 ,TO 0SUPPRESS SPEE* & PRESS IS NOT ONLY A !ORETICAL (F5SE AGA9/ LIB]TY2 IT IS A DIRECT BL[ AT ! V]Y F\NDATIONS ( ! REVOLUTION444 ,IT W\LD G5]ATE FE> & DI/RU/1 W\LD HAT* CONSPIRACIES1 & CULM9ATE 9 A REIGN ( T]ROR :I* HAS ALWAYS KILL$ REVOLUTION 9 ! PASS40 .<,A,B,C ( ,AN>*ISM1 PP4 #h-#h#a & P4 #h#c.> ,ONLY A REGIME :I* NO LONG] HAD ! SUPPORT ( ! WORK+ MASSES C\LD 0/]NLY SUPPRESS0 OPPOSITION VIEWPO9TS4 ,IF ! REVOLUTION S9C]ELY REFLECT$ ! 9T]E/S1 IDEAS & NE$S ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE1 !N NO AM\NT ( REACTION>Y TALK C\LD GET PEOPLE TO AB&ON !IR FRE$OM4 ,Z9OVIEV'S COMM5TS SIMPLY 9DICATE H[ UNPOPUL> ! ,BOL%EVIK DICTATOR%IP HAD BECOME 9 ! EYES ( ! ,RUSSIAN MASSES 79 E>LY #a#i#b#a1 ,Z9OVIEV DECL>$ ?AT ! GOV]NM5T'S SUPPORT AMONG ! WORK+ CLASS HAD BE5 R$UC$ TO #a P] C5T74 ,Z9OVIEV IS CONFUS+ TWO ?+S4 ,FIR/1 !RE IS ! ISSUE ( ! DEF5SE ( A REVOLUTION4 ,SECOND1 !RE IS ! QUE/ION ( ! /ATE4 ,! TWO >E NOT ! SAME4 ,! =M] CAN BE A*IEV$ )\T A GOV]NM5T1 BY EMP[]+1 >M+ & ORGANIZ+ ! :OLE REVOLUTION>Y PEOPLE4 ,! /ATE1 WE MU/ /RESS1 IS ! EMP[]+1 >M+ & ORGANIZ+ A M9ORITY ( A REVOLUTION>Y PEOPLE & ! DISEMP[]+1 DIS>M+ & DIS-ORGANIZ+ ( ! RE/4,! DIFF]5CE IS IMPORTANT4,?IS CAN BE SE5 FROM ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK /ATE US$ ITS >M$ =CES TO SUPPRESS WORK]S' PROTE/S & ORGANIZATIONS ALL DUR+ ! ,RUSSIAN ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,Z9OVIEV HIMSELF WAS ! HEAD ( ! ,PETROGRAD ,SOVIET :I*1 9 #a#i#a#i1 S5T TROOPS TO BREAK /RIKES 9 ! CITY4 ,9 #a#i#b#a1 9 RESPONSE TO A WAVE ( /RIKES & ! REBELLION ( ,KRON/ADT1 HE WAS ! HEAD ( ! 0,PETROGRAD ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE0 :I* WAS 0VE/$ ) ABSOLUTE P[] ?R\<\T ! 5TIRE PROV9CE0 & 0 TOOK /]N MEASURES TO PREV5T ANY FUR!R DI/URBANCES4 ,! CITY BECAME A VA/ G>RISON1 ) TROOPS PATROLL+ 9 EV]Y QU>T]4 ,NOTICES PO/$ ON ! WALLS REM9D$ ! CITIZ5RY ?AT ALL GA!R+S W\LD BE DISP]S$ & ?OSE :O RESI/$ %OT ON ! SPOT4 ,DUR+ ! DAY ! /REETS W]E NE>LY DES]T$1 &1 ) ! CURFEW N[ SET AT #i P4M41 NI ,ULTIMATELY1 C5TRALIZ$ P[] IS US$ TO IMPOSE ! WILL ( ! LEAD]S1 :O USE /ATE P[] AGA9/ ! V]Y CLASS !Y CLAIM TO REPRES5T3 0,)\T REVOLUTION>Y CO]CION DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! AV[$ 5EMIES ( ! WORK]S & PEASANTS1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO BREAK D[N ! RESI/ANCE ( !SE EXPLOIT]S4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 REVOLUTION>Y CO]CION IS B\ND TO BE EMPLOY$ T[>DS ! WAV]+ & UN/ABLE ELEM5TS AMONG ! MASSES !MSELVES40 .<,L591 ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS1 VOL4 #b#d1 P4 #a#g.> ,9 O!R WORDS1 :OEV] PROTE/S AGA9/ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! P>TY4 ,( C\RSE1 IT WILL BE REPLI$ ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIK DICTATOR%IP US$ ITS P[] TO CRU% ! RESI/ANCE ( ! BOSSES 7& 0BACKW>D WORK]S074 ,SADLY1 ?IS IS NOT ! CASE4 ,FIR/1 WE MU/ /RESS ?AT AN>*I/S >E NOT AGA9/ DEF5D+ A REVOLUTION OR EXPROPRIAT+ ! P[] & WEAL? ( ! RUL+ CLASS1 QUITE ! REV]SE AS ?IS IS AB\T H[ A REVOLUTION DOES ?IS4 ,L59'S >GUM5T IS FLAW$ AS IT CONFUSES ! DEF5SE ( ! REVOLUTION ) ! DEF5SE ( ! P>TY 9 P[]4 ,!SE >E TWO TOTALLY DIFF]5T ?+S4 ,! 0REVOLUTION>Y CO]CION0 ,L59 SPEAKS ( IS1 APP>5TLY1 DIRECT$ AGA9/ ONE P>T ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS WILL ALSO 9TIMIDATE ! RE/ 7JU/ AS B\RGEOIS REPRESSION NOT ONLY 9TIMIDATES ?OSE :O /RIKE BUT ?OSE :O MAY ?9K ( /RIK+74 ,AS A POLICY1 IT CAN HAVE BUT ONE EFFECT -- TO ELIM9ATE ALL WORK]S' P[] & FRE$OM4 ,IT IS ! VIOL5CE ( AN OPPRESSIVE M9ORITY AGA9/ ! OPPRESS$ MAJORITY1 NOT VICE V]SA4 ,5D+ FREE SPEE* H>M$ WORK+ CLASS PEOPLE4 ,MILIT>IZATION ( LABOR DID NOT AFFECT ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,NEI!R DID ELIM9AT+ SOVIET DEMOCRACY OR UNION 9DEP5D5CE4 ,AS ! DISSID5T 7WORK+ CLASS7 ,COMMUNI/ ,GAVRIII ,MIASNOKOV >GU$ 9 #aiba 79 REPLY TO ,L5973 0,! TR\BLE IS ?AT1 :ILE Y\ RAISE Y\R H& AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/1 Y\ DEAL A BL[ TO ! WORK]4 ,Y\ KN[ V]Y WELL ?AT = SU* WORDS AS ,I AM N[ UTT]+ HUNDR$S1 P]HAPS ?\S&S1 ( WORK]S >E LANGUI%+ 9 PRISON4 ,?AT ,I MYSELF REMA9 AT LIB]TY IS ONLY BECAUSE ,I AM A VET]AN ,COMMUNI/1 HAVE SUFF]$ = MY BELIEFS1 & AM KN[N AMONG ! MASS ( WORK]S4 ,W]E IT NOT = ?IS1 W]E ,I JU/ AN ORD9>Y ME*ANIC FROM ! SAME FACTORY1 :]E W\LD ,I BE N[8 ,9 A ,*EKA PRISON OR1 MORE LIKELY1 MADE TO 'ESCAPE1' JU/ AS ,I MADE ,MIKHAIL ,ROMANOV 'ESCAPE4' ,ONCE MORE ,I SAY3 ,Y\ RAISE Y\R H& AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE1 BUT IT IS ,I :O AM SPITT+ BLOOD1 & IT IS WE1 ! WORK]S1 :OSE JAWS >E BE+ CRACK$40 . ,?IS CAN BE SE5 FROM ! MAKE-UP ( ,BOL%EVIK PRISON]S4 ,( ! #ag # CAMP DETA9EES ON :OM /ATI/ICAL 9=MATION WAS AVAILABLE ON #a ,NOVEMB] #a#i#b1 PEASANTS & WORK]S CON/ITUT$ ! L>GE/ GR\PS1 AT #c#i.0 & #c#d.0 RESPECTIVELY4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ( ! #d #iac PRISON]S HELD 9 ,DECEMB] #aiba 7( :OM #d#d.0 HAD BE5 COMMITT$ BY ! ,*EKA7 NE>LY #h#d.0 W]E ILLIT]ATE OR M9IMALLY $UCAT$1 CLE>LY1 !RE=E1 EI!R PEASANTS ( WORK]S4 .<,GEORGE ,LEGGETT1 ,! ,*EKA3 ,L59'S ,POLITICAL ,POLICE1 P4 #a#g#h.> ,UNSURPRIS+LY1 ,MIASNIKOV REFUS$ TO D5\NCE ! ,KRON/ADT 9SURG5TS NOR W\LD HE HAVE P>TICIPAT$ 9 !IR SUPPRESSION HAD HE BE5 CALL$ UPON TO DO SO4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT !RE ! SUPPRESSION ?AT ,Z9OVIEV IS ADVOCAT+ WAS NOT BE+ DIRECT$ JU/ AGA9/ ! 5EMIES ( ! REVOLUTION1 BUT RA!R AGA9/ ALL ?OSE :O OPPOS$ ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T1 9CLUD+ WORK]S4 ,?IS CAN ONLY OCCUR :5 P[] IS C5TRALIZ$ 9TO ! H&S ( A FEW1 :5 ! REVOLUTION CREATES A NEW 0/ATE0 RA!R ?AN ORGANIZ+ ! DEF5SE ( A FREE SOCIETY4 ,MOREOV]1 ,Z9OVIEV IS ALSO CONFUS+ ! REVOLUTION ) A FULLY DEVELOP$ SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S >E AW>E ?AT IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO 0IMM$IATELY0 CREATE 0! ,9DU/RIAL ,COMMONWEAL?10 IF BY ?AT IT IS MEANT A FULLY COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 ,AN>*I/S >E WELL AW>E ?AT 0CLASS DIFF]5CE DO NOT VANI% AT ! /ROKE ( A P5 :E!R ?AT P5 BELONGS TO ! !ORETICIANS OR TO ! P5-PU%]S :O SET \T LAWS OR DECREES4 ,ONLY ACTION1 ?AT IS TO SAY DIRECT ACTION 7NOT ?R\< GOV]NM5T7 EXPROPRIATION BY ! PROLET>IANS1 DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! PRIVILEG$ CLASS1 CAN WIPE \T CLASS DIFF]5CE40 .<,LUIGI ,FABBRI1 0,AN>*Y & ',SCI5TIFIC' ,COMMUNISM01 9 ,! ,POV]TY ( ,/ATISM1 PP4 #a#c-#d#i1 ,ALB]T ,MELTZ] 7$471 P4 #c.