,*APT] #ad ,SITUAT+ ,H>DT & ,NEGRI ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX ,PRI*>D ,AU?OR 3 ,&REW ,CORNELL ,AU?OR 3 ,B5OIT ,*ALL& ,AU?OR 3 ,C>L ,LEVY ,TEXT 3 #a#d4 ,SITUAT+ ,H>DT & ,NEGRI ,DAVID ,BATES ,9TRODUCTION ,TO :AT EXT5T IS IT POSSIBLE TO SITUATE ,H>DT & ,NEGRI'S ?\E !Y BE/ REG>D$ AS 'AN>*I/S1' 'SOCIALI/S1' 'COMMUNI/S1' ',M>XI/S1' ',L59I/S1' 'PO/-,M>XI/S' OR 'PO/-AN>*I/S'8 ,ANSW]+ ?IS QUE/ION IS NO M]E 9TELLECTUAL EX]CISE4 ,AS ,WITTG5/E9 ONCE REM>K$1 'WORDS >E DE$S4'.<#a#f#b.> ,ON ! RADICAL ,LEFT1 MU* BLOOD HAS BE5 SPILL$ ?R\< ?OSE DE$S1 C>E]S 5D$ & REPUTATIONS %ATT]$4 ,( C\RSE1 TODAY A GREAT DEAL IS MADE ( ! CLAIM ?AT WE LIVE 9 'PO/-IDEOLOGICAL' TIMES1 'NEW TIMES' :]E 'CLASS /RUGGLE' DOES NOT HAVE ! IMPORTANCE IT ONCE HAD2 PO/MOD]N TIMES1 :]E MEAN+S & ID5TITIES >E CON/ANTLY SUBJECT TO ! CONTE/ATION ( 'DISC\RSE4' ,N[1 :ILE ! CO/S ( LABEL+ >E NOT :AT !Y ONCE W]E1 !RE >E /ILL CO/S4 ,LABEL+ 9/IGATES A K9D ( 'SYMBOLIC VIOL5CE' OV] DISCURSIVE SPACE4 ,RIVAL IDEOLOGIES >E CON/RUCT$ AS '/RAW M51' AS 'CRUDE1' 'NAIVE1' AS 'ELITI/' OR 'AU?ORIT>IAN' & SO ON4 ,?IS PROCESS NEGLECTS ANY PHILOSOPHICAL SOPHI/ICATION1 COMMON GR\ND1 OR 9DE$ ! 9T]P5ETRATION ( 'RIVAL IDEOLOGIES4' ,ONE DANG] ( LABEL+ IS ?AT WE MOVE BEYOND HEAL?Y CRITICISM TO A DESIRE TO RELEGATE \R !ORETICAL 9T]LOCUTORS TO ! /ATUS ( ! 'O!R4' ,ACCORD+LY1 !Y BECOME AN OPPON5T WE SEEK TO DISMISS1 9 ORD] TO GIVE POSITIVE ID5TITY TO \RSELVES1 RA!R ?AN A POT5TIAL ALLY 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! EXPLOITATIVE ME*ANISMS ( GLOBAL CAPITALISM4 ,:]E LABEL+ IS ALSO CONNECT$ ) ! CON/RUCTION ( OR?ODOXIES1 IT CAN LEAD TO :AT ,SK9N] HAS T]M$ A 'MY?OLOGY ( COH]5CE' 7& ( 9COH]5CE7 PRODUC$ (T5 BY ?OSE WI%+ TO DEF5D ! 9TEGRITY ( !IR SPECIFIC IDEOLOGICAL PROJECTS4.<#a#f#c.> ,:ILE SEEK+ TO AVOID ! EXCESSES ( SU* 'SYMBOLIC VIOL5CE1' ?IS *APT] AIMS TO LOCATE ,H>DT & ,NEGRI'S WORK )9 ! CROSS-CUTT+ CURR5TS ( MOD]N SOCIALISM1 & CRUCIALLY TO UND]/& ! LABEL+ /RATEGIES :I* !Y !MSELVES DEPLOY 9 ! FIELD ( REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS4 ,:Y SPECIFICALLY1 DO !Y F9D IT NECESS>Y TO REJECT ! LABEL ( 'AN>*ISM'8 ,:Y DO !Y MAKE (T5 RA!R CRYPTIC REF]5CE TO ',L59ISM'8 ,:AT GAME >E !Y PLAY+1 & :Y DO !Y FEEL A NE$ TO PLAY IT8 ,:AT >E !IR 9T5TIONS8 ,H[ CAN WE READ ,H>DT & ,NEGRI8 ,ANTONIO ,NEGRI HAS PAID A HI<] PRICE ?AN MO/ 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ GLOBAL CAPITALISM & WE CAN LE>N A GREAT DEAL BO? FROM HIS WORK & ACTIVISM4.<#a#f#d.> ,?AT SAID1 9 :AT FOLL[S ,I WILL SUBJECT HIS WORK -- ALONG ) ,MI*AEL ,H>DT'S -- TO A ROBU/ CRITIQUE1 DRAW+ ON ,M>XI/1 AN>*I/1 PO/-,M>XI/1 & PO/-AN>*I/ ?9K+1 SO AS TO ASSESS ! COG5CY ( !IR >GUM5TS 9 ! CONTEXT ( RADICAL POLITICS TODAY4 ,LABELS & ! ,LEFT ,H>DT & ,NEGRI >E DIFFICULT AU?ORS TO SITUATE4 ,! IMM$IATE CONTEXT 9 :I* ,NEGRI'S WORK EM]G$ WAS ! ,ITALIAN AUTONOMI/ MOVEM5T ( ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS1 A MOVEM5T 9 :I* HE WAS ONE ( ! LEAD+ 9TELLECTUALS4 ,AUTONOMISM HAS BE5 VIEW$ BY SU* DIV]SE FIGURES AS ,BOLOGNA & ,CALL9COS AS EMBODY+ AN ATTEMPT TO 'REFUSE' OR 'REJECT' ! RULE ( ! ,L59I/ P>TY MODEL 9 ! CONTEXT ( CONTEMPOR>Y REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS4.<#a#f#e.> ,?IS *ALL5GE TO ,L59ISM -- P]HAPS 9 P>T AS A RESULT ( ! WEAKNESS ( ,ITALIAN ,TROTSKYISM -- RESULT$ 9 A /RONG LIB]T>IAN ANTI-/ATI/ ASPECT 9 AUTONOMI/ ?\TICUL>4.<#a#f#f.> ,MOREOV]1 WE SEE 9 ,NEGRI'S MORE REC5T WORK ) ,H>DT1 ! COMB9ATION ( ?IS ) AN EMPHASIS ON ?AT OLD ,M>XIAN FOE ! 'LUMP5PROLET>IAT4' ,ACCORD+LY1 ! WELL-RESPECT$ S*OL> ( ,M>XISM ,DAVID ,MC,LELLAN1 & ! PO/-AN>*I/ ,S4 ,NEWMAN1 HAVE EA* REG>D$ ,H>DT & ,NEGRI AS AT LEA/ UNACKN[L$G$ AN>*I/S1 ALBEIT = ,NEWMAN ( A PO/-AN>*I/ FLAVOR4.<#a#f#g.> ,YET ,H>DT & ,NEGRI HAVE REFUS$ ! LABEL ( 'AN>*I/4' ,!Y HAVE WRITT53 ',NO1 WE >E NOT AN>*I/S BUT COMMUNI/S4'.<#a#f#h.> ,?IS REFUSAL ALSO LEADS ,H>DT & ,NEGRI TO ADOPT A COMPLEX RESPONSE TO ! DISC\RSE ( ,L59ISM1 ONE :I* -- 9 CONTRA/ TO ,BOLOGNA -- GOES BEYOND SIMPLE 'REFUSAL4' ,RA!R1 ,L59 IS TREAT$ AS '! MO/ COMPLETE REPRES5TATION ( 444 ! 0ACTUALITY ( ! REVOLUTION4'0.<#a#f#i.> ,9DE$1 9 ,EMPIRE1 ,H>DT & ,NEGRI HAVE WRITT5 ( AN 'ALT]NATIVE IMPLICIT 9 ,L59'S WORK3 EI!R WORLD COMMUNI/ REVOLUTION OR ,EMPIRE'4.<#a#g.> ,! QUE/ION TO BE ADDRESS$ H]E IS ':AT IS ! PRACTICE ( !SE /ATEM5TS8' ,ELSE:]E1 ,NEGRI HAS WRITT5 -- ?IS TIME V]Y CLE>LY3 ,TO ME1 ,L59ISM IS ! PRICE WE PAID = ! POLITICAL COMPOSITION ( ! ,ITALIAN PROLET>IAT4 ,!RE WAS NO WAY TO TALK POLITICS O!R ?AN VIA ,L59ISM4444 ,IT WAS ! CLASS L+UA FRANCA3 IT C\LD CAUSE TR\BLE1 BUT Y\ C\LD MAKE HEADWAY ) ! CLASS 7& ) NO ONE ELSE7 ONLY BY US+ IT4.<#a#g#a.> ,& ( C\RSE1 ?IS 'L+UA FRANCA' IS ANTI-AN>*I/ TO ! V]Y CORE4 ,TO UND]/& ?IS 9 MORE DETAIL1 WE NE$ TO LOOK FIR/ AT ! NATURE & PRACTICE ( ! 