,*APT] #a 
,! ,SE>* = A ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNISM3 ,DANIEL ,GU]9 & ! ',SYN!SIS' ( ,M>XISM & ,AN>*ISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX ,PRI*>D 

,AU?OR 3 ,&REW ,CORNELL 

,AU?OR 3 ,B5OIT ,*ALL& 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>L ,LEVY 

,TEXT 3 

#a4 ,! ,SE>* = A ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNISM3 ,DANIEL ,GU]9 & ! ',SYN!SIS' ( ,M>XISM & ,AN>*ISM 

,DAVID ,B]RY 

,I HAVE A HORROR ( SECTS1 ( COMP>TM5TALIZATION1 ( PEOPLE :O >E SEP>AT$ BY VIRTUALLY NO?+ & :O NEV]!LESS FACE EA* O!R AS IF ACROSS AN ABYSS4 

,DANIEL ,GU]9.<#g#b#d.> 

,CONC]N$ ?AT HIS RE9T]PRETATION ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 ,LA ,LUTTE DE CLASSES S\S LA ,PREMI]E ,REPUBLIQUE 7#a#i#d#f71 HAD BE5 MISUND]/OOD1 ,DANIEL ,GU]9 WROTE TO ! SOCIALI/ ,M>CEAU ,PIV]T 9 #aidg ?AT ! BOOK WAS TO BE SE5 AS 'AN 9TRODUCTION TO A SYN!SIS ( AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM-,L59ISM ,I W\LD LIKE TO WRITE ONE DAY4'.<#g#b#e.> ,?IS PAP] AIMS TO ANALYZE EXACTLY :AT ,GU]9 MEANT BY ?IS 'SYN!SIS1' & H[ & :Y HE CAME TO BE CONV9C$ ( ITS NECESSITY4 

,IT MU/ H[EV] BE NOT$ FROM ! \TSET ?AT ,GU]9 HAD NO PRET5SIONS TO BE+ A !ORI/3 HE SAW HIMSELF FIR/ & =EMO/ AS AN ACTIVI/ & SECOND AS A HI/ORIAN4.<#g#b#f.> ,9DE$1 FROM ! DAY 9 #aic :5 HE AB&ON$ ! POETRY & NOVELS ( HIS Y\?1 ALL HIS RESE>* & WRIT+S W]E CONC]N$ MORE OR LESS DIRECTLY ) HIS POLITICAL COMMITM5TS4 ,HIS DEVELOP+ CRITIQUE ( ,M>XISM & HIS LAT] 9T]E/ 9 ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM W]E MOTIVAT$ BY HIS [N DIRECT EXP]I5CE ( & ACTIVE P>TICIPATION 9 REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLES ON A NUMB] ( FRONTS4 

,AL?\<1 9 SOME ( HIS AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL WRIT+S1 ,GU]9 HAD A T5D5CY TO DIVIDE HIS LIFE 9TO MORE OR LESS DI/9CT 'PHASES1' & DESPITE ! FACT ?AT HIS POLITICAL OR IDEOLOGICAL TRAJECTORY MAY SEEM TO SOME TO BE RA!R PROTEAN1 ,I W\LD >GUE ?AT !RE WAS 9 FACT AN UND]LY+ IDEOLOGICAL CONSI/5CY -- EV5 IF *ANG+ CIRCUM/ANCES MEANT ?AT HIS 'ORGANIZATIONAL OPTIONS' 7AS HE PUT IT7 *ANG$ 9 DIFF]5T P]IODS ( HIS LIFE4 ,A HI/ORICAL MAT]IALI/ ALL HIS LIFE1 HE REMA9$ ATTA*$ TO A REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM ) A /RONG E?ICAL OR MORAL CORE4 ,AL?\< IT WAS MANY YE>S BE=E HE F\ND AN ORGANIZATION :I* LIV$ UP TO HIS EXPECTATIONS1 HE WAS ALWAYS AT HE>T A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/1 DEVELOP+ AN 9CREAS+LY /RONG BELIEF 9 ! NE$ = A 'TOTAL REVOLUTION' :I* W\LD ATTA* AS MU* IMPORTANCE TO ISSUES ( RACE1 G5D] & SEXUALITY AS TO WORKPLACE-BAS$ CONFLICT4 ,:E!R SPECIFICALLY 9 HIS COMMITM5T TO A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM1 TO ANTI-COLONIALISM OR TO SEXUAL LIB]ATION1 OR MORE G5]ALLY 9 HIS EMPHASIS ON :AT TODAY W\LD BE CALL$ 9T]SECTIONALITY1 ,GU]9 WAS UND\BT$LY AHEAD ( HIS TIME4 

,E>LY 9FLU5CES 

,DESPITE COM+ FROM ! 'GR&E B\RGEOISIE' -- A BACKGR\ND :I* HE W\LD COME TO REJECT -- ,GU]9 [$ MU* TO ! 9FLU5CE ( HIS BRAN* ( ! FAMILY3 HUMANI/1 LIB]AL & CULTUR$1 BO? HIS P>5TS HAD BE5 PASSIONATELY PRO-,DREYFUS1 BO? W]E 9FLU5C$ BY ,TOL/OY'S E?ICAL & SOCIAL IDEAS1 & HIS FA!R'S LIBR>Y CONTA9$ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O AS WELL AS WORKS BY ,B5OIT ,MALON1 ,PR\DHON & ,KROPOTK94.<#g#b#g.> ,! Y\NG ,DANIEL SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 P>TICUL>LY 9FLU5C$ BY HIS FA!R'S PACIFISM1 & WAS ALSO DEEPLY AFFECT$ BY HIS [N READ+ ( ,TOL/OY'S ,DI>IES & ,RESURRECTION4 ,9 ! CONTEXT ( ! 9CREAS+LY POL>IZ$ DEBATES ( ! 9T]W> P]IOD BETWE5 ! F>-,RI<T & F>-,LEFT 7',MAURRAS V]SUS ,M>X'71 HE ID5TIFI$ ) ! ',M>XI/ EXTREME ,LEFT' FROM A RELATIVELY E>LY AGE4.<#g#b#h.> ,HIS LAT] 'DISCOV]Y' ( ! ,P>ISIAN WORK+ CLASS & ( ! CONCRETE REALITIES ( !IR EV]YDAY EXI/5CE 7TO A L>GE EXT5T ?R\< HIS HOMOSEXUAL RELATION%IPS ) Y\NG WORK]S7 RE9=C$ A PR(\ND 'WORK]ISM' :I* W\LD /AY ) HIM = ! RE/ ( HIS LIFE4.<#g#b#i.> 

,! BANKRUPTCY ( ,/AL9ISM & ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 

,?IS WORK]ISM W\LD LEAD HIM 9 #a#i#c-#c#a TO JO9 ! SYNDICALI/S GR\P$ >\ND ! VET]AN REVOLUTION>Y ,PI]RE ,MONATTE3 TYPICALLY1 ,GU]9'S FIR/ REAL ACTIVE 9VOLVEM5T WAS 9 ! CAMPAIGN = ! REUNIFICATION ( ! TWO MAJOR SYNDICALI/ CONF$]ATIONS1 ! ,CONF$]ATION ,G5]ALE DU ,TRAVAIL 7,G5]AL ,LABOR ,CONF$]ATION7 & ! ,CONF$]ATION ,G5]ALE DU ,TRAVAIL ,UNITAIRE 7,UNIT$ ,G5]AL ,LABOR ,CONF$]ATION74 ,HIS WORK]ISM WAS ALSO RESPONSIBLE = A /RONG ATTRACTION T[>DS ! ,FR5* ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 7,P,C,F71 F> MORE 'PROLET>IAN' ?AN ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY 7! ,SECTION ,FRANCAISE DE L',9T]NATIONALE ,\VRI]E1 ,S,F,I,O71 DESPITE HIS 'VISC]AL ANTI-,/AL9ISM' & :AT HE SAW AS ! ,P>TY'S 'CRASS IDEOLOGICAL EXCESSES1 ITS 9ABILITY TO W9 OV] ! MAJORITY ( WORK]S1 & ITS ME*ANICAL SUBMISSION TO ! ,KREML9'S ORD]S4'.<#g#c.> ,YET ,GU]9 WAS NO MORE IMPRESS$ ) ! ,S,F,I,O1 :I* HE F\ND PETTY-B\RGEOIS1 N>R[-M9D$1 DOGMATICALLY ANTI-COMMUNI/1 & OBSESS$ ) ELECTIONE]+3 

,! TRAG$Y = MANY MILITANTS ( \R G5]ATION WAS \R REPUGNANCE AT HAV+ TO OPT = ONE OR ! O!R ( ! TWO MA9 ORGANIZATIONS :I* CLAIM$1 WRONGLY1 TO REPRES5T ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,/AL9ISM & SOCIAL DEMOCRACY BO? REPELL$ US1 EA* 9 ITS [N WAY4 ,YET ?OSE WORK]S :O W]E ACTIVE POLITICALLY W]E 9 ONE ( !SE TWO P>TIES4 ,! SMALL]1 9T]M$IATE GR\PS & ! EXTREMI/ SECTS SEEM$ TO US TO BE DOOM$ TO IMPOT5CE & M>G9ALIZATION4 ,! ,S,F,I,O1 DESPITE ! SOCIAL CON=MISM ( ITS LEAD]%IP1 AT LEA/ HAD ! ADVANTAGE OV] ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( 5JOY+ A C]TA9 DEGREE ( 9T]NAL DEMOCRACY1 & TO SOME EXT5T ALL[$ REVOLUTION>IES TO EXPRESS !MSELVES2 :]EAS ! MONOLI?IC AUTOMATISM ( /AL9ISM =BADE ANY CRITICS FROM OP5+ !IR M\?S & MADE IT V]Y DIFFICULT = !M EV5 TO /AY 9 ! P>TY4.<#g#c#a.> 

