,LIB]T>IAN ,SOCIALISM3 ,A ,PRACTICAL ,\TL9E #aiei ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,GA/ON ,LEVAL ,SECTIONS 7,T,O,C7 3 O ,PREFACE #hia ,WORDS2 #e1#e#c#c ,*>ACT]S O ,*APT] #a3 ,REPLAC+ ! ,/ATE #a1#f#a#i ,WORDS2 #a1#b#g#a ,*>ACT]S O ,*APT] #b3 ,9DU/RIAL ,/RUCTURE #d1#d#h ,WORDS2 #b#i1#a#i#i ,*>ACT]S O ,*APT] #c3 ,DEC5TRALIZATION & ! ,ORGANIZATION ( ,9DU/RY #b1#d#h ,WORDS2 #a#f1#c#e#g ,*>ACT]S O ,*APT] #d3 ,DI/RIBUTION #c1#a#h#g ,WORDS2 #b1#d#a#i ,*>ACT]S O ,*APT] #e3 ,AGRICULTURE #f1#f#f ,WORDS2 #d#b1#g#h#d ,*>ACT]S O ,*APT] #f3 ,PUBLIC ,S]VICES #b1#b#d#e ,WORDS2 #a#d1#d#i ,*>ACT]S O ,*APT] #g3 ,MA9TA9+ ,PRODUCTIVITY #b1#f#b ,WORDS2 #a#b1#f#c#i ,*>ACT]S O ,*APT] #h3 ,! ,IMM$IATE ,FUTURE #c1#i#b#c ,WORDS2 #b#e1#c#b ,*>ACT]S ,SECTIONS 7,CONT5T7 3 O ,PREFACE ,P,R,E,F,A,C,E ,\R ATTEMPT TO SKET* ! \TL9ES ( A TRANS=M$ SOCIETY1 = ! PURPOSE ( E/ABLI%+ LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM1 RUNS UP AGA9/ SOME REALITIES & DIFFICULTIES ?AT WE CANNOT IGNORE4 ,! IMPROVEM5T ( ! MILIT>Y TE*NIQUES ( ! /ATES & ! NEW CONS]VATIVE =CES1 NO LONG] ALL[S US TO EXPECT ?AT ! PEOPLE !MSELVES WILL BE CAPABLE ( VICTORY1 BY =CE ( >MS1 AGA9/ TANKS1 JET BOMB]S1 MOD]N >TILL]Y1 ,H-BOMBS & GUID$ MISSILES4 ,9 O!R TIMES1 DESPITE AN ALMO/ TOTAL P>ITY 9 >MAM5T1 NO SOCIAL REVOLUTION WAS EV] ABLE TO W9 BY =CE ( >MS2 SU* AN \TCOME IS EV5 LESS LIKELY N[4.<#a.> ,FUR!RMORE1 ! MOD]N ECONOMY IMPLIES ! 9T]DEP5D5CE ( ALL NATIONS4 ,IF A TRADE EMB>GO W]E TO BE 5=C$ AGA9/ ,FRANCE1 DEPRIV+ ?AT C\NTRY ( PETROLEUM & ITS D]IVATIVE PRODUCTS1 AS WELL AS ! FIFTE5 MILLION TONS ( COAL ANNUALLY PUR*AS$ BY ,FRANCE1 & !N ( ITS ,SAH>AN GAS SUPPLIES & ! NUM]\S RAW MAT]IALS IMPORT$ FROM ! F\R CORN]S ( ! E>?1 ?IS W\LD LEAD TO AN UN5DURABLE ECONOMIC SITUATION1 & ALL ! MORE SO AS1 = MANY PROLET>IANS1 ! REVOLUTION MU/ 5TAIL AN IMM$IATE IMPROVEM5T 9 !IR LIV+ CONDITIONS4 ,FROM NUM]\S P]SPECTIVES ! PROBLEMS WE FACE !RE=E APPE> TO BE 9SOLUBLE1 S9CE !Y >E L>GELY NEW PROBLEMS OR HAVE ACQUIR$ SU* DIM5SIONS ?AT !Y CAN DISC\RAGE US FROM ADDRESS+ !M4 ,H[EV]1 TWO HI/ORICAL REF]5CE PO9TS P]MIT ?OSE ( US :O >E TRY+ TO ADAPT TO ! NEW CIRCUM/ANCES TO 5T]TA9 R5EW$ HOPES4 ,AS WE %ALL SEE1 !SE REF]5CE PO9TS >E ONLY VALID )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( \R TIME & )9 ?AT ( ! SOCIAL & MORAL DEVELOPM5T ?AT HAS BE5 A*IEV$ BY HUMAN SOCIETIES4 ,! FIR/ REF]5CE PO9T IS ! LIB]ATION ( ,9DIA4 ,?IS LIB]ATION MOVEM5T PROV$ ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE TO A*IEVE 9 \R TIME1 & UND] FAVORABLE 9T]NATIONAL POLITICAL CONDITIONS1 SOME?+ ?AT W\LD HAVE SEEM$ ABSURD TO EV5 CONSID] PRIOR TO ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>3 A POPULATION COLONIZ$ BY A P[]FUL NATION DISPOS+ ( ! MEANS TO IMPOSE ITS RULE = A V]Y LONG TIME1 DEFEAT$ ! IMP]IALISM TO :I* IT WAS SUBJECT1 )\T ! USE ( >M$ =CE1 VIOL5T /RUGGLE1 OR TRADITIONAL COMBAT4 ,G&HI'S TACTICS1 :I* W]E ! SAME AS ?OSE ( ,TOL/OY1 :O = HIS P>T APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 9SPIR$ BY ,PR\DHON1 HAVE DEMON/RAT$ !IR PRACTICAL VALUE4 ,IF ! MORAL P[] ( ! COMBATANTS1 !IR T5ACITY1 !IR ID5TIFICATION ) ! PUBLIC WILL1 !IR CIVIL C\RAGE1 & EV5 !IR H]OISM1 >E UNHESITAT+LY MOBILIZ$1 O!R NO LESS SIGNIFICANT VICTORIES >E POSSIBLE4 ,?IS IS A GREAT LESSON ?AT WE MU/ LE>N TO PR(IT FROM1 BY ADAPT+ ?IS ME?OD TO ! SPECIFIC CONDITIONS ( ! TIME & PLACE 9 :I* ! SOCIAL /RUGGLES ( ! FUTURE WILL UNFOLD4 ,WE HAVE !RE=E >RIV$ AT A /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T ( CIVILIZ$ HUMANITY ?AT1 9 ! NON-TOTALIT>IAN C\NTRIES1 ALL[S US TO ATTEMPT TO DO ?+S ?AT HAVE LONG BE5 UN?9KABLE4 ,ONE C\LD IMAG9E & ELABORATE1 ON ! BASIS ( ACTIVE BUT NONVIOL5T /RUGGLE1 AN 5TIRE BATTLE /RATEGY 9 :I* ! TRULY SYNDICALI/ TRADE UNIONS1 ! TRULY COOP]ATIVE COOP]ATIVES1 & ! COMMUNITIES ?AT BOLDLY ATTEMPT TO C>RY \T 9TEGRAL PROJECTS CAN & MU/ 5GAGE 9 ! CON/RUCTION1 BO? 9 ! SPH]E ( PUBLIC SPIRIT AS WELL AS ?AT ( ! ECONOMY1 ! NEW WORLD ?AT HAS TO BE DEVELOP$ )9 ! SOCIETY ( ! PRES5T4 ,! SECOND REF]5CE PO9T IS ! OCCUPATION ( ! FACTORIES ?R\<\T A L>GE P>T ( ,FRANCE 9 ,JUNE #a#i#c#f4 ,IT IS A FACT ( 5ORM\S IMPORTANCE ?AT ! WORK]S W]E NOT EVICT$ FROM ! WORKPLACES1 BY =CE1 NOR WAS ANY ATTEMPT MADE TO EVICT !M1 AS WAS ALSO ! CASE 9 ,ITALY1 DUR+ A SIMIL> EXP]I5CE ?AT TOOK PLACE 9 #a#i#b4 ,9 BO? 9/ANCES1 !RE C\LD HAVE BE5 MANY VICTIMS4 ,9 ! MO/ CIVILIZ$ C\NTRIES ! GOV]NM5TS ?\E /ILL L9K$ ) ! NAMES ( ! M5 & P>TIES ?AT ORD]$ !M4 ,WE %ALL NOT =GET1 H[EV]1 ?AT IT WAS A ,LABOR GOV]NM5T ?AT PROCLAIM$ ,9DIA'S FRE$OM--,*UR*ILL W\LD NOT HAVE DONE SO--& ?AT IT WAS ,BLUM :O1 AT ! REQUE/ ( ! PRO-CAPITALI/ P>TIES1 NEGOTIAT$ ) ! /RIK]S ( #a#i#c#f4 ,?IS IS ! ESS5TIAL FUNCTION ( POLITICS4 ,WE MU/ PO9T \T ?AT 9 ! TWO CASES ( OCCUPATIONS ( ! FACTORIES1 ! WORK]S DID NOT RISE TO ! OCCASION ( !IR HI/ORICAL ROLE4 ,!Y NEI!R KNEW H[ TO OP]ATE ! FACTORIES NOR H[ TO ASSURE PRODUCTION1 AT LEA/ TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! EXI/+ /OCKS ( RAW MAT]IALS1 5]GY & AVAILABLE MEANS ( TRANSPORT W\LD HAVE ALL[$4 ,UNLIKE ! WORK]S ( ,B>CELONA1 ,CATALONIA & ! ,LEVANT 9 ,SPA91 ! ,FR5* & ,ITALIAN WORK]S W]E 9CAPABLE ( REPLAC+ ! BOSS & MANAGEM5T1 PRO( ?AT ! G5]AL /RIKE IS NO PANACEA1 & ?AT IT LEADS NO:]E IF IT IS NOT JU/ EXPROPRIATORY1 BUT ALSO ORGANIZATIONAL4 ,9 ! LATT] CASE1 ( C\RSE1 IT W\LD NO LONG] BE A /RIKE & W\LD 9/EAD BECOME A REVOLUTION TRANS=M+ ! SOCIAL /RUCTURES4 ,BUT 9 ORD] = IT TO ACCOMPLI% ?IS1 PREP>ATIONS MU/ BE MADE4 ,! ,SPANI% LIB]T>IANS DID NOT IMPROVISE4 ,!IR A*IEVEM5TS W]E ! CULM9ATION ( A LONG PSY*OLOGICAL & PRACTICAL PROCESS1 ONE ?AT WAS ALWAYS FOCUS$ ON ! F9AL GOAL4 ,:5 A FAVORABLE OPPORTUNITY >OSE1 !Y TOOK ADVANTAGE ( IT4 O ,*APT] #a3 ,REPLAC+ ! ,/ATE ,R,E,P,L,A,C,+ ,! ,/,A,T,E ,= MANY PEOPLE ! BIGGE/ PROBLEM ( ALL IS H[ TO BUILD ,SOCIALISM ) AN ORGANIC NATIONAL /RUCTURE ?AT W\LD REPLACE ! /ATE & ! GOV]NM5T4 ,= !M1 !SE TWO DIFF]5T 9/ITUTIONS--ONE IS ! CR[N ( ! O!R--ONLY PLAY A H>MFUL & ANTI-SOCIAL ROLE4 ,BUT !Y ALSO P]=M A USEFUL FUNCTION1 & NOT TO ACKN[L$GE ?IS IS TO DISPLAY AN UN=TUNATE IGNORANCE & AN IRRATIONAL OR BL9D PREJUDICE4 ,?OSE :O ?9K 9 ?IS WAY >E1 TO A C]TA9 EXT5T1 CORRECT4 ,! /ATE & ! GOV]NM5T HAVE COMMITT$ 9COMP>ABLE EVILS 9 V>I\S HUMAN SOCIETIES1 BY WAY ( W>1 TAXATION1 POLITICAL OPPRESSION1 SUPPORT = ! EXPLOIT]S ( ! MASSES1 A HYP]TROPHI$ BUREAUCRACY1 TYRANNY ( EV]Y K9D & ! APP>ATUS ( REPRESSION FUND$ & MA9TA9$ BY ! LATT]4 ,(T51 H[EV]1 !Y ALSO P]=M$ OR W]E ! ORIG9 ( USEFUL ACTIVITIES3 SU* WAS ! CASE ( ,L\IS ,X,I,V & ,NAPOLEON1 UND] :OM ! /ATE NONE!LESS COMMITT$ SO MANY ATROCITIES1 ) REG>D TO ! CON/RUCTION ( HIY1 SECOND>Y & HI<] $UCATION1 :I* HAD >IS5 )\T !IR HELP1 BUT :I* !Y RE9=C$2 RE=E/ATION2 AID TO ! POORE/ REGIONS--ALL ?ANKS TO TAX REV5UES4 ,ALL ( !SE ?+S REPRES5T A POSITIVE ROLE ( ! /ATE1 ONE ?AT IS RELATIVELY R$UC$ UND] ! IMPACT ( ! ITS NEGATIVE ROLE1 S9CE ONE YE> ( W> DE/ROYS MORE ?AN WAS BUILT 9 TW5TY YE>S ( PEACE1 & ! /ATE'S ROLE 9 ! ECONOMY IS BECOM+ SO EXP5SIVE ?AT IF ALL DOME/IC ACTIVITIES W]E NATIONALIZ$1 BANKRUPTCY W\LD SOON 5SUE4 ,& ?IS IS NOT TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT1 BESIDES1 ! RU9\S DEVALUATIONS1 OR ! FRAUDUL5T BANKRUPTCIES ?AT HAVE TAK5 PLACE ?R\<\T HI/ORY4 ,! EXAMPLE ( ! FRANC R$UC$ TO LESS ?AN TWO C5TIMES 9 VALUE AFT] #a#i#a#d1 IS PRO( 5\<4 ,IF ,FRANCE1 AFT] #a#i#a#d--& ! SAME ?+ HAPP5$ 9 ! O!R NATIONS--WAS CAPABLE ( OV]COM+ ITS DIFFICULTIES & AMASS+ WEAL? ONCE AGA91 IT WAS BECAUSE ( ! LABOR ( ITS PEASANTS & AGRICULTURE AS A :OLE1 ( ! WORK]S & 9DU/RY AS A :OLE1 ( ! TE*NICIANS & 5G9E]S1 BECAUSE ( ! LABOR ( ?OSE :O BUILT FACTORIES1 WORK%OPS & LABORATORIES1 TOIL+1 (T5 9 OBSCURITY1 BUT EFFECTIVELY1 & 5DLESSLY CREAT+2 & ALSO BECAUSE ( ?OSE :O ORGANIZ$ ! EX*ANGE & ! CIRCULATION ( COMMODITIES & MONET>Y VALUES4 ,9 ?IS C\NTRY1 AFT] #a#i#d#e1 FIFTE5 MILLION PRODUC]S--WE %ALL EXCLUDE ! FIVE MILLION P>ASITES--HAVE SPE>HEAD$ ECONOMIC PROGRESS1 ASSUR+ ! POPULATION'S EXI/5CE4 ,NOR WAS ! /ATE IDLE 9 ! MEANTIME4 ,IT 9T]V5$1 ESPECIALLY 9 ORD] TO EXTRACT1 BY MEANS ( AN (T5 CRIPPL+ TAX POLICY1 ?IRTY1 =TY OR EV5 FIFTY P]C5T ( ! NATIONAL 9COME1 & 9 EX*ANGE HAS GIV5 ! NATION NO MORE ?AN T5 P]C5T ( ! USEFUL ?+S IT POSSESSES4 ,! P]IOD ( PRODIGI\S DEVELOPM5T ( ,EUROPE & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA WAS ?AT ( ! LIB]AL ECONOMY4 ,! 0LAISSEZ FAIRE1 LAISSEZ PASS]0 ( ! FIR/ S*OOL ( ECONOMICS =M$ 9 ,FRANCE--?AT ( ! ,PHYSIOCRATS--WAS DIRECT$ AT ! /ATE1 :I* WAS 5C\RAG$ TO ABOLI% CU/OMS B>RI]S1 RE/RICTIONS1 REGULATIONS & A L>GE P>T ( ! TAX BURD5 ?AT SO 9HIBIT$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( AGRICULTURE1 9DU/RY & COMM]CE4 ,! /ATE COLLABORAT$ BY AB/A9+ FROM 9T]V5TION4 ,TODAY1 ! RECON/RUCTION ( ! ,G]MAN ECONOMY1 :I* IS UND\BT$LY ! MO/ SPECTACUL> PH5OM5ON ( ! PO/W> ]A1.<#b.> HAS BE5 MADE POSSIBLE ?ANKS TO ! LIB]AL ECONOMY1 9 :I* ! /ATE DOES NOT 9T]V5E4 ,& ?R\<\T ! HI/ORY ( ! ,EUROPEAN NATIONS1 & ?AT ( ,REPUBLICAN ,ROME1 ANCI5T ,*9A1 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 ! ,P]SIAN1 ,ROMAN OR ,BYZANT9E ,EMPIRES1 ! P]IODS ( PROSP]ITY HAVE CORRESPOND$ ) P]IODS :5 ! /ATE REFRA9$ FROM 9T]V5+ 9 ! ECONOMY AS MU* AS POSSIBLE1 & ?OSE :I* COLLAPS$ FELL AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! /AGNATION OR ! P>ALYZES CAUS$ BY ! RU9\S TRIUMPH ( /ATISM4 ,WE %ALL NOT OV]LOOK ALL ! O!R ASPECTS ( ! LIB]AL ECONOMY3 ! DIVISION ( SOCIETY 9TO HO/ILE SOCIAL CLASSES1 ! %AMELESS EXPLOITATION ( ! DIS9H]IT$ BY ! PRIVILEG$1 T]RIBLE ECONOMIC CRISES1 W>S4 ,!SE SAME EVILS1 H[EV]1 HAVE ALWAYS BE5 CAUS$ BY ! /ATE AS WELL1 & AT LEA/ ! LIB]AL ECONOMY HAS SUCCE$$1 AS WE PO9T$ \T1 9 DEVELOP+ ! WEAL? ( NATIONS4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT PROBLEM IS ?AT ( AN IMPROV$ DI/RIBUTION ( ! GOODS PRODUC$2 ! SOCIAL JU/ICE ?AT /ATISM CAN BY NO MEANS ASSURE4 ,WE %ALL M]ELY RECALL AT ?IS PO9T ?AT1 AP>T FROM ! PUBLIC S]VICES ?AT HAVE BE51 ON A LOCAL SCALE1 ! WORK ( ! MUNICIPALITIES1 ! /ATE HAS NOT BE5 NECESS>Y 9 N9ETY P]C5T ( ! CREATIVE ACTIVITIES ( SOCIETY4 ,:Y1 !N1 %\LD EV]Y?+ GO (F ! RAILS IF IT DISAPPE>S8 ,:Y CANNOT ! T5 P]C5T AB\T :I* WE SPOKE ABOVE BE ORGANIZ$ )\T ! /ATE8 ,WE MU/ !RE=E DE/ROY ?IS DEEPLY ROOT$ ILLUSION ?AT MA9TA9S ?AT ECONOMIC RELATIONS >E1 9 !IR TOTALITY1 ORGANIZ$1 REGULAT$1 & COORD9AT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T & ! /ATE & ?AT ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! LATT] WILL LEAD TO G5]AL P>ALYZES OR *AOS 9 ! PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ( CONSUMPTION & PRODUCTION GOODS2 9 %ORT1 9 EV]Y?+ ?AT IS NECESS>Y = ! PRES]VATION & 5JOYM5T ( LIFE4 ,:OEV] EXAM9ES ! FUNCTION+ ( ! ECONOMY 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY WILL OBS]VE ?AT ! MAJOR 9DU/RIAL SECTORS REGULATE !IR MUTUAL RELATIONS 9 ACCORDANCE ) VOLUNT>ILY E/ABLI%$ PRACTICE1 & HAVE (T5 DONE SO = C5TURIES4 ,A M9E OR A M9+ CORPORATION PROVIDES1 ?ANKS TO ! CAPITAL ?AT IT HAS BE5 ABLE TO G5]ATE1 & ?ANKS TO ! 5G9E]S & ! M9]S1 ! IRON ORE TO ! /EEL COMPANIES ?AT W]E =M$ A LONG TIME AGO1 )\T ! /ATE'S 9T]F]5CE1 N[ OR ! 9 ! PA/4 ,!SE HUGE =GES1 !SE FURNACES1 !SE CABLE OR ROLL$ /EEL FACTORIES1 %IP %EET METAL1 TUBES1 +OTS OR B>S ( IRON1 ALL ! PREP>$ RAW MAT]IALS1 TO HUNDR$S ( 5T]PRISES1 W>EH\SES1 & WORK%OPS ?AT COMPRISE !IR REGUL> CU/OM] BASE4 ,!SE FACTORIES & WORK%OPS MANUFACTURE OR ASSEMBLE MA*9]Y1 UT5SILS1 EQUIPM5T & O!R F9I%$ PRODUCTS ?AT >E DI/RIBUT$ TO MULTIPLE RETAIL]S 9 A C]TA9 T]RITORY4 ,AN 5ORM\S SECTOR ( ACTIVITY HAS ?US BE5 CON/ITUT$1 TOGE!R ) MANY O!RS1 & LIKE !M IT IS A LIV+1 ACTIVE :OLE 9 FULL EXPANSION4 ,9 ALL ( ?IS ! /ATE--AS ALWAYS--HAS ONLY 9T]V5$ 9 ORD] TO COLLECT TAXES4 ,! SAME PICTURE CAN BE REPLICAT$ = ALL 9DU/RIAL ACTIVITIES4 ,FROM ! ACQUISITION ( ! RAW MAT]IAL TO ITS PREP>ATION & TRANS=MATION 9TO >TICLES ( USE1 IT IS BY MEANS ( ! COORD9AT$ ACTIVITY ( M5 & GR\PS ( M5 ?AT ! PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT GOODS & S]VICES HAVE BE5 C>RI$ \T UNREMITT+LY4 ,! SAME SITUATION1 EV5 MORE *>ACT]I/ICALLY1 PREVAILS 9 AGRICULTURE1 :I* WAS BORN LONG BE=E 9DU/RY1 & :I* HAS DEVELOP$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ITS [N EF=TS4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT N[1 9 A C\NTRY LIKE ,FRANCE1 ! F>M]S REQUE/ /ATE ASSI/ANCE 9 ! FACE ( ! NE$ = ! RAPID PROGRESS ?AT IS REQUIR$ TO KEEP PACE ) ! RHY?M ( ! MOD]N ECONOMY4 ,9 C\NTRIES LIKE ?OSE ( ,NOR!RN ,EUROPE1 H[EV]1 & ESPECIALLY AS A RESULT ( ! ACTIVITIES ( ! COOP]ATIVES1 ! PEASANTS1 ?ANKS TO !IR CONC]T$ EF=TS1 HAVE A*IEV$ ADMIRABLE PROGRESS4 ,& EXP]I5CE PROVES ?AT ! /ATE 9T]V5TION ?AT G5]ALLY LEADS TO PROTECTIONISM IS1 9 ! F9AL ACC\NT+1 BY NO MEANS A REAL FACTOR ?AT CONTRIBUT$ TO ?IS PROGRESS4 ,IS /ATE 9T]V5TION SU* A FACTOR1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :]E ! /OCKS ( ACCUMULAT$ :EAT1 ?ANKS TO GOV]NM5T SUBSIDIES1 >E E/IMAT$ TO AM\NT TO HUNDR$S ( MILLIONS ( BU%ELS & REPRES5T A VALUE ( ?REE BILLION DOLL>S1 FROM :I* NO ONE B5EFITS8 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ) REG>D TO ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES1 ! /ATE HAS SOMETIMES 9T]V5$ TO 5SURE ! QUALITY ( COMMODITIES 7?IS IS :AT ! CORPORATIONS ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES DID1 9 ANO!R ]A74 ,9 A SOCIALIZ$ SOCIETY1 H[EV]1 FRAUD WILL NO LONG] HAVE ANY REASON TO EXI/1 & SPECIALIZ$ ORGANIZATIONS WILL BE RESPONSIBLE = ASSUR+ ! QUALITY ( ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR4 ,CONTR>Y1 !N1 TO :AT IS G5]ALLY BELIEV$1 & = ! PURPOSE ( PREP>+ H5CE=? = ! RELATIONS ( ! FUTURE1 F> FROM PROVOK+ ECONOMIC COLLAPSE & *AOS1 LIB]T>IAN SOCIALIZATION WILL LEAD TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A HI!RTO-UNPREC$5T$ ORD]4 ,EV5 ?\< LIB]AL CAPITALISM & ! B\RGEOIS ECONOMY HAVE CREAT$ ! WORLD AS IT IS BY !MSELVES1 ) ! RESULTS WE HAVE SUMM>IZ$1 WE >E /ILL F> DI/ANT FROM ! RATIONAL ORGANIZATION ?AT COMMON S5SE W\LD ASSUME IS NECESS>Y TO AVOID WA/E & MISUSE ( RES\RCES1 TO SATISFY ! NE$S ( ALL4 ,WE !RE=E =ESEE A ,SOCIETY 9 :I* ALL ACTIVITIES WILL BE COORD9AT$1 A /RUCTURE ?AT HAS1 AT ! SAME TIME1 SUFFICI5T FLEXIBILITY TO P]MIT ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE AUTONOMY = SOCIAL LIFE1 OR = ! LIFE ( EA* 5T]PRISE1 & 5\< COHESIV5ESS TO PREV5T ALL DISORD]4 ,H[EV]1 & WE MU/ 9SI/ ON ?IS PO9T1 ?IS NEW CREATION WILL NOT BE A SUB/ITUTE = ! /ATE1 EXCEPT 9S(> AS IT ASSUMES RESPONSIBILITY = C]TA9 PUBLIC S]VICES4 ,= IT WAS NOT ! /ATE ?AT MADE POSSIBLE ! M9+ ( S&1 ( ROCK1 ( LIME/ONE1 ?AT MANUFACTUR$ ( PLA/] & CEM5T1 BRICKS1 TILES1 OR ?AT CUT D[N TREES & TRANSPORT$ LUMB]1 OR ! METAL FRAM+1 GLASS1 LEAD PIPES1 LOCKS1 OR ?AT FRAM$1 9/ALL$ DOORS & W9D[S TO BUILD H\SES4 ,9 A WELL-ORGANIZ$ SOCIETY1 ALL ( !SE ?+S MU/ BE SY/EMATICALLY ACCOMPLI%$ BY MEANS ( P>ALLEL F$]ATIONS1 V]TICALLY UNIT$ AT ! HIITY ) ALL O!RS & ?AT WILL P]MAN5TLY PRES]VE ! NECESS>Y COHESION4 O ,*APT] #b3 ,9DU/RIAL ,/RUCTURE ,9,D,U,/,R,I,A,L ,/,R,U,C,T,U,R,E.<#c.> ,! ,TRADE ,UNIONS ,:AT MEANS >E NECESS>Y TO A*IEVE ?IS TRANS=MATION1 ASSUM+ ?AT ! REQUISITE MATURITY HAS BE5 ATTA9$ BY A SUFFICI5T NUMB] ( WORK]S8 ,! TRADE UNIONS & 5T]PRISE COMMITTEES SPONTANE\SLY >ISE 9 9DU/RY & TRANSPORT4 ,WE CANNOT =ESEE ! RELATIVE IMPORTANCE ( !SE TWO 9/ITUTIONS4 ,IDEALLY1 IT IS ! TRADE UNIONS ?AT %\LD DIRECT ACTIVITIES1 S9CE ONLY !Y CAN EMBRACE & COORD9ATE ALL ! 5T]PRISES--SMALL1 M$IUM & L>GE--?AT EXI/ 9 EV]Y 9DU/RY1 9 EV]Y LOCALITY--TO ! EXT5T ?AT WE HAVE NOT GONE BEYOND ! LOCAL FRAMEWORK4 ,?IS COORD9ATION IS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y4 ,IT HAS (T5 BE5 ! CASE ?AT1 )\T BE+ CONSCI\S ( ! FACT ?AT !Y >E DO+ SO1 ! 5T]PRISE COMMITTEES T5D TO EXCLUSIVELY1 OR ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY1 RE/RICT !IR ATT5TION TO ! ACTIVITY & 9T]E/ ( EA* FACTORY OR EA* WORK%OP4 ,?US1 LET US ASSUME ?AT 9 ! ,P>IS REGION !RE >E TWO ?\S& FACTORIES1 SMALL & L>GE1 ?AT PRODUCE *EMICALS4 ,SOME HAVE RES]VES ( RAW MAT]IALS1 O!RS DO NOT1 & IF EQUALITY IS NOT E/ABLI%$ AMONG !M )9 A %ORT P]IOD ( TIME1 ! EGOISM ( EA* 5T]PRISE WILL EM]GE & 9T]-5T]PRISE RIVALRIES WILL FOLL[ AS ! RESULT ( ! 9T]RUPTION ( TRANSPORT OR %ORTAGES ( SUPPLIES4 ,! TRADE UNIONS SITUAT$ ABOVE ?IS 5T]PRISE PATRIOTISM1 MEAN:ILE1 CAN EQUITABLY DI/RIBUTE ! ELEM5TS ( PRODUCTION & DIRECT ! LATT] 9 ACCORDANCE ) A G5]AL PLAN ?AT IS IMPOS$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! ECONOMIC NE$S ( ! :OLE4 ,= WE MU/ NOT =GET ?AT ! SOCIAL TRANS=MATION MU/ REVOLUTIONIZE ! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION NOT ONLY BY ELIM9AT+ CAPITALISM1 ! BOSS1 & ! EXPLOIT]1 BUT ALSO BY ORGANIZ+ PRODUCTION 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! 9T]E/S ( ! 5TIRE SOCIETY4 ,& 9 ?IS RESPECT NOT ONLY >E WE SITUAT$1 NOT ONLY MU/ WE BE SITUAT$1 ABOVE ! P>TICUL> 9T]E/S ( ! 5T]PRISE1 BUT ALSO ABOVE ?OSE ( ! CORPORATION1 OR ! 9T]E/S ( EA* TRADE1 OR ( EA* 9DU/RY4 ,O!RWISE1 NEW =MS ( 9JU/ICE & EXPLOITATION W\LD >ISE4 ,9 ORD] TO P]=M ?IS ROLE ! TRADE UNIONS MU/ FROM N[ ON ATTEMPT TO DO :AT HAS NEV] BE5 DONE BE=E 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! WORLD3 EA* TRADE UNION MU/ PROCE$ TO C>RY \T A C5SUS ( ! WORK%OPS1 ! FACTORIES1 & ! 9DU/RIAL COMPLEXES CORRESPOND+ TO !IR P>TICUL> ACTIVITIES4 ,EA* TRADE UNION MU/ HAVE PRECISE KN[L$GE ( ! NUMB] ( WORK]S 9 ALL ! 5T]PRISES1 !IR SPECIALTIES &1 IF ?IS IS POSSIBLE1 ! VOLUME ( PRODUCTION1 ! NUMB] ( MA*9ES1 ! TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T ATTA9$1 ! 5]GY CONSUM$1 & ! P]C5TAGE ( ! MANAGEM5T P]SONNEL & TE*NICIANS AM5ABLE TO COOP]ATION ) ! MANUAL WORK]S4 ,IF1 9/EAD ( CONT5T+ !MSELVES ) /RIKE MOVEM5TS ?AT >E ONLY IMITATIONS ( REAL ACTION1 ! WORK]S ORGANIZATIONS HAD ASSUM$ ?IS TASK1 AFT] A C]TA9 P]IOD ( TIME1 !Y W\LD HAVE TRA9$ !IR MILITANTS AT EV]Y LEVEL = ! TASK ( A*IEV+ EV]Y?+ ?AT !Y CLAIM TO /& =1 & ! RE=MI/ & COMMUNI/ DEVIATIONS W\LD NOT HAVE ATTA9$ !IR CURR5T CATA/ROPHIC DEGREE ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,MANAGEM5T ,COMMITTEES ,NATURALLY1 ALL ( !SE ?+S CAN ONLY BE POSSIBLE IF ! TRADE UNIONS >E REVOLUTION>Y1 S9CE1 TAK5 AS A :OLE1 !Y HAVE CEAS$ TO BE & WE MU/ EV5 FE> ?AT !IR BUREAUCRATS1 !IR LEAD]S--G5]ALLY B\RGEOISIFI$ & TURN$ 9TO (FICIALS--!IR SECRET>IES1 & !IR ORATORS1 W\LD BE 9CAPABLE ( PLAY+ ! ROLE1 %\LD ! FACTORIES EV] BE OCCUPI$ AGA91 ?AT WAS PLAY$ BY ,J\HAUX1 ,DUM\L9 & O!RS1 9 #a#i#c#f1 OR BY ,>RAGONA1 9 ,ITALY1 9 #a#i#b4 ,P]HAPS IT WILL BE POSSIBLE TO TAKE OV] ! LOCAL TRADE UNION C5T]S1 & SEIZE ! DOCUM5TATION1 :I* W\LD BE AT LEA/ 9 P>T USEFUL1 FROM ! /RICTLY TRADE UNION PO9T ( VIEW1 & ?AT MIY 9=MATION AB\T ! SITUATION ( EA* TRADE & EA* 9DU/RY4 ,GIV5 ! CURR5T /ATE ( ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T1 H[EV]1 IT IS MU* MORE LIKELY ?AT REVOLUTION>Y ACTION WILL HAVE TO BE C>RI$ \T 9 ! WORK%OPS1 FACTORIES & 5T]PRISES ( EV]Y TYPE4.<#d.> ,9 ?IS DOMA9 EV]Y?