,*APT] #e3 ,AGRICULTURE #aieiaiei ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,GA/ON ,LEVAL ,TEXT 3 ,A,G,R,I,C,U,L,T,U,R,E ,PEASANTS & WORK]S ,WE %ALL N[ ADDRESS ! ISSUE ( ! PEASANTRY4 ,BECAUSE IT IS 9DISP5SABLE = ! URBAN WORK]S1 ESPECIALLY ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S1 TO UND]/& ITS IMPORTANCE1 IF !Y DO NOT WANT TO ONCE AGA9 UND]GO A HUNG] BLOCKADE1 SU* AS ! WORK]S ( ,P>IS EXP]I5C$ 9 #a#h#d#h1 OR ! ACTIVE HO/ILITY ?AT ! 0RURALS0 DISPLAY$ 9 #ahga T[>DS ! 9SURG5TS ( ! ,COMMUNE4 ,! OLD M9DSET ?AT ACCUS$ ! SOCIALI/S ( BE+ 0RE-DI/RIBUTORS0 IS NOT 5TIRELY DEAD AMONG ! 9HABITANTS ( ! C\NTRYSIDE1 & IT IS UPON ?IS HO/ILITY1 AT TIMES /ILL LAT5T1 ?AT REACTION>Y GOV]NM5TS1 CONS]VATIVE P>TIES & ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES WILL RELY 9 ORD] TO ONCE AGA9 IMPOSE1 9 A MORTAL /RUGGLE1 ! HUNG] BLOCKADE OR ! =CE ( >MS ON ! 9DU/RIAL C5T]S1 9 A SITUATION ( SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 ,WE MU/ PO9T \T1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! SITUATION TODAY IS NOT EXACTLY ID5TICAL TO ! SITUATION ?AT PREVAIL$ 9 #ahdh OR #a#h#g#a4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 ! PROPORTION ( 9HABITANTS ( ! RURAL >EAS1 :I* WAS AT ?AT TIME--ESPECIALLY 9 #a#h#d#h--MU* L>G] ?AN ?AT ( ! CITIES1 HAS BE5 REV]S$4 ,TODAY ! PEASANTS REPRES5T TW5TY-FIVE P]C5T ( ! POPULATION ( ,FRANCE4 ,9 ADDITION1 A SIGNIFICANT NUMB] ( !M HAVE A COMPLETELY DIFF]5T M5TALITY4 ,SOCIAL & SOCIALI/ IDEAS HAVE P5ETRAT$ ! RURAL WORLD4 ,! TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS1 ! COOP]ATIVES1 ! MUTUAL AID ASSOCIATIONS1 ! SPORT+ CLUBS & O!R GR\PS1 HAVE G5]AT$ RELATIONS ( SOLID>ITY & MUTUAL SUPPORT1 & CREAT$ AMONG ! PEASANTS A SPIRIT & A PRACTICE ( SOLID>ITY :I* HAVE TRANS=M$ ! MAN ( ! C\NTRYSIDE1 GIV+ HIM A MORE EXT5SIVE KN[L$GE ( ! WORLD4 ,9 ADDITION TO ! AVAILABILITY ( AN EXT5SIVE SELECTION ( DIFF]5T K9DS ( NEWSPAP]S & MAGAZ9ES1 FREQU5T CONTACT ) ! CITIES1 ?ANKS TO ! MULTIPLICATION ( MEANS ( TRANSPORT--RAILROADS1 BUSSES1 C>S1 MOTORCYCLES--HAS N>R[$ ! GAP BETWE5 C\NTRY & CITY & HAS ALL[$ = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( BONDS BETWE5 ! 9HABITANTS ( ! CITIES & ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,NUM]\S PEASANT ORGANIZATIONS1 BO? CORPORATIVE & 9T]-CORPORATIVE1 HAVE !IR HEADQU>T]S 9 V>I\S CITIES 9 ,FRANCE4 ,!SE CONTACTS & CONT9U\S RELATIONS1 & ACCESS TO MORE COMPREH5SIVE 9=MATION1 HAVE *ANG$ MANY ?+S4 ,F9ALLY1 9 EV]YDAY WORK & 9 PRACTICAL LIFE1 SOLID>ITY--DE FACTO 9T]-DEP5D5CE--HAS ALSO BE5 E/ABLI%$4 ,! CITY CANNOT LIVE )\T ! C\NTRYSIDE1 BUT ! C\NTRYSIDE IS EV5 LESS CAPABLE ( LIV+ )\T ! CITY4 ,EV]Y TRACTOR1 EV]Y AGRICULTURAL MA*9E--M[]S1 REAP]S1 ETC4--W\LD CEASE TO FUNCTION )\T ! GASOL9E1 ! PETROLEUM & ! PETROLEUM D]IVATIVES ?AT >E SUPPLI$ BY ! REF9]IES LOCAT$ 9 ! 9DU/RIAL C5T]S4 ,!SE MA*9ES >E PROVID$ BY ! FACTORIES & WORK%OPS1 AS >E ! FABRICS1 ! CLO?+1 ! FURNITURE1 H\SEHOLD APPLIANCES1 9DIVIDUAL MEANS ( TRANSPORT--ALONG ) ! FUEL ! LATT] NE$ TO FUNCTION--&1 F9ALLY1 ALMO/ EV]Y?+ ?AT CON/ITUTES ! ELEM5TS ( MOD]N LIFE1 )\T :I* ! F>M]1 HIS WIFE & !IR *ILDR5 W\LD BE CONDEMN$ TO RETURN TO ! /ATUS ( S]FS ( ! GLEBE1 ! POOR BEA/S ( TOIL ?AT !Y W]E 9 ! PA/4 ,! WORK]S ( ! CITY & ?OSE ( ! C\NTRYSIDE MU/ ACQUIRE AN 9CREAS+LY MORE COMPREH5SIVE UND]/&+ ( ! FACT ?AT !Y HAVE A %>$ DE/9Y 9 SOCIETY4 ,! =M] CANNOT EXI/ )\T ! GRA9S1 ! MEAT1 ! VEGETABLES1 ! FRUITS1 & ALL ! PRODUCTS ( ! L& ?AT >E PROVID$ BY ! LATT]4 ,BUT ! WORK]S ( ! C\NTRYSIDE CAN PRODUCE NO?+1 OR ALMO/ NO?+1 NOT ONLY )\T ! MA*9ES & FUEL1 BUT ALSO )\T ! *EMICAL F]TILIZ]S1 ! H]BICIDES & PE/ICIDES1 & ! VACC9ES = ! ANIMALS4 ,EV5 MORE IMPORTANTLY1 9 MANY RURAL >EAS !Y DO NOT EV5 PRODUCE A SIGNIFICANT PORTION ( !IR [N FOOD NE$S1 S9CE1 SPECIALIZ$ AGRICULTURE HAS MADE GREAT 9ROADS 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,! ,MIDI SUPPLIES W9E TO ,BEAUCE & RECEIVES :EAT1 POTATOES & SUG>4 ,! ,S\?WE/ SUPPLIES MILK & BUTT] TO P>T ( ! ,EA/ & ! ,P>IS BAS92 IT RECEIVES MA*9]Y1 SOME ( ITS FRUIT1 & C]TA9 VEGETABLES4 ,! ,ATLANTIC & ,M$IT]RANEAN COA/AL >EAS SUPPLY ! 9T]IOR ) FI% & RECEIVE MEAT & BUTT]4 ,ALL ( !SE MOVEM5TS ( GOODS W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE )\T ! RAILROADS & MOTORIZ$ TRANSPORT1 :I* >E ( AN ESS5TIALLY 9DU/RIAL *>ACT] & :I* ALSO DEP5D ON ! CITIES4 ,?IS IS :AT ! PEASANTS MU/ UND]/&4 ,!Y >E 9 ! SAME POSITION AS ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S1 & AL?