,H5CE HIS DECISION TO REJO9 ! ,S,F,I,O 9 #a#i#c#e1 %ORTLY BE=E ! CREATION BY ,M>CEAU ,PIV]T ( ! ,GAU*E REVOLUTIONNAIRE 7,REVOLUTION>Y ,LEFT7 T5D5CY )9 ! P>TY1 ( :I* HE W\LD BECOME A LEAD+ MEMB]4 ,GU]9 WAS ATTRACT$ BY ,PIV]T'S ',LUXEMBURGI/1' LIB]T>IAN & SYNDICALI/ T5D5CIES4.<#g#c#b.> ,HE WAS CONSI/5TLY ON ! REVOLUTION>Y W+ ( ! ,GAU*E REVOLUTIONNAIRE & ( ITS SUCCESSOR ! ,P>TI SOCIALI/E \VRI] ET PAYSAN 7,P,S,O,P1 ,WORK]S' & ,PEASANTS' ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 CREAT$ :5 ! ,GAU*E REVOLUTIONNAIRE WAS EXPELL$ FROM ! ,S,F,I,O 9 #a#i#c#h71 &1 9 ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT P]IOD1 HE DREW A CLE> DI/9CTION BETWE5 :AT HE CALL$ ! ',POPUL> ,FRONT NO4 #a' -- AN ELECTORAL ALLIANCE BETWE5 SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 ,/AL9ISM1 & B\RGEOIS LIB]ALISM -- & ! ',POPUL> ,FRONT NO4 #b' -- ! P[]FUL1 EXTRA-P>LIAM5T>Y1 WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T1 :I* CAME 9TO CONFLICT ) ! MORE MOD]ATE 7& MORE B\RGEOIS7 ,POPUL> ,FRONT GOV]NM5T4.<#g#c#c.> ,HE VIEW$ ! '5TRYISM' ( ! ,FR5* ,TROTSKYI/S 9 !SE YE>S AS A WELCOME C\NT]BALANCE TO ! RE=MISM ( ! MAJORITY ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY4.<#g#c#d.> 

,9DE$1 9 ! #a#i#cS1 ,GU]9 AGRE$ ) ,TROTSKY'S POSITION ON MANY ISSUES3 ON ! NATURE ( FASCISM & H[ TO /OP IT2 ON W> & REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAN 9T]NATIONALISM2 ON OPPOSITION TO ! COLLUSION BETWE5 'SOCIAL-PATRIOTISM' 7?AT IS1 MA9/REAM SOCIAL DEMOCRACY7 & 'NATIONAL-COMMUNISM' 7?AT IS1 ! ,P,C,F7 AS WELL AS ANY PACT ) ! B\RGEOIS ,RADICALS2 & ON ! NE$ TO FI<T ACTIVELY = ! LIB]ATION ( ,EUROPE'S COLONIES4 ,AS ,GU]9 COMM5TS AFT] REC\NT+ 9 GL[+ T]MS HIS SOLE MEET+ ) ,TROTSKY 9 ,B>BIZON 9 #a#i#c#c3 ',ON A !ORETICAL LEVEL AS WELL AS ON ! LEVEL ( POLITICAL PRACTICE1 ,TROTSKY W\LD REMA91 = MANY ( US1 BO? A /IMULUS TO ACTION & A TEA*]4'.<#g#c#e.> 

,ULTIMATELY1 ,GU]9'S EXP]I5CE ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T & ( ! ,LEFT 9 ! #a#i#cS -- AS WELL AS HIS RESE>* ON ! NATURE & ORIG9S ( FASCISM & ,NAZISM.<#g#c#f.> -- L$ HIM TO REJECT BO? SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & ,/AL9ISM AS EFFECTIVE /RATEGIES = DEFEAT+ FASCISM & PREV5T+ W>4 ,9DE$1 ! LEFT -- 'DIVID$1 OSSIFI$1 NEGATIVE1 & N>R[-M9D$' 9 ,GU]9'S WORDS -- BORE ITS %>E ( RESPONSIBILITY & HAD MADE TRAGIC ]RORS4.<#g#c#g.> ,! ,S,F,I,O WAS CRITICIZ$ BY ,GU]9 = ITS ELECTORALISM & = ALL[+ ITS H&S TO BE TI$ BY ! ,P>TI RADICAL-SOCIALI/E1 'A B\RGEOIS P>TY :OSE CORRUPTION & BANKRUPTCY W]E 9 L>GE P>T RESPONSIBLE = ! FASCI/ EXPLOSION'2 = ITS 9COMPREH5SION ( ! NATURE ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE1 :I* L$ TO ! IMPOT5CE ( ,LEON ,BLUM'S #aicf ,POPUL> ,FRONT GOV]NM5T2 = ITS FAILURE TO TAKE FASCISM S]I\SLY 7& TO AID ! ,SPANI% ,REPUBLICANS71 DESPITE ! W>N+S1 UNTIL IT WAS TOO LATE2 & = ITS OBSESSIVE RIVALRY ) ! ,P,C,F4 ,! ,P,C,F WAS EQUALLY H>%LY CRITICIZ$ BY ,GU]9 -- = :AT SEEM$ TO HIM TO BE ITS BL9D OB$I5CE TO ! ,COM9T]N1 ! CRIM9AL /UPIDITY ( ! ,COM9T]N'S '?IRD P]IOD' & = ITS C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY BO? 9 ,SPA9 & 9 ,FRANCE4.<#g#c#h.> 

,AS = ,TROTSKY1 ,GU]9 DISAGRE$ ) HIM OV] ! CREATION ( ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL 9 #a#i#c#h1 :I* SEEM$ TO HIM PREMATURE & DIVISIVE4 ,MORE G5]ALLY1 ,GU]9 WAS CRITICAL ( :AT HE SAW AS ,TROTSKY'S T5D5CY CONT9UALLY TO TRANSPOSE ! EXP]I5CES ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,BOL%EVIKS ONTO CONTEMPOR>Y EV5TS 9 ! ,WE/1 & ( HIS 'AU?ORIT>IAN RIGIDNESS4' ,TROTSKYISM1 ,GU]9 >GU$1 REPRES5T$ '! IDEOLOGY ( ! 9FALLIBLE LEAD] :O1 9 AN AU?ORIT>IAN FA%ION1 DIRECTS ! POLICY ( A FRACTION OR ( A P>TY4'.<#g#c#i.> ,:AT ,GU]9 WANT$ TO SEE WAS '! FULL DEVELOPM5T ( ! SPONTANEITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS4'.<#g#d.> ,WRIT+ 9 #a#i#f#c1 ,GU]9 W\LD CONCLUDE ) REG>D TO SU* DISPUTES OV] REVOLUTION>Y TACTICS3 

,! REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION :I* WAS LACK+ 9 ,JUNE #aicf WAS NOT1 9 MY OP9ION1 AN AU?ORIT>IAN LEAD]%IP EMANAT+ FROM A SMALL GR\P OR SECT1 BUT AN ORGAN = ! COORD9ATION ( ! WORK]S' C\NCILS1 GR[+ DIRECTLY \T ( ! OCCUPI$ WORKPLACES4 ,! MI/AKE ( ! ,GAU*E ,REVOLUTIONNAIRE WAS NOT SO MU* ?AT IT WAS UNABLE1 BECAUSE ( ITS LACK ( PREP>ATION1 TO TRANS=M ITSELF 9TO A REVOLUTION>Y P>TY ON ! ,L59I/ OR ,TROTSKYI/ MODEL1 BUT ?AT IT WAS UNABLE .<444.> TO HELP ! WORK+ CLASS TO F9D = ITSELF ITS [N =M ( P[] /RUCTURE TO CONFRONT ! FRAUD ?AT WAS ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT NO4#a4.<#g#d#a.> 

,SO AS ,GU]9 SUMM>IZ$ ! /ATE ( ! ,LEFT 9 ! #a#i#cS3 ',EV]Y?+ MADE ! R5EWAL ( ! CONCEPTS & ME?ODS ( /RUGGLE EMPLOY$ BY ! ,FR5* LEFT BO? 9DISP5SABLE & URG5T4'.<#g#d#b.> 

,! BREAK FROM ,TROTSKYISM 

,DESPITE ,GU]9'S RES]VATIONS AB\T ,TROTSKYISM1 HIS ANALYSIS ( ! NATURE ( ! ,VI*Y REGIME WAS V]Y SIMIL> TO ?AT PUT =W>D BY ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL1 & HE WAS ALSO IMPRESS$ ) ,TROTSKY'S MANIFE/O ( ,MAY #a#i#d1 ',LA GU]RE IMP]IALI/E ET LA REVOLUTION PROLET>I5NE MONDIALE1' 9CLUD+ IT 9 A COLLECTION ( ,TROTSKY'S WRIT+S ON ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> HE W\LD $IT 9 #a#i#g4.<#g#d#c.> ,HE WORK$ ) ! ,TROTSKYI/S 9 ! RESI/ANCE1 NOT LEA/ BECAUSE !Y REMA9$ TRUE TO !IR 9T]NATIONALISM & TO !IR CLASS POLITICS1 REJECT+1 = 9/ANCE1 :AT ,GU]9 SAW AS ! ,P,C,F'S DEMAGOGIC NATIONALISM4.<#g#d#d.> 

,H[EV]1 AN EXT5D$ /UDY T\R ( ! ,U,S,A 9 #a#i#d#f-#a#i#d#i1 :I* 9CLUD$ VISITS TO BRAN*ES OR PROM95T MILITANTS ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,WORK]S' ,P>TY & ! BREAKAWAY ,WORK]S' ,P>TY1 REPRES5T$ A TURN+ PO9T 9 ,GU]9'S ',TROTSKYISM4' ,9 A #aidh LETT] TO ,M>CEAU ,PIV]T1 HE COMM5T$ ON HIS UNHAPP9ESS ) ! ,TROTSKYI/S' T5D5CY TO 'REPEAT ME*ANICALLY OLD =MULAS )\T RE?9K+ !M1 RELY+ LAZILY & UNCRITICALLY ON ! 7UND5IABLY ADMIRABLE7 WRIT+S ( ,TROTSKY4'.<#g#d#e.> ,LOOK+ BACK #c YE>S LAT]1 HE W\LD CONCLUDE3 ',IT WAS ?ANKS TO ! ,AM]ICAN ,TROTSKYI/S1 DESPITE !IR UND5IABLE COMMITM5T1 ?AT ,I CEAS$ =EV] BELIEV+ 9 ! VIRTUES ( REVOLUTION>Y P>TIES BUILT ON AU?ORIT>IAN1 ,L59I/ L9ES4'.<#g#d#f.> 

,! ',MO!R ( US ALL' 