'DIVIDE' BETWE5 AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM1 & !N H[ ?IS CAME TO FE$ 9 TO ! DISC\RSE ( ,M>XISM-,L59ISM4 ,?IS DIVIDE IS NOT ILLUSORY4 ,!RE >E SOME V]Y REAL DIFF]5CES BETWE5 AN>*I/ & ,M>XI/ APPROA*ES4 ,BUT SU* DIFF]5CES >E HEITY L9E4' ,TO A*IEVE ?IS1 A 'RETURN' TO ,M>X WAS (T5 VIEW$ AS ! ONLY 'SCI5TIFIC' WAY =W>D4 ,?IS 'RETURN' 9EVITABLY FOCUSES ON ,M>X'S HO/ILE POLEMICS ) ,PR\DHON & ,BAKUN91 & H5CE A CLE> CRITICAL L9E COMES DO BE DRAWN BETWE5 ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM4 ,YET IT MU/ BE PO9T$ \T -- ALBEIT BRIEFLY -- ?AT !SE POLEMICS W]E COMPLEX 9 NATURE4 ,?US1 :ILE IT IS ! CASE ?AT ,M>X CAME TO CRITICIZE ! 'PETTY-B\RGEOIS' & 'NON-DIALECTICAL' *>ACT] ( ,PR\DHON'S WORK1.<#a#g#b.> HE HAD E>LI] REG>D$ ,PR\DHON'S #ahd TEXT ,:AT ,IS ,PROP]TY8 AS A GREAT SCI5TIFIC ADVANCE4.<#a#g#c.> ,&1 :ILE ,M>X WROTE ( ,BAKUN9 ?AT3 ',HE DOES NOT UND]/& A ?+ AB\T SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 ONLY ! POLITICAL PHRASES AB\T IT2 ITS ECONOMIC CONDITIONS DO NOT EXI/ = HIM1'.<#a#g#d.> HE HAD ALSO CONSID]$ !RE TO BE MANY ADVANCES 9 ,BAKUN9'S E>LY ECONOMIC MAT]IALISM4 ,& ,BAKUN9 = HIS P>T HAD WRITT5 ( ,M>X ?AT HE 'ADVANC$ & PROV$ ! 9CONTROV]TIBLE TRU?1 CONFIRM$ BY ! 5TIRE PA/ & PRES5T HI/ORY ( HUMAN SOCIETY1 NATIONS & /ATES1 ?AT ECONOMIC FACT HAS ALWAYS PREC$$ LEGAL & POLITICAL RI ,9DE$1 WE MIX & ,BAKUN9 OPPOS$ ! 9/ITUTION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY2 BO? W]E COMMITT$ TO ! REVOLUTION>Y OV]?R[ ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION2 BO? CONSID]$ ECONOMIC CONFLICT -- SPECIFICALLY CLASS /RUGGLE -- TO BE A FUNDAM5TAL DRIV+ =CE ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T2 BO? ?\IAN SELF-EMANCIPATION AS A NECESS>Y FEATURE ( ! =?COM+ SOCIAL REVOLUTION4.<#a#g#f.> ,YET1 A CLE> TEXTUAL BASIS = ! CON/RUCTION ( ! (FICIAL /ATE IDEOLOGY ( ,M>XISM-,L59ISM CAME TO BE VIEW$ AS SELF-EVID5T4 ,CONSID] H[ 9 HIS #aia ,!SIS ON ,AN>*ISM & ,SOCIALISM1 ,L59 WROTE ?AT3 ',AN>*ISM1 9 ! C\RSE ( ! #ce TO #d YE>S 7,BAKUN9 & ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 #a#h#f7 ( ITS EXI/5CE 7& ) ,/IRN] 9CLUD$1 9 ! C\RSE ( MANY MORE YE>S7 HAS PRODUC$ NO?+ BUT G5]AL PLATITUDES AGA9/ EXPLOITATION4'.<#a#g#g.> ,= ,L591 AN>*ISM FAIL$ TO UND]/& ! 'CAUSES' ( ?IS EXPLOITATION4 ,9 #a#i#e1 HE WROTE ?AT3 ',! PHILOSOPHY ( ! AN>*I/S IS B\RGEOIS PHILOSOPHY TURN$ 9SIDE \T4 ,!IR 9DIVIDUALI/IC !ORIES & !IR 9DIVIDUALI/IC IDEAL >E ! V]Y OPPOSITE ( SOCIALISM4'.<#a#g#h.> ,SIMIL>LY1 9 #a#i#a#b1 AT ! ,ITALIAN ,SOCIALI/ ,CONGRESS1 HE CLAIM$ ?AT ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T WAS 'RAPIDLY RIDD+ ITSELF ( ! SICKNESS 444 ( AN>*ISM4'.<#a#g#i.> ,! WORDS ( ,L59 CAN BE SITUAT$ H]E 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! C5TRALI/ !ORY ( ORGANIZATION ?AT HE HAD >TICULAT$ 9 TEXTS SU* AS ,:AT ,IS TO ,BE ,DONE8 7#a#i#b71 & ,ONE ,/EP ,=W>DS1 ,TWO ,/EPS ,BACKW>DS 7#a#i#d74.<#a#h.> ,H]E ,L591 AS IS WELL KN[N1 PUT =W>D ! CONTROV]SIAL !SIS -- BUILD+ ON ! >GUM5TS ( ,KAUTSKY -- ?AT ! WORK+ CLASSES1 LEFT TO !IR [N DEVICES1 W\LD NEV] REA* BEYOND 'TRADE UNION CONSCI\SNESS4' ,POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS CAME TO ! CLASS FROM \TSIDE ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE1 ! VEHICLE ( REVOLUTION>Y !ORY BE+ P>TY 9TELLECTUALS4 ,AL?\< AN>*I/S HAVE (T5 SEIZ$ ON ?IS TO EXPLA9 ! DEVIATIONS ( ! ,SOVIET SY/EM1 A FEW WORDS ( CAUTION MU/ BE MADE4 ,FIR/1 IT W\LD BE A MI/AKE TO >GUE ?AT !RE IS A SIMPLE CONT9UITY BETWE5 ,L59ISM & ,/AL9ISM4 ,AFT] ALL 9 #aibb ,L59 /AT$ 9 HIS ',LA/ ,TE/AM5T' ?AT ',COMRADE ,/AL9 .<444.> HAS UNLIMIT$ AU?ORITY CONC5TRAT$ 9 HIS H&S1 & ,I AM NOT SURE :E!R HE WILL ALWAYS BE CAPABLE ( US+ ?AT AU?ORITY ) SUFFICI5T CAUTION4'.<#a#h#a.> ,SECOND -- A FACT IGNOR$ BY ! ,/AL9I/S -- ,L59'S VIEW WAS AM5ABLE TO *ANGE4 ,BLOODY ,SUNDAY 9 #aie HAD HELP$ TO MOBILIZE ! MASSES AGA9/ ! ,CZ>I/ /ATE4 ,& 9 ,! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION 7WRITT5 BETWE5 ,AUGU/ & ,SEPTEMB] ( #a#i#a#g71 ,L59 HAD /AT$ ! CASE = A MORE OP5 =M ( ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE1 & 9DE$ = ! RAPID ABOLITION ( ! /ATE4.<#a#h#b.> ,( C\RSE PO/-REVOLUTION>Y HI/ORY L$ TO DIFF]5T \TCOMES4 ,! 'NEW DAWN' AFT] ,OCTOB] #aiag WAS RAPIDLY TO PASS1 AS ! POLITICAL & IDEOLOGICAL DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! COMMUNI/S & ! AN>*I/S CAME TO BE ACC5TUAT$4 ,! ,L59I/ ATTEMPT TO E/ABLI% HEGEMONY OV] ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T L$ TO SUPPRESSION ( ALT]NATIVE VOICES4 ,?IS BR+S US BACK TO ,NEGRI'S PO9T AB\T ! 'PRICE' ( ,L59ISM -- = ONE PRICE WAS UND\BT$LY HIS 7& ,H>DT'S7 REFUSAL ( ! LABEL AN>*ISM4 ,9TELLECTUALLY1 TOO1 ! PRICE WAS ! DI%ONE/Y -- H[EV] 'NECESS>Y' -- ( DOGMA4 ,9DE$1 IT W\LD BE A DI/ORTION TO ?9K ( ,L59'S VIEW ( REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION AS BE+ HEGEMONIC1 EV5 AMONG COMMUNI/S4 ,TROTSKY & O!RS HAD V]Y DIFF]5T VIEWS4 ,REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XI/S SU* AS ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG VOIC$ SIGNIFICANT CONC]NS AB\T ! TYPE ( C5TRALISM ADVOCAT$ BY ,L591 QUE/ION+ SPECIFICALLY ITS SUITABILITY EV5 = ',RUSSIAN CONDITIONS4'.<#a#h#c.