,*APT] #d 
,! ,SYNDICALI/ ,*ALL5GE 9 ! ,DURHAM ,COALFIELD BE=E #aiad 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX ,PRI*>D 

,AU?OR 3 ,&REW ,CORNELL 

,AU?OR 3 ,B5OIT ,*ALL& 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>L ,LEVY 

,TEXT 3 

#d4 ,! ,SYNDICALI/ ,*ALL5GE 9 ! ,DURHAM ,COALFIELD BE=E #aiad 

,LEWIS ,H4 ,MATES 

,9TRODUCTION 

,! ,BRITI% 'LABOR REVOLT' IMM$IATELY BE=E ! \TBREAK ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> SAW MILLIONS ( WORK+ DAYS LO/ 9 /RIKE ACTION & ! MU%ROOM+ ( TRADE UNIONS4 ,?IS UNRE/1 :I* 9CLUD$ ! FIR/ ,BRITI% NATIONAL M9]S' /RIKE 9 #a#i#a#b1 CO9CID$ ) A GR[? 9 REVOLUTION>Y AGITATION4 ,! EM]G5CE ( SYNDICALI/ IDEAS1 ESS5TIALLY REVOLUTION>Y TRADE UNIONISM1 SEEM$ =TUIT\SLY TIM$ TO GIVE COH]5CE & REVOLUTION>Y TEMP] TO AN URGE TO REVOLT EVID5T 9 IMPORTANT SECTIONS ( ! ORGANIZ$ 7& PREVI\SLY UNORGANIZ$7 ,BRITI% WORK+ CLASS4 

',SYNDICALISM' IS DEPLOY$ H]E 9 ITS 'BROADE/ S5SE' TO REF] TO 'ALL REVOLUTION>Y1 DIRECT-ACTIONI/' ORGANIZATIONS4.<#b#b#g.> ,AS ,LUCI5 VAN D] ,WALT & ,MI*AEL ,S*MIDT HAVE REC5TLY >GU$1 SYNDICALISM'S IDEOLOGICAL ORIG9S LAY 9 ! WORKS ( ! AN>*I/ ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN94 ,?AT SAID1 SELF-DEF9+ ,M>XI/S ALSO DEVELOP$ IDEAS & APPROA*ES ?AT F$ 9TO SYNDICALISM4 

,CONSEQU5TLY1 REVOLUTION>IES :O SELF-ID5TIFI$ AS ,M>XI/S1 AN>*I/S & O!RS ALL CONTRIBUT$ TO ! SYNDICALI/ CANON & OP]AT$ ON ITS IDEOLOGICAL T]RA92 SYNDICALISM ?US F$ FROM1 & 9TO1 BO? AN>*I/ & ,M>XI/ TRADITIONS4.<#b#b#h.> ,NEV]!LESS1 ! TRADITIONAL DIVISIONS BETWE5 ,M>XI/ & AN>*I/ APPROA*ES P]SI/$ )9 SYNDICALISM2 !RE W]E BO? PO9TS ( CONV]G5CE AS WELL AS ( DIV]G5CE EV5 OV] FUNDAM5TALS4 ,SYNDICALISM1 !RE=E1 (F]S A UNIQUE =UM TO /UDY AT CLOSE QU>T]S ! RELATIONS BETWE5 REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVI/S ( ! R$ & ! BLACK4 

,?IS *APT] EXPLORES ! IMPACT ( IDEOLOGY ON ! CONDUCT ( REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE AMONG ACTIVI/S 9 ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD1 9 NOR?-EA/ ,5GL&4 ,COAL M9]S1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE ( S\? ,WALES1 W]E FUNDAM5TAL TO ! SYNDICALI/ PROJECT 9 ,BRITA94 ,! S+LE MO/ SIGNIFICANT ,BRITI% SYNDICALI/ PROPAG&A DOCUM5T WAS ,! ,M9]S' ,NEXT ,/EP1 WRITT5 BY ,WEL% M9]S 9 #aiaa & PUBLI%$ 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#a#b4 ,IT EXPRESS$ LESSONS MILITANTS HAD TAK5 FROM ! DEFEAT ( ! ,CAMBRIAN ,COMB9E DISPUTE4 ,AT ITS PEAK1 ! DISPUTE 9VOLV$ #c1 S\? ,WALES M9]S /RIK+ OV] CONDITIONS & WAGES1 & IT SAW S]I\S RIOT+ AT ,TONYP&Y 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#a4.<#b#b#i.> 

,! UNUSUAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS & RADICAL CULTURAL MILIEU 9 S\? ,WALES -- ITS M9]S W]E #g P] C5T MORE LIKELY TO /RIKE ?AN !IR C\NT]P>TS 9 ANY O!R ,BRITI% COALFIELD BE=E #aia -- PROV$ P>TICUL>LY CONDUCIVE TO G5]AT+ & SU/A9+ SYNDICALISM4.<#b#c.> ,YET CONTEMPORANE\S UPHEAVAL 9 ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD -- ( A SIMIL> SIZE &1 LIKE S\? ,WALES1 DEP5D5T ON ! VICISSITUDES ( ! UNPR$ICTABLE EXPORT M>KET -- (F]$ PROMIS+ GR\ND = FRUITFUL SYNDICALI/ 9T]V5TION4 

,! ,DURHAM COALFIELD WITNESS$ SOME ( ! FIR/ SKIRMI%ES 9 ! WAVE ( LATE ,$W>DIAN 9DU/RIAL UNRE/ :51 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#a1 A CONSID]ABLE PROPORTION ( LODGES AFFILIAT$ TO ! #a#c1 /RONG ,DURHAM ,M9]S' ,ASSOCIATION 7,D,M,A7 /RUCK AGA9/ AN AGREEM5T SIGN$ BY !IR EXECUTIVE TO 9/ITUTE A '?REE %IFT SY/EM' 9 ! COALFIELD4 ,= ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ,DURHAM M9]S ?IS WAS AN 9CR$IBLY UNPOPUL> *ANGE BECAUSE IT DEM&$ !Y WORK NI<T AS WELL AS MORN+ & AFT]NOON %IFTS & CONSEQU5TLY BR\<T SIGNIFICANT DISRUPTION TO FAMILY & SOCIAL LIFE4 ,! UNPOPUL>ITY ( ! ,D,M,A LEAD]S -- & ESPECIALLY ! MO/ 9FLU5TIAL1 G5]AL SECRET>Y & ,LIB]AL ,M,P ,JOHN ,WILSON -- GREW ) !IR HI<H&$NESS DUR+ ! NATIONAL M9]S' /RIKE ( #a#i#a#b4 

,ANG] FROM DIS5*ANT$ SECTIONS ( ! ,DURHAM RANK & FILE AFT] ! #aiab NATIONAL /RIKE WAS MANIFE/ 9 TWO MA9 WAYS3 FIR/1 9 ! GR[? ( AN AGGRESSIVE & UN(FICIAL 7?AT IS1 NOT (FICIALLY 5DORS$ BY ! ,D,M,A'S (FICIAL LEAD]%IP7 LODGE /RIKE POLICY &1 SECOND1 ) ! 9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( EF=TS TO RE=M ! ,D,M,A 7AS WELL AS FI<T = 9CREAS$ WAGES71 9 ! =M ( ! ,DURHAM ,=W>D ,MOVEM5T4.<#b#c#a.> ,?IS WAS A WELL-SUPPORT$ RANK-&-FILE 9ITIATIVE HEAD$ BY A GR\P ( M9] ACTIVI/S ( ! ,9DEP5D5T ,LABOR ,P>TY 7,I,L,P74 ,E/ABLI%$ NATIONALLY 9 #a#h#i#c1 ! ,I,L,P HAD BECOME ONE ( ! F\ND]S ( ! ,LABOR ,P>TY1 & HAD S9CE MADE SOME 7CONTE/$7 PROGRESS 9 E/ABLI%+ ITSELF 9 ! COALFIELD4 

,?IS *APT] BEG9S BY DISCUSS+ ! IDEOLOGICAL /R&S ?AT 9=M$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( SYNDICALISM 9 ,BRITA94 ,IT !N CONSID]S ! IDEOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ,DURHAM COALFIELD'S TWO MO/ SIGNIFICANT PRE-#a#i#a#d REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVI/S1 ,WILL ,LAW!R & ,GEORGE ,H>VEY1 BE=E EXAM9+ !IR ACTIVITIES & EVID5CE ( !IR IMM$IATE IMPACT4 ,AFT] BRIEF CONSID]ATION ( ! WID] SYNDICALI/ 9FLU5CE 9 ! COALFIELD1 ! *APT] 5DS BY EXAM9+ SOME ( ! WAYS 9 :I* BO? ,H>VEY & ,LAW!R'S POLITICS >GUABLY 9HIBIT$ !IR POT5TIAL IMPACT ON ! WID] RADICAL MILIEU4 

,IDEOLOGICAL ORIG9S ( SYNDICALISM 

,?REE CURR5TS1 9VOLV+ BO? ,M>XI/S & AN>*I/S1 W]E CRUCIAL 9 %AP+ ! T5D5CIES ?AT >OSE )9 ,BRITI% SYNDICALISM4 ,! FIR/ MAJOR 9FLU5CE CAME FROM ,AM]ICA 9 ! =M ( ! WRIT+S ( ,DANIEL ,DE ,LEON 7A SELF-ID5TIFY+ ,M>XI/7 & ! SUBSEQU5T EM]G5CE ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD 7,I,W,W OR ',WOBBLIES'74 ,DE ,LEON DEVELOP$ A !ORY ( REVOLUTION>Y WORK+-CLASS ADVANCEM5T ?AT DEM&$ BO? 'POLITICAL ACTION' -- DEF9$ 9 ?IS CONTEXT AS /&+ = ELECTIONS AT LOCAL & NATIONAL LEVELS ON A REVOLUTION>Y PLAT=M -- & 9DU/RIAL ACTION4 ,! LATT] TOOK ! =M ( '9DU/RIAL UNIONISM' 7RA!R ?AN 'SYNDICALISM' AS SU*73 REVOLUTION>Y TRADE UNIONS ( SKILL$ & UNSKILL$ WORK]S 9 ! MAJOR 9DU/RIES4 ,!SE 9DU/RIAL UNIONS W]E TO WORK ALONGSIDE ! PREEXI/+ UNIONS UNTIL !Y SUPPLANT$ !M2 ?IS WAS DUAL UNIONISM4 ,DE ,LEON WAS 9FLU5TIAL 9 E/ABLI%+ ! ,*ICAGO ,I,W,W 9 #a#i#e1 SUCCESSFULLY PROPOS+ AN AM5DM5T TO ! ,I,W,W'S PREAMBLE ?AT COMMITT$ IT TO POLITICAL ACTION4 ,?\< RATIFI$1 ! ISSUE ( POLITICAL ACTION SOON SPLIT ! ,I,W,W BETWE5 ,DE ,LEON & ,WOBBLIES UND] ,BIG ,BILL ,HAYWOOD ( ! ,WE/]N ,F$]ATION ( ,M9]S1 AS WELL AN>*I/S LIKE ,?OMAS ,HAG]TY 7:O P5N$ ! FIR/ DRAFT ( ! ORIG9AL PREAMBLE7 & VET]AN AN>*I/ ORGANIZ] ,LUCY ,P>SONS1 WIFE ( ! ,HAYM>KET M>TYR ,ALB]T ,P>SONS4 ,?IS GR\P+ PREVAIL$ AT ! F\R? ,I,W,W CONV5TION 7#a#i#h7 & ! AM5D$ PREAMBLE PRECLUD$ AFFILIATION TO ANY POLITICAL P>TY4 ,US+ SADLY *>ACT]I/IC LANGUAGE1 ,DE ,LEON D5\NC$ ! VICTORI\S 'BUMM]Y1' 'SLUM PROLET>IANS' & 'AN>*I/ SCUM' & LEFT TO =M A RIVAL ,I,W,W BAS$ 9 ,DETROIT1 :I* SOON FAD$ AWAY4.<#b#c#b.> 