> ,AS SU*1 IMM$IATELY AFT] ALL A REVOLUTION !RE WILL BE NE$ TO DEF5D IT AGA9/ ATTEMPTS TO OV]?R[ IT & RE-9TRODUCE CLASS SOCIETY4 ,IT IS1 H[EV]1 ESS5TIAL ?AT ! 0,9DU/RIAL ,COMMONWEAL?0 BE 9TRODUC$ AS SOON AS POSSIBLE IF BY ?AT T]M WE MEAN WORK]S' DIRECT MANAGEM5T ( SOCIETY BY !IR [N ORGANIZATIONS :I*1 9 TURN1 >E RUN & CONTROLL$ BY !M DIRECTLY4 ,AS ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 PUTS IT3 0,!RE CAN BE NO SEP>ATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y GOAL4 ,A SOCIETY BAS$ ON SELF-ADM9I/RATION MU/ BE A*IEV$ BY MEANS ( SELF-ADM9I/RATION 444 ,ASSEMBLY & COMMUNITY MU/ >ISE FROM )9 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS ITSELF2 9DE$1 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS MU/ BE ! =MATION ( ASSEMBLY & COMMUNITY1 & ) IT1 ! DE/RUCTION ( P[]4 ,ASSEMBLY & COMMUNITY MU/ BECOME 'FIDS MU/ BE ROOT$ COMPLETELY 9 ! NEIM$ PEOPLE 9 P]MAN5T ASSEMBLY40 .<,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM1 PP4 #a#f#g-#i.> ,9 ?IS S5SE1 IT IS ESS5TIAL ?AT AN 0,9DU/RIAL ,COMMONWEAL?0 IS CREAT$ IMM$IATELY AS 0.NLY FRE$OM OR ! /RUGGLE = FRE$OM CAN BE ! S*OOL = FRE$OM40 .<,MALATE/A1 ,LIFE & ,IDEAS1 P4 #e#i.> ,?IS1 H[EV]1 DOES NOT MEAN ?AT DEF5SE ( ! REVOLUTION IS NOT ESS5TIAL1 IT IS4 ,& IT IS A DEF5SE AGA9/ ATTEMPTS TO 9TRODUCE NEW TYRANNIES JU/ AS MU* AS IT IS A DEF5SE AGA9/ OV]?R[N ONES4 ,TO BREAK D[N ! CAPITALI/ ,/ATE1 TO CRU% CAPITALI/ RESI/ANCE & DIS>M ! CAPITALI/ CLASS1 TO CONFISCATE CAPITALI/ PROP]TY & TURN IT OV] TO ! ,:,O,L,E ,W,O,R,K,+ ,C,L,A,S,S ,9 ,C,O,M,M,O,N1 -- = ALL !SE TASKS A GOV]NM5T IS NECESS>Y -- A ,/ATE1 ! ,DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,PROLET>IAT1 9 :I* ! WORK]S1 ?R\< !IR ,SOVIETS1 CAN UPROOT ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM ) AN IRON H&4 ,?IS IS EXACTLY :AT EXI/S 9 ,RUSSIA TODAY4 ,UN=TUNATELY :AT 0EXI/S 9 ,RUSSIA0 WAS SOME:AT DIFF]5T ?AT ?IS4 ,! 0SOVIET P[]0 7I4E4 ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T7 HAD1 BY ! TIME ,Z9OVIEV WROTE ?IS LETT]1 HAD BECOME LITTLE MORE ?AN ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY4 ,AS ,Z9OVIEV HIMSELF ADMITT$ LAT] 9 #a#i#b3 0SOVIET RULE 9 ,RUSSIA C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 MA9TA9$ = ?REE YE>S -- NOT EV5 ?REE WEEKS -- )\T ! IRON DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,ANY CLASS CONSCI\S WORK] MU/ UND]/& ?AT ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! WORK+ CLASS CAN BY A*IEV$ ONLY BY ! DICTATOR%IP ( ITS VANGU>D1 I4E41 BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 444 ,ALL QUE/IONS ( ECONOMIC RECON/RUCTION1 MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION1 $UCATION1 FOOD SUPPLY -- ALL !SE QUE/IONS1 ON :I* ! FATE IF ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION DEP5DS ABSOLUTELY1 >E DECID$ 9 ,RUSSIA BE=E ALL O!R MATT]S & MO/LY 9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! P>TY ORGANIZATIONS 444 ,CONTROL BY ! P>TY OV] SOVIET ORGANS1 OV] ! TRADE UNIONS1 IS ! S+LE DURABLE GU>ANTEE ?AT ANY MEASURES TAK5 WILL S]VE NOT SPECIAL 9T]E/S1 BUT ! 9T]E/S ( ! 5TIRE PROLET>IAT40 . ,ANWEIL]1 ,! ,SOVIETS1 PP4 #b#c#i-#d.> ,CLE>LY1 ,Z9OVIEV KNEW ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S HAD NO REAL SAY ?R\< !IR SOVIETS4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY MADE ALL ! DECISIONS & ! WORK]S1 LIKE WORK]S 9 A CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 HAD TO C>RY !M \T 7OR BE CLASS$ AS AN 5EMY ( ! REVOLUTION & EI!R %OT OR IMPRISON$74 ,B,U,T ,?,I,S ,D,I,C,T,A,T,O,R,%,I,P ,( ,! ,P,R,O,L,E,T,>,I,A,T ,I,S ,O,N,L,Y ,T,E,M,P,O,R,>,Y4 ,WE1 ,COMMUNI/S1 ALSO WANT TO ABOLI% ! ,/ATE4 ,! ,/ATE CAN ONLY EXI/ AS LONG AS !RE IS CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,! FUNCTION ( ! ,PROLET>IAN ,DICTATOR%IP IS TO ABOLI% ! CAPITALI/ CLASS AS A CLASS2 9 FACT1 DO AWAY ) ALL CLASS DIVISIONS ( EV]Y K9D4 ,& :5 ?IS CONDITION IS REA*$ !N ! ,P,R,O,L,E,T,>,I,A,N ,D,I,C,T,A,T,O,R,%,I,P1 ,! ,/,A,T,E1 ,A,U,T,O,M,A,T,I,C,A,L,L,Y ,D,I,S,A,P,P,E,>,S -- TO MAKE WAY = AN 9DU/RIAL ADM9I/RATIVE BODY :I* WILL BE SOME?+ LIKE ! ,G5]AL ,EXECUTIVE ,BO>D ( ! ,I4,W4,W4 ,TAK+ ?IS LIT]ALLY1 !N ,Z9OVIEV IS ADMITT+ ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ,RUSSIA >E /ILL PROLET>IANS1 /ILL DISPOSSESS$ FROM ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & >E NOT1 9 FACT1 RUNN+ SOCIETY 9 !IR [N 9T]E/S4 ,! WAY TO ABOLI% ! PROLET>IAN CLASS1 AS A CLASS1 IS = ! WORK+ CLASS TO EXPROPRIATE CAPITAL DIRECTLY & PLACE IT UND] WORK]S SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,IF ?IS IS NOT DONE1 !N ?AT CLASS REMA9S PROLET>IAN & SO REMA9S SUBJECT TO WAGE SLAV]Y1 EXPLOITATION & OPPRESSION4 ,9 ,RUSSIA1 ! ECONOMIC POSITION ( ! WORK+ CLASS HAD NOT *ANG$4 ,?IS WAS ADMITT$ BY ,L59 9 ,LEFT-W+ ,COMMUNISM3 ,AN ,9FANTILE ,DISORD]4 ,HE NOT$1 9 PASS+1 ?AT ! TRADE UNIONS 0>E1 & WILL LONG REMA91 A NECESS>Y 'S*OOL ( ,COMMUNISM'1 A PREP>ATORY S*OOL = TRA9+ ! PROLET>IAT TO EX]CISE ITS DICTATOR%IP1 AN 9DISP5SABLE ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK]S = GRADUALLY TRANSF]R+ ! MANAGEM5T ( ! :OLE ECONOMY ( ! C\NTRY TO ! H&S ( ! WORK+ CLASS 7& NOT ( SEP>ATE TRADES7 & LAT] TO ! H&S ( ALL ! TOIL+ MASSES40 . ,IF ! WORK+ CLASS DOES NOT MANAGE ! ECONOMY1 !N :O DOES8 ,IF ! WORK+ CLASS DOES NOT DO SO1 !N IT CLE>LY IS /ILL ! PROLET>IAT & ! REVOLUTION HAS NOT *ANG$ ITS ECONOMIC POSITION AT ALL4 ,AS SU*1 0REVOLUTION>Y0 ,RUSSIA WAS /ILL A CLASS SOCIETY 9 :I* ! PROLET>IAT WAS /ILL FOLL[+ ORD]S 9 PRODUCTION4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ! NEW RUL+ CLASS ( P>TY (FICIALS & BUREAUCRATS DID NOT WANT TO LOOSE !IR P[] TO ! OLD RUL+ CLASS1 BUT ! POSITION ( ! PROLET>IAT HAD NOT *ANG$4 ,9 A REC5T LEAFLET1 ,M>Y ,M>CY >GUES ?AT1 AL?\< ! ,I4,W4,W4 DOES NOT !ORETICALLY RECOGNIZE ! NECESSITY = ! ,DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,PROLET>IAT1 IT WILL BE =C$ TO DO SO ,9 ,F,A,C,T AT ! TIME ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 9 ORD] TO SUPPRESS ! CAPITALI/ C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,?IS IS TRUE1 BUT UNLESS ! ,I4,W4,W4 ACKN[L$GES BE=EH& ! NECESSITY ( ! ,WORK]S' ,/ATE1 & PREP>ES = IT1 !RE WILL BE CONFUSION & WEAKNESS AT A TIME :5 FIRMNESS & SWIFT ACTION >E IMP]ATIVE4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS TO CONFUSE ! DEF5SE ( A REVOLUTION & ! V>I\S WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS NE$$ = ! EX-PROLET>IAT TO RUN SOCIETY 9 ITS [N 9T]E/S ) 0! WORK]S' /ATE0 :I* IS ! S\RCE ( WEAKNESS4 ,TO CONSID] ! CREATION ( A NEW /ATE AS SIMPLY DEF5D+ A REVOLUTION IMPLIES A LACK ( UND]/&+ ( BO?4 ,AS ,MALATE/A >GU$3 0,BUT P]HAPS ! TRU? IS SIMPLY ?IS3 444 . TAKE ! EXPRESSION 'DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT' TO MEAN SIMPLY ! REVOLUTION>Y ACTION ( ! WORK]S 9 TAK+ POSSESSION ( ! L& & ! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR1 & TRY+ TO BUILD A SOCIETY & ORGANIZE A WAY ( LIFE 9 :I* !RE WILL BE NO PLACE = A CLASS ?AT EXPLOITS & OPPRESSES ! PRODUC]S4 0,?US CON/RUCT$1 ! 'DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT' W\LD BE ! EFFECTIVE P[] ( ALL WORK]S TRY+ TO BR+ D[N CAPITALI/ SOCIETY & W\LD ?US TURN 9TO ,AN>*Y AS SOON AS RESI/ANCE FROM REACTION>IES W\LD HAVE CEAS$ & NO ONE CAN ANY LONG] SEEK TO COMPEL ! MASSES BY VIOL5CE TO OBEY & WORK = HIM4 ,9 :I* CASE1 ! DISCREPANCY BETWE5 US W\LD BE NO?+ MORE ?AN A QUE/ION ( SEMANTICS4 ,DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT W\LD SIGNIFY ! DICTATOR%IP ( EV]YONE1 :I* IS TO SAY1 IT W\LD BE A DICTATOR%IP NO LONG]1 JU/ AS GOV]NM5T BY EV]YBODY IS NO LONG] A GOV]NM5T 9 ! AU?ORIT>IAN1 HI/ORICAL & PRACTICAL S5SE ( ! WORD4 0,BUT ! REAL SUPPORT]S ( 'DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT' DO NOT TAKE ?AT L9E1 AS !Y >E MAK+ QUITE PLA9 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,( C\RSE1 ! PROLET>IAT HAS A H& 9 ?IS1 JU/ AS ! PEOPLE HAS A P>T TO PLAY 9 DEMOCRATIC REGIMES1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 TO CONCEAL ! REALITY ( ?+S4 ,9 REALITY1 :AT WE HAVE IS ! DICTATOR%IP ( ONE P>TY1 OR RA!R1 ( ONE' P>TY'S LEAD]S3 A G5U9E DICTATOR%IP1 ) ITS DECREES1 ITS P5AL SANCTIONS1 ITS H5*M5 & ABOVE ALL ITS >M$ =CES1 :I* >E AT PRES5T .<#a#i#a#i.> ALSO DEPLOY$ 9 ! DEF5SE ( ! REVOLUTION AGA9/ ITS EXT]NAL 5EMIES1 BUT :I* WILL TOMORR[ BE US$ TO IMPOSE ! DICTATOR'S WILL UPON ! WORK]S1 TO APPLY A BREAK ON REVOLUTION1 TO CONSOLIDATE ! NEW 9T]E/S 9 ! PROCESS ( EM]G+ & PROTECT A NEW PRIVILEG$ CLASS AGA9/ ! MASSES40 .<,MALATE/A1 ,NO ,GODS1 ,NO ,MA/]S1 VOL4 #b1 PP4 #c#h-#i.> ,! ,WORK]S' ,/ATE ,:AT WILL BE ! =M ( ! ,WORK]S' ,/ATE8 ,WE HAVE BE=E US ! EXAMPLE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOVIET ,REPUBLIC1 :OSE /RUCTURE1 9 VIEW ( ! CONFLICT+ REPORTS PR9T$ 9 O!R C\NTRIES1 IT MAY BE USEFUL TO BRIEFLY DESCRIBE H]E4 ,! UNIT ( GOV]NM5T IS ! LOCAL ,SOVIET1 OR ,C\NCIL1 ( ,WORK]S'1 ,R$ ,>MY1 & ,PEASANTS' ,DEPUTIES4 ,! CITY ,WORK]S' ,SOVIET IS MADE UP AS FOLL[S3 EA* FACTORY ELECTS ONE DELEGATE = A C]TA9 NUMB] ( WORK]S1 & EA* LOCAL ,UNION ALSO ELECTS DELEGATES4 ,!SE DELEGATES >E ELECT$ ACCORD+ TO POLITICAL P>TIES -- OR1 IF ! WORK]S WI% IT1 AS 9DIVIDUAL C&IDATES4 ,! ,R$ ,>MY DELEGATES >E *OS5 BY MILIT>Y UNITS4 ,= ! PEASANTS1 EA* VILLAGE HAS ITS LOCAL ,SOVIET1 :I* S5DS DELEGATES TO ! ,T[N%IP ,SOVIET1 :I* 9 URN ELECTS TO ! ,C\NTY ,SOVIET1 & ?IS TO ! ,PROV9CIAL ,SOVIET4 ,NOBODY :O EMPLOYS LABOR = PR(IT CAN VOTE4 ,! QUE/ION1 ( C\RSE1 IS :E!R WORK+ PEOPLE HAVE A MEAN+FUL VOTE4 ,/AL9 ORGANIZ$ ELECTIONS1 IT DID NOT MEAN ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S & PEASANTS HAD A SAY UND] ,/AL9ISM4 ,! SAME CAN BE SAID ( ,L59'S REGIME AS WELL4 ,SAMUEL ,F>B] PROVIDES A GOOD SUMM>Y ( ,BOL%EVIK ACTIONS :I* MADE ! VOTE MEAN+LESS4 ,9 RESPONSE TO ! 0GREAT ,BOL%EVIK LOSSES 9 ! SOVIET ELECTIONS0 DUR+ ! SPR+ & SUMM] ( #aiah 0,BOL%EVIK >M$ =CE USUALLY OV]?REW ! RESULTS ( !SE PROV9CIAL ELECTIONS 444 .<,9.> ! CITY ( ,IZHEVSK .<= EXAMPLE.> 444 9 ! ,MAY ELECTION . ! ,M5%EVIKS & ,S,RS WON A MAJORITY 444 ,9 ,JUNE1 !SE TWO P>TIES ALSO WON A MAJORITY ( ! EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ( ! SOVIET4 ,AT ?IS PO9T1 ! LOCAL ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]%IP REFUS$ TO GIVE UP P[] 444 .<& BY USE ( ! MILIT>Y.> ABROGAT$ ! RESULTS ( ! ,MAY & ,JUNE ELECTIONS & >RE/$ ! ,S,R & ,M5%EVIK MEMB]S ( ! SOVIET & ITS EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE40 ,9 ADDITION1 0! GOV]NM5T CONT9UALLY PO/PON$ ! NEW G5]AL ELECTIONS TO ! ,PETROGRAD ,SOVIET1 ! T]M ( :I* HAD 5D$ 9 ,M>* #a#i#a#h4 ,APP>5TLY1 ! GOV]NM5T FE>$ ?AT ! OPPOSITION P>TIES W\LD %[ GA9S40 .<,SAMUEL ,F>B]1 ,BE=E ,/AL9ISM1 PP4 #b#c-#d & P4 #b#b.> ,BOL%EVIK OPPOSITION TO ! SOVIET DEMOCRACY />T$ A FEW MON?S AFT] ! ,BOL%EVIKS SEIZURE ( P[] 9 ! NAME ( ! SOVIETS4 ,A FEW MORE EXAMPLES >E WOR? ACC\NT+4 ,AFT] A DEMON/RATION 9 ,PETROGRAD 9 FAVOR ( ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY WAS REPRESS$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 MID-,JANU>Y #a#i#a#h1 CALLS = NEW ELECTIONS TO ! SOVIET OCCURR$ 9 MANY FACTORIES4 0,DESPITE ! EF=TS ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS & ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES !Y CONTROLL$1 ! MOVEM5T = NEW ELECTIONS TO ! SOVIET SPREAD TO MORE ?AN TW5TY FACTORIES BY E>LY ,FEBRU>Y & RESULT$ 9 ! ELECTION ( FIFTY DELEGATES3 ?IRTY-SIX ,S,RS1 SEV5 ,M5%EVIKS & SEV5 NONP>TY40 ,H[EV]1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS 0UNWILL+NESS TO RECOGNIZE ! ELECTIONS & TO SEAT NEW DELEGATES PU%$ A GR\P ( ,SOCIALI/S TO 444 LAY PLANS = AN ALT]NATIVE WORK]S' =UM 444 :AT WAS LAT] TO BECOME ! ,ASSEMBLY ( ,WORK]S' ,PL5IPOT5TI>IES40 .<,SCOTT ,SMI?1 0,! ,SOCIAL-,REVOLUTION>IES & ! ,DILEMMA ( ,CIVIL ,W>01 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIETY1 PP4 #h#c-#a#d1 ,VLADIMIR ,N4 ,BROVK9 7,$471 PP4 #h#e-#h#f.> ,9 ,TULA1 AGA9 9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#a#h1 LOCAL ,BOL%EVIKS REPORT$ TO ! ,BOL%EVIK ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ?AT ! 0,BOL%EVIK DEPUTIES BEGAN TO BE RECALL$ ONE AFT] ANO!R 444 \R SITUATION BECAME %AKI] ) PASS+ DAY4 ,WE W]E =C$ TO BLOCK NEW ELECTIONS TO ! SOVIET & EV5 NOT TO RECOGNIZE !M :]E !Y HAD TAK5 PLACE NOT 9 \R FAVOR40 . ,9 ! 5D1 ! LOCAL P>TY LEAD] WAS =C$ TO ABOLI% ! CITY SOVIET & TO VE/ P[] 9 ! ,PROV9CIAL ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE4 ,?IS REFUS$ TO CONV5E A PL5UM ( ! CITY SOVIET = MORE ?AN TWO MON?S1 KN[+ ?AT NEWLY ELECT$ DELEGATES W]E NON-,BOL%EVIK4 .<,IBID4.> ,9 ,Y>OSLAVL'1 ! NEWLY ELECT$ SOVIET CONV5$ ON ,APRIL #i?1 #a#i#a#h1 & :5 IT ELECT$ A ,M5%EVIK *AIRMAN1 0! ,BOL%EVIK DELEGATION WALK$ \T & DECL>$ ! SOVIET DISSOLV$4 ,9 RESPONSE1 WORK]S 9 ! CITY W5T \T ON /RIKE1 :I* ! ,BOL%EVIKS ANSW]$ BY >RE/+ ! /RIKE COMMITTEE & ?REAT5+ TO DISMISS ! /RIK]S & REPLACE !M ) UNEMPLOY$ WORK]S40 ,?IS FAIL$ & ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E =C$ TO HOLD NEW ELECTIONS1 :I* !Y LO/4 ,!N 0! ,BOL%EVIKS DISSOLV$ ?IS SOVIET AS WELL & PLACES ! CITY UND] M>TIAL LAW40 ,A SIMIL> EV5T OCCURR$ 9 ,RIAZAN' 7AGA9 9 ,APRIL7 &1 AGA91 ! ,BOL%EVIKS 0PROMPTLY DISSOLV$ ! SOVIET & DECL>$ A DICTATOR%IP UND] A ,MILIT>Y-,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE40 .