,UNLIKE MANY ON ! ,LEFT ASSOCIAT$ ) PO/W> IDEOLOGICAL R5EWAL1 MO/ ( :OM W\LD FOCUS ON A REVISION OR RE9T]PRETATION ( ,M>XISM1 (T5 AT A PHILOSOPHICAL LEVEL1 ,GU]9 ! HI/ORIAN BEGAN ) A RETURN TO :AT HE SAW AS ! S\RCE ( REVOLUTION>Y !ORY & PRAXIS3 9 #a#i#d#f1 HE PUBLI%$ HIS /UDY ( CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ! ,FIR/ ,FR5* ,REPUBLIC 7#a#g#i#c-#a#g#i#g74.<#g#d#g.> ,! AIM ( ! BOOK WAS TO 'DRAW LESSONS FROM ! GREATE/1 LONGE/ & DEEPE/ REVOLUTION>Y EXP]I5CE ,FRANCE HAS EV] KN[N1 LESSONS :I* W\LD HELP REG5]ATE ! REVOLUTION>Y1 LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM ( TODAY1' & TO 'EXTRACT SOME IDEAS :I* W\LD BE APPLICABLE TO \R TIME & ( DIRECT USE TO ! CONTEMPOR>Y READ] :O HAS YET TO FULLY DIGE/ ! LESSONS ( ANO!R REVOLUTION3 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4'.<#g#d#h.> ,APPLY+ ! CONCEPTS ( P]MAN5T REVOLUTION & COMB9$ & UNEV5 DEVELOPM5T1 9SPIR$ BY ,TROTSKY'S ,HI/ORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 ,GU]9 >GU$ ?AT ! BEG9N+S ( A CONFLICT ( CLASS 9T]E/ C\LD ALREADY BE DETECT$ )9 ! REVOLUTION>Y CAMP BETWE5 AN 'EMBRYONIC' PROLET>IAT -- ! BRAS NUS 7MANUAL WORK]S71 REPRES5T$ BY ! ,5RAGES -- & ! B\RGEOISIE -- REPRES5T$ BY ,ROBESPI]RE & ! ,JACOB9 LEAD]%IP4 ,= ,GU]91 ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ?US REPRES5T$ NOT ONLY ! BIR? ( B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5T>Y DEMOCRACY1 BUT ALSO ! EM]G5CE ( 'A NEW TYPE ( DEMOCRACY1' A =M ( WORK+-CLASS DIRECT DEMOCRACY AS SE51 H[EV] IMP]FECTLY1 9 ! 'SECTIONS' 7LOCAL POPUL> ASSEMBLIES71 PRECURSORS ( ! ,COMMUNE ( #ahga & ! ,SOVIETS ( #aie & #a#i#a#g4 ,9 ! SECOND $ITION ( ! WORK1 HE W\LD ADD '! ,COMMUNE ( ,MAY #a#i#f#h' TO ?AT G5EALOGY4 

,GU]9 EMPHASIZ$ ! POLITICAL AMBIVAL5CE ( ! B\RGEOIS ,JACOB9 LEAD]%IP :I* 'HESITAT$ CONT9UALLY BETWE5 ! SOLID>ITY UNIT+ IT ) ! POPUL> CLASSES AGA9/ ! >I/OCRACY & ?AT UNIT+ ALL ! WEAL?Y1 PROP]TY-[N+ CLASSES AGA9/ ?OSE :O [N$ LITTLE OR NO?+4'.<#g#d#i.> ,! ESS5TIAL LESSON TO BE DRAWN FROM ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION WAS ?US ! CONFLICT ( CLASS 9T]E/ BETWE5 ! B\RGEOISIE & ! WORK+ CLASSES4 ,B\RGEOIS1 SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC & ,/AL9I/ 9T]PRETATIONS ( ! ,REVOLUTION -- LIKE ?OSE ( ,JEAN ,JAURES1 ,ALB]T ,MA?IEZ & SO MANY O!RS -- :I* T5D$ TO MA9TA9 ! 'CULT ( ,ROBESPI]RE' & TO RE9=CE ! LABOR MOVEM5T'S DEP5D5CE ON B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY1 W]E ?US TO BE REJECT$4.<#g#e.> 

,LA ,LUTTE DE CLASSES S\S LA ,PEMI]E ,REPUBLIQUE HAS BE5 DESCRIB$ BY ,]IC ,HOBSBAWM AS 'A CURI\S COMB9ATION ( LIB]T>IAN & ,TROTSKYI/ IDEAS -- NOT )\T A DA% ( ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG4'.<#g#e#a.> ,IT NOT ONLY %OCK$ MANY ACADEMIC HI/ORIANS ( ! ,REVOLUTION -- ESPECIALLY ?OSE ) MORE OR LESS CLOSE L9KS TO ! ,P,C,F 7,GEORGES ,LEFEBVRE1 & ESPECIALLY ,ALB]T ,SOB\L & ,GEORGES ,RUDE7 -- BUT ALSO ?OSE POLITICIANS :O1 9 ,GU]9'S WORDS1 'HAVE BE5 RESPONSIBLE = P]V]T+ & UND]M9+ TRUE PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM4'.<#g#e#b.> ,! 5SU+ DEBATE LA/$ = MANY YE>S4.<#g#e#c.> ,! POLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE WAS ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,T]ROR HAD BE5 US$ AS A P>ALLEL TO JU/IFY ,BOL%EVIK REPRESSION ( DEMOCRATIC FRE$OMS & REPRESSION ( MORE ,LEFTI/ MOVEM5TS4 ,/AL9 HAD BE5 COMP>$ TO ,ROBESPI]RE4 ,! ,JACOB9 TRADITION ( PATRIOTISM & NATIONAL UNITY 9 DEF5SE ( ! B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATIC ,REPUBLIC HAS BE5 ONE ( ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! DOM9ANT T5D5CIES )9 ! ,FR5* ,LEFT1 & !RE=E C5TRAL TO ! POLITICAL MY?OLOGIES ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT & ! ,RESI/ANCE4 ,GU]91 AS ,IAN ,BIR*ALL HAS PUT IT1 'WAS POLEMICIZ+ AGA9/ ! NOTION ( A ,RESI/ANCE UNIT+ ALL CLASSES AGA9/ ! =EIGN 9VAD]4'.<#g#e#d.> 

,:AT IS MORE1 ! ,P,C,F HAD BE5 CAMPAIGN+ S9CE #aide = UNITY AT ! TOP ) ! ,S,F,I,O1 & 9 ! #aief ELECTIONS CALL$ = ! REE/ABLI%M5T ( A ,POPUL> ,FRONT GOV]NM5T4 ,AT A TIME :5 FASCISM 9 ! =M ( ,P\JADISM LOOK$ AS IF IT MI<T ONCE MORE BE A REAL ?REAT1 ,GU]9 >GU$ ?AT :AT WAS NE$$ WAS A 'G5U9E' ,POPUL> ,FRONT1 ?AT IS1 A GRASS ROOTS SOCIAL MOVEM5T RA!R ?AN A GOV]NM5TAL ALLIANCE1 A TRULY POPUL> MOVEM5T C5T]$ ON ! WORK+ CLASSES ?AT W\LD BR+ TOGE!R ! LABOR MOVEM5T & ALL SOCIALI/S :O REJECT$ BO? ! PRO-,AM]ICAN ,S,F,I,O & ! PRO-,SOVIET ,P,C,F3 ',ONLY A COMBATIVE ,POPUL> ,FRONT1 :I* D>ES TO ATTACK BIG BUS9ESS1 WILL BE ABLE TO HALT \R MIDDLE CLASSES ON ! SLOPE :I* LEADS TO FASCISM & TO !IR DE/RUCTION4'.<#g#e#e.> 

,! DEVELOP+ CRITIQUE ( ,L59ISM 

,GU]9'S FRI5D & TRANSLATOR1 ,C4,L4,R4 ,JAMES WROTE 9 #aieh ( ,GU]9'S RE9T]PRETATION ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION3 

,IT IS IMPREGNAT$ ) ! EXP]I5CE & /UDY ( ! GREATE/ EV5T ( \R TIME3 ! DEVELOPM5T & !N DEG5]ATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 & IS ANIMAT$ IMPLICITLY BY ONE C5TRAL CONC]N3 H[ CAN ! REVOLUTION>Y MASSES AVOID ! DREADFUL PITFALLS ( BUREAUCRATIZATION & ! RESURG5CE ( A NEW OPPRESSIVE /ATE P[]1 & 9/EAD E/ABLI% A SY/EM ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY8.<#g#e#f.> 

,9 AN IMPORTANT ESSAY ( #a#i#e#i1 ',LA ,REVOLUTION DEJACOB9ISEE1' ,GU]9 >GU$ ?AT ! ',JACOB9' TRAITS 9 ,M>XISM & P>TICUL>LY 9 ,L59ISM W]E ! RESULT ( AN 9COMPLETE UND]/&+ ON ,M>X & ,5GELS' P>T ( ! CLASS NATURE ( ! ,JACOB9 DICTATOR%IP1 TO BE DI/+UI%$ ACCORD+ TO ,GU]9 FROM ! DEMOCRATICALLY CONTROLL$ 'CONTRA9TE REVOLUTIONNAIRE' 7'REVOLUTION>Y CO]CION'7 EX]CIS$ BY ! POPUL> SECTIONS4.<#g#e#g.> ,?US BY APPLY+ A HI/ORICAL MAT]IALI/ ANALYSIS TO ! EXP]I5CES ( ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 ,GU]9 CAME TO >GUE1 ESS5TIALLY1 ?AT 'AU!NTIC' SOCIALISM >OSE SPONTANE\SLY \T ( WORK+-CLASS /RUGGLE1 ?AT IT WAS FUNDAM5TALLY LIB]T>IAN1 & ?AT AU?ORIT>IAN CONCEPTIONS ( P>TY ORGANIZATION & REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY HAD !IR ORIG9S 9 B\RGEOIS OR EV5 >I/OCRATIC MODES ( ?\<T4 

,GU]9 9SI/$ ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS 5VISAG$ ! 'DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT' AS BE+ EX]CIS$ BY ! WORK+ CLASS AS A :OLE1 RA!R ?AN BY AN AVANT-G>DE1 BUT ?AT !Y DID NOT ADEQUATELY DIFF]5TIATE !IR 9T]PRETATION FROM ?AT ( ! ,BLANQUI/S4 ,?IS MADE POSSIBLE ,L59'S LAT] AU?ORIT>IAN CONCEPTIONS3 ',L591 :O SAW HIMSELF AS BO? A 0,JACOB90 & A 0,M>XI/10 9V5T$ ! IDEA ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( A P>TY SUB/ITUT+ ITSELF = ! WORK+ CLASS & ACT+ BY PROXY 9 ITS NAME4'.<#g#e#h.> ,?IS1 = ,GU]91 WAS :]E IT ALL />T$ TO GO BADLY WRONG3 

