,*APT] #a 
,9TRODUCTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX ,PRI*>D 

,AU?OR 3 ,&REW ,CORNELL 

,AU?OR 3 ,B5OIT ,*ALL& 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>L ,LEVY 

,TEXT 3 

#a4 ,9TRODUCTION 

,RU? ,K9NA & ,ALEX ,PRI*>D 

,CR[N$ HEADS1 WEAL? & PRIVILEGE MAY WELL TREMBLE %\LD EV] AGA9 ! ,BLACK & ,R$ UNITE6 

,OTTO ,VON ,BISM>CK.<#a#g.> 

,?IS BOOK IS AB\T TWO CURR5TS ( IDEAS1 AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM4 ,IT EXAM9ES !IR COMPLEX 9T]RELATION%IP & MUTUAL BORR[+S 9 HI/ORY1 !ORY & PRACTICE & IT PROBES ! LIMITS & POSSIBILITIES ( COOP]ATION BY LOOK+ AT ! 9/ITUTIONAL & SOCIAL CONTEXTS 9 :I* BO? H]ETICAL & OR?ODOX EXPRESSIONS ( !SE MOVEM5TS HAVE OP]AT$4 ,9 PRES5T+ ?IS COLLECTION1 WE HAVE NOT ATTEMPT$ TO FIX ! IDEOLOGICAL CONT5T ( EI!R ( !SE TWO CURR5TS BUT TO %[ 9/EAD H[ ?IS CONT5T HAS ITSELF BE5 %AP$ BY A PROCESS ( 5GAGEM5T1 !ORETICAL DEBATE & POLITICAL ACTIVITY4 ,TO BEG9 ) DEF9ITIONS IS TO RE/>T ! LONG & WE>ISOME TRADITION ( DEM>CAT+ DIFF]5CE & E/ABLI%+ DOCTR9AL PURITY4 ,?IS TRADITION HAS DOM9AT$ 9 ! PA/ & ITS HI/ORICAL SIGNIFICANCE CAN H>DLY BE UND]E/IMAT$1 & WE DISCUSS IT BY WAY ( 9TRODUCTION 9 ORD] TO CONTEXTUALIZE ! AIMS ( ! COLLECTION4 ,BUT ITS PRACTICAL EFFECT HAS BE5 TO E/ABLI% EXCLUSIVE B\ND>IES & TO 5C\RAGE A VIEW ?AT A POLITICS ( BLACK & R$ IS IMPOSSIBLE1 IMPRACTICAL OR DANG]\S4 ,! ESSAYS 9 ?IS BOOK SUGGE/ ?AT SU* A POLITICS MI<T WELL BE PROBLEMATIC1 BUT ?AT IT NEV]!LESS PROVIDES A WELCOME C\NT] TO SECT>IANISM4 

,TO TURN1 !N1 TO ! CONTEXT3 ! HI/ORY ( ,EUROPEAN REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM IS USUALLY TOLD AS A /ORY ( FACTIONALISM & DISPUTE1 & ! POLITICS ( BLACK & R$ -- BLACK BE+ ! COLOR ( AN>*ISM1 & R$ ( COMMUNISM -- IS USUALLY UND]/OOD AS DYSFUNCTIONAL & OPPOSITIONAL4 ,! ANTAGONISM AT ! CORE ( ! RELATION%IP IS (T5 TRAC$ BACK TO #ahga :5 ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL APPE>$ TO M>K ! NEAT DIVISION ( SOCIALISM 9TO ,BAKUN9I/ & ,M>XI/ CURR5TS4 ,SUGGE/IONS ?AT ! SIGNIFICANT M>K] WAS E>LI]1 9 ! #a#h#dS1 :5 ,PR\DHON REFUS$ COLLABORATION ) ,M>X1 T5D TO RE9=CE ! IMPORTANCE ( ?IS LAT] SPLIT3 #ahga CEM5T$ ! =MATION ( AN IDEOLOGICAL DIVIDE ?AT ,M>X & ,PR\DHON'S MUTUAL SUSPICION PRESAG$4.<#a#h.> ,CRITICISMS ( ,MAX ,/IRN]1 VOIC$ S9CE ! #a#h#iS -- SOMETIME AFT] ,M>X & ,5GELS SKET*$ !IR CRITIQUE ( ',SA9T ,MAX' 9 ,! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY - SIMIL>LY BOL/]$ ! VIEW ?AT ! POLITICAL DISPUTES ?AT DIVID$ ,M>XI/S & AN>*I/S W]E GR\ND$ 9 V]Y DIFF]5T1 P]HAPS IRRECONCILABLE1 PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS1 ALWAYS LAT5T 9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 

,A SECOND 9FLU5TIAL /ORY ( ! RELATION%IP IS ! ACC\NT PROMOT$ BY ,L59 & IT CONSI/S ( ! VIEW ?AT ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ,M>XI/S & AN>*I/S HAVE BE5 OV]/AT$3 BO? GR\PS ( SOCIALI/S >E COMMITT$ TO ! REALIZATION ( A COMMON 5D1 !Y DISAGREE ONLY AB\T ! MEANS ( TRANS=MATION4 ,9 ! #a#i#gS ?IS CASE WAS ADVANC$ BY ! HI/ORIAN ,]IC ,HOBSBAWM4 ,! REJECTION ( AN>*ISM1 HE >GU$1 HAD A NUMB] ( DIM5SIONS1 BUT ITS LEAD+ IDEA WAS ?AT '.<T.>H]E IS NO DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! ULTIMATE OBJECTS ( ,M>XI/S & AN>*I/S1 I4E4 A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM 9 :I* EXPLOITATION1 CLASSES & ! /ATE WILL HAVE CEAS$ TO EXI/4'.<#a#i.> ,HOBSBAWM ATTEMPT$ TO EXPLA9 ! APP>5T T5SION BETWE5 ?IS !ORETICAL ACCORD & ! ACTUAL HI/ORY ( ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T BY %[+ H[ REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XI/S -- ,M>X1 ,5GELS & ,L59 -- COMB9$ A REJECTION ( AN>*I/ ?\<T ) B5EVOL5CE T[>DS AN>*I/ & AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5TS4 ,! AGREEM5T ON 5DS REFLECT$ ! %>$ PRACTICAL EXP]I5CE ( REVOLUTION1 BUT IT WAS ALSO CONSI/5T ) A FIRM D5IAL ( AN>*I/ MEANS TO ?AT 5D1 & ! !ORY ?AT SUPPORT$ ?OSE MEANS4 ,HIS EXPLANATION IMPLI$ A CLE> SEP>ATION ( IDEAS FROM PRACTICE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( IDEOLOGY4 ,AL?\< ,HOBSBAWM ACKN[L$G$ ! IMPRECISION ( 'DOCTR9AL1 IDEOLOGICAL & PROGRAMMATIC DI/9CTIONS' 9 RANK-&-FILE MOVEM5TS1 CONTR>Y TO CONTEMPOR>Y TREATM5TS ( IDEOLOGICAL =MATION1 HE FAIL$ TO SEE H[ ! IDEAS ( 'IDEOLOGI/S & POLITICAL LEAD]S1' ( BO? ,M>XI/ & AN>*I/ V>IETIES1 W]E ALSO %AP$ BY POLITICAL 5GAGEM5TS & EV5TS -- NOT JU/ !ORY4.<#b.> ,! RESULT WAS TO RE9=CE ! PR9CIPLE ( !ORETICAL DIVISION :IL/ PROVID+ A POSITIVE ACC\NT ( ,L59ISM ?AT1 = AN>*I/S1 WAS UNP]SUASIVE4 