,9 #aic & UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ,DE ,LEON1 MO/ ( ! ,SCOTTI% BRAN*ES ( ! ,M>XI/ ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,F$]ATION 7,S,D,F7 BROKE AWAY1 EV5TUALLY =M+ ! ,SOCIALI/ ,LABOR ,P>TY 7,S,L,P74.<#b#c#c.> ,9 ITS E>LY YE>S1 ! P>TY WAS AN EXCLUSIVE SECT1 BUT IT GA9$ IMPORTANCE 9 ! TRADE UNION-SPONSOR$ WORK+-CLASS $UCATIONAL 9/ITUTION ,RUSK9 ,COLLEGE1 ,OX=D4 ,?IS WAS EVID5T DUR+ ! /RIKE ( #a#i#h1 :5 ! MAJORITY ( ,RUSK9 /UD5TS & ! COLLEGE'S PR9CIPAL RESIGN$ 9 PROTE/ AT ITS FAILURE TO PLACE ,M>X AT ! C5T] ( ! TEA*+ CURRICULUM4 ,! PROTE/ L$ TO ! F\ND+ ( ! ,C5TRAL ,LABOR ,COLLEGE1 9 ,LONDON4 ,DE ,LEON'S 9FLU5CE WAS CLE> 9 ! *OICE ( ',PLEBS' ,LEAGUE' 79SPIR$ BY A ,DE ,LEON PAMPHLET7 AS ! NAME ( ! ORGANIZATION =M$ TO SUPPORT ! ,C5TRAL ,LABOR ,COLLEGE4.<#b#c#d.> ,! ,S,L,P BEGAN TO PLACE AN 9CREAS+ EMPHASIS ON ! 9DU/RIAL SPH]E & IT GREW ) ! LABOR REVOLT AFT] #a#i#a4 ,H[EV]1 ITS 9CREAS+ RELAXATION ( C]TA9 SECT>IAN POSITIONS ALSO LO/ IT MEMB]S & ! /ILL LESS SECT>IAN & MORE FLEXIBLE SYNDICALI/S BEGAN TO \TMANEUV] IT 9 ! 9DU/RIAL SPH]E4 

,! SECOND MAJOR 9FLU5CE WAS ,FR5*4 ,9 #a#i#a1 ,TOM ,MANN1 A VET]AN ( ! ,NEW ,UNION /RUGGLES ( ! LATE #a#h#hS :O HAD BE5 AGITAT+ 9 ,AU/RALIA1 VISIT$ ,FR5* SYNDICALI/S ) FELL[ SOCIALI/ ,GUY ,B[MAN4 ,MANN HAD ALSO SE5 ! ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN ,I,W,W AT CLOSE QU>T]S4 ,H[EV]1 9DIG5\S IDEAS1 & P>TICUL>LY ?OSE ( SELF-/YL$ 'COMMUNI/' ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS1 ALSO 9FLU5C$ ,MANN AS WELL AS NURTUR+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,BRITI% SYNDICALISM MORE G5]ALLY4.<#b#c#e.> ,MORRIS HAD LEFT ! RA!R DOGMATIC ,S,D,F TO =M ! ,SOCIALI/ ,LEAGUE4 ,:ILE ,MORRIS DEVELOP$ A DI/9CT BR& ( ANTI-/ATI/ & REVOLUTION>Y ANTI-P>LIAM5T>IANISM BAS$ ON ,M>XISM1 MANY O!R ,SOCIALI/ ,LEAGUE ACTIVI/S GRAVITAT$ T[>DS AN>*ISM4 

,ON HIS RETURN TO ,BRITA91 ,MANN E/ABLI%$ ! ,9DU/RIAL ,SYNDICALI/ ,$UCATION ,LEAGUE 7,I,S,E,L7 & BEGAN PRODUC+ ! ,9DU/RIAL ,SYNDICALI/ FROM ,JULY #a#i#a4 ,MANN PLAY$ A LEAD+ ROLE 9 ! 9DU/RIAL UNRE/ 9 ,LIV]POOL 9 #aiaa & HIS PAP]1 ,! ,TRANSPORT ,WORK]1 A*IEV$ AN A/ONI%+ CIRCULATION ( #b14 ,MANN BECAME EV5 MORE PROM95T AFT] REPR9T+ ! FAM\S ',DON'T %OOT' APPEAL TO SOLDI]S POLIC+ ! PICKET L9ES 9 ,! ,SYNDICALI/ ( ,JANU>Y #a#i#a#b4 ,HIS & ,B[MAN'S SUBSEQU5T IMPRISONM5T BECAME A CAUSE CELEBRE = ! ,LEFT4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! ,S,L,P CRITICIZ$ ! ,I,S,E,L'S OV]EMPHASIS ON ! USE ( ! 'G5]AL /RIKE' & ITS CONSEQU5T D5IGRATION ( WORK+-CLASS POLITICAL ACTION4 ,! ,S,L,P ALSO DISP>AG$ ! ,I,S,E,L'S APP>5TLY WEAK & 9=MAL ORGANIZATION & ITS 9DU/RIAL SABOTAGE TACTIC1 :I* !Y REG>D$ AS A C\NT]-PRODUCTIVE SIGN ( WEAKNESS4.<#b#c#f.> 

,/ILL1 ,! ,M9]S' ,NEXT ,/EP EM]G$ FROM ?IS SECOND SYNDICALI/ /R&4 ,ITS AU?ORS W]E ! SELF-/YL$ ',UN(FICIAL ,RE=M ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,S\? ,WALES ,M9]S' ,F$]ATION' :I* 9CLUD$ ,M>XI/ M9]S :O1 LIKE ,NOAH ,ABLETT1 HAD BE5 TO ,RUSK91 W]E IMPORTANT AT ,C5TRAL ,LABOR ,COLLEGE1 & :O HAD BE5 9FLU5C$ BY ,DE ,LEON4.<#b#c#g.> ,AIM+ = ! 'ELIM9ATION ( ! EMPLOY]1' ,! ,M9]S' ,NEXT ,/EP WAS QUITE CLE>LY REVOLUTION>Y4.<#b#c#h.> ,?IS W\LD OCCUR :5 ! UNION 9 EA* 9DU/RY WAS '?OR\<LY ORGANIZ$1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 TO FI<T1 TO GA9 CONTROL (1 & !N TO ADM9I/] ?AT 9DU/RY4'.<#b#c#i.> ,YET IT WAS ALSO A PRAGMATIC DOCUM5T1 LAY+ \T 9 SOME DETAIL A /RATEGY = MAK+ ! M9ES UNPR(ITABLE SO ?AT ! WORK]S C\LD ASSUME CONTROL4 ,BUT ?IS W\LD BE FULL WORK]S' CONTROL1 NOT ?AT EX]CIS$ BY ! /ATE 9 SOME =M ( NATIONALIZATION4 ,:ILE ! DOCUM5T CONTA9$ A P[]FUL CRITIQUE ( TRADE UNION BUREAUCRACY & LEAD]%IP 9 G5]AL T]MS1 IT /ILL -- CRUCIALLY -- ADVOCAT$ 9T]NAL UNION RE/RUCTUR+ RA!R ?AN DUAL UNIONISM4 ,! ONLY >EA ( CONTRADICTION 9 ,! ,M9]S' ,NEXT ,/EP WAS >\ND POLITICAL ACTION1 :]E DIFF]5T SECTIONS 5DORS$ & REJECT$ IT \TRI<T4.<#b#d.> ,! EMPHASIS ON 9DU/RIAL ACTION 7AS WELL AS ! REJECTION ( DUAL UNIONISM7 MEANT ! ,S,L,P D5\NC$ ! AU?ORS ( ,! ,M9]S' ,NEXT ,/EP AS 'AN>*I/ FREAKS4'.<#b#d#a.> ,BUT !IR PEJORATIVE USE ( 'AN>*I/' WAS M]ELY RHETORICAL -- ! WORD 'AN>*I/' ONLY APPE>$ 9 ,! ,M9]S' ,NEXT ,/EP TO DESCRIBE H[ ! M9E [N]S FE>$ ! M9]S' RADICALIZATION4.<#b#d#b.> ,NEV]!LESS1 ! 9CONSI/5CY 9 ,! ,M9]S' ,NEXT ,/EP OV] POLITICAL ACTION1 AS WELL AS ITS /RONG CRITIQUE ( LEAD]%IP & P[] )9 ORGANIZATIONS1 MEANT ?AT IT WAS OP5 TO AN>*I/ 9T]PRETATIONS4 

,! ?IRD /R& ( SYNDICALISM WAS MORE LIB]T>IAN & GR\P$ >\ND ,GUY ,ALDR$'S ,H]ALD ( ,REVOLT 7& ITS SUCCESSOR FROM ,MAY #a#i#a#d1 ,! ,SPUR74 ,BAKUN9 WAS ! MAJOR 9FLU5CE1 C]TA9LY ON ,ALDR$1 :O PUBLI%$ TRANSLATIONS ( ,BAKUN9'S WRIT+S 9 ! ,H]ALD ( ,REVOLT & 9 HIS LAT] PAP]S 7,! ,SPUR1 #a#i#a#d-#a#i#b#a2 ,! ,COMMUNE1 #a#i#b#c-#a#i#b#i2 & ,! ,C\NCIL1 #a#i#b#c-#a#i#c#c71 &1 9 #a#i#b1 AN ABRIDG$ $ITION ( ,BAKUN9'S WORKS & A BIOGRAPHY4 ,?IS /R& CLAIM$ ,MANN WAS TOO UNCLE> & NON-COMMITTAL ON ! ISSUE ( POLITICAL ACTION & ?AT ,MANN'S CRITICISMS ( P>LIAM5T DID NOT GO F> 5\<4 ,ALDR$'S EF=TS TO E/ABLI% AN ',9DU/RIAL ,UNION ( ,DIRECT ,ACTIONI/S' AFT] #a#i#h1 H[EV]1 MADE LITTLE HEADWAY4.<#b#d#c.> ,ALDR$ SELF-ID5TIFI$ AS 'COMMUNI/' OR 'ANTI-P>LIAM5T>IAN4' ,O!RS 9 ?IS /R& EXPLICITLY ADOPT$ ! WORD 'AN>*I/' TO DESCRIBE !IR POSITION4 ,:ILE IT WAS POSSIBLE ?AT A ,BRITI% ACTIVI/1 ,SAM ,MA9W>+1 FIR/ CO9$ ! T]M 'AN>*OSYNDICALI/' BE=E #a#i#a#d1 IT DID NOT COME 9TO WIDESPREAD USE UNTIL ! 9T]W> P]IOD4.<#b#d#d.> ,9 ESS5CE1 !N1 ?IS GR\P'S IDEOLOGY WAS A PRECURSOR ( AN>*O-SYNDICALISM4 

,9 ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD ITSELF1 E>LY AN>*I/ 9FLU5CES W]E RA!R DIFF]5T4 ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/ ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 SPOKE AT ! #ahhb ,DURHAM M9]S' GALA1 AS WELL AS ELSE:]E 9 ! REGION4 ,KROPOTK9'S 9FLU5CE WAS ALSO EVID5T 9 ! F\ND+ ( ! AN>*I/ COMMUNE AT ,CL\SD5 ,HILL 9 ,=E/ ,HALL1 JU/ \TSIDE ,NEWCA/LE4 ,9 ! #a#h#iS1 !RE W]E AN>*I/ MEET+S 9 A H&FUL ( SCATT]$ ,DURHAM PIT VILLAGES & 9 SEV]AL ( ! L>G] CONURBATIONS BORD]+ ! COALFIELD :]E AN>*I/ PROPAG&A CIRCULAT$4.<#b#d#e.> ,:ILE !RE WAS A R5EW$ PHASE ( AN>*I/ ACTIVITY FROM >\ND #aig 9 ,NEWCA/LE & ,SUND]L&1 ! GR[? AFT] #aia WAS UNPREC$5T$4 ,! =M ( AN>*ISM ALSO ALT]$ 9 ! REGION1 AWAY FROM ,KROPOTK9'S AN>*O-COMMUNISM T[>DS A SYNDICALI/ EMPHASIS ON WORKPLACE & TRADE UNION /RUGGLE4 