,! D\BLE EXP]I5CE ( ! ,FR5* & ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTIONS HAS TAU<T US ?AT ?IS IS :]E WE T\* UPON ! C5TRAL ME*ANISM :]EBY DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 ! SELF-GOV]NM5T ( ! PEOPLE1 IS TRANS=M$1 GRADUALLY1 BY ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y 'DICTATOR%IP1' 9TO ! RECON/ITUTION ( AN APP>ATUS = ! OPPRESSION ( ! PEOPLE4.<#g#e#i.> 

,GU]9'S CRITIQUE CLE>LY HAD ITS S\RCES BO? 9 HIS RE9T]PRETATION ( ! ,REVOLUTION & 9 ! CONDITIONS ( HIS TIME4 ,LA ,REVOLUTION FRANCAISE ET N\S WAS 9=M$ BY ,GU]9'S CRITIQUE ( SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC & ,/AL9I/ /RATEGIES BE=E1 DUR+1 & AFT] ! W>4 ',LA REVOLUTION DEJACOB9ISEE' WAS WRITT5 AT A SIGNIFICANT HI/ORIC MOM5T = SOCIALI/S 9 ,FRANCE3 AFT] ! >TIFICIAL NATIONAL UNITY ( ! IMM$IATE PO/W> YE>S HAD GIV5 WAY TO PR(\ND SOCIAL & POLITICAL CONFLICT2 AS ,GUY ,MOLLET'S ,S,F,I,O BECAME 9CREAS+LY ID5TIFI$ ) ! DEF5SE ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATUS QUO & ! ,WE/]N CAMP 9 ! COLD W>2 AS ! IMM5SELY P[]FUL PO/W> ,P,C,F REEL$ UND] ! EFFECTS ( ,HUNG>Y & ! ,KHRU%*EV REVELATIONS2 & AS ! UNPOPUL> & POLITICALLY UN/ABLE ,F\R? ,REPUBLIC COLLAPS$ 9 ! FACE ( A ?REAT5$ MILIT>Y C\P4 ,IT WAS ?IS SITUATION :I* MADE R5EWAL ( ! ,LEFT SO NECESS>Y4 ,9 #a#i#e#i1 ,GU]9 ALSO PICK$ UP ON ! RESULTS ( A SURVEY ( ! ATTITUDES ( ,FR5* Y\? T[>DS POLITICS1 :I* 9DICAT$ TO HIM TWO ?+S3 FIR/1 ?AT :AT ALI5AT$ ! Y\NG] G5]ATION FROM 'SOCIALISM' WAS 'BUREAUCRATS & PURGES1' & SECOND1 ?AT1 AS ONE RESPOND5T PUT IT1 ',FR5* Y\? >E BECOM+ MORE & MORE AN>*I/4'.<#g#f.> ,EV] ! OPTIMI/1 ,GU]9 DECL>$3 

.<,T.>HE TIME HAS COME = ! ,FR5* LEFT TO BEG9 AGA9 FROM Z]O1 TO RE?9K ITS PROBLEMS FROM !IR V]Y F\NDATIONS4 .<444.> ,! NECESS>Y SYN!SIS ( ! IDEAS ( EQUALITY & LIB]TY .<444.> CAN & MU/ ONLY BE S\<T )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( SOCIALI/ ?\<T .<444.>4 ,! FAILURE ( BO? RE=MISM & /AL9ISM IMPOSES ON US ! URG5T DUTY TO F9D A WAY ( RECONCIL+ 7PROLET>IAN7 DEMOCRACY ) SOCIALISM1 FRE$OM ) ,REVOLUTION4.<#g#f#a.> 

,FROM ,TROTSKYISM TO ,NEW ,LEFT TO AN>*ISM 

,:AT ,GU]9 W\LD ?US DO :I* WAS QUITE REM>KABLE 9 PO/-,LIB]ATION ,FRANCE WAS 5DEAVOR TO SEP>ATE ,M>XISM FROM ,BOL%EVISM -- HIS CONT9U$ FRI5DLY & SUPPORTIVE RELATIONS ) ,TROTSKYI/S NOT)/&+ -- & IT IS NOTEWOR?Y ?AT HE HAD CONTACT 9 ?IS P]IOD ) A NUMB] ( PROM95T NON-OR?ODOX ,M>XI/S4 ,AFT] #a#i#d#e1 ESPECIALLY1 HE WAS 9VOLV$ 7C5TRALLY OR MORE P]IPH]ALLY7 9 A NUMB] ( CIRCLES OR NETWORKS1 & ACCORD+ TO ! SOCIOLOGI/ ,MI*EL ,CROSI] 7:O REG>D$ ,GU]9 AS A M5TOR7 ,GU]9 SELF-ID5TIFI$ 9 ! LATE #a#i#dS & E>LY #a#i#eS -- '! GOLD5 AGE ( ! LEFT 9TELLIG5TSIA' -- AS AN '9DEP5D5T ,M>XI/4'.<#g#f#b.> 

,C4,L4,R4 ,JAMES HAS ALREADY BE5 M5TION$4 ,HE & ,GU]9 APPE> TO HAVE MET 9 ! #a#i#cS2 !Y BECAME GOOD FRI5DS1 ,GU]9 VISIT$ HIM :ILE 9 ! ,U,S,A 9 #a#i#d#i1 & !Y CORRESPOND$ OV] MANY YE>S4 ,JAMES EV5 TRANSLAT$ ,LA ,LUTTE DE CLASSES 9TO ,5GLI%1 & DESCRIB$ ! BOOK AS 'ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT MOD]N TEXTBOOKS 9 .<444.> ! /UDY ( ,M>XISM' & 'ONE ( ! GREAT !ORETICAL L&M>KS ( \R MOVEM5T4'.<#g#f#c.> 

,SIMIL>LY1 ,GU]9 HAD FIR/ MET ,K>L ,KORS* 9 ,B]L9 9 #a#i#c#b1 & VISIT$ HIM 9 HIS EXILE 9 ,CAMBRIDGE 7,MASSA*USETTS7 9 #a#i#d#g1 :]E ACCORD+ TO ,GU]9 !Y SP5T MANY H\RS TOGE!R4.<#g#f#d.> ,! TWO W\LD COLLABORATE A DECADE LAT] 9 !IR BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RESE>*ES ON ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ,M>X & ,BAKUN94.<#g#f#e.> ,ALSO DUR+ HIS TIME 9 ! ,U,S,A1 ,GU]9 BECAME FRI5DLY ) A GR\P ( REFUGEE ,G]MANS 9 ,WA%+TON1 ,D4,C41 DISSID5T ,M>XI/S1 'AS HOSPITABLE AS !Y W]E BRILLIANT1' CONNECT$ ) ! SOCALL$ ,FRANKFURT ,S*OOL3 ,FRANZ ,NEUMANN1 ,OTTO ,KIR*HEIM] & ,H]B]T ,M>CUSE4.<#g#f#f.> 

,9 ,FRANCE1 ,GU]9 ALREADY KNEW ! LEAD+ FIGURES 9 ! ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE GR\P FROM !IR DAYS 9 ! ,P>TI ,COMMUNI/E ,9T]NATIONALI/E TOGE!R3 ,GU]9'S PAP]S CONTA9 A NUMB] ( TEXTS PRODUC$ BY ! SOCALL$ ,*AULIEU-,MONTAL ,T5D5CY 9 ! LATE #a#i#dS4.<#g#f#g.> ,IT IS 9T]E/+ TO NOTE ?AT ! ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE GR\P'S !SES ON ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION FEATURE 9 ! LI/ ( !ORIES & AU?ORS DISCOV]$ BY ! ,ALG]IAN NATIONALI/ & REVOLUTION>Y1 ,MOHAMM$ ,H>BI1 ?ANKS TO HIS FIR/ MEET+ ) ,GU]9 7AT A MEET+ ( ! ,P,C,I DISCUSSION GR\P1 ! ',C]CLE ,L59E'7 9 #a#i#e#c4.<#g#f#h.> ,9 #aife ,GU]9 TOOK P>T1 ) ,CA/ORIADIS1 ,LE=T & ,$G> ,MOR91 9 A =UM ON ',M>XISM ,TODAY' ORGANIZ$ BY ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE 7:OSE WORK ,MOR9 W\LD DESCRIBE A FEW YE>S LAT] AS ITSELF REPRES5T+ 'AN ORIG9AL SYN!SIS ( ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM'.<#g#f#i.>74 ,GU]9 ALSO CONTRIBUT$ TO ,MOR9'S ,>GUM5TS 7#a#i#e#f-#a#i#f#b71 AN IMPORTANT J\RNAL LAUN*$ 9 RESPONSE TO ! EV5TS ( #aief ) A VIEW TO A 'RECONSID]ATION NOT ONLY ( ,/AL9I/ ,M>XISM1 BUT ( ! ,M>XI/ WAY ( ?9K+1'.<#g#g.> & HE HAD BE5 C5TRALLY 9VOLV$ ) ! ,FR5* ',TITOI/S' >\ND ,CL>A ,MALRAUX & ! REVIEW ,CONTEMPORA9S 7#a#i#e-#a#i#e#a74.<#g#g#a.> 

,9 %ORT1 ,GU]9 WAS AT ! HE>T ( ! ,LEFT-9TELLECTUAL F]M5T :I* *>ACT]IZ$ !SE YE>S4 ,HE HAD AN ADDRESS BOOK1 AS HIS DAU<T] ,ANNE REC5TLY PUT IT1.<#g#g#b.> AS FAT AS A DICTION>Y & HE %>$ MANY ( ! !ORETICAL PREOCCUPATIONS ( MANY LEAD+ ,M>XI/S 9 ! #b YE>S OR SO FOLL[+ ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 BE IT ! P>TY-=M1 BUREAUCRACY1 ALI5ATION OR SEXUAL REPRESSION4 