,HOBSBAWM'S ELABORATION ( ! APP>5T DOVETAIL+ ( ,M>XI/ & AN>*I/ POSITIONS PO9TS TO A L9E ( DIVISION ?AT MANY AN>*I/S HAVE WANT$ TO HI<LI<T -- A ?IRD ACC\NT ( DIFF]5CE4 ,?IS TURNS ON ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! MEANS & 5DS ( REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE & ! AN>*I/ REJECTION ( ! IDEA ?AT ! TRANSITION FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM REQUIRES A P]IOD ( TRANSITION 9 :I* /ATE P[] IS CAPTUR$ & US$ AS AN 9/RUM5T ( *ANGE1 BE=E 'WI!R+ AWAY4'.<#b#a.> ,= AN>*I/S1 ! ADOPTION ( SU* MEANS NECESS>ILY COMPROMISES ! 5DS ( ! REVOLUTION & IT PO9TS TO A MODEL ( SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION ?AT MO/ HAVE REJECT$4 ,AL?\< HE PASS$ OV] ! !ORETICAL GR\NDS ( ! AN>*I/ COMPLA9TS1 ,HOBSBAWM P9PO9T$ PRECISELY ! NATURE ( ! CONC]N3 ,M>XI/S NOT ONLY ACCEPT$ ! 'WI!R+ AWAY' !SIS.<#b#b.> !Y ALSO ADOPT$ A 'FIRM BELIEF 9 ! SUP]IORITY ( C5TRALIZATION TO DEC5TRALIZATION OR F$]ALISM & 7ESPECIALLY 9 ! ,L59I/ V]SION71 TO A BELIEF 9 ! 9DISP5SABILITY ( LEAD]%IP1 ORGANIZATION & DISCIPL9E & ! 9ADEQUACY ( ANY MOVEM5T BAS$ ON M]E 0SPONTANEITY40'.<#b#c.> ,FROM AN APP>5T AGREEM5T AB\T ! 5DS ( ! REVOLUTION1 ,HOBSBAWM ID5TIFI$ A COMB9$ PACKAGE ( IDEAS ?AT WAS ANTI!TICAL TO AN>*I/ ?\<T & :I*1 9 P>TS & 9 :OLE1 MANY SELF-ID5TIFY+ ,M>XI/S ALSO REJECT$4.<#b#d.> 

,A F\R? /ORY ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM RELATES TO ! RELATIVE SIGNIFICANCE ( !SE TWO CURR5TS ( ?\<T4 ,ONE V]SION ( ?IS /ORY FOCUSES ON PRACTICAL ACTIVITY1 ! O!R ON EM]G5CE & REEM]G5CE1 DOM9ANCE & SUBS]VI5CE4 ,AS TO ! FIR/1 ! PLACE ( ,M>XISM AS ! DOM9ANT CURR5T )9 SOCIALISM IS SOMETIMES ASSUM$ )\T QUALIFICATION4 ,9DE$1 SU* HAS BE5 ! DOM9ANCE ( ,M>XISM ?AT REC5T HI/ORIES ( ! ,LEFT SIMPLY CONFLATE SOCIALISM ) ,M>XISM & IGNORE ! AN>*I/S COMPLETELY4.<#b#e.> ,O!RS ASSIGN AN>*ISM LITTLE MORE ?AN A FOOTNOTE 9 A WID] N>RATIVE ( ,M>XI/ 9FI<T+ & FACTIONALISM4.<#b#f.> ,A SECOND V]SION ( ! POOR RELATION !SIS C5T]S ON ! ASSESSM5T ( ! RELATIVE 9TELLECTUAL M]ITS ( ,M>XI/ & AN>*I/ IDEAS4 ,AN>*ISM F>ES BADLY H]E1 TOO4 ,! BLUNT CLAIM ( ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9'S ESSAY ',! ,COMMUNALI/ ,PROJECT' IS ?AT AN>*ISM 'IS SIMPLY NOT A SOCIAL !ORY4' 

,ITS =EMO/ !ORI/S CELEBRATE ITS SEEM+ OP5NESS TO ECLECTICISM & ! LIB]ATORY EFFECTS ( 'P>ADOX' OR EV5 'CONTRADICTION1' TO USE ,PR\DHONIAN HYP]BOLE4 ,ACCORD+LY1 & )\T PREJUDICE TO ! E>NE/NESS ( MANY AN>*I/IC PRACTICES1 A CASE CAN MADE ?AT MANY ( ! IDEAS ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC RECON/RUCTION ?AT 9 ! PA/ HAVE BE5 ADVANC$ 9 ! NAME ( 'AN>*Y' W]E (T5 DRAWN FROM ,M>XISM4.<#b#g.> 

,BOOK*9'S EVALUATION IS NOT UNTYPICAL4 ,AS ,GRAEB] & ,GRUBACIC NOTE1 AN>*ISM'S MO/ DI/9CTIVE CONTRIBUTION TO SOCIALISM IS (T5 ID5TIFI$ ) REVOLUTION>Y COMMITM5T4 ,IT IS ! PASSIONATE1 IDEALI/IC HE>T TO ,M>XISM'S SOB] & REALI/IC HEAD4 ,9 A DISCUSSION ( 'SMALL-A AN>*I/S' !Y NOTE3 ',M>XISM 444 HAS T5D$ TO BE A !ORETICAL OR ANALYTICAL DISC\RSE AB\T REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY4 ,AN>*ISM HAS T5D$ TO BE AN E?ICAL DISC\RSE AB\T REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE 444 :]E ,M>XISM HAS PRODUC$ BRILLIANT !ORIES ( PRAXIS1 IT'S MO/LY BE5 AN>*I/S :O HAVE BE5 WORK+ ON ! PRAXIS ITSELF4'.<#b#h.>,AL?\< !RE IS N[ TALK ( AN 'AN>*I/ TURN' 9 RADICAL POLITICAL !ORY1 IT IS NOT YET CLE> ?AT AN>*ISM'S RELATION%IP TO ,M>XISM HAS FUNDAM5TALLY ALT]$4.<#b#i.> ,NOR IS IT CLE> :I* ,M>XISM ! NEW ,LEFT TODAY >E TURN+ FROM OR :I* AN>*ISM IS IT MOV+ T[>DS4 ,! DANG] ( 'TURNS' IS ?AT !Y RE9=CE EXI/+1 (T5 C>ICATUR$1 ASSUMPTIONS ( DIFF]5CE & OSSIFY ID5TITY4 ,! REALITY IS ?AT ! T]MS ( DEBATE HAVE EVOLV$ & RESI/ EASY PIGEON-HOL+1 AS ! *APT]S 9 ?IS VOLUME TE/IFY4 

,! IMBALANCE BETWE5 ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM IS ALSO SOMETIMES EXPRESS$ ?R\< ! LANGUAGE ( EM]G5CE & REEM]G5CE4 ,9 ?IS DISC\RSE1 AN>*ISM IS TREAT$ AS A SOME:AT JUV5ILE EXPRESSION ( 9T]MITT5T PROTE/4 ,! YE> #aifh IS (T5 REF]R$ TO AS A MOM5T ( REBIR? = AN>*ISM & ! NEW ,LEFT4.<#c.> ,LIKEWISE1 #aiii IS A M>K] = ! APPE>ANCE ( A NEW AN>*I/IC 'MOVEM5T ( MOVEM5TS' & ! REAPPE>ANCE ( AN>*ISM1 N[ GALVANIZ$ BY ! /RUGGLE = GLOBAL JU/ICE4.<#c#a.> ,AT ! HEI<T ( ! ,P>IS EV5EM5TS1 ,DANIEL ,COHN-,B5DIT ID5TIFI$ BO? ! CONT9UITIES & ! IMPORTANT CRITICAL 9T]*ANGES ?AT !SE MOVEM5TS ACTUALLY REPRES5T$4 ,HIS UNUSUAL =MULATION ( ',LEFTISM' WAS BAS$ ON AN UND]/&+ ( SOCIALISM AS A CONT9U\S !ORETICAL DISPUTE :I* GAVE EQUAL WEI<T TO OPPOS+ VIEWS3 ',M>X AGA9/ ,PR\DHON1 ,BAKUN9 AGA9/ ,M>X1 ,MAKHNO AGA9/ ,BOL%EVISM1' & :AT ,COHN-,B5DIT CALL$ ! /UD5TWORK]S' MOVEM5T AGA9/ ! 'TRANS=MATION & DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 9TO A BUREAUCRATIC C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 SU/A9$ & DEF5D$ BY ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES ?R\<\T ! WORLD4'.<#c#b.> ,MOREOV]1 ,COHN- ,B5DIT'S APPROA* PO9T$ TO A PROCESS ( POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T BAS$ ON CONT9U\S CON/RUCTIVE CRITIQUE3 IF ,LEFTISM WAS NEW1 IT BORR[$ FROM AN>*ISM -- AN>*ISM HAD NOT REEM]G$1 IT WAS M]ELY ?AT NEW GR\PS W]E ONLY JU/ DISCOV]+ IT4 ,YET ,COHN-,B5DIT'S DIALOGIC APPROA* DID NOT PR$OM9ATE & ! S5SE ?AT AN>*ISM FOLL[S A PH5IX-LIKE EXI/5CE1 ALBEIT ) A %ORT] LIFE-CYCLE1 IS /ILL P[]FUL4 