\< !IR SITUATIONS >E =MALLY DIFF]5T1 !Y >E VICTIMS ( A =M ( EXPLOITATION ?AT BO? GR\PS HAVE AN 9T]E/ 9 ELIM9AT+4 ,NOR >E WE REF]R+ EXCLUSIVELY TO !IR EXPLOITATION BY ! /ATE1 S9CE ! TAXES ! PEASANTS PAY 9 ,FRANCE >E MU* L[] ?AN ?OSE ?AT WE1 ! WAGE WORK]S ( FACTORIES & WORK%OPS1 PAY1 )\T ANY POSSIBILITY ( AVOID+ PAY+ !M4 ,!RE >E O!R K9DS ( !FT ?AT WE %ALL NOT OV]LOOK4 ,:51 AT ! BEG9N+ ( #a#i#e#g1 ! ,*RI/IAN ,DEMOCRATIC LEAD] ,PI]RE ,PFIML9 WAS ,M9I/] ( ,AGRICULTURE1 HE DECL>$ ?AT ! PRODUC]S HAD BE5 PAID A TOTAL ( TWO HUNDR$ BILLION FRANCS = ALL ! AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS !Y SUPPLI$ DUR+ ! PREVI\S YE>1 BUT !SE SAME AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS W]E SOLD TO ! CONSUM]S = A TOTAL ( SEV5 HUNDR$ BILLION FRANCS4 ,AN HONE/ ORGANIZATION1 IMPOSSIBLE 9 \R CURR5T SOCIETY1 W\LD MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO PAY ! PRODUC]S ANO!R ONE HUNDR$ FIFTY BILLION FRANCS1 & *>GE ! CONSUM] ONE HUNDR$ FIFTY BILLION FRANCS LESS4 ,9 SU* A CASE BO? ! CITY & ! C\NTRYSIDE GA94 ,BUT ?IS ORGY ( PILLAGE CALL$ CAPITALI/ SOCIETY HAS ALL[$ MIDDLEM5 ( ALL K9DS TO POCKET FIVE HUNDR$ BILLION FRANCS--OR F\R HUNDR$ FIFTY BILLION IF Y\ D$UCT ! CO/S ( TRANSPORT & /ORAGE 9CURR$ BY V>I\S O!R /AGES ( ! DI/RIBUTION PROCESS4 ,9=MATION HAS COME TO LITI*OKES1 CAULIFL[]1 TOMATOES1 BEANS71 = :I* ! PRODUC]S >E PAID A FEW FRANCS P] KILO1 BUT :I* >E SOLD 9 A NEIM] MU/ LET FRUIT ROT ON ! TREES BECAUSE ! MIDDLEMAN WILL NOT EV5 PAY HIM 5\< = ! FRUIT TO PAY ! WORK]S TO PICK IT4 ,& EV]YONE KN[S ?AT ! MEAT PROBLEM HAS NOT BE5 RESOLV$ EI!R1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE ! MIDDLEM5 TOOK1 & /ILL TAKE1 ! LION'S %>E1 BUT1 WORSE YET1 BECAUSE ! LACK ( RATIONAL ORGANIZATION RAIS$ ! CO/ ( PRODUCTION1 OR CAUS$ & /ILL CAUSES SIGNIFICANT LOSSES1 :E!R DUE TO ! FACT ?AT ! H]DS >E TOO F> FROM !IR PA/URES1 OR ?AT ! PLACE :]E ! ANIMALS >E RAIS$ IS TOO F> FROM ! SLAUY ORGANIZATION IMPOSSIBLE4 ,ELSE:]E1 EV5 ! MEANS ( TRANSPORT >E LACK+ = ! TIMELY DELIV]Y ( ! PRODUCTS1 OR IF ! MEANS ( TRANSPORT EXI/1 !Y >E TOO EXP5SIVE4 ,EV5 :5 !SE DIFFICULTIES DO NOT EXI/1 H[EV]1 9SOLUBLE PROBLEMS >ISE4 ,WE HAVE SE5 ! :EAT H>VE/ = SEV]AL YE>S 9 SUCCESSION REA* ONE HUNDR$ OR ONE HUNDR$ TW5TY MILLION QU9TALS1 :ILE1 DUR+ ! SAME P]IOD1 ! PRODUCTION ( W9E & MILK1 BUTT]1 FRUIT1 & GRE5H\SE VEGETABLES1 HAS RESULT$ 9 SURPLUSES4 ,?IS WAS CATA/ROPHIC = ! PEASANTS BECAUSE ?IS SOCIETY IS ( SU* A NATURE ?AT AN 9CREASE 9 ! AM\NT ( GOODS1 9/EAD ( BE+ A CAUSE = JUBILATION & SATISFACTION1 IS A CAUSE ( MIS=TUNE & POV]TY DUE TO ! DECL9E 9 PRICES4 ,:AT IS ! RESPONSE ( ! RURAL PRODUC]S8 ,!Y CALL UPON ! /ATE TO ASSUME RESPONSIBILITY = !SE SURPLUSES1 BY MEANS ( SUBSIDIES1 9 ORD] TO 5SURE !IR SALE ON =EIGN M>KETS4 ,9 ! O!R C\NTRIES1 H[EV]1 ! SAME ?+S >E HAPP5+1 & ,FR5* PRODUCTS MU/ CONFRONT ,ITALIAN1 ,DUT*1 ,DANI%1 ,AM]ICAN1 ,AU/RALIAN1 ,NEW ,ZEAL&1 ,5GLI%1 ,ALG]IAN & ,SPANI% PRODUCTS 9 9T]NATIONAL COMPETITION4 ,\R S5SE ( JU/ICE TELLS US ?AT !SE SOLUTIONS >E BAD ONES1 & ?AT O!RS MU/ BE S\KETS4 ,AFT] ALL1 IT IS FROM \R POCKETS ?AT ! /ATE TAKES ! MONEY ) :I* IT CONC$ES SUBSIDIES & PRICE SUPPORTS TO ! W9E PRODUC]S ( ! ,MIDI1 :5 !Y CANNOT SELL !IR W9E2 TO ! GRA9 PRODUC]S ( ,BEAUCE1 ,BRIE & ! ,NOR?1 :5 !Y CANNOT SELL !IR :EAT2 TO ! BUTT] & MEAT PRODUC]S ( ,*>5TE OR ,NORM&Y1 :5 !Y CANNOT SELL !IR BUTT] OR MEAT2 & TO ! CATTLEM5 ( ! ,C5T] OR ,SAVOY1 :5 !Y CANNOT SELL !IR CATTLE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 DUE TO ! CAPITALI/ ME*ANISM1 9 ADDITION TO ! CORPORATE DIVID5DS1 ! PR(ITS ( ! EMPLOY]S & MIDDLEM5 & ! EXCESSIVE EXP5SES ( ! /ATE1 ! PEASANTS ALSO PAY TOO MU* = ! 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTS !Y BUY4 ,! PRODUC]S ( ! CITY & ! PRODUC]S ( ! C\NTRYSIDE MU/ !RE=E SEEK A RATIONAL1 JU/ & S9C]E SOLUTION1 :I* CAN BE NO?+ O!R ?AN ! ORGANIZATION ( 9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION = ! B5EFIT ( ALL4 ,NOT ALL ! PRODUC]S ( ! C\NTRYSIDE1 H[EV]1 HAVE ! SAME 9T]E/ 9 ?IS REORGANIZATION ( COLLECTIVE LIFE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! G5]AL C5SUS ( ,AGRICULTURE C>RI$ \T 9 #a#i#e#f-#a#i#e#g1 PUBLI%$ BY ! ,9,S,E,E1 CONC]N+ ! /RUCTURE ( AGRICULTURAL [N]%IP 9 ,FRANCE1 ! LATT] IS DI/RIBUT$ AS FOLL[S3 ,>EA ,CULTIVAT$ 7HECT>ES7 ,TOTAL ,>EA 7HECT>ES7 ,P]C5TAGE ( ,TOTAL ,LESS ?AN #a #h#e1#g 4#c #a-#b #c#c#c1 #a4 #b-#e #a1#c#g#g1 #d4#c #e-#a #c1#d#e#h1 #a4#h #a-#b #g1#e#c#f1 #b#c4#d #b-#e #a#a1#a#f#g1 #c#d4#g #e-#a #d1#i#f#h1 #a#e4#e #a-#b #b1#a#i#f1 #f4#h ,MORE ?AN #b #a1#c#g1 #c4#b ,TOTAL #c#b1#a#e#g1#g ,\T ( MORE ?AN ?IRTY-TWO