,*APT] #ab 
,BEYOND ,BLACK & ,R$3 ,! ,SITUATIONI/S & ! ,LEGACY ( ! ,WORK]S' ,MOVEM5T 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX ,PRI*>D 

,AU?OR 3 ,&REW ,CORNELL 

,AU?OR 3 ,B5OIT ,*ALL& 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>L ,LEVY 

,TEXT 3 

#a#b4 ,BEYOND ,BLACK & ,R$3 ,! ,SITUATIONI/S & ! ,LEGACY ( ! ,WORK]S' ,MOVEM5T 

,JEAN-,*RI/OPHE ,ANGAUT 

,9TRODUCTION 

,OV] ! LA/ #b YE>S1 ! SITUATIONI/S HAVE (T5 BE5 R$UC$ TO A M]E GR\P ( >TI/S CRITICIZ+ EV]YDAY LIFE1 DETA*$ FROM ANY SOCIAL /RUGGLE4 ,! COMMON DESCRIPTION ( !IR CONTRIBUTION TO ! EV5TS ( #aifh 9 ,FRANCE WAS SYMPTOMATIC ( ?IS R$UCTION3 EI!R ! SO-CALL$ CULTURAL ORI5TATION ( !SE EV5TS WAS ATTRIBUT$ TO !M1 OR IT WAS SAID ?AT1 BECAUSE ! ROLE ( ! SITUATIONI/S HAD BE5 OV]-EMPHASIZ$1 !SE EV5TS W]E R$UC$ 9 ! COLLECTIVE MEMORY TO !IR CULTURAL ASPECT4.<#h#i#h.> ,NEV]!LESS1 ?IS UND]/&+ T5DS TO WEAK5 ) A CLOSE READ+ ( ! SITUATIONI/S' TEXTS 7CONSI/+ ( >TICLES1 LETT]S1 PAMPHLETS & !ORETICAL BOOKS74.<#h#i#i.> ,FROM ?IS LIT]ATURE1 IT APPE>S ?AT ! SITUATIONI/S W]E L9K$ ) &_/OR OPPOS$ TO MO/ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS ( ! #a#i#fS4.<#i.> ,= EXAMPLE1 ,DEBORD WAS BRIEFLY A MEMB] ( ',P\VOIR \VRI]1' A GR\P BELONG+ TO ',SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE' 9 ! E>LY #a#i#fS1 & 9 #aiff HE HAD CONNECTIONS ) MEMB]S ( ! ,FR5* ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION1 :I* SUBSEQU5TLY EXCLUD$ ! MEMB]S ( :AT WAS REG>D$ AS A SITUATIONI/ CONSPIRACY 9SIDE ! ORGANIZATION4 ,IT ALSO APPE>S ?AT S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( ! #a#i#fS1 9 ! TWO MA9 TEXTS ( SITUATIONI/ !ORY 7,! ,SOCIETY ( ! ,SPECTACLE BY ,DEBORD & ,! ,REVOLUTION ( ,EV]YDAY ,LIFE BY ,VANEIGEM.<#i#a.>7 AS WELL AS 9 !IR J\RNAL ,9T]NATIONALE ,SITUATIONNI/E & DUR+ ! EV5TS ( #a#i#f#h1 ! SITUATIONI/S PO9T$ UP SLOGANS ( ! WORK]S' C\NCILS1.<#i#b.> CELEBRAT+ ?IS SPONTANE\S REVOLUTION>Y /RUCTURE & ITS RECURR5CE 9 ,BUDAPE/ 9 #a#i#e#f4.<#i#c.> ,LA/ BUT NOT LEA/1 !Y CONSID]$ ! EV5TS ( ,MAY & ,JUNE #aifh 9 ,FRANCE TO BE A REVOLUTION>Y EV5T1 BE+ ! FIR/ G5]AL WILDCAT /RIKE ( WORK]S 9 HI/ORY1 RA!R ?AN A /UD5T EV5T4.<#i#d.> ,IT IS !RE=E 9T]E/+ TO 9VE/IGATE !IR RELATIONS ) ! HI/ORY ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 A HI/ORY :I* L$ TO A SPLIT BETWE5 TWO MA9 TR5DS1 ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM1 OR /ATI/ COMMUNISM & LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM4.<#i#e.> 

,?IS *APT] /UDIES ! WAY ! SITUATIONI/S >E L9K$ TO ?IS LEGACY1 H[ !Y MI<T HAVE PROVID$ A WAY ( GO+ BEYOND ?IS DIVISION BETWE5 ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM & :AT ! LIMITS ( !IR P]SPECTIVE MI<T BE4 ,?IS ATTEMPT IS CONSID]$ 9 TWO DIRECTIONS4 ,FIR/1 ! SITUATIONI/S PRES5T$ A CRITIQUE ( ! SEP>ATION BETWE5 ANTI-CAPITALI/ & ANTIHI]>*ICAL /RUGGLES AS AN IDEOLOGICAL SPLIT RA!R ?AN AN OBJECTIVE DI/9CTION4 ,9 !IR RELATIONS ) O!R REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS1 ?IS L$ TO H>% CRITICISMS DIRECT$ AT ,M>XI/ & LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATIONS ?AT PROSP]$ FROM ?IS DIVISION4 ,?IS P>T ( ! HI/ORY ( ! SITUATIONI/S IS BEG9N+ TO BE BETT] KN[N1 BUT ! RELATION ( ! PRACTICE TO !IR !ORIES IS NOT ALWAYS SY/EMATICALLY EXPLA9$4 ,BY REVISIT+ ! CONCEPTS & !MES ( ! ,Y\NG ,HEGELIAN MOVEM5T -- A MOVEM5T TO :I* BO? ,M>X & ,BAKUN9 BELONG$ -- ! *APT] !N CONT9UES BY %[+ ?AT ?IS ATTEMPT TO GO BEYOND ! SEP>ATION BETWE5 BLACK & R$ BR+S US BACK TO A PO9T BE=E ?AT SEP>ATION4 ,9 O!R T]MS1 ! SITUATIONI/ CLAIM TO GO BEYOND ! ,M>XI/ & AN>*I/ TRADITIONS IS NOT A NEGATION ( ! HI/ORY ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 BUT AN ATTEMPT TO R5EW ?IS MOVEM5T ON ! BASIS ( ITS ORIG9AL !ORETICAL S\RCES4 

,! CRITIQUE ( ! SEP>ATION BETWE5 BLACK & R$ 

,IT IS IMPORTANT TO KEEP 9 M9D ?AT ! !ORETICAL ATTEMPTS ( ! SITUATIONI/S DUR+ ! #a#i#fS CANNOT BE ISOLAT$ FROM !IR POLITICAL & SOCIAL CONTEXT3 ?IS SEEMS TO ME ! BE/ WAY TO MA9TA9 ! CRITICAL DI/ANCE MISS+ 9 ! WORK ( ! SO-CALL$ 'PRO-SITUS' 7'PRO-SITUATIONI/S'7 :O W]E ATTACK$ BY ,DEBORD 9 #a#i#g#b4.<#i#f.> ,FIR/ ( ALL1 ,DEBORD'S P>TICIPATION 9 ',SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE1' M5TION$ ABOVE1 MEANT ?AT HE & O!R MEMB]S ( ! GR\P HAD COMMON REF]5CE PO9TS 9 LEFT COMMUNISM 9 G5]AL1 ) AU?ORS SU* AS ,K>L ,KORS*1 ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK & ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG4 ,FUR!RMORE1 SOME GR\PS CLOSE TO ! ,SITUATIONI/ ,9T]NATIONAL 7,S,I71 ESPECIALLY ! ',5RAGES' AT ,NANT]RE ,UNIV]SITY1.<#i#g.> MA9TA9$ L9KS ) LIB]T>IAN GR\PS1 SU* AS ',NOIR ET ,R\GE1'.<#i#h.> & ) ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/ GR\PS1 SU* AS ',9=MATIONS ET ,CORRESPONDANCES ,\VRI]ES4'.<#i#i.> ,MOREOV]1 9 ! E>LY #a#i#fS1 ! SITUATIONI/S W]E CLOSE TO ! PHILOSOPH]1 SOCIOLOGI/ & HET]ODOX ,M>XI/1 ,H5RI ,LEFEBVRE1 UNTIL !IR RELATION%IP BROKE D[N ACRIMONI\SLY AMID RECIPROCAL ACCUSATIONS ( PLAGI>ISM4.<#i#a.> ,SITUATIONI/ !ORIES >E A MEET+ PO9T ( AT LEA/ ?REE TR5DS4 ,FIR/1 A ,LEFT COMMUNI/ TRADITION :I* WAS CRITICAL ( ! ,L59I/ TR5DS 9 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T 79 %ORT1 ?OSE :O BELIEV$ ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION WAS BETRAY$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS & NOT JU/ BY ,/AL97 & :I* PROMOT$ ! WORK]S' C\NCILS AS DIRECT DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATIONS4 ,SECOND1 A TRADITION ( ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN CRITIQUE ( CAPITALISM & SO-CALL$ SOCIALI/ SOCIETIES4 ,& F9ALLY1 A TR5D ( SOCIOLOGICAL REFLEXION AB\TMOD]N URBAN LIFE AS ALI5AT$4 ,KEEP+ ?IS RELATION 9 M9D DOES NOT M9IMIZE ! ORIG9ALITY ( ! SITUATIONI/ !ORIES1 BUT HELPS TO UND]/& !M BETT]1 & P>TICUL>LY TO UND]/& ! DUAL CRITIQUE ( ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM4 