> ,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT ,LUXEMBURG WAS A 'NAIVE' SPONTANEI/2 C]TA9LY1 %E HAD FAI? 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL ( ! PROLET>IAT1 BUT ?IS WAS A SPONTANEITY 9 A DEF9ITE MAT]IAL CONTEXT1 & ) A CLE> & DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE1 S]V+ TO MILITATE AGA9/ ! POSSIBLE EXCESSES ( C5TRALIZ$ P>TY /RUCTURES4 ,NEGRI'S 'OR?ODOXY' IS F> FROM ! USUAL K9D2 !RE IS NO 'APPLICATION' ( ,L59'S !ORY4 ,RA!R1 ,NEGRI CLAIMS TO RE?9K ! 'CONTEMPORANEITY' ( ,L591 A ,L59ISM = ! EPO* ( GLOBAL CAPITALISM1 A ,L59 :OSE ANALYSIS %IFTS 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! SPECIFICITY ( ! CONTEXT 9 :I* HE IS EMB$D$1 BUT :O NEV]!LESS 5ABLES US TO '?9K' REVOLUTION>Y SUBJECTIVITY4 ,9DE$1 ,NEGRI'S ACC\NT ( ,L59 9VOLVES P]IODIZATION4 ,?US WE HAVE ! ,L59 ( #a#h#i-#a#i1 ( #a#i-#a#i#a & ( #a#i#a-#a#i#a#g4.<#a#h#d.> ,9 ! FIR/ P]IOD1 ,L59 FOCUSES ON PROVID+ AN ANALYSIS ( ! 'DET]M9ATE SOCIAL =MATION'2 H]E HIS AIM IS TO UND]/& ! SPECIFICITY ( WORK+-CLASS COMPOSITION -- ?AT IS ! 'ACTUAL /&PO9T' ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,! GOAL ( POLITICAL ECONOMY H]E IS TO BE JUDG$ ?R\< ITS PRACTICAL-POLITICAL EFFICACY1 OR ITS CONTRIBUTION TO ! CON/ITU5T P[] ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,9 ! SECOND P]IOD1 *>ACT]IZ$ BY ,:AT ,IS TO ,BE ,DONE81 ,L59 WAS CONC]N$ ) 'ORGANIZATIONAL' QUE/IONS4 ,9 ! ?IRD P]IOD ,L59 WROTE ( ! NE$ TO ]ADICATE ! B\RGEOIS /ATE4 ,WE SEE ?IS MO/ CLE>LY 9 ,L59'S ,! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION4 ,SO1 ?IS PROBLEMATIC P]IODIZATION ( ,L591 :I* WE HAVE JU/ \TL9$1 NE$S TO BE ?\LY AS #a#i#g#c1 ,NEGRI WROTE AGA9/ ! CRUDE APPLICATION ( ! ,L59I/ P>TY =M TO ! CONTEMPOR>Y CONTEXT1 9SI/+ ?AT ! POLITICAL COMPOSITION ( ! WORK+ CLASS HAD N[ BE5 SUB/ANTIALLY MODIFI$4.<#a#h#e.> ,& 9 A REC5T >TICLE1 ,NEGRI CLAIMS ?AT WE MU/ UND]/& ,L59'S 'BIOPOLITICS'2 WE NE$1 HE CLAIMS1 TO GRASP 'NEW REVOLUTION>Y CORPOREALITIES1 ! P[]FUL BASE ( ! PRODUCTION ( SUBJECTIVITY4441' '( ! COMMUNI/ 'G5]AL 9TELLECT4' ,WE NE$ TO 'MOVE 9TO ! REALM ( ,L59 BEYOND ,L594'.<#a#h#f.> ,?US WE >RIVE AT AN IMPORTANT QUE/ION3 TO :AT EXT5T IS ,H>DT & ,NEGRI'S SOME:AT UNCONV5TIONAL 7PO/-7,L59I/ COMMUNISM ACTUALLY ANTIAN>*I/ 9 A WAY ?AT IS COMP>ABLE ) ! ANTI-AN>*ISM ( OR?ODOX ',M>XISM-,L59ISM'8 ,H]E WE NE$ TO EXPLORE 9 GREAT] DETAIL :AT ,H>DT & ,NEGRI HAVE TO SAY AB\T AN>*ISM & COMMUNISM4 ,AN>*ISM & COMMUNISM ,NEGRI WRITES 9 ,REFLECTIONS ON ,EMPIRE3 '.<,I.>T IS A PITY ?AT ! AN>*I/ CONCEPTION HAS NEV] BE5 ATT5TIVE TO ! ISSUE ( HOMOLOGY ) ! /ATE .<444.> SO ?AT IT PRODUCES 9 ITS CONCEPT ( 9SURRECTION & 9 ?AT ( ! ABOLITION ( ! /ATE A REVOLUTION>Y IMPR9T ?AT IS FI]CELY EMPTY ( ALT]NATIVE PROPOSALS & FULL ( RES5TM5T4'.<#a#h#g.> ,E>LI] 9 ! SAME TEXT1 HE CRITICIZES ! AN>*I/S = REFUS+ 'TO DEF9E A TIME OR SPACE AS PRIVILEG$ MOM5TS ( UPRIS+2 !Y LIVE 9 ! *AOS ( ! WORLD ( EXPLOITATION1 ILLU/RAT+ DE/RUCTIVELY ITS 9/ITUTIONS1 BUT FAIL+ TO PUT =W>D A POSITIVE /RATEGY ( TRANS=MATION4'.<#a#h#h.> ,!RE IS NO EXPLICIT 5GAGEM5T ) ! 'TEXTS' ( AN>*ISM H]E2 NO DISCUSSION ( ! WIDE RANGE ( SUBTLE & NOT SO SUBTLE DIFF]5CES 9 ! AN>*I/ 'CANON4' ,& !RE IS MO/ DEF9ITELY NO ATTEMPT TO EXPLORE ! COMMON GR\ND BETWE5 ,M>X & HIS 'CLASSICAL' AN>*I/ CONTEMPOR>IES SU* AS ,BAKUN94 ,9/EAD WE HAVE AN OPPOSITION TO A ,L59I/ 79DE$ ,/AL9I/7 CON/RUCTION ( AN>*ISM1 :I* 5ABLES ,H>DT & ,NEGRI TO MA9TA9 !IR COMMUNI/ CR$5TIALS1 & ?US -- P]HAPS /RATEGICALLY -- TO DI/RACT !IR MORE OR?ODOX COMRADES FROM :AT IS 9 MANY WAYS AN APPROA* :I* RESONATES !ORETICALLY ) !MES PRES5T BO? 9 'CLASSICAL' AS WELL AS 'PO/'-AN>*ISM4 ,SO1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ,H>DT & ,NEGRI VIEW !MSELVES NOT AS AN>*I/S BUT AS COMMUNI/S1 COMMUNI/S :O HAVE SE5 'H[ MU* REPRESSION & DE/RUCTION ( HUMANITY HAS BE5 WR\ ,NEW COOP]ATIVE 'CIRCUITS' HAVE H[EV] G5]AT$ RADICAL POSSIBILITIES4 ,H>DT & ,NEGRI 9SI/ H[3 ,TODAY PRODUCTIVITY1 WEAL? & ! CREATION ( SOCIAL SURPLUSES TAKE ! =M ( COOP]ATIVE 9T]ACTIVITY ?R\< L+UI/IC1 COMMUNICATIONAL1 & AFFECTIVE NETWORKS4 ,9 ! EXPRESSION ( ITS [N CREATIVE 5]GIES1 IMMAT]IAL LABOR ?US SEEMS TO PROVIDE ! POT5TIAL = A K9D ( SPONTANE\S ELEM5T>Y COMMUNISM4.<#a#i.> ,?IS IS A COMMUNISM BAS$ 9 LOVE & COMMUNALITY1 & 'IRREPRESSIBLE LI ,SOME ( BO? ,H>DT & ,NEGRI'S REC5T WRIT+S >E ( 9T]E/ TO US H]E4 ,9 A COLLECTION ( ESSAYS RESPOND+ TO ! WORK ( ,ALA9 ,BADI\1 ! AU?ORS >GUE = :AT WE MIGUM5T PUT =W>D BY LIB]AL CAPITALI/ & AN>*I/ OPPON5TS ( COMMUNISM IS ?AT IT IS /ATI/1 & AS SU* S]VES TO UND]M9E ! FRE$OM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,BO? ,H>DT & ,NEGRI DEVELOP A *ALL5G+ R]EAD+ ( ?IS L9E ( ?\ ,H>DT WRITES ?AT3 ',WE NE$ TO EXPLORE ANO!R POSSIBILITY3 NEI!R ! PRIVATE PROP]TY ( CAPITALISM NOR ! PUBLIC PROP]TY ( SOCIALISM BUT ! COMMON 9 COMMUNISM4'.<#a#i#c.> ,& ,NEGRI WRITES3 ,BE+ COMMUNI/ MEANS BE+ AGA9/ ! ,/ATE4 ,! ,/ATE IS ! =CE ?AT ORGANIZES1 ALWAYS NORMALLY YET ALWAYS EXCEPTIONALLY1 ! RELATIONS ?AT CON/ITUTE CAPITAL & DISCIPL9E ! CONFLICTS BETWE5 CAPITALI/S & ! PROLET>IAN LABOR =CE4.