+ REMA9S TO BE IMAG9$1 9TELLECTUALLY ELABORAT$ & PRACTICALLY IMPLEM5T$4 ,ANYONE :O IS FAMILI> ) ! HI/ORY ( ! FACTORY COMMITTEES 9 ,ITALY 9 #a#i#b1 :]E ! MOVEM5T WAS EV5 L>G] ?AN ! CORRESPOND+ MOVEM5T ?AT TOOK PLACE 9 ,FRANCE SIXTE5 YE>S LAT]1 IS AW>E ( ! FACT ?AT !SE COMMITTEES DISPLAY$ AN ALMO/ TOTAL 9ABILITY TO C>RY \T PRACTICAL ACTIONS4 ,ONCE ! FACTORY WAS OCCUPI$1 NO ONE KNEW :AT TO DO NEXT4 ,! ,HUNG>IAN REVOLUTION TOOK AN 0ALMO/0 ID5TICAL TURN4 ,BECAUSE !RE >E NO REAL TRADE UNIONS 7! 9/ITUTIONS ?AT W]E & /ILL >E CALL$ 0TRADE UNIONS0 >E NO?+ BUT PSEUDO-WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS ?AT S]VE AS SE$B$S = ! PROLIF]ATION ( A BUREAUCRACY ?AT IS ! COMPLIANT TOOL ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & ! ,/ATE71 5T]PRISE COMMITTEES W]E =M$ EV]Y:]E4 ,BUT !Y LACK$ A PRECISE CONCEPTION ( !IR GOALS & !IR ME?ODS1 & ( ! COMPLETE UPROOT+ ( ! OLD SY/EM ?AT WAS REQUIR$4 ,IT W\LD HAVE BE5 NECESS>Y TO HOLD1 )9 T5 DAYS1 9 ,BUDAPE/1 A NATIONAL ,CONGRESS ( 5T]PRISE COMMITTEES1 ?AT W\LD HAVE ASSUM$ ! ROLE ( A COORD9AT+ 9/ITUTION = ! NATIONAL 9DU/RIAL ECONOMY1 & TO CREATE ! TE*NICAL BODIES NECESS>Y = ! MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY AS A :OLE4 ,?IS W\LD HAVE FILL$ ! VACUUM LEFT BY ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! /ATE :I*1 = GOOD OR = ILL1 ORGANIZ$ ! ECONOMY2 ?IS W\LD HAVE ALSO HELP$ PREV5T ! APPE>ANCE ( A MULTITUDE ( P>TIES ?AT S[$ DISORD]1 & W\LD HAVE RALLI$ A GOOD NUMB] ( D\BT]S TO ! SIDE ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,:AT WE HAVE JU/ WRITT5 IS1 TO A L>GE EXT5T1 AN \TL9E ( ! ROAD ?AT LIES AHEAD ( US4 ,WE DO NOT KN[ IF IT W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO ACT ) ! SAME HA/E 9 E/ABLI%+ A NEW 9/ITUTION ?AT W\LD REPLACE ! GOV]NM5T & ! /ATE1 OR IF BO? W\LD SURVIVE ?ANKS TO ! SUPPORT ( OV]:ELM+ >M$ =CE1 9 ! ABS5CE ( :I* !IR ABOLITION W\LD BE POSSIBLE4 ,! CONDITIONS ( ! /RUGGLE CANNOT BE =ESE51 & TO PROVIDE SOLUTIONS 9 ADVANCE1 EV5 ASSUM+ ! BE/-CASE SC5>IO1 W\LD BE EQUIVAL5T TO WRIT+ A FUTURI/IC NOVEL4 ,!RE CAN BE NO D\BT1 H[EV]1 ?AT IT IS NOT IDLE TO RECALL :AT ,PR\DHON ADVOCAT$ ON ,MAY #d1 #a#h#d#h1 DUR+ ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD DUR+ :I*--ONCE AGA9--! UNPREP>$ POPULATION DID NOT KN[ :AT TO DO4 0,A PROVISIONAL ,COMMITTEE %\LD BE E/ABLI%$ = ! ORGANIZATION ( EX*ANGE1 CR$IT & ! CIRCULATION ( GOODS AMONG ! WORK]S40 0,?IS ,COMMITTEE %\LD E/ABLI% RELATIONS ) SIMIL> ,COMMITTEES =M$ 9 ! MA9 CITIES40 0,BY DECISION ( !SE ,COMMITTEES1 A REPRES5TATIVE BODY ( ! WORK]S %\LD BE =M$1 IMP]IUM 9 IMP]IO1 TO OPPOSE ! REPRES5TATIVE BODY ( ! B\RGEOISIE40 0,! SE$ ( ! NEW SOCIETY MU/ G]M9ATE 9 ! SOIL ( ! TRADITIONAL SOCIETY40 0,! ,*>T] ( ,LABOR %\LD BE IMM$IATELY DRAFT$1 & ! PR9CIPLE >TICLES ( ?IS ,*>T] %\LD BE DEF9$ )9 ! %ORTE/ POSSIBLE TIME40 0,! F\NDATIONS ( ! REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T %\LD BE E/ABLI%$ & SPECIAL P[]S GRANT$1 TO ?IS EFFECT1 TO ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! WORK]S40 ,BY 0REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T01 ,PR\DHON MEANT SOME?+ V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ! WAY WE W\LD UND]/& ?AT T]M TODAY4 ,DUR+ HIS TIME ! REPUBLIC REPRES5T$ = ! REVOLUTION>IES AN IDEAL ?AT WAS MORE SOCIAL ?AN POLITICAL4 ,FUR!RMORE1 !RE W]E TWO OPPOS$ =CES3 ON ! ONE SIDE1 ! (FICIAL PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T1 & ON ! O!R1 ! ASSEMBLY ( ,LUXEMBURG :]E ! V>I\S SOCIALI/ T5D5CIES W]E REPRES5T$1 ) ,L\IS ,BLANC1 ,PECQUEUR1 ,PI]RE ,L]\X1 ,VIDAL1 ETC4 ,! REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T C\LD HAVE LEFT ?IS ASSEMBLY4 ,?AT IS :Y ,PR\DHON 5GAG$ 9 A F]V5T POLEMICAL EX*ANGE ) ?OSE :O HELD SEATS 9 ! GOV]NM5T1 BECAUSE1 AS OPPOS$ TO ! /ATI/ CONCEPTION ( SOCIALISM ?AT !Y ADVOCAT$1 HE ADVOCAT$ AN ANTI-/ATI/ F$]ALI/ CONCEPTION4 ,SO :5EV] HE SPEAKS ( ! 0REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T01 WE MU/ UND]/& ?IS TO MEAN A =MATION ?AT ASSUMES ! (FICIAL REPRES5TATION ( ,FRANCE & ORGANIZES ITS AFFAIRS ACCORD+ TO ! DIRECTIVES ISSU$ BY ! ASSEMBLY ( COMMITTEES CON/ITUT$ 09 ! PR9CIPLE CITIES01 & IMPLEM5TS !SE DIRECTIVES OR HELPS IMPLEM5T !M BY WAY ( ?AT AUTONOM\S IMP]IUM 9 IMP]IO ORGANIZ$ BY ! WORK]S ?AT WILL NEV] DEP>T FROM ! EX]CISE ( ITS SOCIAL P[]1 ITS ORGANIZATIONAL 9ITIATIVES & ITS ORIG9AL DYNAMISM4 ,! EXI/5CE ( A WORK+ CLASS P[]1 ORGANICALLY CON/ITUT$ AS AN 9DEP5D5T WORLD1 ?AT W\LD IMPOSE ITS EXI/5CE AS A NEW REALITY ( HI/ORY UPON A GOV]NM5T ?AT EM]GES FROM A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION1 TAK+ ! RE9S ( ! ECONOMY OR AS MU* ( ! ECONOMY AS POSSIBLE1 & W\LD AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ITS P[] COMPEL ! /ATE TO ACKN[L$GE ITS EXI/5CE & RESPECT IT1 IS A P]FECTLY PLAUSIBLE HYPO!SIS4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT ?IS PROCESS C\LD LEAD TO ANO!R /AGE DUR+ :I* !RE WILL BE ADVANCES & RETREATS4 ,EV]Y?+ DEP5DS ON ! RESPECTIVE =CES ( ! TWO ADV]S>IES4 ,&1 AS WE PO9T$ \T ABOVE1 !RE WILL HAVE TO BE A FAVORABLE POLITICAL SITUATION1 S9CE SU* AN 5T]PRISE W\LD BE DOOM$ TO FAILURE IF REACTION>Y P>TIES1 SUPPORT$ BY WELL-ORGANIZ$ =CES ( REPRESSION1 W]E TO BE 9 P[]4 ,IT IS ALSO NECESS>Y = ! 9T]NATIONAL POLITICAL & ECONOMIC SITUATION NOT TO PRES5T AN OB/ACLE4 ,A S]I\S REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T MU/ HAVE SPECIALI/S DEVOT$ TO ! /UDY ( !SE PROBLEMS4 ,LET US !RE=E ASSUME ?AT1 AS A RESULT ( A WAVE ( EXPROPRIATIONS1 ! WORK]S ( 9DU/RY & ! PUBLIC S]VICES 9 ,FRANCE SEIZE A MULTITUDE ( EXI/+ 5T]PRISES1 & ?AT !Y >E UNABLE1 = ! =ESEEABLE FUTURE1 TO RELY ON ! TRADE UNIONS1 :I* WILL ONLY ATTEMPT TO RE/RA9 ! MOVEM5T4 ,:AT W\LD BE !IR FIR/ TASK8 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 TO ELECT 5T]PRISE MANAGEM5T COMMITTEES 9 EV]Y CITY ?AT WILL1 ) ! NECESS>Y AU?ORITY1 ASSUME RESPONSIBILITY = ! PRES]VATION ( ! EQUIPM5T & MA*9]Y & ! CONT9UITY ( ! LABOR PROCESS4 ,!SE COMMITTEES WILL ASSUME AN 9F9ITE V>IETY ( =MS1 DEP5D+ ON ! SIZE & /RUCTURAL *>ACT]I/ICS ( EA* 5T]PRISE4 ,! 5T]PRISE COMMITTEE 9 A WORK%OP ?AT EMPLOYS FIFTE5 WORK]S WILL NOT BE COMP>ABLE TO ?AT ( AN 5T]PRISE LIKE ,R5AULT1 :I* 9 #aiei EMPLOY$ SIXTY-TWO ?\S& WORK]S4 ,9 AN 5T]PRISE LIKE ,R5AULT1 EA* ,SECTION WILL HAVE TO ELECT A DELEGATE :O IS *OS5 ON ! BASIS ( HIS COMPET5CE & HIS S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY4 ,!SE ,SECTION DELEGATES1 OR DELEGATES FROM SPECIALIZ$ WORK%OPS1 WILL 9 TURN CON/ITUTE A ,G5]AL ,MANAGEM5T ,COMMITTEE ?AT WILL ALSO BE JO9$ BY ! HI< LEVEL TE*NICIANS :O >E RELIABLE4 ,9 SMALL] 5T]PRISES ! PR9CIPLE ( ! 5T]PRISE COMMITTEES WILL BE ! SAME4 ,WE M5TION$ ! ,SECTIONS OR WORK%OPS ( ,R5AULT BECAUSE !Y CONC5TRATE DIFF]5T SPECIALIZ$ LABOR PROCESSES4 ,!RE >E ALSO SU* SPECIALIZ$ LABOR PROCESSES--=GE WORK]S1 ROLL+ MILL WORK]S1 BOIL] WORK]S1 LA! OP]ATORS1 PIPEFITT]S1 ETC4--9 A M$IUM-SIZ$ METAL FACTORY4 ,ALL !SE SPECIAL LABOR PROCESSES TOGE!R P>TICIPATE 9 ! MANUFACTURE ( MA*9ES1 9/RUM5TS1 & PRODUCTS4 ,ALL ( !M MU/ BE REPRES5T$ SO ?AT NO ASPECT ( ! PRODUCTION PROCESS IS OV]LOOK$1 & 9 ORD] TO ASSURE ?AT ! 9/ITUTION ( :I* !Y >E P>TS COORD9ATES ! LABOR PROCESS & 5SURES ! NECESS>Y QUALITY & QUANTITY ( PRODUCTION4 ,AS = 5T]PRISE COMMITTEES AS !Y CURR5TLY EXI/1 !Y CAN BE QUITE JU/IFIABLY CRITICIZ$ TO SOME EXT5T BECAUSE !Y (T51 AL?\< UNCONSCI\SLY1 5ME% ! WORK]S DELEGATES 9 ! GAME ( ! EMPLOY]S 9T]E/S1 AT ! SAME TIME ?AT !Y P]=M A MAJOR S]VICE BY ACCU/OM+ ! WORK]S TO ! MANAGEM5T ( ! 5T]PRISE & ! RESPONSIBILITIES ( LABOR4 ,UND] SU* CIRCUM/ANCES1 IT IS POSSIBLE--EXP]I5CE %[S US ?AT ?IS HAPP5S 9 ONLY A M9ORITY ( CASES--= SOME DELEGATES TO =GET AB\T ! 9T]E/S ( !IR COMRADES4 ,! MAJORITY DO NOT =GET !M1 & 9 A REVOLUTION SOME?+ WILL HAPP5 ?AT (T5 TAKES PLACE ) NUM]\S /ATE EMPLOYES & (FICIALS1 & SOMETIMES MILIT>Y (FIC]S OR M5 :O BELONG TO NON-REVOLUTION>Y CATEGORIES3 ! MOM5TUM ( ! EV5TS DRAGS !M ALONG1 & TURNS !M 9TO VALUABLE AUXILI>IES4 ,9DU/RIAL ,F$]ATIONS ,IT IS 9DISP5SABLE1 H[EV]1 = ! SEIZURE ( ! CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISES1 ! MEANS ( TRANSPORTATION & ! PUBLIC S]VICES1 TO IMM$IATELY ACQUIRE ! REQUISITE ORGANIC & 9/ITUTIONAL *>ACT] = 5SUR+ ! COLLECTIVE LIFE ( SOCIETY4 ,9 ORD] TO A*IEVE ?IS GOAL IT WILL BE NECESS>Y1 AS SOON AS POSSIBLE1 TO COORD9ATE !SE COMMITTEES4 ,H[ TO PROCE$8 ,WE CAN IMAG9E TWO WAYS3 ONE1 TE*NICAL2 ! O!R1 POLITICAL-TE*NICAL4 ,ALL[ ME TO EXPLA94 ,TE*NICAL3 I4E41 BY 9DU/RY4 ,EA* 9DU/RY MU/1 FROM ! V]Y FIR/ MOM5T1 ORGANICALLY CON/ITUTE ITSELF AS A COORD9AT$ :OLE4 ,! MEANS TO OBTA9 ?IS RESULT WILL CONSI/ 9 ELECT+ DELEGATES REPRES5T+ ! V>I\S 5T]PRISES1 :O WILL BE CONV5$1 FIR/ ( ALL1 9 ! LOCAL ASSEMBLIES ( 9DU/RY4 ,LET US ASSUME ?AT ! FOLL[+ PROC$URE IS E/ABLI%$ = SU* REPRES5TATION3 ONE DELEGATE = EA* 5T]PRISE EMPLOY+ BETWE5 FIVE & TW5TY WORK]S2 TWO DELEGATES = EA* 5T]PRISE EMPLOY+ BETWE5 TW5TY & ONE HUNDR$ WORK]S2 ?REE DELEGATES = EA* 5T]PRISE ) BETWE5 #a & #b EMPLOYES2 & ONE DELEGATE = EV]Y ONE HUNDR$ ADDITIONAL EMPLOYES4 ,DIFF]5T P]C5TAGES C\LD BE E/ABLI%$ = MAJOR FACTORIES LIKE ,R5AULT1 ,CITRO51 ,PEUGEOT1 ,B]LIET1 ETC4 ,AN >RANGEM5T C\LD ALSO BE MADE TO GR\P TOGE!R ALL ! SMALL 5T]PRISES TO PREV5T !M1 BECAUSE SU* 5T]PRISES >E SO NUM]\S1 FROM DOM9AT+1 ) ! MASS ( !IR DELEGATES1 ! DIRECTIVE ORGANS ( 9DU/RY1 :5 !Y ONLY REPRES5T A M9OR P>T ( PRODUCTION4 ,!SE QUE/IONS WILL HAVE TO BE RESOLV$ 9 ! FUTURE4 ,WE >E 9T]E/$ ABOVE ALL 9 SUGGE/+ SOME BROAD \TL9ES = POSSIBLE C\RSES ( ACTION4 ,! DELEGATES WILL CONV5E BY 9DU/RY1 9 LOCAL G5]AL ASSEMBLIES1 AT :I* ! DIRECTIVES ( ! LABOR PROCESS WILL BE DET]M9$ & A ,MANAGEM5T ,COMMISSION WILL BE ELECT$1 9 :I* ! COMMITT$ MILITANTS MU/ BE REPRES5T$ 9 AT LEA/ EQUAL PROPORTIONS TO ! TE*NICIANS1 9 ORD] TO GU>ANTEE ! SOCIAL *>ACT] ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MANAGEM5T1 UNLESS ! TE*NICIANS >E ALSO REVOLUTION>IES4 ,FROM ?IS PO9T ON1 ! COORD9AT+ BODY WILL BE =M$ ON ! LIV+ BASIS ( ! 5T]PRISE COMMITTEES &1 BY WAY ( !IR M$IATION1 ( ! 5T]PRISES !MSELVES4 ,AS SOON AS POSSIBLE1 ! FACTORIES & WORK%OPS MU/ BE ASSIGN$ ) ! NECESS>Y 9/RUCTIONS CONC]N+ ! VOLUME & TYPE ( PRODUCTION ?AT EA* ONE MU/ GU>ANTEE OR CONT9UE TO GU>ANTEE4 ,! DIRECTIVES WILL HAVE TO COME FROM ! G5]AL COORD9AT+ BODY4 ,?IS BODY WILL CREATE AS MANY COMMISSIONS AS >E R5D]$ NECESS>Y BY ! NUMB] ( MAJOR PROJECTS ?AT IT PLANS TO IMPLEM5T4 ,IT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO OBTA91 AS SOON AS POSSIBLE1 ?AT :I* ! TRADE UNION DID NOT ACQUIRE1 :I* WE 5UM]AT$ ABOVE3 /ATI/ICS CONC]N+ ! AV]AGE VOLUME ( PRODUCTION ( EA* 5T]PRISE1 ! SIZE ( ! LABOR =CE1 ! TOTAL NUMB] & *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! TE*NICAL P]SONNEL1 RES]VES ( RAW MAT]IALS1 ! USUAL M>KETS = ! 5T]PRISES' MANUFACTUR$ PRODUCTS 7CONSUM+ REGIONS1 EXPORTS1 LOCAL CONSUMPTION74 ,ALL ( ?IS 9=MATION1 COLLECT$ & DULY ORGANIZ$1 AS AN 9/RUM5T ( LABOR1 WILL ALL[ = ! ACCURATE MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION1 TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT NEW NE$S & ! COLLECTIVE 9T]E/4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ! PR9T+ 9DU/RY1 IT WILL NO LONG] BE NECESS>Y TO PUBLI% ALL ! NEWSPAP]S ?AT CURR5TLY CIRCULATE & :I* RESPOND TO ! 9T]E/S ( POLITICAL P>TIES & CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISES4 ,IT W\LD BE BETT] TO PROVIDE = ! NE$S ( ! WORK]S DISPLAC$ FROM !SE JOBS AT !SE NEWSPAP]S RA!R ?AN TO WA/E 5]GY & RAW MAT]IALS ?AT >E (T5 SO H>D TO OBTA94 ,! ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION MU/ ACQUIRE A NATIONAL SCOPE AS SOON AS POSSIBLE4 ,EA* 9DU/RY MU/ ORGANIZE ON ! BASIS ( ! 5TIRE NATIONAL T]RITORY1 BECAUSE1 OV] ! PASSAGE ( TIME1 ! DI/RIBUTION ( LABOR HAS (T5 ADJU/$1 AL?\< SL[LY1 TO ! NE$S ( CONSUMPTION AS WELL AS GEOLOGICAL1 GEOGRAPHICAL1 DEMOGRAPHIC & O!R IMP]ATIVES1 :I* CANNOT BE IGNOR$4 ,! ROLE PLAY$ BY ! TRANSPORT NETWORK 9 FACILITAT+ LONG-DI/ANCE DI/RIBUTION HAS FAVOR$ ?IS PROCESS ( ADAPTATION4.<#e.> ,IT W\LD !RE=E SEEM TO BE LOGICAL = EA* ,LOCAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,F$]ATION ( ,5T]PRISES TO ELECT1 9 PROPORTION TO ! NUMB] ( WORK]S IT REPRES5TS1 A SMALL DELEGATION 7LET US ASSUME1 ONE DELEGATE = EV]Y ONE ?\S& WORK]S1 ?REE = EV]Y T5 ?\S&1 ETC474 ,ALL ! DELEGATES ?US *OS5 WILL MEET AT A ,NATIONAL ,CONGRESS ( ,METAL ,WORK]S ?AT WILL BE HELD 9 ! GEOGRAPHIC C5T] ( ! 9DU/RY 7,P>IS1 ,LILLE1 ,NANCY1 ETC474 ,AT ?IS ,CONGRESS1 :]E MORE S]I\S BUS9ESS WILL BE CONDUCT$ ?AN ! M]E *ATT] ( P>LIAM5T>IANS1 ! TE*NICIANS WILL \TL9E A G5]AL PLAN ( LABOR 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! USUAL NE$S ?AT MU/ BE SATISFI$1 ON ! ONE H&1 &1 ON ! O!R1 ! TE*NICAL MEANS1 ! LABOR =CE1 ! LOCATIONS ( EXTRACTION1 ! RAW MAT]IALS & ! 5]GY S\RCES AVAILABLE4 ,LET US SUPPOSE ?AT1 BROADLY SPEAK+--! /ATI/ICS ?AT WILL HAVE BE5 COMPIL$ WILL HELP1 AT FIR/1 TO MAKE MORE PRECISE =ECA/S--?AT1 9 ! ,P>IS REGION1 =TY ?\S& F>M TRACTORS >E PRODUC$ EA* YE>1 ?IRTY ?\S& 9 ! ,NOR?1 TW5TY-FIVE ?\S& 9 ! ,EA/1 ! SAME NUMB] 9 ! CITIES ( ! ,C5T] & FIVE ?\S& MORE 9 ! CITIES ( ! ,S\?WE/4 ,LET US FUR!RMORE ASSUME ?AT ?IS DATA 9CLUDES ! PRODUCTION FIGURES FROM ?REE HUNDR$ CITIES & METAL WORK+ FACTORIES4 ,WE CAN =ESEE MEET+S 9 :I* ! DELEGATES ( ALL !SE PRODUCTION UNITS CONV5E TO E/ABLI% ! MEANS TO COORD9ATE & SYN*RONIZE !IR EF=TS4 ,!SE MEET+S WILL BE ABLE TO ADDRESS1 9 ADDITION1 ALL ! AGRICULTURAL ASPECTS 9VOLV+ !IR F9AL PRODUCT4 ,WE MAY ALSO CONSID] ! PROBLEM FROM ANO!R ANGLE3 ,FIR/1 REGIONAL CONGRESSES :]E ALL ! PROBLEMS CONC]N+ ! MANUFACTURE ( !SE MA*9ES WILL BE EXAM9$4 ,! REGIONAL CONGRESSES WILL !N ELECT QUALIFI$ & RELIABLE TE*NICIANS TO S]VE AS DELEGATES TO ! ,NATIONAL ,CONGRESS1 :I* WILL ?US BE /REAML9$ AS A RESULT ( HO/+ FEW] P>TICIPANTS4 ,!SE DELEGATES WILL DECIDE UPON ! MODIFICATIONS ?AT %\LD BE 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! ALLOCATION & PROCESS ( LABOR1 ECONOMIZ+ 9 ! USE ( LABOR & RATIONALIZ+ ! EMPLOYM5T ( RAW MAT]IALS & 5]GY4 ,TODAY 9 ,FRANCE APPROXIMATELY ?IRTY DIFF]5T BR&S ( TRACTORS >E MANUFACTUR$1 BECAUSE1 9 ! CAPITALI/ REGIME1 IT IS 5\< = A MAN TO POSSESS ! F9ANCIAL MEANS TO BUILD1 & HIRE ! TE*NICAL & MANUAL WORK]S TO OP]ATE1 AN 5T]PRISE ?AT LAUN*ES ANY K9D ( >TICLE ONTO ! M>KET :OSE SALE WILL BR+ PR(ITS1 IF1 AS IS G5]ALLY ! CASE1 ! 9ITIATIVE IS COMM]CIALLY VIABLE4 ,EA* 5T]PRISE (F]S ITS PRODUCTS ?AT POSSESS--OR DO NOT POSSESS--!IR [N SPECIAL *>ACT]I/ICS1 DEP5D+ ON ! DEGREE ( 9V5TIV5ESS ( !IR DESIGN]S OR TE*NICIANS4 ,BUT WE CAN ELIM9ATE ?REE-QU>T]S ( ! EXI/+ BR&S ( TRACTORS & ONLY PRODUCE A LIMIT$ NUMB] ( MODELS1 RESPOND+ TO ! T]RA9 = :I* !Y >E 9T5D$1 CULTURAL /&>DS1 ETC4 ,9/EAD1 !N1 ( MANUFACTUR+ MA*9ES ?AT >E TOO FRAGILE OR H>D TO MA9TA91 ! MANUFACTUR]S WILL ELIM9ATE EV]Y?+ P]TA9+ TO ! PRODUCT ?AT WAS M]ELY COMM]CIAL ADV]TIS+1 ALL ?AT S]VES ONLY TO DECEIVE & EXPLOIT ! PEASANTS1 & IMPROVE ! SELECT$ MODELS AS MU* AS POSSIBLE1 & ALL ! WORK%OPS WILL SPECIALIZE 9 ! MANUFACTURE1 GEOGRAPHICALLY DI/RIBUT$1 ( ! TYPES ( TRACTORS ?AT >E APPROPRIATE = ! REQUIREM5TS ( EA* REGION'S AGRICULTURE4 ,! SAME APPROA* IS VALID = ALL 9DU/RIES4 ,SOME1 SU* AS ! *EMICAL 9DU/RY1 WILL REQUIRE EXTREMELY PRECISE COORD9ATION4 ,FROM SULFURIC ACID & COAL TO PETRO*EMICALS1 & FROM PETROLEUM TO PLA/ICS1 ITS PRODUCTS >E ( SU* V>IETY1 & PLAY SU* AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ! 5TIRE 9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY1 ?AT A METICUL\S & COMPREH5SIVE ORGANIZATION MU/ BE CREAT$ AS SOON AS POSSIBLE4 ,! PRODUCTION ( TEXTILES1 ! MANUFACTURE ( CEM5T1 ( ELECTRICAL EQUIPM5T1 FURNITURE1 ETC41 MU/ ALL BE ORGANIZ$ OR REORGANIZ$ FROM ! BOTTOM UP1 FROM ! MANAGEM5T OR 5T]PRISE COMMITTEES TO ! NATIONAL 9DU/RIAL F$]ATIONS4 ,! CON/RUCTION 9DU/RY ALONE WILL REQUIRE A NATIONAL PLAN = URBAN R5EWAL1 ADDRESS+ ! NE$S ( ! POPULATION1 & 9T5SIFY+ WORK :]E IT IS MO/ NECESS>Y BY WAY ( ! RAPID DI/RIBUTION ( LABOR P[] & RAW MAT]IALS4 ,ORGANIZATION ( ,9DU/RY ON A ,NATIONAL ,SCALE ,?IS LEADS US TO EXT5D ! RANGE ( \R CON/RUCTIVE & ORGANIZATIONAL CONSID]ATIONS4 ,ANYONE :O HAS EV5 ! SLIE 9DEP5D5T1 JU/ AS NO P>TICUL> LOCALITY CAN SURVIVE ON ITS [N RES\RCES1 & ONE W\LD ONLY DISPLAY ! CRASSE/ IGNORANCE BY CONCEIV+ A NEW SOCIETY ORGANIZ$ ON ! BASIS ( ! SELF-SUFFICI5T 0FREE COMMUNE01 AS HAS BE5 SUGGE/$ BY C]TA9 PEOPLE :O VIEW ! PROBLEM 9 A SIMPLI/IC WAY1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! DEGREE ( !IR 9TELLIG5CE OR H[ WELL-9=M$ !Y >E4 ,ALL 9DU/RIES RELY ON O!R 9DU/RIES4 ,!RE W\LD BE NO PIPEFITT]S )\T ! M9]S :O EXTRACT ! IRON ORE1 )\T ! F\NDRY WORK]S TO MANUFACTURE ! DIFF]5T K9DS ( IRON & /EEL1 OR )\T ! 9DISP5SABLE CA/+1 )\T ! ROLL+ MILL WORK]S1 )\T ! =GE WORK]S1 ETC4 ,BUT !SE ACTIVITIES ?AT >E C>RI$ \T AS /EPS 9 A PROCESS W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE )\T O!R ACTIVITIES ?AT MAKE !M POSSIBLE4 ,! M9] WORKS ) MA*9ES 7DRILLS1 JACKHAMM]S1 PNEUMATIC JACKS1 CONVEYOR BELTS7 :I* >E SUPPLI$ BY METAL WORK+ 5T]PRISES2 !SE 5T]PRISES1 9 TURN1 FUNCTION ?ANKS TO ! 5]GY PROVID$ BY ! ELECTRIC P[] PLANTS4 ,!SE ELECTRIC P[] PLANTS PRODUCE ELECTRIC CURR5T BECAUSE O!R M9]S EXTRACT$ FROM ! B[ELS ( ! E>? ! COAL ?AT IS TRANS=M$ 9TO ELECTRICITY1 OR BECAUSE DAMS >E BUILT1 SOMETIMES F> AWAY1 ON RIV]S & 9 ! M\NTA9S1 BY CON/RUCTION WORK]S1 ) CEM5T1 IRON1 WOOD1 & DIV]SE CON/RUCTION MAT]IALS1 :I* ALL COME FROM DIFF]5T P>TS ( ! C\NTRY1 OR EV5 FROM O!R NATIONS4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( ! TIMB] 9DU/RY1 :OSE PRODUCTS >E (T5 9DISP5SABLE = SUPPORT+ ! GALL]IES ( ! COAL SEAMS 9 ! M9ES1 & =E/ MANAGEM5T IS ONE L9K 9 ! *A9 ( COMPLEM5T>Y LABORS ?AT WILL CULM9ATE 9 ! MANUFACTURE ( A BICYCLE1 A FRY+ PAN1 A BOTTLE ( P]FUME OR A WRI/WAT*4 ,9V]SELY1 ! TIMB] 9DU/RY REQUIRES ! HELP ( ! METAL 9DU/RY ?AT SUPPLIES ! AXES1 ! *A9SAWS1 ! SKIDD]S1 ! TRUCKS & ! TRACTORS TO TRANSPORT ! LOGS TO ! SAWMILLS ?AT WILL CUT !M4 ,EV]Y?+ IS 9T]CONNECT$1 EV]Y?+ IS L9K$1 WE CANNOT REPEAT ?IS (T5 5\<1 & UNLESS WE WANT TO RETURN TO ! ECONOMY ( ! PRIMITIVE TRIBAL GR\P1 :I* W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE ANYWAY DUE TO ! D5SITY ( ! POPULATION1 WE HAVE TO CONSID] ! CREATION ( A VA/ CONF$]ATION ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION4 ,!RE >E RELATIVELY 9DEP5D5T ACTIVITIES :I*1 BESIDES ! SUPPLY ( RAW MAT]IALS ?AT SOME PEOPLE OR 5T]PRISES MAY OBTA9 LOCALLY1 NE$ NOT BE DIRECT$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) A G5]AL PLAN4 ,H[EV]1 ! 5]GY 9DU/RY :I*1 9 ADDITION TO COAL1 SUPPLIES ELECTRICITY1 PETROLEUM & NATURAL OR MANUFACTUR$ GAS1 TOGE!R ) ! *EMICAL 9DU/RY1 >E AUXILI>Y TO ALL ! O!R 9DU/RIES4 ,)\T 5]GY--& ?IS IS A PLATITUDE--ALL 9DU/RIES W\LD BE P>ALYZ$ & ! ONLY K9D ( PRODUCTION ?AT W\LD BE POSSIBLE W\LD BE BASIC >TISANAL PRODUCTION ?AT W\LD BE 9SUFFICI5T = 5SUR+ A MOD]N /&>D ( LIV+4 ,WE MU/ ALSO M5TION ! ROLE PLAY$ BY TRANSPORT4 ,9 #a#i#e#g1 ! ,FR5* RAILROADS ALONE C>RI$ TWO HUNDR$ SEV5TE5 MILLION TONS ( COMMODITIES1 9CLUD+ FIFTY-F\R MILLION SIX HUNDR$ ?