,*APT] #i 
',:ITE ,SK91 ,BLACK ,MASKS'3 ,M>XI/ & ,ANTI-RACI/ ,ROOTS ( ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,U,S ,AN>*ISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX ,PRI*>D 

,AU?OR 3 ,&REW ,CORNELL 

,AU?OR 3 ,B5OIT ,*ALL& 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>L ,LEVY 

,TEXT 3 

#i4 ',:ITE ,SK91 ,BLACK ,MASKS'3 ,M>XI/ & ,ANTI-RACI/ ,ROOTS ( ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,U,S ,AN>*ISM 

,&REW ,CORNELL 

,AS 9 O!R P>TS ( ! WORLD1 AN>*I/S1 SOCIALI/S & ,M>XI/S BAS$ 9 ! ,U,S,A HAVE FREQU5TLY 9FLU5C$ & BORR[$ FROM ONE ANO!R OV] ! PA/ C5TURY & A HALF ( /RUGGLES4 ,MORE RESE>* 9TO !SE L9ES ( 9FLU5CE IS C]TA9LY CALL$ =4 ,H[EV]1 ANY ?OR\< 9VE/IGATION ( ! CROSS-POLL9ATION ( RADICAL TRADITIONS 9 ! ,U,S,A MU/ ALSO CONSID] ! MANY WAYS 9 :I* ! AUTONOM\S FRE$OM /RUGGLES ( PEOPLE ( COLOR HAVE CO-M+L$ ) ,EUROPEAN-ORIG9 TRADITIONS SU* AS ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM4 ,9 FACT1 ,I W\LD SUGGE/ ?AT IT HAS FREQU5TLY BE5 ON ! T]RA9 ( CAMPAIGNS OPPOS$ TO :ITE SUPREMACY & COLONIALISM ?AT AN>*I/S1 SOCIALI/S & ,M>XI/S HAVE F\ND COMMON GR\ND TO COLLABORATE & TO DEVELOP SYN!TIC !ORETICAL & TACTICAL P>ADIGMS4 

,9 ?IS ESSAY1 ,I CONSID] ! HI/ORICAL L9EAGE ( TWO TACTICAL APPROA*ES TO MASS ACTION FREQU5TLY DEPLOY$ BY AN>*I/ ACTIVI/S 9 ! ,U,S,A S9CE ! 9FAM\S ANTI-,WORLD ,TRADE ,ORGANIZATION DEMON/RATIONS ( #a#i#i#i3 #a7 CONS5SUS-DRIV5 NONVIOL5T DIRECT ACTION1 & #b7 BLACK BLOC PROP]TY DE/RUCTION4 ,SE>*+ = ! ORIG9S ( !SE TACTICS LEADS US BACK TO MOM5TS 9 ! MID-TW5TIE? C5TURY :5 SUPPORT = ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN FRE$OM /RUGGLES BY ,U,S AN>*I/S BR\<T !M 9TO CONV]SATION ) ?REE DI/9CT =MS ( SOCIALI/ POLITICS4 ,FIR/1 MASS NONVIOL5T BLOCKAD+ AT ECONOMIC SUMMIT PROTE/S -- & ! IDEA ?AT ! ME?ODS ( PLANN+ & C>RY+ \T SU* ACTIONS EXEMPLIFY ! MOVEM5T'S IDEOLOGY & VISION -- CAN BE TRAC$ TO ! USE ( CIVIL DISOB$I5CE TACTICS BY OPPON5TS ( RACIAL SEGREGATION 9 ! #a#i#dS & #a#i#eS4 ,9 ! YE>S FOLL[+ ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 AN>*I/S & DEMOCRATIC SOCIALI/S COLLABORAT$ TO =GE A POLITICS ( 'REVOLUTION>Y NONVIOL5CE' ?AT SIGNIFICANTLY 9FLU5C$ ! TACTICAL & ORGANIZATIONAL ORI5TATION ( ?IS E>LY PHASE ( ! CIVIL RI<TS MOVEM5T 9 ! S\!RN ,U,S,A4 

,SECOND1 ! PRACTICE ( *ALL5G+ POLICE AU?ORITY & TRA%+ COMM]CIAL C5T]S1 (T5 9 ANONYM\S 'BLACK BLOCS1' [ES 9SPIRATION TO ! EXAMPLE ( BLACK URBAN 9SURRECTIONS :I* BROKE \T ACROSS ! ,U,S,A BETWE5 #aifd & #a#i#f#g4 ,9 ! MID-#a#i#fS1 A COHORT ( Y\NG ,U,S AN>*I/S LOOK$ TO ! HET]ODOX ,M>XISM ( ! ,FAC+ ,REALITY GR\P1 L$ BY FIGURES SU* AS ,C4,L4,R4 ,JAMES1 TO HELP MAKE S5SE ( & DEF5D ! POLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE ( !SE 'RACE RIOTS4' ,%ORTLY !REAFT]1 ! EMBRACE ( ',?IRD ,WORLD ,M>XISM' BY MANY NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS1 9SIDE & \TSIDE ! ,U,S,A1 9SPIR$ 9FLU5TIAL C\NT]-CULTURAL AN>*I/S TO AGA9 EMBRACE 9SURRECTION>Y TACTICS 9 ! LATE #a#i#fS4 ,?\< !Y HAVE BE5 REWORK$ BY A V>IETY ( RADICAL =MATIONS 9 ! 9T]V5+ DECADES1 ! TACTICAL LOGICS ( NONVIOL5T DIRECT ACTION & TRA%+ POPUL>IZ$ BY MID-C5TURY ANTI-RACI/ 9SURG5CIES CONT9UE TO DEEPLY 9=M ! /RATEGIC P]SPECTIVES ( MANY CONTEMPOR>Y ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN AN>*I/S4 

,AN>*ISM1 CIVIL RI<TS & NONVIOL5T DIRECT ACTION 

,BETWE5 ! ,FIR/ & ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>S1 ,U,S AN>*ISM HAD L>GELY CLEAV$ 9TO A SYNDICALI/ W+ 9FLU5C$ BY ! J\RNALS ,VANGU>D & ,IL ,M>TELLO 7,! ,HAMM]71 & AN 9SURRECTIONI/ W+ REPRES5T$ BY ! NEWSPAP]S ,MAN6 & ,L',ADUNATA DEI ,REFRET>RI 7,! ,SUMMON+ ( ! ,UNRULY74 ,BO? FACTIONS %>$ ! TRADITIONAL AN>*I/ VIEW ( ! POLITICAL /ATE & CAPITALI/ CLASS RELATIONS AS ! PRIM>Y S\RCES ( OPPRESSION 9 ! MOD]N WORLD1 BUT !Y DISAGRE$ OV] TACTICS & ISSUES ( ORGANIZATION1 ESPECIALLY :E!R LABOR UNIONS HAD ! POT5TIAL TO S]VE AS EMANCIPATORY =CES 9 ! MOD]N WORLD4.<#f#f#b.> ,DESPITE !SE DIFF]5CES1 ,U,S AN>*I/S REMA9$ FI]CELY ANTI-,COMMUNI/ & VIEW$ MEMB]S ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY AS RE=MI/S :O HAD ACCOMMODAT$ !MSELVES TO ,NEW ,DEAL LIB]ALISM4 ,! \TBREAK ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> DELIV]$ A %>P BL[ TO BO? T5D5CIES1 BUT \T ( ?IS F9AL D5\EM5T ( ! 'CLASSICAL' AN>*ISM A NEW =M >OSE ?AT ADOPT$ PACIFISM1 CULTURAL REVOLUTION & PREFIGURATIVE COMMUNITY-BUILD+ AS ITS /RATEGIC T\*/ONES4 ,A SMALL1 BUT 9TELLECTUALLY VITAL1 RADICAL MILIEU DEVELOP$ DUR+ ! W>1 BAS$ 9 L>GE MEASURE ON =MATIVE 5C\NT]S BETWE5 AN>*I/ & ,G&HIAN W> RESI/]S4 ,AN>*I/S & SOCIALI/S ( ?IS MILIEU LAT] COLLABORAT$ TO CONTRIBUTE IMPORTANT IDEAS & RES\RCES TO ! /RUGGLE = ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN CIVIL RI<TS1 & !IR !ORIES ( POLITICAL P[] & /RATEGIES = SOCIAL *ANGE W]E TRANS=M$ 9 ! PROCESS4 

,! FL[]+ ( AN>*I/ PACIFISM 

,9 #aidb A HALF-DOZ5 Y\NG AN>*I/S FROM ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY :O HAD BE5 M5TOR$ BY ! SYNDICALI/ ,VANGU>D ,GR\P1 LAUN*$ A NEW NEWSPAP]1 ,:Y84 ,:]EAS ! EM95T ,G]MAN EMIGRE AN>*I/ ,RUDOLF ,ROCK] HAD P]SUAD$ MO/ ( ! ,VANGU>D ,GR\P TO 5DORSE ! ,ALLIES1 ,:Y8 SOON ADOPT$ AN ANTI-W> /ANCE & LAT] BEGAN QUE/ION+ ! POSSIBILITY ( BR++ AB\T AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY ?R\< A VIOL5T SEIZURE ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! $ITORS W]E FIR/ 9FLU5C$ BY ! POSITIONS TAK5 BY ,L',ADUNATA DIE ,REFRAT>I & ! ,BRITI% AN>*I/ NEWSPAP] ,W> ,COMM5T>Y1 BO? ( :I* D5\NC$ ! S9C]ITY ( ! ,ALLIES ANTI-,FASCI/ 9T5TIONS & CALL$ = WORK]S 9 ,5GL&1 ,ITALY & ELSE:]E TO TURN ! CRISIS CONDITIONS ( ! W> TO REVOLUTION>Y 5DS1 AS ! ,RUSSIANS HAD DONE 9 #a#i#a#g4.<#f#f#c.> ,H[EV]1 ! ,:Y8 ,GR\P PROGRESS$ T[>DS A RADICAL PACIFISM UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ,B>T DE ,LIGT1 A ,DUT* AN>*I/ :O *AIR$ ! ,W> ,RESI/]S ,9T]NATIONAL & COLLABORAT$ ) ,MAHATMA ,G&HI4 ,DE ,LIGT'S #aicg TREATISE1 ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,VIOL5CE1 >GU$ ?AT '! UND]LY+ CAUSE ( MOD]N W> IS ! *>ACT] ITSELF ( MOD]N SOCIETY .<444.> ,\R SOCIETY IS VIOL5T JU/ AS FOG IS WET4' ,!RE=E1 A F>-REA*+ SOCIAL REVOLUTION WAS REQUIR$1 BUT MEANS W]E ( ! ESS5CE4 ',! MORE VIOL5CE1' HE CLAIM$1 '! LESS REVOLUTION4'.<#f#f#d.> 