<#a#i#d.> ,/ATE SOCIALISM ACCORD+ TO ?IS >GUM5T IS AK9 TO A TYPE ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,PUBLIC [N]%IP IS /ATE [N]%IP -- ALI5AT$ [N]%IP -- :I* OP]ATES AGA9/ '! COMMON4' ,AS SU* ! CON/ITUTIVE P[] ( PROLET>IAN LABOR IS ALI5AT$1 9DE$ NEUTRALIZ$4.<#a#i#e.> ,?US WE HAVE A MOVE FROM A TYPE ( /RATEGIC 7PO/-7,L59ISM1 TO A /RONG OPPOSITION TO ACTUALLY EXI/+ /ATE SOCIALISM1 & EMBRACE ( ! 'COMMON' 9 COMMUNISM4 ,9 MAK+ ! CASE = ?IS ANTI-/ATE VISION ( COMMUNISM1 ! REJECTION ( AN>*ISM CONT9UES4 ,=1 ,NEGRI WRITES3 '444 !RE IS NO REVOLUTION )\T ORGANIZATION .<444.> !RE /ILL IS NO RATIONAL DESIGN ?AT 9VE/S & 9VOLVES ! MOM5TS ( RUPTURE ) ! P[] ( ORGANIZATION4'.<#a#i#f.> ,SOME CRITICAL PO9TS NE$ TO BE BO? EMPHASIZ$ & RE-EMPHASIZ$ H]E4 ,H>DT & ,NEGRI'S SELF-ID5TIFICATION AS ANTI-AN>*I/S IS BAS$ ON A MISREPRES5TATION ( AN>*ISM & H5CE A SECT>IANISM :I* UND]CUTS !IR CRITIQUE ( CAPITALISM2 ?IS PROBLEM IS EXAC]BAT$ :5 WE TURN TO !IR CRITIQUE ( SOCIALISM4 ,H>DT & ,NEGRI'S *>ACT]IZATION ( SOCIALISM IS 9 SOME WAYS MORE FITT+ = AN AU?OR SU* AS ,PHILLIP ,BLOND1 ?AN = AU?ORS SO DEEPLY EMB$D$ 9 PROGRESSIVE RADICAL POLITICAL /RUGGLE4.<#a#i#g.> ,BUT :AT POSSIBLE PURPOSE CAN SU* ANTI-SOCIALISM HAVE 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITALISM8 ,= ONE ?+1 DOES SOCIALISM REALLY UND]CUT ! CON/ITUTIVE P[] ( ! PROLET>IAT8 ,MAYBE SO ) C]TA9 =MS ( :AT US$ TO BE T]M$ 'ACTUALLY EXI/+ SOCIALISM1' & ASPECTS ( ,EUROPEAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,BUT IT MU/ ALSO BE ACKN[L$G$ ?AT SOCIALISM WAS -- & /ILL IS -- A PRODUCT ( MASS /RUGGLE1 A /RUGGLE (T5 AGA9/ A LAISSEZ FAIRE =M ( CAPITALISM ?AT HAS BE5 QUITE HAPPY TO SEE WORK]S />VE 9 ! NAME ( LIB]AL 'FRE$OMS4' ,IT WAS A SY/EM :I* PU%$ = ! R$UCTION ( ! WORK+ DAY1 ! ABOLITION ( *ILD LABOR1 ! CREATION ( FREE PUBLIC $UCATION & HEAL? C>E -- ALL DEVELOPM5TS RESI/$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE1 CUTT+ AS IT DID 9TO CAPITALI/ VALORIZATION & ! PRODUCTION ( SURPLUS VALUE4 ,ACCORD+LY1 AN EFFECTIVE ANTI-CAPITALI/ C\NT]-HEGEMONY MU/ OPPOSE SU* SECT>IAN L9ES ( REASON+4 ,IT MU/ 5GAGE HONE/LY & WIDELY ) ! REVOLUTION>Y ,LEFT1 DRAW+ ON ! RI* HI/ORY ( EMANCIPATORY /RUGGLE !RE94 ,! POLITICAL 'PURPOSE' :I* SU* LABEL+ ONCE S]V$ NO LONG] RESONATES4 ,A 'PO/MOD]N' POLITICS8 ,BUT :AT ( ! UND]/&+ ( POLITICS :I* ,H>DT & ,NEGRI PROPOSE8 ,?IS IS A POLITICS :I* RESULTS FROM ! %IFT FROM MOD]NITY TO PO/MOD]NITY1 A NEW POLITICS GR\ND$ 9 ! REALITIES ( GLOBALIZATION4 ,BUT H[ COG5T IS !IR ACC\NT8 ,9 ,EMPIRE1 ,H>DT & ,NEGRI WRITE3 ',! PASSAGE TO ,EMPIRE EM]GES FROM ! TWILI ,IT IS A DEC5T]$ & DET]RITORIALIZ+ APP>ATUS ( RULE ?AT PROGRESSIVELY 9CORPORATES ! 5TIRE GLOBAL REALM )9 ITS OP51 EXP&+ FRONTI]S4'.<#a#i#h.> ,! MOD]NI/ UND]/&+ ( 'SOV]EIGNTY1' ! 'NATION /ATE' & ! 'PEOPLE1' COME TO BE *ALL5G$4 ,?US ,NEGRI 9SI/S3 ',TODAY1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT IS ! CRISIS ( ! NATION /ATE AS 9DUC$ BY GLOBALIZATION ?AT ! G5]AL CRISIS ( POLITICAL CATEGORIES ( MOD]NITY MANIFE/S1 OP5+ ?\ ,= ,H>DT & ,NEGRI1 'CLASSICAL' AN>*I/S1 SOCIALI/S & ,M>XI/S ALIKE >E TRAPP$ 9SIDE A 'MOD]NI/' PROBLEMATIC1 :]E P[] IS UND]/OOD ONLY 9 RELATION TO ITS UNIVOCAL1 OR AT BE/ DUALI/IC1 EX]CISE4 ,= 'CLASSICAL' AN>*I/S ?IS IS ! EX]CISE ( REPRESSIVE /ATE P[] OV] ESS5TIALLY FREE 9DIVIDUALS4 ,= ,M>XI/S1 ?IS IS A CAUSALLY DET]M9ANT ECONOMIC P[]1 :I* PRODUCES A P>TICUL> /ATE =M & :I* S]VES BO? TO JU/IFY & MA9TA9 ! EXPLOITATIVE /ATUS QUO4 ,& = 'SOCIALI/S' ?IS IS A /ATE :I* CAN BE SEIZ$ = REVOLUTION>IES & = RE=MI/S1 TRANS=M$ 9 ORD] TO DEF5D & PROMOTE A PROGRESSIVE CONCEPTION ( ! PUBLIC -- PUT 9 ! K9D ( LANGUAGE :I* ,H>DT MIDT & ,NEGRI1 ! ]OSION ( ! V]Y LOGIC ( ! NATION /ATE IS MAK+ 7TE*NOLOGICALLY7 REAL ! COMMUNI/ UTOPIA1 AS A NEW CONCEPTION ( ! PO/MOD]N 'COMMONS' EM]GES 9 ! CONTEXT ( GLOBALIZATION4 ,IT IS TO ?IS !ME ?AT ,I N[ TURN4 ,H>DT & ,NEGRI RADICALIZE ! ,F\CAULDIAN LANGUAGE ( BIOP[]1 & H>NESS IT TO ! CAUSE ( RADICAL POLITICS 9 A CONTEXT ( 'PO/MOD]NITY4' ,F\CAULT WROTE ( BIOP[]'S '9FLU5CE ON LIFE' ?AT IT '5DEAVORS TO ADM9I/]1 OPTIMIZE1 & MULTIPLY IT1 SUBJECT+ IT TO PRECISE CONTROLS & COMPREH5SIVE REGULATIONS4'.<#a#a.> ,H>DT & ,NEGRI WRITE ( BIOP[] AS 'A =M ( P[] ?AT REGULATES SOCIAL LIFE FROM ITS 9T]IOR1 FOLL[+ IT1 9T]PRET+ IT1 ABSORB+ IT1 & RE>TICULAT+ IT4'.<#a#a#a.> ,TO ?IS EXT5T1 ! AU?ORS >E ON ! SAME !ORETICAL T]RA9 AS PO/-AN>*ISM & PO/-,M>XISM4 ,TAKE ,SAUL ,NEWMAN'S CLAIM ?AT3 ,WE CAN NO LONG] IMAG9E A CLE> CONCEPTUAL DI/9CTION BETWE5 SOCIETY & ! /ATE1 BETWE5 HUMANITY & P[]1 AS P[] IS REPRODUC$ ?R\< EV]YDAY RELATION%IPS & PRACTICES -- SU* AS $UCAT+1 HEAL+1 GOV]N+ -- & ?R\< A V>IETY ( SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS 444'.<#a#a#b.