,LOCAL ,ACTION 

#ahhg 

,PEOPLE 3 

,$ITOR 3 ,*>LOTTE ,WILSON 

,TAGS 3 ACTION ( ! PEOPLE1 BODY ( REPRES5TATIVES1 L& & CAPITAL1 9HABITANTS ( P>IS1 COMM& & OB$I5CE1 SOCIETY 9 EQUALITY1 SCOT* M9]S1 ECONOMICAL CONDITIONS1 /ATE [N]%IP1 DI/URB$ P]IOD4 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,MAURE5 ,B>L91,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,BE=E GO+ FUR!R1 LET US SUM UP ! CONCLUSIONS AT :I* WE HAVE >RIV$ 9 \R PREC$+ >TICLES4 ,!Y >E TWO1 & EA* ( !M IS ( IMPORTANCE 9 5ABL+ US TO SEE :AT WE BRAVE TO DO4 

 ,WE HAVE E/ABLI%$ -- & IF SPACE P]MITT$ WE MI<T DO SO ) A MU* GREAT] DISPLAY ( >GUM5TS -- ?AT WE MU/ RELY = ! ACCOMPLI%M5T ( ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION :I* WE FEEL APPROA*+ ALL OV] ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD1 NEI!R ON ! PRES5T P>LIAM5TS1 NOR ON ANY REPRES5TATIVE BODIES :I* MI<T BE SUMMON$ DUR+ A MORE DI/URB$ P]IOD ?AN ! PRES5T4 ,A M]E *ANGE ( ,GOV]NM5T W\LD NOT NECESS>ILY BE A REVOLUTION1 EV5 ?\< ! OV]?R[ ( ! ,GOV]NM5T MI<T BE ACCOMPANI$ BY ACTS ( VIOL5CE4 ,EUROPEAN SOCIETY IS 9 NE$ ( A DEEP1 ?OR\<1 ECONOMICAL TRANS=MATION1 & ?IS CANNOT BE ACCOMPLI%$ BY M]E DECREES4 ,TO HAVE ANY *ANCE ( LIFE1 ANY *ANGE ACCOMPLI%$ 9 ! ECONOMICAL CONDITIONS MU/ COME FROM ! V]Y DEP?S ( ! POPUL> LIFE ITSELF -- IT MU/ RESULT FROM ! POPUL> 9ITIATIVE4 

 ,TO ACCOMPLI% AN ECONOMICAL REVOLUTION IS NOT ! FUNCTION ( A BODY ( REPRES5TATIVES4 ,ALL ?AT CAN BE HOP$ FROM SU* A BODY IS ?AT IT WILL NOT OPPOSE /RONG RESI/ANCE TO ! ACTION ( ! PEOPLE1 BUT UND] DUE POPUL> PRESSURE GIVE ITS F9AL SANCTION TO ACCOMPLI%$ FACTS4 ,NEV] WILL SU* A BODY BE CAPABLE ( TAK+ ! 9ITIATIVE1 = IT IS ITSELF A COMPROMISE ) ! PA/ & CANNOT EV5 CLAIM TO BE AN \TPO/ ( ! FUTURE4 ,! ,FR5* ,CONV5TION ( #agic -- ! IDEAL ( SO MANY ,JACOB9I/S -- DID NOT DO MORE ?AN GIVE ITS SANCTION TO :AT ! PEASANTS ALREADY HAD ACCOMPLI%$1 S9CE !Y HAD RETAK5 POSSESSION ( ! COMMUNAL L&S 5CLOS$ BY ! L&LORDS1 HAD CEAS$ TO PAY ! R$EMPTION = ! FEUDAL TAXES1 & HAD BURN$ ! *>T]S BY :I* !Y HAD =M]LY BE5 B\ND4 ,ALL !SE ?+S BE+ ALREADY DONE1 ! ,CONV5TION -- UND] DUE PRESSURE ( ! ,P>IS WORKM5 & CLUBS -- GAVE ITS SANCTION 9 ! =M ( LAWS1 CONSECRAT+ ! RESULTS ( ! PEASANTS' REVOLT1 IT C\LD NOT DO MORE ?AN ?AT1 BECAUSE A BODY ( REPRES5TATIVES IS A DEAD WEI<T ATTA*$ TO ! REVOLUTION -- NOT ! LEAD] ( IT4 