,?IS REGIONAL DEVELOPM5T REFLECT$ A C\NTRYWIDE TR5D 7,ALDR$ WAS CRITICAL ( ,KROPOTK972 AS AN>*ISM BECAME MORE SYNDICALI/ ORI5TAT$ SO ! AN>*I/ CURR5T 9 SYNDICALISM BECAME /RONG]4 ,9DE$1 BY #a#i#a#d1 AN>*I/ SYNDICALISM1 P>TLY BECAUSE ( '! REFUSAL ( MANY ( ITS SUPPORT]S TO UPHOLD DUAL UNIONISM1' WAS 9 ! ASC5DANCY4.<#b#d#f.> ,! NEW WEEKLY J\RNAL ,! ,VOICE ( ,LABOR 7LAUN*$ 9 E>LY #a#i#a#d7 HELP$ TO DRAW TOGE!R DISP>ATE AN>*I/ GR\PS >\ND ! C\NTRY1 ?\< !RE REMA9$ ! DIVIDE ) ! PR$OM9ATELY ,SCOTTI% DUAL UNIONI/ AN>*I/S >\ND ,! ,H]ALD ( ,REVOLT4 ,:AT WAS ! 9T]PLAY ( !SE 9FLU5CES ON ,GEORGE ,H>VEY & ,WILL ,LAW!R1 ! TWO MA9 ,DURHAM COALFIELD REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVI/S BE=E #a#i#a#d8 

,H>VEY & ,LAW!R'S POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T 

,BO? ,H>VEY & ,LAW!R W]E POLITICALLY ACTIVE BE=E !Y MOV$ TO REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM4 ,H>VEY1 BORN 9 #ahhe 7& F\R YE>S ,LAW!R'S S5IOR71 SP5T HIS E>LY POLITICAL LIFE AS A FAIRLY MOD]ATE MEMB] ( ! ,I,L,P4 ,H>VEY'S RADICALIZATION TOOK PLACE AT ,RUSK9 ,COLLEGE 7:I* HE ATT5D$ FROM #a#i#h-#a#i#i7 PROBABLY1 ACCORD+ TO ,RAY ,*ALL9OR1 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( TUTORS ,W4 ,W4 ,CRAIK & ,NOAH ,ABLETT4.<#b#d#g.> ,:ILE AT ,RUSK91 ,H>VEY JO9$ ! ,PLEBS' ,LEAGUE1 & ! ,S,L,P4 ,HIS RISE ?R\< ! ,P>TY'S RANKS WAS EVID5T :5 HE BECAME $ITOR ( ITS J\RNAL1 ,! ,SOCIALI/1 BETWE5 #aiaa & #a#i#a#b4 ,H>VEY REMA9$ COMMITT$ TO ! ,S,L,P & 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM ?R\<\T ! PRE-W> P]IOD4 ,NEV]!LESS1 !RE WAS NO?+ 9EVITABLE AB\T EI!R HIS RADICALIZATION OR HIS MOVE 9TO ! ,S,L,P4 ,JACK ,P>KS1 A ,NOR?UMB]L& M9] & BOYHOOD FRI5D1 WAS ,H>VEY'S ROOMMATE AT ,RUSK94 ,HE TOO BECAME RADICALIZ$1 ?\< OV] A LONG] P]IOD1 LEAV+ ! ,I,L,P 9 #aia & BECOM+ L9K$ ) ,MANN'S ,9DU/RIAL ,SYNDICALI/ BY ,M>* #a#i#a#a4.<#b#d#h.> 

,WILL ,LAW!R'S MORE COMPLEX POLITICAL TRAJECTORY DES]VES FUR!R SCRUT9Y4 ,BORN 9TO A ,NOR?UMB]L& M9+ FAMILY 9 #a#h#h#i1 ,LAW!R WAS 9ITIALLY 9FLU5C$ BY ,ROB]T ,BLAT*=D'S ,M]RIE ,5GL& & WAS AW>E ?AT HIS GR&FA!R HAD BE5 IMPRISON$ = 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! ,*>TI/ AGITATION 7?\< HIS [N P>5TS W]E NOT POLITICALLY ACTIVE74 ,LIKE ,H>VEY1 ,LAW!R BEGAN HIS POLITICAL LIFE 7AT ! AGE ( #a#e7 BY HELP+ TO E/ABLI% AN ,I,L,P BRAN* 9 HIS PIT VILLAGE4 ,A YE> LAT]1 ! ,LAW!RS MOV$ TO ,*OPWELL1 A NEW PIT 9 ! NOR?-WE/ ,DURHAM COALFIELD4 ,LAW!R SOON BECAME SECRET>Y ( ,*OPWELL ,I,L,P BRAN*4.<#b#d#i.> ,HE LAT] WROTE ?AT HIS 'GROP+ = A PHILOSOPHY H>D5$ 9TO A POSITIVE CONVICTION ?AT MILITANT SOCIALISM WAS ! ANSW] TO MO/ ( ! PROBLEMS ?AT BESET ! WORK+ CLASS4444'.<#b#e.> ,P]HAPS MORE SIGNIFICANTLY1 ,LAW!R RAPIDLY ROSE 9 ! UNION2 9 #aif HE WAS ELECT$ VICE-*AIR ( ,*OPWELL LODGE & SOON AFT] HE BECAME ITS DELEGATE TO ! ,D,M,A4 

,LAW!R'S CONV]SION TO SYNDICALISM CAME AT ! NEWLY E/ABLI%$ ,C5TRAL ,LABOR ,COLLEGE1 :I* HE ATT5D$ = A YE> FROM ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#a1 AID$ BY FUND+ FROM HIS FAMILY & LODGE4 ,AS AN 'EXHIBITION]1' HE HAD ALREADY RECEIV$ FREE $UCATION 9 HIS SP>E TIME AT ,RU!R=D ,COLLEGE 9 ,NEWCA/LE1 HAV+ BE5 UNABLE1 AS ! ELDE/ ( A BIG FAMILY1 TO TAKE UP A S*OL>%IP HE WON TO A LOCAL GRAMM> S*OOL4 ,AT ,LABOR ,COLLEGE ,LAW!R /UDI$ SOCIOLOGY1 ECONOMICS1 POLITICS & HI/ORY4 ,SOCIOLOGY LECTURES1 DELIV]$ BY ,D5NIS ,HIRD1 CONSID]$ ! WORK ( ,H]B]T ,SP5C]4 ,9 ECONOMICS1 ! EMPHASIS WAS1 UNSURPRIS+LY1 ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY ON ,M>X4 ,LAW!R READ ,CAPITAL TWICE & /UDI$ O!R WORKS ( HIS 9CLUD+ ,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY 9 ADDITION TO WELL-KN[N /UDIES ( ,M>X BY ,L\IS ,B\D9 & ,DANIEL ,DE ,LEON & ,RIC>DO'S ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY4 ,LAW!R ALSO READ ,MORRIS1 ,B]N>D ,%AW & ,JOHN ,RUSK94.<#b#e#a.> ,( !SE1 ,M>X WAS OBVI\SLY A SIGNIFICANT 9FLU5CE4 ,LAW!R'S FAVORITE WORK WAS ! ,EI<TE5? ,BRUMAIRE1 ESPECIALLY ! L9E3 ',HIM :OM WE MU/ CONV9CE WE RECOGNIZE AS ! MA/] ( ! SITUATION1' :I* HE QUOT$ FREQU5TLY ?R\<\T HIS LIFE4.<#b#e#b.> 

,:AT ( ! 9DIVIDUALS ,LAW!R MET AT COLLEGE8 ,AS ) ,H>VEY1 ,CRAIK1 :O DELIV]$ ,LAW!R'S ECONOMICS LECTURES1 MU/ HAVE BE5 9FLU5TIAL1 AS WAS ,ABLETT1 :O ,LAW!R LAT] REG>D$ AS '! GREATE/ ( ALL PRE-W> ,M>XI/S4'.<#b#e#c.> ,9DE$1 ,ABLETT'S 9FLU5TIAL ROLE WAS PROBABLY CRUCIAL2 HIS 9FLU5CE ON ! TWO ,DURHAM M9]S WAS QUITE DIFF]5T1 AS ,ABLETT'S [N POLITICS HAD *ANG$ SIGNIFICANTLY BETWE5 ! TIMES ,H>VEY & ,LAW!R CAME 9TO CONTACT4 ,ABLETT HAD MOV$ FROM ACTIVISM 9 ! ,S,L,P TO REJECT+ ITS DUAL UNIONISM & GRAVITAT+ 9/EAD T[>DS ,MANN'S LESS DOCTR9AIRE1 BUT MORE 'ANTI-POLITICAL' SYNDICALISM4 

,LAW!R ALSO JO9$ ! ,PLEBS' ,LEAGUE &1 ALREADY FIR$ BY A MILITANT BR& ( ,I,L,P SOCIALISM1 HE HAD LESS POLITICAL DI/ANCE TO TRAVEL ?AN ! 9ITIALLY RELATIVELY MOD]ATE ,H>VEY4 ,:ILE HE WAS /ILL AT ,LABOR ,COLLEGE1 ,LAW!R HAD CLE>LY IMBIB$ MU* ( ! SYNDICALI/ CASE1 CONDEMN+1 9 A LETT] TO ! ,DAILY ,*RONICLE1 ,D,M,A SECRET>Y ,JOHN ,WILSON'S 'OLD FA%ION$ NOTION ( CONCILIATION1' & >GU+ 9/EAD ?AT ! UNION'S ATTITUDE %\LD EMBODY ! CLASS W>4.<#b#e#d.> ,WRIT+ 9 RETIREM5T 9 #a#i#e#e1 ,LAW!R REMA9$ CLE> AB\T ! APPEAL ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y DOCTR9E HELD AT ?AT TIME3 'TO US IT WAS NEW & EXCIT+4 ,IT WAS ! ULTIMATE 9 EXTREMISM1 ! DEM& = DIRECT ACTION1 & ! PR(ESS$ DISGU/1 NOT ONLY ) ! CLASS RIDD5 /RUCTURE1 BUT ALSO ) ALL GRADUAL MEANS ( GETT+ RID ( ?AT =M ( SOCIETY4'.<#b#e#e.> 

,9 HIS LA/ MON?S AT ,C5TRAL ,LABOR ,COLLEGE1 ,LAW!R SEEM$ TO 5DORSE A BASIC SYNDICALI/ CASE 9 ! VE9 ( ,! ,M9]S' ,NEXT ,/EP4 ,?IS WAS EVID5T 9 ! FIR/ SYNDICALI/ PROPAG&IZ+ ,LAW!R CONDUCT$ 9 HIS [N COALFIELD 9 ,MAY #aiab :5 HE SUPPORT$ S\? ,WALES SYNDICALI/ M9] ,W4 ,F4 ,HAY'S SPEAK+ T\R ( C\NTY ,DURHAM4.<#b#e#f.> ,AS ! *AIR ( !SE MEET+S1 ,LAW!R'S RHETORIC WAS 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM ,HAY'S4 ,AFT] RETURN+ TO ,*OPWELL 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#a#b1 MU* ( ,LAW!R'S RHETORIC REMA9$ 9 TUNE ) ,! ,M9]S' ,NEXT ,/EP4 ,= EXAMPLE1 !RE WAS ,LAW!R'S REVOLUTION>Y CRITIQUE ( NATIONALIZATION & ADVOCACY ( WORK]S' CONTROL4 ,SPEAK+ 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#b1 ,LAW!R 'F\ND ?AT NATIONALIZATION ( ! M9ES1 /ATE [N]%IP1 WAS NO?+ MORE OR LESS ?AN /ATE CAPITALISM 4444'.<#b#e#g.> 