> ,?IS IS 9 MANY WAYS ! IRONY ( PO/MOD]N ANALYZES ( P[] -- ?AT P[] IS DEC5T]$1 MULTIVOCAL1 BUT ALSO MORE TOTALIZ+ ?AN IT HAS EV] BE54 ,SO1 = ,LACLAU1 AS SOCIAL CLOSURE IS AN 'IMPOSSIBILITY1' P[]'S GRASP IS NEV] COMPLETE1 BUT NOR >E WE EV] \TSIDE ! DISC\RSE ( P[] RELATIONS4 ,FOLL[+ AN ,AL?USS]IAN !ME1 ! V]Y SUBJECT ( P[] IS CON/ITUT$ 9 ! CONTEXT ( P[] RELATIONS2 AS SU* ! AB/RACT LIB]AL 9DIVIDUAL SUBJECT COMES TO BE PROBLEMATIZ$4 ,= ! PO/-AN>*I/ ,SAUL ,NEWMAN1 P[] IS 5DEMIC 9 EV]YDAY SOCIAL PRACTICES1 SU* ?AT ! LIB]AL DI/9CTION BETWE5 /ATE & SOCIETY CAN NO-LONG] BE SU/A9$1 :ILE = ,H>DT & ,NEGRI1 ,EMPIRE & BIOP[] SUBJUGATES MORE ?AN A /ATE-C5T]$ IMP]IALISM EV] C\LD4 ,:AT !N ( ! POSSIBILITY ( RESI/ANCE -- & 9 P>TICUL>1 H[ DOES AN UND]/&+ ( ,H>DT & ,NEGRI'S VIEW ON ?IS ISSUE 5ABLE US TO SITUATE !IR ?\XISM & PO/-AN>*ISM IS AN OPPOSITION TO A 'GR& N>RATIVE' ( RESI/ANCE1 & ( EMANCIPATION4 ,! TOTALIZ+ EFFECT ( P[] MEANS ?AT ALL ATTEMPTS TO RESI/ ITS SUBJUGATION WILL BE TEMPOR>Y & P>TIAL4 ,H]E1 MU* ATT5TION IS GIV5 TO :AT WE MILY 9 ,F\CAULT'S CLAIM ?AT WE HAVE TO 'CREATE \RSELVES AS A WORK ( >T4'.<#a#a#c.> ,ACCORD+LY1 ! L>GE PROJECTS ( SOCIAL TRANS=MATION HELD UP ALIKE BY ,BAKUN91 ,M>X & ,L591 >E LOOK$ ON AS AT BE/ \TMOD$4 ,YET !RE >E CLE> DIFF]5CES 9 PO/-,M>XI/ & PO/-AN>*I/ APPROA*ES4 ,:]E = PO/-AN>*I/S SU* AS ,NEWMAN1 ! CONC]N IS ) A NON-HEGEMONIC PREFIGURATIVE POLITICS ( ! 'H]E & N[1' PO/-,M>XI/S /RESS ! IMPORTANCE ( A PO/-,GRAMSCIAN HEGEMONIC POLITICS :I* SEEKS TO WELD V>I\S COMPLEX /RUGGLES 9TO A CONCRETE -- & ALWAYS PREC>I\S -- HI/ORIC BLOC4.<#a#a#d.> ,BUT H[ 'RADICAL' IS ,NEWMAN'S ALT]NATIVE8 ,9 SOME WAYS IT IS /RANGELY CONS]VATIVE4 ,NEWMAN WRITES3 ',RADICAL TRANS=MATION -- & H]E WE RECALL ,BAKUN9'S 0URGE TO DE/ROY01 :I* = HIM WAS ALSO A CREATIVE URGE -- %\LD BE ACCOMPANI$ BY A S5SITIVITY TO :AT EXI/S1 & A DESIRE TO CONS]VE :AT NE$S TO BE CONS]V$4'.<#a#a#e.> ,H>DT & ,NEGRI >E MORE CLE>LY RADICAL 9 ! LANGUAGE !Y USE4 ,BUT !RE IS NO ACC\NT ( HEGEMONIC POLITICS1 EI!R 9 '/ATI/' OR NON-/ATI/ =MS4.<#a#a#f.> ,9/EAD !RE IS A /RESS ON ! AUTONOMI/ NOTION ( 'REFUSAL4'.<#a#a#g.> ,9 HIS E>LI] WRIT+S1 ,NEGRI PROVID$ A !ORIZATION ( REFUSAL :I* HE AT LEA/ CONSID]$ TO HAVE A FIRM ,M>XIAN GR\ND+ -- LOCAT$ ?AT IS 9 A SPECIFIC & NOVEL READ+ ( ,M>X'S ,GRUNDRISSE4.<#a#a#h.> ,9 ?IS READ+1 ! AUTONOM\S & UNIFI$ P[] ( LABOR AGA9/ CAPITAL IS CLE>LY ASS]T$4.<#a#a#i.> ,9 :AT !Y REG>D AS DI/+UI%+ !IR WORK FROM AN>*ISM1 ,H>DT & ,NEGRI HAVE MADE ! >GUM5T1 9 ,EMPIRE & ELSE:]E1 = A CON/RUCTIVE ONTOLOGY ( RESI/ANCE1 A 'REFUSAL' :I* CONTA9S ! SE$S ( A POSSIBLE 'COMMUNI/' FUTURE4 ,SO !Y WRITE3 '.<,S.>U* DE/RUCTION ONLY GRASPS ! PASSIVE1 NEGATIVE LIMIT ( SOV]EIGN P[]4 ,! POSITIVE1 ACTIVE LIMIT IS REVEAL$ MO/ CLE>LY ) RESPECT TO LABOR & SOCIAL PRODUCTION4'.<#a#a#a.> ,TO ?IS EXT5T1 ,H>DT & ,NEGRI WRITE ( ! CREATION ( 'CON/ELLATIONS ( P[]FUL S+UL>ITIES4'.<#a#a#a#a.> ,H]E ! NOTION ( BIOPOLITICS IS IMPORTANT4 ,BIOPOLITICS RALLIES AGA9/ ! EXPLOITIVE TOTALIZATION ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y CAPITAL =M4 ,IT SEEKS TO RE9CORPORATE A =M ( PRODUCTION :I* RESI/S ! IMPOSITION ( ! RULE ( 'MEASURE' -- A =M ( COMMUNAL PRODUCTION AGA9/ ,EMPIRE4 ,H>DT & ,NEGRI DRAW A DI/9CTION BETWE5 'CON/ITU5T' & 'CON/ITUTIONAL' P[]4 ,! =M] IS 'AN 9/ITUTIONAL =M ?AT DEVELOPS A COMMON CONT5T2 IT IS A DEVELOPM5T ( =CE ?AT DEF5DS ! HI/ORICAL PROGRESSION ( EMANCIPATION & LIB]ATION2 IT IS1 9 %ORT1 AN ACT ( LOVE4'.<#a#a#a#b.> ,! LATT]1 ON ! O!R H&1 SEEKS TO CON/RA91 TO SUBJUGATE1 TO LEGALIZE4 ,JU/ AS !RE IS NO ONE SITE ( ,EMPIRE1 !RE IS NO ONE SITE ( 7CON/RUCTIVE7 RESI/ANCE TO ,EMPIRE4 ,9 ! SAME WAY ?AT ,EMPIRE CAN BE CONSID]$ A TOTALIZ+ MODE ( EXPLOITATION1 SO TOO RESI/ANCE IS EV]Y:]E4 ,! ',P>TY' CAN NO LONG] REPRES5T A UNIT>Y SITE ( /RUGGLE4 ,! WORK+ CLASS >E JU/ ONE EXPLOIT$ GR\P AMONG MANY4 ,WE >E ALL ! 'MULTITUDE4' ,/RESS+ ! COMPLEXITY ( !SE NEW MODES ( /RUGGLE1 ,H>DT & ,NEGRI WRITE ?AT 'AS PRODUCTION BECOMES 9CREAS+LY BIOPOLITICAL .<444.> AN ISOLATION ( ECONOMIC ISSUES MAKES LESS & LESS S5SE4'.<#a#a#a#c.> ,A REVOLUTION>Y APPROA* MU/ BE LEVEL$ AGA9/ ! SOCIAL BIOS AS A :OLE1 NOT AT '! ECONOMY' 79 ! LIMIT$ S5SE7 OR '! /ATE1' & EXPLOITATION MU/ BE ATTACK$ 9 ALL ITS DIFF]5TIAL MANIFE/ATIONS4 ,BUT ?IS = ,H>DT & ,NEGRI IS A POSITIVE ATTACK4 ,SO1 !Y WRITE3 ',WE NE$ TO CREATE WEAPONS ?AT >E NOT M]ELY DE/RUCTIVE BUT >E !MSELVES =MS ( CON/ITU5T P[]1 WEAPONS CAPABLE ( CON/RUCT+ DEMOCRACY & DEFEAT+ ! >MIES ( ,EMPIRE4'.<#a#a#a#d.> ,! MULTITUDE & REVOLUTION ,9 ?IS SECTION1 ,I 9T]ROGATE FUR!R ,H>DT & ,NEGRI'S CONCEPT ( ! MULTITUDE1 9 ORD] TO ASSESS !IR UND]/&+ ( ! =M ( REVOLUTION>Y AG5CY & SUBJECTIVITY MADE POSSIBLE 9 ! CONTEXT ( ,EMPIRE4 ,H>DT & ,NEGRI HAVE *ALL5G$ ! RE/RICTIVE ID5TIFICATION ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y PROLET>IAT ) WAGE LABOR]S1 :I* !Y ASSOCIATE ) ,M>XISM4 ,H>DT & ,NEGRI WRITE3 ,! EXCLUSIONS ( O!R =MS ( LABOR FROM ! WORK+ CLASS >E BAS$ ON ! NOTION ?AT !RE >E DIFF]5CES ( K9D BETWE51 = EXAMPLE1 MALE 9DU/RIAL LABOR & FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE LABOR1 BETWE5 9DU/RIAL LABOR & PEASANT LABOR1 BETWE5 ! EMPLOY$ & ! UNEMPLOY$1 BETWE5 WORK]S & ! POOR4.<#a#a#a#e.