,IT MAY SEEM DIFFICULT TO ACCEPT ?AT ! SITUATIONI/S W]E CRITICIZ+ ! BUREAUCRATIC T5D5CIES 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,M>XISM AS WELL AS :AT !Y SAW AS ! HI/ORIC 9EFFICACY ( AN>*ISM1 BECAUSE ! MA9 REF]5CES !Y US$ SEEM$ TO BE MORE ,M>XI/ ?AN LIB]T>IAN4 ,= EXAMPLE1 DUR+ ! SUMM] ( #a#i#f#h1 ! GR\P PROTE/$3 ',DESPITE ! OBVI\S FACT ?AT ! ,SITUATIONI/ ,9T]NATIONAL DEVELOP$ A HI/ORICAL VIEW D]IV+ FROM ,HEGEL & ,M>X1 ! PRESS KEPT ON MIX+ UP SITUATIONI/S & AN>*ISM4'.<#i#a#a.> ,!Y ALSO CLAIM$ FILIATIONS ) :AT !Y CALL$ 'REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM1' AN EXPRESSION ?AT EXCLUD$ SU* /ATI/ 9T]PRETATIONS ( ,M>XISM AS ,L59ISM & SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,FUR!RMORE1 LIKE ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/S1 !Y MAY ALSO APPE> TO BE ,M>XI/S ) LIB]T>IAN T5D5CIES RA!R ?AN AN>*I/S 9TEGRAT+ ,M>XI/ SCI5TIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS4 ,MOREOV]1 EV5 :5 !Y >E DEAL+ ) SOCIAL & HI/ORICAL EXP]IM5TS !Y AGREE )1 :]E AN>*I/S HAVE PLAY$ ! MA9 ROLE1 !Y REFUSE TO R$UCE !SE EXP]IM5TS TO ! EXPRESSION ( AN>*ISM AS A P>TICUL> TR5D )9 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,?IS IS MADE QUITE CLE> ) !IR DISCUSSION ( ! #aicf ,SPANI% REVOLUTION4 ,9 ,! ,SOCIETY ( ! ,SPECTACLE1 ,DEBORD RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ON ! ONE H&1 '9 #aicf AN>*ISM DID 9DE$ 9ITIATE A SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 A REVOLUTION ?AT WAS ! MO/ ADVANC$ EXPRESSION ( PROLET>IAN P[] EV] REALIZ$'2 BUT HE >GU$ ?AT ON ! O!R H&1 ! UPRIS+ WAS NOT AN AN>*I/ 9ITIATIVE1 IT WAS A DEF5SIVE REACTION AGA9/ A MILIT>Y C\P1 & !Y W]E UNABLE EFFECTIVELY TO DEF5D ! REVOLUTION AGA9/ ! B\RGEOIS1 ! ,/AL9I/S & ,FASCISM4 ,SOME ( !M EV5 BECAME GOV]NM5T M9I/]S1 HE NOT$4.<#i#a#b.> 

,9 ,! ,REVOLUTION ( ,EV]YDAY ,LIFE1 ,RA\L ,VANEIGEM SEEMS TO BE CLOS] ?AN ,DEBORD TO LIB]T>IAN IDEALS1 = EXAMPLE :5 HE EXPLA9S ?AT 'FROM N[ ON1 NO REVOLUTION WILL BE WOR?Y ( ! NAME IF IT DOES NOT 9VOLVE1 AT ! V]Y LEA/1 ! RADICAL ELIM9ATION ( ALL HI]>*Y4'.<#i#a#c.> ,H[EV]1 ! WORDS 'AN>*ISM' OR 'AN>*Y' CANNOT BE F\ND ANY:]E 9 ! BOOK4 ,VANEIGEM CLE>LY SPEAKS AB\T AN>*I/S 7QUOT+1 = EXAMPLE1 ,MAKHNO & ,DURRUTI7 BUT NEV] AB\T AN>*ISM2 AS IF 9DIVIDUALS W]E WOR? MORE ?AN !IR P>TICUL> IDEOLOGY & MORE ?AN ! POLITICAL TR5D !Y BELONG$ TO4 

,NEV]!LESS1 DESPITE ?IS SEEM+ PROXIMITY TO ,M>XISM & ,M>XI/ TROPES1 !RE IS V]Y REAL & OP5 CRITIQUE ( ,M>XISM 9 !SE SAME SITUATIONI/ TEXTS1 A CRITIQUE :I* NOT ONLY ATTACKS ! PROGRESSIVE DEG5]ATION ( ,M>XISM1 BUT ALSO PO9TS \T ! G]MS ( ?AT DEG5]ATION 9 ,M>X'S P]SONALITY & WORK4 ,9 ,! ,REVOLUTION ( ,EV]YDAY ,LIFE1 :]E ,M>X IS QUOT$ LESS & 9 A MORE CRITICAL WAY ?AN 9 ,DEBORD'S TEXTS1 ,VANEIGEM SPEAKS1 = EXAMPLE1 AB\T ',M>X'S AU?ORIT>IAN ATTITUDES 9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4'.<#i#a#d.> ,H[EV]1 ?IS CRITICISM IS ALSO DEVELOP$ FUR!R 9 ,! ,SOCIETY ( ! ,SPECTACLE1 ! BOOK :I* IS NEV]!LESS KN[N AS ! CLOSE/ TO REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM4 ,9 ,*APT] ,I,V ( ! BOOK1 ,DEBORD AT FIR/ GIVES ! IMPRESSION1 LIKE O!R ,FR5* LEFT-W+ ,M>XI/S ( ! TIME1.<#i#a#e.> ?AT HIS CRITICISMS >E ( ! 9CORRECT USE ( ,M>X BY ?OSE :O CLAIM$ FILIATION ) HIM4 ,BUT ,DEBORD GOES ON TO EXPLA9 ?AT 9 ,M>X'S ?\<T1 !RE IS A 'SCI5TIFIC-DET]M9I/ ASPECT' :I* 'MADE IT VULN]ABLE TO IDEOLOGISATION4'.<#i#a#f.> ,?AT DRIFT T[>DS ECONOMISM 7=1 AS ,M>X PUT IT1 ECONOMICS IS '! HI/ORICAL SCI5CE P> EXCELL5CE'7 ALWAYS PO/PONES ! MOM5T ( REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE & ! ADV5T ( ! HI/ORICAL SUBJECT BY CLAIM+ ?AT ! CORRECT OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS >E NOT PRES5T4 ,= ,DEBORD1 ,M>XISM AS IT EVOLV$ EMPHASIZ$ A T5D5CY :I* WAS ALREADY !RE 9 EMBRYO 9 ,M>X1 CONSI/+ PR9CIPALLY 9 SEP>AT+ ! !ORY 7ESPECIALLY ! ECONOMICS7 FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE1 JU/ AS ,M>X ISOLAT$ HIMSELF 'BY CLOI/]$ S*OL>LY WORK 9 ! ,BRITI% ,MUSEUM4'.<#i#a#g.> ,ACCORD+ TO ,DEBORD1 ?AT LACK 9 ,M>XI/ !ORY ALSO HAS ITS ROOTS 9 ! FACT ?AT ?IS !ORY WAS ! FAI?FUL EXPRESSION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T AT ?AT TIME1 & ALSO ( ! 9SUFFICI5CIES ( ?IS MOVEM5T4 ,?IS MOVEM5T MISS$ SOME?+ ?AT C\LD NOT COME FROM ! !ORY1 BUT HAD TO EM]GE FROM ! CONCRETE =M ( ORGANIZATION ?AT >OSE SPONTANE\SLY FROM ! PROLET>IAN /RUGGLES3 ! WORK]S' C\NCILS1 ! SOVIETS4 