\S& TONS ( COAL1 ?IRTY-SIX MILLION EITICLES REQUIR$ BY ! POPULATIONS ( EV]Y LOCALITY DO NOT >RIVE AT !IR DE/9ATION EXCEPT BY WAY ( !SE MEANS ( TRANSPORT ?AT CON/ITUTE ! VASCUL> SY/EM ( ! GREAT BODY ( SOCIETY4 ,JU/ LIKE ! 5]GY PRODUC+ 9DU/RIES UPON :I* !Y RELY1 UNLESS WE WANT TO RETURN TO ! TIMES ( ! HORSE & WAGON1 !Y >E 9DISP5SABLE = ! ECONOMIC LIFE ( ! POPULATION4 ,WE MAY CONCLUDE FROM ?IS CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT ALL 9DU/RIES & ALL MEANS ( TRANSPORT MU/ BE COORD9AT$ )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ?IS TOTALITY ( G5]AL PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES & ?AT ALL ( !M1 FROM ! V]Y FIR/ MOM5T1 MU/ EXAM9E ! PRACTICAL MEANS = UNIFY+1 ORD]+1 & H>MONIZ+ !IR EF=TS4 ,! ,P[] ,G5]ATION ,F$]ATION MU/ RECEIVE FROM ALL ! O!R 9DU/RIES !IR RESPECTIVE DEM&S ) REG>D TO ! NECESS>Y TOTAL NUMB] 7NECESS>ILY AN APPROXIMATION1 & RES]VES WILL ALSO HAVE TO BE CALCULAT$ TO PROVIDE A M>G9 = ]ROR7 ( ,KIL[ATTS1 ( TONS ( COAL & OIL & GASOL9E1 & ( MILLIONS ( CUBIC MET]S ( GAS4 ,!SE F\R ESS5TIAL ASPECTS ( 5]GY & LIE (T5 OPPOS$ TO ONE ANO!R1 9 AN ABSURD RIVALRY4.<#f.> ,ALL ( !SE FACTORS WILL OBLIGE ! COAL M9]S1 ! GAS WORK]S & ! ELECTRIC P[] PLANT WORK]S TO UNITE 9 ONE VA/ ORGANIZATION1 ) ITS CORRESPOND+ REGIONAL & LOCAL SECTIONS4 ,ONCE AGA9 WE SEE ?AT C]TA9 TRADITIONAL /RUCTURES WILL BE DISRUPT$4 ,! M9]S :O EXTRACT ! IRON ORE & ?OSE :O EXTRACT ! COAL DO NOT HAVE TO BE MEMB]S ( ! SAME 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION JU/ BECAUSE !Y WORK UND]GR\ND4 ,! =M] WILL HAVE TO BE MEMB]S ( ! ,F$]ATION ( ! ,METAL ,9DU/RY1 :ILE ! LATT] WILL BE MEMB]S ( ! ,P[] & ,LIY ACTIVITIES ) REG>D TO MEANS & 5DS1 ?ANKS TO A HI<] COORD9AT+ BODY ?AT WILL TO A C]TA9 EXT5T CON/ITUTE ! FUNCTIONAL DIRECTIVE C5T] ( ! NATIONAL ECONOMY4 ,! ,9DU/RIAL ,CONF$]ATION WILL AT ITS HII\S ,9DU/RIAL ,F$]ATIONS 9 ORD] TO CON/ITUTE ! ,CONF$]AL ,9T]-,9DU/RIAL ,COMMITTEE4 ,! V]Y CLOSE L9KS ?US E/ABLI%$ WILL ALL[ = ! RESOLUTION1 AS !Y >ISE1 ( ! PROBLEMS POS$ BY ! MA9T5ANCE ( RELATIONS BETWE5 !SE DIV]SE ACTIVITIES4 ,?US1 WE %ALL HAVE3 ,AT ! BASE1 ! SPECIALIZ$ 5T]PRISES & !IR C\NCILS4 ,ABOVE !M1 ! LOCAL 9DU/RIAL COMMITTEES4 ,ABOVE ! LOCAL 9DU/RIAL COMMITTEES1 ! REGIONAL 9DU/RIAL F$]ATIONS1 ) ! COORD9ATION COMMITTEES ELECT$ BY ! REGIONAL ASSEMBLY ( DELEGATES4 ,ABOVE !SE BODIES1 ! ,NATIONAL ,F$]ATION ( EA* 9DU/RY1 :I* WILL HAVE ITS [N P]IODIC CONGRESSES1 ATT5D$ BY ! REGIONAL DELEGATES1 L$ BY ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,TE*NICIANS ELECT$ AT !SE CONGRESSES1 :I* WILL BE RESPONSIBLE1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! DIRECTIVES ISSU$1 = COORD9AT+ G5]AL ACTIVITY ON ! NATIONAL PLANE4 ,& F9ALLY1 ! NATIONAL 9T]-9DU/RIAL COMMITTEE4 7,*>T #a--,DEPICTION ( ! ,F$]AL ,9DU/RIAL ,ORGANIZATION477,*>T OMITT$7 O ,*APT] #c3 ,DEC5TRALIZATION & ! ,ORGANIZATION ( ,9DU/RY ,D,E,C,5,T,R,A,L,I,Z,A,T,I,O,N ,& ,! ,O,R,G,A,N,I,Z,A,T,I,O,N ,( ,9,D,U,/,R,Y ,BE=E WE ADDRESS ! ISSUE ( ! /RUCTURES ( ! F$]ALI/ ORGANIZATION1 WE BELIEVE IT W\LD BE USEFUL TO PROVIDE SOME FIGURES ?AT WILL %[ ?AT1 FROM ! PRACTICAL PO9T ( VIEW--& NOT JU/ FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( !ORY OR PR9CIPLES--9DU/RIAL DEC5TRALIZATION IS AN ABSOLUTE NECESSITY4 ,9 #a#i#e#d1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,NATIONAL ,9/ITUTE ( ,/ATI/ICS & ,ECONOMIC ,/UDIES 7,9,S,E,E71 ! ,P>IS REGION HAD SIX MILLION ?REE HUNDR$ ?\S& 9HABITANTS1 ?AT IS1 #a#d4#c P]C5T ( ! POPULATION ( ,FRANCE4 ,YET IT IS HOME TO TW5TY-?REE P]C5T ( ! 9DU/RIAL WAGE WORK]S4 ,SIXTY P]C5T ( ,FRANCE'S A]ONAUTICS WORK]S1 #e#f4#b P]C5T ( ! WORK]S 9 ITS ELECTRICAL EQUIPM5T 9DU/RY1 & SIXTY-F\R P]C5T ( ITS ALUM9UM F\NDRY WORK]S >E LOCAT$ 9 ! ,P>IS REGION2 FIFTY P]C5T ( ,FRANCE'S COPP] & COPP] ALLOY WORK]S1 & FIFTY P]C5T ( ITS Z9C1 LEAD & T9 WORK]S1 EINI% MANUFACTUR+ WORK]S1 SIXTY-FIVE P]C5T ( ITS PLA/] MANUFACTUR+ WORK]S 7:I* NONE!LESS W\LD APPE> TO BE EASY TO PRODUCE ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY71 N9ETY-FIVE P]C5T ( ITS GAS MET] MANUFACTUR+ WORK]S1 EIASITISM1 >E 9 ,P>IS2 ?AT TW5TY-N9E P]C5T ( ! PUBLIC S]VICE EMPLOYES LIVE 9 ! ,P>IS REGION1 :I* %[S JU/ H[ UND]-REPRES5T$ ! O!R P>TS ( ,FRANCE >E 9 ?IS REG>D2 & ?AT TW5TY-SIX P]C5T ( ! EMPLOYES ( ! TRANSPORT SECTOR >E ALSO CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! SAME REGION4 ,HAV+ CALL$ ATT5TION TO !SE FACTS1 WE %ALL TRY TO SET =? ! \TL9ES ( A DEC5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATION ( 9DU/RY4 ,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT BETWE5 ! ORGANIZATION ( LOCAL PRODUCTION & ?AT ( NATIONAL PRODUCTION1 AN 9T]M$IATE REGIONAL ORGANIZATION IS 9T]POS$4 ,?IS LATT] ORGANIZATION MAY ASSUME MULTIPLE =MS4 ,LET US ASSUME ?AT 9 ! CITY ( ,LYON1 FURNITURE IS MANUFACTUR$ = ! 5TIRE ,DEP>TM5T ( ! ,RHONE1 & ?AT ITS FURNITURE 9DU/RY ALSO ASSEMBLES FURNITURE :OSE P>TS >E MANUFACTUR$ 9 ! ,RHONE ,DEP>TM5T AS WELL AS ! ,DEP>TM5TS ( ,AIX1 ,SAVOY1 ,IS]E1 ! ,LOIRE & ,SAONE-ET-,LOIRE4 ,?IS MANUFACTUR+ & ASSEMBLY CLU/] WILL RESULT 9 ! CON/RUCTION ( AN 9T]-DEP>TM5TAL ,F$]ATION ( ,FURNITURE ,WORK]S4 ,H[EV]1 %\LD ! WOODWORK]S ( ,PROV5CE LACK RAW MAT]IALS1 !Y W\LD BE OBLIG$ TO APPEAL TO ! ,F$]ATION :OSE HEADQU>T]S IS 9 ,LYON4 ,?US1 DIV]SE DEP>TM5TAL F$]ATIONS WILL JO9 ! ,NATIONAL ,F$]ATION1 NOT AS A RESULT ( ! CAPRICI\S RUL+ ( A C5TRAL COMMITTEE1 EV5 ONE ELECT$ BY A CONGRESS1 BUT AS A RESULT ( ! VITAL REQUIREM5TS ( CONSUMPTION & ! POSSIBILITIES ( ! LABOR PROCESS4 ,?ANKS TO ?IS NATIONAL 9/ITUTION ?AT WILL PROCE$ TO UND]TAKE A C5SUS ( ! RAW MAT]IALS AVAILABLE NATIONALLY1 & :I* WILL BE 9=M$ CONC]N+ ! POT5TIAL ( PRODUCTION ( EA* ZONE1 ! REGIONS EXP]I5C+ %ORTAGES WILL SY/EMATICALLY DIRECT !IR REQUE/S TO ! REGIONS POSSESS+ SURPLUSES1 :I* WILL PREV5T ONE DEP>TM5T FROM BE+ OV]:ELM$ ) REQUE/S :5 !SE REQUE/S %\LD BE EV5LY DI/RIBUT$ AMONG ! O!R DEP>TM5TS ) A SURPLUS4 ,H]E WE HAVE ! ELEM5TS ( A F$]ALISM ?AT WILL COMB9E AUTONOMY & COHESION1 TRUE SELF-DET]M9ATION & AN OV]ALL PLAN4 ,?IS IS ONLY ONE ASPECT ( :AT WE %ALL CALL DEC5TRALIZATION1 :I* WE MU/ ATTEMPT TO IMPLEM5T AS COMPLETELY AS POSSIBLE1 9 ORD] TO PREV5T ! =MATION ( RIGID & AU?ORIT>IAN APP>ATUSES CONTR>Y TO LIFE & LIB]TY4 ,!RE >E O!R POSSIBILITIES = ?IS T]RA94 ,WE %ALL 5UM]ATE A FEW ( !M4 ,! F$]ALI/ &1 TO A C]TA9 EXT5T1 C5TRALIZ$ MANAGEM5T.<#g.> ?AT PROCE$S FROM ! BOTTOM TO ! TOP & FROM ! TOP TO ! BOTTOM1 ONE ?AT WILL ALL[ = RATIONAL PLANN+1 WILL BE NEI!R NECESS>Y NOR 9DISP5SABLE = ALL 9DU/RIES1 ESPECIALLY = ?OSE :I* HAVE A LOCAL *>ACT]4 ,9 A SMALL CITY :]E %OES1 H\SEHOLD OBJECTS1 FABRICS & ! FURNITURE REQUIR$ = LOCAL CONSUMPTION IS PRODUC$1 EI!R BY ASSEMBLY L9E OR BY H&1 IT W\LD SEEM TO BE UNNECESS>Y = !SE ACTIVITIES TO 5T] 9TO ! ORGANIC CIRCUIT ( PRODUCTION DIRECT$ BY ! ,NATIONAL ,F$]ATION4 ,& ?IS W\LD BE AN EXCELL5T MEASURE = HELP+ TO PREV5T1 TO ! GREATE/ EXT5T POSSIBLE1 ! G5]AL ME*ANIZATION & /&>DIZATION ( HUMAN ACTIVITIES4 ,EV5 SO1 = ! USEFULNESS ( ! KN[L$GE ITSELF1 CITIES ( EV]Y SIZE1 & EV5 ! SMALL VILLAGES ?AT W\LD LIKE TO P>TICIPATE1 C\LD1 SIMPLY = 9=MATION PURPOSES1 PROVIDE /ATI/ICS CONC]N+ !IR PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION4 ,LET US CONSID] ! CON/RUCTION 9DU/RY4 ,BUILD+ H\SES & PUBLIC BUILD+S1 & URBAN PLANN+1 >E LOCAL ACTIVITIES1 :I* %\LD BE DIRECTLY ORGANIZ$ BY ! LOCALITIES 9VOLV$4 ,MORE PRECISELY1 !Y %\LD BE ORGANIZ$ BY ! SPECIALI/S ELECT$ BY !SE LOCALITIES1 OR BY !IR PR(ESSIONAL 9/ITUTIONS3 >*ITECTS1 PUBLIC HEAL? EXP]TS1 DELEGATES ( ! RESID5TS1 & REPRES5TATIVES ( ! CON/RUCTION WORK]S4 ,CONTR>Y TO ! PRECEPTS ( SYNDICALISM1 !SE TASKS >E NOT 5TRU/$ SOLELY TO ! TRADE UNION4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 AS 9 ALL O!RS1 ! CONSUM] MU/ LEAD ! PRODUC]1 DEM& MU/ ORI5T PRODUCTION4 ,A ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ! ,CON/RUCTION ,9DU/RY WILL NOT HAVE TO P]=M ! SAME K9D ( ROLE P]=M$ BY ! ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ! ,TEXTILE ,9DU/RY OR ! ,*EMICAL ,9DU/RY4 ,DECISIONS WILL HAVE TO BE MADE 9/EAD ON ! BASIS ( LOCAL CONDITIONS1 9CLUD+ MATT]S RELAT+ TO REGIONAL >*ITECTURAL /YLES1 :I* CANNOT BE DIRECT$ BY A C5TRALIZ$ NATIONAL DIRECTIVE COMMITTEE1 S9CE IT IS NOT ONLY NECESS>Y TO 0CONCEIVE0 ! /YLES1 AS W\LD TAKE PLACE 9 ! BE/ CASES1 BUT ALSO 0FEEL0 !M1 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! AMBIANCE ( EA* REGION1 ! SPIRIT ( ! C\NTRYSIDE1 & ?AT ( ! 9HABITANTS1 ! LOVE ( ! L&1 & EV5 LOCAL HI/ORY4 ,9 ?IS WAY WE C\LD 9 ! FUTURE AVOID A REPETITION ( ! MON/ROSITIES 9FLICT$ ON SO MANY CITIES 9 ,FRANCE AFT] ! LA/ W>1 :]E BUREAUCRAT->*ITECTS BUILT B>RACKS- & PRISON-LIKE BUILD+S1 :I* TOTALLY SPOIL$ ! CITIES DUE TO ! 9COMPATIBILITY ( !IR L9ES ) ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,?US1 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK]S ( ! CON/RUCTION 9DU/RY CAN ONLY BE NATIONAL = A C]TA9 K9D ( PLANN+ P]TA9+ TO POPULATION GR[?1 /ATI/ICAL PROJECTS1 IMBALANCES OR RE=MS4 ,ITS MA9 PURPOSE W\LD BE TO 5SURE ! DI/RIBUTION ( RAW MAT]IALS1 ( MAT]IALS :OSE EXTRACTION1 MANUFACTURE1 & PREP>ATION >E (T5 LOCALIZ$ 7>\ND ! ,LOIRE1 ! MANUFACTURE ( CEM5T1 ETC474 ,BUT A ,F$]ATION ( LOCAL WORK]S1 :I* IT W\LD APPE> TO US TO BE PREF]ABLE TO CALL AN 09DU/RY TRADE UNION01 %\LD BE =M$ IMM$IATELY1 & IT %\LD UNITE ALL ! TRADES ?AT P>TICIPATE 9 CON/RUCTION3 EXCAVATORS1 BRICKLAY]S1 LABOR]S1 PLA/]]S1 PLUMB]S1 PA9T]S1 GLAZI]S1 >*ITECTS1 5G9E]S1 DRAFTSM51 MA/] CRAFTSM51 ETC4 ,! V>I\S TE*NICAL SECTIONS WILL BE UNIT$ BY ! COMMUNITY ( LABOR4 ,FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 ! PR(ESSIONAL CORPORATIVE TRADE UNIONS HAVE LONG LACK$ ANY REASON TO EXI/1 NOT EV5 9 ! CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL /RUGGLES1 & IT IS SURPRIS+ TO SEE ?AT ?IS K9D ( DIVISION /ILL EXI/S 9 MANY SECTORS ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,IF1 FROM ! V]Y FIR/ MOM5TS ( ! MOVEM5T1 WE DO NOT ELIM9ATE !SE VE/IGES ( ! PA/1 IT IS LIKELY ?AT1 DUE TO A LACK ( SOLID>ITY & FRAT]NAL SPIRIT1 ! REVOLUTION WILL NOT LEAD TO ! CON/RUCTION ( A NEW WORLD4 ,IF WE DO NOT MAKE AN EF=T TO UNIFY \R =CES1 ON ! LEVEL ( LIFE & 9 \R HE>TS1 \R REVOLUTION WILL NOT HAVE A TRULY SOCIALI/1 OR SYNDICALI/ OR LIB]T>IAN1 *>ACT]1 & IT WILL BE /ILLBORN4 ,! TRADE UNION ( ! CON/RUCTION 9DU/RY1 H[EV]1 WILL ONLY BE ONE ( MANY TRADE UNIONS ( 9DU/RY4 ,! NATIONAL F$]ATIONS REPRES5T ! V]TICAL ASPECT ( ! ORGANIZATION4 ,! TRADE UNIONS ( 9DU/RY1 & ! LOCAL F$]ATIONS ( ! V>I\S TRADE UNIONS ( ! DIFF]5T 9DU/RIES1 REPRES5T ! HORIZONTAL1 EM95TLY DEC5TRALIZ+1 ASPECT ( ! ORGANIZATION4 ,LET US SUPPOSE ?AT1 9 AN AV]AGE-SIZ$ CITY1 AFT] ! NECESS>Y CLASSIFICATIONS HAVE BE5 MADE1 ?AT ALL ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES TOGE!R COMPRISE ?IRTY BASIC 9DU/RIES1 9CLUD+ URBAN TRANSPORT4 ,! ?IRTY CORRESPOND+ TRADE UNIONS W\LD1 ON ! ONE H&1 BE CON/ITUT$ BY TWO HUNDR$ OR ?REE HUNDR$ TE*NICALLY-CLASSIFI$ TRADE SECTIONS1 EA* ( :I* IS CONJO9$ ) ! CATEGORY ?AT CORRESPONDS ) ITS G5]AL ACTIVITY1 9 ORD] TO PREV5T ! RIVALRIES ?AT CAUS$ SU* H>M = ! CORPORATIONS ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! TRADE UNIONS ( 9DU/RY WILL CON/ITUTE A BOND UNIT+ ALL ( !M ORGANICALLY4 ,QUITE (T51 ! ACTIVITIES ( C]TA9 9DU/RIES >E DIRECTLY COMPLEM5T>Y4 ,?US1 ! SUPPLY ( MAT]IALS = CON/RUCTION TO ! WORK]S ( ! CON/RUCTION SECTOR1 ( WOOD TO ! C>P5T]S1 TO ! FURNITURE WORK]S1 ( C]TA9 K9DS ( MA*9ES TO ! V>I\S WORK%OPS1 ETC4 ,?IS W\LD FACILITATE ! FULLE/ 9TEGRATION AT A LOCAL LEVEL1 TRUE SELF-DET]M9ATION ( A HUMANI/ TYPE1 &1 = EA* P]SON1 AN AW>5ESS ( ! ACTIVITIES ( ! :OLE4 ,BUT IF ECONOMIC DEC5TRALIZATION IS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y 9 VIEW ( ! FACT ?AT ! ,P>IS REGION IS A MON/R\S CONGLOM]ATION ( FACTORIES1 WORK%OPS1 & (FICES1 :I* S9CE ! TIME ( ,L\IS ,X,I,V HAS ABSORB$ A L>GE P>T ( ! C\NTRY'S LIFE & SUB/ANCE1 PAID = BY ALL ( ,FRANCE1 9DU/RIAL REORGANIZATION ALSO APPE>S TO BE A NECESSITY1 9 A RATIONAL & 0HUMANLY0 ORGANIZ$ ECONOMY4 ,9 AGRICULTURE1 MORE OR LESS QUICKLY DEP5D+ ON REGIONAL CONDITIONS1 ! ABSOLUTE IMP]ATIVE ( CONC5TRAT+ ! L& WILL BE IMPOS$ AS AN UNAVOIDABLE NECESSITY1 9/EAD ( DIVID+ ! L& 9TO SEP>ATE P>CELS1 :I* IS ! (FSPR+ ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 PRACTIC$ OV] ! C\RSE ( ! C5TURIES4 ,WE WILL HAVE TO WAIT MANY MORE YE>S1 9 ! CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES1 TO ATTA9 A MORE S5SIBLE SY/EM ( ORGANIZATION & DI/RIBUTION = F>M+4 ,WE MU/ SAY1 H[EV]1 ?AT SOME PROGRESS HAS ALREADY BE5 MADE 9 ?IS REG>D1 ?ANKS TO ! EF=TS ( ! V>I\S ,M9I/RIES ( ,AGRICULTURE :OSE TE*NICIANS1 FOLL[+ ! RECOMM5DATIONS ?AT AGRONOMI/S1 ECONOMI/S & SPECIALIZ$ 5G9E]S HAVE BE5 MAK+ = MANY YE>S1 HAVE SL[LY BEGUN TO PLAN & !N IMPLEM5T ?IS TR5D T[>DS CONC5TRATION :I*1 9 TURN1 CAN ONLY ACQUIRE ! NECESS>Y MOM5TUM = SUCCESS BY WAY ( ! SUPPORT ( ! PEASANTS !MSELVES4 ,9 ?IS CONNECTION1 ! PR(ESSIONAL & COOP]ATIVE MUTUAL AID SOCIETIES ( ! PEASANTS HAVE ALSO PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT P>T4 ,YET 9 ,FRANCE !RE IS ALSO AN EQUALLY UN=TUNATE TR5D T[>DS 9DU/RIAL FRAGM5TATION1 :I* A SOCIAL TRANS=MATION WILL HAVE TO /RIVE TO REM$Y AS SOON AS POSSIBLE4 ,& ?IS IS TRUE ( EV5 ! MO/ C5TRALIZ$ C\NTRIES1 :I* DEMON/RATES ! 9H]5T DISORD] ( A NON-SOCIALIZ$ ECONOMY4 ,?US1 AL?\< AT LEA/ TW5TY-?REE P]C5T ( ,FR5* 9DU/RY IS CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! ,P>IS REGION1 N9ETY-SEV5 P]C5T ( ! 9DU/RIAL 5T]PRISES ( ?IS REGION 7ONE HUNDR$ SIXTY ?\S& 5T]PRISES67 EA* EMPLOY FEW] ?AN FIFTY P]SONS1 & WE ALL KN[ ?AT 9 MOD]N 9DU/RY1 FIFTY PEOPLE IS AN 9SUFFICI5T NUMB] = MO/ 9DU/RIES4 ,IF WE TAKE ,FRANCE AS A :OLE1 ! /ATI/ICS = ! YE> #aiei %[ ?AT 9 ! *EMICAL 9DU/RY1 :I* MU/ BE ONE ( ! MO/ CONC5TRAT$ 9DU/RIES1 #f#b4#e P]C5T ( ! 5T]PRISES EMPLOY BETWE5 ONE & SIX WAGE WORK]S2 #c#b4#f P]C5T EMPLOY BETWE5 SEV5 & FIFTY2 #d4#a P]C5T1 BETWE5 FIFTY & TWO HUNDR$2 & 4#h P]C5T EMPLOY MORE ?AN TWO HUNDR$ WAGE WORK]S4 ,! FURNITURE 9DU/RY HAS ?IRTY-F\R ?\S& 05T]PRISES0 :I* EMPLOY ONE HUNDR$ T5 ?\S& PEOPLE1 OR APPROXIMATELY ?REE P]SONS P] 5T]PRISE4 ,SIXTY-TWO P]C5T ( ! ,FR5* SAWMILLS EMPLOY FEW] ?AN FIVE WORK]S EA*2 TW5TY-?REE ?\S& TWO HUNDR$ FIFTY WORK%OPS ONLY EMPLOY ?IRTY-SEV5 ?\S& EIELY PR(ITABLE1 & ! GIGANTIC 5T]PRISE4 ,DUR+ ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 \R COMRADES EV]Y:]E IMPLEM5T$ ! *ANGES DICTAT$ BY ECONOMICS & GOOD S5SE1 UNIT+ ! WORK]S1 ! >TISANS & ! TE*NICAL EQUIPM5T ( ! SMALL WORK%OPS 9 MU* L>G] WORKPLACES1 AS MU* = ! B5EFIT ( ! PRODUC]S :O C\LD ?US WORK 9 MORE HYGI5IC & COM=TABLE WORK+ CONDITIONS1 AS = PR(ITABILITY1 ?ANKS TO ! R$UCTION ( OV]HEAD CO/S1 5]GY EXP5SES1 ETC4 ,RETURN+ TO ,FRANCE1 ! 9DU/RY 9VOLV$ 9 ! PRODUCTION ( METALS IS ONE ( ?OSE :I*1 = ! GOOD ( ! WORK]S AS WELL AS ?AT ( ! CONSUM]S1 MU/ BE ORGANIZ$ 9 A MOD]N WAY1 & !RE=E MU/ BE SUFFICI5TLY CONC5TRAT$1 :5 ?IS IS NECESS>Y4 ,! /ATI/ICS = #aiei %[ ?AT #h#b4#b P]C5T ( ! 5T]PRISES 9 ?IS 9DU/RY EMPLOY #a#g4#g P]C5T ( ITS WAGE WORK]S2 #a4#e P]C5T EMPLOY #b#f4#c P]C5T2 4#i P]C5T EMPLOY #b4#h P]C5T ( ! WORK]S ( ! 9DU/RY2 & 4#b P]C5T EMPLOY #c#e4#b P]C5T4 ,H]E WE 5C\NT] ONE ! *>ACT]I/IC FEATURES ( CAPITALISM1 =1 BESIDES ! AUTOMAT$ 5T]PRISES1 IT IS NOT ALWAYS TRUE ?AT ! L>GE 5T]PRISE IS MORE PR(ITABLE ?AN ! AV]AGE SIZ$ ONE4 ,BEYOND A C]TA9 LEVEL1 ! G5]AL OP]ATIONAL EXP5SES1 & ! CO/S ( BUREAUCRATIC P]SONNEL1 MANAGEM5T1 ETC41 >E PROPORTIONALLY HI<]4 ,LET US CONSID] ! FOOD 9DU/RY4 #i4#g P]C5T ( ! 5T]PRISES 9 ?IS 9DU/RY EMPLOY BETWE5 ONE & SIX PEOPLE EA*2 #h4#f P]C5T EMPLOY BETWE5 SEV5 & ONE HUNDR$4 ,!SE NUMB]S DEMON/RATE ?AT 9 ?IS CATEGORY1 EXTREMELY T9Y 5T]PRISES PR$OM9ATE4 ,! RE/1 COMPRIS+ #a4#f P]C5T ( ! 5T]PRISES1 >E L>GE 5T]PRISES4 ,BUT ONE NE$ ONLY 5T] A SUG> REF9]Y1 A *OCOLATE OR PA/A FACTORY1 OR A VEGETABLE OR FI% CANN]Y1 OR EV5 A FL\R MILL1 TO UND]/& ?AT1 FROM EV]Y P]SPECTIVE1 ! >TISANAL 5T]PRISE1 SO (T5 DEF5D$ 9 ! NAME ( FRE$OM1 BUT :]E MAN IS EV5 MORE 5SLAV$ ?AN 9 A L>GE 5T]PRISE1 IS OBSOLETE4 ,WE SEE ! SAME SITUATION 9 ! PULP1 PR9T+ & PAP] 9DU/RY4 ,EIGE FACTORIES1 WE PROVIDE ! FOLL[+ FIGURES3 #h#h4#d P]C5T ( ! 5T]PRISES 9 ?IS 9DU/RY EA* EMPLOY BETWE5 ONE & SIX P]SONS2 #a4#e P]C5T EMPLOY BETWE5 SEV5 & ONE HUNDR$ P]SONS2 =TY-FIVE P]C5T ( ALL ! EMPLOYES ( ! 9DU/RY >E CONC5TRAT$ 9 #a4#a P]C5T ( ! FACTORIES4 ,! AV]AGE NUMB] ( EMPLOYES P] 5T]PRISE IS F\R = ! FOOD 9DU/RY1 ?IRTY-SEV5 = ! *EMICAL 9DU/RY1 SIX = ! LEA!R 9DU/RY1 SIX = ! CON/RUCTION 9DU/RY1 T5 = BASIC METALS4 ,ONLY ! M9+ 9DU/RY 7MORE ?AN N9E HUNDR$ P]SONS P] 5T]PRISE7 & ! /EEL 9DU/RY 7APPROXIMATELY FIVE HUNDR$ EIE APPROPRIATE = L>GE 5T]PRISES2 NUMB]S ?AT >E 5TIRELY JU/IFI$1 GIV5 ! K9D ( ACTIVITIES !Y PURSUE4 ,AS = ! RE/1 WE %ALL SEE JU/ H[ F> !Y >E SUBJECT$ TO REORGANIZATION1 :I*1 WE REPEAT1 IS ONLY POSSIBLE 9 A SOCIALIZ$ SOCIETY4 O ,*APT] #d3 ,DI/RIBUTION ,D,I,/,R,I,B,U,T,I,O,N ,CONSUMPTION ORD]S PRODUCTION ,AS WE PO9T$ \T ABOVE1 WE DO NOT CONCEIVE ! REGIONAL 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION AS BE+ BAS$ ON ! DEP>TM5TAL BORD]S OR OLD PROV9CES ( ,FRANCE4 ,! EXPRESSION1 0ECONOMIC REGION01 IS EXPLICIT1 & SUP]S$ES ANY POLITICAL-ADM9I/RATIVE C>V+ UP ( ! NATION 9TO PIECES ( >BITR>ILY DEF9$ T]RITORIES4 ,AS = ! ROLE ?AT WILL BE PLAY$ BY ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( AN 9DU/RY1 IT WILL NOT BE ?AT ( AN ABSOLUTE AU?ORITY2 WE NONE!LESS BELIEVE IT IS ACCEPTABLE TO DEPICT ITS MO/ G5]AL FEATURES4 ,! NE$ = PRODUCTS OBTA9$ FROM OR MANUFACTUR$ 9 C]TA9 T]RITORIAL ZONES1 = ! 5TIRE T]RITORY ( ,FRANCE1 CANNOT BE CALCULAT$ & GRASP$ EXCLUSIVELY FROM ! LOCAL /&PO9T4 ,) RESPECT TO FUELS1 5]GY1 9DU/RIAL FOOD PRODUCTS1 FABRICS1 PAP]1 C]TA9 K9DS ( WOOD1 PLA/IC MAT]IALS1 *EMICAL PRODUCTS1 ETC41 ONLY PRECISE /ATI/ICS ON A NATIONAL SCALE GIVE US A VALID IDEA ( ! NECESS>Y QUANTITIES & QUALITIES ( EA* PRODUCT4 ,H[1 = EXAMPLE1 CAN A METAL FACTORY 9 ,AMI5S1 ,ORLEANS OR ,GR5OBLE BE C]TA9 ?AT IT CONT9UES TO MANUFACTURE :AT IS NE$$1 DEP5D+ ON ! DEM& & ! NE$S8 ,?IS LEADS US TO POSIT1 = A C]TA9 NUMB] ( 9DU/RIES1 = :I* WE CANNOT PROVIDE A COMPLETE 5UM]ATION 9 ADVANCE1 A SY/EM ( PRODUCTION-DI/RIBUTION ?AT1 9 \R OP9ION1 %\LD SIMPLIFY SOME ( ! PROBLEMS ?AT WE NE$ TO RESOLVE4 ,LET US CONSID] ! CASE ( AGRICULTURAL MA*9]Y4 ,! PEASANTS ( ,LOIRET1 OR !IR COOP]ATIVE ORGANIZATIONS & LABOR GR\PS1 C\LD REQUE/ !M FROM ONE OR ANO!R WORK%OP4 ,BUT :AT IF ! WORK%OP1 OR FACTORY1 :I* WE %ALL SITUATE1 = 9/ANCE1 9 ,ORLEANS1 CANNOT SATISFY ! DEM& ( ! PEASANTS ( ,LOIRET8 ,WE WILL BE TOLD ?AT ! CU/OM]S NE$ ONLY GO TO ,MONT>GIS1 OR ,VI]ZON4 ,! FACTORIES 9 !SE TWO CITIES1 H[EV]1 MAY /ILL BE UNABLE TO DELIV] ! TRACTORS4 ,?IS EXAMPLE C\LD BE EXT5D$ TO ALL ! PRODUCTS ( ,FRANCE AS A :OLE3 ! RESULT W\LD BE G5]AL DISORD]1 %ORTAGES H]E1 SURPLUSES !RE1 :I* W\LD REPRODUCE ! WOR/ ASPECTS ( CAPITALI/ *AOS4 ,9 ORD] TO PREV5T ?IS1 ! SOCIALIZ$ ECONOMY MU/1 AS SOON AS POSSIBLE1 ORGANIZE W>EH\SES = DI/RIBUTION OR %IPM5T1 & IT IS TO !SE W>EH\SES ?AT ! PEASANTS OR ! PEASANTS' ORGANIZATIONS WILL GO = !IR TRACTORS4 ,IT IS NOT ! PRODUC]S & ! CONSUM]S1 BUT ! DI/RIBUTORS & ! CONSUM]S1 :O WILL BE 9 CONTACT ) EA* O!R4 ,IT IS VIA ! *ANNEL ( !SE DI/RIBUTORS1 TO :OM ! TRACTORS WILL BE S5T1 ?AT ! ,METAL ,WORK]S ,F$]ATION1 & ! CORRESPOND+ MANUFACTUR+ SECTIONS ( ?IS ,F$]ATION1 WILL BE APPRIZ$ ( ! NE$S ?AT MU/ BE SATISFI$ = DIFF]5T TYPES ( MA*9]Y 7TRACTORS1 CULTIVATORS1 M[]S1 SPREAD]S1 PL[S1 RAKES1 S[]S1 ETC471 BECAUSE IT IS TO !M ?AT ! REQUE/S WILL BE S5T4 ,) ALL ! REQUE/S C5TRALIZ$ BY ?IS MULTIFACET$ *ANNEL1 ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE WILL BE ABLE TO DI/RIBUTE ! PRODUCTION ORD]S TO ALL ! MANUFACTUR+ C5T]S 9 ACCORDANCE ) !IR RESPECTIVE CAPACITIES4 ,ONE MANUFACTUR+ C5T] WILL RECEIVE AN ORD] = ?REE ?