> ,M>X IT IS TRUE PROVIDES A SOME:AT RE/RICT$ RELATIONAL UND]/&+ ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,MOREOV]1 ,]NE/O ,LACLAU HAS PO9T$ \T ?AT ,M>X'S PROLET>IAT 9VOLVES A SUB/ANTIAL REVISION -- 9DE$ R$EF9ITION -- ( ?AT CONCEPT4 ,:]EAS ! PROLET>IAT WAS A 'POOR \TSIDE ANY /ABLE SOCIAL ASCRIPTION1'.<#a#a#a#f.> IT COMES N[ TO BE ASSOCIAT$ ) A RADICAL & TRANS=MATIVE CONCEPTION ( AG5CY4.<#a#a#a#g.> ,! PROLET>IAT1 ACCORD+ TO ! DEF9ITION 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 >E WAGE LABOR]S1 & ! B\RGEOISIE [N]S ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 & PUR*AS]S ( LABOR4 ,MOREOV]1 !Y W]E LABOR]S CAPABLE ( !IR [N EMANCIPATION FROM ! CON/RA9TS ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 DESPITE ! =MS ( FETI%ISM !RE94.<#a#a#a#h.> ,( C\RSE ! P>ADIGMATIC & MO/ ADVANC$ MODE ( WAGE LABOR 9 ,M>X'S TIME WAS 9DU/RIAL1 & A DISCUSSION ( 9DU/RIAL WAGE LABOR COMPRISES MU* ( ! CONT5T ( HIS LAT] ANALYZES ( POLITICAL ECONOMY4 ,MORE REC5T ,M>XI/S1.<#a#a#a#i.> MOTIVAT$ BY A POLITICAL DESIRE TO CON=M TO C]TA9 P>TY OR?ODOXIES1 HAVE MA9TA9$ ?AT A NECESS>Y CONDITION = WAGE LABOR TO BE PROLET>IAN IS ?AT IT PRODUCES SO-CALL$ 'MAT]IAL' COMMODITIES4 ,= ,P\LANTZAS1 ',NON-MAT]IAL' :ITE-COLL> LABOR WAS L>GELY 'PETTY B\RGEOIS' 9 *>ACT]4.<#a#a#b.> ,BUT ,M>X EXPLICITLY OPPOS$ SU* AN APPROA*2 IT DID NOT MATT] = HIM :E!R Y\ WORK$ 9 A 'SAUSAGE FACTORY' OR A 'TEA*+ FACTORY4' ,PROLET>IAN LABOR WAS DEF9$ SIMPLY AS 'WAGE LABOR1' LABOR :I* POLITICALLY MAY BE MORE OR LESS 'ADVANC$4'.<#a#a#b#a.> ,TO RETURN TO ! !ME ( EXCLUSION1 LET US TAKE ! 'UNPAID' LABOR]S TO :I* ,H>DT & ,NEGRI REF]4 ,M>X USES ! T]M 'LUMP5PROLET>IAT' TO REF] TO ASPECTS ( ?IS CATEGORY1 = 9 CON/RUCT+ A !ORY ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT1 IT WAS NECESS>Y = ,M>X TO EXCLUDE AS 'O!R1' ALL ?AT :I* HE CONSID]$ TO BE 'REACTION>Y'_/'C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y4' ,! LUMP5PROLET>IAT EXI/ \TSIDE ( ! B9>Y OPPOSITION BETWE5 EXPLOIT] & EXPLOIT$1 CONCEIV$ AS ! B\RGEOISIE & ! PROLET>IAT4 ,!Y W]E ! CLASS ?AT WAS NOT A CLASS1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT1 AS ,HAYES HAS NOT$3 ',!Y W]E A CLASS ONLY 9 SO F> AS !Y W]E LUMP$ TOGE!R BY !IR LA/ CONTACT ) ! DIALECTIC1 !IR COMMON EXCLUSION FROM ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4'.<#a#a#b#b.> ,SO TOO1 ,]NE/O ,LACLAU WRITES ?AT3 ',9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 ITS CR$5TIALS AS AN 09SID]0 ( ! MA9 L9E ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T1 H[EV]1 ! PROLET>IAT HAD TO BE /RICTLY DIFF]5TIAT$ FROM ! ABSOLUTE 0\TSID]03 ! LUMP5PROLET>IAT4'.<#a#a#b#c.> ,WE CAN LOOK 9 MORE DETAIL AT ,M>X & ,5GELS' WORK TO SEE H[ !Y GO AB\T CON/RUCT+ ?IS UND]/&+ ( ! \TSID]4 ,5GELS WROTE3 ',! LUMP5PROLET>IAT1 ?IS SCUM ( DEPRAV$ ELEM5T FROM ALL CLASSES1 ) HEADQU>T]S 9 ! BIG CITIES1 IS ! WOR/ ( ALL POSSIBLE ALLIES4 ,?IS RABBLE IS ABSOLUTELY V5AL & ABSOLUTELY BRAZ54'.<#a#a#b#d.> ,9 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 ,M>X & ,5GELS REF]R$ TO ! LUMP5PROLET>IAT AS '! SOCIAL SCUM1 ?AT PASSIVELY ROTT+ MASS ?R[N (F BY ! LAY]S ( OLD SOCIETY4'.<#a#a#b#e.> ,= ,M>X1 KEY ASPECTS ( ! LUMP5PROLET>IAT SAT \TSIDE ! 7DIRECTLY7 EXPLOITATIVE ME*ANISMS ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,!Y W]E ! P>ASITIC GR\P+S4 ,!Y W]E ! REACTION>Y =CES LIKELY SET BACK ! HI/ORICAL CAUSE ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,BUT !Y W]E MORE ?AN 7P]MAN5TLY7 UNEMPLOY$ WORK]S4 ,!Y W]E ! 'ORGAN GR9D]S1' ! 'CRIM9ALS1' ! 'PRO/ITUTES4' ,M>X EV5 DISCUSSES ! F9ANCE >I/OCRACY 9 ?IS CONTEXT1 WRIT+ ?AT ':]E MONEY1 FIL? & BLOOD COMM+LE4 ,! F9ANCE >I/OCRACY1 9 ITS MODE ( ACQUISITION AS WELL AS 9 ITS PLEASURES1 IS NO?+ BUT ! REBIR? ( ! LUMP5PROLET>IAT ON ! HEI ,BAKUN9'S WORK REPRES5T$ A CONTEMPOR>Y & IMM$IATE *ALL5GE TO ,M>X & ,5GELS' VIEWS ON ! LUMP5PROLET>IAT4 ,BUT HIS *ALL5GE WAS BAS$ ON AN UND]/&+ ( A FUR!R 'EXCLUSION4' ,! =CES ( REACTION W]E = ,BAKUN9 TO BE F\ND NOT 9 ! 'LUMP5PROLET>IAT1' BUT )9 ,M>X'S HALL[$ 'ADVANC$' SECTIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ,BAKUN9 TURN$ HIS BACK ON ! 9DU/RIALLY 'ADVANC$' PROLET>IAT1 & EMBRAC$ ! 'LUMP5PROLET>IAT1' ! 'FL[]' ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ',BY ! FL[] ( ! PROLET>IAT ,I MEAN PRECISELY ?AT ET]NAL 0MEAT0 = GOV]NM5TS1 ?AT GREAT RABBLE ( PEOPLE ORD9>ILY DESIGNAT$ BY ,MESSRS4 ,M>X & ,5GELS BY ! PHRASE AT ONCE PICTURESQUE & CONTEMPTU\S ( 0LUMP5PROLET>IAT0'.<#a#a#b#g.> ,BO? ACC\NTS ATTRACT ! CRITICISM ( PO/-,M>XI/S & PO/-AN>*I/S4 ,LACLAU CONSID]S ?AT ,M>X'S CONCEPT ( ! LUMP5PROLET>IAT REPRES5TS ! B\ND>Y ( HIS !ORY ( CLASS /RUGGLE & HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM1 A T5SION BETWE5 AN 'ECONOMIC ESS5TIALISM' & A RECOGNITION ( ! DISCURSIVE *>ACT] ( POLITICAL ID5TITY4 ,M>X CONSID]$ CLASS ID5TITY AS CON/RUCT$ ?R\< ! 