,:5 ,M>X ELABORAT$ HIS !ORY1 ! WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATION HE PROMOT$ C\LD BE NO?+ O!R ?AN ?AT :I* WAS 9 ACCORD ) HIS SEP>ATE !ORETICAL WORK1 & ?AT =M HAS TWO FAILURES4 ,FIR/1 IT MIMICS ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS1 9 ! S5SE ?AT ! MA9 TASK ( ! PROLET>IAT W\LD BE TO TAKE P[] AS IT EXI/S 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY3 ,DEBORD EXPLA9S ?AT '! !ORETICAL %ORTCOM+S ( ! SCI5TIFIC DEF5SE ( PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 7BO? 9 ITS CONT5T & 9 ITS =M ( EXPOSITION7 ALL ULTIMATELY RESULT FROM ID5TIFY+ ! PROLET>IAT ) ! B\RGEOISIE ) RESPECT TO ! REVOLUTION>Y SEIZURE ( P[]4'.<#i#a#h.> ,! SELF-CRITICISM CONTA9$ 9 ,M>X'S WORK ON ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 :I* CORRECTS SOME =MULATIONS ( ! ,MANIFE/O ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 7#a#h#d#h71 SEEMS H]E TO BE CLE>LY RECOGNIZABLE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 ! PROLET>IAT WAS SUPPOS$ TO SEIZE ! ,/ATE MA*9E AS IT WAS 9 ORD] TO MAKE IT WORK = ! B5EFIT ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,9 ,*APT] ,I,I1 WE READ3 ',! PROLET>IAT WILL USE ITS POLITICAL SUPREMACY TO WRE/1 BY DEGREE1 ALL CAPITAL FROM ! B\RGEOISIE1 TO C5TRALIZE ALL 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION 9 ! H&S ( ! ,/ATE1 I4E41 ( ! PROLET>IAT ORGANIZ$ AS ! RUL+ CLASS2 & TO 9CREASE ! TOTAL PRODUCTIVE =CES AS RAPIDLY AS POSSIBLE4'.<#i#a#i.> ,LAT]1 9 ,! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE1 :I* WAS WRITT5 JU/ AFT] ! 5D ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE 7#a#h#g#a71 ,M>X >GUES ?AT '! WORK+ CLASS CANNOT SIMPLY LAY HOLD ( ! READY-MADE /ATE MA*9]Y1 & WIELD IT = ITS [N PURPOSES1' BUT HAS TO DE/ROY IT IMM$IATELY1 REPLAC+ IT ) ! ,COMMUNE1 :I* IS '! POLITICAL =M AT LA/ DISCOV]$ UND] :I* TO WORK \T ! ECONOMICAL EMANCIPATION ( LABOR4'.<#i#b.> ,H[EV]1 ,DEBORD DOES NOT REPEAT ! PRAISE ( ! ,COMMUNE AS '! POLITICAL =M AT LA/ DISCOV]$1' & EV5 :5 HE PRAISES ! WORK]S' C\NCILS1 HE DOES NOT SPEAK AB\T !M AS 'POLITICAL =MS4' ,TO UND]/& ?IS PO9T1 IT IS !RE=E IMPORTANT TO CONSID] HIS CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL P>TIES1 :I* TAKES US TO ! SECOND FAILURE 9 ,M>XISM4 

,?IS SECOND FAILURE IS ! LACK ( A CONCEPTION ( ! ORGANIZATION :I* W\LD HAVE BE5 TRULY REVOLUTION>Y1 ?AT IS1 )\T ANY E*O ( /ATI/ OR B\RGEOIS =MS4 ,9 SUMM>Y1 ,M>XISM 7& ALL ,M>XI/ GR\PS7 HAD FAIL$ 9 !IR ?9K+ AB\T :AT ! REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION %\LD BE4 ,! FOLL[+ PASSAGE DES]VES QUOT+ AT L5G?3 

,! PROLET>IAN CLASS IS =M$ 9TO A SUBJECT 9 ITS PROCESS ( ORGANIZ+ REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLES & 9 ITS REORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY AT ! MOM5T ( REVOLUTION .<444.>4 ,BUT ?IS CRUCIAL QUE/ION ( ORGANIZATION WAS VIRTUALLY IGNOR$ BY REVOLUTION>Y !ORY DUR+ ! P]IOD :5 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T WAS FIR/ TAK+ %APE -- ! V]Y P]IOD :5 ?AT !ORY /ILL POSSESS$ ! UNIT>Y *>ACT] IT HAD 9H]IT$ FROM HI/ORICAL ?\<T 7& :I* IT HAD RI<TLY V[$ TO DEVELOP 9TO A UNIT>Y HI/ORICAL PRACTICE74 ,9/EAD1 ! ORGANIZATIONAL QUE/ION BECAME ! WEAKE/ ASPECT ( RADICAL !ORY1 A CONFUS$ T]RA9 L5D+ ITSELF TO ! REVIVAL ( HI]>*ICAL & /ATI/ TACTICS BORR[$ FROM ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION4 ,! =MS ( ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T ?AT W]E DEVELOP$ ON ! BASIS ( ?IS !ORETICAL NEGLIG5CE T5D$ 9 TURN TO 9HIBIT ! MA9T5ANCE ( A UNIT>Y !ORY BY BREAK+ IT UP 9TO V>I\S SPECIALIZ$ & FRAGM5T$ DISCIPL9ES4 ,?IS IDEOLOGICALLY ALI5AT$ !ORY WAS !N NO LONG] ABLE TO RECOGNIZE ! PRACTICAL V]IFICATIONS ( ! UNIT>Y HI/ORICAL ?\<T IT HAD BETRAY$ :5 SU* V]IFICATIONS EM]G$ 9 SPONTANE\S WORK+-CLASS /RUGGLES2 9/EAD1 IT CONTRIBUT$ TO REPRESS+ EV]Y MANIFE/ATION & MEMORY ( !M4.<#i#b#a.> 

,) ?IS QUOTATION1 :I* DESCRIBES ! PROCESS ( DEG5]ATION ( ,M>XISM1 WE UND]/& ! RELATIVE LEGITIMACY ( ! AN>*I/ CRITIQUE = ! SITUATIONI/S4 ,AT ITS F\NDATION 7DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 AN ORIG9AL RELATION ) ! ,HEGELIAN CURR5T 9 BO? ,M>X & 9 ,BAKUN91 AS WE %ALL SEE71 REVOLUTION>Y !ORY WAS AHEAD ( ! TIME ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE IT 9F]S -- & ?AT IS P>T ( ! ORIG9AL !ORY ( ! AVANT-G>DE ! SITUATIONI/S DEVELOP$ AT ?AT TIME4 ,9ITIALLY1 ?AT !ORY WAS UNIT>Y1 BUT BECAUSE ( ! LAT5ESS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE1 A REVOLUTION>Y CONCEPTION ( ! ORGANIZATION AS ! JUNCTION ( PRACTICE & !ORY WAS LACK+4 ,REVOLUTION>Y !ORY ?US ADOPT$ B\RGEOIS & /ATI/ PATT]NS ( ORGANIZATION4 ,OBVI\SLY1 ,DEBORD HAS ! P>TY SY/EM 9 M9D1 9 :I* ! DIFF]5T P[]S >E SEP>AT$ AS IF ! P>TIES W]E SMALL /ATES & :]E P>TIES COMPETE = P[] LIKE /ATES1 & HIS CRITIQUE HAS TO BE SE5 9 RELATION TO ?AT DEVELOP$ BY SOCIALI/ & TRADE UNION ?9K]S AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,G]MANY4.<#i#b#b.> ,BUT ,DEBORD ALSO SUGGE/S SOME?+ MORE DIFFICULT TO UND]/& AB\T ! L9K BETWE5 ! 9T]NAL ORGANIZATION ( ! POLITICAL P>TIES & ! SEP>ATIONS ?AT OCCURR$ 9SIDE :AT HE CALL$ REVOLUTION>Y !ORY4 ,9DE$1 FOLL[+ ,DEBORD1 IT SEEMS ?AT ! SEP>ATION ( DIFF]5T P[]S 7! CLASSICAL DIVISION 9TO A LEGISLATURE1 AN EXECUTIVE & A JUDICI>Y71 ?AT WAS AVAILABLE 9SIDE POLITICAL P>TIES1 9 TURN 9FLU5C$ ! !ORY1 SEP>AT+ ! !ORY FROM ! PRACTICE1 & ! !ORY ITSELF 9 DIFF]5T FIELDS1 SO ?AT ! UNIT>Y *>ACT] ( ! !ORY C\LD NOT BE MA9TA9$1 GIV+ WAY TO SPECIALIZATION & BUREAUCRATISM4 ,& F9ALLY1 :5 9 HI/ORICAL PRACTICE !RE >ISES A =M ( ORGANIZATION :I* IS 9 ACCORD ) ! ORIG9ALLY UNIT>Y !ORY1 ! LATT]1 :I* IS ALI5AT$ 9 ! DIVISION ( LABOR 9VOLV$ 9 ACTIVISM1 CRY/ALLIZ$ 9 BUREAUCRATIC ORGANIZATIONS & SOMETIMES SUBMITT$ TO A /ATE1 IS UNABLE TO RECOGNIZE ?IS RI<T =M & PREV5TS ITS MANIFE/ATION4 