MILLION HECT>ES1 HALF1 AT LEA/1 ( ! TOTAL BELONGS TO SMALL PROP]TY [N]S4 ,& QUITE (T51 ! L& [N$ BY SMALL TO MIDDLE LEVEL PROP]TY [N]S 7:O [N ?IRTY TO FIFTY HECT>ES7 IS ( 9F]IOR QUALITY4 ,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT PR(\ND RE=MS >E NECESS>Y 9 ORD] TO IMPROVE ! SOCIAL CONDITION ( ! F>M]S4 ,!RE >E APPROXIMATELY TWO MILLION F>MS 9 ,FRANCE1 YET1 BETWE5 ! SMALLE/ & ! L>GE/ PROP]TIES1 ! SOCIAL PROBLEM ASSUMES A DIFF]5T =M4 ,BESIDES A M9ORITY ( L>GE L&[N]S :O EXPLOIT A L>GE CONT+5T ( WAGE WORK]S1 H[EV]1 ! O!R1 M$IUM SIZE1 SMALL & V]Y SMALL L&[N]S1 ! SMALL F>M]S1 & ! %>ECROPP]S--:O CON/ITUTE ONE QU>T] ( ! AGRICULTURAL POPULATION & >E (T5 DESPIS$ 9 C]TA9 REGIONS ( ,FRANCE--CAN UND]/& ! NECESSITY ( & ! 9T]E/ !Y1 TOGE!R ) ! 5TIRE COLLECTIVITY ( :I* !Y =M A P>T1 HAVE 9 ! *ANGE WE ADVOCATE4 ,!Y MU/ UND]/& ?AT !IR /&>D ( LIV+ WILL IMPROVE1 & !IR LABORS WILL BE LIE ADVOCAT+4 ,& WE MU/ IMM$IATELY MAKE IT CLE> ?AT ?IS COLLECTIVE ORGANIZATION1 H[EV] DESIRABLE IT MAY BE1 MU/ BY NO MEANS BE IMPOS$ BY =CE4 ,WE %ALL NONE!LESS MAKE AN ATTEMPT TO DESCRIBE :AT SEEMS TO US TO BE ! IDEAL4 ,!N WE %ALL ADDRESS ! QUE/ION ( H[ IT MANY BE A*IEV$ 9 /AGES & 9T]M$IATE =MS ?AT W\LD CON/ITUTE REAL PROGRESS4 ,! ,SPANI% EXP]I5CE ,! IDEAL WAS REALIZ$ 9 ,SPA91 DUR+ ! LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i4 ,IT CONSI/$ 9 ! EXPROPRIATION ( ALL ! BIG L&[N]S & ! MEMB]%IP ( ALL ! SMALL L&[N]S 9 :AT W]E CALL$ ! VILLAGE COLLECTIVES4 ,!SE COLLECTIVES FUNCTION$ AS L>GE PRODUC]S COOP]ATIVES4 ,!Y OP]AT$ UND] ! AU?ORITY ( ! DIRECTIVES AGRE$ UPON BY ! G5]AL ASSEMBLIES ( ! COLLECTIVI/S1 :I* 9CLUD$ ! SMALL L&[N]S :O CONTRIBUT$ !IR L&1 !IR TOOLS1 & !IR CATTLE1 & ! WAGE WORK]S1 ALL ( :OM ASSOCIAT$ ON EQUAL T]MS4 ,A COMMISSION WAS ELECT$ TO IMPLEM5T !SE DIRECTIVES4 ,?IS COMMISSION 9CLUD$1 9 EV]Y COLLECTIVE1 ONE DELEGATE FROM EA* SPECIALTY--FIELD CROPS1 FRUIT1 CATTLE1 RICE1 OLIVE OIL PRODUCTION1 ORANGES1 VEGETABLES1 ETC4 ,EA* DELEGATE1 :O WORK$ EI!R A HALF-DAY OR A FULL DAY1 DEP5D+ ON ! SCALE ( HIS RESPONSIBILITIES1 COORD9AT$1 TOGE!R ) ! DELEGATES ( ! WORK TEAMS ( HIS SPECIALTY1 ! WORK ?AT HAD TO BE DONE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ! ZONES *>ACT]IZ$ BY DIV]SIFI$ AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION1 WORK WAS C>RI$ \T 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! SUCCESSION ( TYPES ( CULTIVATION1 ! NE$S ( EA* K9D ( PRODUCTION1 & ! LOCATION ( ! L&4 ,:EAT1 GRAPES1 OLIVES1 ORANGES1 ROOT CROPS1 BEETS1 V>I\S K9DS ( VEGETABLES2 ! WORK TEAMS W]E GIV5 !IR ASSIGNM5TS BY ! G5]AL DELEGATE1 & !Y FULFILL$ !IR TASKS4 ,! H>DE/ WORK WAS RES]V$ = ! Y\NGE/ & /RONGE/ M54 ,! LIS OLD4 ,! ELD]LY W]E ASSUR$ ( !IR LIVELIHOOD1 JU/ LIKE ! O!R MEMB]S ( ! COLLECTIVE1 & DEVOT$ !MSELVES TO USEFUL1 BUT NOT COMPULSORY1 ACTIVITIES1 :I* CON/ITUT$ = !M A PA/IME4 ,! PRODUCTS BELONG$ TO ! COLLECTIVE1 G5]ALLY COMPOS$ ( ! 5TIRE POPULATION ( ! T[N1 OR ALMO/ ! 5TIRE POPULATION4 ,!Y W]E DEPOSIT$ 9 ! COMMUNAL /OREH\SES4 ,! ,SUPPLY ,DELEGATE ORGANIZ$ EX*ANGE ) ! 9DU/RIAL REGIONS4 ,HE S5T SURPLUS AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 9 EX*ANGE = FABRICS1 MA*9]Y1 *EMICAL F]TILIZ]S1 BOOKS1 H\SEHOLD UT5SILS1 ETC4 ,! VALUE ( EA* PRODUCT WAS CALCULAT$ 9 PESETAS1 & ! EX*ANGE TRANSACTION WAS C>RI$ \T BY MEANS ( A K9D ( CLE>+ .<9 ,5GLI% 9 ! ORIG9AL--,5GLI% TRANSLATOR'S NOTE.>1 AS IS CU/OM>Y 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 :I* (T5 R5D]S ! USE ( MONEY SUP]FLU\S4 ,LOCALLY1 & = 9DIVIDUALS1 DI/RIBUTION WAS C>RI$ \T BY ! COMMUNAL /OREH\SES1 :I* 9 SOME T[NS W]E ALSO CALL$ COOP]ATIVES4 ,DI/RIBUTION WAS *>ACT]IZ$ BY ONE ( TWO BASIC PROC$URES4 ,! FIR/ CONSI/$ 9 ! DI/RIBUTION ( PRODUCTS :OSE AM\NTS W]E FIX$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! SIZE ( ! FAMILY BY ! ASSEMBLY ( ! COLLECTIVE4 ,!RE WAS NO LONG] A MONET>Y SY/EM & EV]YONE WAS FRE$ FROM ! OBSESSION1 0IF Y\ DO NOT HAVE MONEY1 Y\ DO NOT EAT04 ,! O!R PROC$URE WAS *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! USE ( A K9D ( CURR5CY ?AT WAS SOMETIMES IMPROVIS$1 BUT MORE (T5 (FICIAL4 ,A FAMILY WAGE WAS E/ABLI%$1 DEP5D+ ON ! SIZE ( EA* H\SEHOLD4 ,! VICISSITUDES ( ! W> & ! 