<,OP4 ,CIT41 PP4 #h#h-#i.> ,ANTI-,BOL%EVIK HI/ORIAN ,VLADIMIR ,BROVK9 9DICATES ?AT !RE 0>E ?REE FACTORS0 :I* EM]GE FROM ! SOVIET ELECTION RESULTS 9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#a#h4 ,!SE >E1 FIR/LY1 0! IMPRESSIVE SUCCESS ( ! ,M5%EVIK-,S,R OPPOSITION0 9 ?OSE ELECTIONS 9 ALL REGIONS 9 ,EUROPEAN ,RUSSIA4 ,! SECOND 0IS ! ,BOL%EVIK PRACTICE ( \TRIE DATA1 ! ,M5%EVIKS & ! ,S,RS WON MAJORITIES ON ! CITY SOVIETS 9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#a#h40 ,BROVK9 /RESSES ?AT ! 0PROCESS ( ! ,M5%EVIK-,S,R ELECTORAL VICTORIES ?REAT5$ ,BOL%EVIK P[]4 ,?AT IS :Y 9 ! C\RSE ( ! SPR+ & SUMM] ( #a#i#a#h1 ! SOVIET ASSEMBLIES W]E DISB&$ 9 MO/ CITIES & VILLAGES4 ,TO /AY 9 P[]1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD TO DE/ROY ! SOVIETS444 ,!SE /EPS G5]AT$ A F>-REA*+ TRANS=MATION 9 ! SOVIET SY/EM1 :I* REMA9$ 'SOVIET' 9 NAME ONLY40 .<0,! ,M5%EVIKS' ,POLITICAL ,COMEBACK3 ,! ,ELECTIONS TO ! ,PROV9CIAL ,CITY ,SOVIETS 9 ,SPR+ #a#i#a#h01 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVIEW1 VOL4 #d#b1 PP4 #a-#e1 P4 #d#f1 P4 #dg & P4 #d#h.> ,BROVK9 PRES5TS ACC\NTS FROM NUM]\S T[NS & CITIES4 ,AS AN EXAMPLE1 HE DISCUSSES ,TV]' :]E ! 0ESCALATION ( POLITICAL T5SIONS FOLL[$ ! ALREADY FAMILI> PATT]N0 AS ! 0VICTORY ( ! OPPOSITION AT ! POLLS0 9 ,APRIL #aiah 0BR\*ES 9 ,TV]' LEAD TO ! IMPOSITION ( M>TIAL LAW40 .<,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #a#a.> ,!SE >E JU/ A FEW EXAMPLES ( :AT WAS HAPP5+ 9 ,RUSSIA 9 E>LY #a#i#a#h4 ,WE MU/ /RESS ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN ,CIVIL ,W> />T$ 9 LATE ,MAY1 #aiah & ! NET EFFECT ( :I* WAS1 ( C\RSE1 TO MAKE MANY DISSID5T WORK]S SUPPORT ! ,BOL%EVIKS DUR+ ! W>4 ,?IS1 H[EV]1 DID NOT /OP MASS RESI/ANCE & /RIKES BREAK+ \T P]IODICALLY DUR+ ! W> :5 WORK]S & PEASANTS C\LD NO LONG] PUT UP ) ,BOL%EVIK POLICIES OR ! EFFECTS ( ! W>4 ,SIMPLE DISB&M5T WAS JU/ ONE ( ! MANY TACTICS US$4 ,P>TIES & MEET+S W]E B&$1 ACTIVI/S >RE/$ & OPPOSITION PRESS C5SOR$ 7IF NOT SUPPRESS$74 ,DUR+ ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS REPRESS$ ALL POLITICAL P>TIES1 9CLUD+ ! ,M5%EVIKS EV5 ?\< !Y 0CONSI/5TLY PURSU$ A POLICY ( PEACEABLE OPPOSITION TO ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME1 A POLICY CONDUCT$ BY /RICTLY LEGITIMATE MEANS0 & 0.NDIVIDUAL ,M5%EVIKS :O JO9$ ORGANIZATIONS AIM+ AT ! OV]?R[ ( ! ,SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T W]E EXPELL$ FROM ! ,M5%EVIK ,P>TY40 .<,GEORGE ,LEGGETT1 ,! ,*EKA3 ,L59'S ,POLITICAL ,POLICE1 PP4 #c#a#h-#i & P4 #c#c#b.> ,! ,BOL%EVIKS ALSO CREAT$ 9/ITUTIONAL B>RI]S TO DEMOCRACY4 ,Z9OVIEV'S COMM5T ?AT EA* LOCAL ,UNION ALSO ELECTS DELEGATES IS AN EXAMPLE4 ,IT MEANS1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT ! WORK]S HAVE TWO DELEGATES1 ONE = !IR PLACE ( WORK1 ANO!R = !IR TRADE UNION4 ,:Y DOES ! LOCAL ,UNION ALSO GET A DELEGATE8 ,SIMPLE1 BECAUSE IT ALL[$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS TO PACK ! SOVIET ) 0DELEGATES0 REPRES5T+ ! TRADE UNION (FICIALDOM1 9 O!R WORDS1 ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY4 ,AS HI/ORIAN ,ALEX&] ,RAB9[IT* NOT$1 ! ELECTIONS TO ! ,PETROGRAD ,SOVIET 9 ! SECOND HALF ( #aiah SAW CONT9U$ ,BOL%EVIK CONTROL BECAUSE ( 0! NUM]ICALLY QUITE SIGNIFICANT REPRES5TATION N[ GIV5 TO TRADE UNIONS1 .<&.> DI/RICT SOVIETS 444 9 :I* ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD OV]:ELM+ /R5G?40 .B]1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #c#c.> ,EV]Y SIX MON?S ! ,CITY & ,PROV9CIAL ,SOVIETS ELECT DELEGATES TO ! ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS1 :I* IS ! SUPREME GOV]N+ BODY ( ! C\NTRY4 ,! ,CONGRESS DECIDES UPON ! POLICIES :I* >E TO GOV]N ! C\NTRY = SIX MON?S1 & !N ELECTS A ,C5TRAL ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( TWO HUNDR$1 :I* IS TO C>RY \T !SE POLICIES4 ,! ,CONGRESS ALSO ELECTS ! ,CAB9ET -- ,! ,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>S1 :O >E ! HEADS ( ,GOV]NM5T ,DEP>TM5TS -- OR ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>IATS4 ,! ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>S CAN BE RECALL$ AT ANY TIME BY ! ,C5TRAL ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE4 ,! MEMB]S ( ALL ,SOVIETS CAN BE RECALL$ V]Y EASILY1 & AT ANY TIME1 BY !IR CON/ITU5TS4 ,!SE ,SOVIETS >E NOT ONLY ,L,E,G,I,S,L,A,T,I,V,E BODIES1 BUT ALSO ,E,X,E,C,U,T,I,V,E ORGANS4 ,UNLIKE Y\R ,CONGRESS1 !Y DO NOT MAKE ! LAWS & LEAVE !M TO ! ,PRESID5T TO C>RY \T1 BUT ! MEMB]S C>RY \T ! LAWS !MSELVES2 & !RE IS NO ,SUPREME ,C\RT TO SAY :E!R OR NOT !SE LAWS >E 0CON/ITUTIONAL40 ,BETWE5 ! ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESSES ( ,SOVIETS ! ,C5TRAL ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE IS ! ,S,U,P,R,E,M,E ,P,[,] 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,IT MEETS AT LEA/ EV]Y TWO MON?S1 & 9 ! MEAN:ILE1 ! ,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>S DIRECTS ! C\NTRY1 :ILE ! MEMB]S ( ! ,C5TRAL ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE GO TO WORK 9 ! V>I\S GOV]NM5T DEP>TM5TS4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ,Z9OVIEV FAILS TO M5TION A FEW FACTS4 ,! ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ORIG9ALLY WAS MEANT TO MEET F\R TIMES A YE>1 BUT MET ONLY ONCE 9 #aiai & ONCE 9 #a#i#b4 ,OBVI\SLY 0! SUPREME GOV]N+ BODY ( ! C\NTRY0 WAS NOT CONSID]$ ?AT IMPORTANT = ! ACTUAL GOV]N+ ( ! C\NTRY4,BETWE5 LATE #aiah & ?R\<\T #a#i#a#i1 ! ,C5TRAL ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,ALL-,RUSSIAN CONGRESS ( SOVIETS DID NOT ONCE MET 9 FULL SESSION4 ,9 ! FIR/ YE> ( ! REVOLUTION1 ONLY #fh ( #dh DECREES BY ! ,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>S 7! ,COMMUNI/ GOV]NM5T7 W]E ACTUALLY SUBMITT$ TO ! ,SOVIET ,C5TRAL ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE 7& EV5 FEW] W]E DRAFT$ BY IT74 ,CLE>LY1 ! 0,S,U,P,R,E,M,E ,P,[,]0 9 ,RUSSIA WAS1 AGA91 CONSID]$ IRRELEV5T = ?OSE :O DID HOLD ! REAL P[]4 ,Z9OVIEV CLE>LY ADMITS ?AT1 9 PRACTICE1 ! SOVIETS HAVE DELEGAT$ !IR P[] TO ! 