,! EM]G5CE ( ! WORK]S' C\NCILS DUR+ ! ,HUNG>IAN UPRIS+ ( #aief IS A KEY CONTEXTUAL FACT TO EXPLA9 ,DEBORD'S PRAISE ( ! WORK]S' C\NCILS & ! REASONS :Y HE DOES NOT REPEAT ,M>X'S PRAISE ( ! ,COMMUNE4 ,AS A M]ELY POLITICAL =M1 ! ,COMMUNE W\LD IMPLY A SEP>ATION ( POLITICS AS A P>TICUL> ACTIVITY4 ,AS A GOAL TO ATTA91 IT W\LD IMPLY A SEP>ATION BETWE5 ! =M ( ORGANIZATION ?AT IS DESIR$ & ! =M ( ORGANIZATION BY :I* ! GOAL IS SUPPOS$ TO BE ATTA9$4 ,9 %ORT1 ! ,COMMUNE C\LD MA9TA9 A SEP>ATION BETWE5 ! REVOLUTION>Y SUBJECT & !IR REPRES5TATION4.<#i#b#c.> ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! WORK]S' C\NCILS COMP5SATE = ! TWO FAILURES ( ! ORGANIZATION PROMOT$ BY ,M>XISM4 ,WORK]S' C\NCILS >E 9DE$ ORGANIZATIONS ( /RUGGLE & PREFIGURATIONS ( ! COM+ SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,9 A WORK]S' C\NCIL BAS$ ON DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 !RE IS NEI!R HI]>*Y NOR SEP>ATE FUNCTION1 & ?AT IS :Y IT IS A =M ( ORGANIZATION RADICALLY DIFF]5T FROM ! ,/ATE4 ,?IS EXPLA9S :Y1 9 AN >TICLE WRITT5 = ! LA/ ISSUE ( ! J\RNAL ,9T]NATIONALE ,SITUATIONNI/E1 ,]NE ,RIESEL WROTE ?AT '! VICTORY ( ! C\NCILS HAS ITS PLACE NOT AT ! 5D1 BUT AT ! V]Y BEG9N+ ( ! REVOLUTION4'.<#i#b#d.> ,! C\NCILS >E NOT AN AIM :I* C\LD BE CONTEMPLAT$ AS ! DREAM$ = POLITICAL =M = ! DAY FOLL[+ ! REVOLUTION3 !Y >E A WAY ( ORGANIZ+ :I* IS EFFECTIVE 9 ! V]Y PROCESS ( ! REVOLUTION & :I* PREV5TS ! H>MFUL ACTION ( BUREAUCRATIC ORGANIZATIONS 7P>TIES & TRADE UNIONS74 ,! ,COMMUNE WAS ?US NOT AN ADEQUATE REVOLUTION>Y 9/RUM5T4 

,9 ,MAY & ,JUNE #aifh ! SITUATIONI/S =M$ A ,C\NCIL = ! ,MA9T5ANCE ( ! ,OCCUPATIONS 7,CONSEIL P\R LE MA9TI5 DES OCCUPATIONS1 OR ,C,M,D,O7 ) ! ,5RAGES1 & 9 SEV]AL SITUATIONI/ TEXTS1 ONE CAN DETECT ! AMBITION ( MAK+ ! ,S,I 9TO AN ORGANIZATION ?AT W\LD PREFIGURE SU* A COM+ ORGANIZATION4 ,IT IS P>TICUL>LY CLE> 9 A TEXT :I* IS BO? ! TE/AM5T & ! OBITU>Y ( ! ,S,I1 NAMELY ! ,!SES ON ! ,SITUATIONI/ ,9T]NATIONAL & ,ITS ,TIME WRITT5 BY ,DEBORD 9 #aigb & PUBLI%$ ! SAME YE> 9 ,! ,V]ITABLE ,SCISSION 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL4.<#i#b#e.> ,! ,!SES >E P>TICUL>LY REM>KABLE 9 !IR DEF9ITION ( REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS3 

,! REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION ( ! PROLET>IAN AGE IS DEF9$ BY DIFF]5T MOM5TS ( ! /RUGGLE1 :]E IT MU/ SUCCE$ EA* TIME1 & 9 EA* ( !SE MOM5TS1 IT MU/ SUCCE$ 9 NEV] BECOM+ A SEP>ATE P[]4 .<444.> ,:5EV] IT IS ABLE TO ACT1 ! REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION UNITES PRACTICE & !ORY1 :I* CON/ANTLY PROCE$ TOGE!R1 BUT IT NEV] BELIEVES ?AT IT CAN ACCOMPLI% ?IS ?R\< A M]E VOLUNT>I/ PROCLAMATION ( ! NECESSITY ( !IR TOTAL FUSION4 ,:5 ! REVOLUTION IS /ILL DI/ANT1 ! MAJOR TASK ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION IS ABOVE ALL ! PRACTICE ( !ORY4 ,:5 ! REVOLUTION BEG9S1 ITS MAJOR TASK 9CREAS+LY BECOMES ! !ORY ( PRACTICE1 BUT !N ! REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION HAS TAK5 ON AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T *>ACT]4 ,9 ! =M] CIRCUM/ANCES1 V]Y FEW 9DIVIDUALS >E AVANT-G>DE1 & !Y MU/ PROVE IT BY ! COH]5CE ( !IR G5]AL PROJECT1 & BY ! PRACTICE ?AT 5ABLES !M TO KN[ & COMMUNICATE ?IS PROJECT2 9 ! LATT] SITUATION1 ! MASS ( WORK]S >E ( !IR TIME1 & MU/ REMA9 SO AS ITS ONLY POSSESSORS BY MA/]+ ! TOTALITY ( !IR !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL WEAPONS1 NOTABLY BY REFUS+ ALL DELEGATION ( P[] TO A SEP>ATE AVANT-G>DE4 ,9 ! =M] CIRCUM/ANCES1 A DOZ5 EFFECTIVE PEOPLE CAN BE 5\< TO BEG9 ! SELF-EXPLANATION ( AN AGE ?AT CONTA9S 9 ITSELF A REVOLUTION ?AT IT /ILL DOES NOT YET KN[ AB\T1 & ?AT SEEMS TO IT EV]Y:]E TO BE ABS5T & IMPOSSIBLE2 9 ! LATT]1 ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS MU/ HOLD & EX]CISE ALL P[] BY ORGANIZ+ ITSELF 9TO P]MAN5T DELIB]ATIVE & EXECUTIVE ASSEMBLIES1 :I* ALL[ NO?+ TO REMA9 9 ! =M ( ! OLD WORLD & ! =MS ?AT DEF5D IT4.<#i#b#f.> 

,FIR/1 IT APPE>S FROM ! ABOVE ?AT ! MA9 !ME ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION IS NEGATIVE3 SOME?+ HAS TO BE AVOID$1 NAMELY ! SEP>ATION ( ! ORGANIZATION AS AN AUTONOM\S P[]4 ,?AT SIGNALS ! OPPOSITION ( ! SITUATIONI/S TO ANY ,L59I/ OR SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC CONCEPTION ( ! ORGANIZATION4 ,NEV]!LESS1 REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION CANNOT BE DEF9$ ONCE & = ALL & ADMITS ( TWO MA9 /AGES1 :I* =M A *IASMUS1 CON/ITUT$ BY ! 'PRACTICE ( !ORY' & ! '!ORY ( PRACTICE4' ',PRACTICE ( !ORY' DEF9ES ! 'AVANT-G>DE' /AGE ( REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION1 & MEANS NOT ONLY ?AT ! PRACTICE ( ! AVANT-G>DE CONSI/S ONLY 9 ! !ORETICAL EXPLANATION ( ! REVOLUTION1 :I* IS CONTA9$ AS A VIRTUALITY 9 A C]TA9 SOCIETY AT A C]TA9 TIME1 BUT ALSO ?AT ITS PRACTICE IS DET]M9$ BY ! !ORY IT BUILDS4 ,!RE=E1 ! MA9 TASK ( ! AVANT-G>DE IS TO EXP]IM5T ) A NEW K9D ( LIFE1 9 H>MONY & COH]5CE ) ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT4 ,! AVANT-G>DE IS NO RUL+ ELITE1 BUT A PREFIGURATION ( FUTURE ORGANIZATION4 ',!ORY ( PRACTICE1' :I* DEF9ES ! SECOND /AGE ( REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION1 SIGNIFIES ?AT !ORY IS NO LONG] 9 ADVANCE ( PRACTICE & FROM !N ON ONLY HAS TO BE 9 H>MONY ) REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE -- 9 O!R T]MS1 !ORY BECOMES SOMEH[ M9OR1 & ! MA9 TASK IS TO PRACTICALLY PREV5T ! EM]G5CE ( A SEP>ATE P[]4 ,! MO/ REM>KABLE *>ACT]I/IC ( ?IS DEF9ITION ( REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS IS ! CONCEPTION ( ! AVANT-G>DE IT PROMOTES4 ,AGA9/ ! ,L59I/ CONCEPTION ( ORGANIZATION1 DEVELOP$ = 9/ANCE 9 ,:AT ,IS ,TO ,BE DONE8 7#a#i#b7 & CRITICIZ$ BY ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 ! SITUATIONI/S BUILT AN ORIG9AL !ORY ( ! AVANT-G>DE :I* RESULTS FROM ! IMPORT+ ( AN >TI/IC CONCEPTION ( AVANT-G>DE 9TO ! FIELD ( POLITICS4 ,!RE=E1 9 SO F> AS IT IS NOT A G5]AL /AFF1 ! AVANT-G>DE DOES NOT LEAD1 BUT CONDUCTS EXP]IM5TS1 EXPRESSES :AT IS /ILL UNSAID & PREFIGURES ! COM+ SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 

