,*APT] #b 
,FRE$OM & ,DEMOCRACY3 ,M>XISM1 ,AN>*ISM & ! ,PROBLEM ( ,HUMAN ,NATURE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX ,PRI*>D 

,AU?OR 3 ,&REW ,CORNELL 

,AU?OR 3 ,B5OIT ,*ALL& 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>L ,LEVY 

,TEXT 3 

#b4 ,FRE$OM & ,DEMOCRACY3 ,M>XISM1 ,AN>*ISM & ! ,PROBLEM ( ,HUMAN ,NATURE 

,PAUL ,BLACKL$GE 

,9TRODUCTION 

,9 ?IS PAP] ,I >GUE ?AT AN>*I/.<#e.> CRITICISMS ( ,M>X'S '/ATISM' 9H]IT !MES FROM LIB]ALISM ?AT S]VE AS A BRAKE ON ! DEMOCRATIC ASPIRATIONS ( AN>*I/ PRACTICE4 ,:ILE SUP]FICIALLY ATTRACTIVE1 ESPECIALLY :5 DEPLOY$ TO EXPLA9 ! *>ACT] ( BO? ,/AL9ISM & SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 ?IS LIB]AL ELEM5T ( AN>*I/ !ORY PREV5TS AN>*I/ PRACTICE DEVELOP+ FROM A MODE ( RESI/ANCE TO CAPITALISM TO BECOME AN ADEQUATE /RATEGIC ALT]NATIVE TO IT4 ,FUR!R1 ,I >GUE ?AT CLASSICAL ,M>XISM (F]S TOOLS BY :I* TO OV]COME ?IS PROBLEM & SUGGE/ ?AT ,M>X IS BE/ UND]/OOD NOT AS ! /ATI/ O!R TO LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM1 BUT AS ! MO/ COH]5T EXPON5T ( HUMAN EMANCIPATION4 ,I CONCLUDE ?AT AN>*I/S W\LD DO WELL TO RE5GAGE ) HIS CRITIQUE ( LIB]ALISM TO HELP MOVE BEYOND ! POLITICS ( P]PETUAL OPPOSITION4 

,! OV]LAP BETWE5 AN>*ISM & LIB]ALISM IS EVID5T1 = 9/ANCE1 9 ! P>ALLELS BETWE5 ,BAKUN9'S SUGGE/ION ?AT 'P[] CORRUPTS ! BE/'.<#e#a.> & ,LORD ,ACTON'S FAM\S APHORISM ?AT 'ALL P[] T5DS TO CORRUPT & ABSOLUTE P[] CORRUPTS ABSOLUTELY4'.<#e#b.> ,UND]LY+ ,ACTON'S CLAIM IS A HI<LY CONT5TI\S CONCEPT ( HUMAN NATURE :I* UND]M9ES NOT ONLY ! ASS]TION ( PAPAL 9FALLIBILITY -- ,ACTON'S SPECIFIC T>GET -- BUT ALSO ! DEMOCRATIC ASPIRATIONS ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,ACTON WAS A LIB]AL ,ROMAN ,CA?OLIC :OSE COMM5TS ON P[] >E P]HAPS BE/ UND]/OOD AS A P>TICUL>LY PI?Y EXPRESSION ( ! POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS ( ! ,*RI/IAN CONCEPTION ( ORIG9AL S9 AS SECUL>IZ$ ?R\< ! LIB]AL IDEA ( EGOI/IC 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,TO ACCEPT ?AT P[] CORRUPTS IMPLIES SOME?+ LIKE ?IS MODEL ( HUMAN ESS5CE4 ,ONE IMPLICATION ( ?IS IDEA IS LIB]ALISM'S CONTRADICTORY VIEW ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION & ?US ! /ATE AS SIMULTANE\SLY ALI5 & ESS5TIAL3 'A NECESS>Y EVIL' 9 ,TOM ,PA9E'S FELICIT\S PHRASE4.<#e#c.> ,= ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T ! IMPLICATIONS ( ?IS IDEA W]E DRAWN \T MO/ =CEFULLY BY ,ROB]T ,MI*ELS4 ,HE 9SI/$ ?AT AN 'IRON LAW ( OLIG>*Y' FOLL[$ FROM HUMANITY'S 'NATURAL LOVE ( P[]1'.<#e#d.> & >GU$ ?AT ! UTOPIAN NATURE ( ! SOCIALI/ PROJECT WAS TACITLY REGI/]$ BY ,M>X ?R\< HIS CONCEPT ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT -- '! DIRECT ANTI!SIS ( ! CONCEPT ( DEMOCRACY'.<#e#e.> -- & PRACTICALLY NEGAT$ BY ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY'S REPRODUCTION ( ! K9D ( GUID+ >I/OCRATIC 'POLITICAL CLASS' ?AT RAN TRADITIONAL ELITI/ P>TIES4 

,MI*ELS WROTE ?AT '.<A.>N>*I/S W]E ! FIR/ TO 9SI/ UPON ! HI]>*ICAL & OLIG>*ICAL CONSEQU5CES ( P>TY ORGANIZATION4 ,!IR VIEW ( ! DEFECTS ( ORGANIZATION IS MU* CLE>] ?AN ?AT ( ! SOCIALI/S4'.<#e#f.> ,9T]E/+LY1 NOT ONLY DID ,MI*ELS REGI/] AN>*ISM'S 9SI<TS AB\T ! T5D5CY TO OLIG>*Y1 BUT AN>*I/S HAVE (T5 RETURN$ ! COMPLIM5T4 ,MO/ REC5TLY1 = 9/ANCE1 ,MI*AEL ,S*MIDT & ,LUCI5 VAN D] ,WALT HAVE BORR[$ ! CONCEPT ( 'IRON LAW ( OLIG>*Y' 9 !IR ANALYSIS ( TRADE UNION ORGANIZATION -- ?\< !Y M$IATE IT ?R\< REF]5CE TO A C\NT] 'T5D5CY T[>DS DEMOCRACY4'.<#e#g.> ,S*MIDT & VAN D] ,WALT'S POSITIVE REF]5CE TO ,MI*ELS IS NOT UNUSUAL 9 AN>*I/ LIT]ATURE4 ,9DE$1 IT HAS BE5 SUGGE/$ ?AT ,BAKUN9 '=E%AD[$' ,MI*ELS' ANALYSIS4.<#e#h.> ,& IT IS CLE> ?AT !RE IS AT LEA/ A FAMILY RESEMBLANCE BETWE5 ,MI*ELS' IRON LAW ( OLIG>*Y & ,BAKUN9'S CLAIM ?AT 'ALL POLITICAL ORGANIZATION IS DE/9$ TO 5D 9 ! NEGATION ( FRE$OM4'.<#e#i.> 

,9 ?IS ESSAY ,I EXPLORE SOME BROAD] IMPLICATIONS ( !SE !ORETICAL P>ALLELS ) A VIEW TO *ALL5G+ :AT ,*OMSKY CALL$ ,BAKUN9'S 'ALL TOO P]CEPTIVE' W>N+S AB\T ! 9EVITABLE LOGIC ( ,M>XI/ AU?ORIT>IANISM T[>DS ! CREATION ( A 'R$ BUREAUCRACY4'.<#f.> ,I >GUE ?AT ! P>ALLELS BETWE5 SOCIAL AN>*ISM & ,MI*ELS' ELITE !ORY ACTUALLY ILLUM9ATE ASPECTS ( A %>$ MODEL ( HUMAN ESS5CE ?AT WEAK5S AN>*ISM'S REVOLUTION>Y 9T5T4 ,MOREOV]1 ,I >GUE ?AT ! !ORETICAL ROOTS ( ?IS WEAKNESS >E TO BE F\ND 9 :AT IS (T5 PORTRAY$ AS ONE ( AN>*ISM'S /R5G?S3 ! LIB]AL MOM5T ( ITS DUAL 9H]ITANCE FROM SOCIALISM & LIB]ALISM4 ,SO1 :]EAS ,RUDOLF ,ROCK]1 9 HIS (T-REPEAT$ CLAIM ?AT AN>*ISM REPRES5TS ! 'CONFLU5CE ( 444 SOCIALISM & LIB]ALISM1'.<#f#a.> IMPLI$ ?AT AN>*ISM HAD =G$ A SYN!SIS FROM ! BE/ ( MOD]N POLITICAL & ECONOMIC !ORY1 ,I >GUE ?AT F> FROM WORK+ A SYN!SIS ( !SE TWO TRADITIONS1 AN>*ISM'S 9H]ITANCE FROM LIB]ALISM ACTS AS A B>RI] TO ! FULL REALIZATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y IMPLICATIONS ( ITS SOCIALI/ SIDE4 ,I !RE=E SUGGE/ ?AT IF AN>*ISM IS TO MOVE BEYOND ! POLITICS ( RESI/ANCE TO PO9T TO AN ADEQUATE REVOLUTION>Y ALT]NATIVE TO CAPITALISM IT NE$S TO REASSESS ! LIB]AL SIDE ( ITS H]ITAGE4 