 ,ANO!R CONCLUSION :I* WE >RIV$ AT WAS1 ?AT ! TREE ACTION ( ! PEOPLE T[>DS ! ABOLITION ( ! EXI/+ MONOPOLIES ON L&1 DWELL+S1 RAILWAYS1 & CAPITAL WILL1 9 EV]Y WAY1 BE FAVOR$ BY ! MOVEM5TS :I* WILL NECESS>ILY BREAK \T ALL OV] ,EUROPE BE=E ?IS C5TURY HAS COME TO AN 5D4 ,! IMM$IATE CAUSE ( !SE MOVEM5TS CANNOT BE =ESE51 & !RE IS NO NE$ TO KN[ IT BE=EH&4 ,ALL WE CAN & MU/ KN[ IS1 ?AT ?\S&S ( CAUSES CONTRIBUTE T[>DS CREAT+ A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION 9 ,EUROPE1 & ?AT !RE BE+ SU* A SITUATION1 ANY CAUSE MAY BE ! SIGNAL ( WIDELY SPREAD REVOLTS4 ,! MASS \TBREAKS :I* WE HAVE WITNESS$ DUR+ ! LA/ FEW YE>S >E UNMI/AKABLE TOK5S ( ! APPROA* ( ! DI/URB$ P]IOD4 

 ,!SE TWO CONCLUSIONS BE+ KEPT 9 M9D1 WE MAY PROCE$ FUR!R1 & ADD N[ A ?IRD CONCLUSION TO ! ABOVE4 

 ,AL?\< NO REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T CAN BREAK \T 9 ,EUROPE  -- BE IT 9 ,FRANCE1 ,G]MANY1 ,AU/RIA1 OR ,RUSSIA -- )\T BE+ CLOSELY FOLL[$ BY LIKE \TBREAKS 9 O!R C\NTRIES ( ,EUROPE1 WE MU/ BE PREP>$ TO SEE !SE \TBREAKS TAK+ V]Y DIFF]5T *>ACT]S 9 DIFF]5T C\NTRIES4 ,G]MANY MO/ PROBABLY WILL TRY TO OV]?R[ ! ,MON>*Y & TO 9TRODUCE A ,REPUBLICAN =M ( ,GOV]NM5T2 & IT IS MO/4 PROBABLE ?AT ATTEMPTS AT SUB/ITUT+ ! PRES5T PRIVATE [N]%IP ( L& & GREAT 9DU/RIAL CONC]NS BY ,/ATE [N]%IP WILL BE MADE 9 ! SAME C\NTRY4 ,BUT ,/ATE [N]%IP & ,/ATE HELP TO ASSOCIATIONS ( WORKM5 W\LD NOT F9D MU* E*O 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 & /ILL LESS 9 ,FRANCE1 OR 9 ,SPA94 ,9 ,FRANCE1 ! REVOLUTION WILL ALMO/4 UND\BT$LY PROCE$ BY PROCLAIM+ 9DEP5D5T COMMUNES :I* COMMUNES WILL 5DEAVOR TO ACCOMPLI% ! ECONOMICAL TRANS=MATION )9 !IR WALLS1 OR RA!R )9 !IR RESPECTIVE SURR\ND+S4 ,& 9 ,SPA91 ! :OLE HI/ORY ( ! C\NTRY IS AN UNCEAS+ /RUGGLE = ! 9DEP5D5CE ( PROV9CES & MUNICIPALITIES -- A /RUGGLE :I* HAS ITS CAUSES DEEPLY ROOT$ BO? 9 ! =M] HI/ORY & 9 ! PRES5T WIDE DIFF]5CES ( ECONOMICAL CONDITIONS 9 DIFF]5T P>TS ( ?AT C\NTRY4 ,/ATE [N]%IP & ,/ATE'S RULE F9D NO SUPPORT EV5 FROM ! PRES5T POLITICAL P>TIES ( ,SPA91 /ILL LESS WILL !Y F9D IT 9 ! NEW ECONOMICAL CONDITIONS4 ,ADD TO !SE ANO!R EXAMPLE2 :ILE 9 ?IS C\NTRY WE SEE ! MIDDLE-CLASSES SEEK+ ! SUPPORT ( WORK+ M5 9 ORD] TO BREAK D[N ! P[] ( ! L&$ >I/OCRACY1 NO SU* COALITION IS POSSIBLE ANY LONG] 9 ,FRANCE4 ,!RE ! UPP] MIDDLE-CLASSES /& 9 OP5 & DIRECT CONFLICT ) ! ,SOCIALI/ WORK+-M5 -- A CIRCUM/ANCE :I* OBVI\SLY WILL IMP>T1 AS IT ALREADY HAS 9 #ahdh & #a#h#gL1 NEW & QUITE DIFF]5T FEATURES TO ! MOVEM5T4 