\S& MA*9ES ( V>I\S TYPES2 ANO!R1 F>!R AWAY1 WILL BE DIRECT$ TO PRODUCE A ?\S& ( !M1 & YET ANO!R1 ONE ?\S& ONE HUNDR$ & FIFTY1 & ALL BY ! E/ABLI%$ DEADL9ES4 ,ALL REQUE/S1 9CLUD+ ?OSE = DULY =ESE5 RES]VE REQUIREM5TS1 CAN ONLY BE SATISFI$ 9 AN ORD]LY WAY ?ANKS TO ?IS ABSOLUTELY 9DISP5SABLE PRODUCTION-DI/RIBUTION ORGANIZATION4 ,! SAME SY/EM WILL APPLY TO FABRICS1 CANVAS1 DRESSES1 & EV]Y?+ ?AT CONC]NS CLO?+4 ,EA* LOCALITY WILL HAVE AT LEA/ ONE DI/RIBUTION C5T]4 ,EV]Y RETAIL /ORE WILL BE 9 CONTACT ) ! DI/RIBUTION C5T] TO :I* IT IS L9K$4 ,LET US TAKE A LOOK AT ,P>IS & ITS EII\S O!R SYN!TIC FABRICS71 DEP5D+ ON H[ MU* !Y >E US$4 ,/&>D V>IATIONS >E = ! MO/ P>T FIRMLY E/ABLI%$4 ,SUPPLEM5T>Y V>IATIONS CAN BE ASC]TA9$ AS !Y OCCUR4 ,& ALL ! TEXTILE DI/RIBUTION C5T]S 9 EV]Y CITY & T[N 9 ,FRANCE 7!RE MIT1 WILL ALLOCATE ! WORK ASSIGNM5TS1 ALWAYS 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! KN[N PRODUCTION CAPACITIES ( ALL ! FACTORIES & WORK%OPS4 ,! SAME ME?OD CAN BE APPLI$ TO L95S1 %OES1 CLO?+1 MASS-PRODUC$ FURNITURE1 HOME APPLIANCES1 ETC4 ,ONCE AGA91 H[EV]1 IT WILL BE OBS]V$ TO :AT EXT5T IT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO CALCULATE1 />T+ N[1 PRECISELY H[ MU* MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 LABOR P[]1 TE*NICAL MAT]IAL & 5]GY RES\RCES >E AVAILABLE OR NE$$4 7,*>T #b3 ! CONSUMPTION-PRODUCTION ME*ANISM & ITS L9KAGES7 #a4 ,PRODUCTION ,C5T]S #b4 ,:OLESALE ,DI/RIBUTION ,C5T]S #c4 ,RETAIL ,/ORES ,! ,PRODUCTION ,C5T]S 7#a7 DI/RIBUTE ! PRODUCTS ?AT !Y MANUFACTURE TO ! ,:OLESALE ,DI/RIBUTION ,C5T]S 7#b74 ,! LATT] DI/RIBUTE !M TO ! ,RETAIL ,/ORES4 ,! ,RETAIL ,/ORES1 9 TURN1 S5D !IR REQUE/S TO ! ,:OLESALE ,DI/RIBUTION ,C5T]S1 :I* TRANSMIT ! /ATI/ICS CONC]N+ ! REQUE/$ PRODUCTS TO ! ,PRODUCTION ,C5T]S4 ,! ,PRODUCTION ,C5T]S S5D ALL ! REQUE/S TO ! ,NATIONAL OR ,REGIONAL ,COORD9ATION ,C5T]4 ,! ,COORD9ATION ,C5T]1 DEP5D+ ON ! 9DU/RY 9 QUE/ION & ITS ME?OD ( ORGANIZATION1 WILL ALLOCATE WORK ORD]S TO ! V>I\S ,PRODUCTION ,C5T]S4 ,MANUFACTUR+ & DI/RIBUTION WILL CONT9UE1 & PRODUCTION WILL 9CREASE OR DIM9I%1 9 ACCORDANCE ) CURR5T NE$S OR EXI/+ RES]VES1 9=MATION CONC]N+ :I* IS ALSO S5T TO ! ,COORD9ATION ,C5T]4 ,ONCE ?IS S*EMA HAS BE5 G5]ALIZ$1 IT WILL BE POSSIBLE TO 5GAGE 9 FUR!R DEC5TRALIZATION1 BY WAY ( ! CREATION ( MORE OR LESS AUTONOM\S ZONES1 :5 & :]E ?IS IS POSSIBLE47,*>T OMITT$7 ,YET AGA91 WE SEE JU/ H[ IMPORTANT IT IS TO TAKE ACTION IMM$IATELY TO ELECT RESPONSIBLE LOCAL1 REGIONAL & NATIONAL COMMITTEES4 ,IF ?IS IS ACCOMPLI%$ ) ! NECESS>Y PRECISION & SPE$1 WE MAY BE SURE ?AT ! DEGREE ( REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE WILL BE SU* ?AT A PR(\ND TRANS=MATION ( ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE WILL TAKE PLACE & IT WILL BE IMPOSSIBLE TO RETURN TO ! OLD ORD]4 ,! F9ANCIAL ME*ANISM ,CONSID]+ ! ABUNDANCE & ! V>IETY ( PRODUCTS (F]$ = CONSUMPTION1 ON ! ONE H&1 & ! MULTIPLICATION ( NE$S1 ON ! O!R1 IT IS NOT POSSIBLE1 )\T IGNOR+ ECONOMIC & PSY*OLOGICAL REALITIES1 TO DEF5D ! !ORY ( FREE CONSUMPTION1 OR :AT HAS COMMONLY BE5 CALL$1 0TAK+ FROM ! PILE04 ,A WAY MU/ BE F\ND TO ADAPT CONSUMPTION TO ! POSSIBILITIES ( PRODUCTION1 ONE ?AT IS NOT AN ATTACK ON 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM1 AS G5]ALIZ$ RATION+ W\LD BE1 REG>DLESS ( ITS =M4 ,9 \R OP9ION ! MO/ VALID WAY W\LD BE TO USE A MONET>Y SYMBOL4 ,! ONLY OBJECTION ?AT C\LD BE RAIS$ AGA9/ ?IS SYMBOL W\LD BE ! DANG] ( HO>D+4 ,BUT WE HAVE ALREADY PO9T$ \T ?AT IT IS ONLY 9 A SOCIETY :]E ONE CAN MAKE 5\< MONEY TO BUILD A WORK%OP1 OR AN AP>TM5T BUILD+1 OR OP5 UP A /ORE1 ?AT HO>D+ CON/ITUTES A MEANS BY :I* O!RS MAY BE EXPLOIT$4 ,?IS SCALE ( ACCUMULATION SURPASSES :AT ONE CAN E>N ON A BASIC WAGE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 A C]TA9 AM\NT ( TRAFFICK+1 COMM]CIAL OR O!RWISE1 IS NECESS>Y TO A*IEVE ?IS RESULT1 :I* IS 9CONCEIVABLE 9 A SOCIALIZ$ ECONOMY4 ,PRIVATE COMM]CE NO LONG] EXI/S 9 ! LATT]2 TO ! CONTR>Y1 COLLECTIVE DI/RIBUTION PREVAILS2 AS = H\S+1 IT WILL BE ADM9I/]$ BY ! MUNICIPALITY4 ,!N !RE IS PRODUCTION--H[ CAN Y\ ASSUME1 IF Y\ DEVOTE ! SLIIAN SOCIETY !RE WILL BE PEOPLE :O >E SO /UPID ?AT !Y W\LD ALL[ !MSELVES TO BE EXPLOIT$1 VOLUNT>ILY1 BY NEW BOSSES8 ,& :]E WILL ! LATT] OBTA9 !IR RAW MAT]IALS1 :I* SOCIETY WILL HAVE ! RIIAN SOCIETY WILL ALSO HAVE ! RI$1 & IT WILL NOT EV5 BE NECESS>Y TO 9TRODUCE ! FUNGIBLE MONEY 7) AN EXPIRATION DATE7 ?AT IS ADVOCAT$ BY ! !ORI/S ( 0ABUNDANCE04 ,!RE WILL BE A NE$ TO PRES]VE ! USE ( MONEY--REG>DLESS ( ITS =M--= A NUMB] ( YE>S1 = C]TA9 PUR*ASES4 ,A SIMPLE BANK ACC\NT C\LD ALSO BE US$ TO SOLVE ?IS PROBLEM4 ,?US1 WE >E SUPPORT]S ( ! USE ( MONEY4 ,ONLY AN AUT>*IC & V]Y PRIMITIVE ECONOMY W\LD R5D] MONEY UNNECESS>Y4 ,& EV5 ALL ! PRIMITIVE TRIBES & PEOPLES :O PRACTICE EX*ANGE HAVE SOME K9D ( MONEY1 :I* ASSUMES A MULTITUDE ( =MS4 ,! MONEY WE ADVOCATE WILL NOT HAVE ! PURPOSE ( FACILITAT+ !SE EX*ANGES1 BUT TO FACILITATE & REGULATE DI/RIBUTION4 ,WE CONCEIVE IT 9 ! FOLL[+ MANN]3 LET US ASSUME ?AT ! VOLUME ( COMMODITIES = SALE & REIMBURS$ S]VICES REPRES5TS1 9 ,FRANCE1 ACCORD+ TO ! MO/ PRECISE CALCULATIONS POSSIBLE1 T5 BILLION FRANCS P] YE>4 ,?IS IMPLIES ! ISSUE ( AN EQUIVAL5T SUM ( PUR*ASE C\PONS1 DI/RIBUT$ PRO RATA AMONG 9DIVIDUALS & FAMILIES1 A 0WAGE FUND0 LIKE ! ONE ?AT IS DET]M9$ ANNUALLY 9 ,RUSSIA1 BUT :I*1 NATURALLY1 WE %ALL DI/RIBUTE 9 A MORE EQUITABLE WAY4 ,EA* 9DIVIDUAL & EA* FAMILY WILL HAVE1 ACCORD+ TO ! E/ABLI%$ SCALES1 ?AT PORTION ( ! PUR*AS+ P[] ?AT CORRESPONDS TO !M4 ,:AT ME*ANISM WILL BE US$ TO DI/RIBUTE ?IS PUR*AS+ P[]8 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ! MUNICIPALITY W\LD BE ! MO/ SUITABLE 9T]M$I>Y4 ,IT W\LD BE POSSIBLE1 AFT] ASC]TA9+ ! NUMB] ( 9HABITANTS ( EA* T[N1 TO S5D FROM ! ,ISSU+ ,9/ITUTE ! NECESS>Y SUM ( MONEY1 :I* W\LD BE DI/RIBUT$ TO EA* HOME &1 :]E APPLICABLE1 TO EA* 9DIVIDUAL4 ,WE %ALL REFRA9 FROM GO+ 9TO DETAILS CONC]N+ ! SCALE ?AT MIRI$ \T BY A SY/EM ?AT W\LD OCCUPY A POSITION \TSIDE ( & ABOVE ! DIFF]5T TRADES1 PR(ESSIONAL BODIES & 9DU/RIES1 W\LD POSSESS ! ADVANTAGE ( BE+ ABLE TO =E/ALL ANY ATTEMPTS ON ! P>T ( ! WORK]S ( ONE PR(ESSIONAL GR\P+ TO MAKE MORE MONEY ?AN ! O!R WORK]S & W\LD BE ABLE TO ABOLI% 9 ONE /ROKE ALL ! \TRAGE\S 9EQUALITIES ( PAY ?AT EXI/ 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,?IS DI/RIBUTION ( PUR*AS+ P[] WILL ASSUME A HUMAN *>ACT]1 RA!R ?AN A PR(ESSIONAL OR TRADE-BAS$ ONE4 ,IT WILL BE TRULY EGALIT>IAN1 & ?IS IS ! REAL SOCIALISM4 ,BY MAK+ !IR PUR*ASES 9 ! DI/RIBUTION C5T]S1 ! CONSUM]S WILL H& OV] ! MONEY ?AT WILL BE RETURN$ BY !SE C5T]S TO ! LOCAL SECTIONS ( ! ,ISSU+ ,9/ITUTE1 & ONCE ?IS MONEY HAS ONCE AGA9 BE5 CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! ,9/ITUTE1 ! LATT] WILL ONCE AGA9 9TRODUCE IT1 AT ! PROP] MOM5T1 9TO ! LIMIT$ MONET>Y CIRCUIT ?AT WE HAVE JU/ DESCRIB$4 ,IT WILL !RE=E BE UNNECESS>Y TO ACCUMULATE & 9VE/ 5ORM\S AM\NTS ( F9ANCIAL CAPITAL 9 ORD] TO C>RY \T PUBLIC WORKS PROJECTS4 ,IT WILL BE SUFFICI5T1 ?ANKS TO ! F$]ATIONS ( 9DU/RY1 TO BR+ TOGE!R ! NECESS>Y LABOR P[] ) ! TE*NICAL RES\RCES1 ! MA*9ES1 ! RAW MAT]IALS & ! 5]GY SUPPLI$ BY ! V>I\S 9DU/RIES & SPECIALIZ$ PR(ESSIONAL BODIES1 :OSE WORK]S WILL HAVE RECEIV$ !IR ANNUAL WAGES1 JU/ AS 9 ALL ! O!R 9DU/RIES4 ,A G5]AL PR9CIPLE ( ECONOMICS IS ?AT EV]Y COMMODITY OR EV]Y S]VICE CO/S ! TIME SP5T BY M5 9 ITS MANUFACTURE1 OR ! TOTALITY ( EF=TS UTILIZ$ TO OBTA9 IT & DI/RIBUTE IT4 ,9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 WE MU/ ADD ! PR(IT ( ! 5TREPR5EUR1 & ?AT ( ! %>EHOLD]S & ! V>I\S 9T]M$I>IES1 ?AT IS1 ! 0PR(IT0 (1 OR ! 9T]E/ ON CAPITAL4 ,ONCE ?IS HAS DISAPPE>$1 ALL ?AT REMA9S IS LABOR TIME4 ,N[ ?AT LABOR TIME IS REIMBURS$1 BY WAY ( ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! ANNUAL PUR*AS+ P[]1 IT WILL BE UND]/OOD--& WE 9SI/ ON ?IS--?AT WE %ALL NE$ TO PROVIDE ! LABOR P[]1 ! MA*9ES1 ! RAW MAT]IALS1 & ! 5]GY1 BUT NOT 5ORM\S SUMS ( MONEY4 ,! APPEAL TO LOANS1 TO SAV+S1 TO PRIVATE CAPITAL1 WILL NO LONG] HAVE ANY REASON TO EXI/4 ,IT SEEMS TO US ?AT ONE MORE CL>IFICATION IS 9 ORD]4 ,?IS 9VOLVES ! PROBLEM ( :AT CAN BE DONE DUR+ ! TRANSITIONAL P]IOD ) REG>D TO ! MONET>Y QUE/ION1 S9CE ! \TL9E WE JU/ SKET*$ IS ONLY APPLICABLE TO A COMPLETELY SOCIALIZ$ SOCIETY4 ,NATURALLY1 IT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO RETA9 ! MONEY ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY = A :ILE4 ,ITS REPLACEM5T WILL REQUIRE A QUITE PROLONG$ P]IOD ( ADAPTATION4 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 IT WILL BE 9EVITABLE ?AT ! USUAL MODE ( CIRCULATION WILL BE US$1 :ILE IMM$IATELY LIMIT+ 9JU/ICE & 9EQUALITY1 UNTIL ! NEW SOCIETY MAKES !M DISAPPE>4 ,?OSE :O HAVE MADE !IR LIV+1 BY WAY ( !IR WAGES OR !IR LABOR1 UNLESS !Y >E NOTORI\S EXPLOIT]S1 WILL KEEP !IR SAV+S4 ,?OSE :O HAVE HO>D$ GOLD1 AS IS ! CASE ) NUM]\S PEASANTS1 SOME ( ! MORE =TUNATE WAGE WORK]S1 & MEMB]S ( ! MIDDLE CLASS1 WILL HAVE ! OPPORTUNITY TO EX*ANGE ?IS GOLD = ! NEW CURR5CY :5 ! LATT] IS 9TRODUC$4 ,Y\ CANNOT1 (T5 )\T COMMITT+ A REAL 9JU/ICE1 JU/ TAKE IT AWAY FROM !M4 ,NOR W\LD ?IS BE ANY GOOD1 BECAUSE 9 ?IS CASE ! GOLD WILL /ILL REMA9 BURI$4 ,IT C\LD BE OBJECT$ ?AT SU* MEASURES WILL PRES]VE1 = A C]TA9 P]IOD1 ! 9EQUALITY 9H]IT$ FROM CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,WE DO NOT D5Y ?IS4 ,!RE IS NOT1 H[EV]1 ANY IDEAL & P]FECT SOLUTION1 ONE ?AT IS APPLICABLE )9 TW5TY-F\R H\RS4 ,IT WILL ONLY BE POSSIBLE TO LIMIT ! H>M 9FLICT$ BY ! PROLONG$ EXI/5CE ( A CONT9UALLY R$UC$ SPH]E ( PRIVILEGES1 BY MEANS ( A S]I\S CONTROL EX]CIS$ OV] ! PROGRESS ( ! MONET>Y TRANS=MATIONS1 :5 !Y >E IMPLEM5T$4 ,! ME?OD ( ALLOCATION ,WE HAVE M5TION$ DI/RIBUTION C5T]S = ! SALE ( CONSUM] GOODS4 ,9DE$1 IT IS ADVISABLE TO SOCIALIZE ?IS SECTOR AS SOON AS POSSIBLE1 9 ORD] TO FREE IT FROM ! OB/ACLE REPRES5T$ BY PRIVATE COMM]CE4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 !RE >E AT LEA/ ?REE TIMES AS MANY /ORES & %OPS ?AN >E NECESS>Y.<#h.> & !SE TRAD]S1 :OLESAL]S & RETAIL]S1 9T]M$I>IES ( EV]Y DESCRIPTION1 HAVE ! 5TIRE NATION AT !IR M]CY1 & IMPOSE :ATEV] PRICES !Y PLEASE & FLEECE ! CONSUM]S4 ,DUR+ P]IODS ( SOCIAL UPHEAVAL & REVOLUTION1 !Y 5JOY A CONT9U\S 5HANCEM5T ( !IR =TUNES1 !Y >E ! MA/]S ( ! SITUATION1 & !Y BECOME1 AS 9 ,P>IS DUR+ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & ! ,COMMUNE1 ! MO/ EFFECTIVE AG5TS ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION4 ,! PROVISION+ ( A CITY IS AN IMM5SE TASK4 ,?AT IS :Y WE %ALL 5GAGE 9 AN EXT5SIVE DISCUSSION1 9 \R *APT] ON AGRICULTURE1 CONC]N+ ! ESS5TIAL IMPORTANCE ( ! PEASANTS' PRODUC]S' COOP]ATIVES1 & ! URBAN CONSUM]S' COOP]ATIVES OR DI/RIBUTION C5T]S ( A COMMUNAL OR SOCIALIZ$ NATURE4 ,IF !RE >E ONE HUNDR$ GROC]Y /ORES 9 A CITY DI/RICT1 Y\ MAY BE SURE ?AT TW5TY /ORES1 ORGANIZ$ BY ! COMM]CE EMPLOYES' TRADE UNION1 TOGE!R ) ?OSE [N]S WILL+ TO JO9 ! COLLECTIVE EF=T1 C\LD ADVANTAGE\SLY REPLACE !M4 ,P]HAPS H]E AS WELL IT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO POSIT1 :ILE ! REORGANIZATION ( ! TRADE UNIONS IS TAK+ PLACE1 A G5]AL 9/ITUTION ?AT C\LD LEAD US T[>DS A DEF9ITIVE /RUCTURE4 ,! EMPLOYES WILL GET TOGE!R & CALCULATE ! NUMB] ( /ORES ?AT >E NECESS>Y = EA* DI/RICT1 DEP5D+ ON ! SIZE ( ! DI/RICT & ITS POPULATION D5SITY4 ,TE*NICAL ADVIS]S1 ) KN[L$GE ( DEMOGRAPHIC ISSUES & EA* CITY'S P>TICUL>ITIES1 WILL BE ABLE TO HELP !M COMPLETE ?IS PROJECT4 ,:AT WE >E SAY+ AB\T ! GROC]Y /ORES ALSO APPLIES TO BUT*]S %OPS1 DAIRY PRODUCTS1 HAB]DA%]Y1 H>DW>E1 ETC4 ,9 SMALL CITIES1 MANY ( !SE PRODUCTS CAN BE SOLD 9 /ORES ) MANY BRAN* \TLETS4 ,!SE V>I\S SOLUTIONS C\LD EV5 BE APPLI$ 9 BIG CITIES1 SU* AS ! EMPLOYM5T ( /ORES ) MANY \TLETS4 ,!SE SOLUTIONS WILL BE P]FECT$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) CIRCUM/ANCES1 & ! PREF]5CES ( ! BUY]S4 ,WE CANNOT PROVIDE 9 ADVANCE A DETAIL$ PLAN = ALL SECTORS1 )\T 9DULG+ 9 FICTION4 ,ONE C\LD ALSO =ESEE 7O!RS HAVE DONE SO BE=E US7 COMMUNAL /ORES = DI/RIBUTION1 ESPECIALLY 9 RURAL >EAS1 = ! SALE ( ! NUM]\S >TICLES 7GROC]IES1 H\SEHOLD GOODS1 /ATION]Y1 ETC47 ?AT D]IVE FROM MULTIPLE S\RCES1 & :OSE SALES ( SMALL QUANTITIES >E NOT ( SU* AN IMPORTANCE AS TO REQUIRE DETAIL$ ACC\NT+ TO ASSURE ! ME*ANISM ( 9PUT & \TPUT1 CONSUMPTION-PRODUCTION-CONSUMPTION1 EV5 ONE AS SIMPLE AS ! ONE WE \TL9$ ABOVE4 ,! 09DU/RIAL CONC5TRATION0 :I* IS JU/ AS NECESS>Y 9 NUM]\S >EAS AS DEC5TRALIZATION IS 9 O!RS1 WILL C]TA9LY FACILITATE ?IS PROCESS ( ADJU/M5T4 ,9 ALL SU* CASES1 H[EV]1 DI/RIBUTION WILL BE AN AUTONOM\S & LOCAL FUNCTION4 ,! SAME DI/RIBUTION COOP]ATIVES1 L9K$ ) ?IS SOCIAL FUNCTION & ACT+ JO9TLY 9 ALL ASPECTS ( ECONOMIC LIFE1 WILL NO LONG] POSSESS !IR CURR5T *>ACT]4 ,!Y WILL BECOME COLLECTIVE /ORES = DI/RIBUTION 9 ! S]VICE ( ! 5TIRE POPULATION4 ,9 ANY EV5T1 :E!R Y\ CALL !M COOP]ATIVES1 COMMUNAL /ORES1 DI/RIBUTION C5T]S1 ! NAME DOES NOT MATT]4 ,:AT IS IMPORTANT IS ! 9/ITUTION ITSELF1 :I* MU/ BE /UDI$ 9 ADVANCE & 9 DETAIL1 9 ORD] TO BE CAPABLE ( ORGANIZ+ IT :5 ! TIME COMES4 ,!RE WILL UND\BT$LY BE1 = A C]TA9 TIME1 9DIVIDUAL TRAD]S1 BUT !SE MU/ BE COMPELL$1 UND] ! P5ALTY ( SEV]E SANCTIONS1 TO SELL AT PRICES FIX$ BY ! PRICE COMMISSION1 :I* WILL BE COMPOS$ ( PRODUC]S1 DI/RIBUTORS & CONSUM]S4 ,9 ?IS WAY EV5 ! PROVISIONALLY TOL]AT$ PRIVATE M]*ANTS WILL BE1 = ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES1 SOCIALIZ$4 ,WILL RATION+ BE NECESS>Y8 ,!RE CAN BE NO QUE/ION ?AT ! DIFFICULTIES ( ! FIR/ DAYS ( ! *ANGE WILL MAKE RATION+ NECESS>Y = SOME PRODUCTS4 ,P]HAPS ONE OR ANO!R AGRICULTURAL REGION WILL REFUSE TO S5D ITS FOOD PRODUCTS2 P]HAPS C]TA9 COLONIAL COMMODITIES W\LD BE UNAVAILABLE = A C]TA9 P]IOD4 ,9 SU* CASES1 RATION+ C>DS WILL BE ISSU$4 ,IT IS ( GREAT IMPORTANCE ?AT ! TE*NICAL P]SONNEL :O SUPPORT ! REVOLUTION %\LD PLAN 9 ADVANCE ) REG>D TO ! MEANS TO MA9TA9 9T]NATIONAL TRADE AT AS HI< A LEVEL AS POSSIBLE4 ,IT IS ALSO ( GREAT IMPORTANCE TO PLAN 9 ADVANCE ) REG>D TO ! DIFFICULTIES ?AT C\LD BE POS$ BY ! V>I\S REGIONS ?AT >E ! S\RCES ( PROVISIONS = ! CITIES4 ,?IS IS :Y1 WE MU/ REPEAT1 ! COOP]ATIVE BOND BETWE5 ! CITIES & ! C\NTRYSIDE IS ( SU* MAJOR IMPORTANCE4 ,?IS IS :Y ! URBAN WORK]S MU/ PREP>E ! 9TELLECTUAL1 PSY*OLOGICAL & MAT]IAL F\NDATIONS = FRAT]NAL CONTACTS ) ! WORK]S ( ! RURAL >EAS4 O ,*APT] #e3 ,AGRICULTURE ,A,G,R,I,C,U,L,T,U,R,E ,PEASANTS & WORK]S ,WE %ALL N[ ADDRESS ! ISSUE ( ! PEASANTRY4 ,BECAUSE IT IS 9DISP5SABLE = ! URBAN WORK]S1 ESPECIALLY ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S1 TO UND]/& ITS IMPORTANCE1 IF !Y DO NOT WANT TO ONCE AGA9 UND]GO A HUNG] BLOCKADE1 SU* AS ! WORK]S ( ,P>IS EXP]I5C$ 9 #a#h#d#h1 OR ! ACTIVE HO/ILITY ?AT ! 0RURALS0 DISPLAY$ 9 #ahga T[>DS ! 9SURG5TS ( ! ,COMMUNE4 ,! OLD M9DSET ?AT ACCUS$ ! SOCIALI/S ( BE+ 0RE-DI/RIBUTORS0 IS NOT 5TIRELY DEAD AMONG ! 9HABITANTS ( ! C\NTRYSIDE1 & IT IS UPON ?IS HO/ILITY1 AT TIMES /ILL LAT5T1 ?AT REACTION>Y GOV]NM5TS1 CONS]VATIVE P>TIES & ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES WILL RELY 9 ORD] TO ONCE AGA9 IMPOSE1 9 A MORTAL /RUGGLE1 ! HUNG] BLOCKADE OR ! =CE ( >MS ON ! 9DU/RIAL C5T]S1 9 A SITUATION ( SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 ,WE MU/ PO9T \T1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! SITUATION TODAY IS NOT EXACTLY ID5TICAL TO ! SITUATION ?AT PREVAIL$ 9 #ahdh OR #a#h#g#a4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 ! PROPORTION ( 9HABITANTS ( ! RURAL >EAS1 :I* WAS AT ?AT TIME--ESPECIALLY 9 #a#h#d#h--MU* L>G] ?AN ?AT ( ! CITIES1 HAS BE5 REV]S$4 ,TODAY ! PEASANTS REPRES5T TW5TY-FIVE P]C5T ( ! POPULATION ( ,FRANCE4 ,9 ADDITION1 A SIGNIFICANT NUMB] ( !M HAVE A COMPLETELY DIFF]5T M5TALITY4 ,SOCIAL & SOCIALI/ IDEAS HAVE P5ETRAT$ ! RURAL WORLD4 ,! TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS1 ! COOP]ATIVES1 ! MUTUAL AID ASSOCIATIONS1 ! SPORT+ CLUBS & O!R GR\PS1 HAVE G5]AT$ RELATIONS ( SOLID>ITY & MUTUAL SUPPORT1 & CREAT$ AMONG ! PEASANTS A SPIRIT & A PRACTICE ( SOLID>ITY :I* HAVE TRANS=M$ ! MAN ( ! C\NTRYSIDE1 GIV+ HIM A MORE EXT5SIVE KN[L$GE ( ! WORLD4 ,9 ADDITION TO ! AVAILABILITY ( AN EXT5SIVE SELECTION ( DIFF]5T K9DS ( NEWSPAP]S & MAGAZ9ES1 FREQU5T CONTACT ) ! CITIES1 ?ANKS TO ! MULTIPLICATION ( MEANS ( TRANSPORT--RAILROADS1 BUSSES1 C>S1 MOTORCYCLES--HAS N>R[$ ! GAP BETWE5 C\NTRY & CITY & HAS ALL[$ = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( BONDS BETWE5 ! 9HABITANTS ( ! CITIES & ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,NUM]\S PEASANT ORGANIZATIONS1 BO? CORPORATIVE & 9T]-CORPORATIVE1 HAVE !IR HEADQU>T]S 9 V>I\S CITIES 9 ,FRANCE4 ,!SE CONTACTS & CONT9U\S RELATIONS1 & ACCESS TO MORE COMPREH5SIVE 9=MATION1 HAVE *ANG$ MANY ?+S4 ,F9ALLY1 9 EV]YDAY WORK & 9 PRACTICAL LIFE1 SOLID>ITY--DE FACTO 9T]-DEP5D5CE--HAS ALSO BE5 E/ABLI%$4 ,! CITY CANNOT LIVE )\T ! C\NTRYSIDE1 BUT ! C\NTRYSIDE IS EV5 LESS CAPABLE ( LIV+ )\T ! CITY4 ,EV]Y TRACTOR1 EV]Y AGRICULTURAL MA*9E--M[]S1 REAP]S1 ETC4--W\LD CEASE TO FUNCTION )\T ! GASOL9E1 ! PETROLEUM & ! PETROLEUM D]IVATIVES ?AT >E SUPPLI$ BY ! REF9]IES LOCAT$ 9 ! 9DU/RIAL C5T]S4 ,!SE MA*9ES >E PROVID$ BY ! FACTORIES & WORK%OPS1 AS >E ! FABRICS1 ! CLO?+1 ! FURNITURE1 H\SEHOLD APPLIANCES1 9DIVIDUAL MEANS ( TRANSPORT--ALONG ) ! FUEL ! LATT] NE$ TO FUNCTION--&1 F9ALLY1 ALMO/ EV]Y?+ ?AT CON/ITUTES ! ELEM5TS ( MOD]N LIFE1 )\T :I* ! F>M]1 HIS WIFE & !IR *ILDR5 W\LD BE CONDEMN$ TO RETURN TO ! /ATUS ( S]FS ( ! GLEBE1 ! POOR BEA/S ( TOIL ?AT !Y W]E 9 ! PA/4 ,! WORK]S ( ! CITY & ?OSE ( ! C\NTRYSIDE MU/ ACQUIRE AN 9CREAS+LY MORE COMPREH5SIVE UND]/&+ ( ! FACT ?AT !Y HAVE A %>$ DE/9Y 9 SOCIETY4 ,! =M] CANNOT EXI/ )\T ! GRA9S1 ! MEAT1 ! VEGETABLES1 ! FRUITS1 & ALL ! PRODUCTS ( ! L& ?AT >E PROVID$ BY ! LATT]4 ,BUT ! WORK]S ( ! C\NTRYSIDE CAN PRODUCE NO?+1 OR ALMO/ NO?+1 NOT ONLY )\T ! MA*9ES & FUEL1 BUT ALSO )\T ! *EMICAL F]TILIZ]S1 ! H]BICIDES & PE/ICIDES1 & ! VACC9ES = ! ANIMALS4 ,EV5 MORE IMPORTANTLY1 9 MANY RURAL >EAS !Y DO NOT EV5 PRODUCE A SIGNIFICANT PORTION ( !IR [N FOOD NE$S1 S9CE1 SPECIALIZ$ AGRICULTURE HAS MADE GREAT 9ROADS 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,! ,MIDI SUPPLIES W9E TO ,BEAUCE & RECEIVES :EAT1 POTATOES & SUG>4 ,! ,S\?WE/ SUPPLIES MILK & BUTT] TO P>T ( ! ,EA/ & ! ,P>IS BAS92 IT RECEIVES MA*9]Y1 SOME ( ITS FRUIT1 & C]TA9 VEGETABLES4 ,! ,ATLANTIC & ,M$IT]RANEAN COA/AL >EAS SUPPLY ! 