,M>X PO9T$ TO ! K9D ( ROOT & BRAN* CRITIQUE ( LIB]ALISM NECESS>Y = SU* A MANEUV]4 ,9 >GUM5TS FIR/ >TICULAT$ 9 RESPONSE TO ,MAX ,/IRN]'S AN>*ISM1 HE RESPOND$ TO ! NATURALIZATION ( EGOISM NOT BY POSIT+ AN OPPOSITE SOCIALI/IC ESS5CE1 BUT RA!R BY EXT5D+ ,HEGELIAN 9SI<TS TO SUGGE/ A FULLY HI/ORICIZ$ CONCEPTION ( \R NATURE4.<#f#b.> ,M>X'S CRITIQUE ( ,/IRN] IS ( G5]AL SIGNIFICANCE BECAUSE IT ACTS AS ! !ORETICAL CORE ( HIS CRITIQUE ( ! LIB]ALISM UND]P9N+ ,ACTON'S APHORISM AB\T ! CORRUPT+ 9FLU5CE ( P[]4 ,AGA9/ LIB]ALISM'S EMBRACE ( A TRAN%I/ORICAL CONCEPTION ( HUMAN NATURE1.<#f#c.> ,M>X GRASP$ ! SOCIO-HI/ORIC CO-ORD9ATES ( MOD]N EGOISM 9 ! RISE ( CAPITALISM1 & CONV]SELY PO9T$ TO ! SE$S ( ITS POT5TIAL TRANSC5D5CE 9 ! SOLID>I/IC MOVEM5TS ( ! 'NEWFANGL$' WORK+ CLASS4 ,HIS WAS A HI/ORICAL MODEL ( HUMAN ESS5CE ?AT UND]P9N$ A HI/ORICAL MODEL ( HUMAN FRE$OM4.<#f#d.> ,IT WAS ?R\< !SE >GUM5TS ?AT HE WAS ABLE TO CONCEPTUALIZE SOCIALISM AS1 9 ! WORDS ( ,]N/ ,BLO*1 A 'CONCRETE UTOPIA'3 A T5D5CY T[>DS POLITICAL P[] ROOT$ 9 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T AGA9/ CAPITALISM4.<#f#e.> 

,?IS >GUM5T ILLUM9ATES AN IMPORTANT DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM4 ,BO? ( !SE T5D5CIES ON ! REVOLUTION>Y ,LEFT EM]G$ 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY AS ASPECTS ( A DEMOCRATIC REVOLT AGA9/ CAPITALISM4 ,H[EV]1 :]EAS ,M>X WAS ABLE TO CONCEIVE ( NEW =MS ( DEMOCRACY ?AT OV]CAME ! CAPITALI/ SEP>ATION ( ECONOMIC & POLITICS1 AS WE %ALL SEE AN>*ISM'S T5D5CY TO EMB$ A TRAN%I/ORICAL CONCEPTION ( HUMAN EGOISM ACTS AS A B>RI] TO ITS CONCEPTUALIZATION ( ANY SU* PROJECT4 ,I SUGGE/ ?AT IF ! POT5TIAL ( ! DEMOCRATIC IMPULSE BEH9D CLASS-/RUGGLE AN>*ISM IS TO BE REALIZ$1 AN>*ISM NE$S TO ADDRESS UND]LY+ ONTOLOGICAL ASSUMPTIONS AB\T HUMAN NATURE4 

,M>X'S CRITIQUE ( AN>*ISM3 ,HUMAN NATURE & DEMOCRACY 

,! FIR/ SIGNIFICANT 5GAGEM5T BETWE5 ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM WAS ,M>X'S CRITIQUE ( ,/IRN] 9 ! #a#h#dS4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE ?AT ,M>X DID NOT REJECT ,/IRN] FROM A PRE-E/ABLI%$ POSITION1 BUT RA!R DEVELOP$ HIS VISION ( SOCIALISM 9 NO SMALL P>T 9 ANSW] TO ,/IRN]'S CRITIQUE ( 'TRUE SOCIALI/' MORALISM 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! EM]G5CE ( ! COLLECTIVE WORK]S' /RUGGLES AGA9/ CAPITAL 9 ! #a#h#dS4.<#f#f.> 

,/IRN] >GU$ ?AT ALL POLITICAL SY/EMS LEAD 9 PRACTICE TO ! AU?ORIT>IAN SUPPRESSION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL EGO4 ,EV5 REVOLUTIONS1 BY CLAIM+ TO BE 9 ! COMMON 9T]E/1 LEAD TO ! SUPPRESSION ( 9DIVIDUAL EGOISM4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 HE CONCEIV$ 'SELF-LIB]ATION' TO BE POSSIBLE ?R\< AN ACT ( REBELLION RA!R ?AN ?R\< REVOLUTION4.<#f#g.> ,9 A COMM5T ON ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION :I* HE BELIEV$ TO HAVE G5]AL SALI5CE1 HE SUGGE/$ ?AT ?IS UPHEAVAL WAS NOT DIRECT$ AGA9/ '! E/ABLI%M5T1 BUT AGA9/ ! E/ABLI%M5T 9 QUE/ION1 AGA9/ A P>TICUL> E/ABLI%M5T4 ,IT DID AWAY ) ?IS RUL]1 NOT ) ! RUL]4' ,?AT ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION 5D$ 9 REACTION %\LD !RE=E COME AS NO SURPRISE3 = IT IS 9 ! NATURE ( REVOLUTIONS ?AT ONE AU?ORITY IS M]ELY EX*ANG$ = ANO!R4.<#f#h.> ',POLITICAL LIB]ALISM'S' EMBRACE ( ! PO/-REVOLUTION>Y /ATE REVEAL$ ITS AU?ORIT>IAN IMPLICATIONS1 IMPLICATIONS ?AT W]E ALSO 9H]5T 9 SOCIALISM & COMMUNISM 7IDEOLOGIES HE SUBSUM$ UND] ! REVEAL+ HEAD+ 'SOCIAL LIB]ALISM'71 = !SE TOO W\LD M]ELY REPEAT ! TRANSF]5CE ( P[] FROM ONE AU?ORITY TO ANO!R4.<#f#i.> 

,/IRN] EMBRAC$ AN ABSOLUTE MODEL ( FRE$OM1 ACCORD+ TO :I* 'FRE$OM CAN ONLY BE ! :OLE ( FRE$OM1 A PIECE ( FRE$OM IS NOT FRE$OM4'.<#g.> ,FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 HE CONCLUD$ ?AT ALL MORAL APPROA*ES1 BECAUSE !Y PREA*$ SELF-SACRIFICE 9 ! NAME ( SOME METAPHYSICAL NOTION -- GOD1 MAN1 ! /ATE1 CLASS1 NATION & SO ON -- W]E ! 5EMIES ( FRE$OM4 ,IF '! ROAD TO RU9 IS PAV$ ) GOOD 9T5TIONS1' ! CORRECT EGOI/IC RESPONSE WAS NOT REVOLUTION 9 ! NAME ( SOME 'GOOD' BUT A MORE SIMPLE REBELLION ( ! EGO AGA9/ AU?ORITY4.<#g#a.> ,= ,/IRN]1 !RE=E1 !RE EXI/S A FUNDAM5TAL OPPOSITION BETWE5 9DIVIDUAL EGO & SOCIETY1 :I* C\LD NOT BE OV]COME BY ANY =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4.<#g#b.> ,9DE$1 HE BELIEV$ ?AT COMMUNISM 7'SOCIAL LIB]ALISM'7 WAS NOT SO MU* A RADICAL ALT]NATIVE TO ! /ATUS QUO AS IT WAS ITS LATE/ MORALI/IC V>IANT4.<#g#c.> 

,9 HIS REPLY TO ,/IRN]1 ,M>X >GU$ ?AT1 F> FROM BE+ AN AB/RACT MORAL DOCTR9E1 SOLID>ITY WAS BECOM+ A REAL NE$ )9 ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T :OSE EM]G5T GOAL WAS1 AS HE WAS LAT] TO WRITE 9 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 AN 'ASSOCIATION1 9 :I* ! FREE DEVELOPM5T ( EA* IS ! CONDITION = ! FREE DEVELOPM5T ( ALL4'.<#g#d.> ,FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE !RE W\LD BE NO NE$ TO IMPOSE ! IDEA ( COMMUNITY ON ! WORK+ CLASS FROM )\T BECAUSE SOLID>ITY_/COMMUNITY W\LD EM]GE FROM BEL[4 ,?IS HI/ORICAL MODEL ( FRE$OM WAS ROOT$ 9 A HI/ORICAL MODEL ( HUMAN NATURE4 ,M>X >GU$ ?AT COMMUNISM IS1 = ,/IRN]3 

QUITE 9COMPREH5SIBLE 444 BECAUSE ! COMMUNI/S DO NOT OPPOSE EGOISM TO SELFLESSNESS OR SELFLESSNESS TO EGOISM 444 COMMUNI/S DO NOT PREA* MORALITY AT ALL 444 ON ! CONTR>Y !Y >E V]Y WELL AW>E ?AT EGOISM1 JU/ AS MU* AS SELFLESSNESS1 IS 9 DEF9ITE CIRCUM/ANCES A NECESS>Y =M ( SELF-ASS]TION ( 9DIVIDUALS4.<#g#e.> 

