,LETT] TO ,LA ,LIB]TE 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,YURI ,VIROVETS1,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE  

.<,?IS LONG LETT] TO ,LA ,LIB]TE 7DAT$ ,OCTOB] #e1 #a#h#g#b71 NEV] COMPLET$ & NEV] S5T1 WAS WRITT5 AB\T A MON? AFT] ! EXPULSION ( ,BAKUN9 FROM ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION BY ! ,HAGUE ,CONGRESS ( ,SEPTEMB] #b-#g1 #a#h#g#b4.> 

,TO ! ,$ITORS ( ,LA ,LIB]TE 

,G5TLEM53 

,S9CE Y\ PUBLI%$ ! S5T5CE ( EXCOMMUNICATION :I* ! ,M>XIAN ,CONGRESS ( ! ,HAGUE HAS JU/ PRON\NC$ AGA9/ ME1 Y\ WILL SURELY1 9 ALL FAIRNESS1 PUBLI% MY REPLY4 ,H]E IT IS4 

,! TRIUMPH ( ,MR4 ,M>X & HIS GR\P HAS BE5 COMPLETE4 ,BE+ SURE ( A MAJORITY :I* !Y HAD BE5 LONG PREP>+ & ORGANIZ+ ) A GREAT DEAL ( SKILL & C>E1 IF NOT ) MU* RESPECT = ! PR9CIPLES ( MORALITY1 TRU?1 & JU/ICE AS (T5 F\ND 9 !IR SPEE*ES & SO SELDOM 9 !IR ACTIONS1 ! ,M>XI/S TOOK (F !IR MASKS4 ,&1 AS BEFITS M5 :O LOVE P[]1 & ALWAYS 9 ! NAME ( ?AT SOV]EIGNTY ( ! PEOPLE :I* WILL1 FROM N[ ON1 S]VE AS A /EPP+-/ONE = ALL ?OSE :O ASPIRE TO GOV]N ! MASSES1 !Y HAVE BRAZ5LY DECRE$ !IR DICTATOR%IP OV] ! MEMB]S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,IF ! ,9T]NATIONAL W]E LESS /URDY & DEEPLY ROOT$1 IF IT HAD BE5 BAS$1 AS !Y IMAG9E1 ONLY UPON ! =MALLY ORGANIZ$ (FICIAL LEAD]%IP & NOT ON ! REAL SOLID>ITY ( ! EFFECTIVE 9T]E/S & ASPIRATIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT ( ALL ! C\NTRIES ( ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD1 ON ! FREE & SPONTANE\S F$]ATION ( WORK]S' SECTIONS & ASSOCIATIONS1 9DEP5D5T ( ANY GOV]NM5T CONTROL1 ! DECREES ( ?IS P]NICI\S ,HAGUE ,CONGRESS1 A F> TOO 9DULG5T & FAI?FUL 9C>NATION ( ! ,M>XI/ !ORIES & PRACTICE1 W\LD HAVE SUFFIC$ TO KILL IT4 ,!Y W\LD HAVE R$UC$ TO RIDICULE & ODIUM ?IS MAGNIFIC5T ASSOCIATION1 9 ! F\NDATION ( :I*1 ,I AM PLEAS$ TO /ATE1 ,MR4 ,M>X HAD TAK5 AN 9TELLIG5T & 5]GETIC P>T4 

,A /ATE1 A GOV]NM5T1 A UNIV]SAL DICTATOR%IP6 ,! DREAMS ( ,GREGORY ,V,I,I1 ,BONIFACE ,V,I,I1 ,*>LES ,V1 & ! ,NAPOLEONS REAPPE>+ 9 NEW =MS1 BUT EV] ) ! SAME CLAIMS1 9 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC CAMP6 ,CAN ONE IMAG9E ANY?+ MORE BURLESQUE & AT ! SAME TIME MORE REVOLT+8 ,TO CLAIM ?AT A GR\P ( 9DIVIDUALS1 EV5 ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T & BE/-9T5TION$1 W\LD BE CAPABLE ( BECOM+ ! M9D1 ! SON.>1 ! DIRECT+ & UNIFY+ WILL ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T & ! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION ( ! PROLET>IAT ( ALL L&S -- ?IS IS SU* H]ESY AGA9/ COMMON S5SE & HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE ?AT ONE WOND]S H[ A MAN AS 9TELLIG5T AS ,MR4 ,M>X C\LD HAVE CONCEIV$ IT6 

,! POPES AT LEA/ HAD ! EXCUSE ( POSSESS+ ABSOLUTE TRU?1 :I* !Y /AT$ !Y HELD 9 !IR H&S BY ! GRACE ( ! ,HOLY ,<O/ & 9 :I* !Y W]E SUPPOS$ TO BELIEVE4 ,MR4 ,M>X HAS NO SU* EXCUSE1 & ,I %ALL NOT 9SULT HIM BY SUGGE/+ ?AT HE IMAG9ES HE HAS SCI5TIFICALLY 9V5T$ SOME?+ ?AT COMES CLOSE TO ABSOLUTE TRU?4 ,BUT FROM ! MOM5T ?AT ABSOLUTE TRU? IS ELIM9AT$1 !RE CAN BE NO 9FALLIBLE DOGMA = ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 NO (FICIAL POLITICAL OR ECONOMIC !ORY11 & \R CONGRESSES %\LD NEV] ASSUME ! ROLE4 ( ECUM5ICAL C\NCILS :I* PROCLAIM OBLIGATORY PR9CIPLES = ALL !IR MEMB]S & BELIEV]S TO FOLL[4 