,! DOM9ANCE ( ,M>XISM OV] AN>*ISM MI<T BE EXPLA9$ 9 A NUMB] ( WAYS4 ,! T5D5CY TO READ A UTOPIAN PREHI/ORY BACK 9TO SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM & TO TIE REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM TI<TLY TO ! RISE ( AN URBAN1 9DU/RIALIZ$ WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T HAS UND\BT$LY PLAY$ A ROLE 9 SEAL+ ,M>XISM'S GOOD REPUTATION4 ,! S5SE ?AT AN>*ISM WAS ATTRACTIVE TO PR$OM9ANTLY RURAL POPULATIONS -- ?\< ITSELF CONTE/ABLE -- HAS 5C\RAG$ A VIEW ?AT IT WAS IRRELEVANT TO ! MOD]N WORLD & ATTRACTIVE ONLY TO AN UN$UCAT$ & !RE=E !ORETICALLY UNSOPHI/ICAT$ AUDI5CE4 ,! 9SPIRATION ?AT ,M>XISM HAS PROVID$ = A RANGE ( SOCIALI/ REGIMES & POLITICAL P>TIES ALSO HELPS EXPLA9 :Y AN>*ISM HAS (T5 BE5 SE5 AS ,M>XISM'S POOR RELATION4 ,! WORK+ ASSUMPTION ( ,DONALD ,SASSOON'S SEM9AL /UDY ( ,EUROPEAN SOCIALISM WAS ?AT ! ONLY SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS TO ALT] ! TRAJECTORY ( ,EUROPEAN SOCIETY W]E ! 'TRADITIONAL SOCIALI/ P>TIES' 7,COMMUNI/ & ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC7 :I* EM]G$ FROM #a#h#h#i4 ,?IS BLOTT$ ALL SORTS ( REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS \T ( SOCIALI/ HI/ORY1 ESPECIALLY ! AN>*I/S1 EV5 ?\<1 AS ,TONY ,JUDT NOT$1 ! FR+E GR\PS ?AT FELL UND] ,SASSOON'S RAD> NEV]!LESS EX]T$ A SIGNIFICANT 7ALBEIT UNWELCOME 9 HIS VIEW7 9FLU5CE ON SOCIALI/ ?\<T4 ,MOREOV]1 AS REC5T RESE>* HAS CONFIRM$1 O!R MASS MOVEM5TS -- NOTABLY ! SYNDICALI/ -- OCCUPI$ A PIVOTAL PLACE 9 MANY P>TS ( ! WORLD4.<#c#c.> 

,! APPROA* TO SOCIALISM ?AT MEASURES SUCCESS 9 T]MS ( A COMPETITIVE /RUGGLE = P[] 9 ! /ATE NATURALLY DISADVANTAGES AN>*ISM1 P>TICUL>LY S9CE NO AN>*I/ IDEOLOGY IS LIKELY TO F9D ! /ATI/ PATRONS ?AT HAVE SU/A9$ & NURTUR$ NATIONALI/1 ,M>XI/1 RELIGI\S & O!R IDEOLOGICAL MOVEM5TS4 ,! SUBORD9ATION ( AN>*ISM TO ,M>XISM 9 ACC\NTS ( SOCIALISM ALSO [ES SOME?+ TO ! WAY 9 :I* POLITICAL 'SUCCESS' & 'DEFEAT' >E E/IMAT$ & UND]/OOD4 ,! DEFEAT ( ! AN>*I/ REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA9 9 #aici IS SOMETIMES 9T]PRET$ AS A SYMBOL ( ! COLLAPSE ( AN>*ISM1 BO? 9 !ORY & PRACTICE4 ,= ,HOBSBAWM IT PROVID$ FUR!R PRO( ( ! IDEOLOGICAL BANKRUPTCY ( AN>*ISM & ! 'FAILURE' ( ! REVOLUTION ITSELF1 EVID5CE ( ! 9ADEQUACY ( AN>*ISM AS A PRACTICAL GOAL4.<#c#d.> ,GEORGE ,WOODCOCK'S VIEW WAS NOT MU* DIFF]5T4 ,9 ,AN>*ISM1 ,WOODCOCK >GU$ ?AT ! 'ACTUAL AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 444 /EMM$ FROM ! ORGANIZATION & 9SPIRATION ACTIVITIES ( ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN9 9 ! #a#h#fS' & ?AT IT 'CEAS$ TO HAVE ANY REAL RELEVANCE 9 ! MOD]N WORLD' AFT] ! ,SPANI% DEFEAT4.<#c#e.> ,! 9ABILITY ( ! AN>*I/S TO /& UP TO ,HITL]1 ,/AL91 ,FRANCO & ,MUSSOL9I -- PRACTICALLY ALONE -- IS JUDG$ AS A WEAKNESS ( IDEOLOGY RA!R ?AN ( MAT]IAL CAPABILITY4 ,ADMITT$LY1 9 ! AFT]MA? ( #aifh ,WOODCOCK SUGGE/$ ?AT ?IS HAD BE5 AN OV]LY PESSIMI/IC JUDGM5T4 ,H[EV]1 ITS IMPLICATION1 :I* HE ACCEPT$1 WAS ?AT AN>*ISM WAS A M]E T5D5CY1 A CURR5T ( ?\<T ?AT WAS LIKELY TO RECEIVE ONLY SPORADIC EXPRESSION = IT LACK$ 9/ITUTIONAL LONGEVITY4 

,ACC\NTS ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM HAVE HELP$ TO DEF9E & DELIMIT ! FOCUS ( CRITICAL /UDY3 AN>*ISM IS L9K$ ONLY TO ITS N9ETE5?-C5TURY 'FA!RS' & ,M>XISM TI$ TI<TLY TO ,BOL%EVISM1 OP5+ ! WAY TO *>T+ ,M>XISM'S RISE ?R\< ! ,SOVIET REGIME & ITS SATELLITES & ! EM]G5CE ( ! COMPOSITE DOCTR9E1 ,M>XISM-,L59ISM1 AT ! CO/ ( SAY1 ,TROTSKYISM1 AUTONOMISM OR O!R CURR5TS ( ULTRA-,LEFT DISS5T4 ,9T]E/ 9 P>TY-POLITICAL SUCCESS & ! ANALYSIS ( PRACTICAL ACTIVITY 9 ! /ATE ONLY EXT5DS ?IS BIAS4 ,FOLL[+ ! LOGIC ( ?IS APPROA* IT IS EASY TO SEE :Y ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,B]L9 ,WALL WAS WIDELY TREAT$ AS ! BEG9N+ ( ! 5D = ,EUROPEAN ,M>XISM & ! DAWN ( 'A NEW AN>*ISM4'.<#c#f.> ,IMPRESSIONS SU* AS !SE >E TODAY WIDELY CONTE/$4 ,NOTIONS ( '! OLD ,LEFT' RESONATE 9 \R IMAG9ATION1 :ILE ?OSE :O DISCOV] ! ANTEC$5TS ( '! NEW ,LEFT' F9D ?AT !SE ANTEC$5TS >E (T5 ! SAME GR\PS & PEOPLE ?AT POPULAT$ '! OLD ,LEFT' BUT :O W]E M>G9ALIZ$ OR =GOTT53 ! DISS5T]S & H]ETICS1 BUT ALSO (T5 ! ACOLYTES OR 7SELF-APPO9T$7 VANGU>D4 ,?IS BOOK \<T TO HELP GIVE MORE %APE TO ?IS IDEOLOGICAL MORPHOLOGY1 BUT SO MU* MORE REMA9S TO BE DONE4 