9H]5T DIFFICULTIES ( SU* A COMPLICAT$ SITUATION1 :]E ! POLITICAL P>TIES W]E CREAT+ C\NTLESS OB/ACLES1 PREV5T$ !SE TWO SY/EMS FROM BE+ UNIFI$ 9TO A S+LE SY/EM1 BUT ! RESULTS ?AT W]E OBTA9$1 FREQU5TLY AFT] ONLY A FEW MON?S1 W]E DECISIVE4 ,FIR/ !Y W]E DECISIVE = ! IMPROVEM5T ( PRODUCTION1 S9CE ! USE ( ! L&1 ! PA/URES1 ! IRRIGATION SY/EMS1 ! V>I\S MEANS ( LABOR1 & ( ! HUMAN LABOR ITSELF1 WAS MU* MORE RATIONAL4 ,PREVI\SLY1 ONE L&[N] MAY HAVE POSSESS$ 5\< PA/UREL& TO RAISE TW5TY C[S OR ONE HUNDR$ %EEP1 BUT HE ONLY RAIS$ T5 C[S OR ?IRTY %EEP4 ,ANO!R L&[N] MAY HAVE HAD ONLY 5\< L& TO RAISE F\R C[S BUT HE HAD T5 ( !M1 ) ! MEAG] YIELDS ?AT WE MAY ASSUME W\LD RESULT4 ,ANO!R L&[N] S[$ :EAT ON L& ?AT WAS ONLY FIT = RAIS+ GOATS OR %EEP3 HE H>VE/$ EIE4 ,! DONKEYS1 ! MULES1 & ! HORSES ?AT W]E EMPLOY$ TO WORK ! L&1 W]E DI/RIBUT$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! *>ACT]I/IC DISORD] ( ! PREVAIL+ SOCIAL SY/EM4 ,ONE PEASANT ONLY HAD ONE DONKEY TO PL[ A H>D & ROCKY SOIL4 ,ANO!R HAD GOOD MULES1 HALF ( :I* W\LD HAVE BE5 5\< TO WORK AN EASI] SOIL4 ,RI* L&[N]S W]E ! PR\D [N]S ( A TRACTOR ?AT !Y OP]AT$ TWO MON?S A YE>1 & !N W5T UNUTILIZ$ ! RE/ ( ! YE>1 :ILE ! POORE/ PEASANTS ONLY HAD !IR TWO H&S TO TILL !IR SOIL4 ,! VILLAGE COLLECTIVES PUT AN 5D TO ALL ?IS DISORD]4 ,! TRACTORS W]E US$ YE>-R\ND1 ! /RONG MULES W]E EMPLOY$ :]EV] !Y W]E NE$$ & ! DONKEYS W]E US$ = LIS1 AL?\< IT WAS NOT YET G5]ALIZ$1 EM]G$ SPONTANE\SLY 9 ,SPA9 AS A RESULT ( ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! COLLECTIVES4 ,! YIELDS ( MEAT & MILK ROSE ACCORD+LY4 ,COMMUNAL /ABLES W]E ORGANIZ$ \TSIDE ! T[NS1 AS WELL AS H5H\SES & PIG RAN*ES1 :I* SEP>AT$ ! HUMAN BE+S FROM ! ANIMALS & ! FLIES1 & FROM ! ACCOMPANY+ FIL?4 ,WOM5 W]E LIB]AT$ FROM ! PIT*=K1 ! :EELB>R[ & ! MANURE4 ,! ME?ODS ( CATTLE RAIS+1 APPLI$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) A G5]AL PLAN1 MADE IT POSSIBLE = ! NUMB] ( PIGS 9 ! COLLECTIVE'S PIG F>MS1 CLASSIFI$ BY AGE1 TO MULTIPLY AS NEV] BE=E4 ,! ANIMAL HUSB&RY FACILITIES ( ! COLLECTIVES1 9 A %ORT TIME1 D\BL$ ! NUMB] ( RABBITS1 *ICK5S1 O!R F[L & EGGS1 TO :I* EV]YONE HAD EQUAL ACCESS4 ,AGRICULTURAL YIELDS ALSO ROSE4 ,ANYONE :O HAD ! OPPORTUNITY TO SURVEY ! COLLECTIVIZ$ F>MS & COMP>$ ! D5SITY ( ! :EAT GR[+ ON !M ) ?AT ( ! F>MS ( ! SMALL L&[N]S :O REFUS$ TO JO9 ! COLLECTIVES1 SAW ?AT ! LATT]1 DESPITE ! LABOR ( !IR WIVES & *ILDR51 OBTA9$ A MU* L[] D5SITY ( :EAT4 ,?IS WAS UNAVOIDABLE BECAUSE ! COLLECTIVE ORGANIZATION POSSESS$ ! MORE ADVANC$ TE*NICAL MEANS ?AT ALL[$ IT TO TILL ! SOIL MORE EFFECTIVELY1 & TO GIVE ! CROPS1 AT ! REQUISITE /AGES ( !IR GR[?1 ! 9DISP5SABLE ATT5TION1 TO MORE EFFECTIVELY UTILIZE & ORGANIZE ! IRRIGATION NETWORKS1 TO PROCURE SELECT$ SE$S OR TO PLANT !M 9 ! MO/ EFFECTIVE MANN]1 TO 9TELLIG5TLY UTILIZE1 ?ANKS TO ! ADVICE ( AGRICULTURAL TE*NICIANS1 ! F]TILIZ]S OR ! L&S :OSE SOIL *EMI/RIES (T5 V>I$ FROM ONE >EA TO ANO!R4 ,!SE OPPORTUNITIES = IMPROVEM5T MADE POSSIBLE A ?IRTY P]C5T 9CREASE 9 BO? ! AM\NT ( L& S[$ ) :EAT & ! YIELD P] HECT>E1 DESPITE ! MOBILIZATION ( A L>GE PROPORTION ( ! Y\?1 :O HAD TO GO TO ! FRONT TO FIMY4 ,ALL ( !SE FACTORS1 TOGE!R ) ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! [N]S ( ! L>GE E/ATES & EXPLOIT]S ( EV]Y K9D1 RESULT$ 9 A D\BL+ ( ! AV]AGE /&>D ( LIV+ ( ! PEASANTS1 IF NOT MORE 9 SOME CASES4 ,LET US TRY TO IMAG9E ! RESULTS ?AT W\LD ISSUE FROM SU* A =M ( ORGANIZATION 9 ,FRANCE1 :]E ! SOIL IS G5]ALLY MORE F]TILE & ! CLIMATE MORE B5IGN ?AN 9 ,SPA94 ,NOT ONLY W\LD ! YIELDS 9CREASE1 BUT1 ABOVE ALL1 ! LIVES ( M5 & WOM5 WILL BE 9F9ITELY MORE HUMAN1 MORE PLEASANT1 & MORE HAPPY1 9 ! DOMA9S AFFECT$ BY ! NUM]\S CONSEQU5CES ?AT WILL ACCOMPANY ! MAJOR1 L>GE SCALE A*IEVEM5TS4 ,AN ABUNDANT CROP WILL NOT BE A CATA/ROPHE & IT WILL NO LONG] BE NECESS>Y TO COMPETE ) ! MIDDLEM54 ,WE %ALL REM9D ! READ] ( ! EXAMPLE ( ! CATTLE ACCOMMODAT$ 9 COLLECTIVE /ABLES4 ,TODAY1 ! SMALL F>M]1 OR HIS WIFE1 CANNOT BE ABS5T FROM ! F>M = EV5 ONE DAY3 !Y >E ! SLAVES ( ! BEA/S 9 ! PIG/IES1 ! /ABLES & ! PADDOCKS4 ,BUT :5 PEOPLE TAKE TURNS TAK+ C>E ( ! ANIMALS1 ALL ! F>M]S WILL BE ABLE TO 5JOY !IR HOLIDAY4 ,& :5 COMRADES :O SPECIALIZE 9 ?IS K9D ( WORK COME AT ! 5D ( ! DAY TO TAKE C>E ( ! ANIMALS1 OR ! TRACTORS1 SO ?AT ! DRIV]S CAN TAKE A BREAK :ILE !IR COMRADES TAKE C>E ( ! HORSES OR FIX ! MA*9]Y1 ?IS W\LD BE A CONQUE/ ( A K9D ?AT ONLY ?OSE :O HAVE PRACTICAL EXP]I5CE ( !SE ?+S CAN FULLY APPRECIATE4 ,9T]M$IATE /AGES ,OBJECTIONS C\LD BE RAIS$ AGA9/ \R VIEW :I*1 9 \R OP9ION1 >E UNF\ND$1 BUT :I* WE DO NOT WANT TO LEAVE UNADDRESS$4 ,! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! PEASANTS FEEL LOVE = !IR PROP]TY1 BECAUSE 9 ! JUNGLE :]E !Y HAVE ALWAYS LIV$1 & :]E1 ALL TOO (T51 MAN HAS BE5 A WOLF TO MAN1 !IR PROP]TY HAS SIGNIFI$ 7AL?