,9 ! MID- TO LATE #a#i#eS1 LIKE O!R =M] OR 'CRITICAL' ,TROTSKYI/S1 AS WELL AS EX-MEMB]S ( ! ,F,C,L 7! ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNI/ ,F$]ATION1 BANN$ 9 #a#i#e#f71.<#g#g#c.> ,GU]9 BELONG$ -- ?\< ')\T MU* CONVICTION' -- TO A S]IES ( ,LEFT-SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS3 ! ,N\VELLE ,GAU*E1 ! ,UNION DE LA ,GAU*E ,SOCIALI/E1 &1 BRIEFLY1 ! ,P>TI ,SOCIALI/E ,UNIFIE4.<#g#g#d.> ,BUT IT WAS ALSO >\ND #aief ?AT ,GU]9 'DISCOV]$' AN>*ISM4 ,LOOK+ BACK ON A #aic BOAT TRIP TO ,VIETNAM & ! SMALL LIBR>Y HE HAD TAK5 ) HIM1 ,GU]9 COMM5T$ ?AT ( ALL ! AU?ORS HE HAD /UDI$ -- ,M>X1 ,PR\DHON1 ,GEORGES ,SOREL1 ,HUB]T ,LAG>DELLE1 ,F]N& ,PELL\TI]1 ,L591 ,TROTSKY1 ,G&HI1 & O!RS -- ',M>X HAD1 )\T A D\BT1 BE5 PREPOND]ANT4'.<#g#g#e.> ,BUT HAV+ BECOME 9CREAS+LY CRITICAL ( ,L59ISM1 ,GU]9 DISCOV]$ ! COLLECT$ WORKS ( ,BAKUN91 A 'REVELATION' :I* R5D]$ HIM =EV] 'ALL]GIC TO ALL V]SIONS ( AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALISM1 :E!R ,JACOB91 ,M>XI/1 ,L59I/1 OR ,TROTSKYI/4'.<#g#g#f.> ,! DISCOV]Y ( ,BAKUN9 CO9CID$ ) ! APPE>ANCE ( ! ,HUNG>IAN WORK]S' COMMITTEES 9 #a#i#e#f4 ,GU]9 WAS ?US PROVOK$ 9TO /UDY+ ! C\NCILI/ TRADITION4.<#g#g#g.> ,IT WAS ALSO DUR+ ! #a#i#eS ?AT ,GU]91 MOV+ ON FROM HIS /UDY ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 HAD BEGUN TO RESE>* ! CONFLICTS )9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL & MORE G5]ALLY ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM4 

,GU]9 W\LD DESCRIBE ! FOLL[+ T5 YE>S OR SO 7?AT IS1 ! MID #a#i#eS TO ! MID #a#i#fS7 -- :I* SAW ! PUBLICATION NOTABLY ( ! POPUL> AN?OLOGY ,NI ,DIEU NI ,MAITRE & ( ,L',AN>*ISME1 :I* SOLD LIKE HOT CAKES AT ! ,SORBONNE 9 ,MAY #aifh -- AS HIS 'CLASSICAL AN>*I/ PHASE4'.<#g#g#h.> ,HE BECAME ESPECIALLY 9T]E/$ 9 ,PR\DHON1 :OM HE ADMIR$ AS ! FIR/ !ORI/ ( AUTOGE/ION1 OR WORK] SELF-MANAGEM5T.<#g#g#i.>2 ,BAKUN91 REPRES5TATIVE ( REVOLUTION>Y1 WORK+-CLASS AN>*ISM1 CLOSE TO ,M>XISM1 ,GU]9 9SI/$1 YET REM>KABLY PRESCI5T AB\T ! DANG]S ( /ATI/ COMMUNISM2 & ,MAX ,/IRN]1 APPRECIAT$ AS A PRECURSOR ( #aifh BECAUSE ( HIS DET]M9ATION TO ATTACK B\RGEOIS PREJUDICE & PURITANISM4 

,GU]9 & AN>*ISM 

,GU]9 HAD HAD NO CONTACT ) ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T BE=E ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 O!R ?AN TO READ ,E4 ,>M&'S 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*I/ ORGAN ,L'5 DEHORS4.<#g#h.> ,ACCORD+ TO ,GEORGES ,FONT5IS1 A LEAD+ FIGURE 9 ! PO/W> AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 ,GU]9 BEGAN TO HAVE DIRECT CONTACT ) ! ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 7,F,A7 9 #a#i#d#e1 :5 ! SECOND $ITION ( ,FASCISM & ,BIG ,BUS9ESS WAS PUBLI%$4 ,LE ,LIB]TAIRE REVIEW$ ,GU]9'S BOOKS FAVORABLY1 & HE WAS 9VIT$ TO GALAS ( ! ,F,A & 7FROM #a#i#e#c7 ( ! ,F,C,L TO DO BOOK SIGN+S4 ,HE GOT TO KN[ LEAD+ AN>*I/ MILITANTS & W\LD DROP 9 AT ! ,F,C,L'S (FICES 9 ,P>IS4 ,FONT5IS DESCRIB$ HIM AS BE+ 'AN ACTIVE SYMPA?IZ]' AT ?AT PO9T4.<#g#h#a.> ,HIS NEW-F\ND SYMPA?IES W]E SUFFICI5TLY WELL KN[N = ! ,U,S EMBASSY 9 ,P>IS TO REFUSE HIM A VISA TO VISIT HIS WIFE & DAU<T] 9 #aie ON ! GR\NDS ?AT HE WAS BO? A ,TROTSKYI/ & AN AN>*I/4.<#g#h#b.> ,! IDEOLOGICAL /ANCE ( ! ,F,C,L 7'LIB]T>IAN ,M>XISM'7 & ITS POSITION ON ! ,ALG]IAN W> 7'CRITICAL SUPPORT' = ! NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,FR5* B\RGEOIS IMP]IALISM7 PROV$ D\BLY ATTRACTIVE TO ! ANTI-COLONIALI/ ,GU]94.<#g#h#c.> ,9 P>T = !SE REASONS1 #ai$ 7! BEG9N+ ( ! ,ALG]IAN W> ( 9DEP5D5CE7 REPRES5T$ ! BEG9N+ ( A RELATION%IP1 NOTABLY ) ,FONT5IS 7LEAD+ LI<T ( ! ,F,C,L71 :I* AS WE %ALL SEE W\LD ULTIMATELY TAKE ,GU]9 9TO ! RANKS ( ! 'LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/' MOVEM5T4 

,9 #a#i#e#i1 ,GU]9 PUBLI%$ A COLLECTION ( >TICLES TITL$ ,JEUNESSE DU SOCIALISME LIB]TAIRE4 ,?IS REPRES5T$ BO? A CONT9UATION ( ! CRITIQUE ( ,L59ISM BEGUN DUR+ ! W>1 & ,GU]9'S FIR/ ANALYSIS ( ! N9ETE5?-C5TURY AN>*I/ TRADITION4 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 A COPY ( ?IS COLLECTION HAS BE5 F\ND ) A H&WRITT5 D$ICATION TO ,MAXIMILI5 ,RUBEL1 'TO :OM ?IS LITTLE BOOK [ES SO MU*4'.<#g#h#d.> ,A FEW YE>S LAT]1 9 #a#i#f#e1 HE W\LD PUBLI% BO? ,AN>*ISM4 ,FROM ,!ORY TO ,PRACTICE & ! TWO VOLUME AN?OLOGY ,NO ,GODS ,NO ,MA/]S4 ,! PURPOSE WAS TO 'REHABILITATE' AN>*ISM :I* 'SUFF]$ FROM AN UNDES]V$ DISREPUTE1' & ! AN?OLOGY REPRES5T$ ! 'DOSSI] ( EVID5CE' AGA9/ SOME COMMON MISCONCEPTIONS OR MISREPRES5TATIONS3 FIR/1 ! CLAIM ?AT 'IT HAS NO PLACE 9 ! MOD]N WORLD1 A WORLD *>ACT]IZ$ BY C5TRALIZATION1 BY L>GE POLITICAL & ECONOMIC 5TITIES'2 SECOND1 ?AT IT IS 'ESS5TIALLY 9DIVIDUALI/IC1 P>TICUL>I/IC1 HO/ILE TO ANY =M ( ORGANIZATION4 ,IT LEADS TO FRAGM5TATION1 TO ! EGOC5TRIC )DRAWAL ( SMALL LOCAL UNITS ( ADM9I/RATION & PRODUCTION4 ,IT IS 9CAPABLE ( C5TRALIZ+ OR ( PLANN+4 ,IT IS NO/ALGIC = ! 0GOLD5 AGE40 .<444.> ,IT SUFF]S FROM A *ILDI% OPTIMISM2 ITS 0IDEALISM0 TAKES NO ACC\NT ( ! SOLID REALITIES ( ! MAT]IAL 9FRA/RUCTURE'2 & ?IRD1 ?AT AN>*ISM IS SYNONYM\S ) T]RORISM & ASSASS9ATION4.<#g#h#e.> 

,AL?\<1 AS WE HAVE SE51 HE REF]R$ TO HIS 'CLASSICAL AN>*I/' PHASE1 & DESPITE HIS ASS]TION ?AT ! BASICS ( AN>*I/ DOCTR9E W]E RELATIVELY HOMOG5E\S1 ELSE:]E HE WAS V]Y CLE> ?AT BO? BOOKS FOCUS$ ON A P>TICUL> K9D ( AN>*ISM4 ,TO BEG9 )1 '.<T.>HE FUNDAM5TAL ASPECT ( !SE DOCTR9ES' WAS1 = ,GU]91 ?AT '.<A.>N>*Y1 IS 9DE$1 ABOVE ALL1 SYNONYM\S ) SOCIALISM4 ,! AN>*I/ IS1 FIR/ & =EMO/1 A SOCIALI/ :OSE AIM IS TO PUT AN 5D TO ! EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN4 ,AN>*ISM IS NO MORE ?AN ONE ( ! BRAN*ES ( SOCIALI/ ?\<T .<444.>4 ,= ,ADOLPH ,FIS*]1 ONE ( ! ,*ICAGO M>TYRS1 'EV]Y AN>*I/ IS A SOCIALI/1 BUT EV]Y SOCIALI/ IS NOT NECESS>ILY AN AN>*I/4'.<#g#h#f.> 