9T]IOR ) FI% & RECEIVE MEAT & BUTT]4 ,ALL ( !SE MOVEM5TS ( GOODS W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE )\T ! RAILROADS & MOTORIZ$ TRANSPORT1 :I* >E ( AN ESS5TIALLY 9DU/RIAL *>ACT] & :I* ALSO DEP5D ON ! CITIES4 ,?IS IS :AT ! PEASANTS MU/ UND]/&4 ,!Y >E 9 ! SAME POSITION AS ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S1 & AL?\< !IR SITUATIONS >E =MALLY DIFF]5T1 !Y >E VICTIMS ( A =M ( EXPLOITATION ?AT BO? GR\PS HAVE AN 9T]E/ 9 ELIM9AT+4 ,NOR >E WE REF]R+ EXCLUSIVELY TO !IR EXPLOITATION BY ! /ATE1 S9CE ! TAXES ! PEASANTS PAY 9 ,FRANCE >E MU* L[] ?AN ?OSE ?AT WE1 ! WAGE WORK]S ( FACTORIES & WORK%OPS1 PAY1 )\T ANY POSSIBILITY ( AVOID+ PAY+ !M4 ,!RE >E O!R K9DS ( !FT ?AT WE %ALL NOT OV]LOOK4 ,:51 AT ! BEG9N+ ( #a#i#e#g1 ! ,*RI/IAN ,DEMOCRATIC LEAD] ,PI]RE ,PFIML9 WAS ,M9I/] ( ,AGRICULTURE1 HE DECL>$ ?AT ! PRODUC]S HAD BE5 PAID A TOTAL ( TWO HUNDR$ BILLION FRANCS = ALL ! AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS !Y SUPPLI$ DUR+ ! PREVI\S YE>1 BUT !SE SAME AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS W]E SOLD TO ! CONSUM]S = A TOTAL ( SEV5 HUNDR$ BILLION FRANCS4 ,AN HONE/ ORGANIZATION1 IMPOSSIBLE 9 \R CURR5T SOCIETY1 W\LD MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO PAY ! PRODUC]S ANO!R ONE HUNDR$ FIFTY BILLION FRANCS1 & *>GE ! CONSUM] ONE HUNDR$ FIFTY BILLION FRANCS LESS4 ,9 SU* A CASE BO? ! CITY & ! C\NTRYSIDE GA94 ,BUT ?IS ORGY ( PILLAGE CALL$ CAPITALI/ SOCIETY HAS ALL[$ MIDDLEM5 ( ALL K9DS TO POCKET FIVE HUNDR$ BILLION FRANCS--OR F\R HUNDR$ FIFTY BILLION IF Y\ D$UCT ! CO/S ( TRANSPORT & /ORAGE 9CURR$ BY V>I\S O!R /AGES ( ! DI/RIBUTION PROCESS4 ,9=MATION HAS COME TO LITI*OKES1 CAULIFL[]1 TOMATOES1 BEANS71 = :I* ! PRODUC]S >E PAID A FEW FRANCS P] KILO1 BUT :I* >E SOLD 9 A NEIM] MU/ LET FRUIT ROT ON ! TREES BECAUSE ! MIDDLEMAN WILL NOT EV5 PAY HIM 5\< = ! FRUIT TO PAY ! WORK]S TO PICK IT4 ,& EV]YONE KN[S ?AT ! MEAT PROBLEM HAS NOT BE5 RESOLV$ EI!R1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE ! MIDDLEM5 TOOK1 & /ILL TAKE1 ! LION'S %>E1 BUT1 WORSE YET1 BECAUSE ! LACK ( RATIONAL ORGANIZATION RAIS$ ! CO/ ( PRODUCTION1 OR CAUS$ & /ILL CAUSES SIGNIFICANT LOSSES1 :E!R DUE TO ! FACT ?AT ! H]DS >E TOO F> FROM !IR PA/URES1 OR ?AT ! PLACE :]E ! ANIMALS >E RAIS$ IS TOO F> FROM ! SLAUY ORGANIZATION IMPOSSIBLE4 ,ELSE:]E1 EV5 ! MEANS ( TRANSPORT >E LACK+ = ! TIMELY DELIV]Y ( ! PRODUCTS1 OR IF ! MEANS ( TRANSPORT EXI/1 !Y >E TOO EXP5SIVE4 ,EV5 :5 !SE DIFFICULTIES DO NOT EXI/1 H[EV]1 9SOLUBLE PROBLEMS >ISE4 ,WE HAVE SE5 ! :EAT H>VE/ = SEV]AL YE>S 9 SUCCESSION REA* ONE HUNDR$ OR ONE HUNDR$ TW5TY MILLION QU9TALS1 :ILE1 DUR+ ! SAME P]IOD1 ! PRODUCTION ( W9E & MILK1 BUTT]1 FRUIT1 & GRE5H\SE VEGETABLES1 HAS RESULT$ 9 SURPLUSES4 ,?IS WAS CATA/ROPHIC = ! PEASANTS BECAUSE ?IS SOCIETY IS ( SU* A NATURE ?AT AN 9CREASE 9 ! AM\NT ( GOODS1 9/EAD ( BE+ A CAUSE = JUBILATION & SATISFACTION1 IS A CAUSE ( MIS=TUNE & POV]TY DUE TO ! DECL9E 9 PRICES4 ,:AT IS ! RESPONSE ( ! RURAL PRODUC]S8 ,!Y CALL UPON ! /ATE TO ASSUME RESPONSIBILITY = !SE SURPLUSES1 BY MEANS ( SUBSIDIES1 9 ORD] TO 5SURE !IR SALE ON =EIGN M>KETS4 ,9 ! O!R C\NTRIES1 H[EV]1 ! SAME ?+S >E HAPP5+1 & ,FR5* PRODUCTS MU/ CONFRONT ,ITALIAN1 ,DUT*1 ,DANI%1 ,AM]ICAN1 ,AU/RALIAN1 ,NEW ,ZEAL&1 ,5GLI%1 ,ALG]IAN & ,SPANI% PRODUCTS 9 9T]NATIONAL COMPETITION4 ,\R S5SE ( JU/ICE TELLS US ?AT !SE SOLUTIONS >E BAD ONES1 & ?AT O!RS MU/ BE S\KETS4 ,AFT] ALL1 IT IS FROM \R POCKETS ?AT ! /ATE TAKES ! MONEY ) :I* IT CONC$ES SUBSIDIES & PRICE SUPPORTS TO ! W9E PRODUC]S ( ! ,MIDI1 :5 !Y CANNOT SELL !IR W9E2 TO ! GRA9 PRODUC]S ( ,BEAUCE1 ,BRIE & ! ,NOR?1 :5 !Y CANNOT SELL !IR :EAT2 TO ! BUTT] & MEAT PRODUC]S ( ,*>5TE OR ,NORM&Y1 :5 !Y CANNOT SELL !IR BUTT] OR MEAT2 & TO ! CATTLEM5 ( ! ,C5T] OR ,SAVOY1 :5 !Y CANNOT SELL !IR CATTLE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 DUE TO ! CAPITALI/ ME*ANISM1 9 ADDITION TO ! CORPORATE DIVID5DS1 ! PR(ITS ( ! EMPLOY]S & MIDDLEM5 & ! EXCESSIVE EXP5SES ( ! /ATE1 ! PEASANTS ALSO PAY TOO MU* = ! 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTS !Y BUY4 ,! PRODUC]S ( ! CITY & ! PRODUC]S ( ! C\NTRYSIDE MU/ !RE=E SEEK A RATIONAL1 JU/ & S9C]E SOLUTION1 :I* CAN BE NO?+ O!R ?AN ! ORGANIZATION ( 9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION = ! B5EFIT ( ALL4 ,NOT ALL ! PRODUC]S ( ! C\NTRYSIDE1 H[EV]1 HAVE ! SAME 9T]E/ 9 ?IS REORGANIZATION ( COLLECTIVE LIFE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! G5]AL C5SUS ( ,AGRICULTURE C>RI$ \T 9 #a#i#e#f-#a#i#e#g1 PUBLI%$ BY ! ,9,S,E,E1 CONC]N+ ! /RUCTURE ( AGRICULTURAL [N]%IP 9 ,FRANCE1 ! LATT] IS DI/RIBUT$ AS FOLL[S3 ,>EA ,CULTIVAT$ 7HECT>ES7 ,TOTAL ,>EA 7HECT>ES7 ,P]C5TAGE ( ,TOTAL ,LESS ?AN #a #h#e1#g 4#c #a-#b #c#c#c1 #a4 #b-#e #a1#c#g#g1 #d4#c #e-#a #c1#d#e#h1 #a4#h #a-#b #g1#e#c#f1 #b#c4#d #b-#e #a#a1#a#f#g1 #c#d4#g #e-#a #d1#i#f#h1 #a#e4#e #a-#b #b1#a#i#f1 #f4#h ,MORE ?AN #b #a1#c#g1 #c4#b ,TOTAL #c#b1#a#e#g1#g ,\T ( MORE ?AN ?IRTY-TWO MILLION HECT>ES1 HALF1 AT LEA/1 ( ! TOTAL BELONGS TO SMALL PROP]TY [N]S4 ,& QUITE (T51 ! L& [N$ BY SMALL TO MIDDLE LEVEL PROP]TY [N]S 7:O [N ?IRTY TO FIFTY HECT>ES7 IS ( 9F]IOR QUALITY4 ,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT PR(\ND RE=MS >E NECESS>Y 9 ORD] TO IMPROVE ! SOCIAL CONDITION ( ! F>M]S4 ,!RE >E APPROXIMATELY TWO MILLION F>MS 9 ,FRANCE1 YET1 BETWE5 ! SMALLE/ & ! L>GE/ PROP]TIES1 ! SOCIAL PROBLEM ASSUMES A DIFF]5T =M4 ,BESIDES A M9ORITY ( L>GE L&[N]S :O EXPLOIT A L>GE CONT+5T ( WAGE WORK]S1 H[EV]1 ! O!R1 M$IUM SIZE1 SMALL & V]Y SMALL L&[N]S1 ! SMALL F>M]S1 & ! %>ECROPP]S--:O CON/ITUTE ONE QU>T] ( ! AGRICULTURAL POPULATION & >E (T5 DESPIS$ 9 C]TA9 REGIONS ( ,FRANCE--CAN UND]/& ! NECESSITY ( & ! 9T]E/ !Y1 TOGE!R ) ! 5TIRE COLLECTIVITY ( :I* !Y =M A P>T1 HAVE 9 ! *ANGE WE ADVOCATE4 ,!Y MU/ UND]/& ?AT !IR /&>D ( LIV+ WILL IMPROVE1 & !IR LABORS WILL BE LIE ADVOCAT+4 ,& WE MU/ IMM$IATELY MAKE IT CLE> ?AT ?IS COLLECTIVE ORGANIZATION1 H[EV] DESIRABLE IT MAY BE1 MU/ BY NO MEANS BE IMPOS$ BY =CE4 ,WE %ALL NONE!LESS MAKE AN ATTEMPT TO DESCRIBE :AT SEEMS TO US TO BE ! IDEAL4 ,!N WE %ALL ADDRESS ! QUE/ION ( H[ IT MANY BE A*IEV$ 9 /AGES & 9T]M$IATE =MS ?AT W\LD CON/ITUTE REAL PROGRESS4 ,! ,SPANI% EXP]I5CE ,! IDEAL WAS REALIZ$ 9 ,SPA91 DUR+ ! LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i4 ,IT CONSI/$ 9 ! EXPROPRIATION ( ALL ! BIG L&[N]S & ! MEMB]%IP ( ALL ! SMALL L&[N]S 9 :AT W]E CALL$ ! VILLAGE COLLECTIVES4 ,!SE COLLECTIVES FUNCTION$ AS L>GE PRODUC]S COOP]ATIVES4 ,!Y OP]AT$ UND] ! AU?ORITY ( ! DIRECTIVES AGRE$ UPON BY ! G5]AL ASSEMBLIES ( ! COLLECTIVI/S1 :I* 9CLUD$ ! SMALL L&[N]S :O CONTRIBUT$ !IR L&1 !IR TOOLS1 & !IR CATTLE1 & ! WAGE WORK]S1 ALL ( :OM ASSOCIAT$ ON EQUAL T]MS4 ,A COMMISSION WAS ELECT$ TO IMPLEM5T !SE DIRECTIVES4 ,?IS COMMISSION 9CLUD$1 9 EV]Y COLLECTIVE1 ONE DELEGATE FROM EA* SPECIALTY--FIELD CROPS1 FRUIT1 CATTLE1 RICE1 OLIVE OIL PRODUCTION1 ORANGES1 VEGETABLES1 ETC4 ,EA* DELEGATE1 :O WORK$ EI!R A HALF-DAY OR A FULL DAY1 DEP5D+ ON ! SCALE ( HIS RESPONSIBILITIES1 COORD9AT$1 TOGE!R ) ! DELEGATES ( ! WORK TEAMS ( HIS SPECIALTY1 ! WORK ?AT HAD TO BE DONE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ! ZONES *>ACT]IZ$ BY DIV]SIFI$ AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION1 WORK WAS C>RI$ \T 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! SUCCESSION ( TYPES ( CULTIVATION1 ! NE$S ( EA* K9D ( PRODUCTION1 & ! LOCATION ( ! L&4 ,:EAT1 GRAPES1 OLIVES1 ORANGES1 ROOT CROPS1 BEETS1 V>I\S K9DS ( VEGETABLES2 ! WORK TEAMS W]E GIV5 !IR ASSIGNM5TS BY ! G5]AL DELEGATE1 & !Y FULFILL$ !IR TASKS4 ,! H>DE/ WORK WAS RES]V$ = ! Y\NGE/ & /RONGE/ M54 ,! LIS OLD4 ,! ELD]LY W]E ASSUR$ ( !IR LIVELIHOOD1 JU/ LIKE ! O!R MEMB]S ( ! COLLECTIVE1 & DEVOT$ !MSELVES TO USEFUL1 BUT NOT COMPULSORY1 ACTIVITIES1 :I* CON/ITUT$ = !M A PA/IME4 ,! PRODUCTS BELONG$ TO ! COLLECTIVE1 G5]ALLY COMPOS$ ( ! 5TIRE POPULATION ( ! T[N1 OR ALMO/ ! 5TIRE POPULATION4 ,!Y W]E DEPOSIT$ 9 ! COMMUNAL /OREH\SES4 ,! ,SUPPLY ,DELEGATE ORGANIZ$ EX*ANGE ) ! 9DU/RIAL REGIONS4 ,HE S5T SURPLUS AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 9 EX*ANGE = FABRICS1 MA*9]Y1 *EMICAL F]TILIZ]S1 BOOKS1 H\SEHOLD UT5SILS1 ETC4 ,! VALUE ( EA* PRODUCT WAS CALCULAT$ 9 PESETAS1 & ! EX*ANGE TRANSACTION WAS C>RI$ \T BY MEANS ( A K9D ( CLE>+ .<9 ,5GLI% 9 ! ORIG9AL--,5GLI% TRANSLATOR'S NOTE.>1 AS IS CU/OM>Y 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 :I* (T5 R5D]S ! USE ( MONEY SUP]FLU\S4 ,LOCALLY1 & = 9DIVIDUALS1 DI/RIBUTION WAS C>RI$ \T BY ! COMMUNAL /OREH\SES1 :I* 9 SOME T[NS W]E ALSO CALL$ COOP]ATIVES4 ,DI/RIBUTION WAS *>ACT]IZ$ BY ONE ( TWO BASIC PROC$URES4 ,! FIR/ CONSI/$ 9 ! DI/RIBUTION ( PRODUCTS :OSE AM\NTS W]E FIX$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! SIZE ( ! FAMILY BY ! ASSEMBLY ( ! COLLECTIVE4 ,!RE WAS NO LONG] A MONET>Y SY/EM & EV]YONE WAS FRE$ FROM ! OBSESSION1 0IF Y\ DO NOT HAVE MONEY1 Y\ DO NOT EAT04 ,! O!R PROC$URE WAS *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! USE ( A K9D ( CURR5CY ?AT WAS SOMETIMES IMPROVIS$1 BUT MORE (T5 (FICIAL4 ,A FAMILY WAGE WAS E/ABLI%$1 DEP5D+ ON ! SIZE ( EA* H\SEHOLD4 ,! VICISSITUDES ( ! W> & ! 9H]5T DIFFICULTIES ( SU* A COMPLICAT$ SITUATION1 :]E ! POLITICAL P>TIES W]E CREAT+ C\NTLESS OB/ACLES1 PREV5T$ !SE TWO SY/EMS FROM BE+ UNIFI$ 9TO A S+LE SY/EM1 BUT ! RESULTS ?AT W]E OBTA9$1 FREQU5TLY AFT] ONLY A FEW MON?S1 W]E DECISIVE4 ,FIR/ !Y W]E DECISIVE = ! IMPROVEM5T ( PRODUCTION1 S9CE ! USE ( ! L&1 ! PA/URES1 ! IRRIGATION SY/EMS1 ! V>I\S MEANS ( LABOR1 & ( ! HUMAN LABOR ITSELF1 WAS MU* MORE RATIONAL4 ,PREVI\SLY1 ONE L&[N] MAY HAVE POSSESS$ 5\< PA/UREL& TO RAISE TW5TY C[S OR ONE HUNDR$ %EEP1 BUT HE ONLY RAIS$ T5 C[S OR ?IRTY %EEP4 ,ANO!R L&[N] MAY HAVE HAD ONLY 5\< L& TO RAISE F\R C[S BUT HE HAD T5 ( !M1 ) ! MEAG] YIELDS ?AT WE MAY ASSUME W\LD RESULT4 ,ANO!R L&[N] S[$ :EAT ON L& ?AT WAS ONLY FIT = RAIS+ GOATS OR %EEP3 HE H>VE/$ EIE4 ,! DONKEYS1 ! MULES1 & ! HORSES ?AT W]E EMPLOY$ TO WORK ! L&1 W]E DI/RIBUT$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! *>ACT]I/IC DISORD] ( ! PREVAIL+ SOCIAL SY/EM4 ,ONE PEASANT ONLY HAD ONE DONKEY TO PL[ A H>D & ROCKY SOIL4 ,ANO!R HAD GOOD MULES1 HALF ( :I* W\LD HAVE BE5 5\< TO WORK AN EASI] SOIL4 ,RI* L&[N]S W]E ! PR\D [N]S ( A TRACTOR ?AT !Y OP]AT$ TWO MON?S A YE>1 & !N W5T UNUTILIZ$ ! RE/ ( ! YE>1 :ILE ! POORE/ PEASANTS ONLY HAD !IR TWO H&S TO TILL !IR SOIL4 ,! VILLAGE COLLECTIVES PUT AN 5D TO ALL ?IS DISORD]4 ,! TRACTORS W]E US$ YE>-R\ND1 ! /RONG MULES W]E EMPLOY$ :]EV] !Y W]E NE$$ & ! DONKEYS W]E US$ = LIS1 AL?\< IT WAS NOT YET G5]ALIZ$1 EM]G$ SPONTANE\SLY 9 ,SPA9 AS A RESULT ( ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! COLLECTIVES4 ,! YIELDS ( MEAT & MILK ROSE ACCORD+LY4 ,COMMUNAL /ABLES W]E ORGANIZ$ \TSIDE ! T[NS1 AS WELL AS H5H\SES & PIG RAN*ES1 :I* SEP>AT$ ! HUMAN BE+S FROM ! ANIMALS & ! FLIES1 & FROM ! ACCOMPANY+ FIL?4 ,WOM5 W]E LIB]AT$ FROM ! PIT*=K1 ! :EELB>R[ & ! MANURE4 ,! ME?ODS ( CATTLE RAIS+1 APPLI$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) A G5]AL PLAN1 MADE IT POSSIBLE = ! NUMB] ( PIGS 9 ! COLLECTIVE'S PIG F>MS1 CLASSIFI$ BY AGE1 TO MULTIPLY AS NEV] BE=E4 ,! ANIMAL HUSB&RY FACILITIES ( ! COLLECTIVES1 9 A %ORT TIME1 D\BL$ ! NUMB] ( RABBITS1 *ICK5S1 O!R F[L & EGGS1 TO :I* EV]YONE HAD EQUAL ACCESS4 ,AGRICULTURAL YIELDS ALSO ROSE4 ,ANYONE :O HAD ! OPPORTUNITY TO SURVEY ! COLLECTIVIZ$ F>MS & COMP>$ ! D5SITY ( ! :EAT GR[+ ON !M ) ?AT ( ! F>MS ( ! SMALL L&[N]S :O REFUS$ TO JO9 ! COLLECTIVES1 SAW ?AT ! LATT]1 DESPITE ! LABOR ( !IR WIVES & *ILDR51 OBTA9$ A MU* L[] D5SITY ( :EAT4 ,?IS WAS UNAVOIDABLE BECAUSE ! COLLECTIVE ORGANIZATION POSSESS$ ! MORE ADVANC$ TE*NICAL MEANS ?AT ALL[$ IT TO TILL ! SOIL MORE EFFECTIVELY1 & TO GIVE ! CROPS1 AT ! REQUISITE /AGES ( !IR GR[?1 ! 9DISP5SABLE ATT5TION1 TO MORE EFFECTIVELY UTILIZE & ORGANIZE ! IRRIGATION NETWORKS1 TO PROCURE SELECT$ SE$S OR TO PLANT !M 9 ! MO/ EFFECTIVE MANN]1 TO 9TELLIG5TLY UTILIZE1 ?ANKS TO ! ADVICE ( AGRICULTURAL TE*NICIANS1 ! F]TILIZ]S OR ! L&S :OSE SOIL *EMI/RIES (T5 V>I$ FROM ONE >EA TO ANO!R4 ,!SE OPPORTUNITIES = IMPROVEM5T MADE POSSIBLE A ?IRTY P]C5T 9CREASE 9 BO? ! AM\NT ( L& S[$ ) :EAT & ! YIELD P] HECT>E1 DESPITE ! MOBILIZATION ( A L>GE PROPORTION ( ! Y\?1 :O HAD TO GO TO ! FRONT TO FIMY4 ,ALL ( !SE FACTORS1 TOGE!R ) ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! [N]S ( ! L>GE E/ATES & EXPLOIT]S ( EV]Y K9D1 RESULT$ 9 A D\BL+ ( ! AV]AGE /&>D ( LIV+ ( ! PEASANTS1 IF NOT MORE 9 SOME CASES4 ,LET US TRY TO IMAG9E ! RESULTS ?AT W\LD ISSUE FROM SU* A =M ( ORGANIZATION 9 ,FRANCE1 :]E ! SOIL IS G5]ALLY MORE F]TILE & ! CLIMATE MORE B5IGN ?AN 9 ,SPA94 ,NOT ONLY W\LD ! YIELDS 9CREASE1 BUT1 ABOVE ALL1 ! LIVES ( M5 & WOM5 WILL BE 9F9ITELY MORE HUMAN1 MORE PLEASANT1 & MORE HAPPY1 9 ! DOMA9S AFFECT$ BY ! NUM]\S CONSEQU5CES ?AT WILL ACCOMPANY ! MAJOR1 L>GE SCALE A*IEVEM5TS4 ,AN ABUNDANT CROP WILL NOT BE A CATA/ROPHE & IT WILL NO LONG] BE NECESS>Y TO COMPETE ) ! MIDDLEM54 ,WE %ALL REM9D ! READ] ( ! EXAMPLE ( ! CATTLE ACCOMMODAT$ 9 COLLECTIVE /ABLES4 ,TODAY1 ! SMALL F>M]1 OR HIS WIFE1 CANNOT BE ABS5T FROM ! F>M = EV5 ONE DAY3 !Y >E ! SLAVES ( ! BEA/S 9 ! PIG/IES1 ! /ABLES & ! PADDOCKS4 ,BUT :5 PEOPLE TAKE TURNS TAK+ C>E ( ! ANIMALS1 ALL ! F>M]S WILL BE ABLE TO 5JOY !IR HOLIDAY4 ,& :5 COMRADES :O SPECIALIZE 9 ?IS K9D ( WORK COME AT ! 5D ( ! DAY TO TAKE C>E ( ! ANIMALS1 OR ! TRACTORS1 SO ?AT ! DRIV]S CAN TAKE A BREAK :ILE !IR COMRADES TAKE C>E ( ! HORSES OR FIX ! MA*9]Y1 ?IS W\LD BE A CONQUE/ ( A K9D ?AT ONLY ?OSE :O HAVE PRACTICAL EXP]I5CE ( !SE ?+S CAN FULLY APPRECIATE4 ,9T]M$IATE /AGES ,OBJECTIONS C\LD BE RAIS$ AGA9/ \R VIEW :I*1 9 \R OP9ION1 >E UNF\ND$1 BUT :I* WE DO NOT WANT TO LEAVE UNADDRESS$4 ,! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! PEASANTS FEEL LOVE = !IR PROP]TY1 BECAUSE 9 ! JUNGLE :]E !Y HAVE ALWAYS LIV$1 & :]E1 ALL TOO (T51 MAN HAS BE5 A WOLF TO MAN1 !IR PROP]TY HAS SIGNIFI$ 7AL?\< NOT ABSOLUTELY7 !IR BREAD1 ! BREAD ( !IR FAMILIES1 & A C]TA9 GU>ANTEE ( FRE$OM AGA9/ ! ,/ATE & ! P[]FUL4 ,9 ADDITION1 IT HAS ALL[$ ! PEASANTS1 )9 V]Y RE/RICT$ B\ND>IES1 TO DO 0:ATEV] PR(ITS !M01 TO EX]CISE P]SONAL 9ITIATIVE1 & TO ACT 9 ACCORDANCE ) !IR [N WILL4 ,WE CANNOT IGNORE !SE FACTS4 ,! ,SPANI% LIB]T>IANS DID NOT IGNORE !M1 EI!R4 ,A L>GE ( NUMB] ( COLLECTIVES GAVE EA* PEASANT FAMILY A PIECE ( L&1 SUFFICI5T = ! CULTIVATION ( SOME VEGETABLES = H\SEHOLD CONSUMPTION OR SOME FL[]S1 OR = RAIS+ *ICK5S1 RABBITS1 ETC4 ,! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T WAS =C$ TO DO ! SAME ?+ :5 IT E/ABLI%$ ! ,KOLKHOZES4 ,IT IS NATURALLY POSSIBLE TO =ESEE SU* POSSIBILITIES1 :I* DO NOT CONFLICT ) OV]ALL COLLECTIVIZATION4 ,! COMP>ISON WE JU/ MADE MU/ BE FUR!R CL>IFI$4 ,>E ! COLLECTIVES ( ,SPA91 OR ANY POSSIBLE FUTURE COOP]ATIVE & COMMUNAL ORGANIZATIONS WE MAY IMAG9E1 REALLY COMP>ABLE TO ! ,KOLKHOZES8 ,CATEGORICALLY1 NO3 ! ,KOLKHOZES W]E NOT ! FREE CREATIONS ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANTS1 BUT CON/RUCTS ( ! /ATE & ! /ATE BUREAUCRACY1 IMPOS$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 :OSE MEMB]S EX]CISE DICTATOR%IP OV] ONE & ALL4 ,! ,KOLKHOZES DO NOT FREELY MAKE DECISIONS CONC]N+ !IR [N AFFAIRS1 BUT MU/ IMPLEM5T ! 0NORMS0 E/ABLI%$ )\T !IR CONS5T1 OR EV5 AGA9/ !IR OPPOSITION2 ! POLITICAL POLICE T]RORIZES ! 9HABITANTS1 NO DISS5T MAY BE EXPRESS$1 !RE IS A HI]>*Y ( WAGES--AN ABSOLUTE NEGATION ( SOCIALISM1 COMMUNISM & ECONOMIC EQUALITY--?AT IS DECRE$ FROM ABOVE1 &1 QUITE FREQU5TLY1 !RE >E MORE BUREAUCRATS ?AN WORK]S 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,UND] !SE CONDITIONS ! HO/ILITY ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANTS T[>DS ?IS FALSE COLLECTIVISM IS QUITE UND]/&ABLE4 ,& IT IS JU/ AS EASILY UND]/OOD ?AT ALL ( ?IS HAS NO?+ TO DO ) ! FREE COLLECTIVES ( ,SPA9 ?AT WE >E TAK+ AS \R MODEL4 ,WE ALSO KN[ ?AT1 CONSID]+ ! CURR5T CONDITIONS1 WE MU/ NOT EXPECT A G5]AL TRANS=MATION1 ONE ?AT W\LD BE C>RI$ \T AS QUICKLY AS ! ONE ?AT WAS IMPLEM5T$ 9 ,SPA91 :]E MORE ?AN HALF ! L& WAS COLLECTIVIZ$ )9 ONE YE>1 & ONE 9 :I* NO MORE ?AN FIVE 9 EV]Y ?\S& COLLECTIVES FAIL$4 ,WE MU/ !RE=E =ESEE /AGES1 DEGREES ( APPLICATION ?AT1 )\T ACTUALLY ATTA9+ TO ! CONDITION ( 9TEGRAL LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM1 W\LD IMPLY A PR(\ND BREAK ) ! PA/1 & A REAL1 IMM$IATE CONQUE/4 ,WE HAVE SE5 JU/ H[ MU* ( ,FRANCE'S AGRICULTURAL L& IS DOM9AT$ BY L>GE L&$ PROP]TY4 ,9 REGIONS LIKE ,BEAUCE1 ,BRIE1 ! DEP>TM5TS ( ! ,M>NE1 ,L',OISE1 ,L',AISNE1 ! ,SOMME1 ! ,NOR? & ! ,PAS-DE-,CALAIS1 IT IS (T5 V]Y IMPORTANT4 ,9 ?OSE F>MS ?AT EMPLOY NUM]\S WORK]S1 ! TASK W\LD 9VOLVE M]ELY EXPROPRIAT+ ! [N]S1 :I* W\LD BE EASY 5\< IF ! OV]ALL SITUATION IS FAVORABLE1 AS WAS ! CASE 9 ,JUNE #a#i#c#f1 & =M+ MANAGEM5T COMMITTEES ON EA* F>M ?AT W\LD COORD9ATE !IR ACTIVITIES ?R\< A LOCAL COMMISSION ELECT$ AT A G5]AL ASSEMBLY4 ,! V>I\S COMMISSIONS W\LD F$]ATE BY DEP>TM5TS & BY AGRICULTURAL REGIONS4 ,ONE MAY EASILY CONCEIVE ( ! BIR? ( AN 9T]-DEP>TM5TAL GRA9 ,F$]ATION :OSE HEADQU>T]S W\LD BE 9 ,P>IS1 :I* LIES 9 ! C5T] ( ! GREAT :EAT GR[+ >EAS ( ,FRANCE4 ,9 ?IS CASE IT W\LD NOT BE DIFFICULT TO DE/ROY 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY4 ,BUT ! PROBLEM IS ALTOGE!R DIFF]5T :5 WE CONSID] M$IUM-SIZ$ OR SMALL-SCALE PROP]TY4 ,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ! SMALL CULTIVATORS W\LD B5EFIT FROM ! =MATION ( COLLECTIVES1 COMMUNES OR AGR>IAN COOP]ATIVES--! NAME DOES NOT MATT]--9 ORD] TO OBTA9 MORE \TPUT FROM !IR L&1 !IR TOOLS & !IR WORK4 ,WILL !Y UND]/& ?IS8 ,?IS IS :AT WE DO NOT KN[1 & !RE=E ?IS IS :AT !Y MU/ BE CONV9C$ (4 ,UNITY MAKES = /R5G?1 & DIVISION1 = WEAKNESS4 ,BY UNIT+ 9 COMMUNIT>IAN COOP]ATIVES EA* P]SON WILL BR+ AB\T A HAPPI] LIFE = HIMSELF & HIS FAMILY4 ,= WE MU/ NOT =GET ?AT ?IS TRANS=MATION HAS NO?+ TO DO ) DE/ROY+ ! FAMILY HOME OR ABOLI%+ 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY ) REG>D TO ?OSE ?+S ?AT >E NECESS>Y = DOME/IC LIFE3 H\SE1 FURNITURE1 ETC4 ,WE ?9K IT IS NECESS>Y TO 9SI/ ON ?IS FACT1 9 ORD] TO =E/ALL ! DI/ORTION ( \R IDEAS BY ! SUPPORT]S ( 9EQUALITY4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO PR$ICT :AT ATTITUDES ! M$IUM-SIZ$ L&[N]S WILL DISPLAY T[>DS AN ATTEMPT AT COLLECTIVE ORGANIZATION4 ,!Y WILL UND\BT$LY ASSUME MANY =MS4 ,BUT = ?OSE = :OM SU* A P]SPECTIVE IS FRIIAN SOCIALIZATION C\LD BE REALIZ$1 9 P>T1 ON ! BASIS ( 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY1 9S(> AS ! LATT] DOES NOT IMPLY ! EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN OR 9EQUALITY 9 ! MEANS ( EXI/5CE4 ,:5 WE SEE A L&[N] :O POSSESSES SIXTY HECT>ES ( GOOD L&1 & ANO!R L&[N] :O POSSESSES T5 HECT>ES ( L& ( ! SAME QUALITY1 WE ?9K ( ?IS AS AN 9JU/ICE1 & ?AT ?IS 9JU/ICE MU/ BE RECTIFI$4 ,BUT :5 ! L& ! DIFF]5T [N]S POSSESS IS MORE OR LESS EQUIVAL5T1 ?IS 9JU/ICE HAS DISAPPE>$4 ,9 ?IS CASE ONE CAN SPEAK ( SOCIALISM--AL?