0,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>S0 :I* IS ! REAL P[] 9 0! ,WORK]S' ,/ATE40 ,AS HE SAYS1 IT 0DIRECTS ! C\NTRY10 NOT ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,! WORK+ CLASS 0RUL$0 ,RUSSIA 9 ! SAME S5SE !Y 0RULE0 9 ANY B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY 7I4E4 !Y DID NOT74 ,:5 ! ,KRON/ADT SAILORS ROSE 9 REBELLION = FREE ELECTIONS TO ! SOVIETS 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#b#a1 ! RESPONSE ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS WAS SIMPLY TO REPRESS !M4 ,NOR DOES HE M5TION ?AT ! RILY /AGE4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY DISCUSS$ ! DISB&M5T ( SOVIETS BE=E ! />T ( ! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 LATE ,MAY #a#i#a#h4 ,OLIG>*IC T5D5CIES 9 ! SOVIETS 9CREAS$ PO/-,OCTOB]1 ) 0.FFECTIVE P[] 9 ! LOCAL SOVIETS REL5TLESSLY GRAVITAT.<+.> TO ! EXECUTIVE COMMITTEES40 ,LOCAL SOVIETS HAD 0LITTLE 9PUT 9TO ! =MATION ( NATIONAL POLICY40 ,!Y QUICKLY HAD BECOME RUBB]-/AMPS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ GOV]NM5T & 0! P>TY (T5 DISB&$ CONGRESSES ?AT OPPOS$ MAJOR ASPECTS ( CURR5T POLICY40 .<,C4 ,SIRIANNI1 ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL & ,SOCIALI/ ,DEMOCRACY1 P4 #bd & P4 #b#c.> ,9DE$1 ! ,SOVIET ,CON/ITUTION ( #aiah CODIFI$ ?IS C5TRALIZATION ( P[]1 ) LOCAL SOVIETS ORD]$ TO 0C>RY \T ALL ORD]S ( ! RESPECTIVE HI<] ORGANS ( ! SOVIET P[]0 7I4E4 TO C>RY \T ! COMM&S ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T74 ,! ,ORGANIZATION ( ,PRODUCTION & ,DI/RIBUTION ,9 ,RUSSIA ! WORK]S >E ORGANIZ$ 9 ,9DU/RIAL ,UNIONS1 ALL ! WORK]S 9 EA* 9DU/RY BELONG+ TO ONE UNION4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 A FACTORY MAK+ METAL PRODUCTS1 EV5 ! C>P5T]S & PA9T]S >E MEMB]S ( ! ,METAL ,WORK]S' ,UNION4 ,EA* FACTORY IS A LOCAL ,UNION1 & ! ,%OP ,COMMITTEE ELECT$ BY ! WORK]S IS ITS ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE4 ,! ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,C5TRAL ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! F$]AT$ ,UNIONS IS ELECT$ BY ! ANNUAL ,TRADE ,UNION ,CONV5TION4 ,A ,SCALE ,COMMITTEE ELECT$ BY ! ,CONV5TION FIXES ! WAGES ( ALL CATEGORIES ( WORK]S4 ,) V]Y FEW EXCEPTIONS1 ALL IMPORTANT FACTORIES 9 ,RUSSIA HAVE BE5 NATIONALIZ$1 & >E N[ ! PROP]TY ( ALL ! WORK]S 9 COMMON4 ,! BUS9ESS ( ! ,UNIONS IS !RE=E NO LONG] TO FITY ,CONGRESS ONE YE> AFT] ,Z9OVIEV WROTE HIS LETT]4 ,! ATTEMPTS BY ! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION TO 9TRODUCE UNION RUNN+ ( 9DU/RY 9 #aiba WAS COMBAT$ BY ,L59 & O!R LEAD+ ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,IF ! UNIONS DID RUN 9DU/RY 9 #a#i#b1 !N ?IS DEBATE W\LD NEV] HAVE OCCURR$4 ,AS P>T ( ! CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION & ,BUKH>91 ,L59 >GU$ ?AT 0.F WE SAY ?AT IT IS NOT ! ,P>TY BUT ! TRADE UNIONS ?AT PUT UP C&IDATES & ADM9/RATE1 IT MAY S\ND V]Y DEMOCRATIC 444 . WILL BE FATAL = ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT40 ,HE ALSO NOT$ :5 US+ 0! SYNDICALI/ PHRASE 'M&ATORY NOM9ATIONS 7BY TRADE UNIONS TO MANAGEM5T BODIES70 & Y\ 0NEGLECT TO ADD1 !RE & !N1 ?AT !Y >E NOT M&ATORY = ! ,P>TY1 Y\ HAVE A SYNDICALI/ DEVIATION1 & ?AT IS 9COMPATIBLE ) COMMUNISM & ! ,P>TY ,PROGRAM444 Y\ >E GIV+ ! NON-,P>TY WORK]S A FALSE S5SE ( HAV+ SOME 9CREASE 9 !IR RIX1 ,5GELS1 ,L591 ,AN>*ISM & ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM1 P4 #c#b#b1 P4 #c#b#d.> ,SIMIL>LY1 9 #aib ,L59 WAS BOA/+ ?AT 9 #aiah HE HAD 0PO9T$ \T ! NECESSITY ( RECOGNIZ+ ! DICTATORIAL AU?ORITY ( S+LE 9DIVIDUALS = ! PURSUE ( C>RY+ \T ! ,SOVIET IDEA0 & EV5 CLAIM$ ?AT AT ?AT /AGE 0!RE W]E NO DISPUTES 9 CONNECTION ) ! QUE/ION0 ( ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T4 . ,:ILE ! FIR/ CLAIM IS TRUE 7,L59 >GU$ = ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T APPO9T$ FROM ABOVE BE=E ! />T ( ! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,MAY #a#i#a#h7 ! LATT] ONE IS NOT TRUE 7EXCLUD+ AN>*I/S & AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S1 !RE W]E ALSO ! DISS5T ,LEFT-,COMMUNI/S 9 ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY ITSELF74 ,9 #a#i#b#a1 ,L59 WAS AGA9 >GU+ ?AT IT 0IS ABSOLUTELY ESS5TIAL ?AT ALL AU?ORITY 9 ! FACTORIES %\LD BE CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! H&S ( MANAGEM5T 444 UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES ANY DIRECT 9T]V5TION BY ! TRADE UNIONS 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( 5T]PRISES MU/ BE REG>D$ AS POSITIVELY H>MFUL & IMP]MISSIBLE40 .<,! ,ROLE ( ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS UND] ! ,N4,E4,P4.> ,!SE FACTS1 COMB9$ ) ! /RUGGLE ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS AGA9/ WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T AFT] ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION %[S ?AT ,Z9OVIEV IS SIMPLY LY+1 TELL+ ! ,I4,W4,W4 :AT IT WANTS TO HE>4 ,H& 9 H& ) ! ,UNIONS WORKS ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,LABOR ( ! ,SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T1 :OSE *IEF IS ! ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS> ( ,LABOR1 ELECT$ BY ! ,SOVIET ,CONGRESS ) ! APPROVAL ( ! UNIONS4 ,9 *>GE ( ! ECONOMIC LIFE ( ! C\NTRY IS ! ELECT$ ,SUPREME ,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLE'S ,ECONOMY1 DIVID$ 9TO DEP>TM5TS1 SU* AS1 ,METAL ,DEP>TM5T1 ,*EMICAL ,DEP>TM5T1 ETC41 EA* ONE HEAD$ BY EXP]TS & WORK]S1 APPO9T$1 ) ! APPROVAL ( ! ,UNION BY ! ,SUPREME ,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLE'S ,ECONOMY4 ,! ,SUPREME ,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLE'S ,ECONOMY WAS 0DOM9AT$ BY REPRES5TATIVES ( ! UPP] E*ELONS ( ! TRADE UNIONS1 P>TY NOM9EES1 & TE*NICAL & ADM9/RATIVE EXP]TS1 ) A SLI ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! ECONOMIC LIFE ( ,RUSSIA WAS1 9 !ORY1 CONDUCT$ BY ! ORD]S ( FIFTE5 PEOPLE JU/ AS ITS POLITICAL LIFE WAS CONDUCT$ BY ! ORD]S ( ! H&FUL ( ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>S4 ,H>DLY AN EXAMPLE ( ECONOMIC DEMOCRACY6 ,9 EA* FACTORY PRODUCTION IS C>RI$ ON BY A COMMITTEE CONSI/+ ( ?REE MEMB]S3 A REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ,%OP ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,UNIONS1 A REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ,C5TRAL ,EXECUTIVE ( ! ,UNIONS1 & A REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ,SUPREME ,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLE'S ,ECONOMY4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 WORK]S DO NOT RUN 9DU/RY & NEI!R DO ! UNIONS1 IF WE MEAN BY UNIONS !IR MEMB]S RA!R ?AN !IR BUREAUCRACY4 ,CLE>LY1 ONLY ONE MEMB] ( ?IS COMMITTEE IS DIRECTLY ACC\NTABLE TO ! WORK]S 9 ! WORKPLACE & SO !Y CANNOT BE SAID TO BE CONTROLL+ PRODUCTION4 ,EV5 ?IS =M ( V]Y LIMIT$ WORK]S' CONTROL WAS ELIM9AT$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,9 #a#i#a#i1 #a4#h.0 ( 5T]PRISES W]E UND] ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T1 BY ,DECEMB] #a#i#b1 #b1#a#h#c \T ( #b1#d#h#c FACTORIES W]E NO LONG] UND] COLLECTIVE MANAGEM5T4 ,ALSO1 AL?