,ONE CAN !RE=E UND]/& ! CRITICAL DESCRIPTION ( ! SPLIT BETWE5 AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM >\ND ?IS V]Y QUE/ION ( ! ORGANIZATION'S =M ?AT CAN BE F\ND 9 ,! ,SOCIETY ( ! ,SPECTACLE4 ,DEBORD EXPLICITLY TURNS BACK TO ! CONFLICT BETWE5 ,M>X & ,BAKUN9 9SIDE ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION & DESCRIBES IT AS ! OPPOSITION BETWE5 TWO IDEOLOGIES1 'EA* CONTA9+ A P>TIALLY TRUE CRITIQUE1 BUT EA* LOS+ ! UNITY ( HI/ORICAL ?\<T & SETT+ ITSELF UP AS AN IDEOLOGICAL AU?ORITY'4.<#i#b#g.> ,?OSE TWO CRITICISMS >E P>TIALLY TRUE BECAUSE !Y APPLY ON TWO DIFF]5T FIELDS3 ! P[] 9SIDE A REVOLUTION>Y SOCIETY & ! ORGANIZATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,BAKUN9 & HIS FRI5DS >E RI<T :5 !Y SEE ! ?REAT ( A BUREAUCRATIC DICTATOR%IP BEH9D ! IDEA ( A TEMPOR>Y PROLET>IAN /ATE1 BUT ,M>X & HIS FRI5DS >E ALSO RI<T :5 !Y D5\NCE ,BAKUN9'S CONSPIRACY PLANS4 ,IF WE /& AT ?IS PO9T1 ?IS D\BLE CRITICISM C\LD BE QUALIFI$ AS LIB]T>IAN AS IT D5\NCES ! AU?ORIT>IAN T5D5CIES 9 BO? !ORIES4 ,BUT ?IS LIB]T>IAN CRITICISM IS PAIR$ ) A HI/ORICAL CRITICISM :I* [ES A LOT TO ,M>X BUT T>GETS ! TWO ORGANIZATIONS :I* FOLL[$ !SE TWO MA9 ORI5TATIONS1 ! ,BLACK & ! ,R$3 ! ,SPANI% ,F,A,I 7,F$]ACION ,AN>QUI/A ,IB]ICA1 ,IB]IAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ACION7 & ! ,G]MAN ,S,P,D 7,SOZIALDEMOKRATIS*E ,P>TEI ,DEUTS*L&S1 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY ( ,G]MANY74 

,P>AGRAPH #i#b-#i#d ( ,! ,SOCIETY ( ! ,SPECTACLE >E DEVOT$ TO AN>*ISM BUT MU/ BE READ 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! T5SE RELATIONS BETWE5 ! ,S,I & LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATIONS1 S9CE Y\NG MEMB]S ( ! ,FR5* ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION HAD DECL>$ !IR GREAT 9T]E/ 9 ! SITUATIONI/ !SES >\ND #aiff & #a#i#f#g4.<#i#b#h.> ,! ,FR5* ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION WAS OBSESS$ AT ?AT TIME ) ! POSSIBLE 9FILTRATION ( ,M>XI/ ELEM5TS 9TO ITS RANKS1 S9CE IT HAD ALREADY SPLIT A FEW YE>S E>LI] ) ! DEP>TURE ( ! LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/S4 ,! Y\NG LIB]T>IANS W]E =C$ TO QUIT ! ,F$]ATION & ,! ,SOCIETY ( ! ,SPECTACLE P]HAPS E*OES ?IS EPISODE1 ESPECIALLY 9 8#i#b :5 ,DEBORD EXPLA9S :Y ! AN>*I/ CRITIQUE REMA9S ONLY P>TIAL4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 HE CLAIM$1 ! CRITICISM ( ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE BY ! AN>*I/S REMA9$ AB/RACT AS !Y PROMOT$ A PURELY ECONOMIC /RUGGLE BAS$ ON ! PATT]N ( ! 9/ANTANE\S G5]AL /RIKE -- :I* MEANS ?AT ,DEBORD IS ?9K+ H]E ( AN>*O-SYNDICALISM4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,DEBORD1 AN>*I/S ONLY SEE /RUGGLE AS ! REALIZATION ( AN IDEAL1 OPPOS$ TO REALITY1 )\T QUE/ION+ ! PRACTICAL MEANS ( REALIZATION ( ?IS IDEAL1 & 9 EA* /RUGGLE1 !Y CON/ANTLY REPEAT ! SAME ?+S1 :I* LEADS TO !IR PRES5T+ !MSELVES AS GU>DIANS ( ! TEMPLE & SELF-PROCLAIM$ SPECIALI/S ( FRE$OM 78#i#c74 

,! MEAN+ ( ?IS CRITICISM IS CLE>3 ! !ORETICAL BASIS ( ! LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATIONS1 !ORETICAL AN>*ISM1 IS AN \TDAT$ /AGE 9 ! HI/ORY ( REVOLUTION>Y !ORY1 ! /AGE ( ! IDEOLOGICAL CONFLICT ) AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALISM1 :I* IS ALSO ! /AGE ( ! SEP>ATION BETWE5 BLACK & R$ & BETWE5 ! PROLET>IAT & ITS REPRES5TATION4 ,!RE=E LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATIONS SU* AS ! ,FR5* & 7LAT]7 ! ,ITALIAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATIONS & ! REBUILT ,SPANI% ,C,N,T 7,CONF$]ACION ,NACIONAL DEL ,TRABAJO1 ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR7 >E1 = ,DEBORD1.<#i#b#i.> REMNANTS ( ! PA/1 SMALL *UR*ES HAV+ NO RELATION ) ! CONTEMPOR>Y REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 SEEK+ TO P]PETUATE !MSELVES BY CON/ANTLY REPEAT+ ! SAME IDEOLOGICAL ANTI!SES 7:I* IS :Y ?OSE :O PROCLAIM$ !IR AFF9ITY ) SITUATIONI/ !SES W]E EXPELL$74 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ACCORD+ TO ! SITUATIONI/S1 WORK]S' C\NCILS1 AS !Y >OSE SPONTANE\SLY 7?AT IS TO SAY3 9DEP5D5TLY ( ANY PRECONCEIV$ !ORY7 9 REVOLUTION>Y ,RUSSIA & SPREAD 9 ,G]MANY & ,SPA91 AS A UNIT>Y PRACTICE1 >E SUPPOS$ TO BE 9 ACCORD ) ! UNITY ( REVOLUTION>Y !ORY4 ,& ?IS !ORETICAL UNITY IS TO BE F\ND BE=E ! SEP>ATION BETWE5 BLACK & R$1 BE=E ! SPLIT :I* GAVE BIR? TO ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM AS TWO P>TIAL TRU?S1 :I* MEANS 9 REVOLUTION>Y !ORY AS EXPRESS$ 9 ! #a#h#dS4 

,BE=E BLACK & R$3 ,! SITUATIONI/S & ! ,Y\NG ,HEGELIANS 

,9 ?IS SECTION1 ,I PROVIDE A CRITICAL RECON/RUCTION ( ! SITUATIONI/ ATTEMPT TO !ORIZE ! ANTEC$5T !ORY TO ! SEP>ATION BETWE5 ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM & FROM ?AT EXAM9E ! P>ALLELS BETWE5 !IR !ORETICAL PRACTICES & ?OSE ( ! ,Y\NG ,HEGELIAN MOVEM5T ( ! #a#h#dS4 ,?IS MEANS %[+ ! PROXIMITY BETWE5 ! TWO MOVEM5TS 9 !IR RELATION TO ,HEGEL1 QUE/ION+ ! KN[L$GE ! SITUATIONI/S HAD AB\T ! ,Y\NG ,HEGELIANS & SEE+ :I* ,Y\NG ,HEGELIAN !MES >E REACTIVAT$ BY SITUATIONI/ !ORIES4 

,ACCORD+ TO 8#g#h ( ,! ,SOCIETY ( ! ,SPECTACLE1 ! UNITY ( ! REVOLUTION>Y !ORY IS TO BE F\ND 9 AN ORIG9AL CRITICAL RELATION ) ,HEGELIAN ?\<T AMONG ! ,Y\NG ,HEGELIANS 9 ! #a#h#dS3 ',ALL ! !ORETICAL CURR5TS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T -- ,/IRN] & ,BAKUN9 AS WELL AS ,M>X -- GREW \T ( A CRITICAL CONFRONTATION ) ,HEGELIAN ?\<T4'.<#i#c.> ,! SITUATIONI/S REACTIVATE ?IS CRITICAL CONFRONTATION :I* *>ACT]IZES ,Y\NG OR ,LEFT ,HEGELIANISM1 & !Y DO IT1 FIR/1 BY US+ SOME ,HEGELIAN TEXTS :I* ALSO F\ND FAVOR ) ! ,Y\NG ,HEGELIANS4 ,EA* ( ! TWO MA9 SITUATIONI/ BOOKS WRITT5 BY ,DEBORD CONTA9S A QUOTATION FROM ! ,PH5OM5OLOGY ( ! ,SPIRIT1 :I* WAS1 AMONG ,HEGEL'S WORKS1 ! ONE ! ,Y\NG ,HEGELIAN MOVEM5T1 FROM ITS V]Y BEG9N+S1 ADMIR$ ! MO/4.<#i#c#a.> 