,:Y8'S POSITION ON ! W> WAS MORE ?AN A QUE/ION ( $ITORIAL L9E = ! Y\NG M5 ( ! GR\P2 IT DIRECTLY AFFECT$ !IR DECISIONS AB\T H[ TO RESPOND TO ! DRAFT4 ,9 #a#i#d#c1 ,DAVID ,?OREAU ,WIECK1 :O CONTRIBUT$ TO ,:Y8 :ILE /UDY+ PHILOSOPHY AT ,COLUMBIA ,UNIV]SITY1 WAS S5T5C$ TO ?REE YE>S AT ,DANBURY ,PRISON AFT] HE REFUS$ TO 5LI/4.<#f#f#e.> ,:Y8 $ITORS ,DAVID ,KOV5 & ,CLIFF ,B5NETT ALSO S]V$ TIME = !IR ANTI-W> BELIEFS & DRAFT RESI/ANCE4 ,! 9C>C]ATION ( AN>*I/ DRAFT RESI/]S DUR+ ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> PROV$ =TUIT\S = ! FUTURE DIRECTION ( ! MOVEM5T 9 ! ,U,S,A4 

,AN>*I/S W]E AMONG ! NE>LY #f1 CONSCI5TI\S OBJECTORS 7,C,OS7 & W> RESI/]S IMPRISON$ DUR+ ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>4 ,HI/ORIAN ,JAMES ,TRACY EXPLA9S ?AT1 ',( !SE1 #d1#c W]E ,JEHOVAH'S ,WITNESSES ) LITTLE OR NO POLITICAL AG5DA4 .<444.> ,! REMA9+ SEV5TE5 HUNDR$1 H[EV]1 CON/ITUT$ ! MO/ MILITANT DI/9CT GR\P ( PACIFI/S 9 ! C\NTRY4'.<#f#f#f.> ,MANY ,C,OS W]E AFFILIAT$ ) ! C\NTRY'S LEAD+ PACIFI/ ORGANIZATIONS1 ! ,FELL[%IP ( ,RECONCILIATION 7,=7 & ! ,W> ,RESI/]S ,LEAGUE 7,W,R,L74 ,DUR+ ! DEPRESSION YE>S ( ! #a#i#cS1 ! ,= HAD BROAD5$ ITS AG5DA TO COMBAT RACIAL & ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY UND] ! GUIDANCE ( ITS SOCIALI/ *AIRMAN1 ,A4,J4 ,MU/E1 :O1 LIKE O!R MEMB]S1 WAS 9SPIR$ BY ,G&HI'S CAMPAIGNS ( NONVIOL5T DIRECT ACTION 9 ,9DIA4.<#f#f#g.> ,%ORTLY AFT] ,WIECK >RIV$1 #ah ,DANBURY ,C,OS1 ALL ( !M :ITE1 LAUN*$ A SUCCESSFUL /RIKE AGA9/ RACIAL SEGREGATION 9 ! PRISON4 ,WIECK TOOK P>T 9 ! F\R-MON? /RIKE -- REFUS+ TO WORK1 TO TAKE HIS ALLOTT$ TIME 9 ! PRISON Y>D1 OR TO EAT MEALS 9 ! SEGREGAT$ CAFET]IA4 ,?R\< ! /RIKE HE BEFRI5D$ O!R RADICAL 9MATES1 SU* AS ,JIM ,PECK & ,RALPH ,DI,GIA4 ,! ,DANBURY /RIKE SET (F A WAVE ( SIMIL> ACTIONS 9 PRISONS & ,C,O CAMPS ACROSS ! C\NTRY1 9CLUD+ /RIKES L$ BY ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN PACIFI/S ,BILL ,SU!RL& & ,BAY>D ,RU/9 9 ,LEWISBURG1 ,P5NSYLVANIA & ,A%L&1 ,K5TUCKY1 RESPECTIVELY4 ,! ,C,OS EXP]IM5T$ ) ,G&HIAN TE*NIQUES SU* AS HUNG] /RIKES & PASSIVE RESI/ANCE1 W9N+ CONSID]ABLE M$IA ATT5TION & SUPPORT FROM PACIFI/S & BLACK POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS \TSIDE ! PRISONS4 ,BESIDES SUCCESSFULLY DESEGREGAT+ & LIB]ALIZ+ ! POLICES ( F$]AL P5IT5TI>IES1 ! WAVE ( NONVIOL5T DIRECT ACTION UNIT$ P>TICIPANTS & PROMPT$ !M TO DISCUSS ! POT5TIAL = A BROAD MOVEM5T ( 'REVOLUTION>Y NONVIOL5CE' AGA9/ W>1 RACISM & ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY 9 ! ,U,S,A4.<#f#f#h.> 

,IMPRISONM5T ALSO L$ ! DISS5T]S TO MODIFY !IR BELIEFS4 ,WIECK LAT] WROTE1 ',I DID NOT GO TO PRISON AS A PACIFI/ BUT RA!R AS AN OBJECTOR TO W> & CONSCRIPTION4 ,IT WAS 9 PRISON ?AT ,I LE>N$ ! ME?ODS ( NONVIOL5CE4' ,AFT]W>DS1 HE CONSID]$ HIMSELF AN 'AN>*I/-PACIFI/4'.<#f#f#i.> ,9 TURN1 ! 9FLU5CE ( AN>*I/ PRISON]S SU* AS ,WIECK & ,L[ELL ,NAEVE HELP$ MOVE O!R PACIFI/ W> RESI/]S1 9CLUD+ ,DI,GIA1 ,SU!RL&1 ,DAVID ,DELL+]1 ,ROY ,F9* & ,IGAL ,ROOD5KO 9 ! DIRECTION ( AN>*ISM4 ,DAVID ,DELL+]1 :O W\LD LAT] BECOME A LEAD+ LI<T ( ! ,NEW ,LEFT1 KEPT UP A LIVELY CORRESPOND5CE ) ,HOLLEY ,CANT9E1 $ITOR ( ! AN>*I/-PACIFI/ J\RNAL ,RETORT4.<#f#g.> ,9 LETT]S FROM PRISON1 HE VOIC$ HIS GR[+ SKEPTICISM AB\T ! ME?ODS ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 TO :I* HE BELONG$4 ,DELL+] WAS IMPRESS$ ) ,CANT9E'S ASS]TION ?AT REVOLUTION>IES %\LD SEEK TO MODEL 9 ! 9/ITUTIONS !Y CREATE1 & 9 !IR DAILY LIVES1 ! TYPE ( SOCIAL RELATIONS !Y >E FI<T+ TO PROMOTE 9 ! WORLD AT L>GE4 ,! IMPRISON$ PACIFI/ SUGGE/$ ?AT A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION'S 'FULL-TIME WORK]S %\LD BE M5 :O HAVE LEFT !IR O!R WORK = #f MON?S1 A YE>1 OR SO1 & WILL RETURN TO IT AGA94' ,NOT ONLY W\LD ?IS AVOID 'SOME ( ! PROBLEMS ( A C5TRALIZ$ 0LEAD]%IP0 .<444.> BUT O!RS W\LD BE DEVELOP$ :O >E N[ KEPT UNDEVELOP$ OR >E ALI5AT$4'.<#f#g#a.> ,AFT] RECEIV+ HIS RELEASE DATE1 ,DELL+] WROTE TO ,CANT9E ?AT HE WAS EAG] TO MEET 9 P]SON SO ?AT !Y MI<T DISCUSS 9 MORE DETAIL '! K9D ( LEFT-W+ LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 9 :I* WE >E BO? 9T]E/$4' ,AS HIS BIOGRAPH] ,&REW ,HUNT ASS]TS1 'ONCE A ,*RI/IAN SOCIALI/1 ,DELL+] HAD EVOLV$ 9TO A SECUL> AN>*I/ 9 ,LEWISBURG4'.<#f#g#b.> 

,AN>*I/S & SOCIALI/S BECOME NONVIOL5T REVOLUTION>IES 

,MO/ ( ! MILITANT W> RESI/]S W]E RELEAS$ 9 ! MON?S SURR\ND+ ! ATOMIC BOMB+ ( ,HIRO%IMA & ,NAGASAKI BY ! ,U,S,A4 ,HORRIFI$ BY ! SCALE ( CALL\S VIOL5CE UNLEA%$ BY ! BOMB1 !Y EXPECT$ A MASS MOVEM5T TO >ISE 9 OPPOSITION TO ITS USE4 ,9 ! ,AUGU/ #aide ISSUE ( ,POLITICS1 :I* MA9TA9$ CLOSE TIES TO ,:Y8 & ,RETORT1 $ITOR ,DWI<T ,MAC,DONALD >GU$ ?AT ! ,U,S,A'S WILL+NESS TO USE ATOMIC WEAPONS MEANT1 SIMPLY1 ',WE MU/ 0GET0 ! MOD]N NATIONAL /ATE1 BE=E IT 0GETS0 US4'.<#f#g#c.> ,MAC,DONALD BEGAN HIS POLITICAL C>E] 9 ! ,TROTSKYI/ MOVEM5T & WAS LAT] CONSID]$ A MAJOR FIGURE AMONG ! ',NEW ,YORK ,9TELLECTUALS4' ,! W> & ! BOMB1 H[EV]1 HAD PU%$ HIM 9TO ! AN>*I/-PACIFI/ CAMP4.<#f#g#d.> ,MANY =M]-,C,OS CONCURR$ ) ,MAC,DONALD'S ANTI-/ATISM1 AS WELL AS HIS ASS]TION ?AT TO PREV5T ANO!R W>1 ! 5TIRE SOCIETY1 /RUCTUR$ 9 VIOL5CE AS IT WAS1 HAD TO BE TRANS=M$4 

,ONE KEY TO SU* A TRANS=MATION1 !Y AGRE$1 WAS CONT9U+ ! FI<T AGA9/ SEGREGATION & O!R MANIFE/ATIONS ( :ITE SUPREMACY4 ,AS E>LY AS #a#i#d#b1 ! SOCIALI/ RADICAL PACIFI/S ,BAY>D ,RU/91 ,GEORGE ,H\S] & ,JAMES ,F>M] HAD LAUN*$ ! ,CONGRESS ( ,RACIAL ,EQUALITY 7,C,O,R,E7 TO PUT ,G&HIAN TE*NIQUES 9TO PLAY TO COMBAT ! SEGREGATION ( RE/AURANTS1 SWIMM+ POOLS & O!R PUBLIC FACILITIES4 ,9 #a#i#d#g1 ,C,O,R,E ORGANIZ$ A ,J\RNEY ( ,RECONCILIATION1 9 :I* AN 9T]RACIAL TEAM ( VOLUNTE]S -- 9CLUD+ ,RU/91 ! AN>*I/ ,IGAL ,ROOD5KO & ,WIECK'S CELLMATE ,JIM ,PECK -- TRAVEL$ BY BUS ?R\< S\!RN /ATES TO TE/ COMPLIANCE ) A #aidf ,SUPREME ,C\RT DECISION \TLAW+ SEGREGATION 9 9T]/ATE TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES4 ,SOME ( ! RID]S FAC$ BEAT+S & W]E S5T5C$ TO WORK ON ! *A+ANG = !IR BREA* ( RACIAL PROTOCOL1 BUT !IR TREATM5T WAS MU* LESS SEV]E ?AN ?AT 5C\NT]$ BY P>TICIPANTS 9 ,C,O,R,E'S ICONIC #aifa ,FRE$OM ,RIDES1 MODEL$ ON ! #aidg TRIP4.<#f#g#e.> 