,?IS READ+ ( HI/ORY LEADS TO A SIMIL> DELIMITATION 9 AN>*I/ HI/ORICAL ANALYSIS4 ,! TW9 CLAIMS ?AT AN>*O-SYNDICALISM WAS ! MO/ IMPORTANT CURR5T 9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T & ?AT IT HAD ITS ORIG9S 9 ,BAKUN9 & HIS HEIRS1 & CAN ONLY BE TRAC$ BACK TO HIM1 IS ONE EXAMPLE4.<#c#g.> ,AN IMPORTANT CONSEQU5CE ( ! >GUM5T IS ?AT ,PR\DHON'S 9FLU5CE1 :I* WAS P>TICUL>LY /RONG 9 ,FRANCE1 ,SPA91 ,SWITZ]L& & ,RUSSIA1 LONG BE=E ,M>X S\<T HIS COLLABORATION & = A GOOD P]IOD AFT]1 IS BYPASS$4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! REPUBLICANISM ( ,PI-Y-,M>GALL1 ! PLURALISM ( ,G4,D4,H4 ,COLE & ,H>OLD ,LASKI1 ,TOL/OY'S AN>*ISM OR ! ,FR5* TRADITION ( 'P]SONALISME' & PLURALI/ SYNDICALISM TO GIVE A FEW EXAMPLES1 APPE> ANOMAL\S 9 SOCIALI/ TRADITIONS1 & ! CURR5TS ( ?\<T !Y DEVELOP$ & ( :I* !Y W]E A P>T >E /RIPP$ ( 9TEGRAL ASPECTS ( !IR SUB/ANCE 9 EF=TS TO =CE !M 9TO ONE OR O!R 'TRADITION' ( SOCIALI/ ?9K+4.<#c#h.> 

,REVIEW+ !SE TRADITIONAL ACC\NTS ( AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM H]E HELPS ILLUM9ATE ! SUBT]RANEAN TR5DS 9 SOCIALI/ ?9K+ ?AT HAVE ALWAYS GIV5 ! LIE TO ?AT EASY DI*OTOMY & HELPS US UND]/& ! COMPLEXITY ( ! L9ES ( DIVISION4 ,CONT9UAL REF]5CE TO ! 'AN>*I/ CORE' ( CONTEMPOR>Y ACTIVI/ MOVEM5TS1 ILLUM9AT$ & DEVELOP$ AT L5G? BY ,DAVID ,GRAEB] ELSE:]E1.<#c#i.> BELIES ! EXPLOSION ( ALT]NATIVE SOCIALI/ GR\PS 9 ! PO/-COLD W> P]IOD ?AT >E NEI!R R$ NOR BLACK BUT DRAW ON ! POLITICS ( BO?4 ,AUTONOMI/S1 ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/S1 OP5 ,M>XI/S1 ! ,ZAPATI/AS1 PRIMITIVI/S1 N[TOPIANS & PO/-AN>*I/S ALL %>E SPACE ) LONG]-E/ABLI%$ GR\PS ( AN>*I/S & ,M>XI/S1 ,TROTSKYI/S & ,L59I/S1 SOMETIMES )9 ! FUZZY 9TELLECTUAL PLURALITY ( ! ,CLIMATE ,CAMPS & ! HORIZONTALISM ( ! WID] PROTE/ MOVEM5TS1 (T5 9 SPECIFIC LABOR /RUGGLES OR REVOLUTION>Y MOM5TS4 ,! RELATION%IPS BETWE5 ! GR\PS ?AT MAKE UP ?IS CONTEMPOR>Y KALEIDOSCOPE >E BY NO MEANS CLE> OR UNCONTE/$4.<#d.> ,FEW ( !IR MEMB]S >E P]HAPS AW>E (1 & PROBABLY MORE >E 9DIFF]5T TO1 ! EQUALLY MESSY HI/ORY ( ! MOVEM5TS :I* PREC$$ !IR [N4 ,YET ! LEAD+ CONT5TION ( ?IS BOOK IS ?AT !Y HAVE SOME?+ TO GA9 FROM RE5GAG+ ) & REFLECT+ ON ! PA/1 ON ! COMPLEXITY ( SOCIALI/ HI/ORY & ON ! PROBLEMS :I* PREVI\S G5]ATIONS ( ACTIVI/S 5C\NT]$4 ,! DRIVE TO ACTION & ! MY?OLOGICAL BUT 'TA9T$ HI/ORY' %>$ BY AN>*I/S & ,M>XI/S HAVE IGNIT$ A DESIRE = NOVELTY & +5UITY1 & A FL\RI%+ ( REVOLUTION>Y VITALITY4 ,AN UND]/&+ ( ! PROCESSES ( IDEOLOGICAL =MATION OR OSSIFICATION1 ( ! WAYS 9 :I* IDEAS TRANSLATE 9TO & >E TRANS=M$ BY PRACTICE1 HELPS REVEAL ! CONTE/ABILITY ( CLAIMS MADE AB\T BO? TRADITIONS -- AB\T BO? ! P]MAN5CE ( ! PA/ OR ! %APE ( ! FUTURE4 ,!RE IS MU* TO BE GA9$ FROM OP5+ UP ?IS RI* SEAM4 

,9 M9+ IT1 ?IS COLLECTION HAS ?REE MA9 AIMS ?AT HAVE BE5 H9T$ AT ABOVE BUT >E WOR? /AT+ CLE>LY4 ,! FIR/ IS TO *ALL5GE CONV5TIONAL ACC\NTS ( SOCIALI/ 9T]RELATIONS & REOP5 ANALYSIS ( ! RELATION%IP ( ,M>XISM TO AN>*ISM4 ,?IS IS TO SUGGE/ ?AT ! IDEOLOGICAL B\ND>IES >E F> MORE COMPLEX1 FLUID & POR\S ?AN !SE POTT$ HI/ORIES 9DICATE2 ?AT ! DIV]SITY ( VIEWS )9 BROADLY AN>*I/ & ,M>XI/ GR\PS IS WID] ?AN ! ALIGNM5T ) KEY FIGURES ALL[S2 & ?AT ! CONCEPTUAL DIFF]5CES BETWE5 SOCIALI/S :O ID5TIFY ) DIFF]5T CURR5TS ( ?\<T >E MORE 9T]E/+ & NUANC$ ?AN ! MEANS-5D DI*OTOMY SUGGE/S4 ,A SECOND AIM IS TO RECONSID] ! OV]LAPS & T5SIONS BETWE5 & )9 DIFF]5T ,M>XISMS & AN>*ISMS & HI<LI<T ! PLURAL =MS ?AT BO? MA9 CURR5TS HAVE TAK5 S9CE ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,! AIM H]E IS TO BEG9 TO MAP A MORE CONTEMPOR>Y HI/ORY ( ! ,LEFT4.<#d#a.> ,! ?IRD AIM IS TO DELVE 9TO >EAS ( ! RELATIVELY NEGLECT$ HI/ORY ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T TO %[ BO? H[ SOCIALI/ IDEAS HAVE PLAY$ \T AT SPECIFIC TIMES & 9 P>TICUL> LOCATIONS & H[ ! BORR[+S & MUTUAL CRITIQUES ( WELL-KN[N ACTIVI/S -- ,MORRIS1 ,SOREL1 ,C4,L4,R ,JAMES1 ,CA/ORIADIS -- :O REFUS$ TO ADOPT OR?ODOX POSITIONS1 W]E IMPORTANTLY %AP$ ?R\< 5GAGEM5T 9 P>TICUL> /RUGGLES4 

,! ME?ODOLOGICAL BIAS ( ! COLLECTION IS T[>DS ! HI/ORY ( IDEAS4.<#d#b.> ,:ILE ! ESSAYS >E WRITT5 FROM A RANGE ( DIFF]5T !ORETICAL /&PO9TS & ADVANCE V]Y DIFF]5T NORMATIVE CLAIMS1 !Y DO SO BY CONTEXTUALIZ+ >GUM5TS RA!R ?AN ?R\< APPEAL TO AB/RACT !ORETICAL DEBATE ALONE4 ,?IS VOLUME PROCE$S FROM ! VIEW ?AT POLITICS )\T HI/ORY IS DIRECTIONLESS & ?AT ATTEMPTS TO R5EGOTIATE AN ALIGNM5T BETWE5 R$ & BLACK W\LD B5EFIT FROM A S5SE ( HI/ORICAL PREC$5T RA!R ?AN MORE !ORY4.<#d#c.> 