,9DE$1 ! 9SPIRATION ( ,! ,M9]S' ,NEXT ,/EP1 & P>TICUL>LY ITS EMPHASIS ON AGGRESSIVE CLASS CONFLICT1 ! NE$ = WORK]S' DIRECT ACTION & SELF-EMP[]M5T & ! REJECTION ( LEAD]S & BUREAUCRACIES1 REMA9$ EVID5T 9 ,LAW!R'S RHETORIC ?R\<\T ! PRE-W> P]IOD4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#c1 ,LAW!R WROTE 9 A LETT] TO ! LOCAL PRESS1 ?AT ACTIVI/S ( ! ',NEW .<REVOLUTION>Y.> ,MOVEM5T .<444.> WILL NOT WAIT = ! 0LEAD0 TO COME FROM A *OS5 FEW1 = !Y WILL BE CONSCI\S ( !IR [N DESIRES & DE/9ATION & !IR M&ATE WILL !RE=E BE SUPREME4'.<#b#e#h.> ,YET !SE W]E ALL FEATURES ( ,! ,M9]S' ,NEXT ,/EP ?AT READILY L5T !MSELVES TO AN AN>*I/ 9T]PRETATION4 

,ONE 9DICATION ?AT ,LAW!R'S POLITICS W]E %IFT+ CAME 9 HIS FLIRTATION ) DUAL-UNIONISM4 ,?US1 9 ,OCTOB] #aiab ,LAW!R BAS$ P>T ( HIS SPEE* AT A CONF]5CE HE HAD HELP$ ORGANIZE 9 ,*OPWELL ON ! ,I,W,W'S PREAMBLE1 SAY+ ?AT '!Y W]E \T = ! :OLE ( ! WORK]S TO BE 9 ONE ORGANIZATION4'.<#b#e#i.> ,YET ,LAW!R'S POSITION ON DUAL-UNIONISM IS DIFFICULT TO DISC]N1 NOT LEA/ BECAUSE HE WAS NOT P>TICUL>LY VOCAL ON ?IS ESS5TIAL ISSUE4 ,9DE$1 ,LAW!R LAT] APPE>$ TO HAVE A FOOT 9 BO? AN>*I/ CAMPS1 CONTRIBUT+ TO ! DUAL-UNIONI/ ,H]ALD ( ,REVOLT & BECOM+ A LEAD+ SUPPORT] ( ! ,VOICE ( ,LABOR1 :I* REJECT$ DUAL-UNIONISM4.<#b#f.> 

,!RE WAS NO MY/]Y :]E ,LAW!R /OOD ON ANO!R FUNDAM5TAL ISSUE ?\<1 AS HE BECAME 9CREAS+LY VOCAL ON HIS REJECTION ( POLITICAL ACTION4 ,AT A PUBLIC DEBATE 9 ,*OPWELL ,M9]S' ,HALL 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#a#c1 = EXAMPLE1 ,LAW!R >GU$ 9 SUPPORT ( ! MOTION ',?AT ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS CAN BE BR\<T AB\T MORE READILY BY DIRECT ACTION ?AN BY LEGISLATION4'.<#b#f#a.> ,HE FOLL[$ ?IS UP ) A L5G?Y LETT] 9 ! LOCAL PRESS TITL$ ',DIRECT ,ACTION OR ,LEGISLATION4 ,:I*8'.<#b#f#b.> ,?IS 9CREAS+LY OV]T ANTI-POLITICAL ATTITUDE SUGGE/$ ,LAW!R'S SYNDICALISM WAS MOV+ 9 AN AN>*I/ DIRECTION1 &1 :5 HE BEGAN TO CONTRIBUTE TO ! ,H]ALD ( ,REVOLT1 HE WAS 9 GOOD COMPANY4 ,LAW!R !N BEGAN US+ ! T]M 'AN>*I/' EXPLICITLY TO DESCRIBE HIS POLITICS 7AS HE DID :5 WRIT+ AB\T ?IS P]IOD ( HIS LIFE AS A RETIR$ M9]S' LEAD] 9 #a#i#e#e71 ?\< IT WAS CLE> ?AT HE CONT9U$ TO SEE REVOLUTION>Y TRADE UNIONISM AS ! VEHICLE = 'DIRECT ACTION4'.<#b#f#c.> 

,:AT CAUS$ ,LAW!R'S MORE ,M>XI/-9FLU5C$ SYNDICALISM TO DEVELOP 9TO A SELF-PROCLAIM$ AN>*ISM8 ,9 T]MS ( HIS /UDIES AT ,C5TRAL ,LABOR ,COLLEGE1 ,MORRIS' 9T]PRETATION ( ,M>X MU/ HAVE BE5 PIVOTAL1 & SEEM$ P>TICUL>LY EVID5T 9 ,LAW!R'S ANTI-P>LIAM5T>Y RHETORIC4.<#b#f#d.> ,LAW!R LAT] SAID ?AT ,MORRIS 'MADE AN APPEAL = LIFE AGA9/ ! MA*9E HORRORS4'.<#b#f#e.> ,:ILE 9 ,LONDON ,LAW!R ALSO MET ! AN>*I/ 5G9E] ,JACK ,TANN] & !Y LAT] COLLABORAT$ ON SEV]AL AN>*I/ PROJECTS1 9CLUD+ ! ,VOICE ( ,LABOR4.<#b#f#f.> ,PROBABLY ! MO/ 9FLU5TIAL 9DIVIDUAL WAS ,GEORGE ,DAVISON1 :O ,LAW!R FIR/ MET AT ! #aiaa ,T,U,C CONF]5CE 9 ,NEWCA/LE 7BE=E HE W5T TO ,C5TRAL ,LABOR ,COLLEGE74 ,A FOLL[] ( ,KROPOTK91 ,DAVISON WAS AN 'ECC5TRIC & C\RAGE\S MILLIONAIRE 444 :O HELD V]Y ADVANC$ VIEWS ON POLITICS & !OLOGY4'.<#b#f#g.> ,FROM A HUMBLE BACKGR\ND1 ,DAVISON ROSE TO BECOME A CIVIL S]VANT4 ,HE WAS ALSO A PIONE] ( PHOTOGRAPHY & A ,KODAK %>EHOLD]4 ,BY #a#i1 ,DAVISON WAS ,KODAK'S MANAG+ DIRECTOR1 ?\< HIS POLITICAL ACTIVITIES 7& ALLEG$ LACK ( BUS9ESS ACUM57 =C$ HIS RESIGNATION FROM ! COMPANY'S BO>D 9 #a#i#a#b4.<#b#f#h.> ,BY ?IS TIME1 ,DAVISON'S DESIRE TO SUPPORT PROGRESSIVE CAUSES WAS MANIFE/ 9 HIS FUND+ ( ! NASC5T ,C5TRAL ,LABOR ,COLLEGE 9 #a#i#a4 ,AS F9ANCIAL BACK] ( ,W4 ,F4 ,HAY'S SPEAK+ T\R ( ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD 9 #a#i#a#b1 HIS PA? CROSS$ ) ,LAW!R'S ONCE MORE4.<#b#f#i.> ,DAVISON'S WEAL? WAS TO IMPACT 9 AT LEA/ ONE CORN] ( ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD BE=E #a#i#a#d4 

,:ILE ,H>VEY & ,LAW!R %>$ V]Y SIMIL> BACKGR\NDS BO? SOCIOECONOMICALLY & POLITICALLY1 ! PRECISE TIM+ ( ! P]IODS !Y SP5T 9 FULL-TIME WORK+-CLASS $UCATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS HELPS TO EXPLA9 !IR ADOPTION ( SIGNIFICANTLY DIFF]5T =MS ( REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM1 ,H>VEY'S MORE ,M>XI/ & ,LAW!R'S 9CREAS+LY AN>*I/4 ,SCRUT9Y ( !IR ACTIVITIES %[S ?AT !Y ALSO DEVELOP$ !IR POLITICAL ACTIVISM 9 DIFF]5T WAYS4 

,ACTIVITIES 

,H>VEY & ,LAW!R'S CONV]SIONS TO SYNDICALISM DEM&$ ?AT !Y PROPAG&IZE4 ,?AT !Y DID SO TO SOME EXT5T 9 DIFF]5T WAYS WAS MORE A REFLECTION ( !IR RELATIVE /R5G?S AS POLITICAL ACTIVI/S & !IR ACCESS TO DIFF]5T RES\RCES RA!R ?AN A RESULT ( DIFF]+ ,M>XI/ & AN>*I/ APPROA*ES )9 SYNDICALISM4 ,H>VEY1 A DIM9UTIVE & UNIMPRESSIVE PRES5CE ON ! PUBLIC PLAT=M :OSE HEAD W\LD WOBBLE FROM SIDE-TO-SIDE AS HE SPOKE1 NURTUR$ A TAL5T = WRIT+ REPORTS 9 ,! ,SOCIALI/ & 9=MATION-RI* PROPAG&A PAMPHLETS4.<#b#g.> ,HIS FIR/1 TITL$ ',9DU/RIAL ,UNIONISM & ! ,M9+ ,9DU/RY1' APPE>$ 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#a#a4 

,9 ,JUNE #a#i#a#b1 ,H>VEY PRODUC$ A SECOND PAMPHLET1 ',DOES ,DR4 ,JOHN ,WILSON ,M,P1 SECRET>Y ( ! ,DURHAM ,M9]S' ,ASSOCIATION1 ,S]VE ! ,WORK+ ,CLASS8' ,?IS WAS AN 5RAG$ RESPONSE TO A 'JOKE' ,WILSON CRACK$ AT ! RETIREM5T C]EMONY ( ,*>LES ,F5WICK 7,LIB]AL ,M,P = ,WANSBECK & A M9]S' LEAD]74 ,LORD ,JOICEY1 A M9E [N]1 GIFT$ ,F5WICK ,G,B,P#b#f &1 AT ! PRES5TATION C]EMONY1 ,WILSON REM>K$ ?AT HE W\LD LIKE A SIMIL> 'BRIBE' ON HIS RETIREM5T4 ,H>VEY WROTE ?AT ,WILSON'S 'AIM HAS ALWAYS BE5 TO BOL/] UP CAPITALISM1 & HE1 MORE ?AN ANY O!R LEAD] P]HAPS1 HAS SWAY$ ! M9]S TO TAKE ?AT P>TICUL> ACTION :I* IS EI!R H>MLESS OR B5EFICIAL TO ! CAPITALI/ CLASS 444 ,IF ,G,B,P#b#f IS ! PRICE1 !N M9]S' LEAD]S >E *EAP & WOR? GETT+ AT4'.<#b#g#a.> ,WILSON DEM&$ ?AT ,H>VEY )DRAW ! ACCUSATION4 ,H>VEY REFUS$4 ,! LIBEL CASE W5T TO C\RT 9 ,NOVEMB] #aiab :]E ,H>VEY MA9TA9$ ?AT ,WILSON WAS AN 5EMY ( ! WORK+-CLASS & S]VANT ( CAPITALISM1 CIT+ ,WILSON'S AGREEM5T TO A #e P] C5T R$UCTION 9 M9]S' WAGES 7:I* EV5 AN >BITRATOR HAD DEEM$ UNW>RANT$7 9 EVID5CE4 ,! JUDGE1 H[EV]1 F\ND 9 FAVOR ( ,WILSON1 & AW>D$ ,G,B,P#b DAMAGES & ,G,B,P#a CO/S4 