\< A V]Y 9SUFFICI5T K9D ( SOCIALISM--& ?IS IS H[1 ) REG>D TO ! L& PROBLEM1 ,PR\DHON UND]/OOD IT4 ,?IS K9D ( 9DIVIDUALI/ SOCIALISM1 H[EV]1 MU/ BE COMPLEM5T$1 TO A C]TA9 EXT5T1 BY ! ME?ODS ALREADY UTILIZ$ BY ! AGRICULTURAL 5TREPR5EURS ( MANY C\NTRIES4 ,9 ,SW$51 ,NORWAY1 ,D5M>K1 ,G]MANY1 ,FRANCE1 ,ITALY & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! SMALL 5TREPR5EURS HAVE =M$ COLLECTIVE ORGANIZATIONS ( EV]Y K9D1 :I* IMPLY A DEVELOPM5T AWAY FROM 9DIVIDUALI/ PRACTICES4 ,COOP]ATIVES = BUY+ AGRICULTURAL MA*9]Y OR = JO9T USE ( ! MA*9]Y1 COOP]ATIVES = ! IMPROVEM5T ( COLLECTIVE CATTLE-RAIS+1 F[L RAIS+1 PIGS1 PREP>+ SALT-PORK1 DAIRY PRODUCTION1 VITICULTURE1 BUTT]1 = ! /ORAGE ( :EAT 9 SILOS1 REFRIG]ATION1 /OR+ POTATOES1 M>KET+ ! PRODUCTS1 & !IR EXPORT3 !SE COOP]ATIVES >E 9NUM]ABLE1 & CON/ITUTE ! DOM9ANT FACTOR 9 ! DYNAMISM ( MOD]N AGRICULTURE1 :I* W\LD BE MU* MORE DYNAMIC /ILL )\T ! OB/ACLES & ! WR5* 9 ! WORKS CONTRIBUT$ BY ! SOCIETY ( UND]H&$ COLLUSION 9 :I* WE LIVE4 ,= TODAY'S COOP]ATIVES >E SOMETIMES EXCE$+LY =GETFUL ( ! SOCIALI/ & EGALIT>IAN PR9CIPLES ( COOP]ATION4 ,WE %ALL NOT OV]LOOK ?IS FACT1 BUT N[ IS NOT ! TIME TO DISCUSS ?IS TOPIC4 ,WE W\LD LIKE1 ABOVE ALL1 TO EMPHASIZE ?AT ?IS =M ( ASSOCIATION C\LD V]Y WELL BE A FACTOR ( TRANSITION1 & ?AT IT HAS ALREADY BEGUN TO BE SU* A FACTOR ( TRANSITION--IT IS NECESS>Y TO REPEAT ?IS--BETWE5 9DIVIDUALISM & COLLECTIVISM4 ,9 ,FRANCE ITSELF1 ?IS =MIDABLE MOVEM5T CON/ITUTES AN UND5IABLE PRO( ( ! POSSIBILITY ( ORGANIZ+ ECONOMIC LIFE ON O!R F\NDATIONS ?AN ?OSE ( MUTUAL EXPLOITATION1 TRADITIONAL 9DIVIDUAL ISOLATION & /ATE DECREES4 ,EV5 A CURSORY EXAM9ATION ( ?IS MOVEM5T ALL[S US TO SAY ?AT IT HAS GREAT POSSIBILITIES :I* MU/ H5CE=? BE EXT5D$ & MORE 9T5SELY EXPLOIT$1 BUT ?AT IT PRES5TLY HAS F\NDATIONS UPON :I* AN IMM5SE NEW CON/RUCTIVE PROJECT IS POSSIBLE4 ,WE POSSESS DATA FROM #a#i#e#g4 ,S9CE #aih ! TOTAL NUMB] ( AGR>IAN COOP]ATIVES HAS RIS5 FROM TWO ?\S& TWO HUNDR$ TO FIFTE5 ?\S&4 ,& !IR NUMB] IS /ILL RIS+4 ,H]E >E ! MO/ IMPORTANT CATEGORIES3 ,V>I\S W9E-RELAT$ COOP]ATIVES #a1#f#e & #ea DI/ILL]IES ,:EAT-%IPP+ COOP]ATIVES #ie ,MILL+ COOP]ATIVES #abe ,SE$-BUY+ COOP]ATIVES #ba ,FRUIT & VEGETABLE COOP]ATIVES #g ,TEXTILE COOP]ATIVES #e ,VEGETABLE OIL COOP]ATIVES #ib ,F>M SUPPLY COOP]ATIVES 7F]TILIZ]S1 FE$1 AGRICULTURAL MA*9]Y1 ETC47 #a1#e ,COOP]ATIVES = JO9T USE ( MA*9]Y 7DATA FROM #a#i#e#i7 #h1 ,!RE >E MANY O!R K9DS ( COOP]ATIVES ?AT >E TOO NUM]\S TO P]MIT US TO LI/ ALL ! CATEGORIES4 ,WE W\LD LIKE TO M5TION1 H[EV]1 ! COOP]ATIVES = M>L-BAS$ F]TILIZ]S1 LIME/ONE-BAS$ F]TILIZ]S1 DRA9AGE1 >TIFICIAL 9SEM9ATION1 COMP\ND FE$S = CATTLE1 MEAT PRODUCTION1 =E/ MANAGEM5T1 OIL PRODUCTION1 ETC4 ,! VALUE ( ALL ! COMM]CIAL TRANSACTIONS C>RI$ \T BY !SE V>I\S COOP]ATIVES AM\NTS TO SEV]AL HUNDR$ BILLION FRANCS P] YE>4 ,! COOP]ATIVE CELL>S ACC\NT = TW5TY-FIVE P]C5T ( ,FR5* W9E & ! COOP]ATIVE SILOS %IP APPROXIMATELY EIKET 9 ,FRANCE4 ,! DAIRY COOP]ATIVES1 BUTT] COOP]ATIVES & *EESE COOP]ATIVES HAVE 9CREAS$ 9 NUMB]1 9 #a#i#e#g1 TO TWO ?\S& SIX HUNDR$1 :I* >E SUBDIVID$ AS FOLL[S3 ,MILK = DIRECT CONSUMPTION #b ,BUTT] COOP]ATIVES #bge ,*EESE COOP]ATIVES #cd ,RIP5+ COOP]ATIVES #ah ,M>KET+ & SALE COOP]ATIVES #c ,H>VE/+ COOP]ATIVES #e ,! 0,FRUT]IES0 ( ,JURA & ! ,ALPS.<#i.> #a1#d#a#g ,9 #aieb ! NUMB] ( MEMB]S ( ! MILK COOP]ATIVES ROSE TO ?REE HUNDR$ FIFTY ?\S& \T ( ONE MILLION SEV5 HUNDR$ FIFTY ?\S& MILK PRODUC]S4 ,BUT \T ( ! EIM SUPPLY AGRICULTURAL COOP]ATIVES NUMB] MORE ?AN TWO ?\S&4 ,! VALUE ( ! COMM]CIAL TRANSACTIONS ( !SE COOP]ATIVES = ! YE> #a#i#e-#a#i#e#a WAS =TY-FIVE BILLION FRANCS4 ,!Y PROVIDE !IR MEMB]S ) ALL ! PRODUCTS & EQUIPM5T NECESS>Y & DI/RIBUT$ 79 #a#i#d#i-#a#i#e7 F\R HUNDR$ FIFTY ?\S& TONS ( F]TILIZ]S AMONG !IR MEMB]S4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! G5]AL AGRICULTURAL C5SUS C>RI$ \T 9 #a#i#e#e1 \T ( TWO MILLION TWO HUNDR$ SIXTY ?\S& ONE HUNDR$ & FIFTY AGRICULTURAL 5TREPR5EURS1 ONE MILLION ONE HUNDR$ EITM5TS :]E PEASANT COOP]ATIVES >E MO/ ABUNDANT1 WE %ALL CITE ,L',OISE 7#h#h4#e P]C5T71 ,L',AUBE 7#g#e4#i P]C5T71 ,LOIRET 7#g#f4#f P]C5T71 ,DEUX-,SEV]S 7#h#c4#e P]C5T71 ,M>NE 7#g#f4#f P]C5T71 ,L',YONNE 7#g#g4#h P]C5T71 ,BAS-,RH9 & ,MEUSE 7#g#f4#f P]C5T71 ,HAUTE-,M>NE 7#g#f P]C5T74 ,BUT C]TA9 O!R DEP>TM5TS >E /ILL RELATIVELY UNT\*$ BY ?IS PH5OM5ON1 SU* AS ,LOZ]E 7#g4#f P]C5T71 ,HAUTES-,PYR5EES 7#a#g4#c P]C5T71 ,MORBIHAN 7#a#i4#c P]C5T71 & ,MAN*E 7#b4#c P]C5T74 ,NO MATT] H[ Y\ LOOK AT IT ?IS IS ALREADY A MAGNIFIC5T RESULT ?AT %[S ?AT ONE \T ( EV]Y TWO ,FR5* PEASANTS IS A MEMB] ( A COOP]ATIVE4 ,N[ LET US SUPPOSE ?AT COOP]ATIVE C5T]S >E E/ABLI%$ 9 ALL ! MUNICIPALITIES ( ,FRANCE4 ,& LET US EV5 ASSUME ?AT EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL L&[N] JO9S ! COOP]ATIVE 9/ITUTIONS ( HIS T[N1 & ?AT !SE COOP]ATIVES =M SPECIALIZ$ NETWORKS OR FUR!R DEVELOP ?OSE ?AT ALREADY EXI/1 SO ?AT ! C5T]S = OBTA9+ PROVISIONS 9 ! CITIES CAN DIRECT !IR REQUE/S TO !SE NETWORKS TO ACQUIRE1 9 EX*ANGE = 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTS OR = A QUANTITY ( RECOGNIZ$ SYMBOLIC MONEY1 ! AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS NE$$ BY ! CONSUM]S4 ,?IS W\LD BE A ME?OD ( COLLECTIVIZ$ DI/RIBUTION AMONG PRODUC]S & BETWE5 PRODUC]S & CONSUM]S ?AT W\LD ELIM9ATE MIDDLEM5 & ALSO MAKE POSSIBLE ! COEXI/5CE ( ! TWO SY/EMS1 ! COLLECTIVI/ & ! 9DIVIDUALI/1 :OSE COMMON D5OM9ATOR W\LD BE ! NON-EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN4 ,WE W\LD ?US F9D \RSELVES AMID A V]Y IMP]FECT SOCIALISM1 IF WE UPHOLD ! TRUE MEAN+ ( ! WORD1 BUT ONE ?AT HAS COMPLETELY ABOLI%$ CAPITALISM & ALL[S = AN 9F9ITELY MORE RATIONAL MANAGEM5T ?AN ! LATT] SY/EM4 ,SU* AN >RANGEM5T W\LD ALSO ALL[1 9 EA* T[N1 & 9 ! RURAL >EAS UND] EA* T[N'S JURISDICTION1 ! COEXI/5CE ( TWO SY/EMS3 COMPLETE COLLECTIVISM & ! SEMI-COLLECTIVI/ SY/EM4 ,! DI/RIBUTION COOP]ATIVES OR ! SPECIALIZ$ /ORES W\LD ASSUME RESPONSIBILITY = ! LOCAL ALLOCATION ( ! PRODUCTS ?AT !Y HAD OBTA9$1 BY MEANS ( ! E/ABLI%$ SY/EM ( CIRCULATION1 :I* IS A NETWORK ( CONNECTIONS AMONG ! V>I\S PRODUCTION C5T]S1 A NETWORK ( ! TYPE WE HAVE ALREADY EXPLA9$ 9 ! *APT] ON 9DU/RY4 ,AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES WILL HAVE TO BE COORD9AT$ 9 ORD] TO 5SURE ! NECESS>Y LEVEL ( PRODUCTION4 ,= ! MO/ P>T ! LATT] HAS BE5 REGULAT$ BY ! TRADITIONAL PRODUCTION ( ! C\NTRYSIDE = C5TURIES4 ,P]T95T /ATI/ICS >E AVAILABLE 9 ! ,DEP>TM5TAL ,AGRICULTURAL ,*AMB]S :]E ! COORD9ATION COMMITTEES %\LD E/ABLI% !IR HEADQU>T]S4 ,!RE1 ! COMMISSIONS =M$ BY ! COLLECTIVES ( A WORK+ CLASS *>ACT] & ! PEASANT COLLECTIVES & COOP]ATIVES WILL BE ABLE TO H>MONIZE !IR EF=TS2 !SE COMMISSIONS WILL 9 TURN GIVE RISE TO 9T]DEP>TM5TAL COMMISSIONS ?AT1 ACCORD+ TO ! V>I\S TYPES ( PRODUCTION1 WILL DIVIDE ! C\NTRY 9TO SPECIALIZ$ ZONES4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY M5TION$ ! :EAT ZONE4 ,WE MAY ALSO CITE ! W9E ZONE1 :OSE C5T] MI5TE OR ,NORM&Y4 ,ONE C\LD EV5 =ESEE ! E/ABLI%M5T ( V>I\S ZONES ( GREAT] OR LESS] SIZE1 COMPOS$ ( REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ?AT W\LD BE ORGANIZ$ ON A HI<] LEVEL 9 AN 9T]-REGIONAL OR NATIONAL ,F$]ATION = EA* SECTOR ( PRODUCTION4 ,SU* A PROC$URE W\LD LEAD TO A SET ( AGRICULTURAL F$]ATIONS EMBRAC+ ! V>I\S SPECIALTIES ( AGRICULTURE3 GRA9S1 VEGETABLES1 ROOT CROPS1 W9E1 CID]1 MILK1 $IBLE OILS & FATS1 MEAT1 ETC4 7,*>T #c3 ,! ,G5]AL ,ORGANIZATION ( ,AGRICULTURE7 #a4 ,PRODUCTION #b4 ,DI/RIBUTION #c4 ,ACC\NT+ #d4 ,RES]VES #e4 ,F]TILIZ]S #f4 ,EQUIPM5T #g4 ,TE*NOLOGY #h4 ,SOIL SCI5CE7,*>T OMITT$7 ,EA* ,F$]ATION WILL HAVE SECTIONS CORRESPOND+ TO ! V>I\S SPECIALIZATIONS1 & ALL ( !M WILL BE UNIT$ 9 A ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,AGRICULTURE1 JU/ AS ! 9DU/RIES WILL BE UNIT$ 9 AN 9DU/RIAL ,CONF$]ATION2 & !SE TWO 5ORM\S BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION1 EA* DEP5D+ ON ! O!R1 WILL 9 TURN UNITE 9 A HI<] BODY ?AT WILL DIRECT BO?4 ,) RESPECT TO DET]M9+ ! CONTRIBUTION TO BE MADE BY EA* AGRICULTURAL REGION1 ZONE & COOP]ATIVE1 ! DIRECTIVE ME*ANISM WILL BE1 = ! MO/ P>T1 SIMIL> TO ! ONE WE SKET*$ = 9DU/RY4 ,9 AGRICULTURE AS WELL1 DEM& WILL DET]M9E ! *>ACT] ( ! PRODUCTS & ! SCALE ( PRODUCTION ( ! V>I\S PRODUCTIVE SECTORS4 ,UND\BT$LY1 = WE MU/ ONCE AGA9 CALL ATT5TION TO ?IS PO9T1 AT FIR/ ! PRODUCTIVE SECTORS WILL HAVE TO CONT9UE TO PRODUCE MORE OR LESS AS !Y DID BE=E ! TRANS=MATION1 9 ORD] TO PREV5T DISORD] & %ORTAGES4 ,AFT] ?IS 9ITIAL P]IOD1 !Y WILL PROCE$ TO IMPLEM5T MODIFICATIONS & ! NECESS>Y ADAPTATIONS4 ,IT IS FUTILE TO CULTIVATE L&S :OSE YIELDS >E TOO L[1 9 POOR DI/RICTS1 :5 ! RII\S T[NS & CITIES4 ,IT W\LD UND\BT$LY BE SALUT>Y = SOME ( ! 9HABITANTS ( ! RURAL >EAS TO MOVE TO ! CITY1 :5 ! C\NTRYSIDE IS OV]POPULAT$ & ! CITY NE$S LABOR P[] = ACTIVITIES ?AT >E USEFUL TO ALL4 ,:51 H[EV]1 ?IS EXODUS FROM ! C\NTRY S]VES TO MULTIPLY ! NUMB] ( BUREAUCRATS1 NATIONAL & LOCAL POLICE =CES1 & DIV]SE =MS ( P>ASITISM1 BUT IS 5C\RAG$ = ! O/5SIBLE PURPOSE ( GIV+ EMPLOYM5T TO SURPLUS LABOR P[]1 OR :5 IT LEADS TO ! PROLIF]ATION ( MIDDLEM51 ADD$ TO ! ONES ?AT ALREADY EXI/1 !N IT W\LD BE BETT] = !SE M5 TO /AY 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 TO ASSI/ ?OSE :O HAVE NOT AB&ON$ !IR PL[S OR !IR TRACTORS4 ,& TO HELP MOD]NIZE ! WAYS ( LIFE ( ! C\NTRYSIDE1 EV5 ) REG>D TO ITS 9DU/RIAL ASPECT4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT ?+ IS TO IMPLEM5T JU/ICE4 ,?IS1 SO ?AT M5 WILL NO LONG] HAVE TO FII\S MEANS ( EXI/5CE2 SO ?AT !RE WILL NO LONG] BE EI!R EXPLOIT$ OR EXPLOIT]S1 RUL$ OR RUL]S1 POOR OR RI*2 SO ?AT ALL %ALL BE EQUALLY HAPPY1 9S(> AS ?IS HAPP9ESS 9VOLVES ! OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE1 ?ANKS TO !IR LABOR & !IR SOLID>ITY1 !IR MORALITY & !IR LOYALTY4 ,! BE/ MEANS TO A*IEVE SU* A RESULT IS1 9 \R OP9ION1 ! COMMUNE1 ( :I* ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION HAS PROVID$ ! MODEL1 & :I* IS F\ND 9 ! ,KIBBUTZIM ( ,PALE/9E1 OR 9 C]TA9 ,MEXICAN 0EJIDOS04 .<#a.> ,WE ADMIT1 H[EV]1 ?AT ?IS GOAL CANNOT BE FULLY REALIZ$1 ALL AT ONCE1 ESPECIALLY 9 A C\NTRY LIKE ,FRANCE4 ,EV5 MORE IMPORTANTLY1 WE UND]/& ?AT ! PEASANTS WILL HESITATE TO AB&ON !IR USUAL WAY ( LIFE :I*1 AL?\< IMP]FECTLY1 HAS PROVID$ !M ) ! MEANS ( EXI/5CE1 & 9/EAD FULLY IMPLEM5T \R IDEAS 9 PRACTICE4 ,IMM$IATE MEASURES %\LD1 !RE=E1 BE P>TIAL 9 ONE PLACE1 & TOTAL 9 ANO!R4 ,EV]Y?+ DEP5DS ON ! PEOPLE & ! V>I\S OPPORTUNITIES PROVID$ BY EA* SITUATION4 ,BUT 9 ?IS RESPECT AS 9 RESPECT TO ALL O!R QUE/IONS1 WE MU/ ALWAYS /RIVE TO A*IEVE AS MU* AS POSSIBLE1 REG>DLESS ( H[ LONG IT TAKES TO REA* \R GOAL4 ,! LESSONS LE>N$ FROM COOP]ATION >E ( GREAT $UCATIONAL VALUE4 ,!Y %[ ! PEASANTS ?AT1 BY PRACTIC+ MUTUAL AID & SOLID>ITY1 EA* P]SON IS SURE TO B5EFIT4 ,)\T ! COMMON USE ( RES\RCES1 :I*1 ISOLAT$1 ONLY YIELD POV]TY1 H[ MANY MA*9ES W\LD NOT BE PUR*AS$1 OR WORK1 H[ MANY L&S W\LD NOT BE F]TILIZ$1 H[ MANY TE*NIQUES W\LD NOT BE APPLI$6 ,! PRODUCTIVITY ( AGRICULTURAL C\NTRIES LIKE ,D5M>K & ,HOLL& W\LD FALL BY FIFTY P]C5T1 ) ! DISA/R\S REP]CUSSIONS ONE MAY EXPECT = ! POPULATION ( ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,A GOOD BEG9N+ HAS BE5 MADE4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y TO EXT5D IT = ! WELL BE+ ( ALL4 ,WE >E NOT TELL+ ALL ! PEASANTS1 )\T EXCEPTION1 TO HOLD ALL !IR L&S 9 COMMON1 & ?AT !Y %\LD R5\NCE 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY D[N TO ! SMALLE/ G>D5 SIZ$ PLOT ( L&4 ,IT IS EV5 HUMANLY PREF]ABLE NOT TO ABOLI% ALL !IR FREE 9ITIATIVE1 !IR S5SE ( P]SONAL RESPONSIBILITY1 & A C]TA9 POSSIBILITY ( BE+ ONE'S [N MA/] AT ! PLACE :]E ONE WORKS4 ,?IS IS H[ ! COMMUNI/ 0EJIDOS0 ( ,MEXICO OP]AT$4 ,WE MAY !RE=E EXPECT1 LACK+ A MORE G5]AL MOVEM5T1 MIX$ RESULTS4 ,:Y1 9 ONE OR ANO!R T[N1 %\LD NOT ONE F\R?1 ONE ?IRD OR ONE HALF ( ! L& BE HELD 9 COMMON TO PRODUCE :EAT1 GRAPES1 BEETS1 OR PRODUCTS ( 9T5SIVE 9DU/RIALIZ$ AGRICULTURE8 ,?IS W\LD RESULT 9 A REAL R$UCTION ( EF=T1 & ! R$UCTION 9 ! EXHAU/ION ( ! WORK]S W\LD BE A MU* MORE VALUABLE \TCOME4 ,& MAYBE 9 ?IS MANN] ! WAY WILL BE CLE>$ T[>DS 9CREAS+ EQUALITY & ! PRACTICE ( FRAT]NITY 9 HUMAN RELATIONS4 ,ABOVE ALL1 H[EV]1 IT IS ! SMALL-SCALE CULTIVATORS :O WILL BE MO/ 9T]E/$ 9 !SE COLLECTIVE 5T]PRISES4 ,MOD]N AGRICULTURE HAS BE5 ALMO/ COMPLETELY TRANS=M$ 9TO 9DU/RIAL AGRICULTURE1 SO ?AT IT REQUIRES DIV]SE TE*NICAL MEANS1 KN[L$GE & EQUIPM5T4 ,IT ALSO REQUIRES V]Y /RICT ACC\NT+4 ,! ONLY RES\RCE UPON :I* ! SMALL-SCALE CULTIVATORS CAN FALL BACK UPON1 9 ! FACE ( !IR GR[+ DIFFICULTIES1 IS ! /RUGGLE TO RAISE PRICES OR OBTA9 SUBSIDIES FROM ! /ATE--OR1 MORE PRECISELY1 FROM US1 ! TAXPAY]S4 ,IF !Y W]E TO WORK 9 COMMON1 H[EV]1 !IR OV]HEAD CO/S WILL BE R$UC$1 & !Y WILL E>N MORE1 9 EV]Y ASPECT ( !IR ACTIVITIES4 ,COLLECTIVE LABOR IS ALWAYS MORE PR(ITABLE IF IT IS ORGANIZ$ AS IT %\LD BE4 ,GIV5 EQUAL NATURAL CONDITIONS1 ! CAPITALISM ( BIG BUS9ESS HAS ALWAYS DEFEAT$ SMALL PRIVATE 5T]PRISE BECAUSE IT COLLECT$ 9 ONE WORKPLACE A L>GE NUMB] ( WORK]S :O W]E ASSIGN$ TO C>EFULLY *OS5 JOBS4 ,?IS WAS1 9 9DU/RY1 ! FIR/ =M ( COLLECTIVE LABOR4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ! CAPITALI/S POCKET$ ! PR(ITS4 ,?IS TIME IT IS ! WORK]S :O WILL BE ! B5EFICI>IES4 O ,*APT] #f3 ,PUBLIC ,S]VICES ,P,U,B,L,I,C ,S,],V,I,C,E,S ,PUBLIC S]VICES PLAY A MAJOR1 & CON/ANTLY EXP&+1 ROLE 9 ! LIFE ( CIVILIZ$ NATIONS4 ,ONE NE$ ONLY CONSID] ! SCALE ( ! 5TIRE $UCATIONAL E/ABLI%M5T 7PRIM>Y1 SECOND>Y1 & HI<] TE*NICAL 9/RUCTION71 SANITATION & HEAL? C>E1 PUBLIC WELF>E1 RAILROADS1 & HIGE A ROLE !Y PLAY4 ,SO1 ALL ( !SE S]VICES >E P]=M$ & MU/ NOT CEASE TO BE P]=M$4 ,H[ %\LD WE APPROA* ! PROBLEM ( REPLAC+ !IR CURR5T =MS ( ADM9I/RATION & DIRECTION ) A NEW K9D ( ADM9I/RATIVE & DIRECTIVE SY/EM8 ,LET US ONCE AGA9 TAKE A FEW EXAMPLES4 ,TODAY1 ! PRIM>Y S*OOLS & ALL PRES*OOL ORGANIZATIONS >E EI!R 9 ! H&S ( ! /ATE1 OR ELSE 9 ?OSE ( ! MUNICIPALITIES4 ,! ,M9I/RY ( ,PUBLIC ,$UCATION SUPPLIES1 ?ANKS TO DIRECT & 9DIRECT TAX REV5UES1 ! MONEY NECESS>Y = !IR FUNCTION+4 ,! MUNICIPALITIES ONLY PROVIDE A SMALL] %>E ( !IR FUND+ REQUIREM5TS4 ,! FIR/ & MO/ IMPORTANT PROBLEM ?AT WILL BE POS$ DUR+ ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD IS ?AT ( KEEP+ ALL ! MEMB]S ( ! TEA*+ PR(ESSION AT !IR PO/S4 ,TEA*]S1 PR(ESSORS1 TEA*+ ASSI/ANTS1 PROCTORS1 ETC42 WE KN[ ?AT ALL ( !M >E PAID1 :E!R ) MONEY ?AT COMES FROM ! /ATE BUDGET1 OR ) MONEY FROM ! MUNICIPALITIES4 ,WE MU/ ALSO CONSID] ! PRIVATE S*OOLS :I*1 9 ,FRANCE1 GO BY ! 9ACCURATE NAME ( 0FREE0 S*OOLS1 MO/ ( :I* >E F9ANC$ BY ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*1 :I* OBTA9S ! MONEY = !SE S*OOLS BY ALL SORTS ( MEANS4 ,SO1 FIR/ ( ALL1 ! PRES]VATION ( ! TEA*+ PR(ESSION REQUIRES ?AT ALL ( ITS MEMB]S & ALL AUXILI>Y P]SONNEL MU/ BE REGUL>LY PAID4 ,?IS PAYM5T WILL BE MADE 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! ME?ODS WE HAVE ALREADY \TL9$ = ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! 0WAGE FUND01 OR 0PUR*AS+ P[]01 TO ALL ! 9HABITANTS ( ! C\NTRY4 ,! PR(ESSORS1 TEA*]S1 ASSI/ANTS1 ETC41 WILL BE PAID DUR+ ! FIR/ /AGE ( ! REVOLUTION BY :AT WILL REMA9 ( ! /ATE APP>ATUS1 :I* WILL HAVE TO BE US$ AT LEA/ PROVISIONALLY4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT A SOCIAL REVOLUTION 5TAILS1 AMONG ITS MO/ IMM$IATE CONSEQU5CES1 ! NONPAYM5T ( TAXES4 ,?IS F9ANCIAL PROBLEM CAN ONLY BE RESOLV$ BY ! MONET>Y CURR5CY ISSU$ BY ! REVOLUTION1 & BY ! ISSUE ( 0FIAT MONEY01 SO (T5 PRACTIC$ 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,?IS 5=C$ *ANNEL+ ( MONEY WILL BE APPLI$ ?ANKS TO (FICIAL & COMPULSORY PRICES = COMMODITIES4 ,PAP] MONEY WILL !RE=E HAVE VALUE1 BECAUSE ?IS VALUE WILL BE BACK$ UP BY ! GOODS PRODUC$ BY SOCIETY4 ,! ORGANIZATION ( $UCATION WILL BE1 ABOVE ALL1 ! WORK ( ! PR(ESSORS & TEA*]S4 ,!RE >E NUM]\S TEA*]S ASSOCIATIONS4 ,! ,M9I/RY ( ,PUBLIC ,$UCATION ALSO POSSESSES ALL1 OR ALMO/ ALL1 ! /ATI/ICS & DATA NECESS>Y TO COORD9ATE BO? SECOND>Y AS WELL AS HI<] $UCATION4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 MORE ?AN HALF ! TE*NICAL $UCATION 9 ,FRANCE IS C>RI$ \T 9 PRIVATE 9/ITUTIONS1 :I* PROVES ?AT IT IS BY NO MEANS NECESS>Y TO CALL UPON ! /ATE TO ORGANIZE IT4.<#a#a.> ,! SAME ?+ IS TRUE ) REG>D TO TW5TY P]C5T ( ! PRIM>Y S*OOLS1 CURR5TLY 9 ! H&S ( ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*1 :I* %[S US ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE TO ORGANIZE ?IS K9D ( $UCATION1 AS WELL1 )\T ! /ATE4 ,?IS FACT WAS ALSO PROV$1 PRIOR TO ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 :5 ! L[] CL]GY ORGANIZ$ ! PRIM>Y S*OOLS4 ,N[1 ! ,NATIONAL ,TRADE ,UNION ( ,TEA*]S1 & ! P[]FUL ,NATIONAL ,F$]ATION ( ,$UCATION1 :I* HAS TWO HUNDR$ ?IRTY ?\S& MEMB]S 9 ! TEA*+ PR(ESSION1 CON/ITUTE1 ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY1 A MORE ?AN SUFFICI5T FRAMEWORK TO ASSURE ! CONT9U$ FUNCTION+ ( ALL ! S*OOLS1 & ESPECIALLY AS A MEANS TO COORD9ATE ?IS CONT9U$ FUNCTION+4 ,H]E1 ONCE AGA9 ) REG>D TO PRACTICAL ORGANIZATION1 A FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEM IS POS$1 ?AT ( DEC5TRALIZATION4 ,9 ,FRANCE !RE >E ?IRTY-EIY1 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! S*OOLS CAN & MU/ BE DEC5TRALIZ$1 9 ACCORDANCE ) LOCAL & REGIONAL NE$S4 ,?IS WILL BE ALL ! MORE EASILY ACCOMPLI%$ ONCE $UCATION NO LONG] RELIES ON ! /ATE BUDGET4 ,ABOVE ALL1 ?IS IS :Y IT HAD ALL[$ ITSELF TO BE PLAC$ UND] GOV]NM5T CONTROL 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 ,! MUNICIPALITIES (T5 DO NOT POSSESS1 & W]E EV5 LESS LIKELY TO DO SO 9 ! PA/1 ! MEANS TO PAY = ! CON/RUCTION ( S*OOLS1 TEA*]S' SAL>IES1 & ! PUR*ASE & REPLACEM5T ( TEA*+ MAT]IALS4 ,! /ATE TOOK !IR PLACE4 ,IT ALSO DID SO :5 ! LOCAL 9ITIATIVE WAS LACK+1 AS WAS SO (T5 ! CASE4 ,TODAY1 ! 9ITIATIVE IS NOT LACK+4 ,& IT WILL BE EV5 LESS LIKELY TO BE LACK+ :5 ! REVOLUTION TAKES PLACE1 BECAUSE REVOLUTIONS HAVE ALWAYS BE5 PREOCCUPI$ ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( $UCATION4 ,! TEA*]S HAV+ BE5 PAID1 ! BOOKS HAV+ BE5 SUPPLI$ BY ! PRESSES ( ! ,PR9T]S ,F$]ATION1 ! EQUIPM5T HAV+ BE5 SUPPLI$ BY ! SPECIALIZ$ WORK%OPS1 L9K$ BY !IR RESPECTIVE F$]ATIONS1 ! LATT] WILL ORGANIZE ! OP]ATION ( ! S*OOLS ?R\<\T ! L&1 ) ! P>TICIPATION ( ! TEA*]S1 ! MUNICIPAL DELEGATES1 ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! P>5TS & ! =M] /UD5TS4 ,9 ! BIG CITIES1 ?IS SY/EM C\LD BE ADM9I/]$ ON A NEIATUS IS A RELATIVELY REC5T PH5OM5ON4 ,CURR5TLY1 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 MORE ?AN HALF ( ! UNIV]SITIES >E FUND$ & OP]AT$ BY PRIVATE 5T]PRISE1 COMPETE ) ! /ATE UNIV]SITIES & %[ ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE TO MA9TA9 & DEVELOP 9/ITUTIONS ( HI<] LE>N+ )\T ! /ATE1 9/ITUTIONS ?AT SOCIETY & HUMANITY NE$S SO BADLY4 ,LET US N[ CONSID] HOSPITAL S]VICES1 ) REF]5CE TO ! QUE/ION ( PUBLIC HEAL?4 ,WE %ALL FIR/ ( ALL PO9T \T ?AT1 9 C\NTRIES LIKE ,RUSSIA--:I* WE REF] TO )\T TAK+ AS A MODEL--& ,5GL&1 HEAL? C>E IS NATIONALIZ$4 ,?IS TR5D T[>DS NATIONALIZATION IS CON/ANTLY EXP&+1 S9CE IT HAS BE5 UND]/OOD1 DUE TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( CIVILIZATION1 ?AT HEAL? IS AN 9DIVIDUAL RIANTE$ BY A COLLECTIVE ORGANIZATION1 ONE ?AT IS AS COORD9AT$ AS EFFECTIVELY AS POSSIBLE4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ?IS IMPULSE CAN COME FROM ABOVE1 FROM A ,HEAL? ,C>E ,F$]ATION1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT 9CLUDES DOCTORS1 PR(ESSORS1 BACT]IOLOGI/S1 RADIOLOGI/S1 SPECIALI/S ( ALL K9DS & V>I\S CATEGORIES ( P>APR(ESSIONALS4 ,EA* SPECIALTY C\LD CON/ITUTE A SECTION1 JU/ AS 9 ! 