,AFT] !IR RELEASE1 =M]-,C,OS SU* AS ,DELL+]1 ,DI,GIA & ,SU!RL& ALSO LAUN*$ ! ,COMMITTEE = ,NONVIOL5T ,REVOLUTION 7,C,N,V,R74 ,TWO YE>S LAT]1 9 #a#i#d#h1 !Y REGR\P$ ) ADDITIONAL RADICAL PACIFI/S SU* AS ,MU/E & ,MAC,DONALD1 *ANG+ !IR NAME TO ,PEACEMAK]S4.<#f#g#f.> ,9 ! LATE #a#i#dS1 MANY RADICAL PACIFI/S CONT9U$ TO MA9TA9 MEMB]%IP 9 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY4 ,DIFF]5CES BETWE5 AN>*I/S & SOCIALI/S 9VOLV$ ) ,C,N,V,R & ,PEACEMAK]S W]E SUBSUM$ UND] ! MANTLE ( AN EM]G+ POLITICS ( REVOLUTION>Y NONVIOL5CE4 ,! AB/RACT QUE/ION ( :E!R A /ATELESS SOCIETY WAS POSSIBLE1 & :AT IT W\LD LOOK LIKE1 TOOK A BACK SEAT4 ,H[EV]1 MEMB]S ( BO? GR\PS DET]M9$ ?AT 'DEC5TRALIZ$ DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM1' A V]SION ( WORK] SELF-MANAGEM5T1 WAS !IR ECONOMIC IDEAL & AGRE$ ?AT DIRECT ACTION1 RA!R ?AN ELECTORAL CAMPAIGNS1 %\LD BE ! PRIM>Y MEANS US$ TO =CE A FUNDAM5TAL TRANS=MATION ( ! MOD]N W>-MAK+ NATION-/ATE4 ,PEACEMAK]S ALSO S\<T TO SYN!SIZE SOCIALI/ & AN>*I/ MODELS ( ORGANIZATION3 ! GR\P /RUCTUR$ ITSELF AS A NETWORK ( SMALL CELLS ?AT ELECT$ A /E]+ COMMITTEE1 BUT OP]AT$ AUTONOM\SLY FROM ONE ANO!R 9 PURSUIT ( ! ORGANIZATION'S DEF9$ GOALS4 ,SYMPA?IZ]S W]E 5C\RAG$ TO JO9 & P>TICIPATE AS SMALL GR\PS1 RA!R ?AN AS 9DIVIDUALS4 ,AS HI/ORIAN ,SCOTT ,B5NETT WRITES1 ,PEACEMAK]S BELIEV$ ?IS =M ( ORGANIZATION 'C\LD *ALL5GE & EV5TUALLY REPLACE C5TRALIZ$1 HI]>*ICAL 9/ITUTIONS4'.<#f#g#g.> ,PEACEMAK]S1 !N1 APPE>S TO BE ! FIR/ ORGANIZATION 9 ! ,U,S,A 9 :I* AN>*I/S ADOPT$ ! CONS5SUS ME?OD ( DECISION MAK+ -- A PROCESS PROMOT$ BY ,QUAK]S1 SU* AS ,BAY>D ,RU/91 9VOLV$ 9 ! ORGANIZATION4 

,9 #aidg ! MILITANT PACIFI/S GA9$ CONTROL ( ! EXECUTIVE BO>D ( ! ,W> ,RESI/]S ,LEAGUE1 SEAT+ ,DELL+]1 ,MAC,DONALD1 ,ROY ,F9*1 ,ROY ,KEPL] & O!R AN>*I/S1 ) HOPES ( TRANS=M+ ITS #a1 P]SON MEMB]%IP 9TO NONVIOL5T REVOLUTION>IES4 ,AL?\< !Y F\ND ONLY MODE/ SUPPORT = !IR F>-REA*+ PROGRAM DUR+ ! REPRESSIVE ,MC,C>?Y ]A1 !IR PRES5CE MADE POSSIBLE A =TUIT\S DEVELOPM5T 9 ! CIVIL RI<TS /RUGGLE4 ,9 #a#i#e#a1 ,RU/9 WAS FIR$ FROM ! /AFF ( ! ,FELL[%IP ( ,RECONCILIATION & NE>LY DRUMM$ \T ( ! MOVEM5T1 :5 HE WAS >RE/$ = HAV+ SEX ) TWO O!R M5 9 ! BACK ( A P>K$ C>4 ,9/EAD ( ACCEPT+ HIS RESIGNATION FROM ! ,W> ,RESI/]S ,LEAGUE1 ! AN>*I/S SITT+ ON ! EXECUTIVE BO>D VOT$ TO HIRE ,RU/9 AS ! ORGANIZATION'S FULLTIME PROGRAM DIRECTOR4 ,9 ?AT CAPACITY HE W\LD S]VE AS A LEAD+ ADVIS] ON NONVIOL5T /RATEGY TO ,M>T9 ,LU!R ,K+1 ,JR4 & O!R S\!RN CIVIL RI<TS LEAD]S AS ! /RUGGLE EXP&$ AT ! 5D ( #a#i#e#e4.<#f#g#h.> 

,REVOLUTION>Y NONVIOL5CE & ! BLACK FRE$OM /RUGGLE 

,DESPITE ! IMPORTANCE ( DECADES ( PREVI\S /RUGGLES1 ! #a#i#e#e-#a#i#e#f ,MONTGOM]Y ,BUS ,BOYCOTT IS (T5 SE5 AS M>K+ ! BEG9N+ ( A NEW & H]OIC PHASE ( ! BLACK FRE$OM MOVEM5T 9 ! ,U,S,A4 ,PROVOK$ BY ! >RE/ ( ! ACTIVI/ ,ROSA ,P>KS1 ! SUCCESSFUL YE>-LONG BOYCOTT GREW TO 9CLUDE ?\S&S ( P>TICIPANTS & LAUN*$ 9TO NATIONAL PROM95CE ! CAMPAIGN'S Y\NG SPOKESP]SON1 ,M>T9 ,LU!R ,K+1 ,JR4 ,S9CE ! #a#i#bS1 MANY ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS HAD DRAWN 9SPIRATION FROM ! ,9DIAN DECOLONIZATION /RUGGLE LEAD BY ,MAHATMA ,G&HI1 :O WAS HIMSELF 9FLU5C$ BY ! AN>*I/S ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 ,LEO ,TOL/OY & ,B>T DE ,LIGT4 ,K+ FIR/ LE>N$ ( ,G&HI'S ME?ODS FROM TALKS DELIV]$ BY ,H[>D ,UNIV]SITY PRESID5T ,MORDECAI ,JOHNSON & ,PEACEMAK]S MEMB] ,A4,J4 ,MU/E AT ,CROSI] ,SEM9>Y 9 #aidi & #a#i#e4 ,DUR+ ! ,MONTGOM]Y ,BUS ,BOYCOTT1 EXP]I5C$ NONVIOL5T REVOLUTION>IES -- MO/ NOTABLY ,RU/9 -- HELP$ ,K+ TRANSLATE ,G&HIAN PR9CIPLES 9TO A /RATEGIC PLAN ( CIVIL DISOB$I5CE GE>$ TO ! CONDITIONS ( ! ,U,S S\?4.<#f#g#i.> 

,CONCURR5T ) ! LAUN* ( ! BUS BOYCOTT1 ,DELL+]1 ,MU/E1 ,F9* & ,RU/9 COLLABORAT$ TO F\ND ,LIB]ATION MAGAZ9E1 :I* PROMOT$ !IR BR& ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ & PACIFI/ POLITICS4 ,9 ITS FIR/ $ITORIAL1 ! $ITORS NOT$ ?AT3 

,WE DO NOT CONCEIVE ! PROBLEM ( REVOLUTION OR ! BUILD+ ( A BETT] SOCIETY AS ONE ( ACCUMULAT+ P[]1 :E!R BY LEGISLATIVE OR O!R ME?ODS1 TO 'CAPTURE ! /ATE1' & !N1 PRESUMABLY1 TO TRANS=M SOCIETY & HUMAN BE+S AS WELL4 ,! NATIONAL1 SOV]EIGN1 MILIT>IZ$ & BUREAUCRATIC ,/ATE & BUREAUCRATIC COLLECTIVI/ ECONOMY >E !MSELVES EVILS TO BE AVOID$ OR ABOLI%$4.<#f#h.> 

,LIB]ATION QUICKLY BECAME AN IMPORTANT PLAT=M = P>TICIPANTS 9 ! CIVIL RI<TS MOVEM5T TO DEBATE /RATEGY4 ,K+ CONTRIBUT$ >TICLES REGUL>LY1 AS DID (FICIALS ( ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSOCIATION = ! ,ADVANCEM5T ( ,COLOR$ ,PEOPLE 7,N,A,A,C,P7 & ADVOCATES ( >M$ SELF-DEF5SE1 SU* AS ,ROB]T ,F4 ,WILLIAMS4 ,AN>*I/S SU* AS ,WIECK1 ,DELL+] & ,PAUL ,GOODMAN WROTE FREQU5TLY = ! PUBLICATION1 5C\RAG+ ! MOVEM5T TO ADOPT /RATEGIES ?AT RELI$ ON POPUL> RESI/ANCE RA!R ?AN LEGAL MANEUV]+ OR ! MILIT>Y MI<T ( ! F$]AL GOV]NM5T4 

,9 #a#i#f#b1 ! GOV]NOR ( ,MISSISSIPPI ATTEMPT$ TO BLOCK ! BLACK ACTIVI/ ,JAMES ,M]$I? FROM 5ROLL+ AT ! ALL-:ITE /ATE UNIV]SITY4 ,PRESSUR$ TO RESPOND1 ,PRESID5T ,JOHN ,F4 ,K5N$Y DEPLOY$ F$]AL M>%ALS TO 5SURE ,M]$I?'S 5TRANCE4 ,DELL+] & ,RU/9 CRITICIZ$ ,K5N$Y'S TRUE MOTIVES & CLAIM$ ! 9CID5T AS A MISS$ OPPORTUNITY = ! MOVEM5T4 ,!Y COAU?OR$ AN ESSAY :I* CONCLUD$1 ',! TEMPTATION = %ORTSI<T$ M5 & WOM5 ( GOOD WILL IS TO RELY ON ! ,F$]AL GOV]NM5T TO TAKE UP ! SLACK CREAT$ BY !IR [N FAILURE TO ACT RESPONSIBLY & 9 SOCIAL SOLID>ITY4 ,BUT 9 ! LONG RUN ! ,F$]AL GOV]NM5T MU/ ACT 9 ACCORD ) ITS [N NATURE1 :I* IS ?AT ( A HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ POLITICAL1 MILIT>Y1 9DU/RIAL & F9ANCIAL BUREAUCRACY4'.<#f#h#a.> ,DELL+] HAD E>LI] WRITT5 9 ,LIB]ATION1 ',! P[] ( ! GOV]NM5T IS NOT ! 9TEGRAT+ P[] ( LOVE BUT ! DIS9TEGRAT+ P[] ( GUNS & PRISONS4'.<#f#h#b.> 