9T]NAL ANTAGONISMS ( ! MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,YET ! DISC\RSE ( PROLET>IAN ID5TITY IS ! RESULT ( AN A 'ANTAGONISM' EXT]NAL TO ! SOCIAL 'TOTALITY1' :AT ,LACLAU W\LD T]M A 'CON/ITUTIVE \TSIDE1' ?IS 'O!R1' ITSELF BE+ ! PRODUCT ( A CONTRADICTORY DISCURSIVE OP]ATION ( ,M>XISM4 ,TO ?IS EXT5T1 ALL POLITICAL ID5TITIES RESULT FROM ANTAGONI/IC DISCURSIVE PROCESSES1 RA!R ?AN ! UNFOLD+ ( ! HI/ORICAL OR ECONOMIC DIALECTIC4.<#a#a#b#h.> ,BUT IF ?IS IS SO1 ,BAKUN9'S VIEW IS H>DLY AN 'ADVANCE' ON ! ONE PUT =W>D BY ,M>X4 ,BAKUN9 EXPLICITLY /AT$ -- DESPITE A T5D5CY 9 HIS WORK TO REIFY ! SIGNIFICANCE ( /ATE =MS -- ?AT HE %>$ ) ,M>X A BELIEF 9 ! ECONOMIC DET]M9ANTS ( ! HI/ORICAL PROCESS4 ,IF1 AS ,BAKUN9 >GU$1 ! LUMP5PROLET>IAT WAS ! 'FL[] ( ! PROLET>IAT1' ?IS FL[] W\LD SEEM SPONTANE\SLY TO BLOOM \TSIDE ( ! OP]ATION ( POLITICS4 ,NEWMAN HAS LEVEL$ ! *>GE ( DET]M9ISM AGA9/ ,M>X & ,BAKUN94 ,HE WRITES ?AT3 ',BAKUN9'S POLITICAL ?\ ,YET ,BAKUN9 RECEIVES A F> BETT] TREATM5T FROM ,NEWMAN ?AN DOES ,M>X4 ,?IS IS 9 P>T BECAUSE ,BAKUN9'S 'ESS5TIALISM' IS MITIGAT$ BY ! NEGATIVE *>ACT] ( HIS DIALECTICS -- A DIALECTICS :]E !RE IS A !SIS1 ANTI-!SIS1 BUT NO SYN!SIS4 ,?IS IS A DIALECTICS ( OPPOSITION TO POLITICS1 A DIALECTICS ( DE/RUCTION1 A DIALECTICS ( REFUSAL4.<#a#a#c.> ,AS WE HAVE SE51 ! !ME ( REFUSAL RUNS ?R\< ,H>DT & ,NEGRI'S UND]/&+ ( ! 'MULTITUDE4' ,LET US EXPLORE ?IS MULTITUDE 9 MORE DETAIL4 ,H>DT & ,NEGRI PROPOSE A CONCEPTION ( REVOLUTION>Y AG5CY :I* IS MORE FITT+ TO ! 'REALITIES' ( CONTEMPOR>Y GLOBAL CAPITALISM 9 ! 9=MATION AGE1 OR ! P]IOD ( ',EMPIRE4' ,9 PLACE ( 'TRADITIONAL' MANUAL LABOR ,H>DT & ,NEGRI PO9T TO ! 9CREAS+ SIGNIFICANCE ( :AT !Y T]M 'IMMAT]IAL LABOR4' ,?US !Y WRITE ( '! COMMUNICATIVE LABOR ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION ?AT HAS NEWLY BECOME L9K$ 9 9=MATIONAL NETWORKS1 ! 9T]ACTIVE LABOR ( SYMBOLIC ANALYSIS & PROBLEM SOLV+1 & ! LABOR ( ! PRODUCTION & MANIPULATION ( AFFECTS4'.<#a#a#c#a.> ,!SE >E BROAD CATEGORIES1 UNIT+ ! LABOR ( HI< TE* & S]VICE 9DU/RY1 = EXAMPLE1 ! FLIDT & ,NEGRI -- & TO ?IS EXT5T !Y FOLL[ ! !ORI/S ( ! '9=MATION AGE' SU* AS ,BELL & ,CA/ELLS.<#a#a#c#b.> -- !SE MODES ( LABOR >E G5]AT$ ?R\< AN UNFOLD+ LOGIC ( ! GLOBAL CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC SY/EM4 ,!IR VIEW1 !N1 IS NOT ?AT !RE >E NO DET]M9ANT PROCESSES :I* G5]ATE AN ONTOLOGICAL RESI/ANCE TO CAPITALISM BUT1 RA!R1 ?AT ! ONTOLOGICAL UND]/&+ PRODUC$ BY ,M>XISM HAS BE5 DISPLAC$2 ! NE$ IS = A NEW UND]/&+ ( REVOLUTION>Y AG5CY 9 A CONTEMPOR>Y 'PO/MOD]N' CONTEXT4 ,IT IS AGA9 WOR? MAK+ A COMP>ISON H]E ) ,LACLAU & ,M\FFE'S PO/-,M>XISM4 ,LACLAU & ,M\FFE WRITE3 ',ONLY IF WE R5\NCE ANY EPI/EMOLOGICAL PR]OGATIVE BAS$ ON ! ONTOLOGICALLY PRIVILEG$ POSITION ( A UNIV]SAL CLASS WILL IT BE POSSIBLE S]I\SLY TO DISCUSS ! PRES5T DEGREE ( VALIDITY ( ! ,M>XI/ CATEGORIES4 ,AT ?IS PO9T WE %\LD /ATE QUITE PLA9LY ?AT WE >E N[ SITUAT$ ON PO/-M>XI/ T]RA94'.<#a#a#c#c.> ,HAV+ MADE ?IS ASS]TION1 ,LACLAU & ,M\FFE F9D NO AG5T ) :I* TO REPLACE ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,9 CONTRA/1 AS WE HAVE SE51 :5 ,H>DT & ,NEGRI BID F>EWELL TO ! 'OLD WORK+ CLASS' !Y SAY HELLO TO ! NEW PROLET>IAT -- ! 'MULTITUDE4' ,H[EV]1 ?IS NOTION ( ! MULTITUDE IS DIFFICULT TO GRASP4 ,AT ONCE1 IT BECOMES '! CLASS ( ?OSE :O REFUSE ! RULE ( CAPITAL4'.<#a#a#c#d.> ,!Y MA9TA9 ?AT3 ,! CONCEPT RE/S .<444.> ON ! CLAIM ?AT !RE IS NO POLITICAL PRIORITY AMONG ! =MS ( LABOR3 ALL =MS ( LABOR >E TODAY SOCIALLY PRODUCTIVE1 !Y PRODUCE 9 COMMON1 & %>E TOO A COMMON POT5TIAL TO RESI/ ! DOM9ATION ( CAPITAL .<444.> ,! MULTITUDE GIVES ! CONCEPT ( ! PROLET>IAT ITS FULLE/ DEF9ITION AS ALL ?OSE :O LABOR & PRODUCE UND] ! RULE ( CAPITAL4.<#a#a#c#e.> ,! 'IMMAN5CE' ( ! MULTITUDE BR+S ) IT A C]TA9 POLITICAL POT5TIALITY1 A POT5TIALITY ( COMMON COLLABORATION4 ,SO1 ! MULTITUDE >E ! EXPLOIT$ :O NEV]!LESS HAVE ! POT5TIAL P[] TO REFUSE ! RULE ( CAPITAL4 ,LET US LOOK A LITTLE MORE AT SOME ( ?OSE ,H>DT & ,NEGRI PLACE UND] ?IS BANN]4 ,! TRADITIONAL WORK+ CLASS >E P>T ( ! MULTITUDE4 ,?OSE :O P]=M DOME/IC LABOR -- WOM5 9 ! H\SEHOLD -- >E P>T ( ! MULTITUDE4 ,! HEAL? C>E WORK] IS P>T ( ! MULTITUDE4 ,! AGRICULTURAL WORK] 9 ! DEVELOP+ C\NTRY IS P>T ( ! MULTITUDE4 ,! SEX WORK] IS P>T ( ! MULTITUDE4 ,! 'POOR' >E P>T ( ! MULTITUDE4 ,! UNEMPLOY$ >E P>T ( ! MULTITUDE4 ,=1 AS ,H>DT & ,NEGRI WRITE3 '.U/ AS SOCIAL PRODUCTION TAKES PLACE TODAY EQUALLY 9SIDE & \TSIDE ! FACTORY WALLS1 SO TOO IT TAKES PLACE EQUALLY 9SIDE & \TSIDE ! WAGE RELATION%IP4'.<#a#a#c#f.> ,AT ONE PO9T1 ,H>DT & ,NEGRI 9SI/ ?AT3 ',ALL ( ! MULTITUDE IS PRODUCTIVE & ALL ( IT IS POOR4'.<#a#a#c#g.> ,& ELSE:]E ,H>DT & ,NEGRI WRITE3 ',! POOR .<444.> REF]S NOT TO ?OSE :O HAVE NO?+ BUT TO ! WIDE MULTIPLICITY ( ALL ?OSE :O >E 9S]T$ 9TO ! ME*ANISMS ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION REG>DLESS ( SOCIAL ORD] OR PROP]TY4'.<#a#a#c#h.> ,:]EAS = ,H>DT & ,NEGRI ! USE ( ! T]M LUMP5PROLET>IAT BY ,M>XI/S S]V$ TO 'DEMONIZE' ! POOR1 'ONLY ! POOR HAS ! ABILITY TO R5EW BE+4'.<#a#a#c#i.> ,AS ! AU?ORS PUT IT3 '!SE CLASSES >E 9 FACT 9CLUD$ 9 SOCIAL PRODUCTION .<444.> ! POOR >E NOT M]ELY VICTIMS BUT P[]FUL AG5TS .<444.