 ,TO DREAM ?AT ! NEXT REVOLUTION MAY FOLL[ ONE S+LE PROGRAM ALL OV] ,EUROPE1 IS ?US A FALLACY4 

 ,BUT AGA91 TO IMAG9E ?AT 9 EA* SEP>ATE ,/ATE1 ALL ! NATION WILL RISE AT A GIV5 MOM5TS AS ONE MAN1 ) ONE UNI=M PRACTICAL PROGRAM1 W\LD BE ALSO TO *]I% AN ILLUSIVE & DANG]\S DREAM4 ,( C\RSE1 ALL ?AT IS POSSIBLE WILL BE DONE BY ,SOCIALI/S TO AWAK5 EV]Y:]E1 9 !IR RESPECTIVE C\NTRIES1 ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! MASSES2 TO 5LI<T5 !M AS TO ! BAD EFFECTS ( ! PRES5T MONOPOLIZATION ( L& & CAPITAL4 ,:5 G5]AL 9T]E/ 9 PUBLIC AFFAIRS WILL BE MORE AWAK5$ BY GREAT EV5TS1 !SE IDEAS WILL SPREAD /ILL SPE$I] ?AN !Y SPREAD N[4 ,BUT1 NEV]!LESS1 !RE /ILL WILL BE WIDE DIFF]5CES 9 ! VIEWS HELD 9 DIFF]5T P>TS ( EA* C\NTRY AS TO H[ F>1 & AT :AT A SPE$1 ! ABOLITION ( MONOPOLIES MU/ GO1 & TO :AT MEASURES MO/ URG5TLY NE$ TO BE TAK5 9 H& AT ONCE4 ,A NATION IS A COMPLEX BE+1 & TO EXPECT UNI=MITY :]E MULTI=MITY REIGNS W\LD BE TO TAKE AN UTT]LY ]RONE\S VIEW ( PUBLIC AFFAIRS4 

 ,ONE ( ! DEPUTIES ( ! ,SCOT* M9]S TO ! LA/ ,M9]S' ,CONGRESS L\DLY PROCLAIM$ ! O!R DAY ?AT :ATEV] ! PALLIATIVE MEASURES !Y MI<T DISCUSS AT !IR ,CONGRESSES4 ! ,SCOT* M9]S CONSID] ?AT JU/ICE WILL BE ONLY DONE TO !IR CLAIMS :5 !Y COME TO BE 9 POSSESSION ( ! M9ES !Y >E N[ WORK+ 94 