\< NOT ABSOLUTELY7 !IR BREAD1 ! BREAD ( !IR FAMILIES1 & A C]TA9 GU>ANTEE ( FRE$OM AGA9/ ! ,/ATE & ! P[]FUL4 ,9 ADDITION1 IT HAS ALL[$ ! PEASANTS1 )9 V]Y RE/RICT$ B\ND>IES1 TO DO 0:ATEV] PR(ITS !M01 TO EX]CISE P]SONAL 9ITIATIVE1 & TO ACT 9 ACCORDANCE ) !IR [N WILL4 ,WE CANNOT IGNORE !SE FACTS4 ,! ,SPANI% LIB]T>IANS DID NOT IGNORE !M1 EI!R4 ,A L>GE ( NUMB] ( COLLECTIVES GAVE EA* PEASANT FAMILY A PIECE ( L&1 SUFFICI5T = ! CULTIVATION ( SOME VEGETABLES = H\SEHOLD CONSUMPTION OR SOME FL[]S1 OR = RAIS+ *ICK5S1 RABBITS1 ETC4 ,! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T WAS =C$ TO DO ! SAME ?+ :5 IT E/ABLI%$ ! ,KOLKHOZES4 ,IT IS NATURALLY POSSIBLE TO =ESEE SU* POSSIBILITIES1 :I* DO NOT CONFLICT ) OV]ALL COLLECTIVIZATION4 ,! COMP>ISON WE JU/ MADE MU/ BE FUR!R CL>IFI$4 ,>E ! COLLECTIVES ( ,SPA91 OR ANY POSSIBLE FUTURE COOP]ATIVE & COMMUNAL ORGANIZATIONS WE MAY IMAG9E1 REALLY COMP>ABLE TO ! ,KOLKHOZES8 ,CATEGORICALLY1 NO3 ! ,KOLKHOZES W]E NOT ! FREE CREATIONS ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANTS1 BUT CON/RUCTS ( ! /ATE & ! /ATE BUREAUCRACY1 IMPOS$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 :OSE MEMB]S EX]CISE DICTATOR%IP OV] ONE & ALL4 ,! ,KOLKHOZES DO NOT FREELY MAKE DECISIONS CONC]N+ !IR [N AFFAIRS1 BUT MU/ IMPLEM5T ! 0NORMS0 E/ABLI%$ )\T !IR CONS5T1 OR EV5 AGA9/ !IR OPPOSITION2 ! POLITICAL POLICE T]RORIZES ! 9HABITANTS1 NO DISS5T MAY BE EXPRESS$1 !RE IS A HI]>*Y ( WAGES--AN ABSOLUTE NEGATION ( SOCIALISM1 COMMUNISM & ECONOMIC EQUALITY--?AT IS DECRE$ FROM ABOVE1 &1 QUITE FREQU5TLY1 !RE >E MORE BUREAUCRATS ?AN WORK]S 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,UND] !SE CONDITIONS ! HO/ILITY ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANTS T[>DS ?IS FALSE COLLECTIVISM IS QUITE UND]/&ABLE4 ,& IT IS JU/ AS EASILY UND]/OOD ?AT ALL ( ?IS HAS NO?+ TO DO ) ! FREE COLLECTIVES ( ,SPA9 ?AT WE >E TAK+ AS \R MODEL4 ,WE ALSO KN[ ?AT1 CONSID]+ ! CURR5T CONDITIONS1 WE MU/ NOT EXPECT A G5]AL TRANS=MATION1 ONE ?AT W\LD BE C>RI$ \T AS QUICKLY AS ! ONE ?AT WAS IMPLEM5T$ 9 ,SPA91 :]E MORE ?AN HALF ! L& WAS COLLECTIVIZ$ )9 ONE YE>1 & ONE 9 :I* NO MORE ?AN FIVE 9 EV]Y ?\S& COLLECTIVES FAIL$4 ,WE MU/ !RE=E =ESEE /AGES1 DEGREES ( APPLICATION ?AT1 )\T ACTUALLY ATTA9+ TO ! CONDITION ( 9TEGRAL LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM1 W\LD IMPLY A PR(\ND BREAK ) ! PA/1 & A REAL1 IMM$IATE CONQUE/4 ,WE HAVE SE5 JU/ H[ MU* ( ,FRANCE'S AGRICULTURAL L& IS DOM9AT$ BY L>GE L&$ PROP]TY4 ,9 REGIONS LIKE ,BEAUCE1 ,BRIE1 ! DEP>TM5TS ( ! ,M>NE1 ,L',OISE1 ,L',AISNE1 ! ,SOMME1 ! ,NOR? & ! ,PAS-DE-,CALAIS1 IT IS (T5 V]Y IMPORTANT4 ,9 ?OSE F>MS ?AT EMPLOY NUM]\S WORK]S1 ! TASK W\LD 9VOLVE M]ELY EXPROPRIAT+ ! [N]S1 :I* W\LD BE EASY 5\< IF ! OV]ALL SITUATION IS FAVORABLE1 AS WAS ! CASE 9 ,JUNE #a#i#c#f1 & =M+ MANAGEM5T COMMITTEES ON EA* F>M ?AT W\LD COORD9ATE !IR ACTIVITIES ?R\< A LOCAL COMMISSION ELECT$ AT A G5]AL ASSEMBLY4 ,! V>I\S COMMISSIONS W\LD F$]ATE BY DEP>TM5TS & BY AGRICULTURAL REGIONS4 ,ONE MAY EASILY CONCEIVE ( ! BIR? ( AN 9T]-DEP>TM5TAL GRA9 ,F$]ATION :OSE HEADQU>T]S W\LD BE 9 ,P>IS1 :I* LIES 9 ! C5T] ( ! GREAT :EAT GR[+ >EAS ( ,FRANCE4 ,9 ?IS CASE IT W\LD NOT BE DIFFICULT TO DE/ROY 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY4 ,BUT ! PROBLEM IS ALTOGE!R DIFF]5T :5 WE CONSID] M$IUM-SIZ$ OR SMALL-SCALE PROP]TY4 ,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ! SMALL CULTIVATORS W\LD B5EFIT FROM ! =MATION ( COLLECTIVES1 COMMUNES OR AGR>IAN COOP]ATIVES--! NAME DOES NOT MATT]--9 ORD] TO OBTA9 MORE \TPUT FROM !IR L&1 !IR TOOLS & !IR WORK4 ,WILL !Y UND]/& ?IS8 ,?IS IS :AT WE DO NOT KN[1 & !RE=E ?IS IS :AT !Y MU/ BE CONV9C$ (4 ,UNITY MAKES = /R5G?1 & DIVISION1 = WEAKNESS4 ,BY UNIT+ 9 COMMUNIT>IAN COOP]ATIVES EA* P]SON WILL BR+ AB\T A HAPPI] LIFE = HIMSELF & HIS FAMILY4 ,= WE MU/ NOT =GET ?AT ?IS TRANS=MATION HAS NO?+ TO DO ) DE/ROY+ ! FAMILY HOME OR ABOLI%+ 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY ) REG>D TO ?OSE ?+S ?AT >E NECESS>Y = DOME/IC LIFE3 H\SE1 FURNITURE1 ETC4 ,WE ?9K IT IS NECESS>Y TO 9SI/ ON ?IS FACT1 9 ORD] TO =E/ALL ! DI/ORTION ( \R IDEAS BY ! SUPPORT]S ( 9EQUALITY4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO PR$ICT :AT ATTITUDES ! M$IUM-SIZ$ L&[N]S WILL DISPLAY T[>DS AN ATTEMPT AT COLLECTIVE ORGANIZATION4 ,!Y WILL UND\BT$LY ASSUME MANY =MS4 ,BUT = ?OSE = :OM SU* A P]SPECTIVE IS FRIIAN SOCIALIZATION C\LD BE REALIZ$1 9 P>T1 ON ! BASIS ( 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY1 9S(> AS ! LATT] DOES NOT IMPLY ! EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN OR 9EQUALITY 9 ! MEANS ( EXI/5CE4 ,:5 WE SEE A L&[N] :O POSSESSES SIXTY HECT>ES ( GOOD L&1 & ANO!R L&[N] :O POSSESSES T5 HECT>ES ( L& ( ! SAME QUALITY1 WE ?9K ( ?IS AS AN 9JU/ICE1 & ?AT ?IS 9JU/ICE MU/ BE RECTIFI$4 ,BUT :5 ! L& ! DIFF]5T [N]S POSSESS IS MORE OR LESS EQUIVAL5T1 ?IS 9JU/ICE HAS DISAPPE>$4 ,9 ?IS CASE ONE CAN SPEAK ( SOCIALISM--AL?