,BY CONTRA/1 ,LAW!R WAS LESS ( A !ORI/ ?AN ,H>VEY4 ,HE DID NOT WRITE DETAIL$ PROPAG&A PAMPHLETS4.<#b#g#b.> ,YET HE WAS ACTIVE FROM ! PO9T ( HIS RETURN FROM ,C5TRAL ,LABOR ,COLLEGE4 ,LAW!R SOON E/ABLI%$ A ',WORK]S' ,FRE$OM ,GR\P' BAS$ ON SIMIL> GR\PS 9 ! S\? ,WALES COALFIELD1 :I* 5GAG$ 9 5]GETIC & V>I$ PROPAG&IZ+4.<#b#g#c.> ,LAW!R REPORT$ 9 ,JULY #a#i#a#c1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT3 'BY SELL+ ,F,R,E,$,O,M,S .<! ,LONDON-BAS$ AN>*I/ NEWSPAP].> & PAMPHLETS & BY DISCUSSION CIRCLES1 ! K9D ( PROPAG&A ?AT MATT]S IS BE+ KEPT UP4444'.<#b#g#d.> ,LAW!R ALSO P]=M$ A PIVOTAL ROLE 9 ORGANIZ+ A CONF]5CE TO DISCUSS SYNDICALISM 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#b1 :I* ATTRACT$ REPRES5TATIVES FROM SEV5 ,DURHAM LODGES TO ,*OPWELL4 

,FUR!RMORE1 ,LAW!R CONTRIBUT$ TO PUBLIC DEBATES1 CORRESPOND$ ) ! LOCAL PRESS & 9VOLV$ HIMSELF 9 COMMUNITY /RUGGLES4 ,9 SPR+ #a#i#a#c1 !RE WAS 9T5SE AGITATION ?R\<\T ! COALFIELD AGA9/ A #e P] C5T 9CREASE 9 ! DOCTORS' FEE = M9]S1 A RESULT ( REC5T ,NATIONAL ,9SURANCE LEGISLATION4 ,LAW!R WAS C5TRAL TO ! CAMPAIGN 9 ,*OPWELL = A RETURN TO PRE-,ACT FEES4.<#b#g#e.> ,RETA9+ HIS COMMITM5T TO WORK+-CLASS $UCATION1 ,LAW!R ALSO RAN ,PLEBS' ,LEAGUE CLASSES ?REE TIMES A WEEK 9 ,CONSETT & ,S\? ,%IELDS AS WELL AS ,*OPWELL4.<#b#g#f.> ,HE CLE>LY REG>D$ ?IS =M ( $UCATION AS ESS5TIAL PROPAG&A WORK2 ,LAW!R LAT] COMM5T$ '?AT ! ,LABOR ,COLLEGE WAS ( ! UTMO/ 9FLU5CE4444'.<#b#g#g.> 

,POLITICAL AMBITION WAS EVID5T 9 ?IS FR5ETIC WORK4 ,LAW!R & ! ,*OPWELL AN>*I/S' AIMS EXT5D$ WELL BEYOND CREAT+ A /RON<OLD 9 !IR [N PIT VILLAGE4 ,9 ,JULY #a#i#a#c1 ! ,*OPWELL GR\P WANT$ '! MESSAGE ( DIRECT ACTION TO BE C>RI$ RI<T ?R\<\T ! COALFIELD & NO HELP IS REFUS$4'.<#b#g#h.> ,?US1 ! PREVI\S MON?1 ,LAW!R HAD SPOK5 AT ! 'NEW GR\ND' ( ,CRAWCROOK 7ANO!R ,DURHAM PIT VILLAGE71 :ILE 9 ,JULY HE SPOKE AT ! M9]S' ANNUAL GALA ON ! 'NE$ = DIRECT ACTION & REVOLUTION4'.<#b#g#i.> ,! ,D,M,A ANNUAL GALA1 OR ',BIG ,MEET+1' WAS A DAY \T = ALL ,DURHAM M9]S & !IR FAMILIES1 & T5S ( ?\S&S ?RONG$ TO ,DURHAM RACEC\RSE TO HE> SPEE*ES FROM LOCAL & NATIONAL LEAD]S4 ,IT WAS AN OBVI\S PLACE TO TAKE PROPAG&A EF=TS4 ,LAW!R WAS ALSO CONC]N$ ?AT AN>*I/S %\LD ORGANIZE EFFECTIVELY TOGE!R 9 ! REGION & NATIONALLY4 ,9 ,APRIL #a#i#a#d1 = EXAMPLE1 HE TOOK A DELEGATION & SPOKE AT AN AN>*I/ CONF]5CE 9 ,NEWCA/LE4 ,! CONF]5CE CONC]N$ ITSELF ) NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUES SU* AS SUPPORT+ A NEW AN>*I/ NEWSPAP] & 9T]NATIONAL TOPICS SU* AS ! 7REC5TLY /ATE-EXECUT$7 ,SPANI% FREE?9K] ,FRANCISCO ,F]R]'S 'MOD]N S*OOLS1' AS WELL AS ORGANIZ+ AN 9T]NATIONAL AN>*I/ CONF]5CE 9 ,LONDON 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#a#d4.<#b#h.> ,LAW!R SPOKE AT A MOD]N S*OOL 9 EA/ ,LONDON 9 SUMM] #a#i#a#c4.<#b#h#a.> ,TO MA9TA9 ! L9ES ( COMMUNICATION1 ,LAW!R SUPPLI$ REGUL> REPORTS TO ! NATIONAL AN>*I/ PAP] ,FRE$OM AS WELL AS CONTRIBUT+ TO O!R AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ PUBLICATIONS4 ,9 SUMM>Y3 BO? ,H>VEY & ,LAW!R W]E COMMITT$ ACTIVI/S4 ,H>VEY'S /R5G? WAS !ORETICAL & EMBODI$ 9 HIS WRITT5 PROPAG&A1 :ILE ,LAW!R EXCELL$ AS A SPEAK]4 ,!SE /R5G?S1 :I* REFLECT$ !IR P]SONAL ABILITIES & 9CL9ATIONS1 FUEL$ ! SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T ( ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD4 ,BUT :AT WAS ! IMPACT ( !IR EF=TS8 

,SPECIFIC & IMM$IATE IMPACTS 

,CLE>LY1 ,H>VEY & ,LAW!R'S SPECIFIC ACTIVITY HAD SOME DEGREE ( IMM$IATE IMPACT4 ,?AT ,H>VEY1 ,LAW!R & !IR GR\P+S W]E ALSO 79 ,LAW!R'S WORDS7 'FELL[ SLAVE.<S.> ( ! LAMP & PICK' MU/ HAVE 5C\RAG$ A SYMPA!TIC RECEPTION AT A TIME ( 9T5SE 9DU/RIAL & SOCIO-POLITICAL FLUX 9 ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD4.<#b#h#b.> ,H>VEY'S PAMPHLETS W]E P>TICUL>LY IMPORTANT4 ',9DU/RIAL ,UNIONISM & ! ,M9+ ,9DU/RY' SOLD #b1 COPIES1 & ,H>VEY RECEIV$ 9VITATIONS TO SPEAK ALL OV] ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD AB\T IT 9 SUMM] #a#i#a#a4 ,AN AUDI5CE ( #c1 SAW ,H>VEY SPEAK AT A ,*E/]LE-,/REET MEET+ ON ',9DU/RIAL UNIONISM & FAKIRDOM 9 ! ,D,M,A4'.<#b#h#c.> ,SIMIL>LY1 ! LIBEL CASE SURR\ND+ ,H>VEY'S ,JUNE #aiab PAMPHLET ATTACK+ ,JOHN ,WILSON RECEIV$ EXT5SIVE PRESS COV]AGE4 ,! V]BATIM REPORTS READ LIKE A TRIAL ( ! OLD ME?ODS BY ! NEW REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS2 ?IS TRIAL 5CAPSULAT$ ! REVOLUTION>Y *ALL5GE TO ! OLD ,D,M,A LEAD]%IP4 ,C]TA9LY1 ! PRESS COV]AGE 5HANC$ ,H>VEY'S REPUTATION & RAIS$ ! PR(ILE ( HIS POLITICS4 ,9DE$1 ,H>VEY'S V]Y PUBLIC *AMPION+ ( ! ,DURHAM M9] 9 #aiab MU/ HAVE PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 HIS SECUR+ A *ECKWEI<MAN PO/ ONLY A YE> LAT]1 AT ,W>DLEY PIT NE> ,GATE%EAD 7SEE BEL[74 

,! #aiab TRIAL ALSO GAVE ,H>VEY'S POLITICAL PROJECT A WELCOME BOO/4 ,A MATT] ( DAYS AFT] ! C\RT-CASE1 ,H>VEY LAUN*$ ! ',DURHAM ,M9+ ,9DU/RIAL ,UNION ,GR\P1' :AT ! ,DURHAM ,*RONICLE DEEM$ SOME:AT WE>ILY '/ILL ANO!R ORGANIZATION ANXI\S TO RE=M ! ,DURHAM ,M9]S' ,ASSOCIATION4'.<#b#h#d.> ,! GR\P =M$ AFT] A MEET+ ( 'AB\T TW5TY REPRES5TATIVES' AT ,*E/]-LE-,/REET1 & DECID$ TO ISSUE LODGES ) A COPY ( ITS 9DU/RIAL UNIONI/ MANIFE/O4.<#b#h#e.> ,?IS BUILT ON ,H>VEY'S [N LOCAL GR\P+1 ',*E/]-LE-,/REET & ,DI/RICT ,9DU/RIAL ,UNION4' ,H>VEY C]TA9LY MA9TA9$ A /RONG LOCAL SUPPORT BASE :]EV] HE WORK$ 9 ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD ?R\<\T HIS LIFE4 ,ONE EXAMPLE ( ! LONG]-T]M 9FLU5CE HE EX]CIS$ CAME 9 ! =M ( ,TOM ,AISBITT1 ONE ( HIS ,*E/]-LE-,/REET 9DU/RIAL UNIONI/ CONV]TS4 ,! SAME AGE AS ,H>VEY1 ,AISBITT HAD ALSO BE5 A MEMB] ( ,*E/]-LE-,/REET ,I,L,P 7HE WAS ITS SECRET>Y7 AS WELL AS HELP+ TO F\ND ,*E/]-LE-,/REET TRADES C\NCIL4.<#b#h#f.> ,AISBITT LAT] SECUR$ AN 9FLU5TIAL PO/ 9 ! ,NEWCA/LE TRADES C\NCIL ) :I* HE 9FLU5C$ REGIONAL LABOR POLITICS 9 ! 9T]W> P]IOD4.<#b#h#g.> 

,:ILE ,LAW!R DID NOT 9TRODUCE AN>*ISM TO ! REGION1 HE C]TA9LY BR\<T ITS SYNDICALI/ V]SION 9TO ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD 9 A CONC]T$ & 5]GETIC WAY4 ,NATURALLY1 IT WAS 9 ,LAW!R'S HOME PIT VILLAGE ( ,*OPWELL ?AT HIS DIRECT 9FLU5CE WAS MO/ OBVI\S1 & 9 ! =M ( BRICKS & MORT>4 ,LAW!R'S WEAL?Y AN>*I/ CONTACT ,GEORGE ,DAVISON AGRE$ TO SPONSOR A ',COMMUNI/ ,CLUB' 9 ,*OPWELL4 ,ONE ( ONLY ?REE 9 ! C\NTRY1 IT OP5$ 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#a#c4 ,! POLICE W]E C]TA9LY IMPRESS$ ) ! CLUB'S MEMB]S1 :O W]E APP>5TLY 'MO/LY Y\NG M5 & >E ABOVE ! AV]AGE M9] 9 9TELLIG5CE4'.<#b#h#h.> ,ONLY F\R MON?S AFT] ITS OP5+1 !RE WAS AN AN>*I/ CONF]5CE 9 ,NEWCA/LE4 ,FRE$OM REPORT$ ?AT '! ,*OPWELL BOYS CAME 9 !IR DOZ5S1 EA* AN EMBRYO FI<T]1 FROM :OM MORE WILL BE HE>D ANON1 WE HOPE4'.<#b#h#i.> ,MANY ( !SE MU/ HAVE BE5 ,LAW!R'S CONV]TS1 DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY4 