,?IS BOOK IS NOT DESIGN$ AS A BRIDGE-BUILD+ PROJECT OR AS A SE>* = SIMIL>ITY1 NOR IS IT ONE ?AT PRESUMES UNI=MITY OR HOMOG5EITY TO BE A SUITABLE PLAT=M = FUTURE ,LEFT-W+ /RATEGY4.<#d#d.> ,MOREOV]1 ! ESSAYS 9 ?IS COLLECTION DO NOT PASS OV] ! SECT>IANISM ( REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM1 BUT V>I\SLY ATTEMPT TO P9PO9T :AT ! CONCEPTUAL FAULT L9ES >E1 %[ :Y !Y >E SIGNIFICANT1 H[ !Y MI<T BE BRIDG$ &_/OR REFLECT ON ! TRADE(FS & CREATIVE T5SIONS )9 SOCIALISM & ! LIMITS TO COOP]ATION 9 CONTEXT4 ,9 SOME CASES1 ! >GUM5T PO9TS TO ! IRRECONCILABILITY ( SOCIALI/ IDEOLOGIES & TO 9SURM\NTABLE PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS 9 BRIDG+ GAPS BETWE5 DIFF]5T FACTIONS4 ,9 O!R CASES1 SPACES = NEGOTIATION >E ID5TIFI$ & 5C\RAG$4 ,SOME HAVE F\ND SOME CORRESPOND5CE BETWE5 BLACK & R$1 O!RS HAVE NOT1 BUT EV5 :]E SOME CORRESPOND5CE HAS BE5 ID5TIFI$1 ! T]MS >E DIV]G5T BECAUSE ! CONTEXTS >E (T5 DI/9CT1 OR EV5 -- LESS PROSAICALLY -- PEOPLE SIMPLY HAVE NOT UND]/OOD ONE ANO!R4 ,/UDIES ?AT FOCUS ON KEY 9DIVIDUALS %[ H[ ! 9T]PLAY BETWE5 AN>*I/ & ,M>XI/ CURR5TS HAS BE5 CAPTUR$ 9 !IR WRIT+S & CAN BE SE5 TO HAVE BE5 LIV$ ?R\< ! LIVES ( !SE 9DIVIDUALS 9 P>TICUL> 9TELLECTUAL & SOCIAL CONTEXTS4 ,O!R *APT]S ILLU/RATE H[ ATTEMPTS AT 5GAGEM5T FAIL$4 ,HI/ORICAL ANALYZES ( P>TICUL> SOCIAL OR LABOR MOVEM5TS ALSO >RIVE AT />KLY DIFF]5T CONCLUSIONS1 & :ILE SOME CASE /UDIES %[ H[ GR\PS & 9DIVIDUALS SUCCESSFULLY EXPLOIT$ OV]LAPS1 O!RS HI<LI<T SECT>IAN COLLAPSE4 

,!RE >E NO G5]AL LESSONS H]E1 BUT A NUMB] ( IMPORTANT 9SI<TS CAN BE GLEAN$ AB\T ! WAYS 9 :I* IDEAS TRANSLATE 9TO & ?R\< DIFF]5T PRACTICES1 H[ REVOLUTION>Y AMBITIONS HAVE *ANG$ OV] TIME & H[ ! EXP]I5CE ( /RUGGLE HAS EX]CIS$ A COMMON 9FLU5CE ON ACTIVI/S 9 V]Y DIFF]5T GEOGRAPHICAL & HI/ORICAL LOCATIONS4 ,9 !IR [N WAYS1 EA* ( !SE ESSAYS PRES5TS A REALI/IC & REPRES5TATIVE PLAT=M = DEBATE & EA* CONTRIBUTES TO \R UND]/&+S ( IDEOLOGICAL DIVISION & =MATION ON ! ,LEFT1 & )9 IDEOLOGIES MORE BROADLY4.<#d#e.> ,9 ! CONCLUSION TO ?IS VOLUME1 ,DAVID ,B]RY & ,SAKU ,P9TA SET \T :AT !Y UND]/& TO BE ! MO/ PRODUCTIVE T]MS ON :I* R$ & BLACK HAVE 5GAG$1 & %[ H[ WAYS & MEANS ( ?9K+ ! PA/ 9TO ! PRES5T MI<T BE GIV5 A P>TICUL> CONT5T4 ,BUT WE LEAVE IT TO READ]S TO DECIDE :I* 79DE$1 IF ANY7 ( ! V]SIONS ( SOCIALISM PRES5T$ H]E IS FEASIBLE OR ATTRACTIVE & REFLECT ON ! FUTURE PROSPECTS ( SYN!SIS OR RECONCILIATION4 

,NO HI/ORY IS EV] COMPLETE1 & NO COLLECTION ( PAP]S ?AT SEEKS TO PROVIDE A SNAP%OT ( AN EPO*AL S]IES ( SU* DISP>ATE DEBATES AS ?IS CAN BE ANY?+ MORE ?AN A BEG9N+4 ,! PRES5T COLLECTION 9CLUDES *APT]S ?AT COLLECTIVELY SPAN NE>LY #ae YE>S ( SOCIALI/ WRANGL+1 ) ALL ITS PRACTICAL A*IEVEM5TS & HUGE DISAPPO9TM5TS4 ,9 SPITE ( \R BE/ EF=TS WE W]E UNABLE TO S\RCE A *APT] ON HI/ORICAL FEM9I/ 5GAGEM5TS ) ! BLACK & R$ DIVIDE OR A FEM9I/ P]SPECTIVE ON ! HI/ORY ( ?IS SPLIT4 ,?IS WAS P>TICUL>LY DISAPPO9T+1 GIV5 ! PRACTICAL & !ORETICAL CONTRIBUTION FEM9I/ ACTIVI/S ON ! ,LEFT HAVE MADE TO ! UND]/&+ ( IDEOLOGICAL DIVISION & ITS EFFECTIVE NEGOTIATION1 & TO ! PRACTICAL A*IEVEM5TS ( WOM5'S GR\PS 9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,BUT P]HAPS IT IS TELL+ ?AT ! VOICES ( ,LUCY ,P>SONS1 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN OR GR\PS SU* AS ! ,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES1 & 9NUM]ABLE O!R WOM5'S MOVEM5TS1 DO NOT FEATURE PROM95TLY 9 ! HI/ORIOGRAPHY ( AN>*ISM OR ,M>XISM4 ,AS WILL BECOME CLE>1 SOCIALISM HAS BE5 RECORD$ PR$OM9ANTLY AS A MAN'S GAME OV] ! PA/ C5TURY & IT IS A %AME ?AT ?IS COLLECTION HAS FAIL$ TO R$RESS ?IS NOTABLE IMBALANCE4.<#d#f.> 

,ALONGSIDE ?IS G5D] IMBALANCE1 !RE IS ALSO A GEOGRAPHICAL ONE4 ,DISCUSSION IS MA9LY1 ?\< NOT EXCLUSIVELY1 C5T]$ ON ,EUROPEAN & ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN SUBJECTS & !IR 9FLU5CE ELSE:]E4 ,?IS IS ANO!R REGRETTABLE LIMIT ON ! COLLECTION4.<#d#g.> ,SO1 TOO1 IS ! N>R[LY 'POLITICAL' FOCUS4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ! COLLECTION LACKS A WID] DISCUSSION ( ! CULTURAL & >TI/IC MOVEM5TS ?AT EM]G$ ACROSS & BETWE5 BLACK & R$ DIVIDES4.<#d#h.> ,BUT DESPITE !SE GL>+ LACUNAE1 WE >E CONFID5T ?AT ! PRES5T VOLUME PROVIDES RI* 5\< MAT]IAL TO 9TRODUCE ! BROAD CONT\RS ( ! R$ & BLACK DIVIDE1 GIVE CAUSE TO PAUSE = REFLECTION & KICK-/>T WID] DISCUSSIONS4 ,! ESSAYS HAVE BE5 ORGANIZ$ TO TRACE A HI/ORY ( 5GAGEM5T & TO GIVE SOME S5SE ( ! *RONOLOGY ( AN>*I/ & ,M>XI/ RELATIONS4 ,! VOLUME BEG9S ) A ROBU/ DEF5SE ( ,M>XISM & PRES5TS AN ANALYSIS ( AN>*ISM :I* ID5TIFIES ITS !ORETICAL & POLITICAL WEAKNESS 9 A MODEL ( HUMAN NATURE ?AT IS DEEM$ LIB]AL &1 !RE=E1 ESS5TIALLY 9DIVIDUALI/4 ,PAUL ,BLACKL$GE >GUES ?AT ONE ( ,M>X'S GREAT A*IEVEM5TS WAS TO PRES5T A HI/ORICIZ$ CONCEPTION ( NATURE :I*1 9 %[+ H[ HUMAN ESS5CE IS TRANS=M$ 9 & ?R\< ! PROCESS ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTION1 ALSO HI<LI<T$ ,M>XISM'S DEMOCRATIC *>ACT]4 ,BLACKL$GE SEES A POT5TIAL = DIALOGUE ) SOME =MS ( AN>*ISM1 BUT >GUES ?AT ! COMMITM5T TO LIB]AL 9DIVIDUALISM 7H]E ID5TIFI$ ) ,/IRN]7 LEAVES AN>*I/S )\T ! PRACTICAL MEANS ( REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION & RESULTS 9 FAILURE TO DEVELOP A PLAUSIBLE !ORY ( DEMOCRACY4 ,UNTIL AN>*I/S ACCEPT ,M>X'S ,HEGELIAN CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY1 DIVISION WILL REMA94 ,9DE$1 ! AN>*I/S' REJECTION ( ?IS CONCEPTION NOT ONLY PUTS !M AT ODDS ) ,M>XISM1 IT EXPLA9S :Y !Y HAVE *>ACT]I/ICALLY MISUND]/OOD & MISREPRES5T$ ,L59ISM4 