\< ,L59 DESCRIB$ ! ,N,E,P 7,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY7 ( #aiba AS A 'DEFEAT'1 AT NO /AGE DID HE DESCRIBE ! SUPPRESSION ( SOVIET DEMOCRACY & WORK]S' CONTROL 9 SU* LANGUAGE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,BOL%EVIK POLITICS DID PLAY A ROLE1 A KEY ROLE1 9 ! DEG5]ATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & TO D5Y IT IS TO D5Y REALITY4 ,9 ! WORDS ( ,MAURICE ,BR9TON3 0.<,I.>N RELATION TO 9DU/RIAL POLICY !RE IS A CLE>-CUT & 9CONTROV]TIBLE L9K BETWE5 :AT HAPP5$ UND] ,L59 & ,TROTSKY & ! LAT] PRACTICE ( ,/AL9ISM4 ,WE KN[ ?AT MANY ON ! REVOLUTION>Y LEFT WILL F9D ?IS /ATEM5T H>D TO SWALL[4 ,WE >E CONV9C$ H[EV] ?AT ANY HONE/ READ+ ( ! FACTS CANNOT BUT LEAD TO ?IS CONCLUSION4 ,! MORE ONE UNE>?S AB\T ?IS P]IOD .<#a#i#a#g-#b#a.>1 ! MORE DIFFICULT IT BECOMES TO DEF9E -- OR EV5 SEE -- ! 'GULF' ALLEG$LY SEP>AT+ :AT HAPP5$ 9 ,L59'S TIME FROM :AT HAPP5$ LAT]4 ,REAL KN[L$GE ( ! FACTS ALSO MAKES IT IMPOSSIBLE TO ACCEPT 444 ?AT ! :OLE C\RSE ( EV5TS WAS 'HI/ORICALLY 9EVITABLE' & 'OBJECTIVELY DET]M9$4' ,BOL%EVIK IDEOLOGY & PRACTICE W]E !MSELVES IMPORTANT & SOMETIMES DECISIVE FACTORS 9 ! EQUATION1 AT EV]Y CRITICAL /AGE ( ?IS CRITICAL P]IOD40 .<,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #h#d.> ,DEMOCRATIC ,C5TRALIZATION ,! ,UNIONS >E ?US A BRAN* ( ! GOV]NM5T -- & ?IS GOV]NM5T IS ! ,M,O,/ ,H,I,<,L,Y ,C,5,T,R,A,L,I,Z,$ ,G,O,V,],N,M,5,T ,?,A,T ,E,X,I,/,S4 ,IT IS ALSO ! MO/ DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T 9 HI/ORY4 ,= ALL ! ORGANS ( GOV]NM5T >E 9 CON/ANT T\* ) ! WORK+ MASSES1 & CON/ANTLY S5SITIVE TO !IR WILL4 ,MOREOV]1 ! LOCAL ,SOVIETS ALL OV] ,RUSSIA HAVE COMPLETE AUTONOMY TO MANAGE !IR [N LOCAL AFFAIRS1 PROVID$ !Y C>RY \T ! NATIONAL POLICIES LAID D[N BY ! ,SOVIET ,CONGRESS4 ,ALSO1 ! ,SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T REPRES5TS ,O,N,L,Y ,! ,W,O,R,K,],S1 & CANNOT HELP BUT ACT 9 ! WORK]S' 9T]E/S4 ,AGA91 ?IS IS ANO!R BLATANT LIE FROM ,Z9OVIEV4 ,:ILE !RE IS NO D5Y+ ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T WAS ! 0MO/ HIS -- NOT EV5 ?REE WEEKS -- )\T ! IRON DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,ANY CLASS CONSCI\S WORK] MU/ UND]/& ?AT ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! WORK+ CLASS CAN BY A*IEV$ ONLY BY ! DICTATOR%IP ( ITS VANGU>D1 I4E41 BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 444 ,ALL QUE/IONS ( ECONOMIC RECON/RUCTION1 MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION1 $UCATION1 FOOD SUPPLY -- ALL !SE QUE/IONS1 ON :I* ! FATE IF ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION DEP5DS ABSOLUTELY1 >E DECID$ 9 ,RUSSIA BE=E ALL O!R MATT]S & MO/LY 9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! P>TY ORGANIZATIONS 444 ,CONTROL BY ! P>TY OV] SOVIET ORGANS1 OV] ! TRADE UNIONS1 IS ! S+LE DURABLE GU>ANTEE ?AT ANY MEASURES TAK5 WILL S]VE NOT SPECIAL 9T]E/S1 BUT ! 9T]E/S ( ! 5TIRE PROLET>IAT40 . ,ANWEIL]1 ,! ,SOVIETS1 PP4 #b#c#i-#d.> ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! P>TY GOV]NS SOCIETY1 CONTROLS ! SOVIETS & UNIONS & EX]CISES ITS DICTATOR%IP OV] ! WORK]S4 ,9DE$1 ! P>TY DOES NOT HAVE ANY SPECIAL 9T]E/S6 ,AS = BE+ S5SITIVE TO ! WORK+ MASSES WILLS1 ,L59 & ,TROTSKY >GU$ REPEAT$LY ?AT P>TY DICTATOR%IP WAS ESS5TIAL TO /OP ?IS HAPP5+6 ,TROTSKY1 = EXAMPLE1 >GU$ ?IS AGA9/ ! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION AT ! ,T5? ,P>TY ,CONGRESS 9 E>LY #a#i#b#a3 0,!Y HAVE MADE A FETI% ( DEMOCRATIC PR9CIPLES6 ,!Y HAVE PLAC$ ! WORK]S' RITY4 ,AS IF ! ,P>TY W]E NOT 5TITL$ TO ASS]T ITS DICTATOR%IP EV5 IF ?AT DICTATOR%IP CLA%$ ) ! PASS+ MOODS ( ! WORK]S' DEMOCRACY60 ,HE /RESS$ ?AT ! 0,P>TY IS OBLIG$ TO MA9TA9 ITS DICTATOR%IP 444 REG>DLESS ( TEMPOR>Y VACILLATIONS EV5 9 ! WORK+ CLASS 444 ,! DICTATOR%IP DOES NOT BASE ITSELF AT EV]Y MOM5T ON ! =MAL PR9CIPLE ( A WORK]S' DEMOCRACY40 . ,MOREOV]1 HE >GU$ AGA9/ SOVIETS BE+ 0S5SITIVE0 TO ! WI%ES ( !IR ELECTORS 9 #ai* 9 A POLEMIC AGA9/ ! ,KRON/ADT REBELLION4 ,TROTSKY /AT$ ?AT ! 0,KRON/ADT SLOGAN0 WAS 0SOVIETS )\T ,COMMUNI/S40 .<,L59 & ,TROTSKY1 ,KRON/ADT1 P4 #i.> ,?IS1 ( C\RSE1 IS FACTUALLY 9CORRECT4 ,! ,KRON/ADT SLOGAN WAS 0ALL P[] TO ! SOVIETS BUT NOT TO ! P>TIES0 7OR 0FREE SOVIETS074 ,FROM ?IS 9CORRECT ASS]TION1 ,TROTSKY >GU$ AS FOLL[S3 0TO FREE ! SOVIETS FROM ! LEAD]%IP .<6.> ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS W\LD HAVE MEANT )9 A %ORT TIME TO DEMOLI% ! SOVIETS !MSELVES4 ,! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,RUSSIAN SOVIETS DUR+ ! P]IOD ( ,M5%EVIK & ,S,R DOM9ATION &1 EV5 MORE CLE>LY1 ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,G]MAN & ,AU/RIAN SOVIETS UND] ! DOM9ATION ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS1 PROV$ ?IS4 ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>Y-AN>*I/ SOVIETS C\LD ONLY S]VE AS A BRIDGE FROM ! PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP4 ,!Y C\LD PLAY NO O!R ROLE1 REG>DLESS ( ! 'IDEAS' ( !IR P>TICIPANTS4 ,! ,KRON/ADT UPRIS+ ?US HAD A C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT]40 .<,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #i.> ,9T]E/+ LOGIC4 ,LET US ASSUME ?AT ! RESULT ( FREE ELECTIONS W\LD HAVE BE5 ! 5D ( ,BOL%EVIK 0LEAD]%IP0 7I4E4 DICTATOR%IP71 AS SEEMS LIKELY4 ,:AT ,TROTSKY IS >GU+ IS ?AT TO ALL[ WORK]S TO VOTE = !IR REPRES5TATIVES W\LD 0ONLY S]VE AS A BRIDGE FROM ! PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP06 ,?IS >GUM5T WAS MADE 79 #a#i#c#h7 AS A G5]AL PO9T & IS NOT PHRAS$ 9 T]MS ( ! PROBLEMS FAC+ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 9 #a#i#b#a4 ,9 O!R WORDS ,TROTSKY IS CLE>LY >GU+ = ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! P>TY & CONTRA/+ IT TO SOVIET DEMOCRACY4 ,SO MU* = 0,ALL ,P[] TO ! ,SOVIETS0 OR 0WORK]S' P[]06 ,P]HAPS WE CAN BETT] UND]/& ! ,BOL%EVIK VISION BY QUOT+ ,VICTOR ,S]GE4 ,S]GE1 AN AN>*I/ TURN$ ,BOL%EVIK1 >GU$ 9 #aiai ?AT ! P>TY 0IS 9 A S5SE ! N]V\S SY/EM ( ! . CLASS0 & ITS 0CONSCI\SNESS40 ,& ! WORK+ CLASS8 ,IT IS 0C>RY+ \T ALL ! M5IAL TASKS REQUIR$ BY ! REVOLUTION0 :ILE 0SYMPA?IZ+ 9/9CTIVELY ) ! P>TY40 .