,AS WE %ALL SEE1 ,M>X WAS 9T]E/$ 9 ! DEF9ITE HI/ORICAL CONTEXT ?R\< :I* HUMAN ESS5CE EVOLV$ & ! DEF9ITE CIRCUM/ANCES ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y MOVEM5T = FRE$OM AGA9/ CAPITALISM4 ,CONCRETELY1 HE >GU$ ?AT IT WAS ?R\< ! MOVEM5T FROM BEL[ ?AT WORK]S BEG9 TO *ALL5GE ! N>R[ CONF9ES ( EGOISM 9 A WAY ?AT ALL[S !M TO CONCEIVE SOCIETY 7& ?US AU?ORITY7 POSITIVELY AS REAL DEMOCRACY4 ,?IS WAS NO M]E POLITICAL MOVEM5T1 =1 AS HE WROTE 9 ,ON ! ,JEWI% ,QUE/ION1 'POLITICAL EMANCIPATION' DOES NOT OV]COME ! 'EGOI/IC1 9DEP5D5T 9DIVIDUAL' ( CIVIL SOCIETY4 ,9 FACT1 IT IS ONLY :5 HUMANITY 'RE-ABSORBS 9 .<ITSELF.> ! AB/RACT CITIZ5' ?AT IT RECOGNIZES ITS [N =CES 'AS SOCIAL =CES1 & CONSEQU5TLY NO LONG] SEP>ATES SOCIAL P[] FROM .<ITSELF.> 9 ! %APE ( POLITICAL P[]1 ONLY !N WILL HUMAN EMANCIPATION HAVE BE5 ACCOMPLI%$4'.<#g#f.> 

,?IS IDEA ( DIALECTICAL DEVELOPM5T & ! MODEL ( EMANCIPATION IT SUPPORT$ IS =EIGN NOT ONLY TO ,/IRN] BUT ALSO TO ! MO/ IMPORTANT VOICES )9 SOCIAL AN>*ISM -- ,PR\DHON1 ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK94 ,BY CONTRA/ ) ,M>X'S FUNDAM5TAL CRITIQUE ( ! LIB]AL CONCEPTION ( 9DIVIDUAL EGOISM1 SOCIAL AN>*I/S T5D RA!R TO M$IATE ?IS CONCEPT BY MIX+ IT ) MORE SOCIAL CONCEPTIONS ( HUMAN NATURE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,DAVID ,MORL&1 ,PR\DHON1 ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK9 ALL EMBRAC$ MODELS ( HUMAN NATURE ?AT 9CLUD$ TRAN%I/ORICAL CONCEPTIONS ( BO? EGOISM & SOCIALITY1 & :I* CONSEQU5TLY T5D$ TO CONCEPTUALIZE HI/ORY AS AN 'EV]LA/+ BATTLE 9 HUMAN NATURE BETWE5 GOOD & EVIL4'.<#g#g.> ,PR\DHON1 HE >GUES1 WROTE ?AT 'MAN IS ESS5TIALLY & PREVI\S TO ALL $UCATION AN EGOI/IC CREATURE1 F]OCI\S BEA/1 & V5OM\S REPTILE 444 ONLY TRANS=M$ BY $UCATION1' :ILE ,BAKUN9 9SI/$ ?AT MAN IS 'NOT ONLY ! MO/ 9DIVIDUAL BE+ ON E>? -- HE IS ALSO ! MO/ SOCIAL BE+4'.<#g#h.> ,EV5 ,KROPOTK91 :O IS BY F> SOCIAL AN>*ISM'S MO/ SOPHI/ICAT$ SPOKESP]SON1 WAS ONLY ABLE TO MAKE S5SE ( ! EVILS ( MOD]N SOCIETY BY EMB$D+ A TRAN%I/ORICAL CONCEPTION ( EGOISM AS ! NECESS>Y C\NT]WEI<T TO ! IDEA ( MUTUAL AID )9 HIS MODEL ( HUMAN NATURE4 ,KROPOTK9 SUGGE/$ ?AT ?R\<\T HUMAN HI/ORY TWO OPPOS$ TRADITIONS HAVE VI$ ) EA* O!R4 ,AS HE WROTE1 ?IS TIMELESS /RUGGLE IS CONCRETELY REALIZ$ 9 HI/ORY AS /RUGGLES BETWE5 '! ,ROMAN & ! ,POPUL>2 ! IMP]IAL & ! F$]ALI/2 ! AU?ORIT>IAN & ! LIB]T>IAN4'.<#g#i.> ,MOREL& CONCLUDES ?AT SOCIAL AN>*ISM 'RE/S ON ! TW9 PILL>S ( EGOISM & SOCIABILITY4'.<#h.> ,CONSEQU5TLY1 & DESPITE SOCIAL AN>*ISM'S ATTEMPTS TO >TICULATE A SOCIAL VISION 9 :I* SOCIETY IS 'P]CEIV$ AS AN ORGANIC :OLE )9 :I* 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM IS M$IAT$ ?R\< SOME NOTION ( COMMUNAL 9DIVIDUALITY1'.<#h#a.> 9 PRACTICE ! ATTEMPT TO =GE A CREATIVE SYN!SIS ( SOCIALISM & LIB]ALISM RESULTS 9 AN 'IRRESOLVABLE /ALEMATE OV] ! QUE/ION ( HUMAN NATURE4'.<#h#b.> ,FROM ?IS WE MI<T CONCLUDE ?AT AL?\< SOCIAL AN>*I/S REJECT ,/IRN]'S EXTREME 9DIVIDUALISM !Y T5D NOT TO MAKE A ROOT & BRAN* CRITIQUE ( EGOISM BUT RA!R REIFY IT AS AN IMPORTANT FACET ( HUMAN ESS5CE4 

,! POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS ( ?IS G5]AL P]SPECTIVE W]E =CEFULLY EXPRESS$ BY ,BAKUN9 9 HIS ,REVOLUTION>Y ,CATE*ISM :]E HE 9SI/$ ?AT AN>*ISM 9VOLVES ! 'ABSOLUTE REJECTION ( EV]Y AU?ORITY4' ,:ILE ! NEGATIVE IMPLICATIONS ( ?IS /ATEM5T IS CLE> -- IT 9=MS AN>*ISM'S RESI/ANCE TO ALL =MS ( DOM9ATION -- IT IS LESS CLE> H[ ,BAKUN91 DESPITE HIS CLAIM ?AT =MS ( AU?ORITY >E ACCEPTABLE IF !Y >E 'IMPOS$ ON ME BY MY [N REASON1'.<#h#c.> IS ABLE TO MOVE FROM ?IS /&PO9T TO A MORE POSITIVE PROJECT ( BUILD+ A DEMOCRATIC ALT]NATIVE TO CAPITALISM4 ,9DE$1 ! WORRY ?AT ,M>XI/S HAVE AB\T ,BAKUN9'S POSITION IS ?AT HIS [N CRITICISMS ( DEMOCRACY %[ NO EVID5CE ?AT HE EV5 CONSID]$ ! POSSIBILITY ?AT IT C\LD HAVE A DEEP] SOCIAL CONT5T ?AN B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY4.<#h#d.> ,?IS AMBIGU\S RELATION%IP TO ! IDEA ( A REAL DEMOCRATIC ALT]NATIVE TO CAPITALISM SEEMS EVID5T ELSE:]E 9 AN>*ISM & IS P]HAPS BE/ EXPRESS$ BY ,MALATE/A1 :O1 DESPITE WRIT+ ?AT ! WOR/ DEMOCRACY IS PREF]ABLE TO ! BE/ DICTATOR%IP1 REMA9$ ( ! OP9ION ?AT 'DEMOCRACY IS A LIE1 IT IS OPPRESSION & IS 9 REALITY1 OLIG>*Y4'.<#h#e.> ,>GUM5TS SU* AS ?IS OP5 ! DOOR TO ,GEORGE ,WOODCOCK'S CLAIM ?AT 'NO CONCEPTION ( AN>*ISM IS F>!R FROM ! TRU? ?AN ?AT :I* REG>DS IT AS AN EXTREME =M ( DEMOCRACY4'.<#h#f.> ,SIMIL>LY1 ,URI ,GORDON HAS REC5TLY ASS]T$ ?AT AN>*ISM'S DEF5SE ( ! ABSOLUTE RI<TS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL AGA9/ ! /ATE MEANS ?AT1 DESPITE ITS CONGRU5CE ) C]TA9 ASPECTS ( DEMOCRATIC SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 IT IS BE/ UND]/OOD AS 'NOT 0DEMOCRATIC0 AT ALL4'.<#h#g.> 

,!SE >GUM5TS HAVE BE5 *ALL5G$ FROM )9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T BY1 AMONG O!RS1 ,S*MIDT & VAN D] ,WALT1 ,TODD ,MAY & ,WAYNE ,PRICE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,S*MIDT & VAN D] ,WALT1 'AN>*ISM W\LD BE NO?+ LESS ?AN ! MO/ COMPLETE REALIZATION ( DEMOCRACY1'.<#h#h.> :ILE ,MAY & ,PRICE 9SI/1 RESPECTIVELY1 ?AT AN>*ISM REPRES5TS ! DEMOCRATIC UNFOLD+ ( SOCIAL PRACTICES OR ! 'MO/ EXTREME1 CONSI/5T & ?OR\<GO+ DEMOCRACY4'.<#h#i.> ,GIV5 ! =?RI<T NATURE ( !SE CLAIMS IT IS 9T]E/+ ?AT !SE AU?ORS DO NOT ADDRESS ! K9D ( AN>*I/ CRITICISMS ( DEMOCRACY NOT$ ABOVE -- ?\< ,PRICE ADMITS ?AT '! HI/ORICAL RELATION BETWE5 AN>*ISM & DEMOCRACY IS HI<LY AMBIGU\S4'.<#i.> ,RU? ,K9NA'S DISCUSSION ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 AN>*ISM & DEMOCRACY GOES FUR!R 9 REGI/]+ ?IS PROBLEM4 ,%E PO9TS \T ?AT :ILE AN>*I/S >E DRAWN T[>DS DEMOCRATIC POLITICS1 !Y HAVE HAD LITTLE ( SUB/ANCE TO SAY AB\T DEMOCRACY BEYOND A DESIRE = CONS5SUS DECISION-MAK+4 ,& AS %E ACKN[L$GES1 ?IS APPROA* IS OP5 TO ! FAM\S CRITICISM LEVEL$ BY ,JO ,FREEMAN AT ! ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN AN>*A-FEM9I/ MOVEM5T 9 ! #a#i#fS4 ,:AT %E CALL$ ,! ,TYRANNY ( ,/RUCTURELESSNESS1.<#i#a.> OR ! ABILITY ( ! MO/ >TICULATE 7USUALLY MIDDLE CLASS7 MEMB]S ( /RUCTURELESS GR\PS TO HOLD DE FACTO P[] )9 !M4 