 ,SUPPOSE ?AT AFT] A S]I\S DISCUSSION ( ! :OLE QUE/ION 9 !IR SMALL CLUBS & 9 !IR LOCAL CONGRESSES1 ! ,SCOT* M9]S COME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! TIME HAS >RIV$ TO TAKE POSSESSION ( ! ,SCOT* M9ES1 & ELABORATE SOME S*EME AS TO ! WORK+ \T ( !SE M9ES1 %>+ ! PRODUCE ( !IR LABOR ) NONE ( ! L&-GRABB]S1 NOR PR(IT-GRABB]S4 ,& SUPPOSE ?AT ! ,NOR?UMBRIAN1 OR ! ,WEL% M9]S1 ! ,%EFFIELD CUTL]S1 & ! ,MAN*E/] WEAV]S1 CANNOT YET BE BR\<T TO ! SAME VIEWS4 ,MU/ ! ,SCOT* M9]S WAIT UNTIL ! :OLE ( ! ,BRITI% NATION BE CONV]T$ TO !IR IDEAS8 ,MU/ !Y WAIT UNTIL A REPRES5TATIVE BODY1 COMPOS$ ( HET]OG5E\S ELEM5TS MO/LY LOOK+ T[>DS ! PA/1 HAPP5S TO ELABORATE SOME S*EME = ! TRANSF] ( ! M9ES 9TO ! M9]S' H&S8 ,IS IT NOT PREF]ABLE ?AT !Y %\LD ACT = !MSELVES1 MAKE A NEW />T1 LAY D[N ! BASIS ( A NEW ORGANIZATION1 & PREA* BY EXAMPLE8 ,& IS IT NOT MOAT PROBABLE ?AT !Y REALLY WILL DO SO8 ,ALL HUMAN PROGRESS HAS BE5 REALIZ$ 9 ?IS WAY4 ,A PRACTICAL APPLICATION ( NEW PR9CIPLES IS ! ONLY POSSIBLE MEANS ( CONV9C+ MO/ PEOPLE ( !IR APPLICABILITY1 %[+ AT ONCE !IR ADVANTAGES & !IR POSSIBLE DEFECTS4 

 ,OR1 SUPPOSE AGA91 ! 9HABITANTS ( ,P>IS1 DISCUSS+ ! DWELL+ QUE/ION ) ALL ! EAG]NESS IT DES]VES1 COME TO ?IS CONCLUSION --  ?AT ! H\SES ( ,P>IS CANNOT CONT9UE TO BELONG TO !IR PRES5T [N]S1 NOT HAV+ BE5 BUILT BY !M1 & D]IV+ !IR IMM5SE VALUE1 NOT FROM ! IMPROVEM5TS ! PRES5T [N]S HAVE MADE 9 !SE H\SES BUT FROM ! LABOR :I* HAS BE5 EXP5D$ ON ,P>IS BY G5]ATIONS PA/ & PRES5T1 AS WELL AS FROM ! V]Y PRES5CE ( TWO MILLION ( PEOPLE AT ,P>IS4 ,SUPPOSE !Y >RIVE AT ! CONCLUSION ?AT !SE H\SES MU/ BECOME LIKE ! /REETS ! COMMON PROP]TY ( ALL ! 9HABITANTS -- & ! PROBABILITIES >E ?AT !Y SOON WILL -- MU/ !Y WAIT UNTIL ?IRTY-FIVE MILLIONS ( ,FR5*M5 >RIVE AT ! SAME CONCLUSION8 ,OR1 HAV+ PROCLAIM$ !IR 9DEP5D5T COMMUNE1 WILL !Y NOT ACT MU* MORE WISELY IF !Y ORGANIZE !MSELVES 9 ORD] TO TAKE POSSESSION ( !SE H\SES & = MAK+ USE ( !M 9 ! MO/ EQUITABLE WAY = ! GREATE/ B5EFIT ( ALL ! COMMUNITY8 