,H[EV]1 NOT ALL ,*OPWELL RADICALS W]E CONV9C$ BY ?IS NEW GOSPEL4 ,C]TA9LY1 ! RESPONSE TO ! W> EF=T FROM ,*OPWELL -- #e W5T TO FI<T1 9CLUD+ TWO ( ,LAW!R'S [N BRO!RS -- SUGGE/$ ?AT ! VILLAGE'S REVOLUTION>Y NUCLEUS HAD HAD A DI/9CTLY LIMIT$ IMPACT4 ,ONLY A SMALL H>DCORE1 ?AT 9CLUD$ ,LAW!R & TWO O!R BRO!RS1 TOOK A MILITANT /& AGA9/ ! W> & BECAME CONSCI5TI\S OBJECTORS4.<#b#i.> ,?IS RESPONSE TO ,H>VEY & ,LAW!R'S PROPAG&IZ+ EF=TS SUGGE/S A RA!R CIRCUMSCRIB$ DEGREE ( 9FLU5CE ( SYNDICALI/ IDEAS 9 ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD4 ,A POSSIBLE EXPLANATION IS ?AT ! ACTIVI/S CONC]N$ LACK$ CONVICTION1 !IR PROPAG&A DEFICI5T 9 SUB/ANCE4 ,S9CE ?IS *>GE HAS BE5 LEVEL$ AT ,LAW!R1 9 P>TICUL>1 IT B>ES CONSID]+1 BE=E TURN+ TO AN ALT]NATIVE UND]/&+4 

,! SYNDICALI/S' WID] 9FLU5CE8 

,9 ASSESS+ SYNDICALI/ 9FLU5CE 9 ,DURHAM1 COMM5TATORS HAVE T5D$ TO FOCUS ON ,H>VEY & ,LAW!R 7& TO A LESS] EXT5T !IR GR\P+S71 ?\< !IR CONCLUSIONS HAVE BE5 QUITE DIFF]5T4 ,ROY ,*UR* & ,QU5T9 ,\TRAM1 = EXAMPLE1 CLAIM$ ?AT SYNDICALI/ 9FLU5CE WAS NEGLIGIBLE 9 ,C\NTY ,DURHAM1 BAS+ ?IS ON AN 9T]PRETATION ( ,LAW!R'S ROLE & POLITICS4.<#b#i#a.> ,SPECIFICALLY1 !Y 5DORS$ ,JOHN ,SAVILLE'S VIEW ?AT 9 HIS E>LY YE>S ,LAW!R 'DESCRIB$ HIMSELF AS A ,M>XI/1 SYNDICALI/1 AN>*I/ & MEMB] ( ! ,I,L,P' 7:I* E*O$ ,ROB9 ,SMI?1 A PROSPECTIVE BIOGRAPH] ( ,LAW!R1 9 ! ,NOR?-EA/ ,LABOR ,HI/ORY ,SOCIETY J\RNAL74.<#b#i#b.> 

,9 ONE RESPECT ,SAVILLE WAS RI<T1 =1 AS WE HAVE SE51 SYNDICALISM WAS ATTRACTIVE = SOME SELF-DEF9$ ,M>XI/S AS WELL AS AN>*I/S4 ,BUT SYNDICALISM'S EMPHASIS ON DIRECT ACTION & ES*EWAL ( P>LIAM5T>Y OR 'POLITICAL' ACTION EASILY L5T ITSELF TO AN>*I/ 9T]PRETATIONS )9 :AT WAS A FAIRLY BROAD *UR*4 ,NEI!R ! !ORIES NOR 7MO/ (7 ! ORGANIZATIONS =M$ TO ADVOCATE !M W]E EXCLUSIVE1 IDEOLOGICALLY PURE & SELF-CONTA9$ 9 ?IS TIME ( FLUX4.<#b#i#c.> ,9DE$1 ,ROB9 ,SMI? EMPLOY$ HIS 7! ORIG9AL7 CLAIM AB\T ,LAW!R'S POLITICS TO ILLU/RATE ?IS V]Y PO9T1 ?\< ,SMI? WAS REF]R+ TO ! :OLE P]IOD BE=E #aibf 7:5 ,LAW!R WAS AG$ BETWE5 #ae & #c#f74 ,?IS WAS UNHELPFUL1 AS ! P]IOD BE=E #aibf SAW CONSID]ABLE *ANGE 9 ,LAW!R'S POLITICS1 :I* REFLECT$ DEVELOP+ EV5TS ON ! 9T]NATIONAL SC5E4 ,! #aiag ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION HAD HAD A TREM5D\S IMPACT ON ! REVOLUTION>Y ,LEFT 9 ,BRITA91 RESULT+ 9 ! =MATION ( A ,BRITI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY FROM SECTIONS ( ! ,S,L,P1 %OP /EW>DS' MOVEM5T ACTIVI/S1 LEFT-W+ ,I,L,P MEMB]S & O!RS 9 #a#i#b4 ,LAW!R WAS ?US A COMMUNI/-SUPPORT+ ,LABOR ,P>TY ACTIVI/ BY ! E>LY #a#i#bS4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! BIR? ( ! ,BRITI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY H]ALD$ A SL[ DRIFT T[>DS MORE EXCLUSIVITY & SECT>IANISM AMONG ! ,LEFT4 

,NEV]!LESS1 ! IMPLICATION ( ,SMI?'S CLAIM & ! ACC\NTS ( ?OSE :O 5DORS$ IT WAS ?AT ,LAW!R WAS SOME?+ ( A DILETTANTE1 A POLITICAL BUTT]FLY1 FLITT+ BETWE5 P>TIES & POLITICAL PROGRAMS AT :IM1 OR ?AT HE WAS CONFUS$ AB\T HIS TRUE POLITICAL HOME4 ,?AT ,LAW!R 5D$ HIS C>E] AS A RI<T-W+ NATIONAL M9]S' LEAD] AFT] #aide HAS ALSO ?R[N D\BT OV] HIS E>LY REVOLUTIONISM4 ,9 REALITY1 !RE W]E DI/9CT & LOGICAL PHASES 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,LAW!R'S POLITICS BETWE5 #aie & ! E>LY #a#i#bS4 ,!RE IS NO REASON TO QUE/ION ! S9C]ITY ( HIS CONV]SION TO SYNDICALISM FROM ACTIVISM 9 ! ,I,L,P 9 #aiab & HIS SUBSEQU5T MOVE TO AN>*I/ SYNDICALISM BE=E ,AUGU/ #a#i#a#d4 ,! V]Y 9T5SITY ( HIS ACTIVITY IS SUFFICI5T EVID5CE ( ! EXT5T TO :I* HIS POLITICAL CONV]SION WAS FELT4 ,! %ORT] PIECES ,LAW!R PUBLI%$ 9 ! LOCAL PRESS 9 ! W> P]IOD REVEAL AN 9DIVIDUAL CAPABLE ( GRASP+ & EXPRESS+ APPLI$ !ORY 9CLUD+ ?AT ( ,M>X4 ,C]TA9LY1 IT IS RA!R FACILE TO CLAIM ?AT1 BECAUSE ,LAW!R 5D$ UP ON ! POLITICAL ,RI<T1 ?AT ?IS WAS :]E HE WAS ALWAYS DE/9$ TO GO4 ,IF ! AU!NTICITY ( ,LAW!R'S POLITICS IS ! Y>D/ICK = MEASUR+ SYNDICALISM 9 ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD !N IT WAS A SIGNIFICANT =CE4 

,UNLIKE ,SMI?1 ,BOB ,HOLTON TOOK ,LAW!R & ,H>VEY'S POLITICS V]Y S]I\SLY4 ,9DE$1 HIS /UDY ( ! TWO 9=M$ HIS JUDGM5T ?AT ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD PROVID$ ! SECOND MO/ IMPORTANT GR\ND = SYNDICALISM AFT] S\? ,WALES4.<#b#i#d.> ,UN=TUNATELY1 ,HOLTON'S WID] DISCUSSION ( ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD WAS 9SUB/ANTIAL1 & SUGGE/$ A RELATION%IP BETWE5 SYNDICALISM & MILITANCY ?AT WAS DIFFICULT TO SU/A94 ,HE NOT$ ! P>TICUL>LY /RONG UNRE/ 9 ! COALFIELD OV] ! RETURN TO WORK AFT] ! #aiab NATIONAL /RIKE1 BUT LAT] ACKN[L$G$ ?AT ! MAJOR COALFIELD TO VOTE = A RETURN TO WORK 9 #aiab WAS S\? ,WALES 7:]E SYNDICALISM WAS /RONGE/74 ,:ILE ,HOLTON EXPLA9$ ?IS VOTE BY ! PECULI> CONDITIONS 9 S\? ,WALES 9CLUD+ A LACK ( RES\RCES AFT] ! ,CAMBRIAN ,COMB9E DISPUTE ?AT 5G5D]$ /RIKE WE>9ESS1 !RE WAS CLE>LY NO SIMPLE CORRELATION BETWE5 9DU/RIAL MILITANCY & SYNDICALI/ 9FLU5CE4.<#b#i#e.> ,:ILE !RE REMA9S CONSID]ABLE RESE>* TO DO 9 ?IS >EA1 ,HOLTON'S WORK MAKES CLE> ?AT1 ?ANKS TO ,H>VEY1 ,LAW!R & !IR GR\P+S1 SYNDICALISM DID HAVE AN IMPACT 9 ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD1 BUT ?AT IT WAS NOT AS F> REA*+ AS ?AT 9 S\? ,WALES4 ,9 ,DURHAM1 ! ,I,L,P HAD BE5 REM>KABLY EFFECTIVE 9 *ANNEL+ M9]S' GRIEVANCES ?R\< ! ,DURHAM ,=W>D ,MOVEM5T4 ,BUT BY ! SAME TOK51 ! ,=W>D ,MOVEM5T'S SUCCESS TE/IFI$ TO ! CONT9U$ EXI/5CE ( CONSID]ABLE GRIEVANCES AMONG ,DURHAM M9]S4 ,SYNDICALI/S1 TOO1 C\LD HAVE SPOK5 TO ?IS RANK-&-FILE DISCONT5T4 ,H[1 !N1 DID ,H>VEY & ,LAW!R APPLY !IR POLITICS & H[ MI<T ?IS HAVE BLUNT$ !IR POT5TIAL IMPACT 9 ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD8 

,DOGMA1 PRAGMATISM & SECT>IANISM 

,TWO 9T]TW9+ ASPECTS ( ! ,DURHAM SYNDICALI/S' [N POLITICS -- !IR PURITANISM 7OR1 MORE NEGATIVELY PUT1 !IR DOGMATISM7 & !IR SECT>IANISM -- MILITAT$ AGA9/ !IR 9FLU5CE4 ,FIR/1 SOME ASPECTS ( !IR POLITICS 9HIBIT$ !IR ABILITY TO PROPAGATE !IR MESSAGE1 !REBY HELP+ TO ISOLATE !M FROM ! WID] MOVEM5T4 ,SECOND1 ! REVOLUTION>Y ALT]NATIVE ,H>VEY & ,LAW!R (F]$ 9 ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD WAS1 & REMA9$1 TO SOME EXT5T DIVID$ BO? !ORETICALLY & ORGANIZATIONALLY 7AS ELSE:]E 9 ,BRITA974 