,9 HIS ATTEMPT TO DEVELOP ! AN>*I/ POSITION1 ,PRICE >GUES ?AT AN>*ISM & DEMOCRACY CAN BE M>RI$ ONCE IT IS RECOGNIZ$ ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 ! K9D ( P[] ?AT 'IT WILL BE NECESS>Y = ! OPPRESS$ TO TAKE' 9 ! /RUGGLE = SOCIALISM1 & '/ATE P[]4'.<#i#b.> ,AGA9/ ! BROAD CURR5T ( AN>*I/ & AUTONOMI/ ?9K+ :I* ASSOCIATES ,M>XISM ) ! IDEA ( /ATE 'SEIZURE1' ,PRICE >GUES ?AT ?IS POSITION WAS1 9 ESS5CE1 %>$ BY ,M>X & ,L594 ,9T]E/+LY1 VAN D] ,WALT SUGGE/S SOME?+ SIMIL> :5 HE >GUES ?AT ! REVOLUTION %\LD BE DEF5D$ ?R\< WORK]S' [N DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATIONS4 ,9 A REPLY TO MY [N & ,LEO ,ZEILIG'S REHE>SALS ( ! ,M>XI/ UND]/&+ ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT AS A =M ( EXTREME DEMOCRACY1 HE WRITES ?AT3 

,IF 7& ,I /RESS1 ONLY IF7 WE CONC$E SU* DEF9ITIONS1 !N WE MU/ >GUE ?AT ,BAKUN91 ,KROPOTK9 444 .<&.> ! MAJORITY ( ! BROAD AN>*I/ TRADITION W]E = ! /ATE - AT LEA/1 ?AT IS1 = ! 'WORK]S' /ATE' & = ! 'DICTATOR%IP' ( ! PROLET>IAT4.<#i#c.> 

,CLE>LY1 IT IS SAFE TO SAY ?AT ?IS /ATEM5T W\LD BE V]Y CONT5TI\S 9 AN>*I/ CIRCLES -- EV5 ,PRICE 9SI/S ?AT ,L59'S 'LIB]T>IAN 9T]PRETATION ( ,M>XISM IS CONTRADICTORY TO ! TOTALIT>IAN /ATE' HE DEVELOP$4.<#i#d.> ,NEV]!LESS1 ,PRICE & VAN D] ,WALTS'S POSITION SEEMS TO OP5 A POT5TIAL SPACE = DIALOGUE1 & ASSUM+ AN>*I/S1 LIKE ,M>XI/S1 >E ABLE TO EMBRACE ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE AS A MODEL ( SOCIALISM ANY SU* DIALOGUE MU/ AT SOME PO9T 5GAGE ) ! PROBLEM ( ADEQUATELY CONCEPTUALIZ+ IT4 

,9 A CRITIQUE ( RE=MISM1 ,5GELS FAM\SLY WROTE '( LATE1 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC PHILI/9E HAS ONCE MORE BE5 FILL$ ) :OLESOME T]ROR AT ! WORDS3 ,DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,PROLET>IAT4 ,WELL & GOOD1 G5TLEM51 DO Y\ WANT TO KN[ :AT ?IS DICTATOR%IP LOOKS LIKE8 ,LOOK AT ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 ,?AT WAS ! ,DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,PROLET>IAT4'.<#i#e.> ,! CONCEPT ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT SITS AT ! V]Y CORE ( ! DIVIDE BETWE5 ,M>XI/S & AN>*I/S1 & =MS ! BASIS = AN>*I/ CRITICISMS ( ,M>X'S '/ATE SOCIALISM4' ,! T5SION BETWE5 ! IDEA ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT & ,M>X'S VISION ( SOCIALISM FROM BEL[ WAS LABEL$ BY ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN AS '! GREAT CONTRADICTION ( ,M>XIAN SOCIALISM4'.<#i#f.> ,OBVI\SLY 'AU?ORIT>IAN1' ,DANIEL ,GU]9 >GUES ?AT ! IDEA ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT REPRES5TS ! M$IUM ?R\< :I* ! ,JACOB9 TRADITION F\ND ITS WAY 9TO MOD]N SOCIALISM4 ,9 ,M>X1 HE SUGGE/S1 ELEM5TS ( ?IS TRADITION SIT ALONGSIDE MORE LIB]T>IAN T5D5CIES4 ,AN>*ISM DEVELOP$ ! LIB]T>IAN SIDE ( SOCIALI/ !ORY1 ,GU]9 >GUES1 & ,M>XI/S G5]ALLY & ,L59 9 P>TICUL> EMBRAC$ ! MORE AU?ORIT>IAN ASPECT ( SOCIALISM4.<#i#g.> ,MORE REC5TLY ,JOHN ,HOLL[AY HAS >GU$ ?AT AL?\< CLASSICAL ,M>XI/S SU* AS ,L591 ,TROTSKY1 ,GRAMSCI & ,LUXEMBURG BELIEV$ ?AT MOD]N /ATES C\LD BE US$ = PROGRESSIVE 5DS1 9 PRACTICE ,L59 & ,TROTSKY W]E CONQU]$ BY ! /ATES !Y BELIEV$ !Y W]E MA/]+4.<#i#h.> 

,ACCORD+ TO ?IS 9T]PRETATION1 ,L59'S CLAIM ?AT 'WE DO NOT AT ALL DIFF] ) ! AN>*I/S ON ! QUE/ION ( ! ABOLITION ( ! /ATE AS AIM' IS UND]M9$ BY HIS 9SI/5CE ?AT SOCIALISM CAN ONLY BE WON ?R\< REVOLUTION 9 :I* WORK]S W\LD NE$ TEMPOR>ILY TO ORGANIZE '! 9/RUM5TS1 RES\RCES & ME?ODS ( /ATE P[] AGA9/ ! EXPLOIT]S4'.<#i#i.> ,>GUM5TS ( ?IS TYPE >E1 ( C\RSE1 A LONG-/&+ AN>*I/ CRITICISM ( ,M>X & ,M>XISM GO+ BACK AT LEA/ AS F> AS ! DEBATES 9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,BY CONTRA/1 A M9ORITY ( AN>*I/ CRITICS ( ,L59 ACCEPT ?AT IT WAS ?R\< ! CONCEPT ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT ?AT ,M>X S\<T 'A ME?OD ( A*IEV+ ! LIB]TY ?AT NEI!R FALLS 9TO *AOS NOR 9TO /ATE AU?ORITY4'.<#a.> ,I ?9K ?AT ?IS >GUM5T IS1 9 ESS5CE1 CORRECT4 ,H[EV]1 TO FULLY GRASP ,M>X'S >GUM5TS WE NE$ TO 5GAGE ) HIS HI/ORICAL CONCEPTION ( HUMAN ESS5CE4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE HIS P]SPECTIVE IS SO ALI5 TO ! LIB]AL TRADITION FROM :I* AN>*ISM BORR[S ?AT )\T MAK+ !SE ONTOLOGICAL ASSUMPTIONS EXPLICIT AN>*I/S & ,M>XI/S >E 9CL9$ TO TALK PA/ EA* O!R4 

,M>X'S CONCEPT ( HUMAN ESS5CE 

,9 %>P CONTRA/ TO EV5 SOCIAL AN>*ISM'S NATURALIZATION ( ONE OR O!R ASPECT ( MOD]N EGOISM1 WE HAVE NOT$ ?AT ONE ( ,M>X'S GREAT CONTRIBUTIONS TO SOCIAL !ORY WAS TO \TL9E ! FIR/ HI/ORICAL ACC\NT ( HUMAN ESS5CE1 ON :I* HE BUILT HIS POLITICAL !ORY4 ,9 ! ,GRUNDRISSE HE DEVELOP$ >GUM5TS HE HAD FIR/ SUGGE/$ 9 ! #a#h#dS 9 HIS CRITIQUE ( ,/IRN]4 ,HE PO9T$ \T ?AT ! FUR!R ONE LOOKS BACK 9TO HI/ORY '! MORE DOES ! 9DIVIDUAL 444 APPE> AS DEP5D5T1 AS BELONG+ TO A GREAT] :OLE4' ,?R\< PREHI/ORY & ON ?R\< PRE-CAPITALI/ MODES ( PRODUCTION1 ! 9DIVIDUAL'S S5SE ( SELF WAS M$IAT$ ?R\< FAMILIAL & CLAN UNITS4 ,CONV]SELY1 IT IS ONLY ) ! RISE ( CAPITALISM ?AT SOCIAL RELATIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE 'CONFRONT ! 9DIVIDUAL AS M]E MEANS T[>DS HIS PRIVATE PURPOSES1 AS EXT]NAL NECESSITY4'.<#a#a.> ,! 'PRIVATE 9T]E/S' ASSUM$ TO BE NATURAL BY LIB]ALS >E 9 FACT A PRODUCT ( HI/ORY4 ,!Y >E 'ALREADY A SOCIALLY DET]M9$ 9T]E/1 :I* CAN BE A*IEV$ ONLY )9 ! CONDITIONS LAID D[N BY SOCIETY & ) ! MEANS PROVID$ BY SOCIETY4'.<#a#b.> ,ALASDAIR ,MAC,9TYRE COMM5TS ?AT :]EAS 9 PRE-CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES 9DIVIDUALS CONCEIVE !MSELVES ?R\< MUTUAL RELATIONS 9VOLV+ OBLIGATIONS1 LIB]ALISM REFLECTS ! WAY ?AT 9 MOD]N CAPITALI/ SOCIETY 9DIVIDUALS APPE> 'UNCON/RA9$ BY ANY SOCIAL BONDS4'.<#a#c.> 