,MU* PREF]ABLE TO ! DEPLOYM5T ( TROOPS1 ACCORD+ TO ! $ITORS ( ,LIB]ATION1 WAS ! /RATEGY ( DIRECT RESI/ANCE TO RACISM BY ORD9>Y PEOPLE EMBLEMATIZ$ BY ! /UD5T SIT-9 MOVEM5T ?AT HAD ]UPT$ 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#f4 ,! MOVEM5T BEGAN AS A LOCAL ACTION :5 F\R BLACK COLLEGE /UD5TS ASK$ = S]VICE & REFUS$ TO MOVE FROM ! SEGREGAT$ LUN* C\NT] ( A ,GRE5SBORO1 ,NOR? ,C>OL9A1 ,WOOLWOR?'S DEP>TM5T /ORE4 ,! PROTE/S SPREAD & BY ,JUNE AN E/IMAT$ #e1 /UD5TS HAD JO9$ ! FRAY 9 MORE ?AN #a T[NS ?R\<\T ! S\!RN /ATES4.<#f#h#c.> ,AS A CONTRIBUTOR TO ! AN>*I/ J\RNAL ,VIEWS & ,COMM5TS WROTE AT ! TIME1 ! /UD5T SIT-9S DEMON/RAT$ 'H[ A G5U9E PEOPLE'S MOVEM5T >OSE SPONTANE\SLY1 PRODUC$ ITS [N ORGANIZATION1 DEVIS$ ITS [N TACTICS & 9SPIR$ EV]YONE TO P>TICIPATE CREATIVELY & VALIANTLY 9 A COMMON CAUSE4' ,9/EAD ( C\NSEL+ RELIANCE ON A GREAT LEAD]1 'IT >\SES PEOPLE FROM APA?Y & RE/ORES !IR BELIEF 9 !IR [N P[]4'.<#f#h#d.> 

,DIRECT ACTION1 P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY & ,NEW-,LEFT AN>*ISM 

,9 #aif ! EXP]I5C$ ANTI-RACI/ ORGANIZ] ,ELLA ,BAK] HELP$ ! /UD5T SIT-9 LEAD]S DEVELOP A POLITICAL ORGANIZATION1 ! ,/UD5T ,NONVIOL5T ,COORD9AT+ ,COMMITTEE 7,S,N,C,C71 :I* MODEL$ AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES 9 ITS MEANS ( OP]ATION1 ?\< MEMB]S NEV] SELF-ID5TIFI$ AS AN>*I/S4 ,9 ITS E>LY YE>S1 ,S,N,C,C DI/+UI%$ ITSELF FROM EXI/+ CIVIL RI<TS ORGANIZATIONS SU* AS ! ,N,A,A,C,P & ,K+'S ,S\!RN ,*RI/IAN ,LEAD]%IP ,CONV5TION BY ITS D$ICATION TO ! USE ( NONVIOL5T DIRECT ACTION & ?R\< ITS EF=TS TO 9V5T EGALIT>IAN =MS ( ORGANIZATION1 P>TICIPATORY DECISION-MAK+ PROCESSES1 & :AT ,BAK] T]M$ 'GR\P-C5T]$ LEAD]%IP4' ,BAK] CONCURR$ ) ,DELL+]'S REM>KS TO ,CANT9E ?AT ! M>K ( A GOOD LEAD] WAS HIS OR H] ABILITY TO %>E RESPONSIBILITY & DEVELOP LEAD]%IP CAPACITIES 9 O!RS4 ',/RONG PEOPLE1' ,BAK] CLAIM$1 'DON'T NE$ /RONG LEAD]S4'.<#f#h#e.> 

,! HI/ORIAN ,CLAYBORNE ,C>SON EXPLA9S ?AT E>LY ,S,N,C,C ACTIVI/S '/RONGLY OPPOS$ ANY HI]>*Y ( AU?ORITY SU* AS EXI/$ 9 O!R CIVIL RI<TS ORGANIZATIONS4'.<#f#h#f.> ,9/EAD ( C>RY+ \T A PROGRAM DESIGN$ BY A FEW LEAD]S1 ,S,N,C,C MEMB]S COLLECTIVELY 5GAG$ 9 LONG DISCUSSIONS 9 :I* ?OSE NOT US$ TO SPEAK+ UP W]E SUPPORT$ & G5TLY URG$ TO P>TICIPATE ALONGSIDE ! MORE LOQUACI\S4 ,! ORGANIZATION ATTEMPT$ TO REA* CONS5SUS ON MAJOR PROGRAM & /RATEGY DECISIONS -- A TE*NIQUE 9TRODUC$ BY P>TICIPANTS SU* AS ,JAMES ,LAWSON1 :O W]E AFFILIAT$ ) ,C,O,R,E & 9FLU5C$ BY ,PEACEMAK]S4.<#f#h#g.> 

,AS ,S,N,C,C %IFT$ ITS 5]GIES FROM DIRECT ACTION AGA9/ SEGREGATION TO ORGANIZ+ POOR BLACK M5 & WOM5 TO REGI/] TO VOTE1 /AFF MEMB]S SU* AS ,BOB ,MOSES S\<T WAYS TO EXT5D ! PROCESS ( P]PETUAL LEAD]%IP DEVELOPM5T BEYOND ! ORGANIZATION ITSELF TO ALL ! PEOPLE ,S,N,C,C /AFF MEMB]S WORK$ ) 9 VOT] REGI/RATION EF=TS4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 ,S,N,C,C DEVELOP$ 9 ITS DAY-TO-DAY ORGANIZ+ WORK AN IDEAL ( P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY ?AT DEM&$ ORD9>Y PEOPLE BE ABLE TO MAKE ! DECISIONS ?AT AFFECT !IR LIVES4 ,S,N,C,C ORGANIZ]S MOBILIZ$ ! POORE/ & LEA/ $UCAT$ ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS TO DEM& RI<TS FROM AN EXCLUSION>Y RACIAL /ATE4 ,H[EV]1 !IR ME?OD ( BUILD+ ! CAPACITIES ( LOCAL PEOPLE TO DIRECT !IR [N ORGANIZATIONS 9 PURSUIT ( POLITICAL & ECONOMIC SELF-DET]M9ATION BELI$ AN 9CREAS+LY RADICAL VISION ?AT1 AT LEA/ IMPLICITLY1 HAD MU* 9 COMMON ) ! V>I\S =MS ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY & LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM DISCUSS$ ?R\<\T ?IS BOOK4 ,! AN>*I/ PRECEPTS ( DIRECT ACTION1 DEC5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATION & BELIEF 9 ! LEAD]%IP CAPABILITIES ( ORD9>Y PEOPLE1 =M$ ONE SIGNIFICANT & OV]LOOK$1 BUT NOT OV]RID+1 CURR5T )9 ! L>G] WELLSPR+ ( RELIGI\S & POLITICAL TRADITIONS ?AT %AP$ ! BLACK FRE$OM MOVEM5T4 

,! 9FLU5CE CUT 9 BO? DIRECTIONS4 ,! BLACK FRE$OM MOVEM5T1 & ESPECIALLY ,S,N,C,C1 CAME TO S]VE AS A NEW HI/ORIC EXAMPLE ( A SUCCESSFUL MASS MOVEM5T ?AT FUNCTION$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES4 ,CIVIL RI<TS /RUGGLES ALSO HELP$ TO BREAK D[N TRADITIONAL AN>*I/ IDEAS AB\T ! PRIMACY ( CLASS OPPRESSION & ! REVOLUTION>Y PRIMACY ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,RECOGNIZ+ ! P[] ( ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS TO CREATE FUNDAM5TAL SOCIAL *ANGES BY ORGANIZ+ >\ND BO? RACIAL & CLASS ID5TITY1 WAS AN IMPORTANT /EP 9 AN>*I/S GRASP+ ! C5TRALITY ( 'RACE' AS A SOCIAL PH5OM5ON ?AT FUNDAM5TALLY /RUCTURES SOCIAL 9EQUALITIES & EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,?IS RECOGNITION HELP$ !M TO !ORETICALLY EXP& ! OBJECT ( !IR CRITIQUE & OPPOSITION FROM CAPITALISM & '! /ATE' TO ALL =MS ( SOCIAL DOM9ATION4 

,! ANTI-RACI/ CAMPAIGNS ( ! #a#i#d1 #a#i#eS & #a#i#fS =M A CLE> PO9T ( EMB>KATION = ! POLITICAL S5SIBILITY ?AT COMB9ES NONVIOL5T DIRECT ACTION1 NON-HI]>*ICAL =MS ( ORGANIZ+1 & CONS5SUS-BAS$ DECISIONMAK+1 :I* CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*I/S CONT9UE TO CELEBRATE AS C5TRAL TO !IR P>TICUL> POLITICAL VISION4 ,!SE ME?ODS1 AS WELL AS ! IDEAL ( P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY1 W]E *AMPION$ ?R\<\T ! #a#i#fS & E>LY #a#i#gS BY ,/UD5TS = A ,DEMOCRATIC ,SOCIETY & ! E>LY WOM5'S LIB]ATION MOVEM5T4.<#f#h#h.> ,9 ! #a#i#gS & #a#i#hS GR\PS HEAVILY 9FLU5C$ BY AN>*ISM1 SU* AS ,MOVEM5T = A ,NEW ,SOCIETY & ! ,CLAM%ELL ,ALLIANCE1 C>RI$ ! TRADITION =W>D 9 MOVEM5TS AGA9/ NUCLE> P[] PLANTS1 ,U,S 9T]V5TION 9 ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA1 & 5VIRONM5TAL DE/RUCTION4.<#f#h#i.> ,EXP]I5C$ ORGANIZ]S FROM !SE CAMPAIGNS1 SU* AS ,/>HAWK & ,DAVID ,SOLNIT1 PLAY$ C5TRAL ROLES 9 PLANN+ & TRA9+ P>TICIPANTS 9 ! MASS DEMON/RATIONS & BLOCKADES ?AT %UT D[N C5TRAL ,SEATTLE DUR+ ! ,WORLD ,TRADE ,ORGANIZATION MEET+S 9 #aiii & RE-5]GIZ$ ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ! ,U,S,A4.<#f#i.> ,9 TURN1 VET]ANS ( ! GLOBAL JU/ICE MOVEM5T C>RI$ ! TRADITION =W>D TO ! ,OCCUPY ,WALL ,/REET 5CAMPM5TS ( #b#a#a-#b#a#b4 