 ,PEOPLE MAY WRITE AS MU* AS !Y LIKE AB\T DISCIPL9E2 !Y MAY DREAM AS MU* AS !Y LIKE AB\T UNI=MITY4 ,PRACTICAL LIFE TAKES ANO!R C\RSE4 ,! 9HABITANTS ( ,P>IS WILL TAKE POSSESSION ( ! ,P>IS H\SES1 :ATEV] BE ! C\RSE TAK5 BY ! 9HABITANTS ( ,BORDEAUX2 & !Y WILL ORGANIZE !MSELVES = ! BE/ USE ( ! H\SES2 & IF ! ABOVE-M5TION$ IDEAS GR[ ) ! ,SCOT* M9]S1 IT IS MO/ PROBABLE ?AT !Y WILL ACT 9 ?AT DIRECTION4 ,SEP>ATE CITIES1 M9+ BAS9S1 & 9DU/RIAL REGIONS WILL MAKE 9DEP5D5T />TS1 & !N -- BUT ONLY !N -- !Y WILL 5T] 9TO AGREEM5TS ) !IR NEI<BORS1 = D]IV+ FROM !IR LOCAL ACTION1 ! BE/ POSSIBLE ADVANTAGES = ! :OLE ( ! COMMONWEAL?4 

 ,WE MI<T MULTIPLY ! EXAMPLES2 WE MI<T GO FUR!R ON 9TO ?IS /UDY2 BUT :AT HAS ALREADY BE5 SAID WILL PROBABLY CONV9CE MO/ ( \R READ]S ?AT DUR+ ! NEXT GREAT MOVEM5TS SEP>ATE CITIES & SEP>ATE REGIONS WILL MAKE ATTEMPTS AT ABOLI%+ )9 !IR [N SPH]ES ! MONOPOLIES ( L& & CAPITAL :I* >E N[ SO MANY OB/ACLES 9 ! WAY T[>DS FRE$OM & EQUALITY4 ,! ABOLITION ( !SE MONOPOLIES WILL NOT BE DONE BY ACTS ( NATIONAL P>LIAM5TS3 IT WILL BE DONE1 FIR/1 BY ! PEOPLE ( EA* LOCALITY2 & ! AGREEM5T BETWE5 DIFF]5T LOCALITIES WILL BE ! RESULT ( ! ACCOMPLI%$ FACTS4 

 ,AS TO ! AIMS & ! *>ACT] :I* !SE MOVEM5TS MAY ASSUME & \<T TO ASSUME1 !Y WILL =M ! SUBJECT ( \R NEXT >TICLE4 

 0,COMM& & OB$I5CE >E BUT UN=TUNATE NECESSITIES ( HUMAN LIFE3 SOCIETY 9 EQUALITY IS ITS NORMAL /ATE4 ,ALREADY 9 MOD]N LIFE1 & MORE & MORE AS IT PROGRESSIVELY IMPROVES1 COMM& & OB$I5CE BECOME EXCEPTIONAL FACTS 9 LIFE1 EQUAL ASSOCIATION ITS G5]AL RULE4 ,! MORALITY ( ! FIR/ AGES RE/$ ON ! OBLIGATION TO SUBMIT TO P[]2 ?AT ( ! AGES NEXT FOLL[+1 ON ! RI<T ( ! WEAK TO ! =BE>ANCE & PROTECTION ( ! /RONG4 ,H[ MU* LONG] IS ONE =M ( SOCIETY & LIFE TO CONT5T ITSELF ) ! MORALITY MADE = ANO!R8 ,WE HAVE HAD ! MORALITY ( SUBMISSION1 & ! MORALITY ( *IVALRY & G5]OSITY2 ! TIME IS N[ COME = ! MORALITY ( JU/ICE4 ,:5EV] 9 =M] AGES ANY APPROA* HAS BE5 MADE TO SOCIETY 9 EQUALITY1 JU/ICE HAS ASS]T$ ITS CLAIMS AS ! F\NDATION ( VIRTUE40 -- ,J4 ,S4 ,MILL4 

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