,IF ,M>X !RE=E HI/ORICIZES :AT LIB]ALISM TAKES AS ITS UNIV]SAL ONTOLOGICAL />T+ PO9T -- ! EGOI/IC 9DIVIDUAL -- HIS POLITICAL OPPOSITION TO LIB]ALISM IS SIMIL>LY ROOT$ 9 A HI/ORICAL CONCEPTION ( EM]G5T =MS ( SOLID>ITY & ASSOCIATION4 ,HE CLAIM$ ?AT ?\< ! DIVISION ( LABOR SEP>AT$ & FRAGM5T$ ! 'NEW FANGL$' WORK+ CLASS1.<#a#d.> ?IS CLASS'S /RUGGLE = FRE$OM TAKES A NEW =M AS A GR[+ NE$ & DESIRE = ASSOCIATION4 ,AGA9/ ANY ROMANTIC NOTION ( A NATURAL HUMAN SOLID>ITY1 HE CLAIM$ ?AT '9DIVIDUALS CANNOT GA9 MA/]Y OV] !IR [N SOCIAL 9T]CONNECTIONS BE=E !Y HAVE CREAT$ !M4' ,IF '9 E>LI] /AGES ( DEVELOPM5T ! S+LE 9DIVIDUAL SEEMS TO HAVE DEVELOP$ MORE FULLY1' ?IS WAS ONLY BECAUSE !SE 9DIVIDUALS HAD NOT YET FULLY WORK$ \T !IR MUTUAL 'RELATION%IPS4'.<#a#e.> ,BECAUSE MOD]N CAPITALISM GREATLY DEEP5S \R MUTUAL 9T]CONNECTIONS1 IT CREATES ! POT5TIAL = US TO FL\RI% AS MU* RI*] SOCIAL 9DIVIDUALS4 ,! PROBLEM ,M>X ADDRESSES IS NOT :E!R WORK]S HAVE ! CAPACITY TO RECREATE SOME PRI/9E HUMANITY \T ( !IR ALI5AT$ EXI/5CE4 ,RA!R1 HE CRITICIZES ! EXI/+ SOCIAL ORD] FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( REAL /RUGGLES AGA9/ IT1 JUDG+ ?AT WORK]S' /RUGGLES PO9T T[>DS A FULL] REALIZATION ( HUMAN FRE$OM4 ,?IS IS :Y1 AS ,HAL ,DRAP] PO9TS \T1 RA!R ?AN USE ! AB/RACT WORD SOCIALISM TO DESCRIBE !IR GOAL1 ,M>X & ,5GELS MORE USUALLY WROTE ( WORK]S' P[]4.<#a#f.> 

,M>X & ,5GELS FIR/ DREW !SE CONCLUSIONS 9 ! #a#h#dS ON ! BASIS ( !IR 5GAGEM5T ) ! ,SILESIAN WEAV]S' REVOLT1 ,*>TISM 9 ,MAN*E/]1 & SOCIALI/ CIRCLES 9 ,P>IS4.<#a#g.> ,AS ,I HAVE >GU$ ELSE:]E1 ,M>X G5]ALIZ$ FROM !SE EXP]I5CES TO >GUE ?AT 9 /RUGGL+ AGA9/ ! P[] ( CAPITAL1 WORK]S BEG9 TO CREATE MODES ( EXI/5CE :I* UND]P9 A VIRTU\S ALT]NATIVE TO EGOISM4.<#a#h.> ,?IS IS ! REASON :Y HE PLACES ! WORK+ CLASS AT ! C5T] ( HIS POLITICAL PROJECT4 ,( C\RSE ,M>X >GU$ ?AT A DEGREE ( SOCIAL SURPLUS IS A NECESS>Y PR]EQUISITE = SOCIALISM1 BUT ?IS IS A NECESS>Y NOT SUFFICI5T PR]EQUISITE4 ,BEYOND ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! =CES ( PRODUCTION1 ,M>X'S POLITICAL PROJECT IS PR$ICAT$ UPON ! EM]G5CE ( NEW SOCIAL RELATIONS :I* UND]P9 NOVEL =MS ( SOLID>ITY & COMMUNITY4 ,IT IS = ?IS REASON ?AT1 HE >GUES1 ! EXI/5CE ( ! MOD]N PROLET>IAT IS A NECESS>Y PR]EQUISITE = SOCIALISM1 & ?AT ITS EM]G5T UNITY ?R\< /RUGGLE IS ! PROCESS ?R\< :I* ?IS POT5TIAL IS REALIZ$ 9 HI/ORY4 

,! NOVELTY ( ,M>X'S MODEL ( REVOLUTION WAS BAS$ UPON HIS RECOGNITION ?AT WORK]S' UNITY C\LD ONLY BE WON ?R\< ! PROCESS ( CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,9 ,! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY HE SUGGE/$ TWO REASONS = REVOLUTION4 ,FIR/1 9 COMMON ) REVOLUTION>IES SU* AS ,ROBESPI]RE & ,BLANQUI1 HE >GU$ ?AT ! RUL+ CLASS 7& ! /ATE7 C\LD NOT BE OV]?R[N BY ANY O!R MEANS4 ,SECOND1 & MU* MORE PR(\NDLY1 HE DIFF]5TIAT$ HIS CONCEPTION ( REVOLUTION FROM ?OSE ASSOCIAT$ ) !SE E>LI] REVOLUTION>IES BY 9SI/+ ?AT '! CLASS OV]?R[+ IT CAN ONLY 9 A REVOLUTION SUCCE$ 9 RIDD+ ITSELF ( ALL ! MUCK ( AGES & BECOME FITT$ TO F\ND SOCIETY ANEW4'.<#a#i.> ,FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY IS NOT M]ELY SY/EM *ANG+1 IT IS ALSO 9DIVIDUALLY TRANS=MATIVE3 IT IS ! NECESS>Y MEANS ?R\< :I* WORK]S MAY COME TO REALIZE 9 CONSCI\SNESS !IR EM]G5T NE$S1 FIR/1 = SOLID>ITY & !N = A NEW SOCIALIZ$ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 

,MOREOV]1 BECAUSE ! REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY ?R\< :I* WORK]S TRANS=M !MSELVES IS FROM ! BOTTOM UP IT WILL NOT BE UNI=M4 ,!RE WILL1 !RE=E1 BE MORE & LESS ADVANC$ SECTIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS -- ?AT IS 7SO TO SPEAK7 VANGU>DS & RE>GU>DS4 ,ONCE ?IS SIMPLE FACT IS GRASP$ IT IS EASY TO SEE1 FIR/1 ?AT ! IDEA ( SOCIALI/ LEAD]%IP IS ACTUALLY PRESUPPOS$ BY ! CONCEPT ( SOCIALISM FROM BEL[1 &1 SECOND1 ?AT ?IS IDEA HAS LITTLE 9 COMMON ) ! C>ICATUR$ CRITIQUES ( VANGU>DISM ?AT >E ALL TOO COMMON 9 AN>*I/ CIRCLES4.<#a#a.> ,9T]E/+LY1 DESPITE WIDESPREAD RUMORS TO ! CONTR>Y1 ,L59 SAID NO?+ AB\T ! ROLE ( A ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE1 OMNIPOT5T OR O!RWISE1 9 ,:AT ,IS TO ,BE ,DONE8 ,HIS ACTUAL >GUM5T WAS MU* MORE PROSAIC3 ,RUSSIA'S DISP>ATE SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T C\LD PROGRESS FROM ITS EXI/+ FRAGM5T$ /ATE TO *ALL5GE = POLITICAL P[] IF ! V>I\S GR\PS W]E UNIFI$ ?R\< A NEWSPAP] 9TO A S+LE ORGANIZATION4.<#a#a#a.> 