,BEATS1 C\NT]-CULTURE & URBAN 9SURRECTION 

,BLACK BLOCS1 LIKE NONVIOL5T DIRECT ACTION & CONS5SUS1 CLAIM A RELATIVELY LONG L9EAGE )9 ! AN>*I/ TRADITION4 ,!IR USE CAN BE TRAC$ TO ! AUTONOM\S MOVEM5TS ( ,ITALY1 ,G]MANY & O!R ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES1 SPANN+ ! LATE-#a#i#gS TO ! #a#i#iS1 MANY ( :I* MA9TA9$ DEEP TIES TO ! 9T]NATIONAL AN>*I/-PUNK COMMUNITY & O!R RADICAL Y\? C\NT]-CULTURES4.<#f#i#a.> ,!SE MOVEM5TS W]E !MSELVES SIGNIFICANTLY 9FLU5C$ BY ! ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN C\NT]-CULTURE ( ! #a#i#fS1 H[EV]1 & ?AT C\NT]-CULTURE WAS1 AT ITS CORE1 /RUCTUR$ >\ND ! APPRECIATION & APPROPRIATION ( ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN HIP CULTURE &1 LAT]1 ! CELEBRATION BY :ITE Y\? ( =MS ( ,M>XI/-9SPIR$ ,AFRICAN1 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN & ,ASIAN POLITICAL MILITANCY4.<#f#i#b.> ,TO UNPACK ?IS COMPLEX L9EAGE1 IT IS USEFUL TO FIR/ EXAM9E ! RECIPROCAL 9FLU5CE ( MID-C5TURY AN>*I/-PACIFISM & ! WRIT]S ( ! ,BEAT ,G5]ATION1 & TO !N CONSID] ! WAYS A V>IETY ( ADDITIONAL RADICAL 9TELLECTUAL & POLITICAL CURR5TS -- ESPECIALLY EXPRESSIONS ( BLACK RADICALISM -- CONTRIBUT$ TO ! EXPLOSIVE GR[? ( A HEAVILY AN>*I/IC Y\? C\NT]-CULTURE BY #a#i#f#g4 

,AN>*ISM1 JAZZ & ! ,BEAT G5]ATION 

,! AN>*I/-PACIFI/S ( ,LIB]ATION MAGAZ9E & ! CAMPAIGNS ( ,S,N,C,C COMPRISE ONE CURR5T ?R\< :I* LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ IDEAS W]E TRANSMITT$ TO MEMB]S ( ,/UD5TS = A ,DEMOCRATIC ,SOCIETY & O!R ,NEW ,LEFTI/S4 ,H[EV]1 AN>*I/ IDEAS1 !MES & /RATEGIES W]E ALSO PROMOT$ 9 ! #a#i#fS BY SMALL CIRCLES ( WRIT]S1 ACTIVI/S & CULTURAL PRODUC]S ?AT 9CLUDE ,*ICAGO'S ,REBEL ,WORK] ,GR\P1 ,NEW ,YORK'S ,BLACK ,MASK1 ! ,DIGG]S ( ,SAN ,FRANCISCO1 & ! ,DETROIT RADICAL MILIEU SURR\ND+ ! ,FIF? ,E/ATE NEWSPAP]1 ! ,:ITE ,PAN!R ,P>TY1 & ! POLITICAL ROCK GR\P ,! ,M,C#e4 ,AL?\< COLLECTIVELY !SE =MATIONS W]E 9/RUM5TAL 9 DEVELOP+ ! /YLE ( POLITICS ?AT HI/ORIAN ,TOBY ,BORAMAN HAS T]M$ 'C>NIVAL AN>*ISM1' NONE CLAIM$ PURELY AN>*I/ ORIG9S OR DESIR$ TO PROMOTE !MSELVES AS SU*4.<#f#i#c.> ,9/EAD1 !Y 9TEGRAT$ ELEM5TS ( AN>*OSYNDICALISM1 ANTI-VANGU>DI/ ,M>XISM1 ! ,EUROPEAN AVANT-G>DE TRADITION1 ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN RESI/ANCE CULTURES1 & EM]G5T =MS ( ,?IRD ,WORLD ,M>XISM 9TO A NOVEL =M ( CULTURAL RADICALISM FIR/ N\RI%$ BY ! ,BEAT SUBCULTURE4 

,BEAT WRIT]S SU* AS ,JACK ,K]\AC & ,ALL5 ,G9SB]G PROVID$ AN 5TRY PO9T TO RADICAL POLITICS = MANY Y\NG ADULTS ACROSS ! ,U,S,A 9 ! LATE #a#i#eS & E>LY #a#i#fS4 ,! ,SAN ,FRANCISCO ,POETRY ,R5AISSANCE1 CR$IT$ ) LAUN*+ ! ,BEATS ONTO AN 9T]NATIONAL /AGE1 WAS BUILT 9 L>GE MEASURE BY AN>*I/-PACIFI/S1 9CLUD+ MANY ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> DRAFT RESI/]S1 :O =M$ A ,LIB]T>IAN ,CIRCLE & A POETRY =UM !RE AS E>LY AS #a#i#d#f4.<#f#i#d.> ,DRAW+ ON ,Z5 ,BUDDHISM1 ! ,JEWI% MY/ICISM ( ,M>T9 ,BUB]1 & AN EM]G+ ECOLOGICAL CONSCI\SNESS1 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO AN>*I/S SU* AS ,K5NE? ,REXRO? & ,ROB]T ,DUNCAN FOCUS$ ON CREAT+ >T & A COMMUNITY ( LIKE-M9D$ DISS5T]S1 :ILE C\NSEL+ DIS5GAGEM5T FROM ! WORLD ( ! ,A-,BOMB & MASS CONSUM] CULTURE4.<#f#i#e.> ,IRONICALLY1 ! OBSC5ITY TRIAL AGA9/ ,G9SB]G'S ',H[L' & ! COMM]CIAL SUCCESS ( ,K]\AC'S ,ON ! ,ROAD SPREAD !SE IDEAS BEYOND ! COA/AL CITIES TO NE>LY EV]Y HI< S*OOL 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 

,9 ! WORK+-CLASS ,*ICAGO SUBURB ( ,MAYWOOD1 ,ILL9OIS1 HI< S*OOL SOPHOMORE ,FRANKL9 ,ROSEMONT LE>N$ ( ,JACK ,K]\AC FROM A MAGAZ9E >TICLE AT ! D5TI/'S (FICE 9 #a#i#e#h4 ,AFT] DEV\R+ ,ON ! ,ROAD & ,! ,DH>MA ,BUMS 7,K]\AC'S ODE TO ,G>Y ,SNYD] & ! O!R ,BAY ,>EA AN>*I/ POETS71 ,ROSEMONT & HIS FRI5DS LAUN*$ A HI<-S*OOL LIT]>Y MAGAZ9E1 ,! ,LANT]N1 :I* E>N$ !M REPUTATIONS AS COMMUNI/S & BEATNIKS4 ,ROSEMONT PREF]R$ TO ?9K ( HIS MULTIRACIAL CIRCLE AS 'HI< S*OOL HIP/]S4' ,HE RECALL$ ?AT AL?\< ,! ,LANT]N COMMUNITY WAS SUPPORTIVE ( ! CIVIL RI<TS MOVEM5T1 'ONLY ) MY DISCOV]Y ( ! ,BEAT POETS1 DID ,I BEG9 TO APPRECIATE ! VITALITY & RI*NESS ( ,AFRICAN-,AM]ICAN CULTURE1 & P>TICUL>LY JAZZ4'.<#f#i#f.> ,APPRECIATION ( JAZZ WAS CONCOMITANT TO ! ,BEAT LIFE/YLE1 AS BEBOP MUSICIANS PROVID$ A T[]+ EXAMPLE ( DISDA9 = :ITE B\RGEOIS CULTURE1 & !IR MUSIC SEEM$ TO 9C>NATE ! ANTI-RATIONALI/ IMPULSE BEH9D ,BEAT DISS5T4 ,AS LIT]>Y S*OL> ,SCOTT ,SAUL NOTES1 ',! HIP/] WAS 9 SOME S5SE ! CIVIL RI<TS MOVEM5T'S LESS *>ITABLE D\BLE1 ! FACE ( A DEFIANCE ?AT DID NOT UNCONDITIONALLY TURN ! O!R *EEK4 ,HE PLUGG$ 9TO LONG-RUNN+ DEBATES 9 ! BLACK COMMUNITY AB\T :E!R SOCIAL PROTE/ %\LD TAKE DIRECT OR MORE EVASIVE =MS1 :E!R IT %\LD BE EASILY LEGIBLE 9 ITS AIMS OR %\LD ADOPT ! SLYNESS ( ! TRICK/]4'.<#f#i#g.> 

,! ,BEATS ALSO LEAD ,ROSEMONT TO EXPLORE ! ,FR5* SURREALI/S -- CULTURAL REVOLUTION>IES :O1 BEG9N+ 9 ! #a#i#bS1 HAD DECL>$ !IR SUPPORT = DECOLONIZATION /RUGGLES & >GU$ ?AT REVOLUTION>IES MU/ SEEK TO CREATE A WORLD 9 :I* LIFE IS LIV$ 9T5SELY & EC/ATICALLY1 9 PURSUIT ( ! SUBLIME & ! M>VEL\S4 ,) ! DISCOV]Y ( SURREALISM1 ,ROSEMONT FELT ?AT HE HAD F\ND A SET ( IDEAS ?AT TI$ TOGE!R HIS LOVE ( POETRY1 JAZZ & HIS GR[+ 9T]E/ 9 RADICAL POLITICS4 ',AS E>LY AS ! #a#i#eS1' HE LAT] CLAIM$1 'SOME ( US RECOGNIZ$ ! NEW JAZZ AS ! AUDITORY EQUIVAL5T ( SURREALISM 9 PA9T+ .<444.> ,\R MO/ EXTRAVAGANT REVOLUTION>Y DREAMS W]E SUMM$ UP1 R5EW$ & EXP&$ 9 ! UNTRAMMEL$ LOVEL9ESS' ( ! MUSIC ( ,JOHN ,COLTRANE1 ,!LONI\S ,MONK & ,>*IE ,%EPP4.<#f#i#h.> ,!SE CONNECTIONS HELP$ CEM5T A CONCEPTION ( MUSICAL C\NT]-CULTURE AS AN EXPRESSION & ME?OD ( REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS1 :I* WAS EXP&$ UPON LAT] 9 ! DECADE BY ,! ,M,C#e1 & EXT5DS ?R\< ! AN>*O-PUNK SC5E TO ! PRES5T4.<#f#i#i.> 