,! F9AL *APT] ( ,! ,SOCIETY ( ! ,SPECTACLE1 :I* DESCRIBES :AT A SOCIETY BEYOND ! SOCIETY ( ! SPECTACLE C\LD BE1 IS 9TRODUC$ ) ?IS S5T5CE3 ',SELF-CONSCI\SNESS EXI/S 9 & = ITSELF :51 & BY ! FACT ?AT1 IT SO EXI/S = ANO!R2 ?AT IS1 IT EXI/S ONLY 9 BE+ ACKN[L$G$4'.<#i#c#b.> ,9 ACCORDANCE ) ! SITUATIONI/ CONCEPT ( 'DET\RNEM5T' 7MISAPPROPRIATION OR TWI/+71 ! ,HEGELIAN !ORY ( ACKN[L$GM5T1 ONCE MOV$ ONTO ! APPROPRIATE FIELD 7FROM AN IDEALI/IC DESCRIPTION ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( SELF-CONSCI\SNESS TO A PROSPECTIVE DESCRIPTION ( A DESIR$ SOCIETY71 GA9S ITS REAL MEAN+3 SU* EXPRESSIONS AS 'SELF-CONSCI\SNESS' & 'ACKN[L$GM5T' CANNOT F9D !IR MEAN+ 9SIDE ! SOCIETY ( ! SPECTACLE1 :I* IS RA!R *>ACT]IZ$ BY ALI5ATION & ! LACK ( ANY SELF-CONSCI\SNESS4 

,LA V]ITABLE SCISSION DANS L',9T]NATIONALE.<#i#c#c.> 7,! ,V]ITABLE ,SCISSION 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL7 BEG9S ) ANO!R ,HEGELIAN QUOTATION3 

,ONE P>TY PROVES ITSELF TO BE VICTORI\S BY ! FACT ?AT IT BREAKS UP 9TO TWO P>TIES2 = 9 ?AT FACT IT %[S IT POSSESSES )9 IT ! PR9CIPLE IT COMBATS1 & CONSEQU5TLY %[S IT HAS ABOLI%$ ! ONE-SID$NESS ) :I* IT =M]LY MADE ITS APPE>ANCE4 ,! 9T]E/ :I* WAS DIVID$ BETWE5 IT & ! O!R1 N[ FALLS 5TIRELY )9 IT1 & =GETS ! O!R1 BECAUSE ?AT 9T]E/ F9DS LY+ 9 IT ALONE ! OPPOSITION ON :I* ITS ATT5TION IS DIRECT$4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 H[EV]1 ! OPPOSITION HAS BE5 LIFT$ 9TO ! HI<] VICTORI\S ELEM5T1 :]E IT MANIFE/S ITSELF 9 A CL>IFI$ =M4 ,SO ?AT ! S*ISM ?AT >ISES 9 ONE P>TY1 & SEEMS A MIS=TUNE1 DEMON/RATES RA!R ITS GOOD =TUNE4.<#i#c#d.> 

,9ITIALLY1 ,HEGEL WAS DESCRIB+ ! VICTORY ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T 9 ITS /RUGGLE AGA9/ SUP]/ITION1 & ! BE/ PRO( ( ?IS VICTORY WAS ?AT SUP]/ITION HAD DISAPPE>$ & ?AT1 9/EAD ( A /RUGGLE BETWE5 ,5LI<T5M5T & SUP]/ITION1 !RE WAS FROM !N ON A /RUGGLE 9SIDE ! ,5LI<T5M5T BETWE5 TWO OPPOSITE PR9CIPLES1 PURE ?\<T & PURE MATT]4 ,9 #a#i#g#b1 ,DEBORD USES ?IS QUOTATION 9 ORD] TO DESCRIBE ! SPLIT 9SIDE ! ,S,I4 ,! ,S,I HAS ACCOMPLI%$ ITS HI/ORICAL TASK AS AVANT-G>DE1 & ! BE/ PRO( ( ?IS ACCOMPLI%M5T IS ! SPLIT1 NOT BETWE5 ,M>XI/S & ,BAKUN9I/S1 BUT BETWE5 TWO TR5DS CONC]N+ ! V]Y QUE/ION ( ! SPECTACLE3 ! ,S,I BEG9S TO BE CONTEMPLAT$ BY SPECTATORS :O DESCRIBE !MSELVES AS 'PRO-SITUS' 7'PRO-SITUATIONI/'71 & ?AT IS :Y IT HAS TO DISAPPE>4.<#i#c#e.> ,?IS MANN] ( US+ ,HEGEL IS ONE ( ! WAYS 9 :I* SITUATIONI/S CAN BE COMP>$ ) ,Y\NG ,HEGELIANS4.<#i#c#f.> 

,IT IS DIFFICULT TO DET]M9E PRECISELY :AT KN[L$GE ! SITUATIONI/S HAD ( ! ,Y\NG ,HEGELIAN MOVEM5T1 BEYOND ! Y\NG ,M>X'S WRIT+S4 ,NEV]!LESS1 WE KN[ ?AT 9 #aigc ,DEBORD PUBLI%$ A TRANSLATION 7BY ,MI*EL ,JACOB7 ( ONE ( ! FIR/ TEXTS ( ?AT MOVEM5T1 ,AUGU/ ,CIESK[SKI'S ,PROLEGOM5A TO A ,HI/ORIOSOPHY.<#i#c#g.> 7#a#h#c#h71 & T5 YE>S LAT] EV5 WROTE A PREFACE = A POSSIBLE REPUBLICATION ( ! BOOK4.<#i#c#h.> ,9 ?IS TEXT1 HE CONSID]S ! ,POLI% PHILOSOPH] AS '! D>K PO9T >\ND :I* ALL HI/ORICAL ?\<T HAS TURN$ = ! LA/ C5TURY & A HALF4' ,MOREOV]1 9 ,DEBORD & 9 ,VANEIGEM1 WE CAN F9D HIDD5 QUOTATIONS ( ,Y\NG ,HEGELIAN TEXTS -- 9 P>TICUL> ( ,DIE ,REAKTION 9 ,DEUTS*L& 7,! ,REACTION 9 ,G]MANY1 #a#h#d#b71 ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN9'S SEM9AL >TICLE1 :I* HAS NOT YET BE5 5TIRELY TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,FR5*4.<#i#c#i.> 

,:AT ! SITUATIONI/S TAKE FROM ,Y\NG ,HEGELIANISM IS ! FACT ?AT ,M>XI/ COMMUNISM & 9DIVIDUALI/IC & COLLECTIVI/ V>IANTS ( AN>*ISM BO? HAVE !IR ROOTS 9 AN ORIG9AL CONFRONTATION ) ,HEGELIAN ?\<T4 ,I WILL BRIEFLY /UDY ?REE ,Y\NG ,HEGELIAN !MES1 REACTIVAT$1 UPDAT$ & SOMETIMES 'TWI/$' BY ! SITUATIONI/S3 ! CONNECTIONS BETWE5 !ORY & PRACTICE1 ! PRIMACY ( ! NEGATIVE MOM5T 9 ! DIALECTICAL PROCESS1 & F9ALLY ! !ME ( ALI5ATION4 ,I DO NOT CLAIM1 9 DO+ SO1 TO EXHAU/ ! PHILOSOPHICAL CONT5T ( SITUATIONI/ WRIT+S1 OR ! MEAN+ ( !IR RELATION ) ,M>X OR ,HEGELIAN ?\<T4 ,I W\LD JU/ LIKE TO %[ H[ ! SITUATIONI/ CONCEPTION ( ! UNITY ( REVOLUTION>Y !ORY RELATES TO ! HI/ORY ( PHILOSOPHY & !RE=E SUPPORT ! HYPO!SIS ( A SPECIFIC SITUATIONI/ ATTEMPT TO R5EW REVOLUTION>Y ?\<T BEYOND ! SEP>ATION BETWE5 BLACK & R$ FROM ! COMMON S\RCE ( BO? CURR5TS4 