,F> FROM BE+ A REHA% ( ,BLANQUISM1 ?IS G5]AL MODEL ( REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE IS BAS$ UPON ,M>X & ,5GELS' CRITIQUE ( ,BLANQUI'S ,JACOB9ISM4 ,?\< ,M>X AGRE$ ) ,BLANQUI ?AT CAPITALISM HAD MADE WORK]S UNFIT TO RULE1 HE DEP>T$ FROM ,BLANQUI'S REVOLUTION>Y ELITISM BY 9SI/+ ?AT WORK]S C\LD BECOME FIT TO RULE ?R\< ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS ITSELF3 '! CO9CID5CE ( ! *ANG+ ( CIRCUM/ANCES & ( HUMAN ACTIVITY OR SELF-*ANG+ CAN BE CONCEIV$ & RATIONALLY UND]/OOD ONLY AS REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE4'.<#a#a#b.> ,9DE$ IT WAS ! COLLECTIVE /RUGGLES 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS ?AT DID AWAY ) ! NE$ = ,BLANQUI'S ELITI/ MODEL ( 'REVOLUTION>Y DICTATOR%IP4' ,DISCUSS+ >GUM5TS PUT =W>D BY ! ,BLANQUI/S 9 ! WAKE ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE 7#a#h#g#a71 ,5GELS SUGGE/$ ?AT !Y W]E 'SOCIALI/S ONLY 9 S5TIM5T1' BECAUSE !IR MODEL ( SOCIALISM WAS NOT UND]P9N$ BY ANY?+ LIKE AN ADEQUATE ACC\NT ( EI!R ! CLASS /RUGGLE OR ( ! HI/ORICAL BASIS = SOCIALISM ITSELF4 ,HE ?US DISMISS$ ,BLANQUI'S PROPOSAL ?AT ! REVOLUTION BE A 'C\P DE MA9 BY A SMALL REVOLUTION>Y M9ORITY1' & CLAIM$ ?AT ! ,BLANQUI/ CONCEPTION ( POLITICS 9VOLV$ AN 'OBSOLETE' MODEL ( REVOLUTION AS 'DICTATOR%IP4'.<#a#a#c.> 

,IT IS BECAUSE ,M>X'S P]SPECTIVE IS ROOT$ 9 A HI/ORICAL MAT]IALI/ ANALYSIS ( ! EM]G5CE ( A NEW SOCIAL CLASS ) NOVEL NE$S & CAPACITIES 7?AT IS1 A NEW NATURE71 ?AT IT IS WOEFULLY 9ADEQUATE TO *>ACT]IZE HIS POLITICAL PROJECT 9 T]MS ( ,JACOB9ISM OR ,BLANQUISM4 ,AN>*I/ SUGGE/IONS ?AT ,M>X REPRODUC$ ONE OR O!R 79SURRECTION>Y OR RE=MI/7 =M ( /ATI/ POLITICS BETRAY A FAILURE TO RECOGNIZE H[ HIS NOVEL CONCEPTION ( HUMAN NATURE UND]P9N$ A MODEL ( ! SOCIAL ?AT ESCAP$ LIB]ALISM'S NATURALIZATION ( ! EGOISM ( CIVIL SOCIETY4 ,! CONSEQU5CES ( ?IS MISUND]/&+ >E MO/ CLE>LY APP>5T FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( DEBATES OV] :AT ,M>X & ,5GELS TOOK TO BE ! CONCRETE REALIZATION ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT3 ,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 

,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE 

,= ! PURPOSES ( ?IS ESSAY ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE LIES 9 ! LI<T IT CA/S ON ,M>X'S & ,BAKUN9'S CONCEPTIONS ( SOCIALISM4 ,= ?\< BO? :OLEHE>T$LY EMBRAC$ ! ,COMMUNE1 !Y 9T]PRET$ IT 9 V]Y DIFF]5T WAYS3 :ILE ,BAKUN9 >GU$ ?AT IT AM\NT$ TO ! ABOLITION ( POLITICS1 ,M>X CONCEIV$ IT AS ! TRANSC5D5CE ( POLITICS4.<#a#a#d.> ,?IS DIFF]5CE REFLECT$ !IR V]Y DIFF]5T CONCEPTIONS ( HUMAN NATURE4 

,)9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL ! SOCIAL CONT5T ( ! DIVISION BETWE5 ,PR\DHONI/S & ,M>XI/S CAN1 9 P>T1 BE ILLUM9AT$ BY !IR DIV]G5T CONCEPTIONS ( HUMAN NATURE4 ,:]EAS ,M>X'S CRITIQUE ( CAPITALISM WAS MADE FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! /RUGGLES ( ! 'NEW FANGL$' WORK+ CLASS1 ,PR\DHON CRITICIZ$ N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,FR5* SOCIETY = ITS DEVIATION FROM ! 'NATURAL ORD]'3 ,FRANCE HAD BECOME A 'FRACTITI\S ORD]' ) 'P>ASITE 9T]E/S1 ABNORMAL MORALS1 MON/R\S AMBITIONS1 .<&.> PREJUDICES AT V>IANCE ) COMMON S5SE4'.<#a#a#e.> ,! DOM9ANT VOICE ( SOCIALISM 9 ,FRANCE AT ! TIME WAS ,L\IS ,BLANC'S RE=MISM4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,PR\DHON1 ,BLANC WAS HEIR BO? TO ,ROBESPI]RE'S /ATISM1 & ?R\< HIM TO ! DICTATORIAL ME?ODS ( '! SC\NDREL' ,R\SSEAU4.<#a#a#f.> ,:AT !SE FIGURES %>$ WAS A COMMON FOCUS ON RE=M ?R\< ! /ATE4 ,?IS APPROA*1 OR SO ,PR\DHON BELIEV$1 CONFUS$ LEGITIMATE ) ILLEGITIMATE =MS ( AU?ORITY3 ! /ATE TRANSF]R$ PATRI>*AL AU?ORITY FROM ITS PROP] ABODE 9 ! FAMILY TO AN UNNATURAL SITUATION4.<#a#a#g.> ,?IS WAS JU/ AS TRUE ( REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S SU* AS ,BLANQUI AS IT WAS ( RE=MI/S SU* AS ,BLANC2 ,PR\DHON CLAIM$ ?AT BO? W]E C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y BECAUSE !Y FAIL$ TO SEE ?AT POLITICAL P[] & LIB]TY W]E ABSOLUTELY '9COMPATIBLE4'.<#a#a#h.> ,IT WAS AGA9/ !SE SOCIALI/S ?AT ,PR\DHON 9SI/$ ?AT ! KEY ISSUE ( ! DAY WAS NOT :I* K9D ( GOV]NM5T BUT RA!R ',GOV]NM5T OR ,NO-,GOV]NM5T1' OR ABSOLUTISM V]SUS AN>*Y1 & ! AIM ( ! REVOLUTION WAS 'TO DO AWAY ) 444 ! /ATE4'.<#a#a#i.> ,9 PLACE ( ! /ATE1 ,PR\DHON 5VISION$ A SOCIAL CONTRACT :I* WAS ! OPPOSITE ( ,R\SSEAU'S /ATISM BECAUSE IT WAS TO BE FREELY 5T]$ 9TO BY 9DEP5D5T PRODUC]S4.<#a#b.> 

,FROM #ahfg TO #ahfh ONW>DS ! TOR* ( AN>*ISM WAS TAK5 UP )9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL BY ,BAKUN94 ,HE DESCRIB$ HIS V]SION ( AN>*ISM AS ',PR\DHONISM GREATLY DEVELOP$ & PU%$ TO ITS FUR!/ CONCLUSION4'.<#a#b#a.> ,CONCRETELY1 ?IS MEANT ?AT :ILE ,BAKUN9 AGRE$ ) ,PR\DHON'S G5]AL >GUM5T ?AT NATURAL SOCIAL H>MONY WAS POSSIBLE ONLY ?R\< ! ]ADICATION ( GOV]NM5T & ! /ATE1 HE W5T FUR!R ?AN ,PR\DHON 9 A COLLECTIVI/ DIRECTION4.<#a#b#b.> ,)9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ! GAP BETWE5 ,M>X & ,BAKUN9 WAS1 9ITIALLY AT LEA/1 LESS ?AN IT HAD BE5 BETWE5 ,M>X & ,PR\DHON4.<#a#b#c.> ,H[EV]1 >EAS ( CONV]G5CE W]E SOON OV]%AD[$ BY R5EW$ DEBATES ON ! QUE/ION ( POLITICAL P[] & ! /ATE1 :]E ,BAKUN9'S POSITION 'WAS ( A PIECE ) ,PR\DHON'S4'.<#a#b#d.> ,9DE$1 ,BAKUN9 WAS KE5 TO /RESS ?AT ,M>X WAS A /ATI/ :O REPRODUC$ A TOP-D[N POLITICS ?AT HE 9H]IT$ FROM ! ,JACOB9S ?R\< ,BLANQUI4 

,DESPITE ?IS CRITICISM1 BO? ,M>X & ,BAKUN9 EMBRAC$ ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #ahga AS AN EXAMPLE ( REAL LIV+ SOCIALISM4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,BAKUN91 :]EAS '! COMMUNI/S BELIEVE IT IS NECESS>Y TO ORGANIZE ! WORK]S' =CES 9 ORD] TO SEIZE ! POLITICAL P[] ( ! ,/ATE1' '! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S ORGANIZE = ! PURPOSE ( DE/ROY+ OR -- TO PUT IT MORE POLITELY -- LIQUIDAT+ ! ,/ATE4' ,CONCRETELY1 ,BAKUN9 PROCLAIM$ HIS SUPPORT = ! ,COMMUNE NOT ONLY BECAUSE IT WAS MADE BY '! SPONTANE\S & CONT9U$ ACTION ( ! MASSES' BUT ALSO BECAUSE IT WAS ! 'NEGATION ( ! /ATE4'.<#a#b#e.> ,BY CONTRA/1 HE 9SI/$ ?AT ,M>X WAS 'A DIRECT DISCIPLE ( ,L\IS ,BLANC' & AS 'AN ,HEGELIAN1 A ,JEW1 & ,G]MAN' HE WAS BO? A 'HOPELESS /ATI/' & '/ATE COMMUNI/4'.<#a#b#f.> 