,WORK]ISM1 ROCK 'N' ROLL & URBAN 9SURRECTION 

,POETRY & REVOLUTION ALSO ABSORB$ /UD5TS AT ,*ICAGO'S ,ROOSEVELT ,COLLEGE SU* AS ,TOR ,FAEGRE1 ,ROB]T & ,JUDY ,GRE5 & ,P5ELOPE ,B>TIK 7SOON TO BE ,P5ELOPE ,ROSEMONT74 ,!SE Y\NG POETS & /UD5TS1 MO/ FROM WORK+CLASS BACKGR\NDS1 MET AG+ MEMB]S ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD 7,I,W,W7 AT ! UNION'S ,G5]AL ,HEADQU>T]S1 BECAME MEMB]S1 & PROCE$$ TO ORGANIZE MIGRANT F>M WORK]S 9 S\?WE/ ,MI*IGAN4 ,9 #aifd !Y US$ ! ,I,W,W MIMEOGRAPH MA*9E TO LAUN* A J\RNAL1 ,! ,REBEL ,WORK]1 :I* BROKE NEW GR\ND BY PAIR+ TRADITIONAL WORK]I/ POLITICS ) CONSID]ATIONS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL ( >T & POPUL> CULTURE4 ,! Y\NG ,REBEL ,WORK]S LE>N$ AB\T REVOLUTION>Y UNIONISM FROM LONG-TIME ,I,W,W MEMB]S LIKE ,F]D ,?OMPSON1 BUT !IR GR[+ ANALYSIS ( CAPITALISM & UNIONISM ALSO B5EFITT$ FROM FRI5DLY 9T]ACTIONS ) ! ,DETROIT-BAS$ HET]ODOX ,M>XI/ ORGANIZATION ,FAC+ ,REALITY1 & ! ,BRITI% LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION ,SOLID>ITY4 ,AS DESCRIB$ BY ,*RI/IAN ,HOGSBJ]G 9 ?IS VOLUME1 ,FAC+ ,REALITY WAS AN ORGANIZATIONAL (F%OOT ( ! ,JOHNSON-,=E/ ,T5D5CY1 A DISSID5T CAUCUS )9 ! ,U,S ,TROTSKYI/ MOVEM5T DUR+ ! #a#i#cS & #a#i#dS1 GR\P$ >\ND ! ,TR9IDADIAN ,M>XI/ ,C4,L4,R4 ,JAMES1 ! ,RUSSIAN-,AM]ICAN !ORI/ ,RAYA ,DUNAYEVSKAYA1 & ! ,*9ESE-,AM]ICAN PHILOSOPH] ,GRACE ,LEE4.<#g.> ,! ,JOHNSON-,=E/ ,T5D5CY EX*ANG$ IDEAS ) ! ,FR5* GR\P ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE1 :I* HAD LIKEWISE BROK5 ) ,TROTSKYISM 9 ! #a#i#dS4.<#g#a.> ,9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! ,HUNG>IAN UPRIS+ ( #a#i#e#f1 ,JAMES1 ,LEE & ONE ( ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE'S LEAD+ 9TELLECTS1 ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS1 COAU?OR$ A TREATISE ON ANTI-,/AL9I/ & NON-VANGU>DI/ ,M>XISM1 ,FAC+ ,REALITY1 FROM :I* ! ,U,S GR\P DREW ITS NAME4.<#g#b.> ,9 ! #a#i#fS ,CA/ORIADIS WAS ! /RONGE/ 9FLU5CE ON ! POLITICAL POSITIONS ( ! ,BRITI% GR\P ,SOLID>ITY1 :I* TRANSLAT$1 REPR9T$ & COMM5T$ ON MANY ( HIS >TICLES4.<#g#c.> ,EA* ( !SE ORGANIZATIONS DEVELOP$ A CRITICISM ( 'DEMOCRATIC C5TRALI/' VANGU>D REVOLUTION>Y P>TIES1 >GU$ ?AT LABOR UNIONS HAD BECOME 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! PO/W> CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION SY/EM1 & PROMOT$ =MS ( WORK] SELF-MANAGEM5T & C\NCIL DEMOCRACY4.<#g#d.> ,?IS CON/ELLATION ( MID-C5TURY LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/S W\LD DEEPLY 9=M ! IDEAS ( ! ,SITUATIONI/ ,9T]NATIONAL 7,S,I7 & ! ,ITALIAN TRADITIONS ( OP]AISMO & AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM4 

,! 9FLU5CE ( ,FAC+ ,REALITY & ,SOLID>ITY WAS APP>5T 9 ,REBEL ,WORK] >TICLES CRITICAL ( ! ROLE MA9/REAM UNION (FICIALS PLAY$ 9 POLIC+ WORK]S' %OP FLOOR RESI/ANCE4 ,H[EV]1 ! GR\P ALSO CELEBRAT$ DIV]SE =MS ( RESI/ANCE ?AT !Y SAW CROPP+ UP \TSIDE ! FACTORY GATES4 ,! J\RNAL FEATUR$ >TICLES SU* AS ,FRANKL9 ,ROSEMONT'S ',MODS1 ,ROCK]S1 & ! ,REVOLUTION1' :I* DEF5D$ ROCK & ROLL MUSIC AS AN EXPRESSION ( WORK+-CLASS Y\?'S 'REFUSAL TO SUBMIT TO R\T9IZ$1 BUREAUCRATIC PRESSURES4'.<#g#e.> ,! ,*ICAGO RADICALS ALSO KEPT EXPRESSIONS ( ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN RESI/ANCE TO :ITE SUPREMACY %>PLY 9 VIEW4 ,JULY #aifd SAW ! FIR/ ( A S]IES ( MASSIVE RIOTS 9 ! BLACK <ETTOS ( NOR!RN & WE/]N CITIES1 USUALLY T\*$ (F BY 9CID5TS ( POLICE BRUTALITY1 BUT EXPRESSIVE ( ! G5]ALIZ$ HO/ILITY ( COMMUNITIES SUFF]+ FROM SEGREGATION1 DISCRIM9ATION & UNEMPLOYM5T4 ,! ,REBEL ,WORK] PUBLI%$ A FIR/-H& ACC\NT ( ! ',H>LEM 9SURRECTION' ( #a#i#f#d1 & HAIL$ ! SIMIL> REBELLION ?AT BROKE \T 9 ,*ICAGO TWO YE>S LAT]4 ,DRAW+ AGA9 ON ! ANALYSIS PROVID$ BY ,JAMES1 ,CA/ORIADIS & !IR COLLABORATORS1 ,ROSEMONT NOT$1 ',JU/ AS \R LABOR P]SPECTIVE FOCUS$ NOT ON 0LEAD]S0 BUT ON 0ACTIONS BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES1 9 OR \T ( ! UNIONS0 SO TOO WE ID5TIFI$ \RSELVES /RONGLY ) ! MASSES ( BLACK PROLET>IAN Y\? :O \TGREW ! 9CREAS+LY CONS]VATIVE OLD] CIVIL-RI<TS GR\PS & TOOK UP DIRECT ACTION 9 ! /REETS4'.<#g#f.> 

,>T1 ANTI-IMP]IALI/ >M$ /RUGGLE & AN>*ISM 

,! $ITORS ( ! ,REBEL ,WORK] RECOGNIZ$ AS POLITICAL COMPATRIOTS ! SMALL GR\P ( ,NEW ,YORK >TI/S :O PRODUC$ ! MAGAZ9E ,BLACK ,MASK4 ,BLACK ,MASK WAS F\ND$ BY ,B5 ,MOREA1 A WORK+-CLASS ,ITALIAN-,AM]ICAN PA9T] & AGITATOR :O DEVELOP$ HIS AN>*I/ POLITICS 9 A TRAJECTORY SIMIL> TO ?AT ( ,FRANKL9 ,ROSEMONT4 ,MOREA GREW UP 9 ! ,HELL'S ,KIT*5 NEI<BORHOOD ( ,MANHATTAN1 HOME TO ,!LONI\S ,MONK & O!R LEAD+ BEBOP JAZZ MUSICIANS4 ,HE IMM]S$ HIMSELF 9 ! JAZZ COMMUNITY UNTIL HE PICK$ UP A H]O9 HABIT & WAS >RE/$ = POSSESSION4 ,9 A PRISON >T !RAPY CLASS1 HE DET]M9$ TO TAKE HIS LIFE 9 A DIFF]5T DIRECTION4 ,/ILL1 HE APPRECIAT$ ! 9/9CT = REBELLION ?AT ! JAZZ SC5E HAD IMBU$ 9 HIM4 ',CULTURALLY1 IT WAS SUBV]SIVE1' ,MOREA ASS]T$3 

,! DOM9ANT CULTURE1 :I* ,I'VE NEV] BE5 COM=TABLE )1 C\LD NOT UND]/& JAZZ4 ,IT WAS A SUBCULTURE4 ,& SO ,I GRAVITAT$ T[>DS SUBCULTURES4 ,! BEATNIKS PICK$ UP ON ALL ( ?AT4 ,AFT] ,I QUIT H]O91 ,I WAS AB\T #a#h1 ,I ALREADY HAD ?IS SUBCULTURAL CONTEXT1 SO ,I /RUCK A FRI5D%IP ) A LOT ( BEATNIKS4 ,ESPECIALLY1 FIR/1 ,! ,LIV+ ,!AT]4 ,JUDI? ,MAL9A & ,JULIAN ,BECK -- !Y'RE ! ONES ?AT PUT ! NAME TO ! WAY ,I FELT1 .<& GAVE ME.> ! T]M AN>*I/4.<#g#g.> 

,MAL9A & ,BECK HAD BECOME AN>*I/S 9 ! LATE #a#i#dS AFT] ATT5D+ DISCUSSIONS HELD BY ! ,:Y8 ,GR\P & PROTE/+ COLD W> AIR-RAID DRILLS ) AN>*I/-PACIFI/S FROM ! ,W> ,RESI/]S ,LEAGUE & O!R ORGANIZATIONS4.<#g#h.> ,!IR ,BRE*TIAN !AT] TR\PE S]V$ AS AN IMPORTANT CONNECTIVE TISSUE L9K+ Y\NG BEATNIKS TO OLD] ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY AN>*I/S4 ,OV] ! NEXT FEW YE>S1 ,MOREA ATT5D$ MEET+S ( A SMALL GR\P ( OLD-L9E AN>*OSYNDICALI/S KN[N AS ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,LEAGUE1 AS WELL AS ! ',AN>*OS' /UDY GR\P =M$ BY ECOLOGY-ORI5T$ AN>*I/ ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 9 ! E>LY #a#i#fS4 ,MEAN:ILE HE EXHAU/IVELY /UDI$ ! ,EUROPEAN AVANT-G>DE >T TRADITION1 9CLUD+ ! ,DADA1 ,SURREALI/ & ,FUTURI/ MOVEM5TS4 ,:ILE ! BLACK JAZZ SC5E ( ! LATE #a#i#eS S]V$ AS A PO9T ( 5TRY TO ,NEW ,YORK'S BOHEMIAN AN>*I/ COMMUNITY1 ! EXPLICITLY POLITICAL & 9CREAS+LY MILITANT BLACK FRE$OM MOVEM5T BECAME A KEY REF]5CE PO9T & S\RCE ( 9SPIRATION = ,MOREA & HIS FRI5DS BY ! MID-#a#i#fS4 