,N[1 !IR CONCEPTION ( !ORY 7& ! PO/ULATION ( ITS UNITY ) A HI/ORICAL PRACTICE7 IS ALREADY ! REACTIVATION ( A ,Y\NG ,HEGELIAN !ME4 ,= EXAMPLE1 :5 ,DEBORD *>ACT]IZES ,HEGEL AS '! PHILOSOPHICAL CULM9ATION ( PHILOSOPHY1'.<#i#d.> HE REACTIVATES A !ME ?AT CAN BE F\ND 9 ?REE MA9 FIGURES ( ,Y\NG ,HEGELIANISM4 ,FIR/ 9 ,CIESK[SKI = :OM A ?\<T ( HI/ORY1 A PHILOSOPHY ( PRACTICE 7! 'HI/ORIOSOPHY'71 HAS TO GO BEYOND ! SPLIT BETWE5 BE+ & ?\<T :I* *>ACT]IZES ! OLD PHILOSOPHY3 ,HEGEL'S PHILOSOPHY ( HI/ORY IS A PHILOSOPHY ( ! PA/1 :ILE HI/ORIOSOPHY IS A PHILOSOPHY ( ! FUTURE :I* DEP5DS ON A PRACTICE4.<#i#d#a.> ,A SIMIL> CONCEPTION CAN BE F\ND 9 ,! ,REACTION 9 ,G]MANY1 ,BAKUN9'S FIR/ REVOLUTION>Y WRIT+3 ,HEGEL IS CLAIM$ TO HAVE 'ALREADY GONE ABOVE !ORY1 BUT 9SIDE ! !ORY ITSELF' & TO HAVE 'PO/ULAT$ A NEW1 PRACTICAL WORLD'.<#i#d#b.> SO ?AT 9 ,HEGEL1 ! !ORY ITSELF1 SEP>AT$ FROM ! PRACTICE UND] ! NAME ( PHILOSOPHY1 F9DS ITS [N LIMIT4 ,& LA/ BUT NOT LEA/1 ,M>X'S ,9TRODUCTION TO ! ,CRITIQUE ( ,HEGEL'S ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,RI<T 7#a#h#d#c7 EXPLA9S ?AT IT IS TIME TO 'REALIZE PHILOSOPHY'3 ! FIR/ TASK ( PHILOSOPHY WAS TO CRITICIZE RELIGION1 '! PR]EQUISITE ( ALL CRITICISM1'.<#i#d#c.> ?US A CRITIQUE ( SOCIAL ALI5ATION1 LEAD+ TO ! ULTIMATE 'TRANSC5D5CE ( ! PROLET>IAT1' ! 'DISSOLUTION ( SOCIETY AS A P>TICUL> E/ATE4'.<#i#d#d.> ,9 ! SITUATIONI/ !ORIES1 ! AIM ( ?IS PO/ULAT$ UNITY BETWE5 !ORY & PRACTICE IS TO OBJECT TO !ORETICAL SPECIALIZATION1 :I* !Y SAW AS ! G]M ( DEG5]ATION 9 ,M>XISM1 LEAD+ ULTIMATELY TO AU?ORIT>IAN =MS4 ,?IS DEG5]ATION 5DS UP 9 A RELATION ( SUBORD9ATION BETWE5 !ORY & PRACTICE1 :]E1 AS ,I DISCUSS$ ABOVE1 ! !ORY BECOMES UNABLE TO RECOGNIZE ! REVOLUTION>Y =M ( ORGANIZATION & IGNORES ! RATIONALITY 9H]5T 9 PRACTICE4.<#i#d#e.> 

,SECOND1 9 ,DEBORD & 9 ,VANEIGEM1 ! CRITICAL CONFRONTATION ) ,HEGELIAN ?\<T IS RE-P]=M$ BY ASS]T+ ! PR$OM9ANCE ( ! NEGATIVE 9 ! DIALECTICAL PROCESS4 ,ONCE AGA91 ! SITUATIONI/S TAKE ?IS !ME FROM ! ,Y\NG ,HEGELIANS4 ,BAKUN9'S >TICLE EXPLA9S ?AT ! CATEGORY ( OPPOSITION1 :I* IS = HIM ! C5T] ( ,HEGELIAN PHILOSOPHY1 IS 'A PREPOND]ANCE ( ! ,NEGATIVE' OV] ! ,POSITIVE.<#i#d#f.>3 ! NEGATIVE1 ID5TIFI$ AS ! P>TY ( ! REVOLUTION1 IS :AT ! POSITIVE1 ID5TIFI$ AS ! REACTION1 TRIES TO REJECT FROM ITSELF1 SO ?AT ! POSITIVE IS ONLY ! NEGATION ( ! NEGATIVE1 ! NEGATION ( ! DE/RUCTIVE MOVEM5T4 ,! ASS]TION ( ! PREPOND]ANCE ( ! NEGATIVE IS A C5TRAL !ME 9 ,Y\NG ,HEGELIANISM1 ALSO F\ND 9 ,BRUNO ,BAU]4.<#i#d#g.> ,= ,BAKUN9 H[EV]1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO RECOGNIZE ! POSITIVITY ( ! NEGATIVE1 ?AT IS TO SAY ! NEW WORLD :I* IS SUPPOS$ TO >ISE 9 ! V]Y PROCESS BY :I* ! OLD WORLD P]I%ES4 ,9 8#a#a#d ( ,! ,SOCIETY ( ! ,SPECTACLE1 ,DEBORD SIMIL>LY ID5TIFIES ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT AS ! NEGATIVE P>TY.<#i#d#h.> & AT ! SAME TIME1 HE ASS]TS ! PRIMACY ( ! NEGATIVE 9 ! ,HEGELIAN DIALECTICAL PROCESS -- &1 AS IT IS WRITT5 9 8#b#f1 ! /YLE ( ! DIALECTICAL !ORY HAS TO EXPRESS ?IS PRIMACY4.<#i#d#i.> ,SIMIL>LY1 9 ,! ,REVOLUTION ( ,EV]YDAY ,LIFE1 ,VANEIGEM EXPLA9S ?AT ! NEGATIVE HAS TO BECOME POSITIVE4.<#i#e.> ,?IS !ME WAS BRILLIANTLY ILLU/RAT$ 9 ,BAKUN9'S >TICLE ) ! FAM\S S5T5CE3 ',! PASSION = DE/RUCTION IS A CREATIVE PASSION1 TOO4'.<#i#e#a.> ,?IS S5T5CE IS QUOT$ 7)\T ANY S\RCE REF]5CE7 9 ! *APT] :I* RELATES ! SITUATIONI/S' CONTRIBUTION TO ! EV5TS ( ,MAY & ,JUNE #aifh 9 ,FRANCE1.<#i#e#b.> AS IT WAS 9 ,VANEIGEM'S BOOK4.<#i#e#c.> ,?IS READ+ ( ! ,HEGELIAN DIALECTICAL PROCESS HAS A PRECISE MEAN+ 9 SITUATIONISM3 REVOLUTION>Y !ORY1 UNIT>Y !ORY1 EXPRESSES ! GLOBAL REJECTION ( ! ACTUAL WORLD1 & A NEW WORLD CAN BE BORN ONLY FROM ! GLOBAL NEGATION ( ?IS WORLD4 

,LIKE O!R ,M>XI/S ( ! #a#i#fS 7NOTABLY ,H]B]T ,M>CUSE71 ! SITUATIONI/S CAME TO USE ! CONCEPT ( ALI5ATION EXT5SIVELY4 ,!Y [E ?IS USE TO A P>TICUL> READ+ ( ,M>X'S ,ECONOMIC & ,PHILOSOPHICAL ,MANUSCRIPTS ( #ahdd AS A SEM9AL WORK :I* CONTA9S ,M>X'S PHILOSOPHY1 :I* LAT] DEVELOP$ ?R\<\T ! RE/ ( HIS WRIT+S4 ,?IS READ+ IS A RECON/RUCTION ( ,M>XISM BAS$ ON A PHILOSOPHY ( ALI5ATION1 9 :I* ! !ME ( COMMODITY FETI%ISM IS C5TRAL 79 ,DEBORD P>TICUL>LY.<#i#e#d.>74 ,! !ME ( ALI5ATION IS ESPECIALLY US$ 9 ,VANEIGEM'S BOOK1 )\T ANY M5TION ( ITS ,M>XIAN OR ,HEGELIAN ORIG94 ,ACTUALLY1 ! CONCEPT ( ALI5ATION IS TRANS=M$ BY ! SITUATIONI/S 9 TWO WAYS4 ,9 ,M>X1 ! CONCEPT ( ALI5ATION1 :I* TRANSLATES TWO ,G]MAN WORDS3 ,5TAUSS]UNG - GIV+ SOME?+ UP BY ALI5AT+ IT -- & ,5TFREMDUNG - :5 ! ALI5AT$ OBJECT HAS BECOME /RANG]1 IS ! RESULT ( A TRANSF] FROM ! FIELD ( ! CRITIQUE ( RELIGION TO ! FIELD ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL CRITIQUE4.<#i#e#e.> ,M>X HAD READ ?IS TRANSF] 9 ,MOSES ,HESS'S ,ON ! ,ESS5CE ( ,MONEY4 ,9 ! SAME WAY ?AT 9 ,*RI/IANITY 7ACCORD+ TO ,FEU]BA*7 HUMAN ESS5CE IS ALI5AT$1 SO ?AT HUMANITY IS UNABLE TO RECOGNIZE :AT IT IS OPPRESS$ BY1 ! HUMAN BE+ 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES ALI5ATES ITS VITAL ACTIVITY 9 MONEY1 :I* IS ANO!R =M ( OPPRESSION4.<#i#e#f.> ,9 ! SITUATIONI/ APPROPRIATION ( ?IS !ME1 ! FIR/ TRANS=MATION IS A HI/ORICISATION3 9 ,! ,REVOLUTION ( ,EV]YDAY ,LIFE1 ,VANEIGEM EXPLA9S ?AT 'HI/ORY IS ! CONT9U\S TRANS=MATION ( NATURAL ALI5ATION 9TO SOCIAL ALI5ATION1'.<#i#e#g.> :I* W\LD SUGGE/ ?AT RELIGI\S ALI5ATION IS NATURAL4 ,! SECOND TRANS=MATION IS A WID5+4 ,9 ,M>X'S ,MANUSCRIPTS1 ALI5ATION APPLIES TO ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION3 ! WORK] BECOMES ! MA*9E'S SLAVE & IS DISPOSSESS$ ( ! FRUIT ( HIS LABORS4 ,SITUATIONI/S EXP& ?IS !ME TO ! ALI5ATION ( ! CONSUM]4 ,ALI5ATION IS COMMODITY ALI5ATION3 IT HAPP5S 9 COMMODITY PRODUCTION 7WORK]S LOSE CONTROL ( !IR LABOR & ( ! FRUITS ( !IR LABORS7 & ALSO 9 COMMODITY CONSUMPTION1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! SPECTACLE AS ! ULTIMATE COMMODITY1 ACCORD+ TO ,DEBORD4.<#i#e#h.> ,SPECTACLE IS ALI5ATION 9 SO F> AS '! PASSIVE CONTEMPLATION ( IMAGES1 :I* HAVE MOREOV] BE5 *OS5 BY SOMEONE ELSE1 SUB/ITUTES = :AT IS EXP]I5C$ & = ! DET]M9ATION ( ! EV5TS BY ! 9DIVIDUAL ITSELF'.<#i#e#i.> &1 EV5TUALLY DOM9ATES ! 9DIVIDUAL4 