\< A V]Y 9SUFFICI5T K9D ( SOCIALISM--& ?IS IS H[1 ) REG>D TO ! L& PROBLEM1 ,PR\DHON UND]/OOD IT4 ,?IS K9D ( 9DIVIDUALI/ SOCIALISM1 H[EV]1 MU/ BE COMPLEM5T$1 TO A C]TA9 EXT5T1 BY ! ME?ODS ALREADY UTILIZ$ BY ! AGRICULTURAL 5TREPR5EURS ( MANY C\NTRIES4 ,9 ,SW$51 ,NORWAY1 ,D5M>K1 ,G]MANY1 ,FRANCE1 ,ITALY & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! SMALL 5TREPR5EURS HAVE =M$ COLLECTIVE ORGANIZATIONS ( EV]Y K9D1 :I* IMPLY A DEVELOPM5T AWAY FROM 9DIVIDUALI/ PRACTICES4 ,COOP]ATIVES = BUY+ AGRICULTURAL MA*9]Y OR = JO9T USE ( ! MA*9]Y1 COOP]ATIVES = ! IMPROVEM5T ( COLLECTIVE CATTLE-RAIS+1 F[L RAIS+1 PIGS1 PREP>+ SALT-PORK1 DAIRY PRODUCTION1 VITICULTURE1 BUTT]1 = ! /ORAGE ( :EAT 9 SILOS1 REFRIG]ATION1 /OR+ POTATOES1 M>KET+ ! PRODUCTS1 & !IR EXPORT3 !SE COOP]ATIVES >E 9NUM]ABLE1 & CON/ITUTE ! DOM9ANT FACTOR 9 ! DYNAMISM ( MOD]N AGRICULTURE1 :I* W\LD BE MU* MORE DYNAMIC /ILL )\T ! OB/ACLES & ! WR5* 9 ! WORKS CONTRIBUT$ BY ! SOCIETY ( UND]H&$ COLLUSION 9 :I* WE LIVE4 ,= TODAY'S COOP]ATIVES >E SOMETIMES EXCE$+LY =GETFUL ( ! SOCIALI/ & EGALIT>IAN PR9CIPLES ( COOP]ATION4 ,WE %ALL NOT OV]LOOK ?IS FACT1 BUT N[ IS NOT ! TIME TO DISCUSS ?IS TOPIC4 ,WE W\LD LIKE1 ABOVE ALL1 TO EMPHASIZE ?AT ?IS =M ( ASSOCIATION C\LD V]Y WELL BE A FACTOR ( TRANSITION1 & ?AT IT HAS ALREADY BEGUN TO BE SU* A FACTOR ( TRANSITION--IT IS NECESS>Y TO REPEAT ?IS--BETWE5 9DIVIDUALISM & COLLECTIVISM4 ,9 ,FRANCE ITSELF1 ?IS =MIDABLE MOVEM5T CON/ITUTES AN UND5IABLE PRO( ( ! POSSIBILITY ( ORGANIZ+ ECONOMIC LIFE ON O!R F\NDATIONS ?AN ?OSE ( MUTUAL EXPLOITATION1 TRADITIONAL 9DIVIDUAL ISOLATION & /ATE DECREES4 ,EV5 A CURSORY EXAM9ATION ( ?IS MOVEM5T ALL[S US TO SAY ?AT IT HAS GREAT POSSIBILITIES :I* MU/ H5CE=? BE EXT5D$ & MORE 9T5SELY EXPLOIT$1 BUT ?AT IT PRES5TLY HAS F\NDATIONS UPON :I* AN IMM5SE NEW CON/RUCTIVE PROJECT IS POSSIBLE4 ,WE POSSESS DATA FROM #a#i#e#g4 ,S9CE #aih ! TOTAL NUMB] ( AGR>IAN COOP]ATIVES HAS RIS5 FROM TWO ?\S& TWO HUNDR$ TO FIFTE5 ?\S&4 ,& !IR NUMB] IS /ILL RIS+4 ,H]E >E ! MO/ IMPORTANT CATEGORIES3 ,V>I\S W9E-RELAT$ COOP]ATIVES #a1#f#e & #ea DI/ILL]IES ,:EAT-%IPP+ COOP]ATIVES #ie ,MILL+ COOP]ATIVES #abe ,SE$-BUY+ COOP]ATIVES #ba ,FRUIT & VEGETABLE COOP]ATIVES #g ,TEXTILE COOP]ATIVES #e ,VEGETABLE OIL COOP]ATIVES #ib ,F>M SUPPLY COOP]ATIVES 7F]TILIZ]S1 FE$1 AGRICULTURAL MA*9]Y1 ETC47 #a1#e ,COOP]ATIVES = JO9T USE ( MA*9]Y 7DATA FROM #a#i#e#i7 #h1 ,!RE >E MANY O!R K9DS ( COOP]ATIVES ?AT >E TOO NUM]\S TO P]MIT US TO LI/ ALL ! CATEGORIES4 ,WE W\LD LIKE TO M5TION1 H[EV]1 ! COOP]ATIVES = M>L-BAS$ F]TILIZ]S1 LIME/ONE-BAS$ F]TILIZ]S1 DRA9AGE1 >TIFICIAL 9SEM9ATION1 COMP\ND FE$S = CATTLE1 MEAT PRODUCTION1 =E/ MANAGEM5T1 OIL PRODUCTION1 ETC4 ,! VALUE ( ALL ! COMM]CIAL TRANSACTIONS C>RI$ \T BY !SE V>I\S COOP]ATIVES AM\NTS TO SEV]AL HUNDR$ BILLION FRANCS P] YE>4 ,! COOP]ATIVE CELL>S ACC\NT = TW5TY-FIVE P]C5T ( ,FR5* W9E & ! COOP]ATIVE SILOS %IP APPROXIMATELY EIKET 9 ,FRANCE4 ,! DAIRY COOP]ATIVES1 BUTT] COOP]ATIVES & *EESE COOP]ATIVES HAVE 9CREAS$ 9 NUMB]1 9 #a#i#e#g1 TO TWO ?\S& SIX HUNDR$1 :I* >E SUBDIVID$ AS FOLL[S3 ,MILK = DIRECT CONSUMPTION #b ,BUTT] COOP]ATIVES #bge ,*EESE COOP]ATIVES #cd ,RIP5+ COOP]ATIVES #ah ,M>KET+ & SALE COOP]ATIVES #c ,H>VE/+ COOP]ATIVES #e ,! 0,FRUT]IES0 ( ,JURA & ! ,ALPS.<#i.> #a1#d#a#g ,9 #aieb ! NUMB] ( MEMB]S ( ! MILK COOP]ATIVES ROSE TO ?REE HUNDR$ FIFTY ?\S& \T ( ONE MILLION SEV5 HUNDR$ FIFTY ?\S& MILK PRODUC]S4 ,BUT \T ( ! EIM SUPPLY AGRICULTURAL COOP]ATIVES NUMB] MORE ?AN TWO ?\S&4 ,! VALUE ( ! COMM]CIAL TRANSACTIONS ( !SE COOP]ATIVES = ! YE> #a#i#e-#a#i#e#a WAS =TY-FIVE BILLION FRANCS4 ,!Y PROVIDE !IR MEMB]S ) ALL ! PRODUCTS & EQUIPM5T NECESS>Y & DI/RIBUT$ 79 #a#i#d#i-#a#i#e7 F\R HUNDR$ FIFTY ?\S& TONS ( F]TILIZ]S AMONG !IR MEMB]S4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! G5]AL AGRICULTURAL C5SUS C>RI$ \T 9 #a#i#e#e1 \T ( TWO MILLION TWO HUNDR$ SIXTY ?