,9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#f#e1 ,S,N,C,C DID AWAY ) ITS DEC5TRALIZ$ /RUCTURE & PRACTICE ( CONS5SUS DECISION-MAK+4 ,DECL>+ ! NE$ = 'BLACK P[]' ! NEXT YE>1 ! ORGANIZATION ALSO %$ ITS COMMITM5T TO NONVIOL5CE & AN 9T]RACIAL /AFF4.<#g#i.> ,!SE %IFTS M>K$ A RESPONSE TO ! VIOL5T 9TRANSIG5CE ( S\!RN RACI/S & ! F$]AL GOV]NM5T'S UNWILL+NESS TO DEF5D & SUPPORT CIVIL RI<TS ORGANIZ]S4 ,SEEK+ AN ADEQUATE RESPONSE TO SU* CONDITIONS1 ,S,N,C,C LEAD]S SU* AS ,JAMES ,=EMAN1 ,/OKELY ,C>MI*AEL & ,H4 ,RAP ,BR[N 9CREAS+LY LOOK$ = GUIDANCE TO NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES 9 ,AFRICA1 ,ASIA & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA4.<#g#a.> ,FROM WRIT]S SU* AS ,FRANZ ,FANON1 ,AMILC> ,CABRAL1 ,*E ,GUEV>A & ,HO ,*I ,M9H1 !Y +E/$ A ',?IRD ,WORLD ,M>XI/' POLITICS ?AT C\NSEL$ TI<T] =MS ( ORGANIZATION1 /RONG LEAD]%IP &1 EV5TUALLY1 ! PURSUIT ( A /RATEGY ( >M$ /RUGGLE4 ,?IRD ,WORLD ,M>XI/ !ORI/S %>$ ! COMMITM5T TO ABOLI% CAPITALISM ) OR?ODOX ,M>XI/-,L59I/S1 BUT !Y FOCUS$ GREAT] ATT5TION ON ! MEANS BY :I* ! SY/EM ( IMP]IALISM POLITICALLY SUBJUGAT$ & D]IV$ MASSIVE PR(ITS FROM 'OPPRESS$ NATIONS1' OV]:ELM+LY PEOPLES ( COLOR1 >\ND ! WORLD4 ,/RATEGICALLY1 ,?IRD ,WORLD ,M>XI/S FOCUS$ LESS ON ! SPREAD ( RADICAL UNIONISM AMONG 9DU/RIAL WORK]S1 & PROMOT$ MODES ( >M$ /RUGGLE ?AT C\LD SIMULTANE\SLY A*IEVE ! NATIONAL LIB]ATION ( =M]LY COLONIZ$ T]RITORIES & 9/ITUTE =MS ( /ATE SOCIALISM4.<#g#a#a.> 

,:ILE SOME OLD] AN>*I/S1 SU* AS ,WIECK & ,F9*1 W]E HI<LY CRITICAL ( !SE DEVELOPM5TS1 MANY 9 ! NEW G5]ATION WELCOM$ ! VICTORIES ( 9SURG5TS SU* AS ,FIDEL ,CA/RO & ,*E ,GUEV>A AS H>B+]S ( AN 9T]NATIONAL REVOLUTION>Y UPSURGE4 ,!Y SAW ! GR[+ MILITANCY AMONG ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN ACTIVI/S1 :O LOOK$ TO !SE MODELS1 AS 5TIRELY JU/IFI$4 ,9 #a#i#f#f1 ,MOREA & HIS FRI5D ,RON ,HAHNE LAUN*$ A F\R-PAGE BROAD%EET DEVOT$ TO AVANT-G>DE >T & RADICAL POLITICS TITL$ ,BLACK ,MASK4 ,= ,MOREA1 ! NAME HAD A NUMB] ( RESONANCES3 ',!RE WAS A BOOK WRITT5 BY ,FRANZ ,FANON1 ,BLACK ,FACES1 ,:ITE ,MASKS4 ,WELL1 ,I ALWAYS ?\<T1 0:ITE FACES1 BLACK MASKS40 ,I WAS ALSO FRI5DS ) ! BLACK NATIONALI/S1 & SOME ( !M US$ AN ,AFRICAN MASK AS A SYMBOL4 ,! COLOR BLACK WAS AN AN>*I/ SYMBOL1 BUT ! MASK FIT ! >T SIDE MORE1 SAY1 ?AN ,BLACK ,FLAG4 ,SO IT WAS ALL ( !SE ?+S1 BUT ,FRANZ ,FANON WAS A BIG P>T ( IT4'.<#g#a#b.> ,= ,MOREA1 ! PROMOTION ( NOVEL & AU!NTIC EXPRESSIONS ( REBELLION ?AT HAD TRACTION 9 ! CONTEMPOR>Y WORLD TOOK PREC$5CE OV] NOTIONS ( !ORETICAL PURITY & ANALYTICAL CONSI/5CY4 

,FROM ! BEG9N+ ,BLACK ,MASK DECL>$ ITS SUPPORT = ! EM]G5T =MS ( BLACK RADICALISM4 ',A NEW SPIRIT IS RIS+4 ,LIKE ! /REETS ( ,WATTS WE BURN ) REVOLUTION .<444.> ,! GU]RILLA1 ! BLACKS1 ! M5 ( ! FUTURE1 WE >E ALL AT Y\R HEELS1' READ AN E>LY /ATEM5T4 ,! MAGAZ9E'S FIR/ ISSUE ALSO REPR9T$ A FLI] FROM ! ,L[NDES ,C\NTY ,FRE$OM ,ORGANIZATION1 ! ,S,N,C,C-ORGANIZ$ PROJECT ?AT WAS ! FIR/ TO ADOPT ! ,BLACK ,PAN!R AS ITS SYMBOL4.<#g#a#c.> 

,9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#f#g1 ,BLACK ,MASK CONTRIBUTORS & !IR FRI5DS LIT]ALIZ$ ! PUBLICATION'S NAME :5 !Y M>*$ ?R\< ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY'S F9ANCIAL DI/RICT DONN$ COMPLETELY 9 BLACK1 WE>+ BLACK SKI MASKS1 & C>RY+ SKULLS ON POLES & A SIGN ?AT READ ',WALL ,/REET IS ,W> ,/REET4' ,?IS />K & PROVOCATIVE DEMON/RATION AGA9/ ! W> 9 ,VIETNAM APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 ! FIR/ RECORD$ DEPLOYM5T ( ! BLACK BLOC ES!TIC4 ,LIKE ! ,REBEL ,WORK] GR\P1 ! ,BLACK ,MASK $ITORS COMMUNICAT$1 VISIT$ & TRAD$ PUBLICATIONS ) CREATIVE & MILITANT RADICALS FROM >\ND ! WORLD1 9CLUD+ ,FR5* SITUATIONI/S1 ,DUT* ,PROVOS & ! ,Z5GAKUR5 ( ,JAPAN4.<#g#a#d.> 

,9 #a#i#f#g1 ,MOREA & ,HAHNE COLLABORAT$ ) O!R >TI/S ON ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY'S ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE TO ORGANIZE AN ',ANGRY ,>TS' WEEK4 ,POLICE >RE/$ P>TICIPANTS AT ,/4 ,PATRICK'S ,CA!DRAL ON ,EA/] ,SUNDAY AS !Y UNVEIL$ PO/]S D5\NC+ ! C>D9AL'S 5DORSEM5T ( ! ,VIETNAM ,W>4 ,9 ! AFT]MA? ( ,ANGRY ,>TS WEEK1 ! ,BLACK ,MASK 'FAMILY' GREW TO 9CLUDE #a TO #ae CORE MEMB]S1 PRIM>ILY :ITE & MALE1 9CLUD+ ,O%A ,NEUMANN1 ! /EPSON ( ! CELEBRAT$ CRITICAL !ORI/ ,H]B]T ,M>CUSE4 ,E>LY 9 #a#i#f#h1 ! GR\P ORGANIZ$ A !ATRICAL DEMON/RATION 9 FRONT ( ! ,L9COLN ,C5T] = ,P]=M+ ,>TS1 SIGN+ AN EXPLANATORY LEAFLET1 ',UP ,AGA9/ ! ,WALL1 ,MO!RFUCK]4' ,! L9E WAS DRAWN FROM A POEM P5N$ BY BLACK NATIONALI/ ,LE,ROI ,JONES DUR+ 'RACE RIOTS' ?AT HAD CONVULS$ ,NEW>K1 ,N,J ! PREVI\S YE>4.<#g#a#e.> ,! NAME /UCK & ! GR\P REMADE ITSELF ACCORD+LY4 

,JONES HAD CONTEMPTU\SLY DECL>$3 

.<444.> Y\ CAN'T /EAL NO?9 FROM A :ITEMAN1 HE'S ALREADY /OLE IT HE [ES Y\ ANY?+ Y\ WANT1 EV5 HIS LIFE4 ,ALL ! /ORES WILL OP5 IF Y\ WILL SAY ! MAGIC WORDS4 ,! MAGIC WORDS >E3 ,UP AGA9/ ! WALL MO!R FUCK] ?IS IS A /ICK UP4.<#g#a#f.> 

,! UNCOMPROMIS+ POSITION ( ,JONES & O!R BLACK MILITANTS APPEAL$ TO ,UP ,AGA9/ ! ,WALL_/,MO!RFUCK]S 7,U,A,W,M,F74 ,CALL+ !MSELVES AN 'AN>*I/ /REET GANG' OR1 ALT]NATIVELY1 'A /REET GANG ) AN ANALYSIS1' ,U,A,W,M,F ORGANIZ$ HIPPIES1 DROP-\TS1 BUMS & ,PU]TO ,RICAN Y\? ON ! ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE1 CREAT$ A FREE /ORE1 SQUATT$ EMPTY BUILD+S & REGUL>LY 9/IGAT$ SMALL SCALE RIOTS & BRAWLS ) ! POLICE4 ,! GR\P'S BASIC /RATEGY WAS TO PU% MEMB]S ( ! :ITE C\NT]-CULTURE TO 9CREASE ! LEVEL ( !IR CONFRONTATION ) 9/ITUTIONS ( AU?ORITY1 AS A MEANS ( =G+ ANO!R 'FRONT' 9 ! /RUGGLES BE+ WAG$ BY OPPRESS$ RACIAL GR\PS 9 ! ,U,S,A & ANTI-COLONIAL =CES 9 S\!A/ ,ASIA1 ,AFRICA & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA4 ,MOREA PR\DLY RECALL$1 ',WE /ORM$ ! 5TRANCE TO ! ,P5TAGON -- ! ONLY PEOPLE 9 HI/ORY TO ACTUALLY P5ETRATE 9TO ! BUILD+4 ,& WE CUT ! F5CES AT ,WOOD/OCK4 ,SO H]E Y\'VE GOT ?IS HIPPIE CULTURAL .<?+.>1 & ?IS .<O!R ?+.>4 ,& ?AT WAS US4'.<#g#a#g.> ,AS ,NEUMANN PUT IT1 ',WE ADVOCAT$ A POLITICS ( RAGE & TRIBAL BOND+1 0FL[] P[] ) ?ORNS40'.<#g#a#h.> 