,PASS+ OV] ?IS CASUAL RACISM1 ,BAKUN9'S CRITICISM ( ,M>X ILLUM9ATES ! SOCIAL CONT5T ( ! CLAIM ?AT ,M>X WAS A /ATE SOCIALI/4 ,AT ONE LEVEL ?IS IS MANIFE/LY FALSE3 AT ! TIME ,BAKUN9 WROTE1 ,M>X HAD ALREADY WRITT5 9 A DOCUM5T PUBLI%$ UND] ! AUSPICES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ?AT ?\< '! WORK+ CLASS CANNOT SIMPLY LAY HOLD ( ! READY-MADE /ATE MA*9]Y1 & WIELD IT = ITS [N PURPOSES1' IT MU/ BE 'SMA%$4' ,NEV]!LESS1 ! RATIONAL CORE ( ,BAKUN9'S >GUM5T IS EVID5C$ BY ,M>X'S CLAIM ?AT ?\< ! ,COMMUNE WAS ! 'DIRECT ANTI!SIS TO ! ,EMPIRE' IT NEV]!LESS WAS 'A WORK+-CLASS GOV]NM5T4'.<#a#b#g.> ,! PROBLEM = ,BAKUN9 WAS ?AT ,M>X WAS PALPABLY CORRECT3 ! ,COMMUNE WAS A NOVEL =M ( GOV]NM5T & 9DE$ A NOVEL =M ( /ATE4 

,GIV5 ?IS FACT1 ! MO/ CONSI/5T WAY TO MA9TA9 ! AN>*I/ V>IANT ( AN ANTI-/ATI/ POSITION IMPLI$ DEVELOP+ A MU* MORE CRITICAL P]SPECTIVE ON ! ,COMMUNE4 ,?IS WAS ,KROPOTK9'S P]SPECTIVE4 ,HE PRODUC$ :AT WAS 9 EFFECT AN IMMAN5T CRITIQUE ( ,BAKUN9'S ANALYSIS ( ! ,COMMUNE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,PET] ,M>%ALL ! ,COMMUNE EXEMPLIFI$ NOT ,M>X'S CONCEPT ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT BUT RA!R ,BAKUN9'S 'BOLD & \TSPOK5 NEGATION ( ! /ATE4'.<#a#b#h.> ,NONE!LESS1 IT IS DIFFICULT TO RECONCILE ,BAKUN9'S SELF-IMAGE AS ! 5EMY '( EV]Y GOV]NM5T & EV]Y /ATE P[]' ) ! REALITY ?AT ! ,COMMUNE ORGANIZ$ ITSELF AS A MILIT>Y =CE OR /ATE4.<#a#b#i.> ,= ,KROPOTK9 ! ,COMMUNE'S KEY FAIL+ WAS ITS EMBRACE ( A REPRES5TATIVE /RUCTURE1 :I* MEANT ?AT IT REPRODUC$ ! TYPICAL VICES ( P>LIAM5T>Y GOV]NM5TS4 ,! WEAKNESSES ( ! ,COMMUNE1 HE 9SI/$1 W]E DUE NOT TO ! M5 :O L$ IT BUT TO ! 'SY/EM' IT EMBRAC$4.<#a#c.> 

,IF ,KROPOTK9'S COMM5TS PO9T TO AN>*I/ DIFFICULTIES ) ! ,COMMUNE1 ,M>X %[S ?AT TO EMBRACE ! ,COMMUNE 9VOLV$ EMBRAC+ A NOVEL =M ( /ATE4 ,HE WAS ABLE TO SQU>E ?IS P]SPECTIVE ) HIS [N ANTI-/ATI/ 9SI/5CE ?AT SOCIALISM C\LD ONLY COME ?R\< ! SMA%+ ( ! OLD /ATE ON ! BASIS ( A DEEP] CONCEPTION ( ! SOCIAL4 ,?US 9 A DRAFT ( ,! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE HE DESCRIB$ ! ,COMMUNE 9 LANGUAGE REM9ISC5T ( ?AT HE DEPLOY$ 9 ! #a#h#dS3 

,! ,COMMUNE -- ! REABSORPTION ( ! ,/ATE P[] BY SOCIETY1 AS ITS [N LIV+ =CES 9/EAD ( AS =CES CONTROLL+ & SUBDU+ IT1 BY ! POPUL> MASSES !MSELVES1 =M+ !IR [N =CE 9/EAD ( ! ORGANIZ$ =CE ( !IR SUPPRESSION -- ! POLITICAL =M ( !IR SOCIAL EMANCIPATION1 9/EAD ( ! >TIFICIAL =CE 7APPROPRIAT$ BY !IR OPPRESSORS7 7!IR [N =CE OPPOS$ TO & ORGANIZ$ AGA9/ !M7 ( SOCIETY WIELD$ = !IR OPPRESSION BY !IR 5EMIES4 ,! =M WAS SIMPLE LIKE ALL GREAT ?+S4.<#a#c#a.> 

,?IS >GUM5T SUGGE/S ,BAKUN9'S *>GE ?AT ,M>X WAS A ,JACOB9 OR ,BLANQUI/ WAS NOT SIMPLY WRONG 7?\< IT CLE>LY WAS7 BUT RA!R 9VOLV$ A COMPLETE MISUND]/&+ ( ,M>X'S PROJECT4 ,IT IS NOT M]ELY ?AT = ,M>X ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT MEANT ! RULE ( ! WORK+ CLASS RA!R ?AN A DICTATOR%IP ( AN ELITE1.<#a#c#b.> MORE IMPORTANTLY ,BAKUN9'S CRITICISM DOES NOT BEG9 TO RISE TO ! LEVEL DEM&$ ( ! !ORETICAL BREAK?R\< UND]P9N+ ,M>X'S POSITION4 ,IF1 FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! EGOI/IC 9DIVIDUAL1 ! DEM& TO SMA% ! /ATE CAN ONLY BE UND]/OOD NEGATIVELY AS ! REMOVAL ( PUBLIC P[]1 ,M>X'S HI/ORICIZ$ CONCEPTION ( HUMAN NATURE -- HIS 'NEW MAT]IALISM'.<#a#c#c.> -- ALL[$ HIM A MU* MORE POSITIVE 9T]PRETATION ( ?IS CONCEPT3 IT W\LD 9VOLVE NOT M]ELY ! REMOVAL ( AN ALI5 =M ( PUBLIC P[] ?AT /&S OV] SOCIETY BUT ALSO ITS REPLACEM5T BY A PUBLIC AU?ORITY ?AT IS 'RE-ABSORB$' 9TO SOCIETY4 

,UN=TUNATELY1 ,BAKUN9'S FAILURE TO UND]/& ,M>X IS A RECURR+ *>ACT]I/IC ( AN>*I/ CRITICISMS ( HIS WORK4 ,= 9/ANCE1 ,PET] ,M>%ALL IS SO CAU<T UP 9 IS RHETORIC AB\T ,M>X'S /ATISM ?AT HE IS QUITE UNABLE TO COMPREH5D H[ ,M>X1 ,5GELS1 ,L591 ,TROTSKY & ,LUXEMBURG C\LD EMBRACE ! ,COMMUNE AS A MODEL ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT EXCEPT AS AN 'IRONY ( HI/ORY4'.<#a#c#d.> 

,9T]E/+LY1 ?IS 9ABILITY TO GRASP ! NOVEL SOCIAL CONT5T ( ,M>X'S ANTI-/ATISM 9=MS ! T5D5CY )9 AN>*ISM TO CONFLATE ,M>XISM & SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & ?US TO MISUND]/& BO? ! BREAK BETWE5 ! TWO T[>DS ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 & CONV]SELY ! PR(UNDITY ( ,L59'S R5EWAL ( ,M>XISM AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4.<#a#c#e.> ,:]EAS ,M>X & ,5GELS 9SI/$ ?AT SOCIALISM C\LD ONLY BE WON ?R\< A REVOLUTION>Y 'SMA%+' ( ! OLD /ATE1 ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY EVOLV$ ON ! BASIS ( FUDG+ ?IS QUE/ION4 ,?US AT BO? ! ,GO?A CONF]5CE 7#a#h#g#e7 & ! ,]FURT ,CONF]5CE 7#a#h#i#b7 ! P>TY ELID$ OV] :AT ,5GELS CLAIM$ WAS ! MA9 ISSUE1 ?AT '\R P>TY & ! WORK+ CLASS CAN ONLY COME TO P[] UND] ! =M ( A DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC4 ,?IS IS EV5 ! SPECIFIC =M ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT4'.<#a#c#f.> 

,IT WAS ONE ( ,L59'S GREAT CONTRIBUTIONS TO ,M>XISM TO RECOGNIZE ?AT ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY'S RE=MISM 7/ATISM7 HAD ROOTS 9 ?IS ELISION OV] ! ISSUE ( /ATE P[]4.<#a#c#g.> ,CONSEQU5TLY1 HIS CRITIQUE ( ,KAUTSKYISM OP5S A SPACE = A P[]FUL *ALL5GE TO ,MI*ELS' ATTEMPT TO DEPLOY ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY AS A PROXY = ,M>XISM4 ,=1 DESPITE ITS RHETORIC1 ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY WAS A RE=MI/ ORGANIZATION1 & RA!R ?AN ,MI*ELS PROV+ ! IRON LAW ( OLIG>*Y TO BE ( UNIV]SAL SIGNIFICANCE1 HE M]ELY %[$1 AS ,COL9 ,B>K] HAS >GU$1 ?AT IT APPLIES TO ?OSE MOD]N P>TIES :I* AIM TO W9 /ATE P[]4 ,IT IS BECAUSE ,M>X'S PROJECT CANNOT BE R$UC$ TO !SE T]MS ?AT ,MI*ELS' CRITIQUE MISSES ITS T>GET4.<#a#c#h.> ,& TO ! EXT5T ?AT AN>*I/S %>E ,MI*ELS' CONFLATION ( ,M>XISM & SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 !Y TOO MISS !IR M>K4 ,9DE$1 IT IS NOT SO MU* ?AT AN>*I/S DISAGREE ) ,M>X ON ! /ATE AS !Y MISUND]/& HIS PROJECT1 & ?IS HELPS EXPLA9 ! T5D5CY = AN>*I/S & ,M>XI/S TO TALK PA/ EA* O!R4 