\S& ONE HUNDR$ & FIFTY AGRICULTURAL 5TREPR5EURS1 ONE MILLION ONE HUNDR$ EITM5TS :]E PEASANT COOP]ATIVES >E MO/ ABUNDANT1 WE %ALL CITE ,L',OISE 7#h#h4#e P]C5T71 ,L',AUBE 7#g#e4#i P]C5T71 ,LOIRET 7#g#f4#f P]C5T71 ,DEUX-,SEV]S 7#h#c4#e P]C5T71 ,M>NE 7#g#f4#f P]C5T71 ,L',YONNE 7#g#g4#h P]C5T71 ,BAS-,RH9 & ,MEUSE 7#g#f4#f P]C5T71 ,HAUTE-,M>NE 7#g#f P]C5T74 ,BUT C]TA9 O!R DEP>TM5TS >E /ILL RELATIVELY UNT\*$ BY ?IS PH5OM5ON1 SU* AS ,LOZ]E 7#g4#f P]C5T71 ,HAUTES-,PYR5EES 7#a#g4#c P]C5T71 ,MORBIHAN 7#a#i4#c P]C5T71 & ,MAN*E 7#b4#c P]C5T74 ,NO MATT] H[ Y\ LOOK AT IT ?IS IS ALREADY A MAGNIFIC5T RESULT ?AT %[S ?AT ONE \T ( EV]Y TWO ,FR5* PEASANTS IS A MEMB] ( A COOP]ATIVE4 ,N[ LET US SUPPOSE ?AT COOP]ATIVE C5T]S >E E/ABLI%$ 9 ALL ! MUNICIPALITIES ( ,FRANCE4 ,& LET US EV5 ASSUME ?AT EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL L&[N] JO9S ! COOP]ATIVE 9/ITUTIONS ( HIS T[N1 & ?AT !SE COOP]ATIVES =M SPECIALIZ$ NETWORKS OR FUR!R DEVELOP ?OSE ?AT ALREADY EXI/1 SO ?AT ! C5T]S = OBTA9+ PROVISIONS 9 ! CITIES CAN DIRECT !IR REQUE/S TO !SE NETWORKS TO ACQUIRE1 9 EX*ANGE = 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTS OR = A QUANTITY ( RECOGNIZ$ SYMBOLIC MONEY1 ! AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS NE$$ BY ! CONSUM]S4 ,?IS W\LD BE A ME?OD ( COLLECTIVIZ$ DI/RIBUTION AMONG PRODUC]S & BETWE5 PRODUC]S & CONSUM]S ?AT W\LD ELIM9ATE MIDDLEM5 & ALSO MAKE POSSIBLE ! COEXI/5CE ( ! TWO SY/EMS1 ! COLLECTIVI/ & ! 9DIVIDUALI/1 :OSE COMMON D5OM9ATOR W\LD BE ! NON-EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN4 ,WE W\LD ?US F9D \RSELVES AMID A V]Y IMP]FECT SOCIALISM1 IF WE UPHOLD ! TRUE MEAN+ ( ! WORD1 BUT ONE ?AT HAS COMPLETELY ABOLI%$ CAPITALISM & ALL[S = AN 9F9ITELY MORE RATIONAL MANAGEM5T ?AN ! LATT] SY/EM4 ,SU* AN >RANGEM5T W\LD ALSO ALL[1 9 EA* T[N1 & 9 ! RURAL >EAS UND] EA* T[N'S JURISDICTION1 ! COEXI/5CE ( TWO SY/EMS3 COMPLETE COLLECTIVISM & ! SEMI-COLLECTIVI/ SY/EM4 ,! DI/RIBUTION COOP]ATIVES OR ! SPECIALIZ$ /ORES W\LD ASSUME RESPONSIBILITY = ! LOCAL ALLOCATION ( ! PRODUCTS ?AT !Y HAD OBTA9$1 BY MEANS ( ! E/ABLI%$ SY/EM ( CIRCULATION1 :I* IS A NETWORK ( CONNECTIONS AMONG ! V>I\S PRODUCTION C5T]S1 A NETWORK ( ! TYPE WE HAVE ALREADY EXPLA9$ 9 ! *APT] ON 9DU/RY4 ,AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES WILL HAVE TO BE COORD9AT$ 9 ORD] TO 5SURE ! NECESS>Y LEVEL ( PRODUCTION4 ,= ! MO/ P>T ! LATT] HAS BE5 REGULAT$ BY ! TRADITIONAL PRODUCTION ( ! C\NTRYSIDE = C5TURIES4 ,P]T95T /ATI/ICS >E AVAILABLE 9 ! ,DEP>TM5TAL ,AGRICULTURAL ,*AMB]S :]E ! COORD9ATION COMMITTEES %\LD E/ABLI% !IR HEADQU>T]S4 ,!RE1 ! COMMISSIONS =M$ BY ! COLLECTIVES ( A WORK+ CLASS *>ACT] & ! PEASANT COLLECTIVES & COOP]ATIVES WILL BE ABLE TO H>MONIZE !IR EF=TS2 !SE COMMISSIONS WILL 9 TURN GIVE RISE TO 9T]DEP>TM5TAL COMMISSIONS ?AT1 ACCORD+ TO ! V>I\S TYPES ( PRODUCTION1 WILL DIVIDE ! C\NTRY 9TO SPECIALIZ$ ZONES4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY M5TION$ ! :EAT ZONE4 ,WE MAY ALSO CITE ! W9E ZONE1 :OSE C5T] MI5TE OR ,NORM&Y4 ,ONE C\LD EV5 =ESEE ! E/ABLI%M5T ( V>I\S ZONES ( GREAT] OR LESS] SIZE1 COMPOS$ ( REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ?AT W\LD BE ORGANIZ$ ON A HI<] LEVEL 9 AN 9T]-REGIONAL OR NATIONAL ,F$]ATION = EA* SECTOR ( PRODUCTION4 ,SU* A PROC$URE W\LD LEAD TO A SET ( AGRICULTURAL F$]ATIONS EMBRAC+ ! V>I\S SPECIALTIES ( AGRICULTURE3 GRA9S1 VEGETABLES1 ROOT CROPS1 W9E1 CID]1 MILK1 $IBLE OILS & FATS1 MEAT1 ETC4 7,*>T #c3 ,! ,G5]AL ,ORGANIZATION ( ,AGRICULTURE7 #a4 ,PRODUCTION #b4 ,DI/RIBUTION #c4 ,ACC\NT+ #d4 ,RES]VES #e4 ,F]TILIZ]S #f4 ,EQUIPM5T #g4 ,TE*NOLOGY #h4 ,SOIL SCI5CE7,*>T OMITT$7 ,EA* ,F$]ATION WILL HAVE SECTIONS CORRESPOND+ TO ! V>I\S SPECIALIZATIONS1 & ALL ( !M WILL BE UNIT$ 9 A ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,AGRICULTURE1 JU/ AS ! 9DU/RIES WILL BE UNIT$ 9 AN 9DU/RIAL ,CONF$]ATION2 & !SE TWO 5ORM\S BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION1 EA* DEP5D+ ON ! O!R1 WILL 9 TURN UNITE 9 A HI<] BODY ?AT WILL DIRECT BO?4 ,) RESPECT TO DET]M9+ ! CONTRIBUTION TO BE MADE BY EA* AGRICULTURAL REGION1 ZONE & COOP]ATIVE1 ! DIRECTIVE ME*ANISM WILL BE1 = ! MO/ P>T1 SIMIL> TO ! ONE WE SKET*$ = 9DU/RY4 ,9 AGRICULTURE AS WELL1 DEM& WILL DET]M9E ! *>ACT] ( ! PRODUCTS & ! SCALE ( PRODUCTION ( ! V>I\S PRODUCTIVE SECTORS4 ,UND\BT$LY1 = WE MU/ ONCE AGA9 CALL ATT5TION TO ?IS PO9T1 AT FIR/ ! PRODUCTIVE SECTORS WILL HAVE TO CONT9UE TO PRODUCE MORE OR LESS AS !Y DID BE=E ! TRANS=MATION1 9 ORD] TO PREV5T DISORD] & %ORTAGES4 ,AFT] ?IS 9ITIAL P]IOD1 !Y WILL PROCE$ TO IMPLEM5T MODIFICATIONS & ! NECESS>Y ADAPTATIONS4 ,IT IS FUTILE TO CULTIVATE L&S :OSE YIELDS >E TOO L[1 9 POOR DI/RICTS1 :5 ! RII\S T[NS & CITIES4 ,IT W\LD UND\BT$LY BE SALUT>Y = SOME ( ! 