,9 ,P\R UN M>XISME LIB]TAIRE 7#a#i#f#i71 ,GU]9 DESCRIB$ HIMSELF AS COM+ FROM ! S*OOL ( 'ANTI-,/AL9I/ ,M>XISM1' BUT AS HAV+ = SOME TIME BE5 9 ! HABIT ( 'DELV+ 9TO ! TREASURY ( LIB]T>IAN ?\<T4' ,AN>*ISM1 HE 9SI/$1 WAS /ILL RELEVANT & /ILL V]Y MU* ALIVE1 'PROVID$ ?AT IT IS FIR/ DIVE/$ ( A GREAT DEAL ( *ILDI%NESS1 UTOPIANISM & ROMANTICISM4'.<#g#h#g.> ,HE W5T ON TO COMM5T ?AT BECAUSE ( ?IS OP5NESS T[>DS ! CONTRIBUTION ( AN>*ISM1 HIS BOOK1 ,AN>*ISM1 HAD BE5 MISUND]/OOD BY SOME1 & ?AT IT DID NOT MEAN ?AT HE HAD BECOME AN 'ECUM5ICAL' AN>*I/1 TO USE ,GEORGES ,FONT5IS' T]M4.<#g#h#h.> ,9 ,AN>*ISME ET M>XISME 7WRITT5 9 #a#i#g#c71 ,GU]9 EMPHASIZ$ ?AT HIS BOOK ON AN>*ISM HAD FOCUS$ ON 'SOCIAL1 CON/RUCTIVE1 COLLECTIVI/ OR COMMUNI/ AN>*ISM' BECAUSE ?IS WAS ! K9D ( AN>*ISM :I* HAD MO/ 9 COMMON ) ,M>XISM4.<#g#h#i.> 

,! REASON ,GU]9 GAVE = FOCUS+ ON ?IS K9D ( AN>*ISM1 AS OPPOS$ TO 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*ISM1 WAS ?AT IT WAS 5TIRELY RELEVANT TO ! PROBLEMS FAC$ BY CONTEMPOR>Y REVOLUTION>IES3 '.<L.>IB]T>IAN VISIONS ( ! FUTURE .<444.> 9VITE S]I\S CONSID]ATION4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT !Y FULFILL TO A V]Y L>GE EXT5T ! NE$S ( \R TIMES1 & ?AT !Y CAN CONTRIBUTE TO ! BUILD+ ( \R FUTURE4'.<#g#i.> 

,BUT IS ?IS REALLY 'CLASSICAL AN>*ISM1' AS ,GU]9 PUT IT1 GIV5 ! 9SI/5CE ON 'CON/RUCTIVE AN>*ISM1 :I* DEP5DS ON ORGANIZATION1 ON SELF-DISCIPL9E1 ON 9TEGRATION1 ON F$]ALI/ & NONCO]CIVE C5TRALIZATION'2 ! EMPHASIS ON EXP]IM5TS 9 WORK]S' CONTROL 9 ,ALG]IA1 ,YUGOSLAVIA & ,CUBA2 ! OP5NESS TO ! IDEA ?AT SU* /ATES C\LD BE SE5 AS SOCIALI/ & CAPABLE ( RE=M 9 A LIB]T>IAN DIRECTION8.<#g#i#a.> ,?IS WAS NOT ! CONCLUSION ( ,5GLI% AN>*I/ ,NICOLAS ,WALT]1 :OSE REVIEW ( ,NI DIEU NI MAITRE & ,L',AN>*ISME1 ?\< SKEPTICAL AB\T ! ATT5TION PAID TO ,GRAMSCI1 ,YUGOSLAVIA OR ,ALG]IA1 CONCLUD$ ?AT !SE TWO BOOKS W]E '! EXPRESSION ( AN ORIG9AL & EXCIT+ VIEW ( AN>*ISM4'.<#g#i#b.> 

,SO ,GU]9'S TAKE ON AN>*ISM REPRES5T$ AN ORIG9AL DEP>TURE1 & IT IS WOR? PICK+ UP ON TWO TABOOS M5TION$ BY ,PATRICE ,SPADONI -- :O WORK$ ALONGSIDE ,GU]9 9 DIFF]5T LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ GR\PS 9 ! #a#i#gS & #a#i#hS -- :5 COMM5T+ ON ,GU]9'S 'NON-DOGMATISM'3 

,! Y\NG LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/S ?AT WE W]E .<444.> TURN$ PALE ) %OCK :5 HE SANG ! PRAISES ( A ,PR\DHON1 ( :OM HE WAS SAY+ 'YES & NO' :ILE WE SAID 'NO & NO'2 !N WE W\LD GO :ITE ) HORROR1 :5 HE />T$ QUOT+ A ,/IRN] :OM WE LOA!D -- )\T HAV+ REALLY READ HIM 444 .<#g#i#c.> 

,PR\DHON & ! FUNDAM5TAL IMPORTANCE ( SELF-MANAGEM5T 

,PR\DHON HAD ALREADY CEAS$ TO BE AN IDEOLOGICAL REF]5CE = ANY SECTION ( ! ,FR5* AN>*I/ MOVEM5T BY AT LEA/ ! TIME ( ! ,GREAT ,W>1 EXCEPT = A SMALL M9ORITY ( 9DIVIDUALI/S OPPOS$ TO ANY K9D ( COLLECTIVE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,MO/ AN>*I/S REF]R$ TO EI!R ,KROPOTK9 OR ,BAKUN94 ,?IS WAS P>TLY BECAUSE ( ! P]CEIV$ AMBIGUITIES 9 ,PR\DHON'S [N WRIT+S REG>D+ PROP]TY1 & P>TLY BECAUSE ( ! 9CREAS+LY REACTION>Y POSITIONS ADOPT$ BY SOME ( HIS 'MUTUALI/' FOLL[]S AFT] HIS DEA? 9 #a#h#f#e4 

,! FACT ?AT ,PR\DHON IS SO C5TRAL TO ,GU]9'S 'REHABILITATION' ( AN>*ISM IS ?US SURPRIS+ & TELLS US SOME?+ AB\T :AT HE WAS TRY+ TO DO & H[ IT IS HE CAME TO /UDY AN>*ISM 9 SU* DEP?3 :]EAS ,PR\DHON HAD ALREADY = MANY YE>S BE5 COMMONLY REF]R$ TO AS ! 'FA!R ( AN>*Y1' ,GU]9 REF]S TO HIM AS ! 'FA!R ( SELF-MANAGEM5T4' ,?IS IS ! CRUX ( ! MATT]3 ,GU]9 WAS LOOK+ = A WAY TO GU>ANTEE ?AT 9 ANY FUTURE REVOLUTION1 CONTROL ( ! WORKPLACE1 ( ! ECONOMY & ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE W\LD REMA9 AT ! BASE1 ?AT SPONTANE\S =MS ( DEMOCRACY -- LIKE ! SOVIETS1 9 ! BEG9N+ -- W\LD NOT BE HIJACK$ BY ANY C5TRALIZ$ P[]4.<#g#i#d.> ,M>X1 ,GU]9 9SI/$1 H>DLY M5TION$ WORK]S' CONTROL OR SELF-MANAGEM5T AT ALL1 :]EAS ,PR\DHON PAID IT A GREAT DEAL ( ATT5TION4.<#g#i#e.> ,WORK]S' CONTROL WAS1 = ,GU]91 ')\T ANY D\BT ! MO/ ORIG9AL CREATION ( AN>*ISM1 & GOES RI<T TO ! HE>T ( CONTEMPOR>Y REALITIES4'.<#g#i#f.> ,PR\DHON HAD BE5 ONE ( ! FIR/ TO TRY TO ANSW] ! QUE/ION RAIS$ BY O!R SOCIAL RE=M]S ( ! E>LY N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,AS ,GU]9 PUT IT3 ',:O %\LD MANAGE ! ECONOMY8 ,PRIVATE CAPITALISM8 ,! ,/ATE8 ,WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS8 ,9 O!R WORDS1 !RE W]E -- & /ILL >E -- ?REE OPTIONS3 FREE 5T]PRISE1 NATIONALIZATION OR SOCIALIZATION 7?AT IS1 ,SELF-MANAGEM5T74'.<#g#i#g.> ,FROM #ahdh ONW>DS1 ,PR\DHON HAD >GU$ PASSIONATELY = ! ?IRD OPTION1 SOME?+ :I* SET HIM AP>T FROM MO/ O!R SOCIALI/S ( ! TIME1 :O1 LIKE ,L\IS ,BLANC1 >GU$ = ONE =M OR ANO!R ( ,/ATE CONTROL 7IF ONLY ON A TRANSITIONAL BASIS74 ,UNLIKE ,M>X1 ,5GELS & O!RS1 ,GU]9 >GU$1 ,PR\DHON SAW WORK]S' CONTROL AS A CONCRETE PROBLEM TO BE RAIS$ N[1 RA!R ?AN RELEGAT$ TO SOME DI/ANT FUTURE4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 HE ?\<T & WROTE 9 DETAIL AB\T H[ IT MI<T FUNCTION3 ',ALMO/ ALL ! ISSUES :I* HAVE CAUS$ SU* PROBLEMS = PRES5T-DAY EXP]IM5TS 9 SELF-MANAGEM5T W]E ALREADY =ESE5 & DESCRIB$ 9 ,PR\DHON'S WRIT+S4'.<#g#i#h.> 

,/IRN] ! 'FA!R ( AN>*ISM'8 

,AS = ,/IRN] -- G5]ALLY ANA!MA TO ! NON-9DIVIDUALI/ W+ ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T -- ! ANSW] LIES 9 :AT ,GU]9 P]CEIV$ TO BE ,/IRN]'S LAT5T HOMOSEXUALITY1 HIS CONC]N ) SEXUAL LIB]ATION & HIS DET]M9ATION TO ATTACK B\RGEOIS PREJUDICE & PURITANISM3 ,/IRN] WAS 'A PRECURSOR ( ,MAY '#f#h' & '! VOICE ( ALL ?OSE :O ?R[ D[N A *ALL5GE TO NORMALITY4'.<#g#i#i.> ,IT WAS ,GU]9'S P]SONAL EXP]I5CE ( ! 5DEMIC HOMOPHOBIA 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T & MANY ,M>XI/S' EXCLUSIVE CONC]N ) CLASS ?AT ACC\NTS 9 L>GE P>T = HIS SYMPA?Y ) ,/IRN]4.<#h.> 

,SO TO ! EXT5T ?AT ,GU]9 9SI/S ?AT EV]Y AN>*I/ IS AN 9DIVIDUALI/ -- AT ! SAME TIME AS BE+ A 'SOCIAL' AN>*I/ 7AN>*I/E SOCIETAIRE7 -- TO ! EXT5T ?AT HE APPROVES ( ,/IRN]'S EMPHASIS ON ! UNIQU5ESS ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL1 IT IS BECAUSE HE ADMIRES ! DET]M9ATION TO RESI/ SOCIAL CON=MISM & MORAL PREJUDICE4 ,GU]9 C]TA9LY HAD NO TRUCK ) ! PRECI\S 'FRE$OM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL' :I* WAS ! /OCK MANTRA ( ?OSE AN>*I/S :O REJECT$ ANY ATTEMPT TO PRODUCE A MORE IDEOLOGICALLY & ORGANIZATIONALLY COH]5T REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T OR :O WI%$ TO GR\ND !IR ACTION 9 A REALI/IC 7OR 9 ,GU]9'S WORDS 'SCI5TIFIC'7 ANALYSIS ( SOCIAL CONDITIONS4 