9DU/RIAL F$]ATIONS EA* TRADE CON/ITUTES ITS [N SECTION & ! ,F$]ATION EMBRACES ! 5TIRE T]RITORY & ! :OLE POPULATION 9 ORD] TO EFFECTIVELY ALLOCATE ! RESPECTIVE S]VICES & RESPOND TO G5]AL NE$S1 ) ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE ECONOMY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! CON/RUCTION ( MORE SANATORIA ?AN ! C\NTRY NE$S %\LD BE PREV5T$2 & 9 EV]Y CITY1 IT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO ORGANIZE ! V>I\S REQUISITE CL9ICS1 EQUITABLY DI/RIBUT+ !M ?R\<\T ! CITY1 BUT NO MORE ?AN >E NECESS>Y4 ,! NETWORK ( HOSPITALS & MISCELLANE\S HEAL? C>E FACILITIES MU/ ALSO RESPOND TO AN 9DISP5SABLE PROCESS ( PLANN+1 :I* WILL RULE \T IMPROVIZATION & ISOLAT$ 9ITIATIVES4 ,NOR WILL ?IS COORD9ATION BE A =M ( C5TRALIZATION4 ,H]E AS WELL WE WILL HAVE TO DEC5TRALIZE1 AS MU* AS POSSIBLE4 ,HEAL? C>E1 & ! HOSPITAL S]VICES1 MU/ BE1 TO A GREAT EXT5T1 ORGANIZ$1 CONTROLL$ & DIRECT$ BY LOCAL 9ITIATIVE4 ,!Y ALREADY >E4 ,!Y C\LD BE MU* MORE DEC5TRALIZ$4 ,FIR/1 BECAUSE !IR REASON = EXI/5CE IS TO SAFEGU>D ! PUBLIC HEAL?1 DR9K+ WAT]1 DOME/IC HYGI5E1 ! SEWAGE SY/EM1 & G5]AL CLEANL9ESS4 ,SECONDLY1 BECAUSE IT IS ) REF]5CE TO ! LOCAL LIV+ CONDITIONS ?AT ! PUBLIC HEAL? S]VICES MU/ BE ORGANIZ$4 ,VACC9ES C\LD BE %IPP$ FROM ,P>IS FROM ! ,PA/EUR ,9/ITUTE4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO =ESEE :AT MEASURES WILL BE IMPOS$1 DEP5D+ ON H[ POLLUT$ ! LOCAL WAT] SUPPLY IS1 ! H]$ITY ( ! 9HABITANTS1 OR ! ACCID5TAL EM]G5CE ( ONE OR ANO!R FOCAL PO9T ( 9FECTI\S DISEASE4 ,& EV5 ) REG>D TO ! TREATM5T ( EPIDEMICS1 :I* MU/ BE V]Y /RICTLY COORD9AT$1 ! PRACTICAL MEASURES TO BE APPLI$ HAVE A PURELY LOCAL *>ACT]4 ,AN OV]ALL PLAN & DEC5TRALIZATION CAN !RE=E GO P]FECTLY H& 9 H& & CAN BE FUZ$ TOGE!R 9 F$]ALI/ PLANN+4 ,?IS RECALLS ! PUBLIC HEAL? ORGANIZATION ?AT ! ,SPANI% LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION--9 :I* MUNICIPALLY BAS$ PUBLIC $UCATION SPREAD EV]Y:]E--HAD BEGUN TO CON/RUCT4 ,9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 SMALL HOSPITALS OR CL9ICS W]E PRUD5TLY DI/RIBUT$ ?R\<\T ! C\NTRYSIDE1 SO ?AT EA* ONE S]V$ A C]TA9 NUMB] ( SMALL VILLAGES1 & NONE ( ! LATT] W]E )\T ! NECESS>Y MEANS TO C>E = ! SICK1 EV5 9 ! MO/ ISOLAT$ HAMLETS4 ,9 ADDITION TO DOCTORS1 TO :OM V]Y /RICTLY DEM>CAT$ SECTORS W]E ASSIGN$1 !SE 9/ITUTIONS ASSUR$ ! PROVISION ( NECESS>Y TREATM5TS = ?OSE PATI5TS :O W]E TRANSPORT$ TO !M 9 VEHICLES FROM ! LOCAL COLLECTIVES4 ,AT ! NEXT LEVEL !RE IS ! CANTONAL 7A POLITICAL-GEOGRAPHICAL T]M7 HOSPITAL4 ,EA* ,CANTON WILL HAVE ITS [N HOSPITAL1 :I* WILL BE BETT] ORGANIZ$ & L>G] ?AN ! 9/ITUTIONS AT ! FIR/ LEVEL1 POSSESS+ TE*NICAL EQUIPM5T & (T5 ! MO/ HIE FROM A LEAD+ DOCTOR OR AN \T/&+ SURGEON4 ,9 ,FRANCE !RE IS AN ORGANIZATION ?AT IS 9 P>T COMP>ABLE TO \R CONCEPTION1 BUT ONLY 9 P>T4 ,IT IS F> FROM EMBRAC+ ! 5TIRE POPULATION4 ,IT WAS 9 ,SPA91 ABOVE ALL1 ?AT ?IS ACTIVITY WAS SOCIALIZ$1 )\T ! /ATE1 & 9 ITS 5TIRETY =M$ A SOLID>IC :OLE1 FROM ! ILLU/RI\S PR(ESSOR TO ! MO/ HUMBLE 9VALID1 ALONG ) ! MIDWIVES & ! D5TI/S4 ,A GREAT DEAL IS !RE=E POSSIBLE ) REG>D TO ?IS QUE/ION4 ,IT W\LD BE SUFFICI5T = ! MEMB]S ( ! M$ICAL PR(ESSIONS TO AGREE TO P>TICIPATE 9 SU* AN 5T]PRISE &1 FAI?FUL TO !IR MISSION & TO ! ,HIPPOCRATIC OA?1 PUT !IR SOCIAL & HUMAN MISSION ABOVE ALL O!R CONSID]ATIONS4 ,?OSE :O >E NOT PR(ITE]S WILL !N SEE ?AT ?IS MISSION CAN BE MU* MORE EFFECTIVELY PURSU$ 9 A SOCIETY ?AT IS COMPLETELY ORGANIZ$ = ! GOOD ( ITS MEMB]S1 ?AN 9 A SOCIETY :]E ! DEF5SE ( HEAL? IS ONLY ASSUR$ TO PEOPLE 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! AM\NT ( MONEY !Y HAVE4 ,IF WE CONSID] ! RAILROADS1 !Y HAVE ALREADY BE5 FULLY ORGANIZ$1 & WE NE$ ONLY ASSURE ?IS ORGANIZATION'S CONT9UITY & FUNCTION+4 ,C]TA9 MODIFICATIONS WILL UND\BT$LY BE NECESS>Y1 BUT ?IS WILL NOT POSE S]I\S PROBLEMS LIKE ?OSE ( ! 9DU/RIES ?AT NE$ RAW MAT]IALS1 (T5 ON A DAILY BASIS1 :I* COME FROM DI/ANT REGIONS1 & :I* MU/ %IP !IR F9I%$ PRODUCTS TO ALL ! GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS ( ! C\NTRY4 ,! PROBLEM ?AT WILL HAVE TO BE ADDRESS$ IS ?AT ( ! COORD9ATION ( ! MEANS ( TRANSPORTATION1 P>TICUL>LY ! COORD9ATION ( ! RAILROADS1 ! HIEFUL /UDIES4 ,AS ( ?IS MOM5T1 H[EV]1 WE CAN SEE ?AT ! NECESS>Y S*$UL+ IMPLIES A C5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATION ( ! F$]ATIVE TYPE4 ,IT IS NOT ! BASE1 IT IS NOT EA* RAIL /ATION1 EA* RAIL HUB1 ?AT MU/ DIRECT ! ORGANIZATION ( ! TRA9S1 ! TRANSPORT PRIORITIES & ! FREII\S DE/9ATIONS1 DEP5D+ ON ! NE$S ( ! C\NTRY'S ECONOMY1 REQUIRE A G5]AL MANAG]IAL C5T]1 BAS$ ON ! DATA ?AT COMES FROM ! BASE--& WE MAY1 9 ?IS RESPECT1 SPEAK ( A F$]ALI/ C5TRALISM4 ,MOTORIZ$ TRANSPORT1 :I* HAS ACQUIR$ SU* IMPORTANCE1 WILL HAVE MORE AUTONOMY4 ,! RANGE ( TRUCKS IS (T5 LOCAL OR RELATIVELY %ORT1 AS IS ?AT ( BUSSES4 ,9 !SE CASES1 ! S*$UL+ WILL (T5 BE LOCALLY DET]M9$1 BUT WILL ALSO BE 9DISP5SABLE1 & WILL NATURALLY BE IMPOS$ AS WELL1 ON URBAN TRANSPORT4 ,RAILROADS1 RIV] & CANAL NAVIGATION1 HIALLEL & COMPLEM5T>Y ACTIVITIES =M A S+LE :OLE ?AT1 UNIT$ 9 A G5]AL ,F$]ATION ( TRANSPORT1 WILL COORD9ATE !IR EF=TS 9 CON=MANCE ) ! G5]AL 9T]E/ ( ! 5TIRE POPULATION4 7,*>T #d4 ,! ,ORGANIZATION ( ! ,NATIONAL ,ECONOMY47 ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ! ,ECONOMY ,CONF$]ATION ( ,AGRICULTURE ,F$]AL ,COMMITTEES ( ,AGRICULTURE ,CONF$]ATION ( ,9DU/RY ,F$]AL ,COMMITTEES ( ,9DU/RY ,PUBLIC ,S]VICES ,TRANSPORT ,HEAL? ,$UCATION7,*>T OMITT$7 O ,*APT] #g3 ,MA9TA9+ ,PRODUCTIVITY ,M,A,9,T,A,9,+ ,P,R,O,D,U,C,T,I,V,I,T,Y ,IT IS P>TICUL>LY AT ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S ?AT ! FOLL[+ V]ITIES >E DIRECT$4 ,WE >E AW>E ( ! FACT ?AT !Y W]E NOT FIR/ 5UNCIAT$ BY A REVOLUTION>Y1 & ?AT WE RUN ! RISK1 BY PUBLI%+ !SE WORDS1 ( BE+ MISUND]/OOD & CONDEMN$4 ,BUT EV]Y RESPONSIBLE MAN DOES HIS DUTY1 REG>DLESS ( ! 9COMPREH5SION ) :I* HE MAY BE MET4 ,IT IS BETT] TO BE /ON$ BY ! MOB ?AN TO LIE4 ,= ! IMM5SE MAJORITY1 IF NOT ALL1 ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S1 ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! EMPLOY]S & ! CAPITALI/S MU/ 5TAIL AN IMM$IATE & MAJOR IMPROVEM5T ( !IR CONDITION4 ,BAS$ ON :AT !Y HAVE BE5 TOLD AB\T ! CRITIQUE ( CAPITALISM1 !Y HAVE D$UC$ ?AT ! [N]S1 ! /OCKHOLD]S & O!R EXPLOIT]S1 DIRECT OR 9DIRECT1 POCKET HALF IF NOT MORE ( ! VALUE ( PRODUCTION4 ,!RE=E--!Y ?9K--IT W\LD BE POSSIBLE1 )\T ANY H>M1 ONCE ! FACTORIES & WORK%OPS HAVE BE5 OCCUPI$1 TO R$UCE ! WORK+ H\RS BY A SIMIL> PROPORTION4 ,ECONOMIC LIFE W\LD /ILL BE ASSUR$ ( CONT9U+4 ,SU* A BELIEF & ! ATTITUDE ?AT D]IVES FROM IT W\LD RAPIDLY LEAD ! REVOLUTION TO BANKRUPTCY4 ,A SUP]FICIAL OR MILITANT CRITIQUE ( CAPITALISM FALSIFIES ! PROBLEMS ?AT WE FACE &1 AS A RESULT1 ALSO FALSIFIES ! NECESS>Y SOLUTIONS4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 9 ECONOMICS1 IT IS NOT ! DI/RIBUTION ( MONET>Y SYMBOLS1 OR ( F9ANCIAL RES\RCES1 ?AT IS ! MO/ IMPORTANT ASPECT1 BUT ! IMPORTANCE1 9 T]MS ( QUANTITY & QUALITY1 ( ! PRODUCTS1 GOODS & S]VICES PLAC$ AT ! DISPOSAL ( SOCIETY4 ,:E!R ! ECONOMY IS CAPITALI/ OR SOCIALI/1 IF IT CONSUMES EI1 IT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO CONT9UE TO SUPPLY ! POPULATION ) EI ,IF N9ETE5 MILLION TONS ( /EEL >E PRODUC$ WE WILL ALSO HAVE TO CONT9UE TO SUPPLY ! SAME AM\NT EA* YE>4 ,IF1 LET US ASSUME1 ?AT EA* YE>1 ONE HUNDR$ MILLION PAIRS ( %OES >E MANUFACTUR$1 OR AN AV]AGE ( ?REE HUNDR$ ?\S& HOMES >E BUILT1 ?IS RATE WILL HAVE TO BE MA9TA9$4 ,TO R$UCE IT TO HALF1 OR A QU>T] OR A ?IRD ( ITS =M] AM\NT W\LD BE TO CONDEMN ! POPULATION TO UN5DURABLE PRIVATIONS4 ,IT IS PAT5TLY OBVI\S4 ,F> FROM RELAX+ !IR EF=TS1 MO/ WORK]S 9 9DU/RY WILL HAVE TO1 AS SOON AS POSSIBLE1 T5D TO 9CREASE !M1 S9CE :]EAS ! PRIVILEG$1 HAV+ BECOME ORD9>Y CITIZ5S1 WILL CONSUME LESS AFT] A REVOLUTION1 A MU* L>G] NUMB] ( PEOPLE WILL CONSUME MORE4 ,AMONG ! MASSES ( BADLY PAID WAGE WORK]S & ! PEASANTS :O LIVE 9 POV]TY 9 ! REGIONS ?AT >E NOT FAVOR$ BY NATURE1 MILLIONS ( PEOPLE1 M51 WOM5 & *ILDR51 WILL LOGICALLY WANT TO RAISE !IR /&>D ( LIV+4 ,!RE=E1 G5]ALLY1 & = QUITE A LONG P]IOD ( TIME1 !RE WILL BE NO QUE/ION ( R$UC+ LABOR TIME1 OR ( PLAC+ LIMITATIONS ON EA* P]SON'S WORK+ TIME1 AFT] ! REVOLUTION4 ,WE ?9K IT IS NECESS>Y TO SUPPORT ?IS CLAIM ) V>I\S PRO(S4 ,! ,ANNUAL ,/ATI/ICAL ,AB/RACT ( ,FRANCE1 9 ITS #aieg $ITION1 PROVIDES A *>T %[+ ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! NATIONAL 9COME4 ,9 ?IS *>T ! MA9 CATEGORIES :I* >E ( SPECIAL 9T]E/ TO US1 W]E ! FOLL[+ 7AS MEASUR$ 9 #aieg FRANCS73 ,WAGE WORK]S #h1#d#f114 ,PR(ITS ( F>M]S & O!R 9DIVIDUAL 5T]PRISES #d1#c#c114 ,PR(ITS FROM CAPITAL 9VE/M5TS #f#g#d114 ,NON-DI/RIBUT$ CORPORATE PR(ITS #i#e#h114 ,LET US SUPPOSE1 :I* IS F> FROM BE+ TRUE1 ?AT ALL ! PR(ITS FROM 9VE/M5TS CAN BE CLASSIFI$ 9 ! NET PR(ITS ( CAPITALI/ CORPORATIONS1 & ?AT ! NON-DI/RIBUT$ PR(ITS >E NOT EMPLOY$ TO IMPROVE ! TE*NICAL SIDE ( ! LABOR PROCESS 7REPLACEM5T ( MA*9]Y1 NEW BUILD+S1 ETC471 WE W\LD HAVE A TOTAL ( ONE BILLION SIX HUNDR$ ?IRTY-TWO BILLION FRANCS ( CAPITALI/ PR(ITS & EIY T]MS1 & RECKON+ ON ! BASIS ( ! TOTAL CAPITALI/ PR(IT1 ! LATT] IS LESS ?AN ONE FIF? ( ! TOTAL 9COME ( ! WAGE WORK]S4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT TWO MILLION ( ! LATT] >E PAID BY ! /ATE4 ,?IS DOES NOT PREV5T US FROM FALL+ F> %ORT ( ! FIFTY P]C5T POCKET$ BY CAPITAL1 :I* SO MANY WORK]S IMAG9E TO BE ! CASE4 ,9 REALITY1 A RETURN ( FIVE1 SIX OR SEV5 P]C5T ON CAPITAL 9VE/$ IS NORMAL4 ,T5 P]C5T IS V]Y GOOD BUS9ESS4 ,FIFTE5 P]C5T IS EXCEPTIONAL4 ,IF WE CALCULATE1 AS HAS ALL TOO (T5 BE5 DONE1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! F9ANCIAL DI/RIBUTION1 ?IS MEANS ?AT :]E !RE IS A PR(IT RATE (--LET US SUPPOSE--SEV5 P]C5T1 ONE H\R LESS WORK P] DAY1 :I* \T ( A DAY ( EIE 5ORM\S1 ABOVE ALL1 BECAUSE !Y >E DI/RIBUT$ AMONG A M9ORITY ( PEOPLE4 ,W]E !SE PR(ITS TO BE DI/RIBUT$ AMONG ! MASSES ( ! WAGE WORK]S1 !Y W\LD BE M9USCULE4 ,! ,R5AULT MANAGEM5T HAS DI/RIBUT$1 = ! YE> #a#i#e#h1 ONE BILLION FRANCS 9 PR(ITS TO ITS WORK]S & EMPLOYES4 ,HAD ?IS SUM BE5 DIVID$ BETWE5 A HUNDR$ MAJOR /OCKHOLD]S1 IT W\LD HAVE AM\NT$ TO T5 MILLION FRANCS = EA* /OCKHOLD]4 ,DI/RIBUT$ AMONG SIXTY ?\S& WORK]S1 ?IS NUMB] IS R$UC$ TO SIXTE5 ?\S& SIX HUNDR$ SIXTY SIX FRANCS = EA* WORK]4.<#a#c.> ,IT IS CLE> ?AT1 9 SU* CONDITIONS1 ALL ?AT IS NE$$ IS A SLI #a#i#e#e--SEV5TY ?\S& FRANCS P] WAGE WORK]4 ,! [N] ( ! PRESS HAS TWO LUXURY C>S & *ALETS4 ,! G5]AL FEEL+ AMONG ! WORK]S WAS ?AT1 IF HIS PR(ITS W]E TO BE DI/RIBUT$ AMONG ! WORK]S1 !IR SITUATION W\LD BE MU* IMPROV$4 ,I MADE ! FOLL[+ CALCULATION3 LET US ASSUME ?AT ! [N] MAKES ONE MILLION FRANCS P] MON? 9 PR(IT1 ?AT IS1 TWELVE MILLION P] YE>1 & ?AT !SE TWELVE MILLIONS W]E TO BE %>$ \T AMONG ! ?REE HUNDR$ TW5TY WAGE WORK]S ( ! PRESS4 ,?IS W\LD MEAN ?AT EA* WORK] W\LD RECEIVE AN EXTRA ?IRTY-SEV5 ?\S& FRANCS P] YE>4 ,EV5 IF ?IS AM\NT IS D\BL$--& WE W]E TO ASSUME ?AT ! [N] MAKES TWO MILLION FRANCS P] MON?--?IS W\LD NOT MAKE V]Y MU* DIFF]5CE ) REG>D TO ! SITUATION4 ,! CAPITALI/ 0PR(IT01 :I* HAS BECOME ! MON/R\S T>GET ( \R ATTACKS1 IS !RE=E NOT ! MA9 REASON = \R /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 :I* 9VOLVES A COMPLETE CONCEPTION ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION & ITS ME?ODS1 & ?IS GOES F> BEYOND M]ELY RE-DI/RIBUT+ ! CAPITALI/ PR(IT4 ,WE %ALL ADD ONE MORE DEMON/RATION4 ,CURR5TLY1 9 EV]Y CAPITALI/ C\NTRY1 :5 ! GOV]NM5T1 FE>+ A CRISIS ( OV]PRODUCTION1 WANTS TO RET>D OR PREV5T ?IS PH5OM5ON1 IT RAISES ! 9T]E/ RATE ON MONEY4 ,IF ! BANKS LOAN MONEY TO O!R BUS9ESSES AT A ?REE OR F\R P]C5T 9T]E/ RATE1 ALL ! GOV]NM5T HAS TO DO IS IMPOSE A FIVE OR SIX P]C5T 9T]E/ RATE--OR (T51 EV5 L[] RATES--9 ORD] TO CAUSE NUM]\S BUS9ESSES TO /OP BORR[+1 9VE/+ & EXP&+ !IR PRODUCTION4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT A R$UCTION ( PR(ITS ON ! ORD] ( ONE1 TWO1 OR ?REE P]C5T IS NORMALLY SUFFICI5T 9 ,FRANCE1 ,5GL&1 ! ,SC&9AVIAN C\NTRIES1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,G]MANY1 & ,ITALY1 TO HALT 9DU/RIAL EXPANSION4 ,ALL ( !SE FACTS ?US CONFIRM ?AT A M>G9AL DEFICIT ( T5 P]C5T1 OR MORE PRECISELY1 A FALL ( T5 P]C5T 9 PR(ITS1 W\LD 5G5D] A %ORTAGE ( PRODUCTS1 OR ( S]VICES1 TOGE!R ) ! H>MFUL CONSEQU5CES ?AT CAN BE EXPECT$4 ,IT IS !RE=E FALSE1 ! WOR/ FALSEHOOD1 TO MA9TA9 ?AT LABOR TIME1 OR LABOR 9T5SITY CAN BE R$UC$ )\T H>M4 ,:AT IS MORE1 ! NUMB] ( PRODUC]S %\LD BE 9CREAS$1 BY 9TRODUC+ 9TO ! PRODUCTION PROCESS M5 :O HAD PREVI\SLY NOT BE5 PRODUC]S4 ,BUT ANYONE :O IS REALLY ACQUA9T$ ) WORK KN[S ?AT WE CANNOT 5TRU/1 ALL AT ONCE & )\T ANY TRA9+1 MA*9]Y TO PEOPLE :O >E NOT ACCU/OM$ TO US+ IT4 ,FUR!RMORE1 IT IS BY NO MEANS C]TA9--& ?IS IS :Y WE EXAM9E 9T]M$IATE SOLUTIONS--?AT WE CAN1 ONCE & = ALL1 & AT ONE /ROKE1 ELIM9ATE ALL P>ASITES & P>ASITISM4 ,LET US 5GAGE 9 ONE LA/ REFLECTION ?AT WILL ALL[ US1 WE BELIEVE1 TO OBTA9 A BETT] UND]/&+ ( ! IMPORTANCE ( ?IS QUE/ION4 ,?OSE :O HAVE FOLL[$ ! PROGRESS ( ! P>TIAL ATTEMPTS AT EMANCIPATION C>RI$ \T BY 5T]PRIS+ ELEM5TS ( ! PROLET>IAT >E NOT UNAW>E ( ! FACT ?AT NUM]\S COMMUNITIES & NUM]\S PRODUCTION COOP]ATIVES HAVE FAIL$4 ,ALL K9DS ( EXPLANATIONS HAVE BE5 (F]$ TO ACC\NT = ?IS FACT1 & IT IS UND\BT$LY ! CASE ?AT ALL ( !M W]E AT LEA/ P>TIALLY VALID4 ,BUT ! PO9T WE JU/ DISCUSS$ HAS ALWAYS1 OR ALMO/ ALWAYS1 BE5 =GOTT53 ! IMPACT ( ! BELIEF ?AT IT WAS POSSIBLE TO R$UCE ! EXP5DITURE ( LABOR 9 PRODUCTION1 )\T ANY RISK ( 9CURR+ A DEFICIT4 ,SO IT MAY HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE1 ONCE ! PROJECT WAS OP]ATIONAL1 TO R$UCE ! LABOR TIME BY T5 P]C5T4 ,BUT NOT TW5TY1 NOT EV5 FIFTE52 = 9 ?AT CASE1 Y\ W\LD NOT BE ABLE TO COMPETE ) ! CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISES4 ,QUITE (T5 ! ATTITUDE ( ! P>TICIPANTS WAS3 IF IT WAS NECESS>Y TO WORK AS MU* 9 A COOP]ATIVE AS 9 ! BOSS'S WORK%OP1 !Y HAD ! IMPRESSION ?AT !Y WORK$ MORE 9 ! COOP]ATIVE1 PRECISELY DUE TO ! CONTRA/ BETWE5 !IR EXPECTATIONS & REALITY4 ,ANY S]I\S PREP>ATION = RUNN+ ! ECONOMY MU/ TAKE !SE FACTS1 :OSE IMPORTANCE IS ESS5TIAL1 9TO ACC\NT4 ,! REVOLUTION IS NOT JU/IFI$ SOLELY BY ! SUPPRESSION ( ! CAPITALI/ PR(IT1 AS WE SAID ABOVE4 ,IT IS NOT EV5 JU/IFI$ SOLELY BY ! ABOLITION ( ! EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN4 ,! ORIG9S ( ECONOMIC WA/E & 9EFFICI5CY1 :I* WEI< SO HEAVILY ON \R LIVES & *A9 US TO A FUTILE S]VITUDE1 >E 9NUM]ABLE4 ,JU/ ! /&+ >MIES & BUREAUCRACIES ( ! /ATES >E WOR? MORE ?AN CAPITALISM ITSELF4 ,A L>GE NUMB] ( LUXURY 9DU/RIES1 9V5T$ BY ! PRIVILEG$1 & BY ! SNOBB]Y ( ! LEISUR$ CLASSES1 :O DO NOT KN[ :AT TO DO ) !IR MONEY1 A MULTITUDE ( NEW 0NE$S0 :OLLY CREAT$ BY >TIFICIAL MEANS1 ALL !SE FACTORS DEPRIVE PRODUCTION ( :AT IT NE$S3 CAPITAL1 WORK & WORK]S1 5]GY1 & RAW MAT]IALS1 :I* C\LD BE US$ TO RAISE ! /&>D ( LIV+ ( SO MANY WORK]S & PEASANTS4 ,TO TAKE ONLY ! CO/S ( ADV]TIS+1 9CURR$ TO CONV9CE PEOPLE TO BUY SOME?+ ?AT !Y QUITE (T5 DO NOT NE$3 !SE CO/S HAVE RIS51 9 ,FRANCE1 9 ! YE> #a#i#e#h1 TO ONE HUNDR$ FIFTE5 BILLION FRANCS2 9 #a#i#e#i1 9 ,5GL&1 ADV]TIS+ CO/S AM\NT$ TO ?REE HUNDR$ EIS OR LUXURY FURNITURE8 ,A FEW C> MODELS %\LD SUFFICE1 & COM=TABLE FURNITURE WILL BE MU* MORE ABUNDANT IF ! SATISFACTION ( ! NE$S ( ALL IS MADE ! FIR/ PRIORITY4 ,LABOR P[]1 RAW MAT]IALS1 & 5]GY >E SQU&]$ = >TIFICIAL NE$S ?AT ALSO DI/ORT CU/OMS1 EV5 ?OSE ( ! PROLET>IANS AS !IR /&>D ( LIV+ IS RIS+4 ,& CONSID] ALSO ALL ! EXTRAS ?AT >E 9H]5T 9 ?IS SOCIETY3 ! !FT PRACTIC$ 9 TRADE & BY MIDDLEM5 7:O >E MU* TOO NUM]\S1 AS WE PO9T$ \T ABOVE71 & P>ASITIC PR(ESSIONS ( EV]Y TYPE3 ALL ( !SE ?+S TAK5 AS A :OLE1 >E :AT HAS TO DISAPPE>1 IT IS ALL ( ?IS ?AT WE MU/ ATTACK4 ,BUT BE=E WE E/ABLI% A REAL SOCIAL ORD]1 & :ILE !SE NECESS>Y TRANS=MATIONS >E TAK+ PLACE1 ! RATE ( PRODUCTIVITY MU/ BE MA9TA9$1 UND] P5ALTY ( FAILURE & A RETURN TO ! EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN1 & TO ! RU9\S DISORD] ( CAPITALISM & ! /ATE4 O ,*APT] #h3 ,! ,IMM$IATE ,FUTURE ,! ,I,M,M,$,I,A,T,E ,F,U,T,U,R,E ,:AT WE HAVE PRES5T$ 9 ?IS BOOK MAY SEEM1 9 P>T1 UTOPIAN1 BECAUSE !SE CONCEPTIONS ( PRACTICAL IMPLEM5TATION REF]1 OR SEEM TO REF]1 TO AN 9DI/9CT FUTURE4 ,BUT ?IS FUTURE WILL NEV] BE REALIZ$ IF WE DO NOT PREP>E = IT RIDLESS ( ! EXACT DATE1 ONCE AGA9 5C\NT] A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION 9 :I* IT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO UND]/& :AT MU/ BE DONE QUICKLY TO A*IEVE A POSITIVE RESULT4 ,H[EV]1 EV5 :ILE WE >E WAIT+ = SU* A SITUATION--:I* WE MU/ HELP TO PREP>E = BY MEANS ( 9CESSANT /UDY--TO >ISE ONCE AGA91 :Y NOT IMM$IATELY 5GAGE 9 SOME K9D ( 9ITIATIVE ?AT C\LD S]VE AS A MILE/ONE ALONG ! ROAD TO ! FUTURE8 ,:Y DO ! SMALL-SCALE F>M]S NOT ORGANIZE1 9 ONE OR ANO!R P>T ( ,FRANCE1 9TO LABOR COLLECTIVES1 EV5 ON A LIMIT$ SCALE8 ,:AT PREV5TS ! =MATION ( PRODUCTION COOP]ATIVES1 UTILIZ+ ALL ! RAW MAT]IALS ( LOCAL ORIG91 EMPLOY$ = ! PRODUCTION ( C]TA9 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTS8 ,:Y %\LD AGRICULTURAL IMPROVEM5TS1 :OSE B5EFITS W\LD BE %>$1 NOT BE UND]TAK58 ,LET US ASSUME ?AT ONE HUNDR$ F>M]S UNITE 9 ORD] TO PURSUE !IR SPECIALTY 9 COMMON4 ,AS ! ,SPANI% EXP]I5CE HAS %[N1 IT W\LD BE EASY TO GU>ANTEE TO ! TW5TY-FIVE OR ?IRTY F>M]S :O CAN OR PRES]VE !IR VEGETABLES OR FRUITS ?AT ! SUPPLY COOP]ATIVES HAVE TO BUY !IR PRODUCTS4 ,! PEASANT COOP]ATIVE COMMUNITY ?US SPREADS TO ANO!R DOMA91 & BY ?IS MEANS ACQUIRES ACCESS TO MU* MORE ABUNDANT RES\RCES4 ,& IT IS ! LIFE ( EA* P]SON1 ( EA* H\SEHOLD1 :I* WILL BE IMPROV$ & EMBELLI%$4 ,IS IT NOT POSSIBLE1 AS WELL1 TO IMM$IATELY PROCE$ TO IMPLEM5T PROJECTS 9VOLV+ AVICULTURE & ANIMAL HUSB&RY8 ,& :ILE WE >E WAIT+ = ?IS /AGE1 IS IT NOT POSSIBLE1 EV5 ?\< EA* SMALL DAIRY F>M] OR PEASANT PRES]VES ! [N]%IP ( HIS CATTLE1 TO CONC5TRATE ! ANIMALS 9 COMMON /ABLES1 TO GRAZE !M 9 COMMONLY [N$ PA/URES 7JU/ AS !Y GRAZE %EEP & GOATS 9 COMMON 9 C]TA9 M\NTA9\S REGIONS71 & TO MILK !M ALL TOGE!R US+ MILK+ MA*9ES8 ,?IS1 NATURALLY1 W\LD ONLY APPLY TO ?OSE SITUATIONS :]E ! C[S CAN BE CONC5TRAT$ 9 ?IS MANN]1 AS 9 C]TA9 REGIONS ( ,FRANCE4 ,:Y NOT EXT5D1 AS F> AS POSSIBLE1 ! PRACTICES ( ! 