,9 T]MS ( DOGMATISM1 ,LAW!R'S POLITICS SUFF]$ ! MO/4 ,HIS AN>*ISM DEM&$ A REJECTION ( ANY =M ( CON/ITUTIONAL (FICE & HE DID NOT /& = ANY LODGE1 ,D,M,A OR P>TY POSITION 7UNTIL #a#i#a#e74 ,?IS WAS SIGNIFICANT AS ,LAW!R HAD BE5 A ,*OPWELL LODGE (FICIAL 9 ONE ( ! L>GE/ & MO/ MILITANT PITS 9 C\NTY ,DURHAM BE=E GO+ TO ,LABOR ,COLLEGE4 ,BE+ A LODGE (FICIAL E>LI] 9 HIS LIFE HAD BR\<T ,LAW!R 9TO CONTACT ) 9FLU5TIAL ,DURHAM M9]S ?R\<\T ! COALFIELD1 AS WELL AS ) SIGNIFICANT NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL FIGURES )9 ! MOVEM5T4.<#b#i#f.> ,LAW!R'S PR9CIPL$ DECISION NOT TO /& = ANY CON/ITUTIONAL (FICE WAS UND\BT$LY LAUDABLE4 ,IT FUR!R TE/IFI$ TO ,LAW!R'S COMPLETE COMMITM5T TO HIS POLITICS AT ?IS TIME4 ,BUT IT D5I$ ,LAW!R ACCESS TO IMPORTANT MEANS ( EX]CIS+ LOCAL & REGIONAL 9FLU5CE4 ,BY CONTRA/1 TWO SIGNIFICANT S\? ,WALES SYNDICALI/S1 ,NOAHS ,ABLETT & ,REES1 W]E ELECT$ TO ! ,S,W,M,F ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE 9 #a#i#a#a1 !REBY DEMON/RAT+ !IR PROM95CE 9 ! COALFIELD & 5HANC+ !IR AU?ORITY4 

,GEORGE ,H>VEY DID NOT HAVE !SE P>TICUL> QUALMS4 ,9DE$1 ! 79 SOME RESPECTS7 MORE PRAGMATIC ,H>VEY HAD BE5 9/RUM5TAL 9 ALT]+ ! ,S,L,P'S PROSCRIPTION ON MEMB]S /&+ = TRADE UNION (FICE4 ,H>VEY PO9T$ \T ?AT 9 ,DURHAM ANY PROSPECTIVE P>TY MEMB] W\LD HAVE TO REL9QUI% TRADE UNION (FICE TO JO9 ! P>TY4 ,NATURALLY1 !Y REFUS$ TO DO ?IS1 & YET ! LODGES 9 :I* !SE 9DIVIDUALS W]E (FICIALS W]E ALSO ?OSE ?AT B\<T ! MO/ ,S,L,P PROPAG&A4.<#b#i#g.> ,! NEWLY UN%ACKL$ ,H>VEY !N WON A *ECKWEI<MAN PO/ 9 #a#i#a#c4 ,?IS DEVELOPM5T WAS ( CONSID]ABLE SIGNIFICANCE1 AS ?IS PRE/IGI\S POSITION DEM&$ A HI< DEGREE ( TRU/ FROM ! PIT'S M9]S4 ,9 HIS APPLICATION LETT]1 ,H>VEY CLE>LY /AT$ HE WAS 'A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALI/ & A /RONG BELIEV] 9 ,9DU/RIAL ,UNIONISM4'.<#b#i#h.> ,H>VEY'S ELECTION BO? REFLECT$ HIS ALREADY E/ABLI%$ REPUTATION AS WELL AS 5TR5*+ & WID5+ HIS 9FLU5CE4 

,! GR[+ 9T]E/ 9 SYNDICALISM BETWE5 #aia & #aiad SEEM$ TO ALL[ = A BLURR+ ( ! B>RI]S BETWE5 ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM1 AT LEA/ AT ! LEVEL ( !ORY4 ,! RELATIVE EASE ) :I* 9DIVIDUALS C\LD MOVE BETWE5 ! TWO TRADITIONS1 EXEMPLIFI$ BY ! 7RAPID7 DEVELOPM5T ( ,LAW!R'S POLITICS1 REFLECT$ ! WID] SOCIO-ECONOMIC FLUX ( ! TIMES4 ,?IS BLURR+ ( ! B\ND>IES BETWE5 ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM WAS ALSO EVID5T1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ! EXPLANATION ,LAW!R GAVE 7DUR+ ! TIME ( ! COLD W>7 = ! NAM+ ( ! ,$W>DIAN 'COMMUNI/ CLUBS' SU* AS ?AT 9 ,*OPWELL4 ,!Y W]E 'SUPPOS$ TO BE ! RALLY+ GR\NDS = ?OSE 9T]E/$ 9 COMMUNISM & AN>*ISM1 A COMMUNISM1 BY ! WAY1 :I* BORE LITTLE RESEMBLANCE TO ! ,RUSSIAN BR& TODAY .<#a#i#e#e.>4'.<#b#i#i.> ,M>X & ,M>XI/S HAD CLE>LY 9FLU5C$ ,LAW!R1 ?\< HE SOON BR&$ HIMSELF AN AN>*I/1 & 9 A SIMIL> WAY ! ,*OPWELL ',COMMUNI/ ,CLUB' 7:I* WAS ALSO KN[N 9 ?IS P]IOD AS ! ',AN>*I/ ,CLUB'71 WAS A =UM = ! DISCUSSION ( V>I\S REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS ?AT W]E 9 MANY RESPECTS DIFFICULT TO DIS5TANGLE4 

,RAY ,*ALL9OR WROTE ( ! ,S,L,P'S DIM9I%+ SECT>IANISM 9 ?IS P]IOD TOO4.<#c.> ,H[EV]1 SECT>IAN DIVISIONS REMA9$ BETWE5 ! SYNDICALI/S 9 ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD4 ,H>VEY WAS ! MA9 (F5D]4 ,?IS WAS EVID5T AT ! ,*OPWELL SYNDICALI/ CONF]5CE 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#b1 :]E ,H>VEY & ,LAW!R VI$ TO CONV9CE ! AUDI5CE ( !IR CASE4 ,LAW!R GLOSS$ OV] ! DIFF]5CES 9 POLITICS BETWE5 HIMSELF & ,H>VEY1 CONCLUD+ HIS SPEE*1 '!Y W]E \T = ! :OLE ( ! WORK]S TO BE 9 ONE ORGANIZATION4 ,!Y C\LD CALL ?AT ,9DU/RIALISM1 ,UNIONISM .<SIC4 PRESUMABLY A PRESS MI/AKE = '9DU/RIAL UNIONISM'.> OR SYNDICALISM1 OR :AT !Y LIK$ 444'.<#c#a.> ,H>VEY1 SPEAK+ AFT] ,LAW!R1 SUGGE/$ HIS AUDI5CE %\LD PROPAG&IZE = A ,DURHAM M9+ 9DU/RIAL UNION4 ,!RE WAS C]TA9LY OV]LAP3 ,H>VEY'S CALL = $UCATION & ORGANIZATION1 HIS CLAIM ?AT ',LEAD]S & POLITICIANS C\LD DO NO?+' & ?AT ! 'HOPE ( ! WORK+-CLASS LAY 9 ! WORK+-CLASS !MSELVES' ALL E*O$ ,LAW!R4 ,H>VEY'S DESCRIPTION ( 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM -- WORK+ ON ! PR9CIPLE '?AT AN 9JURY TO ONE IS AN 9JURY TO ALL' 7AN ,I,W,W SLOGAN7 -- ALSO RESONAT$ ) ,LAW!R'S SPEE*4.<#c#b.> 

,H[EV]1 ,H>VEY !N UND]L9$ :]E HE & ,LAW!R DIFF]$ 9 EXPLICIT T]MS3 

!Y \<T NOT TO GO 9 = SYNDICALISM1 BECAUSE IF IT W]E A HALFWAY H\SE !Y HAD TO RECOGNIZE SOON] OR LAT] ?AT !Y MU/ GO TO ! HI<] P9NACLE ( ORGANIZATION4 ,HE CONT5D$ ?AT ! SCI5TIFIC WEAPON WAS 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM4 ,!Y W]E \T = 9DU/RIAL & POLITICAL ACTION4 ,! TWO MU/ GO H& 9 H&4.<#c#c.> 

,?IS POLITICAL ACTION 9CLUD$ FI<T+ ALL ELECTIONS1 NOT = VOTES AS SU* BUT ON A 'REVOLUTION>Y ISSUE' TO 'CREATE A FEV] HEAT ( 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION & !Y C\LD ONLY DO ?AT BY 9DU/RIAL & POLITICAL PROPAG&A4'.<#c#d.> ,9DE$1 ! EXT5T TO :I* ,H>VEY >GU$ 9 FAVOR ( POLITICAL ACTION CAUS$ PROBLEMS 9 HIS [N P>TY4 ,HIS CLAIM 9 ,! ,SOCIALI/ 7,M>* #a#i#a#b7 ?AT ,S,L,P C&IDATES W\LD BE ! BE/ P>LIAM5T>IANS AS ONLY REVOLUTION>IES C\LD W9 RE=MS1 SP>K$ EXT5SIVE 9T]NAL CRITICISM4 ,IT PROVOK$ ! SECESSION ( MO/ ( ! P>TY'S MEMB]S 9 ,LANCA%IRE1 CLAIM+ ?AT ! ,S,L,P HAD BECOME RE=MI/4.<#c#e.> 

,MORE UN=TUNATELY1 ,H>VEY1 LIKE MANY ,S,L,P ACTIVI/S1 REPLICAT$ ASPECTS ( ,DE ,LEON'S LANGUAGE1 D5\NC+ O!R REVOLUTION>Y GR\P+S AS 'FAKIRS4' ,H>VEY WAS SIMIL>LY A 'VIRUL5T CRITIC' ( ,TOM ,MANN'S SYNDICALISM4.<#c#f.> ,9 RESPONSE TO ,MANN'S IMPRISONM5T = PUBLI%+ ! FAM\S ',DON'T %OOT' >TICLE APPEAL+ = SOLDI]S NOT TO FIRE ON /RIK]S1 ,H>VEY WROTE 9 ,! ,SOCIALI/ 7( ,APRIL #a#i#a#b7 ?AT HIS ,P>TY W]E NOT SYNDICALI/S & 'HAVE NO SYMPA?Y ) SYNDICALISM4' ,?AT SAID !RE W]E LIMITS TO ,H>VEY'S SECT>IANISM4 ,ON ?IS OCCASION1 ! ,S,L,P REPR9T$ ,MANN'S BANN$ >TICLE BECAUSE !Y W]E 'FI<T]S = FRE$OM & ! FREE PRESS4'.<#c#g.> ,IT WAS P]HAPS !N RA!R UN=TUNATE ?AT SECT>IANISM WAS APP>5TLY ! MO/ NOTEWOR?Y ASPECT ( ,H>VEY'S POLITICS = AU?ORS SU* AS ,ROB9 ,PAGE ,>NOT4.<#c#h.> 

,9 ,C\NTY ,DURHAM1 ,LAW!R SEEM$ PREP>$ TO ACCEPT ,H>VEY'S ATTEMPTS TO M>K A CLE> IDEOLOGICAL DIVIDE BETWE5 !M2 & ,H>VEY'S SUPPORT = 'POLITICAL ACTION' REMA9$ ANA!MA TO ,LAW!R'S AN>*ISM4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ,LAW!R CONT9U$ TO PROMOTE SOLID>ITY ) ,H>VEY4 ,9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#a#c1 ,LAW!R MADE AN IMPASSION$ APPEAL = ,H>VEY 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! ,WILSON CASE3 

,IT IS UP TO US1 AS M9]S1 TO %[ TO ,GEORGE ,H>VEY1 BY WORD OR DE$1 ?AT WE BELIEVE ?AT :AT HE SAID .<AB\T ,WILSON.> WAS TRUE 444 ,& ,I BELIEVE ?AT1 DUR+ ! =?COM+ SUMM]1 ! GOSPEL ( REVOLT1 ( DIRECT ACTION1 ( ANTI-LEAD]%IP WILL SPREAD1 NOT BECAUSE ,H>VEY OR ANY O!R P]SON BELIEVES 9 IT1 BUT BECAUSE ( ! OPPRESSION & TYRANNY ?AT IS TAK+ PLACE 9 ! M9ES 444 .<#c#i.> 