,= A 'SYN!SIS' ( ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM 

,SO HAV+ CALL$ HIMSELF A 'LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/' 9 ! LATE #a#i#eS BE=E GO+ ?R\< AN 'AN>*I/ PHASE' 9 ! #a#i#fS1 BY #aifh ,GU]9 WAS ADVOCAT+ 'LIB]T>IAN ,M>XISM1' A T]M HE W\LD LAT] *ANGE TO 'LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM' 9 ORD] NOT TO ALI5ATE SOME ( HIS NEW AN>*I/ FRI5DS 7?\< ! CONT5T REMA9$ ! SAME74 ,9 #a#i#f#i1 ) ,FONT5IS & O!RS ,GU]9 LAUN*$ ! ,M\VEM5T COMMUNI/E LIB]TAIRE 7,M,C,L71 :I* ATTEMPT$ TO BR+ TOGE!R V>I\S GR\PS SU* AS SUPPORT]S ( ,D5IS ,B]G]'S ,VOIE COMMUNI/E1 =M] MEMB]S ( ! ,F,C,L & 9DIVIDUALS SU* AS ,GABRIEL ,COHN-,B5DIT :O HAD BE5 ASSOCIAT$ ) ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE4.<#h#a.> ,GU]9 WAS RESPONSIBLE = ! ORGANIZATION'S PAP]1 ,GU]RE DE CLASSES 7,CLASS ,W>74 ,9 #a#i#g#a1 ! ,M,C,L M]G$ ) ANO!R GR\P TO BECOME ! ,ORGANIZATION COMMUNI/E LIB]TAIRE 7,O,C,L74 ,9 #a#i#h1 AFT] COMPLEX DEBATES1 NOTABLY OV] ! QUE/ION ( TRADE UNION ACTIVITY1 ,GU]9 -- :O REJECT$ ULTRA-,LEFT =MS ( 'SPONTANEISME' :I* CONDEMN$ TRADE UNIONISM AS C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y -- W\LD ULTIMATELY JO9 ! ,UNION DES TRAVAILLEURS COMMUNI/ES LIB]TAIRES 7,U,T,C,L71 CREAT$ 9 #a#i#g#h4 ,HE W\LD REMA9 A MEMB] UNTIL HIS DEA? 9 #a#i#h#h4.<#h#b.> 

,LOOK+ BACK ON ?OSE YE>S1 ,FONT5IS W\LD WRITE3 ',= US .<! ,F,C,L.>1 AS = ,GU]91 0LIB]T>IAN ,M>XISM0 WAS NEV] TO BE SE5 AS A FUSION OR A M>RIAGE1 BUT AS A LIV+ SYN!SIS V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ! SUM ( ITS P>TS4'.<#h#c.> ,H[ %\LD WE 9T]PRET ?IS8 

,GU]9 WAS ALWAYS KE5 TO EMPHASIZE ! COMMONALITIES 9 ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM1 & UND]SCOR$ ! FACT ?AT1 9 HIS VIEW AT LEA/1 !Y %>$ ! SAME ROOTS & ! SAME OBJECTIVES4 ,HAV+ SAID ?AT1 & DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ,RUBEL SEEMS TO HAVE 9FLU5C$ ,GU]91 ,GU]9'S /UDY ( ,M>X L$ HIM TO SUGGE/ ?AT ?OSE SU* AS ,RUBEL :O SAW ,M>X AS A LIB]T>IAN W]E EXAGG]AT+ &_/OR BE+ TOO SELECTIVE4.<#h#d.> ,REVIEW+ ! AMBIVAL5T BUT PR$OM9ANTLY HO/ILE RELATIONS BETWE5 ,M>X & ,5GELS1 ON ! ONE H&1 & ,/IRN]1 ,PR\DHON & ,BAKUN91 ON ! O!R H&1 ,GU]9 CONCLUD$ ?AT ! DISAGREEM5TS BETWE5 !M W]E BAS$ TO A GREAT EXT5T ON MISUND]/&+ & EXAGG]ATION ON BO? SIDES3 ',EA* ( ! TWO MOVEM5TS NE$S ! !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL CONTRIBUTION ( ! O!R1' ,GU]9 >GU$1 & ?IS IS :Y HE SAW ! EXPULSION ( ! ,BAKUN9I/S FROM ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION CONGRESS AT ,! ,HAGUE 9 #ahgb AS 'A DISA/R\S EV5T = ! WORK+ CLASS4'.<#h#e.> 

',LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM' WAS = ,GU]9 AN ATTEMPT TO 'REVIVIFY EV]Y?+ ?AT WAS CON/RUCTIVE 9 AN>*ISM'S CONTRIBUTION 9 ! PA/4' ,WE HAVE NOT$ ?AT HIS ,AN>*ISM FOCUS$ ON 'SOCIAL1 CON/RUCTIVE1 COLLECTIVI/1 OR COMMUNI/ AN>*ISM4'.<#h#f.> ,GU]9 WAS MORE CRITICAL ( 'TRADITIONAL' AN>*ISM1 ) :AT HE SAW AS ITS KNEE-J]K REJECTION ( ORGANIZATION & SIMPLI/IC1 ,MANI*EAN APPROA* TO ! QUE/ION ( ! '/ATE' 9 MOD]N1 9DU/RIAL & 9CREAS+LY 9T]NATIONALIZ$ SOCIETIES4 ,HE BECAME 9T]E/$ P>TICUL>LY 9 MILITANTS SU* AS ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/ ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN1 :OSE IDEAS ON '9TEGRAT$' ECONOMIC SELF-MANAGEM5T CONTRA/$ ) :AT ,GU]9 9SI/$ WAS ! NAIVE & BACKW>D-LOOK+ 'LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM' ( ! ,SPANI% ,C,N,T ADVOCAT$ AT ITS #aicf ,S>AGOSSA CONF]5CE4.<#h#g.> ,SU* A POLICY SEEM$ TO ,GU]9 TO TAKE NO ACC\NT ( ! NATURE ( MOD]N CONSUM] SOCIETIES & ! NE$ = ECONOMIC PLANN+ & CO-ORD9ATION AT NATIONAL & TRANSNATIONAL LEVEL4 ,9 ?IS CONNECTION1 ,GU]9 ALSO BECAME 9T]E/$ 9 ! IDEAS ( ! ,BELGIAN COLLECTIVI/ SOCIALI/ ,CES> DE ,PAEPE -- :O HAD >GU$ AGA9/ ! AN>*I/S ( ! ,JURA ,F$]ATION 9 FAVOR ( :AT HE CALL$ AN 'AN->*IC /ATE' -- ON ! NATIONAL & TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZATION ( PUBLIC S]VICES )9 A LIB]T>IAN FRAMEWORK4.<#h#h.> 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ,GU]9'S LIB]T>IAN ,M>XISM OR COMMUNISM DID NOT REJECT ?OSE ASPECTS ( ,M>XISM :I* /ILL SEEM$ TO ,GU]9 VALID & USEFUL3 7I7 ! NOTION ( ALI5ATION1 :I* ,GU]9 SAW AS BE+ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! AN>*I/ EMPHASIS ON ! FRE$OM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL2 7II7 ! 9SI/5CE ?AT ! WORK]S %ALL BE EMANCIPAT$ BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES2 7III7 ! ANALYSIS ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY2 & 7IV7 ! HI/ORICAL MAT]IALI/ DIALECTIC1 :I* = ,GU]9 REMA9$3 

444 ONE ( ! GUID+ ?READS 5ABL+ US TO UND]/& ! PA/ & ! PRES5T1 ON CONDITION ?AT ! ME?OD NOT BE APPLI$ RIGIDLY1 ME*ANICALLY1 OR AS AN EXCUSE NOT TO FI<T ON ! FALSE PRETEXT ?AT ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS = A REVOLUTION >E ABS5T1 AS ! ,/AL9I/S CLAIM$ WAS ! CASE 9 ,FRANCE 9 #a#i#c#f1 #aide & #a#i#f#h4 ,HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM MU/ NEV] BE R$UC$ TO A DET]M9ISM2 ! DOOR MU/ ALWAYS BE OP5 TO 9DIVIDUAL WILL & TO ! REVOLUTION>Y SPONTANEITY ( ! MASSES4.<#h#i.> 

,9DE$1 FOLL[+ HIS FOCUS ON AN>*ISM 9 ! #a#i#fS1 ,GU]9 RETURN$ 9 ! #a#i#gS TO HIS E>LI] RESE>*ES ON ,M>XISM1 & 9 HIS NEW QUE/ = A SYN!SIS ( ! TWO IDEOLOGIES HE F\ND A FRUITFUL S\RCE 9 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG4 ,%E WAS = ,GU]9 ! ONLY ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRAT :O HAD /AY$ TRUE TO :AT HE CALL$ 'ORIG9AL' ,M>XISM1 & 9 #aiga HE PUBLI%$ AN AN?OLOGY ( H] CRITICAL WRIT+S ON ! PRE-#a#i#a#d ,S,F,I,O1 AS WELL AS A /UDY ( ! NOTION ( SPONTANEITY 9 H] WORK4.<#h#a.> ,! FOLL[+ YE> HE TOOK P>T 9 A DEBATE ) ,GILB]T ,BADIA1 ,MI*AEL ,L[Y1 ,MADELE9E ,REB]I\X1 ,D5IS ,VIDAL-,NAQUET & O!RS ON ! CONTEMPOR>Y RELEVANCE ( ,LUXEMBURG'S IDEAS4.<#h#a#a.> ,GU]9 SAW NO SIGNIFICANT DIFF]5CE BETWE5 H] CONCEPTION ( REVOLUTION>Y WORK+-CLASS SPONTANEITY & ! AN>*I/ ONE1 NOR BETWE5 H] CONCEPTION ( ! 'MASS /RIKE' & ! SYNDICALI/ IDEA ( ! 'G5]AL /RIKE4' ,H] CRITICISMS ( ,L59 9 #aid & ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY 9 ! SPR+ ( #aiah 7REG>D+ ! DEMOCRATIC FRE$OMS ( ! WORK+ CLASS7 SEEM$ TO HIM V]Y AN>*I/IC1 AS DID H] CONCEPTION ( A SOCIALISM PROPELL$ FROM BEL[ BY WORK]S' C\NCILS4 ,%E WAS1 HE >GU$1 'ONE ( ! L9KS BETWE5 AN>*ISM & AU!NTIC ,M>XISM1' & = ?IS REASON %E PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,GU]9'S ?9K+ AB\T CONV]G5CES BETWE5 C]TA9 =MS ( ,M>XISM & C]TA9 =MS ( AN>*ISM4.<#h#a#b.> 