,RU? ,K9NA'S *APT]1 :I* FOLL[S1 PICKS UP SOME ( !SE !MES4 ,IT EXAM9ES ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS'S REJECTION ( AN>*ISM AS 9DIVIDUALI/1 & %[S H[ ?IS CRITIQUE F$ 9TO ,MORRIS'S CONCEPTION ( COLLECTIVE DECISIONMAK+4 ,! DISCUSSION LOOKS AT ! WAYS 9 :I* AN>*ISM & 9DIVIDUALISM W]E UND]/OOD AT ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY 9 ORD] TO %[ ?AT ,MORRIS'S TREATM5T CONJUR$ UP A <\L1 AN AN>*ISM ?AT WAS 9DIVIDUALI/ & H5CE ANTI!TICAL TO SOCIALISM4 ,MORRIS CONTRIBUT$ TO ! /IGMATIZATION ( A TRADITION ( ?9K+ ?AT WAS F> RI*] ?AN HE WAS PREP>$ TO GIVE IT CR$IT =1 & HIS CRITIQUE =C$ HIM TO SUB/ANTIALLY REVISE SOME ( HIS [N DEMOCRATIC PR9CIPLES4 ,IT ALSO DEMON/RAT$ H[ A LACK ( C>E & CL>ITY 9 ! T]MS ( DEBATE HELP$ N>R[ ! SCOPE = COOP]ATION4 ,MORRIS1 LIKE ,BLACKL$GE1 SAW LITTLE ROOM = NEGOTIAT+ BLACK & R$ TRADITIONS4 ,9 UNPICK+ ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 AN>*ISM & 9DIVIDUALISM1 ,K9NA >GUES ?AT !RE IS AT LEA/ SOME SCOPE = ! REAPPRAISAL ( ! T]MS ( ?IS SPLIT4 

,LEWIS ,MATES' *APT] PROVIDES A P[]FUL & COMPLEX C\NT]PO9T & DEVELOPM5T TO ! PREC$+ *APT]S4 ,?R\< AN ANALYSIS ( ! LIVES ( ,GEORGE ,H>VEY 7AN 9DU/RIAL UNIONI/7 & ,WILL ,LAW!R 7AN AN>*I/ SYNDICALI/7 9 PRE-W> ,DURHAM1 ,MATES %[S H[ ! URGE TO COLLECTIVE ACTION & COMMUNI/ 5DS W]E L$ BY IDEALI/IC & HI<LY MOTIVAT$ 9DIVIDUALS 9 & >\ND ! PIT VILLAGES DUR+ !SE MOM5T\S YE>S4 ,9FLU5C$ BY ! WRIT+S ( ,DE ,LEON1 ,MORRIS1 ,KROPOTK9 & ,ALDR$1 & ! PRACTICAL 9IQUITIES & *ALL5GES !Y EXP]I5C$ DAILY1 ! SOCIALISM ?AT EM]G$ L>GELY ES*EW$ P>LIAM5T>Y ACTION & S\<T COLLECTIVE DIRECT ACTION = SOCIALI/ 5DS4 ,BUT !RE W]E SIGNIFICANT IDEOLOGICAL T5SIONS BETWE5 ! PURI/ ,LAW!R & PRAGMATIC ,H>VEY1 :I* W]E PLAY$ \T 9 ! C\RSE ( ! M9]S' /RUGGLE4 ,! /RUGGLE = AUTONOMY & SELF-MANAGEM5T 9 ,DURHAM IS A MICROCOSM ( WID] /RUGGLES ELSE:]E AT ?AT TIME & BE>S C>EFUL READ+ PRECISELY = ! LI<T IT %$S ON ! LIV$ ATTEMPTS TO REALIZE COMMUNAL 5DS ?R\< 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE & REVOLUTION>Y COMMITM5T4 

,9 ,*APT] #d1 ,R5ZO ,LLOR5TE REOP5S ! QUE/ION ( IDEOLOGICAL DIVISION ?R\< A REAPPRAISAL ( ,GEORGE ,SOREL4 ,LLOR5TE'S MA9 CONC]N1 H[EV]1 IS TO CLASSIFY ,SOREL AS AN AN>*O-,M>XI/3 SOMEONE 9 :OM C]TA9 KEY FEATURES ( BO? TRADITIONS W]E UNIT$ & >\ND :OM BO? BLACK & R$ MI<T BE ABLE TO UNITE4 ,LLOR5TE %[S H[ ,SOREL'S DIRECT 5GAGEM5T ) ! WRIT+S ( ,M>X1 ,PR\DHON & ,BAKUN9 DID NOT LEAD TO !ORETICAL P>ADOX BUT TO HYBRIDIZATION4 ,9 SOME RESPECTS1 ,LLOR5TE %[S US ?AT AN>*I/ MEANS CAN LEAD TO COMMUNI/ 5DS4 ,SOREL DI/+UI%$ BETWE5 ! VIOL5CE P]PETRAT$ BY ! /ATE1 9DIVIDUAL ACTS ( VIOL5CE & ! REVOLUTION>Y VIOL5CE ( ! WORK+ CLASSES -- ! LATT] ESS5TIALLY A SYNONYM = /RIKES4 ,HE CLAIM$ ?AT IT WAS ?R\< ! M>%AL+ ( =CES = ! G5]AL /RIKE ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS WAS $UCAT$ BO? 9 ITS [N AG5CY & REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL4 ,DEMOCRATIC P>TICIPATION 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! G5]AL /RIKE WAS ! DIRECT MEANS TO EMP[]M5T4 ,! L9KS TO ,L591 ,KROPOTK9 & ,BAKUN9 >E CLE> -- ! QUE/ION RAIS$ IS :E!R !Y >E CONV9C+ 5\< TO HELP US MOVE BEYOND BLACK & R$1 T[>DS SOME SORT ( VIABLE SYN!SIS4 

,! CROSS-CURR5TS ( SOCIALI/ ?\<T >E FUR!R PROB$ 9 ,C>L ,LEVY'S ANALYSIS ( ,GRAMSCI1 A FIGURE :O1 P]HAPS MORE ?AN ANY O!R EI!R BE=E OR AFT] HIM1 IS ID5TIFI$ ) ! FUSION ( AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM4 ,LEVY'S *APT] BR+S ?IS \T TO GOOD EFFECT1 BUT CONTE/S ?IS VIEW4 ,9 ,GRAMSCI WE SEE ! ES*EWAL ( OR?ODOXY & ! TURN TO SMALL7]7-SCALE VOLUNT>ISM AS ! MOTOR ( PROGRESSIVE C\NT]-HEGEMONIC BLOCS -- ! ROLE ( ! 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL VANGU>D NOT)/&+4 ,BUT HIS ?\<T WAS %AP$ BY HIS E>LY 5GAGEM5T ) ,CROCE & BY 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! COMPLEX POLITICS ( ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT4 ,HIS RELATION%IP ) ! AN>*I/S REFLECT$ ! DEP? ( HIS DISAGREEM5TS ) O!R ACTIVI/S & WAS NOT AN 9DICATION ( DEEP EMPA?Y ) AN>*I/ IDEAS4 ,9DE$1 HIS CRITICISMS ( ,MALATE/A & O!R AN>*I/ 9TELLECTUALS RAN ALONGSIDE AN APPRECIATION ( ,L59ISM1 ONLY TO BE REPLAC$ BY C\NCILLISM ONCE ! OR?ODOXIES ( ,SECOND & ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL ,M>XISM CAME TO PROM95CE4 