,9 ,JULY #a#i#a#c1 ! TWO M51 AMONG O!RS1 %>$ A PLAT=M AT ! ,DURHAM M9]S' ANNUAL GALA4.<#c#a.> ,NOT)/&+ A WILL+NESS TO %>E PUBLIC PLAT=MS1 ,LAW!R & ,H>VEY (F]$ TWO DI/9CT BR&S ( SYNDICALISM 9 ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD4 ,!IR DIFF]+ VISIONS ( REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS & ! !ORETICAL T]MS !Y US$ TO EXPRESS !M TO AN 9T]E/$1 BUT NOT NECESS>ILY 9=M$ M9] AUDI5CE 7= EXAMPLE1 AT ! ,*OPWELL CONF]5CE ( ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#b71 MU/ HAVE CONFUS$ MORE ?AN JU/ ! LOCAL PRESS4 

,LAW!R REVEAL$ ANO!R K9D ( SECT>IANISM1 H[EV]1 &1 :ILE IT UND]SCOR$ HIS REVOLUTION>Y CR$5TIALS1 IT HAMP]$ HIS ABILITY TO OP]ATE EFFECTIVELY1 D5Y+ HIM ACCESS TO ! PLAT=MS ( POT5TIALLY 9FLU5TIAL & SYMPA!TIC ORGANIZATIONS & 9DIVIDUALS 9 ! ,D,M,A4 ,ONE ( ! FIR/ TO ADDRESS ! SYNDICALI/ CONF]5CE 9 ,*OPWELL 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#b1 ,LAW!R OP5$ HIS SPEE* BY EXPLA9+ :Y !Y 'W]E \T = ! NEW MOVEM5T4 ,!Y W]E \T AGA9/ ! 0=W>D MOVEM5T40'.<#c#a#a.> ,LAW!R WAS CLE>LY KE5 TO DI/+UI% HIMSELF & HIS FOLL[]S FROM ! ,=W>D ,MOVEM5T'S PROJECT -- 9DE$1 DEF9+ !M AS OPPON5TS -- FROM ! \TSET4 ,HE DID SO BY FIR/ ATTACK+ NATIONALIZATION1 ! AIM ( KEY ,=W>D ,MOVEM5T ACTIVI/S1 & ?US EFFECTIVELY M>K$ ! GAP BETWE5 ! APP>5T RE=MI/S ( ! ,=W>D ,MOVEM5T & ! REVOLUTION>IES4 ,?AT ! ,=W>D ,MOVEM5T LEAD]S W]E 9T5T ON MAK+ REPUTATIONS & C>E]S = !MSELVES ON ! BACK ( ! M9]S' DISCONT5T WAS A FAIRLY COMMON !ME 9 ,LAW!R'S RHETORIC.<#c#a#b.> 7&1 IRONICALLY1 A *>GE ?AT WAS LAT] MADE1 UNJU/LY1 AGA9/ ,LAW!R HIMSELF74 

,AGA91 ,H>VEY DISPLAY$ A LITTLE LESS PR9CIPL$ IDEALISM & A LITTLE MORE PRAGMATISM 9 RELATIONS ) ! WID] RANK-&-FILE MOVEM5T4 ,AT HIS LIBEL TRIAL 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#a#b1 ,H>VEY ASK$ ,WILSON IF HE WAS AW>E ?AT HE HAD BE5 HEAVILY CRITICIZ$ BY ! ,=W>D ,MOVEM5T4 ,H>VEY QUOT$ P>T ( A SPEE* BY ,JOHN ,JEFFRIES1 A ,=W>D ,MOVEM5T LEAD]1 CLAIM+ ?AT ,WILSON'S EVID5T TAL5TS W]E 'FROM TIME TO TIME NOT US$ = ! PURPOSE !Y \<T TO BE' &1 EXPLICITLY1 ?AT ,JEFFRIES WAS REF]R+ TO ! CONCILIATION DOCTR9E ?AT ,WILSON 'CONT9UALLY D9N$ 9TO !IR E>S4' ,H>VEY'S DEF5SE H]E WAS SIGNIFICANT1 AS HE WAS TAK+ ! LOGIC ( ,=W>D ,MOVEM5T RHETORIC A /EP FUR!R1 CLE>LY ALIGN+ HIMSELF ) IT AS HE DID SO4 ,9DE$1 ,H>VEY CLAIM$ 7SLI<TLY DIS+5U\SLY7 ?AT HE 'HAD SAID NO MORE ?AN :AT HAD BE5 SAID BY O!R BODIES DUR+ ! LA/ DECADE -- BY ! SOCIALI/S OR ! 0,=W>D ,MOVEM5T0 -- & ! ACTION HAD ONLY BE5 TAK5 AGA9/ HIM BECAUSE HE WAS A WORK+ M9]4'.<#c#a#c.> ,! EXT5T TO :I* ,H>VEY'S MORE CONCILIATORY APPROA* TO ! L>G] RANK-&-FILE MOVEM5T 9 ,DURHAM B5EFIT$ HIM 9 T]MS ( HIS ABILITY TO PROPAGATE HIS POLITICS IS DIFFICULT TO MEASURE4 ,BUT IT C]TA9LY SEEMS TO HAVE SECUR$ HIM A PROM95T POSITION ON ! PLAT=M ( AT LEA/ ONE ,DURHAM ,=W>D ,MOVEM5T MASS MEET+4 ,9 ,APRIL #a#i#a#b1 ,H>VEY SECOND$ A MOTION ( C5SURE ( ! ,D,M,A AG5TS1 ) A SPEE* COMPLA9+ ?AT ! M5 HAD BE5 'SOLD-\T' BY !IR LEAD]S4 ,H>VEY >GU$ ?AT ! LEAD]S %\LD RECEIVE ! SAME WAGE AS ! M9]S2 !N P]HAPS ! LEAD]S W\LD FI<T = !IR DEM&S1 AS 'EV]Y TIME ! M5 GOT A RISE !Y W\LD ALSO BE BETT] (F4'.<#c#a#d.> ,LAW!R1 UNSURPRIS+LY1 NEV] APPE>$ ON A ,DURHAM ,=W>D ,MOVEM5T PLAT=M AS SU* -- AL?\< HE DID SPEAK AT A MEET+ ON ! M9]S' M9IMUM WAGE 9 ,NEWCA/LE 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#a#c1 ?IS WAS NOT APP>5TLY UND] !IR AUSPICES4.<#c#a#e.> ,?AT SAID1 ,LAW!R'S ATTITUDE DID NOT PREV5T COOP]ATION 9 ,*OPWELL ) ,=W>D ,MOVEM5T ACTIVI/S4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,LAW!R SAT ON ! LOCAL NEGOTIAT+ COMMITTEE 9 ! DOCTOR'S FEE AGITATION 9 E>LY #aiac ) ,VIPOND ,H>DY1 :O ,LAW!R HAD FAIL$ TO CONV9CE ( SYNDICALISM & :O WAS1 9/EAD1 ACTIVE 9 ! MALIGN$ ,DURHAM ,=W>D ,MOVEM5T4.<#c#a#f.> 

,CONCLUSION3 AN OPPORTUNITY MISS$8 

,REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVI/S >E (T5 CONFRONT$ ) A DILEMMA :5 FAC$ ) FAVORABLE CIRCUM/ANCES 9 :I* TO PROPAGATE !IR POLITICS4 ,TO :AT EXT5T %\LD !Y S(T-P$AL OR COMPROMISE ON FUNDAM5TALS 9 ORD] TO BE ABLE TO ACCESS PLAT=MS & PROVIDE A MESSAGE ?AT HAS ! POT5TIAL TO *IME ) L>GE NUMB]S ( 9DIVIDUALS 9 SOME =M ( /RUGGLE8 ,IF !Y COMPROMISE TOO MU* !Y >E OP5 TO ! JIBE ( BE+ OPPORTUNI/IC1 :ILE TOO LITTLE COMPROMISE MEANS !Y C\LD BE D5\NC$ AS ZEALOTS3 9FLEXIBLE1 TOO DOGMATIC4 

,9 ! P]IOD ( 9DU/RIAL /RIFE #a#i#a-#a#i#a#d1 ,LAW!R1 C]TA9LY1 ADOPT$ A PURITY ( PRAXIS ?AT D5I$ HIM ACCESS TO C]TA9 PLAT=MS & ALI5AT$ HIM FROM SOME POT5TIAL ALLIES4 ,H>VEY1 ON ! O!R H&1 SEEM$ TOO SECT>IAN1 FIXAT$ ON ! F9] PO9TS ( ! POLICY ( HIS 9F9ITESIMAL P>TY4 ,?IS IS NOT TO >GUE ?AT ,LAW!R1 9 P>TICUL>1 %\LD HAVE AB&ON$ ! PR9CIPL$ POLITICAL POSITIONS HE HELD4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS TO RECOGNIZE ?AT MA9TA9+ SU* IDEOLOGICAL POSITIONS HAD CLE> CONSEQU5CES & ?AT 9 C]TA9 CIRCUM/ANCES :AT WAS SACRIFIC$ = ! SAKE ( PR9CIPLE WAS POT5TIALLY CONSID]ABLE4 

,>GUABLY1 ,LAW!R'S AN>*I/ SYNDICALISM WAS MORE !ORETICALLY COH]5T & DEF5SIBLE ?AN ! LOOS] SYNDICALISM ( ! S\? ,WALES ',UN(FICIAL ,RE=M ,COMMITTEE4' ,YET1 EV5 :5 BETT] CO-ORD9AT$ 9 #a#i#a#d1 AN>*ISM REMA9$ A M9ORITY /R& )9 ! M9ORITY REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/ SECTION ( ! MASS LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,H>VEY'S ,S,L,P1 ?\< MORE TI<TLY ORGANIZ$ = A LONG] P]IOD1 ALSO REMA9$ A M9ORITY T5D5CY )9 SYNDICALISM4 ,FUR!RMORE1 9 ITS EF=TS TO BREAK \T ( ?IS <ETTO 7(T5 PROMPT$ BY ,H>VEY HIMSELF71 ! ,S,L,P (T5 LO/ AS MU* AS IT GA9$4 ,BY ! \TBREAK ( W>1 LIKE ! O!R ,LEFT P>TIES1 BO? REVOLUTION>Y & RE=MI/ ALIKE1 ! ,S,L,P WAS LOS+ MEMB]S4.<#c#a#g.> ,CLE>LY1 CONDITIONS W]E NOT AS FAVORABLE = SYNDICALISM 9 ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD AS !Y W]E 9 S\? ,WALES4 ,/ILL1 9 !IR 9T]PRETATION & APPLICATION 9 SYNDICALISM1 BO? ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM FELL %ORT 9 ! PRE-#a#i#a#d UPHEAVAL 9 ! ,DURHAM COALFIELD4 

,ACKN[L$GM5TS 

,?ANKS >E DUE TO ,TREVOR ,B>K1 ,EMMET ,O',CONNOR1 ,KEV9 ,DAVIES1 ,NICK ,HEA?1 ,K5 ,JOHN1 ,DON ,WATSON1 ,*RIS ,WILLIAMS1 ,JOHN ,PATT51 & TO ,DAVE ,D\GLASS1 ,PET] ,MATES & ! ANONYM\S REVIEW]S = !IR COMM5TS ON E>LI] DRAFTS4 ,I W\LD LIKE TO D$ICATE ?IS *APT] TO ! LATE1 GREAT ,DR ,RAY ,*ALL9OR4 

,NOTES 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#g1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,ADD$4 

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