,GU]9 WAS CONV9C$ ?AT A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM :I* REPRES5T$ SU* A SYN!SIS ( ! BE/ ( ,M>XISM & ! BE/ ( AN>*ISM W\LD BE MU* MORE ATTRACTIVE TO PROGRESSIVE WORK]S ?AN 'DEG5]ATE1 AU?ORIT>IAN ,M>XISM OR OLD1 \TDAT$1 & FOSSILIZ$ AN>*ISM4'.<#h#a#c.> ,BUT HE WAS ADAMANT ?AT HE WAS NOT A !ORI/1 ?AT LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM WAS1 AS YET1 ONLY AN 'APPROXIMATION1' NOT A FIX$ DOGMA3 

,IT CANNOT1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 BE DEF9$ ON PAP]1 9 ABSOLUTE T]MS4 ,IT CANNOT BE AN 5DLESS RAK+ OV] ( ! PA/1 BUT MU/ RA!R BE A RALLY+ PO9T = ! FUTURE4 ,! ONLY ?+ ( :I* ,I AM CONV9C$ IS ?AT ! FUTURE SOCIAL REVOLUTION WILL HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) EI!R ,MUSCOVITE DESPOTISM OR ANAEMIC SOCIAL-DEMOCRACY2 ?AT IT WILL NOT BE AU?ORIT>IAN1 BUT LIB]T>IAN & ROOT$ 9 SELF-MANAGEM5T1 OR1 IF Y\ LIKE1 C\NCILI/4.<#h#a#d.> 

,CONCLUSION 

,TO :AT EXT5T1 !N1 CAN WE SAY ?AT ,GU]9 SUCCE$$ 9 PRODUC+ A 'SYN!SIS'8 ,ASSESSM5TS BY FELL[ REVOLUTION>IES HAVE V>I$4 ,GU]9 HIMSELF US$ TO COMPLA9 ?AT MANY MILITANTS W]E SO ATTA*$ TO IDEOLOGICAL PIGEONHOL+ & ?AT QUASI-TRIBAL LOYALTIES W]E SO /RONG ?AT HIS PURPOSE WAS FREQU5TLY MISUND]/OOD1 ) MANY :O ID5TIFI$ AS AN>*I/S CRITICIZ+ HIM = HAV+ 'BECOME A ,M>XI/1' & VICE V]SA4.<#h#a#e.> ,YET ,GU]9 WAS CLE> ?AT !RE HAVE BE5 MANY ,M>XISMS & MANY AN>*ISMS1 & HE ALSO 9SI/$ ?AT HIS UND]/&+ ( 'LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM' 'TRANSC5D$' BO? AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM4.<#h#a#f.> 

,WALT]1 APP>5TLY /RUGGL+ TO *>ACT]IZE HIS POLITICS1 DESCRIB$ ,GU]9 AS 'A VET]AN SOCIALI/ :O BECAME AN AN>*I/' & AS 'A ,M>XI/ WRIT] ( A MORE OR LESS ,TROTSKYI/ V>IETY' :O HAD GONE ON TO ATTEMPT A SYN!SIS BETWE5 ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM BE=E F9ALLY TURN+ TO 'A SYNDICALI/ =M ( AN>*ISM4'.<#h#a#g.> 

,GEORGE ,WOODCOCK1 9 A REVIEW ( ,NOAM ,*OMSKY'S 9TRODUCTION TO ! ,5GLI% $ITION ( ,GU]9'S ,AN>*ISM1 9SI/$ ?AT 'NEI!R IS AN AN>*I/ BY ANY KN[N CRIT]ION2 !Y >E BO? LEFT-W+ ,M>XI/S' -- !IR FAIL+ HAV+ BE5 TO FOCUS TOO N>R[LY ON ! ECONOMIC1 ON WORK]S' CONTROL1 ON AN 'OBSOLETE1' 'AN>*O-SYNDICALI/' P]SPECTIVE4.<#h#a#h.> ,SU* A JUDGM5T IS CLE>LY BAS$ ON A P>TICUL> & NOT UNCONT5TI\S CONCEPTION ( AN>*ISM4 

,! OPPOSITE CONCLUSION WAS DRAWN BY ANO!R AN>*I/1 ,MIGUEL ,*UECA1 :O HAS >GU$ ?AT IF WE LOOK AT ALL ! MAJOR ISSUES DIVID+ AN>*I/S FROM ,M>XI/S1 !N '! 'SYN!SIS' RESULTS1 9 ALL CASES1 9 A *OICE 9 FAVOR ( ! AN>*I/ POSITION4'.<#h#a#i.> ,*UECA SEEMS TO HAVE BAS$ HIS CONCLUSION ON AN ESS5TIALI/ VIEW ( AN>*ISM & ( ,M>XISM1 & ON AN ID5TIFICATION ( ,M>XISM ) ,L59ISM4 ,HE ALSO DISREG>DS SOME SIGNIFICANT ISSUES1 SU* AS ,GU]9'S 9SI/5CE ON ! HI/ORICAL MAT]IALI/ DIALECTIC & ! NE$ = C5TRALIZ$ 7ALBEIT 'NON-CO]CIVE'7 ECONOMIC PLANN+4 

,WRIT+ FROM A SYMPA!TIC BUT NOT UNCRITICAL1 ,TROTSKYI/ P]SPECTIVE1 ,IAN ,BIR*ALL SUGGE/S ?AT ULTIMATELY ,GU]9'S GREATE/ A*IEVEM5T WAS HIS PRACTICE AS A MILITANT3 

,GU]9'S GREATNESS LAY 9 HIS ROLE AS A M$IATOR RA!R ?AN AS A SYN!SI/4 ,OV] SIX DECADES HE HAD A RECORD ( WILL+NESS TO COOP]ATE ) ANY SECTION ( ! ,FR5* ,LEFT ?AT %>$ HIS FUNDAM5TAL GOALS ( PROLET>IAN SELF-EMANCIPATION1 COLONIAL LIB]ATION & SEXUAL FRE$OM4 ,HE WAS A VIGOR\S POLEMICI/1 BUT SAW NO FRAGM5T ( ! LEFT1 H[EV] OBSCURE1 AS B5EA? HIS ATT5TION4 .<444.> ,HE WAS ALSO TYPICALLY G5]\S1 NEV] SEEK+ TO MALIGN HIS OPPON5TS1 H[EV] PR(\NDLY HE DISAGRE$ ) !M4 .<444.> ,HE WAS ALWAYS WILL+ TO *ALL5GE OR?ODOXY1 :E!R ,M>XI/ OR AN>*I/4 .<444.> ,YET BEH9D ! V>Y+ =MULATIONS ONE CONSI/5T PR9CIPLE REMA9$3 ',! ,REVOLUTION ( \R AGE WILL BE MADE FROM BEL[ -- OR NOT AT ALL4'.<#h#b.> 

,O!RS HAVE EMBRAC$ ,GU]9'S !ORETICAL CONTRIBUTION & IT IS CLE> ?AT HIS IDEAS ON A 'LIB]T>IAN ,M>XISM' OR 'LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM' W]E 5ORM\SLY 9FLU5TIAL FROM ! #a#i#fS ONW>DS1 & MANY TODAY 7NOTABLY1 BUT NOT ONLY1 ?OSE 9 ,FRANCE CLOSE TO ! ORGANIZATION ,ALT]NATIVE LIB]TAIRE.<#h#b#a.>7 SEE 9 HIM A PRECURSOR & >E ADMIR+ ( HIS !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL CONTRIBUTION TO ! SE>* = A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM -- ALBEIT AS A CONTRIBUTION :I* NE$$ FUR!R DEVELOPM5T 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! SOCIAL /RUGGLES ( ! #a#i#hS & BEYOND4 ,9DE$ ,GU]9 WAS ! FIR/ TO ACCEPT ?AT HE HAD NOT YET SE5 ! 'DEF9ITIVE CRY/ALIZATION ( SU* AN UNCONV5TIONAL & DIFFICULT SYN!SIS1' :I* W\LD 'EM]GE FROM SOCIAL /RUGGLES' ) '9NOVATIVE =MS :I* NOBODY TODAY CAN CLAIM TO PR$ICT'.<#h#b#b.>3 

,IT W\LD BE PO9TLESS TODAY TO TRY TO PAP] OV] ! CRACKS 9 ! MORE OR LESS CRUMBL+ & ROTT+ $IFICE ( SOCIALI/ DOCTR9ES1 TO PLUG AWAY AT PAT*+ TOGE!R SOME ( ?OSE FRAGM5TS ( TRADITIONAL ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM :I* >E /ILL USEFUL1 TO LAUN* ONESELF 9TO DEMON/RATIONS ( ,M>XIAN OR ,BAKUN9IAN ]UDITION1 TO ATTEMPT TO TRACE1 M]ELY ON PAP]1 +5I\S SYN!SES OR TORTU\S RECONCILIATIONS4 .<444.> ,TO CALL ONESELF A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ TODAY1 DOES NOT MEAN LOOK+ BACKW>DS1 BUT T[>DS ! FUTURE4 ,! LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ IS NOT AN EXEGETE1 BUT A MILITANT4.<#h#b#c.> 

,ACKN[L$GM5TS 

,I AM GRATEFUL TO ! ,BRITI% ,ACADEMY1 :OSE ,SMALL ,RESE>* ,GRANT S*EME 5ABL$ ME TO /UDY ,GU]9'S PAP]S 9 ! ,BIBLIO!QUE DE ,DOCUM5TATION ,9T]NATIONALE ,CONTEMPORA9E 7,B,D,I,C1 ,NANT]RE7 & ! ,9T]NATIONAAL ,9/ITUUT VOOR ,SOCIALE ,GES*I$5IS 7,I,I,S,G1 ,AM/]DAM74 

,NOTES 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#g1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/