> !Y >E P>T ( ! CIRCUITS ( SOCIAL & BIOPOLITICAL PRODUCTION4'.<#a#a#d.> ,! 'LUMP5PROLET>IAT' >E NOT A REACTION>Y 'O!R' TO ! PROLET>IAT1 BUT RA!R A CON/ITU5T ELEM5T ( IT4 ,LEAV+ ASIDE ! ISSUE ( :E!R ! 'POOR' REALLY CAN BE REG>D$ AS HAV+ SU* TRANS=MATIVE POT5TIAL1.<#a#a#d#a.> IT REMA9S DIFFICULT TO SEE H[ ! MULTITUDE CAN BE REG>D$ AS A SITE ( POSSIBLE TRANS=MATION ( ! SOCIAL BIOS AS A :OLE4 ,?AT IS1 )\T A HEGEMONIC PROJECT BR++ TOGE!R ! UNEMPLOY$1 SEX WORK]S1 S]VICE WORK]S1 MAT]IAL & MANUAL LABOR]S1 AS WELL AS ! LUMP5PROLET>IAT1 IMMIGRANTS1 & 9DIG5\S RESID5TS1 IT IS DIFFICULT TO SEE H[ A MEAN+FUL *ALL5GE TO ! P[] ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE CAN BE M\NT$4 ,9DE$1 ! FACT ?AT ,H>DT & ,NEGRI REJECT 5GAGEM5T ) ! /ATE =M MEANS ?AT !IR PREFIGURATIVE POLITICS ( RESI/ANCE -- AS ) PO/-AN>*ISM -- WILL ALWAYS BE CON/RA9$4 ,PROBLEMS >E EXAC]BAT$ FUR!R BY SOME ( ! APPROA*ES TO REFUSAL :I* ,H>DT & ,NEGRI HAVE SUGGE/$4 ,!SE SEEM TO [E MORE TO A PO/MOD]N UND]/&+ ( ID5TITY POLITICS1 ?AN TO AN EFFECTIVE POLITICS ( ANTI-CAPITALISM4 ,ACCORD+LY1 !Y WRITE ( ! SUBV]SION ( 'CONV5TIONAL NORMS ( CORPOREAL & SEXUAL RELATIONS BETWE5 & )9 G5D]S4'.<#a#a#d#b.> ,!Y 5?USE AB\T ! SUBV]SION IMPLI$ BY 'DRESS+ 9 DRAG4' ,9DE$1 ',BODIES !MSELVES TRANS=M & MUTATE TO CREATE NEW PO/HUMAN BODIES4'.<#a#a#d#c.> ,SPEAK+ AB\T !SE TYPES ( APPROA*ES 9 G5]AL1 ! RES\ND+LY MOD]NI/ ,M>XI/ ,T]RY ,EAGLETON WRITES ( H[3 ',SOCIALISM HAS LO/ \T TO SADO-MASO*ISM4 ,AMONG ! /UD5TS ( CULTURE1 ! BODY IS AN IMM5SELY FA%IONABLE TOPIC1 BUT IT IS USUALLY ! ]OTIC BODY1 NOT ! FAMI%$ ONE4 ,!RE IS A KE5 9T]E/ 9 C\PL+ BODIES1 BUT NOT 9 LABOR+ ONES4'.<#a#a#d#d.> ,?AT SAID1 !RE IS AT LEA/ = ,H>DT & ,NEGRI A /RESS ON EXPLOITATION AS A KEY DET]M9ANT ( REVOLUTION>Y CAPACITY1 SETT+ !IR WORK AP>T FROM ! MORE EXTREME EXCESSES ( PO/MOD]N UND]/&+S ( POLITICS4 ,H[EV]1 ! LACK ( ANALYTICAL PRECISION AT ! HE>T ( ! CATEGORY ( ! MULTITUDE DOES ?R[ 9TO D\BT ! IDEA ?AT ,H>DT & ,NEGRI'S WORK REALLY DOES REPRES5T AN ADVANCE ON TRADITIONAL ,M>XIAN CATEGORIES4 ,9DE$1 ! RI* TRADITION ( ,M>XI/ CLASS ANALYSIS HAS ATTEMPT$ TO 9T]ROGATE 9 DETAIL -- & ?R\< A RI* !ORETICAL & EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS -- ! REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL CREAT$ 9 ! CONTEXT ( P>TICUL> MODES ( EXPLOITATION1 & SOCIAL RELATIONS4.<#a#a#d#e.> ,= ,H>DT & ,NEGRI1 IF WE >E ALL P>T ( ! MULTITUDE1 !RE IS NO SCOPE AT ALL = CLASS ANALYSIS4 ,CONCLUSION ,! TASK ( LOCAT+ ,H>DT & ,NEGRI'S ?\ FROM /RAID4 ,NEV]!LESS1 A NUMB] ( PROVISIONAL CONCLUSIONS CAN BE DRAWN4 ,FIR/1 ,NEGRI'S R]EAD+ ( ,L59 IS BO? /RATEGIC & F> FROM OR?ODOX4 ,9 GO+ 'BEYOND' ,L591 WE SEE A ,L59I/ BASIS TO ,H>DT & ,NEGRI'S ANTI-AN>*I/ COMMUNISM1 & !RE=E H[ ,H>DT & ,NEGRI'S POLEMICAL APPROA* MIDT & ,NEGRI GIVE ( COMMUNISM1 P>TICUL>LY AS ?IS RELATES TO ! OPPOSITION TO 'SOCIALISM' 9 !IR REC5T WORK1 IS TO SAY ! LEA/ CURI\S4 ,H[ CAN TWO AU?ORS SO EMB$D$ 9 ! RADICAL TRADITION HOLD SU* DISAPPO9T+ VIEWS ( SOCIALISM1 ITS HI/ORY1 & ITS ADVANCES8 ,:AT GAME >E !Y PLAY+8 ,?IRD1 DESPITE !IR PREOCCUPATION ) ! !ME ( EXPLOITATION1 IT SEEMS ?AT :5 IT COMES TO 'POLITICS1' ! AU?ORS >E CLOS] TO !IR AN>*I/ /RAW MAN ?AN !Y W\LD LIKE4 ,!Y CLAIM ?AT AN>*ISM LACKS /RATEGIC AW>5ESS1 YET !Y TOO FAIL TO >TICULATE A CONCEPTION ( REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY4 ,RA!R1 !Y SEE 9 ! MULTITUDE ! IMMAN5T POSSIBILITY ( SPONTANE\S REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY1 AN ACTIVITY )\T C5T] & !RE=E )\T 'AU?ORITY1' )\T 'ID5TITY4' ,UN=TUNATELY1 ?IS IS ACTIVITY )\T DIRECTION4 ,( C\RSE1 WE MID ,H>DT & ,NEGRI'S DISPLACEM5T ( ! PROBLEMATIC & ONTOLOGICAL C5TRALITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS AS SITUAT+ !M CLOSE TO ! PO/-,M>XI/ 5D ( ! SPECTRUM4 ,?IS IS AN 9T]PRETATION FUR!R RE9=C$ BY !IR RADICALIZATION ( ! ,F\CAULDIAN CONCEPTION ( BIOP[]4 ,YET1 AT LEA/ = ! PO/-,M>XI/S1 ,H>DT & ,NEGRI'S MULTITUDE FAILS TO TAKE ACC\NT ( H[ POLITICAL ID5TITY IS A 'DISCURSIVE' PRODUCT1 A PRODUCT ( HEGEMONY4 ,P]HAPS !N !Y >E PO/-AN>*I/S8 ,H[EV] WE *OOSE TO LABEL !IR ?\DT & ,NEGRI'S GO A LONG WAY T[>DS SUBV]T+ MANY ( ! LABELS :I* HAVE DONE SO MU* TO C>VE UP ! SPACE ( RADICAL POLITICS4 ,! REALITIES ( CONTEMPOR>Y GLOBAL CAPITALISM DO NECESSITATE REVISIT+ SOME ( !SE LABELS1 IF RADICAL RESI/ANCE TO EXPLOITATION 9 ALL ITS =MS IS TO BE POSSIBLE4 ,ACKN[L$GM5TS ,?IS IDEA = ?IS *APT] 9ITIALLY EM]G$ FROM A DISCUSSION ( ,H>DT & ,NEGRI'S ?\LY V]SION ( ! *APT] WAS PRES5T$ AT ! ,MAN*E/] ,WORK%OPS 9 ,POLITICAL ,?\TICUL>LY ,B5JAM9 ,FRANKS = MAK+ ME ?9K ( ! HI/ORICAL RELATION%IP BETWE5 ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM 9 A DIFF]5T WAY4 ,I W\LD ALSO LIKE TO ?ANK ! $ITORS ( ?IS VOLUME = !IR EXCEPTIONALLY *ALL5G+ BUT ALSO G5]\SLY CON/RUCTIVE COMM5TS4 ,ANY ]RORS & OMISSIONS REMA9 MY [N4 ,NOTES ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,JANU>Y #b#g1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #ad -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/