,SAKU ,P9TA'S *APT] TAKES ! HI/ORICAL N>RATIVE ( ! VOLUME TO ! ONSET ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>4 ,:ILE ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> PROV$ DISA/R\S = ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T AS A :OLE1 ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> & ! DEFEAT ( ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S KILL$ (F :AT WAS LEFT ( A MASS AN>*I/ REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 AT LEA/ 9 ,EUROPE4.<#d#i.> ,:AT CAME LAT]1 AS ! FOLL[+ *APT]S %[1 IS A F> /RONG] ,L59I/ =M ( LIB]T>IANISM ?AN ! AN>*I/-FLAVOR$ SYN!SIS ?AT PREC$$ IT4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 ! P]SPECTIVES ( ! ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/S ON ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION PROVIDE AN IMPORTANT HI/ORICAL M>K] 9 ! TW5TIE?-C5TURY HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME %[+ ?AT EV5 9 ! SO-CALL$ DEA? ?ROES ( AN>*ISM ALT]NATIVE HYBRIDS ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM W]E ALREADY WELL E/ABLI%$4 

,*RI/IAN ,HOGSBJ]G'S *APT] COV]S ! UNIQUE LIFE EXP]I5CES ( ! ,TR9IDADIAN SOCIALI/ ,C4,L4,R4 ,JAMES4 ,AS ! COMPLEM5T>Y *APT]S ( ,B]RY & ,CORNELL %[1 ,JAMES' CONNECTIONS ) AN>*I/1 SYNDICALI/ & BLACK CIVIL RI<TS ACTIVI/S MAKE HIM A HUGELY SIGNIFICANT FIGURE 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,LEFT4 ,JAMES' CRITICISM ( ,TROTSKY ALSO PRES5TS US ) A GLIMPSE 9TO ! P]SONAL & POLITICAL ?AT %AP$ ?IS 'BOHEMIAN FREELANC]4' ,HOGSBJ]G >GUES ?AT DESPITE AN E>LY FLIRTATION ) ,KROPOTK9'S WORK ON ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 ,JAMES WAS NO AN>*I/ & HIS CRITICISM ( ! DIRECTION ( ! ,SOVIET /ATE & LAT] HIS BREAK ) (FICIAL ,TROTSKYISM >E NO MORE 9DICATION ( ?IS ?AN HIS APPRECIATION ( ,KROPOTK9'S WORK4 ,JAMES WAS AN ANTI-AN>*I/ :O1 DESPITE DRAW+ ON & DEVELOP+ ! IDEAS ( MANY >\ND HIM1 REMA9$ A COMMITT$ ,M>XI/4 ,HIS 9TELLECTUAL LEGACY LIES 9 AUTONOMISM4 

,DAVID ,B]RY EXAM9ES ! WORK ( ,DANIEL ,GU]91 A FRI5D ( ,JAMES4 ,HIS ESSAY CONSID]S ,GU]9'S ATTEMPT TO SYN!SIZE AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM1 AN ATTEMPT :I* SPRANG FROM A DESIRE = 'TOTAL REVOLUTION1' A DISSATISFACTION ) ! ECONOMIC R$UCTIONISM & AU?ORIT>IANISM ( ,TROTSKYISM1 & FROM ! 9SPIRATIONAL WORKS ( ,BAKUN9 & ,PR\DHON4 ,! WAY 9 :I* ,GU]9 APPROPRIAT$ AN>*ISM AFT] HIS BREAK ) ,TROTSKYISM IS REM>KABLE PRECISELY BECAUSE IT MIRROR$ ! PA? TAK5 BY ,JAMES1 ,GRAMSCI & O!RS4 ,& YET ,GU]9 WAS F> MORE OP5 9 HIS ADMIRATION = ,PR\DHON1 ,/IRN] & ,BAKUN9 & SEEM$ REM>KABLY MORE OP5 TO 5GAGEM5T ) !IR IDEAS 9 F9D+ AN AUDI5CE = HIS [N SYN!SIS ( AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM4 ,B]RY >GUES ?AT ,GU]9'S IMPORTANCE LIES 9 HIS PRACTICAL 5GAGEM5T ) ,FR5* MOVEM5TS & 9 HIS ES*EWAL ( AB/RACT !ORY4 ,HE ID5TIFIES HIS LEGACY 9 ! EM]G5CE ( ! NEW ,LEFT 9 ,FRANCE & ELSE:]E1 HI<LI<T$ DUR+ ! EV5TS ( ,MAY '#f#h & BEYOND4 

,B5OIT ,*ALL& PROVIDES AN ANALYSIS ( ONE ( ! KEY 9TELLECTUAL M>K]S 9 ! PRE-'#f#h ,FR5* REVOLUTION>Y ,LEFT3 ! GR\P ( WRIT]S ?AT COALESC$ >\ND ! PUBLICATION ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE1 9 P>TICUL> ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS4 ,! LIFE & TIMES ( !SE *>ACT]S PROVIDES AN EXCELL5T CASE /UDY ( ! ROLE ( AU?ORIT>IAN P]SONALITIES 9 ! =MATION & TRAJECTORY ( 9TELLECTUAL MOVEM5TS & ! FAILURE ( REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS TO BRIDGE ! DIVIDE BETWE5 AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM -- AN>*ISM H]E ID5TIFI$ ) ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNISM4 ,! ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/ TRADITION & ! P>TICUL> BR& ( ,TROTSKYISM \TL9$ BY ,LE=T & ,CA/ORIADIS W]E BO? PRODUCTIVE & SUGGE/IVE1 BUT ULTIMATELY ! FACTIONALISM & ! CONTRA/ BETWE5 ! LIB]T>IAN POLITICS ( ',S \ ,B' & ! AU?ORIT>IANISM ( ! GR\P'S LEAD] PROV$ TOO MU* = ! SMOO? RUNN+ ( ! GR\P4 ,?IS FACTIONALISM IS PROBABLY ! LIV$ EXP]I5CE ( DAY-TO-DAY SOCIALISM = 9NUM]ABLE ACTIVI/S4 ,:AT EV]Y EXPULSION & EV]Y ACT ( 9TELLECTUAL DISSID5CE %[S1 ( C\RSE1 IS ?AT 'R$' & 'BLACK' HAVE BE51 & /ILL >E1 DEEPLY & PASSIONATELY CONTE/$ CONCEPTS4 

,JEAN-,*RI/OPHE ,ANGAUT'S ESSAY EXAM9ES ! POLITICS ( ! ,SITUATIONI/ ,9T]NATIONAL 7,S,I74 ,:ILE HE ACKN[L$GES ! IMPORTANT 9FLU5CE ?AT ! ,S,I EX]CIS$ ON ! EV5TS 9 #a#i#f#h1 HIS ANALYSIS IS DESIGN$ TO REVEAL ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! CRITIQUES ?AT ,GUY ,DEBORD & O!RS LEVEL$ AGA9/ AN>*I/ ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANS & ,M>XI/ ANTI-CAPITALI/S4 ,HIS 9TELLECTUALLY & SOCIALLY CONTEXTUALIZ$ ANALYSIS DRAWS \T ! ,HEGELIANISM ( ! ,S,I4 ,! ,S,I'S VIEW1 HE >GUES1 WAS ?AT ! UNITY ( REVOLUTION>Y !ORY WAS TO BE F\ND 9 AN ORIG9AL CRITICAL RELATION ( BO? BLACK & R$ ) ,HEGELIAN ?\<T -- A CURR5T FROM :I* ,BAKUN91 ,M>X1 ,5GELS & ,/IRN] ALL EM]G$4 ,!IR ATTEMPT TO GO BEYOND ! SUBSEQU5T SEP>ATION 7\TL9$ 9 DIFF]5T WAYS BY ,BLACKL$GE & ,K9NA71 BR+S US BACK TO A PO9T ( UNITY4 ,ANGAUT'S PO9T IS NOT TO 5DORSE ! UNITY & TOTALITY ?AT ! ,S,I F\ND1 BUT TO RETURN TO ?IS />T+ PO9T4 ,HI/ORICAL V]SIONS ( ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM >E BO? R$UNDANT1 HE >GUES4 ,TODAY1 'BLACK & R$' MEANS '! MULTIPLICITY ( REAL SOCIAL ALT]NATIVES1 AVOID+ HI]>*Y & ! RULE ( ! COMMODITY' 7P4 #d#d#a74 