9HABITANTS ( ! RURAL >EAS TO MOVE TO ! CITY1 :5 ! C\NTRYSIDE IS OV]POPULAT$ & ! CITY NE$S LABOR P[] = ACTIVITIES ?AT >E USEFUL TO ALL4 ,:51 H[EV]1 ?IS EXODUS FROM ! C\NTRY S]VES TO MULTIPLY ! NUMB] ( BUREAUCRATS1 NATIONAL & LOCAL POLICE =CES1 & DIV]SE =MS ( P>ASITISM1 BUT IS 5C\RAG$ = ! O/5SIBLE PURPOSE ( GIV+ EMPLOYM5T TO SURPLUS LABOR P[]1 OR :5 IT LEADS TO ! PROLIF]ATION ( MIDDLEM51 ADD$ TO ! ONES ?AT ALREADY EXI/1 !N IT W\LD BE BETT] = !SE M5 TO /AY 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 TO ASSI/ ?OSE :O HAVE NOT AB&ON$ !IR PL[S OR !IR TRACTORS4 ,& TO HELP MOD]NIZE ! WAYS ( LIFE ( ! C\NTRYSIDE1 EV5 ) REG>D TO ITS 9DU/RIAL ASPECT4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT ?+ IS TO IMPLEM5T JU/ICE4 ,?IS1 SO ?AT M5 WILL NO LONG] HAVE TO FII\S MEANS ( EXI/5CE2 SO ?AT !RE WILL NO LONG] BE EI!R EXPLOIT$ OR EXPLOIT]S1 RUL$ OR RUL]S1 POOR OR RI*2 SO ?AT ALL %ALL BE EQUALLY HAPPY1 9S(> AS ?IS HAPP9ESS 9VOLVES ! OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE1 ?ANKS TO !IR LABOR & !IR SOLID>ITY1 !IR MORALITY & !IR LOYALTY4 ,! BE/ MEANS TO A*IEVE SU* A RESULT IS1 9 \R OP9ION1 ! COMMUNE1 ( :I* ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION HAS PROVID$ ! MODEL1 & :I* IS F\ND 9 ! ,KIBBUTZIM ( ,PALE/9E1 OR 9 C]TA9 ,MEXICAN 0EJIDOS04 .<#a.> ,WE ADMIT1 H[EV]1 ?AT ?IS GOAL CANNOT BE FULLY REALIZ$1 ALL AT ONCE1 ESPECIALLY 9 A C\NTRY LIKE ,FRANCE4 ,EV5 MORE IMPORTANTLY1 WE UND]/& ?AT ! PEASANTS WILL HESITATE TO AB&ON !IR USUAL WAY ( LIFE :I*1 AL?\< IMP]FECTLY1 HAS PROVID$ !M ) ! MEANS ( EXI/5CE1 & 9/EAD FULLY IMPLEM5T \R IDEAS 9 PRACTICE4 ,IMM$IATE MEASURES %\LD1 !RE=E1 BE P>TIAL 9 ONE PLACE1 & TOTAL 9 ANO!R4 ,EV]Y?+ DEP5DS ON ! PEOPLE & ! V>I\S OPPORTUNITIES PROVID$ BY EA* SITUATION4 ,BUT 9 ?IS RESPECT AS 9 RESPECT TO ALL O!R QUE/IONS1 WE MU/ ALWAYS /RIVE TO A*IEVE AS MU* AS POSSIBLE1 REG>DLESS ( H[ LONG IT TAKES TO REA* \R GOAL4 ,! LESSONS LE>N$ FROM COOP]ATION >E ( GREAT $UCATIONAL VALUE4 ,!Y %[ ! PEASANTS ?AT1 BY PRACTIC+ MUTUAL AID & SOLID>ITY1 EA* P]SON IS SURE TO B5EFIT4 ,)\T ! COMMON USE ( RES\RCES1 :I*1 ISOLAT$1 ONLY YIELD POV]TY1 H[ MANY MA*9ES W\LD NOT BE PUR*AS$1 OR WORK1 H[ MANY L&S W\LD NOT BE F]TILIZ$1 H[ MANY TE*NIQUES W\LD NOT BE APPLI$6 ,! PRODUCTIVITY ( AGRICULTURAL C\NTRIES LIKE ,D5M>K & ,HOLL& W\LD FALL BY FIFTY P]C5T1 ) ! DISA/R\S REP]CUSSIONS ONE MAY EXPECT = ! POPULATION ( ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,A GOOD BEG9N+ HAS BE5 MADE4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y TO EXT5D IT = ! WELL BE+ ( ALL4 ,WE >E NOT TELL+ ALL ! PEASANTS1 )\T EXCEPTION1 TO HOLD ALL !IR L&S 9 COMMON1 & ?AT !Y %\LD R5\NCE 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY D[N TO ! SMALLE/ G>D5 SIZ$ PLOT ( L&4 ,IT IS EV5 HUMANLY PREF]ABLE NOT TO ABOLI% ALL !IR FREE 9ITIATIVE1 !IR S5SE ( P]SONAL RESPONSIBILITY1 & A C]TA9 POSSIBILITY ( BE+ ONE'S [N MA/] AT ! PLACE :]E ONE WORKS4 ,?IS IS H[ ! COMMUNI/ 0EJIDOS0 ( ,MEXICO OP]AT$4 ,WE MAY !RE=E EXPECT1 LACK+ A MORE G5]AL MOVEM5T1 MIX$ RESULTS4 ,:Y1 9 ONE OR ANO!R T[N1 %\LD NOT ONE F\R?1 ONE ?IRD OR ONE HALF ( ! L& BE HELD 9 COMMON TO PRODUCE :EAT1 GRAPES1 BEETS1 OR PRODUCTS ( 9T5SIVE 9DU/RIALIZ$ AGRICULTURE8 ,?IS W\LD RESULT 9 A REAL R$UCTION ( EF=T1 & ! R$UCTION 9 ! EXHAU/ION ( ! WORK]S W\LD BE A MU* MORE VALUABLE \TCOME4 ,& MAYBE 9 ?IS MANN] ! WAY WILL BE CLE>$ T[>DS 9CREAS+ EQUALITY & ! PRACTICE ( FRAT]NITY 9 HUMAN RELATIONS4 ,ABOVE ALL1 H[EV]1 IT IS ! SMALL-SCALE CULTIVATORS :O WILL BE MO/ 9T]E/$ 9 !SE COLLECTIVE 5T]PRISES4 ,MOD]N AGRICULTURE HAS BE5 ALMO/ COMPLETELY TRANS=M$ 9TO 9DU/RIAL AGRICULTURE1 SO ?AT IT REQUIRES DIV]SE TE*NICAL MEANS1 KN[L$GE & EQUIPM5T4 ,IT ALSO REQUIRES V]Y /RICT ACC\NT+4 ,! ONLY RES\RCE UPON :I* ! SMALL-SCALE CULTIVATORS CAN FALL BACK UPON1 9 ! FACE ( !IR GR[+ DIFFICULTIES1 IS ! /RUGGLE TO RAISE PRICES OR OBTA9 SUBSIDIES FROM ! /ATE--OR1 MORE PRECISELY1 FROM US1 ! TAXPAY]S4 ,IF !Y W]E TO WORK 9 COMMON1 H[EV]1 !IR OV]HEAD CO/S WILL BE R$UC$1 & !Y WILL E>N MORE1 9 EV]Y ASPECT ( !IR ACTIVITIES4 ,COLLECTIVE LABOR IS ALWAYS MORE PR(ITABLE IF IT IS ORGANIZ$ AS IT %\LD BE4 ,GIV5 EQUAL NATURAL CONDITIONS1 ! CAPITALISM ( BIG BUS9ESS HAS ALWAYS DEFEAT$ SMALL PRIVATE 5T]PRISE BECAUSE IT COLLECT$ 9 ONE WORKPLACE A L>GE NUMB] ( WORK]S :O W]E ASSIGN$ TO C>EFULLY *OS5 JOBS4 ,?IS WAS1 9 9DU/RY1 ! FIR/ =M ( COLLECTIVE LABOR4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ! CAPITALI/S POCKET$ ! PR(ITS4 ,?IS TIME IT IS ! WORK]S :O WILL BE ! B5EFICI>IES4 ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,NOVEMB] #c1 #aieh 3 ,*APT] #e3 ,AGRICULTURE -- ,PUBLICATION4 ,JULY #a#c1 #bai 3 ,*APT] #e3 ,AGRICULTURE -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/