<,REVOLUTION 9 ,DANG]1 P4#f#g & P4 #f.> ,! P>TY ?9KS1 ! WORK]S OBEY4 ,AS 9 ANY CLASS SY/EM4 ,CLE>LY1 ,Z9OVIEV IS REPORT+ NEI!R ! FACTS ( ,BOL%EVIK ,RUSSIA NOR ! OP9ION ( ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]S4 ,MANY MEMB]S ( ! ,I4,W4,W4 >E OPPOS$ TO C5TRALIZATION1 BECAUSE !Y DO NOT ?9K IT CAN BE DEMOCRATIC4 ,BUT :]E !RE >E GREAT MASSES ( PEOPLE1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO REGI/] ! WILL ( 9DIVIDUALS2 ONLY ! WILL ( MAJORITIES CAN BE REGI/]$1 & 9 ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA ! GOV]NM5T IS ADM9I/]$ ONLY = ! COMMON GOOD ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! GOV]NM5T EXPRESSES ! 0WILL ( ! MAJORITY0 BUT IT IS1 9 FACT1 IMPOSSIBLE = ! 0GREAT MASSES ( PEOPLE0 TO ACTUALLY GOV]N !MSELVES DIRECTLY4 ,! LOGIC ( ,Z9OVIEV'S >GUM5T IS FLAW$3 0IF Y\ CONSID] !SE WOR?Y ELECTORS AS UNABLE TO LOOK AFT] !IR [N 9T]E/S !MSELVES1 H[ IS IT ?AT !Y WILL KN[ H[ TO *OOSE = !MSELVES ! %EPH]DS :O MU/ GUIDE !M8 ,& H[ WILL !Y BE ABLE TO SOLVE ?IS PROBLEM ( SOCIAL AL*EMY1 ( PRODUC+ A G5IUS FROM ! VOTES ( A MASS ( FOOLS8 ,& :AT WILL HAPP5 TO ! M9ORITIES :I* >E /ILL ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T1 MO/ ACTIVE & RADICAL P>T ( A SOCIETY80 .<,MALATE/A1 ,AN>*Y1 P4 #e#c.> ,YET1 ! PRACTICE ( ,BOL%EVISM %[S ?AT ,Z9OVIEV IS SIMPLY WRONG4 ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA WAS ADM9I/]$ BY A H&-FULL ( ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>S4 ,! SOVIETS BECAME M>G9ALIZ$ 7A FACT :I* DID NOT BO!R ,L591 ,TROTSKY OR ,Z9OVIEV74 ,CLE>LY1 C5TRALIZATION CANNOT BE DEMOCRATIC1 AS ! EXP]I5CE ( ,BOL%EVISM %[S4 ,! PRIVATE PROP]TY ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS1 9 ORD] TO BECOME ! ,S,O,C,I,A,L PROP]TY ( ! WORK]S1 CANNOT BE TURN$ OV] TO 9DIVIDUALS OR GR\PS ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,IT MU/ BECOME ! PROP]TY ( ALL 9 COMMON1 & A C5TRALIZ$ AU?ORITY IS NECESS>Y TO ACCOMPLI% ?IS *ANGE4 ,Z9OVIEV IS CLE>LY PLAY+ ) WORDS H]E4 ,A C5TRALIZ$ AU?ORITY IS MADE UP ( 09DIVIDUALS OR GR\PS ( 9DIVIDUALS40 ,TURN+ SOCIAL PROP]TY OV] TO A FEW 9DIVIDUALS AT ! TOP ( A HIE DISPOSSESS$ ( REAL CONTROL OV] ?AT PROP]TY4 ,! BUREAUCRATS W\LD BE 9 CONTROL ( IT1 NOT ! :OLE ( SOCIETY4 ,SO HIS >GUM5T IS BAS$ ON A FALLACY1 NAMELY ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! C5T] WILL NOT />T TO VIEW ! :OLE ECONOMY AS ITS PROP]TY 7& BE+ C5TRALIZ$1 SU* A BODY W\LD BE DIFFICULT TO EFFECTIVELY CONTROL74 ,9DE$1 ,/AL9'S P[] WAS D]IV$ FROM ! /ATE BUREAUCRACY :I* RAN ! ECONOMY 9 ITS [N 9T]E/S4 ,NOT ?AT IT SUDD5LY >OSE ) ,/AL94 ,IT WAS A FEATURE ( ! ,SOVIET SY/EM FROM ! />T4 ,SAMUEL ,F>B]1 = EXAMPLE1 NOTES ?AT1 09 PRACTICE1 . HYP]C5TRALISATION .LY #aiah ONW>DS.> TURN$ 9TO 9FIS ( ! ,NOR!RN ,REGION1 ! ,VOLOGDA ,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>S1 & ! ,PETROGRAD ,FOOD ,COMMISS>IAT40 .<,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #g#c.> ,9 O!R WORDS1 C5TRALIZ$ BODIES >E NOT IMMUNE TO VIEW+ RES\RCES AS !IR [N PROP]TY 7& COMP>$ TO AN 9DIVIDUAL WORKPLACE1 ! /ATE'S P[] TO 5=CE ITS VIEWPO9T AGA9/ ! RE/ ( SOCIETY IS CONSID]ABLY /RONG]74 ,A C5TRALIZ$ BODY EFFECTIVELY EXCLUDES ! MASS P>TICIPATION ( ! MASS ( WORK]S -- P[] RE/S 9 ! H&S ( A FEW PEOPLE :I*1 BY ITS NATURE1 G5]ATES BUREAUCRATIC RULE4 ,?IS CAN BE SE5 FROM ! EXAMPLE ( ,L59'S ,RUSSIA4 ,! C5TRAL BODIES ! ,BOL%EVIKS CREAT$ HAD LITTLE KN[L$GE ( ! LOCAL SITUATION & (T5 GAVE ORD]S ?AT CONTRADICT$ EA* O!R OR HAD LITTLE BE>+ TO REALITY1 SO 5C\RAG+ FACTORIES TO IGNORE ! C5T]4 .<,C>M5 ,SIRIANNI1 ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL & ,SOCIALI/ ,DEMOCRACY1 PP4 #g#b-#c & PP4 #a#a#h-#b.> ,! SIMPLE FACT IS1 A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY MU/ BE CREAT$ FROM BEL[1 BY ! WORK+ CLASS ITSELF4 ,IF ! WORK]S DO NOT KN[ H[ TO CREATE ! NECESS>Y CONDITIONS = A SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION ( LABOR1 NO ONE ELSE CAN DO IT = !M OR COMPEL !M TO DO IT4 ,IF ! /ATE IS US$ TO COMBAT 0LOCALISM0 & SU* ?+S !N IT OBVI\SLY CANNOT BE 9 ! H&S ( ! WORK]S' !MSELVES4 ,SOCIALISM CAN ONLY BE CREAT$ BY WORK]S' [N ACTIONS & ORGANIZATIONS O!RWISE IT WILL NOT BE SET UP AT ALL -- SOME?+ ELSE WILL BE1 NAMELY /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,! 9DU/RIES1 TOO1 :I* SUPPLY ! NE$S ( ALL ! PEOPLE1 >E NOT ! CONC]N ONLY ( ! WORK]S 9 EA* 9DU/RY1 BUT ( ,A,L,L ,9 ,C,O,M,M,O,N1 & MU/ BE ADM9I/]$ = ! B5EFIT ( ALL4 ,MOREOV]1 MOD]N 9DU/RY IS SO COMPLICAT$ & 9T]DEP5D5T1 ?AT 9 ORD] TO OP]ATE MO/ ECONOMICALLY & ) ! GREATE/ PRODUCTION1 IT MU/ BE SUBJECT TO ONE G5]AL S*EME1 & ONE C5TRAL MANAGEM5T4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 AN EXACT REPRODUCTION ( ! CAPITALI/ WORKPLACE4 ,& ALL WORK]S KN[ H[ ALI5AT+1 WA/EFUL & 9EFFICI5T ! TYPICAL CAPITALI/ WORKPLACE IS4 ,:Y REPRODUCE IT ON AN EV5 GREAT] SCALE8 ,MOREOV]1 ONE C5TRAL MANAGEM5T & ONE G5]AL S*EME CANNOT HOPE TO UND]/&1 NEV]M9D MEET1 ! NE$S ( A COMPLICAT$ & DYMANIC SOCIETY4 ,AS ,BAKUN9 >GU$3 0,:AT MAN1 :AT GR\P ( 9DIVIDUALS1 NO MATT] H[ GREAT !IR G5IUS1 W\LD D>E TO ?9K !MSELVES ABLE TO EMBRACE & UND]/& ! PLE?ORA ( 9T]E/S1 ATTITUDES & ACTIVITIES SO V>I\S 9 EV]Y C\NTRY1 EV]Y PROV9CE1 LOCALITY & PR(ESSION40 .<,MI*AEL ,BAKUN93 ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S1 P4 #b#d.> ,YES1 !RE IS A NE$ = COOP]ATION & CO-ORD9ATION1 ! QUE/ION IS H[ ?IS IS A*IEV$4 ,IS IT FROM ! BOTTOM-UP OR FROM ! TOP-D[N8 ,IS IT BY F$]ALISM OR BY C5TRALIZATION8 ,! ,REVOLUTION MU/ BE DEF5D$ AGA9/ ! =MIDABLE ASSAULTS ( ! COMB9$ =CES ( CAPITALISM4 ,VA/ >MIES MU/ BE RAIS$1 DRILL$1 EQUIPP$ & DIRECT$4 ,?IS MEANS C5TRALIZATION4 ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA HAS = TWO YE>S ALMO/ ALONE F\MY1 MORE ?AN TWO MILLION /RONG1 HAVE BE5 =M$ )\T C5TRAL DIRECT+ AU?ORITY8 ,WE HAVE 9DICAT$ ABOVE ! NATURE ( ! ,R$ ,>MY4,! QUE/ION ( CO-ORD9ATION ( JO9T ACTIVITY IS AN IMPORTANT ONE4 ,AN>*I/S >GUE ?AT TO CO-ORD9ATE /RUGGLE Y\ DO NOT NE$ A 0C5TRAL DIRECT+ AU?ORITY10 RA!R Y\ NE$ A F$]AL BODY BAS$ ON DELEGATES ) CLE> & ACC\NTABLE M&ATES4 ,9 ! WORDS ( ,BAKUN93 0! F$]ATIVE ALLIANCE ( ALL WORK+ M5'S ASSOCIATIONS 444 CON/ITUTE ! ,COMMUNE 444 ALL PROV9CES1 COMMUNES & ASSOCIATIONS 444 BY FIR/ REORGANIZ+ ON REVOLUTION>Y L9ES 444 . CON/ITUTE ! F$]ATION ( 9SURG5T ASSOCIATIONS1 COMMUNES & PROV9CES 444 .<&.> ORGANIZE A REVOLUTION>Y =CE CAPABLE DEFEAT+ REACTION 444 .<& =.> SELF-DEF5SE 444 .<,!.