,&REW ,CORNELL TAKES US BACK OV] ! ,ATLANTIC TO A CONTEMPORANE\S REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T & %[S US H[ TODAY'S AN>*I/ TACTICS 9FLU5C$1 MORPH$ 9TO & !N ONCE AGA9 DEVELOP$ \T ( ! TACTICS ( ! BLACK CIVIL RI<TS ACTIVI/S BETWE5 ! LATE #a#i#cS & ! MID-#a#i#gS4 ,AN>*I/S W5T 9TO ! ,U,S P5IT5TI>Y SY/EM AS CONSCI5TI\S OBJECTORS1 CAMPAIGN$ AGA9/ RACIAL SEP>ATION :ILE 9SIDE & ALSO HELP$ RADICALIZE ! FUTURE LEAD]S ( ! CIVIL RI<TS MOVEM5T -- !IR FELL[ 9MATES4 ,ONCE \TSIDE1 ! AN>*I/-9SPIR$ BLACK CIVIL RI<TS MOVEM5T 9 ! ,U,S,A EVOLV$ FUR!R ?R\< 5C\NT]S ) ! DOCTR9ES ( ,M>XI/ NATIONAL LIB]ATION IDEOLOGY -- P>TICUL>LY ! WRIT+S ( ,C4,L4,R4 ,JAMES & ! ,JOHNSON ,=E/ ,T5D5CY -- & ]UPT$ ?R\< BO? VIOL5T & NONVIOL5T CIVIL DISOB$I5CE1 DIRECT ACTION & 'BLACK BLOC' TACTICS4 ,! LATT] W]E TO FE$ BACK 9TO ! RADICAL UND]CURR5TS ( AN>*I/ POLITICS 9 ! RUN UP TO MASS PROTE/S SURR\ND+ ,SEATTLE 9 #a#i#i#i4 

,AS ,TOBY ,BORAMAN MAKES CLE>1 ,AU/RALASIAN REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S W]E AT ! FR+ES ( ! GLOBAL MOVEM5T BUT 9 MANY RESPECTS ! EXP]I5CES ( ! MA9 *>ACT]S 9 HIS MICRO-DRAMA >E FAMILI> TO US ALL4 ,BORAMAN'S CASE /UDY %$S LI<T ON A NEGLECT$ >EA ( AN>*I/ RESE>*4 ,IT %[S US ! TYPICAL RA!R ?AN ! EXTRAORD9>Y1 ! EV]YDAY RA!R ?AN ! HI< POLITICS ( REVOLUTION1 & IS 5LI<T5+ = PRECISELY ?AT REASON4 ,BORAMAN EXAM9ES H[ IDEAS TRANSLAT$ 9 ! ,AU/RALASIAN CONTEXT2 H[ SITUATIONI/S1 ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/S & CLASS /RUGGLE AN>*I/S 9T]M+L$2 & H[ !IR ACOLYTES FELL \T ) ONE ANO!R & /RUGGL$ TOGE!R = SOCIAL *ANGE & SELF-EXPRESSION4 ,HE DRAWS ON ?IS ANALYSIS TO REFLECT ON ! SPLITS BETWE5 C>NIVAL AN>*I/S & CLASS W>RIORS AS AN EXAMPLE ( A DIVISION BETWE5 ! IDEOLOGICALLY PURE & ! PRAGMATI/S ( LIFE4 ,MANY WILL RECOGNIZE SOME ASPECT ( ,BORAMAN'S DETAIL$ PICTURE & D\BTLESS AGREE ?AT ) ! COLLAPSE BR\<T AB\T BY FACTIONAL DISPUTES IT IS LIKELY ?AT ! MONIK] 'LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM' -- UND]/OOD H]E AS 'A MANY-SID$ /RUGGLE TO *ANGE NOT ONLY WORK1 BUT ALSO EV]YDAY LIFE' -- WILL SUP]S$E ?OSE ?AT W5T BE=E 7P4 #d#g74 

,BATES BR+S \R COLLECTION UP TO DATE ) ! MO/ REC5T & P]HAPS ! MO/ FAM\S RE>TICULATION ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIALI/ POLITICS3 ,MI*AEL ,H>DT & ,ANTONIO ,NEGRI'S WORK4 ,!IR WRIT+S >E CONTROV]SIAL &1 AS HE %[S1 OP5 TO A WIDE V>IETY ( 9T]PRETATIONS4 ,BATES EXPLA9S !SE DISAGREEM5TS BY DISCUSS+ !IR SELF-ID5TIFICATION AS COMMUNI/S1 !IR RE9T]PRETATION ( ,L59ISM & VOCAL REJECTION ( AN>*ISM4 ,HIS ANALYSIS ALSO %[S ! COMPLEX HI/ORICAL PROCESSES & 9TELLECTUAL L9EAGES ?AT %AP$ !IR IDEAS1 BO? OP5+ UP \R UND]/&+ ( !M AS WELL AS ASK+ A RANGE ( DIFFICULT QUE/IONS AB\T ! POLITICAL EFFICACY ( A POLITICS F\ND$ ON MULTITUDE1 A REJECTION ( CLASS CONFLICT & A CELEBRATION ( 'F\NDATIONLESSNESS4' ,H>DT & ,NEGRI >E )\T D\BT ORIG9AL2 ! QUE/IONS ,BATES RAISES >E 9 RELATION TO :AT1 & AT :AT CO/8 

,P9TA & ,B]RY'S CONCLUSION DRAWS ON SOME ( ! CROSS-CURR5TS ( SOCIALI/ ?9K+ EXPRESS$ 9 !SE *APT]S & ID5TIFIES ! MO/ P[]FUL >EAS ( CONV]G5CE 9 ! GAP BETWE5 SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & ,BOL%EVISM ON ! ONE H&1 & AN>*I/ 9DIVIDUALISM ON ! O!R4 ,!IR ANALYSIS TREATS LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM AS A =M ( ANTI-P>LIAM5T>Y1 DEMOCRATIC1 ANTIBUREAUCRATIC GRASS ROOTS SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION1 /RONGLY L9K$ TO WORK+CLASS ACTIVISM4 ,LOCAT+ LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM 9 A GRAY >EA BETWE5 AN>*I/ & ,M>XI/ EXTREMES1 !Y >GUE ?AT ! MULTIPLE EXP]I5CES ( HI/ORICAL CONV]G5CE REMA9 9SPIRATIONAL & ?AT1 ?R\< !SE EXAMPLES1 ! HOPE ( SOCIALI/ TRANS=MATION SURVIVES4 ,! POT5TIAL = REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE CONT9UES TO RE/ ON ! POSSIBILITY ( CONV]G5CE ROOT$ 9 SOCIAL /RUGGLES1 BECAUSE IT IS H]E ?AT AFF9ITIES >E =G$ & MUTUAL DIALOGUE TAKES PLACE4 

,TO BR+ ?IS 9TRODUCTION TO A CLOSE1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO EMPHASIZE ?AT ?IS BOOK IS SIMPLY A COLLECTION ( REFLECTIONS ON ! ANTEC$5TS & EM]G5T HYBRIDS ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIALI/ ?\<T4 ,MANY WILL RECOGNIZE ! PICTURES PA9T$ H]E & MANY O!RS WILL DISAGREE ) P>TICUL> 9FLECTIONS1 9T]PRETATIONS & BIASES4 ,?IS W\LD BE TO 5GAGE ) PRECISELY ! HI/ORICAL RECOV]Y & RE>TICULATION ?IS BOOK SEEKS TO DEF5D & W\LD BE A NECESS>Y FIR/ /EP T[>DS DEVELOP+ ALT]NATIVES4 ,IDEAS DO NOT SPR+ READY-=M$ FROM \R M9DS1 BUT EM]GE \T ( ! CONFLU5CE ( QUIET REFLECTION & ! TUMULT ( SOCIAL /RUGGLE4 ,?AT IS :AT !SE *APT]S %[ & !Y UND\BT$LY SUGGE/ ?AT POLITICAL AG5CY & IDEOLOGICAL MORPHOLOGY >E BORN ( & LIVE ?R\< SPECIFIC TIMES & PLACES4 ,! PA/ MI<T NOT HOLD LESSONS1 BUT A BETT] APPRECIATION ( HI/ORY PROVIDES A C\NT]WEI<T TO PRES5TISM1 EXP&S ! T]MS ( POLITICAL PRAXIS & *ECKS POLITICAL MYOPIA4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 ?IS BOOK IS = ?OSE :O SEEK TO REALIZE NEW POSSIBILITIES FROM )9 ! %ELL ( ! OLD4 

,ACKN[L$GM5TS 

,WE W\LD LIKE TO ?ANK ,DAVID ,B]RY1 ,LUCI5 VAN D] ,WALT & ,GABRIEL ,KUHN = COMM5TS ON AN E>LI] DRAFT ( ?IS ,9TRODUCTION4 

,NOTES 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#g1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,ADD$4 

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