0FRUT]IES0 ( ! ,JURA & P>T ( ! ,NOR!RN ,ALPS8 ,! POSSIBILITIES = IMM$IATE EXT5SION 9TO ! FIELD ( ACTION ( ! COOP]ATIVES >E DEMON/RAT$ BY ! ,SW$I% EXP]I5CE1 :]E ?IS MODE ( ORGANIZATION1 :I* BEGAN ) V]Y SP>SE RES\RCES1 BUT (T5 *>ACT]IZ$ BY GREAT DEVOTION1 UND]W5T PRODIGI\S DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 #a#i#e#d1 9 A NATION ( SEV5 MILLION 9HABITANTS1 ! G5]AL C5T] ( COOP]ATIVES HAD ONE MILLION EI ,GROSS RECEIPTS HAVE RIS5 TO TWO BILLION F\R HUNDR$ =TY-F\R MILLION KRONAS4 ,SALES HAVE RIS5 TO ONE BILLION FIVE HUNDR$ & SIX MILLION KRONAS1 ( :I*1 EIE MEMB]S ( ! ,G5]AL ,C5T]4 ,! WORK%OPS & FACTORIES ( ! COOP]ATIVES SUPPLY TW5TY-EIG>9E PRODUC$ 9 ,SW$52 N9ETY P]C5T ( ! $IBLE OILS2 TW5TY-TWO P]C5T ( ! :EAT FL\R2 TW5TY-SIX P]C5T ( ! OATMEAL2 ?IRTY P]C5T ( ! PA/A2 FIFTY P]C5T ( ! ELECTRIC LIE ONLY A FEW ASPECTS ( ! ACTIVITIES ( ! ,SW$I% COOP]ATIVES :I*1 JU/ LIKE ! ,FR5* AGRICULTURAL COOP]ATIVES1 HAVE MADE A P[]FUL CONTRIBUTION TO ! TASK ( CLEAN+ UP COMM]CIAL PRACTICES & IMPROV+ ! QUALITY ( M]*&ISE4 ,IT IS !RE=E EVID5T ?AT IMM5SE OPPORTUNITIES >E AVAILABLE1 BUT ONLY ON ! CONDITION ?AT ! MEMB]S BEHAVE LIKE REAL COOP]ATORS1 & ?AT !Y ACTIVELY P>TICIPATE 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( !IR ORGANIZATIONS1 ?AT !Y DO NOT1 FROM NEGLIG5CE OR 9DOL5CE1 LEAVE ALL ! ADM9I/RATIVE WORK ?AT HAS TO BE DONE 9 ! H&S ( ! SAME PEOPLE4 ,O!RWISE ! ORGANIZ]S & ADM9I/RATORS >E TRANS=M$ 9TO RUL]S :O CANNOT BE REPLAC$1 & ! COOP]ATIVE /RAYS FROM ! PA? ( ! PURPOSES = :I* IT WAS CREAT$2 & ?IS IS ! FAULT ( ALL4 ,9 ! F9AL ACC\NT+1 IT IS ALWAYS A MATT] ( ! QUALITIES--OR ! DEFECTS--( M54 ,IT CANNOT BE D5I$ ?AT SU* DI/ORTIONS >E QUITE LIKELY TO OCCUR 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,AFT] ! SOCIAL TRANS=MATION1 = :I* ! COOP]ATIVE MOVEM5T MU/ PREP>E1 !Y WILL BE LESS =MIDABLE4 ,WE SAY 0LESS =MIDABLE01 RA!R ?AN 0H>MLESS04 ,9 ORD] TO AVOID !M1 LOCAL1 & EV5 MORE IMPORTANTLY1 SMALL COOP]ATIVES1 WILL ALWAYS BE PREF]ABLE1 S9CE SU* A SCALE W\LD BE APPROPRIATE = ! COOP]ATIVE 5VIRONM5T4 ,IT IS 9 ! L>GE 9/ITUTIONS ?AT BUREAUCRATIC C5TRALIZATION IS MO/ LIKELY TO EM]GE4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 AS WELL1 ! F$]ALISM ?AT 5TAILS ! BE/ CONTEXT = SELF-MANAGEM5T & SELF-ADM9I/RATION IS ! MO/ APPROPRIATE--LIB]T>IAN--RULE4 ,>E !SE GOALS ?AT WE >E TRY+ TO IMPRESS UPON ! COOP]ATIVES & ! COOP]ATORS ! EXPRESSION ( AN EXTREMISM ?AT CONTRADICTS TRUE COOP]ATION8 ,NOT AT ALL4 ,WE NE$ ONLY REF] TO ! FIR/ P>AGRAPHS ( ! DECL>ATION ( ! ,RO*DALE ,COMMUNITY1 :OSE MEMB]S W]E ! PIONE]S & TRUE F\ND]S ( ! COOP]ATIVE MOVEM5T1 CONC]N+ :OM !RE IS MU* TALK BUT :OSE WORDS >E ALL-TOO-(T5 =GOTT51 TO PROVE ?IS4 ,:AT DID ?OSE TW5TY-EI 0,! OBJECTS & PLANS ( ?IS ,SOCIETY >E TO =M >RANGEM5TS = ! PECUNI>Y B5EFIT & ! IMPROVEM5T ( ! SOCIAL & DOME/IC CONDITIONS ( ITS MEMB]S1 BY RAIS+ A SUFFICI5T AM\NT ( CAPITAL 9 %>ES ( ONE P\ND EA*1 TO BR+ 9TO OP]ATION ! FOLL[+ PLANS & >RANGEM5TS4 0,! E/ABLI%M5T ( A /ORE = ! SALE ( PROVISIONS & CLO?+ ETC4 0,! BUILD+1 PUR*AS+1 OR ]ECT+ ( A NUMB] ( H\SES1 9 :I* ?OSE MEMB]S DESIR+ TO ASSI/ EA* O!R 9 IMPROV+ !IR DOME/IC & SOCIAL CONDITION MAY RESIDE4 0,TO COMM5CE1 ! MANUFACTURE ( SU* >TICLES AS ! SOCIETY MAY DET]M9E UPON1 = ! EMPLOYM5T ( SU* MEMB]S AS MAY BE )\T EMPLOYM5T1 OR :O MAY BE BADLY REMUN]AT$4 0,?AT AS SOON AS PRACTICABLE1 ?IS SOCIETY %ALL PROCE$ TO >RANGE ! P[]S ( PRODUCTION1 DI/RIBUTION1 $UCATION1 & GOV]NM5T1 OR 9 O!R WORDS TO E/ABLI% A SELFSUPPORT+ HOME-COLONY ( UNIT$ 9T]E/S1 OR ASSI/ O!R SOCIETIES 9 E/ABLI%+ SU* COLONIES40 7,EXC]PT FROM ! 0,LAWS & ,OBJECTIVES ( ! ,RO*DALE ,SOCIETY ( ,EQUITABLE ,PIONE]S01 ,RO*DALE1 #a#h#d#d2 SEE1 ONL9E3 HTTP3_/_/WWW4COOP]ATIVEGROC]4COOP_/>TICLES_/#b#d-#a-#i_/CO-OP-PR9CIPLES-!N-&-N[-P>T-#b HTTP3_/_/WWW4COOP]ATIVEGROC]4COOP_/>TICLES_/#b#d-#a-#i_/CO-OP-PR9CIPLES-!N-&-N[-P>T-#b -- ,5GLI% TRANSLATOR'S NOTE47 ,WE C\LD DISCUSS AT L5G? ! ,DANI% COOP]ATIVES1 OR ?OSE ( ,G]MANY & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 7F\R MILLION MEMB]S \T ( SEV5 MILLION F>M]S1 9 #a#i#d#g71 OR ( ,5GL& 7ELEV5 MILLION SEV5 HUNDR$ FIFTY ?\S& MEMB]S 9 ! CONSUM]S COOP]ATIVES1 9 #a#i#e#f71 OR O!R C\NTRIES4 ,NONE ( !M HAVE TAK5 ! DECISIVE /EP ?AT WAS TAK5 9 ,SPA9 BETWE5 #aicf & #a#i#c#i1 9 ,PALE/9E1 & 9 C]TA9 ,MEXICAN AGR>IAN COOP]ATIVES4 ,9 \R TIME1 ! COOP]ATIVES ( ! ,FR5* F>M]S HAVE NOT MADE SO MU* PROGRESS4 ,) A LITTLE MORE BOLDNESS1 !Y C\LD ACCOMPLI% MU* TO IMPROVE !IR /&>D ( LIV+4 ,! EXP]I5CE ( ! 0,COMUNITA0 ,MOVEM5T1 AT ,IVREA1 9 NOR!RN ,ITALY1 %[S1 ONCE AGA91 ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE TO DO MU* MORE1 )9 ! CURR5T =M ( SOCIETY1 ?AN IS ATTEMPT$ BY ?OSE :O ONLY LOVE !IR IDEAL 9 A !ORETICAL WAY1 OR >E AFRAID ( ! RESPONSIBILITY ?AT !Y MIE FAM\S ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 ,?IS RE=M]1 SIMIL> 9 SOME RESPECTS TO ,ROB]T ,[51 HAS P>TIALLY SOCIALIZ$ HIS FACTORY1 & IS 9 ! PROCESS ( C>RY+ \T EXP]IM5TS ORI5T$ TO A MORE EXT5SIVE IMPLEM5TATION ( SOCIALIZATION4 ,?IS 9ITIATIVE1 :I* HAS OBTA9$ ! SUPPORT ( TE*NICIANS :O ALSO SEEK TO BR+ AB\T SOCIAL RE=MS1 HAS ATTRACT$ ! P>TICIPATION ( SEV5TY-?REE T[NS1 :I* >E N[ 5GAG$ 9 ! REORGANIZATION ( URBAN & SOCIAL LIFE1 & >E IMPLEM5T+ /RUCTURAL & SOCIAL RE=MS1 9CLUD+ ! IMPROVEM5T ( ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5T & ! SPONSOR%IP ( CULTURE & >T1 & PROJECTS ?AT 9VOLVE F>M+ ! L& 9 COMMON1 DEP5D+ ON ! DEGREE ( DEVELOPM5T ( ! 9HABITANTS ( ! V>I\S T[NS1 OR ( P>T ( !M4 ,SOCIAL WELF>E1 CULTURAL C5T]S1 9DU/RIAL WORK%OPS1 COOP]ATIVES4444 ,! RANGE ( ACTIVITIES IS IMM5SE & ! POSSIBILITIES = !IR EXT5SION >E 5DLESS4 ,WE >E WITNESS+ A DI/9CTLY LIB]T>IAN PH5OM5ON1 EV5 IF IT DOES NOT EXPLICITLY ASSUME ! NAME1 S9CE ITS ORGANIZ]S HAVE ACT$1 UP UNTIL ! PRES5T TIME1 \TSIDE ! FRAMEWORK ( ! NATION /ATE & ! (FICIAL WORLD & HAVE ?US DEMON/RAT$1 BY MEANS ( FACTS1 ?AT SOCIAL RE=MS ?AT CAN S]VE AS ! F\NDATIONS OR PO9TS ( DEP>TURE = ! FUTURE >E IMM$IATELY POSSIBLE4 ,IT IS A QUE/ION ( 9ITIATIVE & WILL1 CONC]N+ :I* ! 0COMMUNITIES ( LABOR0 SET AN EXAMPLE 9 ,FRANCE4 ,! COMMUNIT>IAN MOVEM5T ?AT IS BE+ SO PA9/AK+LY CON/RUCT$1 9 ! FACE ( ! 9DIFF]5CE ( ! WORK+ CLASS MASSES1 ! TRADE UNIONS & ! VANGU>D GR\PS1 IS NONE!LESS ANO!R EXAMPLE ( :AT CAN BE DONE4 ,IT IS COMPOS$ ( TW5TY-SEV5 GR\PS ( PRODUC]S & HAS N9E HUNDR$ MEMB]S1 :O >E EMPLOY$ 9 V>I\S 9DU/RIES4 ,NO?+ BUT ?IS 9DIFF]5CE PREV5TS ?IS MOVEM5T FROM 5JOY+ A MAGNIFIC5T DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 G5]AL1 & ?IS IS ALSO TRUE ( ! 0,COMUNITA0 ,MOVEM5T1 ! RESULTS HAVE BE5 POSITIVE4 ,!Y W\LD BE EV5 MORE POSITIVE IF ?OSE :O SAY !Y WANT TO TRANS=M SOCIETY W\LD L5D !IR SUPPORT TO !SE IMM$IATE ATTEMPTS AT SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IT IS ESS5TIAL TO UND]/& ?AT LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM IS NOT LIMIT$ TO ! PROBLEMS ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION4 ,IT IS C]TA9LY TRUE ?AT ECONOMIC JU/ICE IS ITS PRIM>Y *>ACT]I/IC1 & WE HAVE DEVOT$ ! CORRESPOND+ AM\NT ( SPACE 9 ?IS PAMPHLET TO ?AT PROBLEM2 = IT ALSO IMPLIES A MORAL *>ACT] ( ! HIY = A C]TA9 DEGREE ( E?ICS1 9TELLECTUAL CULTURE1 & SOCIABILITY--:I* ! 9/ITUTIONS ( MUTUAL AID1 SU* AS ! COOP]ATIVES1 5HANCE--TO BE ATTA9$4 ,ALL ( !SE FACTORS >E L9K$4 ,NO P]SON IS CAPABLE ( GO+ BEYOND PATRONAGE & WAGE LABOR1 :OSE M5TALITY IS NOT HI<] & MORE ADVANC$ ?AN ! REGIME EMBODI$ BY ?OSE PR9CIPLES2 NOR CAN ?IS BE ATTA9$ BY ANYONE :O HAS NO IDEA ( HIS DUTIES1 NO WILL+NESS TO P]=M !M )\T BE+ =C$ TO DO SO1 & :O !RE=E HAS NOT REA*$ ?AT LEVEL ( CONSCI\SNESS ?AT W\LD MAKE HIM WOR?Y ( LIV+ 9 A BETT] SOCIETY4 ,LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM IS ! MAT]IAL REORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY1 BUT IT IS AT ! SAME TIME ! CREATION ( A MORE ADVANC$ /ATE ( P]SONAL HAPP9ESS1 & A LIV+ H>MONY ( ALL 9DIVIDUALS :OSE ?\TS1 & CONDUCT RISE TO ! LEVEL ( ! GREAT GOALS WE PURSUE4 ,LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM IS AB\T MAK+ MAN HAPPI]1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE HE WILL POSSESS MORE MAT]IAL GOODS1 BUT BECAUSE HE WILL BE MORE DIGNIFI$1 MORE FREE1 & MORE SUPPORTIVE TO HIS K9D4 ,?IS 5TAILS ! REPLACEM5T ( ! WRITT5 LAW1 :I* IS SO (T5 ASOCIAL & ANTI-SOCIAL1 ) ! MORAL LAW ?AT D]IVES ITS SUB/ANCE & ITS 9SPIRATION FROM \R HE>TS & \R CONSCI\SNESS4 ,IT ALSO IMPLIES ! REPLACEM5T ( AU?ORIT>IAN 9/ITUTIONS BY FRAT]NAL PRACTICES ?AT WILL CREATE AMONG US ! NECESS>Y COHESION TO ORGANIZE ISL&S )9 CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY1 ISL&S ?AT W\LD GRADUALLY =M A NEW WORLD ?AT WILL EXP& BY WAY ( TIRELESS EF=TS ON BEHALF ( ! GREAT GOALS ?AT WE SET = \RSELVES4 ,LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM IMPLIES A NEW MODE ( CONDUCT = EA* ( US1 ! REALIZATION ( ALL ! POSSIBILITIES ( BEAUTY1 K9DNESS1 RECTITUDE & HI<] FEEL+S ( :I* MAN IS CAPABLE4 ,IT IS A CONCEPTION ( A NEW CIVILIZATION 9 ! /RICTE/ S5SE ( ! WORD1 & CIVILIZATION IS1 ABOVE ALL1 A PRACTICAL HUMANISM1 A =M ( CIVILITY1 A SUM ( BEHAVIORS1 & ONE MU/ FULLY RECOGNIZE 9 ! 9TELLECTUAL CREATIONS ( >T & ?\ACT] ?AT IS TRULY ! HALLM>K ( CIVILIZ$ PEOPLES4 ,ANYONE :O AGREES ) ?IS IDEA & :O WANTS TO PUT IT 9TO PRACTICE PLACES HIMSELF \TSIDE ! PALE ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY1 JU/ AS ! ,*RI/IANS PLAC$ !MSELVES \TSIDE ! ,ROMAN SOCIETY ( ! TIME ( ,N]O4 ,& ANYONE :OSE CONDUCT DOES NOT RISE TO ! LEVEL ( ?IS *ALL5GE WILL REMA9 9 ?IS SOCIETY1 EV5 IF HE 5DORSES ! MO/ SUBV]SIVE SLOGANS4 ,NUM]\S REVOLUTION>IES HAVE OCCUPI$ !MSELVES ) PRACTICAL PROBLEMS ( BO? ! PRES5T & ! FUTURE1 BUT NOT HAV+ GIV5 =M TO ! NEW MAN )9 !MSELVES1 !Y >E 9CAPABLE ( LEAV+ ?IS SOCIETY4 ,9 SU* A CASE1 EV5 UND] ! MO/ FAVORABLE CIRCUM/ANCES3 SOCIALISM WILL NEV] BE REALIZ$4 ,YES1 ONE CAN & MU/ CREATE1 />T+ N[1 A HI<] COMMUNITY ?AT1 9 ! DOMA9 ( CULTURE1 & ?AT ( MORALITY APPLI$ TO MAT]IAL RELATIONS1 WILL CON/ITUTE AN EXAMPLE ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM1 & ?IS WILL NECESS>ILY COMPRISE ! BASIS = PRACTICAL PROJECTS1 AS NO?+ MORE CAN BE EXPECT$ FROM ! CURR5T CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,BUT WE CANNOT BE 5TIRELY C]TA9 ?AT ! OPPOSITE WILL NOT TAKE PLACE3 WE CANNOT BE C]TA9 ?AT ! ECONOMIC TRANS=MATION WILL AUTOMATICALLY 5G5D] ! MORAL TRANS=MATION1 ! CAPABILITY TO OV]COME ! SOCIETY ( CLASSES & ! /ATE4 ,H]E WE T\* UPON ONE ( ! PROBLEMS ?AT SOCIALISM1 REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM1 COMMUNISM1 REVOLUTION>Y AN>*ISM & ! S*OOL ( ABUNDANCE HAVE AVOID$ POS+1 BECAUSE !Y >E NOT ( ANY ADVANTAGE TO DEMAGOGUES NOR DO !Y S]VE ! 9T]E/S ( ! DICTATORIAL BUREAUCRACY & POLITICS4 ,BUT ANYONE :O HAS SOME EXP]I5CE ) PEOPLE & HAS BE5 ABLE TO LE>N LESSONS FROM ?IS EXP]I5CE1 ANYONE :O IS FAMILI> ) ! HI/ORY ( ! WORK]S MOVEM5T1 ! SOCIALI/ & COMMUNI/ P>TIES OR O!R VANGU>DI/ CURR5TS1 KN[S ?AT ?IS QUE/ION IS A MAJOR FACTOR1 ( ! GREATE/ IMPORTANCE1 CONDUCIVE TO FAILURE4 ,WE !RE=E FACE AN IMM5SE TASK1 & ONE ?AT MU/ BEG9 N[4 ,IT IS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y TO BR+ \R IDEAS & \R ME?ODS TO ! TRADE UNIONS1 ! COOP]ATIVES1 & ! V>I\S MUTUAL AID 9/ITUTIONS4 ,IT W\LD BE MO/ USEFUL1 EV5 9DISP5SABLE1 TO BECOME AS CLOSELY ACQUA9T$ AS POSSIBLE ) ! ORGANIZATION & FUNCTION+ ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY1 SO AS TO HAVE A BETT] IDEA ( H[ TO ORGANIZE & OP]ATE A NEW ONE4 ,IT IS ALSO NECESS>Y1 & 9DISP5SABLE1 H[EV]1 TO DEVOTE S]I\S ATT5TION TO ! ELABORATION ( ! SIGNIFICANCE ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM = ! O!R SPH]ES ( LIFE1 ?AT ASPECT ( ! NEW CIVILIZATION ?ANKS TO :I* WE WILL BE ABLE TO %[ PEOPLE ! PA?S T[>DS A NEW LIFE4 ,?IS TASK MU/1 BY WAY ( MANIFOLD EXPRESSIONS1 SATURATE & P5ETRATE ALL ( SOCIETY1 PR(\NDLY & LA/+LY 9/ILL+ ! NEW IDEAS 9TO ITS CORE4 ,IT IS !RE=E ESS5TIAL TO ACQUIRE A GOOD UND]/&+ ( ! OV]ALL IMPORTANCE ( ?IS ASPECT ( \R MOVEM5T & ( \R LIFE1 :I* MU/ AWAK5 )9 US ! HI<] CONSCI\SNESS ( \R MISSION4 ,= IT IS (T5 ! CASE ?AT ?OSE :O DEVOTE !IR DIS9T]E/$ EF=TS TO HUMAN PROGRESS >E TOO IMPATI5T = SUCCESS 9 !IR OV]ALL VIEW ( ! WORLD4 ,?IS IMPELS !M TO P>TICIPATE 9 POLITICAL ACTIVITIES OR ACTIVITIES ) %ORT T]M GOALS1 9 CONTRADICTION ) ! FUNDAM5TAL PO/ULATES ?AT !Y 9VOKE4 ,:AT HAS HAPP5$ TO ! SOCIALI/ P>TY1 REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM & ,M>XI/ COMMUNISM %[S ?AT SU* IMPATI5CE HAS DONE NO?+ BUT 9CREASE ! DI/ANCE BETWE5 !SE T5D5CIES & !IR ORIG9AL GOALS4 ,ONCE ONE IS 5ME%$ 9 ! COGS ( MORAL & MAT]IAL CONCESSIONS1 ONE IS DRAGG$ ALONG BY ALL ! NEW SITUATIONS ?AT >ISE ONE AFT] ANO!R1 & IT DOES NOT TAKE LONG TO BE ABSORB$4 ,9 ?IS MANN]1 NOBLE =CES & GREAT VALUES1 :I* C\LD HAVE PLAY$ AN IMM5SE ROLE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PEOPLES1 HAVE BE5 LO/ TO HUMANITY4 ,WE DO NOT DISDA9 ANY %ORT-T]M GA9S1 AS LONG AS !Y >E NOT DISCONNECT$ FROM \R PROCLAIM$ GOALS OR FROM ! ROADS ?AT LEAD TO ?OSE GOALS4 ,LIFE IS SU* ?AT1 ON AN 9DIVIDUAL LEVEL1 WE MAY BE =C$ TO MAKE CONCESSIONS1 BUT IT IS ONE ?+ TO BE =C$ TO COMPROMISE1 & ANO!R TO WILL+LY AB&ON ONE'S PR9CIPLES BY DELIB]ATELY DEP>T+ FROM :AT WE BELIEVE TO BE NOBLE1 JU/ & TRUE4 ,!RE IS SOME?+ MU* MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ! M9OR RE=MI/ DET\RS1 :I* HAVE1 ONE AFT] ANO!R1 GRADUALLY NULLIFI$ GREAT MOVEM5TS3 ?IS IS ! CREATION ( A NEW1 AUTONOM\S =CE ?AT IS CLEANS$ ( ALL COMPROMISE1 :I* REPRES5TS A HI<] CONCEPT ( CIVILIZATION & :I* DOES NOT COMPROMISE ) REG>D TO ITS IDEAL2 & ?AT EA* 9DIVIDUAL WILL FEEL ?AT HE IS AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ?IS =CE1 ?AT EA* FEELS ! MUTUAL SUPPORT ( HIS BRO!RS & UND]/&S ! GREATNESS ( \R COMMON MISSION4 ,WE >E CONTRIBUT+ A REALITY ?AT IS NEW TO HI/ORY1 & ?IS REALITY1 :I* MU/ UND]GO CON/ANT DEVELOPM5T1 MU/ NOT BE DI%ONOR$ & DE/ROY$ BY COMPROMISES ?AT ]ODE1 /]ILIZE1 CORRODE & ANNIHILATE IT4 ,IT MITIES & MOVEM5TS4 ,)\T LOS+ SIE \RSELVES = !IR SOLUTION1 & E/ABLI% FRAT]NAL CONTACTS ) ALL ! LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ ELEM5TS ?AT REMA9 FAI?FUL TO !IR PR9CIPLES1 & HELP+ !M1 :]EV] !Y 5GAGE 9 /RUGGLE1 AS MU* AS \R RES\RCES ALL[1 ?IS O!R ASPECT ( \R MISSION MU/ ALSO N\RI% \R 5?USIASM4 ,& ?IS O!R ASPECT IS ITSELF SUFFICI5T TO JU/IFY ! CON/ITUTION ( \R ,MOVEM5T1 9 ! EXPECTATION ( GREAT PRACTICAL A*IEVEM5TS4 ,WE MU/ %[ HUMANITY A NEW ROAD ?AT MU/ LEAD IT TO A NEW DE/9Y4 ,TO PRES]VE IT FROM DECL9E1 ITS FUTURE MU/ BE LIB]AT$ FROM ! AU?ORIT>IAN /RUCTURES ?AT 5G5D] OPPRESSION & /AGNATION1 FROM ! ECONOMY ( EXPLOITATION ?AT LEADS TO CATA/ROPHE1 & FROM ! DOM9ANT TE*NOCRATIC ME*ANISMS ?AT W\LD SUBM]GE IT 9 NEW =MS ( BE/IALITY4 ,CONFID5T ( \R CONVICTIONS & \R =ESIIO1 TR4 ,ANTONIO ,COLOM] ,VIADEL1 ,FUNDACION DE ,E/UDIOS ,LIB]T>IOS ,ANSELMO ,LOR5ZO1 ,MADRID1 #a#i#i#d4 ,ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,SWITZ]L& 9 #aiei UND] ! TITLE1 ,PRATIQUE DU ,SOCIALISME ,LIB]TAIRE4 .<#a.> ,SEE ! REPORT PUBLI%$ ON ,JULY #b#g1 #a#i#e#i1 BY ! NEWSPAP] ,LE ,FIG>O1 ON ! HORRIBLE EFFICACY ( JU/ ONE ( ! MEANS ( EXT]M9ATION ?AT GOV]NM5TS WIELD TODAY3 F\R BATT]IES ( ! 0,CAPORAL0 ATOMIC MISSILE1 :I*1 H[EV]1 IS ! SMALLE/ ATOMIC MISSILE 9 S]VICE 9 ! ,AM]ICAN >MY2 IT NONE!LESS HAS MORE EXPLOSIVE P[] ?AN ALL ! >TILL]Y %ELLS US$ BY ! ,AM]ICAN =CES DUR+ ,WORLD ,W> ,TWO4 ,FAC$ ) FACTS ( ?IS K9D1 ?OSE :O /ILL MA9TA9 ?AT ! PEOPLE CAN W9 9 AN >M$ /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! /ATE DEMON/RATE A %OCK+ LACK ( CONTACT ) REALITY4 7,ALL FOOTNOTES >E ! AU?OR'S47 .<#b.> ,MU* HAS BE5 SAID ( ! ,RUSSIAN A*IEVEM5TS4 ,BESIDES ! FACT ?AT !Y W]E ONLY R5D]$ POSSIBLE BY ! DEA?S ( MILLIONS ( SLAVES1 IT IS A DI/ORTION ( REALITY TO CLAIM ?AT !SE A*IEVEM5TS W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE )\T ! NATIONALIZATION ( ! C\NTRY4 ,PRIOR TO #a#i#a#d1 ! PACE ( 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T 9 ,RUSSIA WAS ALREADY FA/] ?AN ?AT ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,ANY S]I\S /UDY WILL PROVIDE AN ABUNDANCE ( EVID5CE 9 SUPPORT ( ?IS VIEW4 .<#c.> ,IT W\LD BE EASY = US TO DESCRIBE1 AS SO MANY O!RS HAVE DONE1 A NEW SOCIETY 9 ITS P]FECT$ /ATE ( OP]ATION4 ,?IS W\LD !N BE A WORK ( FICTION4 ,WE PREF] TO UND]TAKE ,SOCIOLOGY1 & GRAPPLE ) DIFFICULTIES 9 ORD] TO ATTEMPT TO RESOLVE !M 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! ECONOMIC REALITIES ) :I* ! REAL CREATORS ( HI/ORY MU/ CONT5D4 .<#d.> ,9 ANY EV5T1 IT IS ON ! BASIS ( ! WORKPLACE ?AT ! 0ACTIVE & CREATIVE0 FRE$OM ( EA* WORK] & EA* 9DIVIDUAL CAN BE BE/ EX]CIS$4 ,! DIRECTIVES GIV5 TO ! MANAGEM5T COMMITTEES1 ! TE*NICIANS1 & ! NECESS>Y LABOR COORD9ATORS1 CANNOT PROCE$ FROM TODAY'S C5TRALIZ$ TRADE UNIONS1 9 MO/ CASES4 ,?IS W\LD LEAD TO A NEW =M ( BUREAUCRATIC 0P>ASITIC SUP]/RUCTURE04 ,! REVOLUTION MU/ MOBILIZE ! WILL1 ! 9ITIATIVE1 & ! S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY ( ALL4 ,EA* 9DIVIDUAL MU/ 9 TURN ADAPT TO ! NE$S ( PRODUCTION 9 G5]AL1 ?AT IS1 TO ! NE$S ( ! POPULATION AS A :OLE4 ,BUT 9S(> AS HE IS CAPABLE ( 9FLU5C+ ! ORGANIZATION ( ?IS PRODUCTION1 ! ME?ODS ( LABOR & ! HUMAN RELATIONS ( ! PRODUCTION PROCESS1 HE MU/ BE A CO-P>TICIPANT :O EXPRESSES HIS OP9ION & PLAYS A ROLE 9 ! DECISION-MAK+ PROCESS AS A :OLE4 ,O!RWISE1 !RE W\LD BE NO APPLICATION ( LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES1 NOT EV5 SIMPLE DEMOCRACY1 ( A TRADE UNION V>IETY OR ANY O!R4 .<#e.> ,EXACTLY SIXTY-FIVE P]C5T ( ,FRANCE'S /EEL IS PRODUC$ 9 ,LORRA9E1 TW5TY-TWO P]C5T 9 ! ,NOR? ( ,FRANCE1 EIEAS ( ,CA5 & ,BAYONNE4 .<#f.> ,! COAL CRISIS ?AT 9 #aiei WREAK$ HAVOC 9 ,BELGIUM & ,G]MANY WAS 9 P>T ! RESULT ( ! 9CREAS+ CONSUMPTION ( PETROLEUM4 .<#g.> ,F$]ALISM IS NOT ATOMIZATION4 ,TO F$]ATE IS TO UNIFY4 ,! ORGANIZATION FROM ! 0BOTTOM UP0 ?AT WAS PROCLAIM$ BY ,PR\DHON & ,BAKUN9 = ! SOCIAL ECONOMY HAS NO?+ TO DO ) POLITICAL PROV9CIALISM4 ,VIEW$ 9 ?IS LIY C5TRALIZATION ?AT IS CONTROLL$ BY ALL1 A C5TRALIZATION ?AT CAN BE MODIFI$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! WILL ( ALL4 .<#h.> ,\T ( ONE MILLION RETAIL BUS9ESSES1 SIX HUNDR$ EIE ONLY SIX HUNDR$ /ORES ?AT EMPLOY ONE HUNDR$ EMPLOYES OR MORE4 0,! APP>ATUS ( DI/RIBUTION IS TOO L>GE01 ALL ! COMM5TATORS >E SAY+4 ,?IS TR5D REA*$ ITS PEAK DUR+ ! P]IOD ( 0P\JADISME01 :I* IT DI/ORT$ = POLITICAL REASONS1 BUT :OSE BASIC IMPULSE /ILL EXI/S 9 A LAT5T /ATE4 .<#i.> ,!SE 5T]PRISES1 :I* >E ESPECIALLY KN[N = !IR ,GRUY]E *EESE1 W]E =M$ 9 ! #a#b? C5TURY4 .<#a.> ,MO/ 0EJIDOS0 >E F>M$ BY ! 9DIVIDUAL [N]S ( ! L&4 ,BUT !SE >E NOT ! WEAL?IE/ ONES & IT IS 9 ! O!RS ?AT ! HI ,SIXTY P]C5T ( TE*NICAL $UCATION & FIFTY-TWO P]C5T ( ! TE*NICAL DEGREES GRANT$ >E PROVID$ BY PRIVATE 5T]PRISES :I* TEA* F\R HUNDR$ SIXTE5 TRADES1 ( :I* ONE HUNDR$ TW5TY-SEV5 >E NOT TAUE GRADUATES ( PRIVATE TE*NICAL S*OOLS4 .<#a#b.> ,9 ADDITION TO ! AM\NT ?AT WILL HAVE TO BE SAV$ = SE$4 .<#a#c.> ,AT F\R HUNDR$ FRANCS P] H\R1 ?IS W\LD IMPLY =TY-ONE H\RS ( LABOR4 ,IF EA* WORK] W]E TO WORK ONLY EI1 ?IS W\LD HAVE 5\< ( AN EFFECT TO DRIVE ! 5T]PRISE 9TO DEFICIT1 & WE >E NOT EV5 TAK+ ! SOCIAL WAGE 9TO ACC\NT4 .<#a#d.> ,ASSUM+ ?AT EA* COOP]ATOR IS A MEMB] ( A FAMILY1 ?IS MEANS ?AT AB\T HALF ! POPULATION ( ,SW$5 IS AFFECT$ BY ! COOP]ATIVE MOVEM5T4 .<#a#e.> ,ACTUALLY1 !Y W]E 9SPIR$ BY ! PR9CIPLES EXP\ND$ BY ,ROB]T ,[54 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,NOVEMB] #c1 #aieh 3 ,LIB]T>IAN ,SOCIALISM3 ,A ,PRACTICAL ,\TL9E -- ,PUBLICATION4 ,JULY #a#c1 #bai 3 ,LIB]T>IAN ,SOCIALISM3 ,A ,PRACTICAL ,\TL9E -- ,ADD$4 ,JANU>Y #c1 #bbb 3 ,LIB]T>IAN ,SOCIALISM3 ,A ,PRACTICAL ,\TL9E -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/