,CONCLUSION 

,9 A BRILLIANT E>LY ESSAY1 ,GRAMSCI MADE ! 9T]E/+ SUGGE/ION ?AT AN>*ISM WAS A UNIV]SAL & ELEM5TAL =M ( OPPOSITION TO OPPRESSION4 ,HE >GU$ ?AT1 BECAUSE 'CLASS OPPRESSION HAS BE5 EMBODI$ 9 ! /ATE1 AN>*ISM IS ! BASIC SUBV]SIVE CONCEPTION ?AT LAYS ALL ! SUFF]+ ( ! OPPRESS$ CLASS AT ! FEET ( ! /ATE4' ,H[EV]1 HE NOT$ ?AT BECAUSE DIFF]5T /ATES HAVE /RUCTUR$ DIFF]5T =MS ( OPPRESSION ! CONCRETE =M ( 'AN>*ISM'S' VICTORY IS DI/9CT 9 EA* DET]M9ATE EPO*3 EA* NEW CLASS SUB/ANTIATES 'ITS [N FRE$OM4' ,FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 ! B\RGEOISIE HAD BE5 ! 'AN>*I/' OPPON5T ( ! FEUDAL /ATE1 & !IR VICTORY WAS ! VICTORY ( LIB]ALISM3 ! FRE$OM ( FREE TRADE4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ! 'AN>*I/' OPPON5T ( ! MOD]N B\RGEOIS /ATE IS ! WORK+ CLASS :OSE VICTORY TAKES ! =M ( ',M>XI/ COMMUNISM4'.<#a#c#i.> 

,:]EAS ,GRAMSCI'S >GUM5T ASSUMES SOME?+ LIKE ,M>X'S HI/ORICISATION ( ! CONCEPT ( HUMAN ESS5CE_/FRE$OM1 AN>*ISM'S R$UCTION ( ,M>X'S POLITICS TO A NEW =M ( /ATISM ILLUM9ATES ITS [N UND]/&+ ( HUMAN ESS5CE4 ,AS WE HAVE SE51 SOCIAL AN>*ISM EMB$S ONE OR O!R V>IATIONS ON ! LIB]AL CONCEPTION ( 9DIVIDUAL EGOISM_/FRE$OM1 & ?IS 9=MS ! P>ALLELS BETWE5 ITS CRITIQUE ( ,M>XISM & ,ACTON'S & ,MI*ELS' COMM5TS ON P[] & OLIG>*Y4 ,! PROBLEM = AN>*ISM ) ?IS P]SPECTIVE IS ?AT LIB]ALISM FALSELY UNIV]SALIZES A DEF9ITE1 HI/ORICAL CONCEPTION ( HUMAN ESS5CE1 & ?IS IDEA ( ESS5CE ACTS AS A FUNDAM5TAL B>RI] TO CONCEPTUALIZ+ A REAL DEMOCRATIC ALT]NATIVE TO CAPITALISM4 ,9DE$1 ,BAKUN9'S A PRIORI COMM5TS ON ,M>XISM AS A PROSPECTIVE 'R$ BUREAUCRACY' REFLECT NOT A P]CEPTIVE GRASP ON REALITY BUT RA!R ! FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIAT$ ) CONCEIV+ DEMOCRACY FROM AN AN>*I/ P]SPECTIVE & ?US ! LIMITATIONS ( AN>*ISM AS AN ANTI-CAPITALI/ IDEOLOGY4 ,AS ,DAVID ,MORL& SUGGE/S1 '! RATIONALE BEH9D ! AN>*I/ OBJECTION TO ,M>XISM IS1 TO PUT IT V]Y SIMPLY1 ?AT ,M>XI/-,L59I/S HAVE MISUND]/OOD HUMAN NATURE4 ,!RE IS1 AN>*I/S CAUTION1 A LU/ = P[] 9 HUMANK9D ?AT WILL JEOP>DIZE ! V]Y \TCOME ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS ITSELF4'.<#a#d.> ,?IS SUGGE/S1 NOT)/&+ ,M>X'S NOM9AL CONV]G5CE ) AN>*ISM OV] ! DESIRE TO 'SMA%' ! /ATE1 ?AT IT W\LD BE WRONG TO CLAIM ?AT ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 !M W]E ( A M]ELY TACTICAL K9D4.<#a#d#a.> ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 BECAUSE ! AN>*I/S DO NOT HAVE1 AS DID ,M>X1 A HI/ORICAL CONCEPTION ( HUMAN NATURE1 !Y DO NOT UND]/&1 AS HE DID1 ! OV]?R[ ( ! /ATE TO MEAN ?AT 'SOCIALIZ$ MAN 444 MAN FREELY ASSOCIAT$ ) HIS FELL[S1 C\LD CONTROL ! TOTALITY ( HIS SOCIAL EXI/5CE1 & BECOME MA/] ( HIS [N 5VIRONM5T & ACTIVITY4'.<#a#d#b.> 

,FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 AN>*ISM IS BE/ UND]/OOD AS SITT+ AT A POLITICAL =K 9 ! ROAD3 TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT REMA9S A MIX ( A SOCIALI/ CRITIQUE ( CAPITALISM & A LIB]AL CRITIQUE ( COMMUNISM IT IS LIMIT$ TO A =M ( P]PETUAL OPPOSITION4 ,( C\RSE IT IS POSSIBLE TO TAKE ! RI<T-H& ROAD FROM ?IS =K T[>DS A TYPE ( RADICAL LIB]ALISM -- ?IS IS EFFECTIVELY ! SUB/ANCE ( ,BOOK*9'S *>GE AGA9/ LIFE/YLE AN>*ISM4.<#a#d#c.> ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! DEMOCRATIC IMPULSE BEH9D CLASS-/RUGGLE AN>*ISM T5DS T[>DS ,M>XISM4 ,TO REALIZE ! POT5TIAL ( ?IS MOVEM5T DEM&S BO? ?AT WE UNPICK ,M>X'S ANTI-/ATISM FROM ITS C>ICATUR$ DI/ORTION AT ! H&S ( ! ,/AL9I/S & ?AT WE RECON/RUCT HIS POSITIVE DEMOCRATIC ALT]NATIVE TO ALI5AT$ CAPITALI/ POLITICS4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,I/VAN ,MESZ>OS1 '! C5TRAL !ME ( ,M>X'S MORAL !ORY IS H[ TO REALIZE HUMAN FRE$OM' AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM ( ALI5ATION4.<#a#d#d.> ,! SOCIAL CONT5T ( ?IS CONCEPTION ( FRE$OM IS1 ACCORD+ TO ,GEORGE ,BR5K]T1 A MODEL ( SOCIAL SELF-DET]M9ATION ?R\< DEMOCRACY4.<#a#d#e.> ,! REALIZATION ( ?IS PROJECT ASSUMES A HI/ORICAL MODEL ( HUMAN ESS5CE :I* D5ATURALIZES BO? ! EX*ANGE RELATIONS *>ACT]I/IC ( CIVIL SOCIETY & ! LIB]AL CONCEPTION ( ! SOCIAL AS AN ALI5 P[]4 ,SO1 :]EAS LIB]ALISM CAN CONCEIVE ! /ATE ONLY AS AN ALI5 P[]1 ,M>X'S MODEL 9=MS HIS CLAIM ?AT FRE$OM CONSI/S '9 CONV]T+ ! /ATE FROM AN ORGAN SUP]IMPOS$ UPON SOCIETY 9TO ONE COMPLETELY SUBORD9ATE TO IT4'.<#a#d#f.> ,F> FROM BE+ A '/ATI/' PROJECT1 ?IS GOAL ASSUMES ! EXI/+ /ATE MU/ BE 'SMA%$' & REPLAC$ BY ORGANS ( WORK]S' P[]4 ,SURELY AU?ORIT>IAN 9 ! S5SE ?AT SU* AN ORGANIZATION MU/ AIM AT SUPPRESS+ ! C\NT]REVOLUTION1 ,M>X'S GOAL WAS1 AS ,H]B]T ,M>CUSE 9SI/$1 ! DEMOCRATIZATION ( AU?ORITY BAS$ UPON ! EM]G5CE ( A NEW CLASS ROOT$ 9 NEW RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION & ) A NEW NE$ & DESIRE = SOLID>ITY4.<#a#d#g.> ,CLASS-/RUGGLE AN>*ISM IS P>T ( ?IS MOVEM5T1 BUT IT IS H9D]$ 9 REALIZ+ ITS POT5TIAL BY ITS 9H]ITANCE FROM LIB]ALISM4 ,M>X PO9T$ BEYOND ?IS 9H]ITANCE1 & CLASS-/RUGGLE AN>*ISM W\LD DO WELL TO RE5GAGE ) HIS POLITICAL !ORY TO DEVELOP ITS [N4 

,NOTES 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#g1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #b -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/