,CONCLUSION3 ,! PRES5T RELEVANCE ( A CRITIQUE 

,SITUATIONI/ CRITIQUE IS (T5 R$UC$ TO ITS NEGATIVE DIM5SION & ITS ATTEMPT TO GO BEYOND \TDAT$ OPPOSITIONS1 SU* AS BLACK & R$4 ,?IS R$UCTION GAVE ! IMPRESSION ?AT SITUATIONI/ !ORIES W]E RADICALLY NEW & RADICALLY SEP>AT$ FROM ! HI/ORY ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,YET1 SU* A POSITION BE>S LITTLE RELATION ) SITUATIONI/ !ORIES4 ,:ILE ! PRO-SITUS T5D$ TO CONSID] ?AT SITUATIONI/ !SES AS A SPONTANE\S HI/ORICAL =M1 )\T ANTEC$5T1 ! AIM ( ?IS *APT] HAS BE5 TO L9K SITUATIONISM BACK TO ITS ,HEGELIAN ROOTS1 ROOTS %>$ BY BO? AN>*I/S & ,M>XI/S4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 9 D5\NC+ ! 'PRO-SITUS'.<#i#f.> 9 #aigb ,DEBORD OBJECT$ TO CREAT+ A NEW OBJECT ( CONTEMPLATION1 & ! LA/ OBJECT ( SPECTACUL> DOM9ATION \T ( ! ,S,I4 ,PREV5T+ ! DOM9AT$ FROM REMEMB]+ ! HI/ORY ( !IR REVOLTS IS ONE ( ! MO/ P[]FUL EFFECTS ( ! SOCIETY ( ! SPECTACLE4 ,= ?AT V]Y REASON1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO RECALL ?AT ! SITUATIONI/S ATTEMPT$ TO GO BEYOND ! OPPOSITION BETWE5 BLACK & R$ = ! SAKE ( A REVOLUTION>Y !ORY :OSE UNITY HAD TO BE RE/OR$1 9TEGRAT+ ! SOCIAL & HI/ORICAL EXP]IM5T ( ! WORK]S' C\NCILS & BEYOND ! ALI5ATION ( !ORY 9 BUREAUCRATIC ECONOMISM4 ,SO ?IS W\LD BE ! SITUATIONI/ ANSW] TO ,BISM>CK'S ANXIETY AB\T A POSSIBLE REUNIFICATION ( BLACK & R$ AFT] ! SPLIT ( #a#h#g#b3 BLACK IS DEAD1 R$ IS DEAD1 BUT ! UNIFICATION ( BO? TR5DS IS /ILL ! MANIFE/ATION ( WORK]S' DEMOCRACY &1 IF WE FOLL[ ,BAKUN9'S FIR/ WORDS AS A REVOLUTION>Y1 HAS TO BE KEPT 'AT ! TOP ( ! AG5DA ( HI/ORY4'.<#i#f#a.> 

,:AT DID ! SITUATIONI/ ATTEMPT TO REPEAT & EXT5D ! SEM9AL MOVES ( REVOLUTION>Y ?\<T FROM ! #a#h#dS BR+ TO REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS ( ! #a#i#fS8 ,BASICALLY1 ! REACTIVATION ( ,Y\NG ,HEGELIAN !MES PROVID$ A R5EW$ !ORY ( ALI5ATION :I* MADE POSSIBLE ! CRITIQUE ( BO? CAPITALI/ SOCIETY & FALSE OPPOSITIONS TO IT4 ,CAPITALI/ SOCIETY WAS FROM !N ON CRITICIZ$ NOT ONLY AS A SOCIETY 9 :I* WORK]S >E EXPLOIT$1 BUT ALSO AS A SOCIETY 9 :I* CONSUM]S >E PASSIVE4 ,! CATEGORY ( ALI5ATION 5ABLES US TO CRITICIZE BO? ASPECTS3 WORK]S >E ALI5AT$ 9 SO F> AS !Y HAVE NO CONTROL OV] PRODUCTION1 & CONSUM]S >E ALI5AT$ 9 SO F> AS !Y >E 9 A PASSIVE RELATION TO ! COMMODITY4 ,BUT ! !ME ( ALI5ATION IS ALSO A WEAPON AGA9/ REPRES5TATIVE CONCEPTIONS ( DEMOCRACY OR 'VANGU>DI/' CONCEPTIONS ( REVOLUTION1.<#i#f#b.> 9 :I* PEOPLE >E SEP>AT$ FROM !IR REPRES5TATION & >E UNABLE TO ACT EFFECTIVELY4 ,BY %[+ ?AT OPPOSITION TO ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM CAN ALSO TAKE ALI5AT$ =MS1 ! SITUATIONI/S PO9T$ \T ?AT ! REALIZATION ( A SOCIETY )\T ALI5ATION BEG9S 9 ! V]Y PROCESS ( OPPOSITION TO IT4 

,YET WE CANNOT BURY \R HEAD 9 ! S& AB\T C]TA9 LIMITS ( ! SITUATIONI/ ATTEMPT TO GO BEYOND BLACK & R$4 ,! FIR/ ONE CONC]NS ! QUE/ION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION4 ,!IR !ORETICAL CRITICISM ( ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM ON ?IS V]Y QUE/ION IS AS ACUTE AS ONE C\LD WI%4 ,NEV]!LESS1 !IR PRACTICAL ATTEMPT TO PREFIGURE ANO!R K9D ( ORGANIZATION DES]VES 9 TURN TO BE CRITICIZ$ 9 MANY RESPECTS4 ,AS ,*ALL&'S *APT] %[S 9 ?IS VOLUME1 LIKE ! GR\P ,S\,B1 ! ,S,I HAD ITS [N AU?ORIT>IANISMS4 ,DEBORD EXPLA9$ ! MANY EXPULSIONS ?AT OCCURR$ 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,S,I BY REF]5CE TO ! NE$ TO KEEP ! GR\P SMALL & !REBY ALSO =C+ ?OSE EXCLUD$ TO BE FREE ON !IR [N4.<#i#f#c.> ,NEV]!LESS1 !RE IS ALSO EVID5CE ?AT SOME ( ! EXCLUSIONS CAN BE EXPLA9$ BY P]SONAL RES5TM5TS4.<#i#f#d.> ,& :AT K9D ( PREFIGURATION CAN BE IMPLI$ BY ! ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY MALE COMPOSITION ( ! GR\P1 OR ! OBJECTIVE DOM9ATION ( ! ,FR5* SECTION8 

,MOREOV] SITUATIONI/ CONCEPTS ( UNITY & TOTALITY HAVE TO BE QUE/ION$4 ,!RE >E V]Y SOLID REASONS TO ?9K ?AT CAPITALI/ SOCIETY HAS TO BE 5TIRELY REJECT$1 & 9 ?AT RESPECT A UNIT>Y !ORY CAN BE V]Y USEFUL1 BUT A QUE/ION REMA9S3 IS !RE ONLY ONE ALT]NATIVE TO ?IS SOCIETY8 ,BLACK & R$ TODAY MEAN ! MULTIPLICITY ( REAL SOCIAL ALT]NATIVES1 AVOID+ HI]>*Y & ! RULE ( ! COMMODITY4 ,9 ADDITION1 WE HAVE TO RECOGNIZE :I* ELEM5TS ( \R SOCIETIES REMA9 \TSIDE ?AT RULE1 SU* AS PUBLIC S]VICES1 :I* C\LD BE SELF-MANAG$ BY ! WORK]S & US]S4 ,!SE ASPECTS ( \R SOCIETY >E A K9D ( COLLECTIVE 9H]ITANCE :I* ESCAP$ P>TIALLY FROM ! RULE ( ! COMMODITY BUT ALWAYS RISKS BE+ CAU<T UP 9 IT4 

,NOTES 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#g1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #ab -- ,ADD$4 

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