,BO? ! ,REBEL ,WORK] GR\P & ,BLACK ,MASK_/,U,A,W,M,F W]E RELATIVELY %ORTLIV$ =MATIONS4 ,BY #aifg MEMB]S ( ! ,REBEL ,WORK] GR\P %IFT$ !IR FOCUS ELSE:]E4 ,P5ELOPE ,ROSEMONT JO9$ ! NATIONAL /AFF ( ,/UD5TS = A ,DEMOCRATIC ,SOCIETY1 :ILE WORK+ ) ,FRANKL9 & O!RS TO DEVELOP A GREAT] SURREALI/ PRES5CE 9 ! ,U,S,A4 ,! CORE MEMB]S ( ,U,A,W,M,F LEFT ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY 9 #aiga TO ESCAPE ! ESCALAT+ CYCLE ( 9C>C]ATION & VIOL5T PROTE/ !Y F\ND !MSELVES 9CREAS+LY TRAPP$ 91 DISSOLV+ SOON AFT]W>DS4 ,H[EV]1 GR\PS ( RADICALS ) SIMIL> 9FLU5CES1 BUT SLI<TLY DIFF]5T PATT]NS ( DEVELOPM5T1 SU* AS ! ,:ITE ,PAN!R ,P>TY 9 ,MI*IGAN & A V>IETY ( PRO-SITUATIONI/ GR\PS 9 ,CALI=NIA1 BRIDG$ ! GAP BETWE5 ! C\NT]-CULTURE ( ! #a#i#fS & ! ,U,S AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 #a#i#gS & #a#i#hS4.<#g#a#i.> 

,9 SUMM>Y1 ! ,BEAT SUBCULTURE ( ! LATE #a#i#eS 9UR$ MANY Y\NG :ITE ,NOR? ,AM]ICANS TO 'HIP' JAZZ CULTURE1 :I* HELP$ CONV9CE !M ( ! DESIRABILITY & POSSIBILITY ( CULTURAL REVOLUTION1 PROMPT+ SOME TO EMBRACE AN>*ISM4 ,!Y GREW UP WAT*+ & READ+ AB\T ! E>LY1 PR$OM9ANTLY NONVIOL5T1 PHASE ( ! BLACK FRE$OM MOVEM5T4 ,BUT AS BLACK ANG] 9 RESPONSE TO :ITE REACTION>Y VIOL5CE LEAD TO URBAN 'RACE RIOTS1' & ! 9FLU5CE ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS GAVE RISE TO ! BLACK P[] MOVEM5T1 SOME AN>*I/S GREW TO ID5TIFY PEOPLE ( COLOR WILL+ TO 5GAGE 9 PROP]TY DE/RUCTION & POLITICAL VIOL5CE AS A RADICAL VANGU>D WOR?Y ( EMULATION4 ,?IS LEAD TO AN IDEOLOGICALLY MESSY1 HET]ODOX POLITICS ?AT S\<T TO COMB9E ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN CULTURAL REVOLUTION ) ,?IRD ,WORLD ,M>XI/-9SPIR$ >M$ /RUGGLE4 ,AL?\< PACIFISM PR$OM9AT$ AMONG AN>*I/S 9 ! ,U,S,A BETWE5 #aid & #a#i#f#e1 ?AT COMMITM5T WAS *ALL5G$ & AB&ON$ OV] ! NEXT FIVE YE>S4 ,:ILE ! NONVIOL5CE ( ,G&HI & BLACK S\!RN]S 9SPIR$ ! AN>*I/-PACIFISM ( ! E>LY P]IOD1 ! RIOT+ & TURN TO >M$ SELF-DEF5SE BY ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS 7&1 LAT]1 GR\PS SU* AS ! ,PU]TO ,RICAN ,Y\NG ,LORDS & ! ,AM]ICAN ,9DIAN ,MOVEM5T7 9 ! NOR!RN & WE/]N ,U,S,A REVIV$ ! 9SURRECTIONI/ CURR5T 9 ,U,S AN>*ISM BY ! 5D ( ! #a#i#fS4 

,?R\< ! CIRCULATION ( PEOPLE1 PUBLICATIONS & /RUGGLES BETWE5 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA & ,EUROPE1 ?IS NEW S5SIBILITY MUTAT$ & MULTIPLI$ OV] ! FOLL[+ DECADES1 EV5 AFT] ! /RUGGLES AGA9/ :ITE SUPREMACY & COLONIALISM ?AT HAD PROVID$ A KEY IMPETUS HAD SUBSID$4 ,! AVANT-G>DE CRITIQUE ( ! BANALITY ( EV]YDAY LIFE1 URBAN /REET FI<T+ & ! DEM& = SELF-MANAGEM5T & WORK]'S C\NCILS FUZ$ 9DELIBLY 9 ,P>IS DUR+ ! EV5TS ( ,MAY '#f#h1 GIV+ ! SITUATIONI/S AN 9T]NATIONAL CA*E /ILL F> FROM BE+ EXHAU/$4.<#g#b.> ,HEATWAVE - A ,BRITI% C\NT]P>T TO ,! ,REBEL ,WORK] - & ! ,U,K SECTION ( ! ,S,I W]E SUCCE$$ BY ,K+ ,MOB1 :I*1 9DEBT$ TO ,BLACK ,MASK_/,U,A,W,M,F1 S\<T TO PRACTICE AN 'ACTIVE NIHILISM' 9 E>LY #a#i#gS ,5GL&4.<#g#b#a.> ,!Y PROV$ 9FLU5TIAL TO ! FIR/ WAVE ( ,BRITI% PUNK4 ,9 #a#i#g#g1 :AT HAS BECOME KN[N AS ! 'AUTONOMI/ ,M>XI/' TRADITION EM]G$ 9 ,ITALY ?R\< A CONV]G5CE ( C\NT]-CULTURAL GR\PS1 SU* AS ! ,METROPOLITAN ,9DIANS 7! 9FLU5CE ( DECOLONIAL POLITICS EVID5T EV5 9 !IR NAME7 & WORK]I/ ORGANIZATIONS 9FLU5C$ BY ! ,JOHNSON-,=E/_/,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE_/,SOLID>ITY TRADITION4.<#g#b#b.> ,EA* ( !SE /R&S ( POLITICAL RADICALISM F$ 9TO ! 9T]NATIONAL AN>*I/-PUNK MOVEM5T ( ! #a#i#hS & #a#i#iS1 :I* SOLIDIFI$ S>TORIAL Y\? CULTURES ( RESI/ANCE1 PRANKS1 SQUATT+ & MILITANT /REET DEMON/RATIONS US+ ! BLACK BLOC TACTIC AS DEF9+ ELEM5TS ( CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*ISM >\ND ! GLOBE4 ,DESPITE ! CIRCUIT\S WAY 9 :I* BLACK BLOC TACTICS DEVELOP$1 SOME CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*I/S & AUTONOMI/S CONT9UE TO DEF5D ! PRACTICE ( POLITICAL TRA%+ 9 SMALL1 LOOSELY ORGANIZ$ GR\PS BY PO9T+ TO ! SEMI-SPONTANE\S UPRIS+S ( RACIALIS$ URBAN COMMUNITIES AS MODELS ( RADICAL ACTIVITY WOR?Y ( EMULATION4 ,! WIDELY CIRCULAT$ PAMPHLET ,! ,COM+ ,9SURRECTION1 = EXAMPLE1 SUGGE/S RADICAL 9TELLECTUALS %\LD TAKE TACTICAL & ORGANIZATIONAL 9SPIRATION FROM ! ,FR5* BANLIEUE RIOTS ( ! MID-#bS4.<#g#b#c.> 

,CONCLUSION 

,! AN>*I/-PACIFI/S ( ! #a#i#dS & #a#i#eS & ! CULTURAL REVOLUTIONI/S ( #a#i#fS BO? M>K$ FUNDAM5TAL DEP>TURES FROM ! TRADITIONAL1 CLASS /RUGGLE BAS$ AN>*ISM ?AT EXI/$ 9 ! ,U,S,A PRIOR TO ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>4 ,!Y CONTRIBUT$ OV]LAPP+1 (T5 CONTRADICTORY1 ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN S5SIBILITIES TO RADICAL SOCIAL /RUGGLES 9 ! F9AL DECADES ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY & ! FIR/ DECADE ( ! TW5TY-FIR/4 ,CLE>LY1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO FULLY TRACE & EVALUATE ! COMPLEX PA?WAYS UPON :I* AN>*ISM HAS DEVELOP$ 9 ! PA/ HALF-C5TURY 9 A BRIEF ESSAY SU* AS ?IS4 ,I HAVE TRI$1 9/EAD1 TO HOLD A MAGNIFY+ GLASS UP TO TWO P>TICUL> MOM5TS 9 ?IS HI/ORY1 & TO !N LOCATE ?OSE MOM5TS )9 ! BROAD] PATT]N ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,:AT ?AT LEVEL ( MAGNIFICATION REVEALS1 ,I HOPE1 IS ! P]VASIVE 9FLU5CE ( A COMPLEX V>IETY ( SOCIALISMS & ,M>XISMS1 AS WELL AS MANY =MS ( PEOPLE ( COLOR-9ITIAT$ /RUGGLES AGA9/ :ITE SUPREMACY1 ON ! POLITICAL ANALYZES1 VISIONS & /RATEGIES ( CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS4 ,IT LIKEWISE 9DICATES WAYS ?AT AN>*I/ IDEAS & EF=TS HAVE 9=M$ & BOL/]$ BLACK FRE$OM /RUGGLES & O!R ANTI-RACI/ MOVEM5TS4 ,SU* AN ANALYSIS HELPS ELUCIDATE HI/ORICAL PREC$5TS -- & !RE=E PROVIDES A TOOL = EVALUAT+ ! TRANS=MATIVE POT5TIAL & POSSIBLE PITFALLS -- ( A V>IETY ( EF=TS AIM$ AT RE9V5T+ ! /RUGGLE = A FREE & EQUAL1 OR LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/1 WORLD TODAY4 

,NOTES 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#g1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #i -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/