> REVOLUTION EV]Y:]E MU/ BE CREAT$ BY ! PEOPLE1 & SUPREME CONTROL MU/ ALWAYS BELONG TO ! PEOPLE ORGANIZ$ 9TO A FREE F$]ATION ( AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL ASSOCIATIONS 444 ORGANIZ$ FROM ! BOTTOM UPW>DS BY MEANS ( REVOLUTION>Y DELEGATION444 0 .<,MI*AEL ,BAKUN93 ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S1 P4 #a#g-#b.> ,SU* A F$]AL BODY W\LD BE ! MEANS TO DISCUSS & IMPLEM5T COMMON ACTIVITIES4 ,RA!R ?AN C5TRALIZ+ P[] AT ! TOP1 ! DECISIONS W\LD FL[ FROM ! BOTTOM-UP4 ,CO-ORD9ATION W\LD BE A*IEV$ )\T C5TRALIZ$ P[]4 ,! ,R$ ,>MY A*IEV$ 0C5TRAL DIRECT+ AU?ORITY0 BY ELIM9AT+ WORK]S' DEMOCRACY & FRE$OM 9 FAVOR ( APPO9T$ (FICI]S & A TYPICAL MILIT>Y /RUCTURE4 ,IT WAS EFFECTIVE 9 DEFEAT+ ! ,:ITES BUT ALSO = REPRESS+ WORK+ CLASS REVOLTS AGA9/ ! ,BOL%EVIKS & 5SUR+ !IR DICTATOR%IP OV] ! PROLET>IAT4 ,MOREOV]1 IT HAD AN EFFECT ON ! RISE ( ,/AL9ISM4 ,)\T DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATION1 ! ,R$ ,>MY C\LD NEV] BE A MEANS = CREAT+ A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY1 ONLY A MEANS ( REPRODUC+ AUTOCRATIC ORGANIZATION4 ,! 9FLU5CE ( ! AUTOCRATIC ORGANIZATION CREAT$ BY ,TROTSKY HAD A MASSIVE IMPACT ON ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,SOVIET ,/ATE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,TROTSKY HIMSELF3 0,! DEMOBILIZATION ( ! ,R$ ,>MY ( FIVE MILLION PLAY$ NO SMALL ROLE 9 ! =MATION ( ! BUREAUCRACY4 ,! VICTORI\S COMM&]S ASSUM$ LEAD+ PO/S 9 ! LOCAL ,SOVIETS1 9 ECONOMY1 9 $UCATION1 & !Y P]SI/5TLY 9TRODUC$ EV]Y:]E ?AT REGIME :I* HAD 5SUR$ SUCCESS 9 ! CIVIL W>4 ,?US ON ALL SIDES ! MASSES W]E PU%$ AWAY GRADUALLY FROM ACTUAL P>TICIPATION 9 ! LEAD]%IP ( ! C\NTRY40 .<,! ,REVOLUTION ,BETRAY$.> ,OBVI\SLY ,TROTSKY HAD =GOTT5 :O CREAT$ ! REGIME 9 ! ,R$ ,>MY 9 ! FIR/ PLACE6 ,HE ALSO SEEMS TO HAVE =GOTT5 ?AT AFT] MILIT>IZ+ ! ,R$ ,>MY1 HE TURN$ HIS P[] TO MILIT>IZ+ WORK]S 7/>T+ ) ! RAILWAY WORK]S74 ,! CAPITALI/ CLASS HAS A /RONGLY C5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATION1 :I* P]MITS ITS FULL /R5G? TO BE HURRI$ AGA9/ ! SCATT]$ & DIVID$ SECTIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,! CLASS W> IS W>4 ,TO OV]?R[ CAPITALISM1 ! WORK]S MU/ BE A MILIT>Y =CE1 ) ITS ,G5]AL ,/AFF -- BUT ?IS G5]AL ,/AFF ELECT$ & CONTROLL$ BY ! WORK]S4 ,AS NOT$ ABOVE1 ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T WAS F> FROM ELECT$ & CONTROLL$ BY ! WORK]S4 ,&1 ( C\RSE1 ! CAPITALI/ CLASS HAS A /RONGLY C5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATION4 ,IT NE$S IT TO 5=CE ITS RULE4 ,M9ORITY CLASSES NE$ A 0/RONGLY C5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATION0 BECAUSE IT IS ! ONLY WAY BY :I* !Y CAN 5=CE !IR RULE4 ,MAJORITY CLASSES DO NOT4 ,!Y NE$ EFFECT ORGANIZATION 9 :I* P[] IS DEC5TRALIZ$ SO !Y CAN ACTUALLY MANAGE !IR [N AFFAIRS4 ,!SE ORGANIZATIONS DO NE$ TO CO-ORD9ATE !IR ACTIVITY1 BUT ?IS CAN BE DONE BY F$]ALISM FROM ! BOTTOM-UP4 ,9 SUMM>Y1 /RUCTURE & FUNCTION >E NOT SEP>ABLE4 ,! CAPITALI/ CLASS HAS C5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATION BECAUSE IT IS A M9ORITY & NE$S IT = ITS RULE4 ,! WORK+ CLASS1 BE+ ! MAJORITY1 CANNOT USE /RUCTURES DESIGN$ = M9ORITIES )\T GIV+ A M9ORITY P[] OV] ITSELF4 ,9 TIME ( /RIKE EV]Y WORK] KN[S ?AT !RE MU/ BE A ,/RIKE ,COMMITTEE -- A C5TRALIZ$ ORGAN TO CONDUCT ! /RIKE1 :OSE ORD]S MU/ BE OBEY$ -- AL?\< ?IS ,COMMITTEE IS ELECT$ & CONTROLL$ BY ! RANK & FILE4 ,S,O,V,I,E,T ,R,U,S,S,I,A ,I,S ,O,N ,/,R,I,K,E ,A,G,A,9,/ ,! ,:,O,L,E ,C,A,P,I,T,A,L,I,/ ,W,O,R,L,D4 ,! ,S,O,C,I,A,L ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N ,I,S ,A ,G,5,],A,L ,/,R,I,K,E ,A,G,A,9,/ ,! ,:,O,L,E ,C,A,P,I,T,A,L,I,/ ,S,Y,/,E,M4 ,! ,D,I,C,T,A,T,O,R,%,I,P ,( ,! ,P,R,O,L,E,T,>,I,A,T ,I,S ,! ,/,R,I,K,E ,C,O,M,M,I,T,T,E,E ,( ,! ,S,O,C,I,A,L ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N4 ,9 /RIKES1 ! DECISIONS :I* >E TO BE OBEY$ >E ?OSE ( ! /RIK]S4 ,!Y %\LD MAKE ! DECISIONS & ! /RIKE COMMITTEES %\LD C>RY !M \T4,! ACTUAL DECISIONS ( ! ,/RIKE ,COMMITTEE >E ACC\NTABLE TO ! ASSEMBLI$ /RIK]S :O HAVE ! REAL P[]4 ,?US P[] IS DEC5TRALIZ$ 9 ! H&S ( ! /RIK]S & NOT 9 ! H&S ( ! COMMITTEE4 ,Z9OVIEV CONFUSES A BUREAUCRATIC TRADE UNION ) A SELF-MANAG$ REVOLUTION>Y UNION OR /RIKE ASSEMBLY4 ,9 ! =M]1 ! ROLE ( ! MEMB] IS TO VOTE = AN (FICIAL 7BUREAUCRAT7 :O !N CAN ISSUE COMM&S TO /RIKE1 TO RETURN TO WORK & SO ON4 ,!Y >E ELECT$1 BUT !Y1 NOT ! WORK]1 HAS ! P[]4 ,9 ! LAT]1 ! MEMB]S_//RIK]S HAVE ! P[] TO DECIDE :AT ! ORGANIZATION DOES4 ,! COMMITTEES EXI/ TO C>RY \T !SE WI%ES4 ,CLE>LY1 ! ,BOL%EVIK 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT0 IS ! SAME AS A BUREAUCRATIC TRADE UNION1 ) ! COMMITTEES ISSU+ ORD]S & ! MEMB]S EXPECT$ SIMPLY TO OBEY4 ,AS SU*1 IT IS TO BE AVOID$ AT ALL CO/ 9 FAVOR ( A REVOLUTION 9SPIR$ BY ! SELF-MANAGEM5T PRACTIC$ BY A REVOLUTION>Y UNION LIKE ! ,I4,W4,W1 RUN BY & = ITS MEMB]S4 ,PROBABLY ! COM+ PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS 9 ,AM]ICA & O!R C\NTRIES WILL DEVELOP NEW =MS ( ORGANIZATION4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKI DO NOT PRET5D ?AT !Y HAVE SAID ! F9AL WORD 9 ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,BUT ! EXP]I5CE ( TWO YE>S ( ,WORK]S GOV]NM5T 9 ,RUSSIA IS NATURALLY ( ! GREATE/ IMPORTANCE1 & %\LD BE CLOSELY /UDI$ BY ! WORK]S ( O!R C\NTRIES4 ,NO TRU] WORDS W]E SAID 9 ?IS LETT]6 ,ONLY BY SO DO+ CAN ,BOL%EVIK REHETORIC BE COMP>$ TO ,BOL%EVIK REALITY4 ,AS ,I HAVE PROV51 ,Z9OVIEV'S ACC\NT ( ! ,BOL%EVIK REVOLUTION HAS LITTLE BE>+ TO REALITY4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL HOLDS \T TO ! ,I4,W4,W4 ! H& ( BRO!RHOOD4 ,AS CAN BE SE51 ?IS H& ( BRO!RHOOD WAS BAS$ ON SY/EMATIC LY+4 ,GIV5 ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T HAD BE5 REPRESS+ ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S 7AS WELL AS O!R SOCIALI/S LIKE ! ,LEFT-,M5%EVIKS & ,LEFT-,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES7 AS WELL AS /RIK]S & WORK+ CLASS PROTE/]S1 IT IS CLE> ?AT ?IS BRO!RHOOD WAS ( ! ,BIG ,BRO!R K9D RA!R ?AN A MEET+ ( EQUALS4 ,Z9OVIEV'S LETT] %\LD BE /UDI$ TO SEE ! DIV]G5CE BETWE5 ,BOL%EVIK MY? & ,BOL%EVIK REALITY4 ,ONCE ?IS IS DONE1 IT CLE>LY %[S ?AT ,BOL%EVISM IS A DEEPLY FLAW$ IDEOLOGY :I* CANNOT LEAD TO WORK+ CLASS FRE$OM4 ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,FEBRU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,LY+ = ,L59ISM -- ,ADD$4 ,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,LY+ = ,L59ISM -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/