,!RE IS BUT ONE LAW ?AT IS REALLY OBLIGATORY UPON ALL ! MEMB]S1 9DIVIDUALS1 SECTIONS1 & F$]ATIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 = ALL ( :I* ?IS LAW IS ! TRUE & ! ONLY1 BASIS4 ,9 ITS MO/ COMPLETE =M ) ALL ITS CONSEQU5CES & APPLICATIONS1 ?IS LAW ADVOCATES ! 9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY ( WORK]S ( ALL TRADES & ALL C\NTRIES 9 !IR ECONOMIC /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! EXPLOIT]S ( LABOR4 ,! LIV+ UNITY ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL RESIDES SOLELY 9 ! REAL ORGANIZATION ( ?IS SOLID>ITY BY ! SPONTANE\S ACTION ( ! WORK]S' GR\PS & BY ! ABSOLUTELY FREE F$]ATION ( ! MASSES ( WORK]S ( ALL LANGUAGES & ALL NATIONS1 ALL ! MORE P[]FUL BECAUSE IT IS FREE2 ! ,9T]NATIONAL CANNOT BE UNIFI$ BY DECREES & UND] ! :IP ( ANY SORT ( GOV]NM5T :ATSOEV]4 

,:O CAN 5T]TA9 ANY D\BT ?AT \T ( ?IS EV]-GR[+ ORGANIZATION ( ! MILITANT SOLID>ITY ( ! PROLET>IAT AGA9/ B\RGEOIS EXPLOITATION !RE WILL ISSUE =? ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE8 ,BO? ! ,M>XI/S & \RSELVES >E 9 UNANIM\S AGREEM5T ON ?IS PO9T4 ,BUT H]E A QUE/ION COMES UP :I* SEP>ATES US COMPLETELY FROM ! ,M>XI/S4 

,WE BELIEVE ?AT ! POLICY ( ! PROLET>IAT1 NECESS>ILY REVOLUTION>Y1 %\LD HAVE ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ,/ATE = ITS IMM$IATE & ONLY GOAL4 ,WE CANNOT UND]/& H[ ONE CAN SPEAK ( 9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY :5 !RE IS A WI% TO PRES]VE ! ,/ATE1 UNLESS ONE DREAMS ( ! ,UNIV]SAL ,/ATE1 ?AT IS1 ( UNIV]SAL SLAV]Y1 SU* AS ! GREAT EMP]ORS & POPES DREAM$ (4 ,= ! ,/ATE IS1 BY ITS V]Y NATURE1 A BREA* ( ?IS SOLID>ITY & H5CE A P]MAN5T CAUSE ( W>4 ,NOR CAN WE UND]/& H[ ANYONE C\LD SPEAK ( ! LIB]TY ( ! PROLET>IAT1 OR ! REAL EMANCIPATION ( ! MASSES1 )9 ! ,/ATE & BY ! ,/ATE4 ,/ATE MEANS DOM9ATION1 & ANY DOM9ATION PRESUPPOSES ! SUBJUGATION ( ! MASSES &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 !IR EXPLOITATION = ! B5EFIT ( SOME RUL+ M9ORITY4 

,WE DO NOT ACCEPT1 EV5 = ! PURPOSES ( A REVOLUTION>Y 1TRANSITION1 NATIONAL CONV5TIONS1 CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLIES1 PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5TS1 OR SO-CALL$ REVOLUTION>Y DICTATOR%IPS1 BECAUSE WE >E CONV9C$ ?AT REVOLUTION IS S9C]E & P]MAN5T ONLY )9 ! MASSES2 ?AT :5 IT IS CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! H&S ( A FEW RUL+ 9DIVIDUALS1 IT 9EVITABLY & IMM$IATELY TURNS 9TO REACTION4 ,SU* IS \R BELIEF2 ?IS IS NOT ! PROP] TIME = 5L>G+ UPON IT4 ,! ,M>XI/S PR(ESS QUITE CONTR>Y IDEAS4 ,AS BEFITS GOOD ,G]MANS1 !Y >E WOR%IP]S ( ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE1 & >E NECESS>ILY ALSO ! PROPHETS ( POLITICAL & SOCIAL DISCIPL9E1 *AMPIONS ( ! SOCIAL ORD] BUILT FROM ! TOP D[N1 ALWAYS 9 ! NAME ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE & ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! MASSES UPON :OM !Y BE/[ ! HONOR ( OBEY+ !IR LEAD]S1 !IR ELECT$ MA/]S4 ,! ,M>XI/S ADMIT ( NO O!R EMANCIPATION BUT ?AT :I* !Y EXPECT FROM !IR SO-CALL$ ,PEOPLE'S ,/ATE 7,VOLKS/AAT74 

,BETWE5 ! ,M>XI/S & \RSELVES !RE IS AN ABYSS4 ,!Y >E ! GOV]NM5TALI/S2 WE >E ! AN>*I/S1 9 SPITE ( IT ALL4 

,SU* >E ! TWO PR9CIPAL POLITICAL T5D5CIES :I* AT PRES5T SEP>ATE ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9TO TWO CAMPS4 ,ON ONE SIDE !RE IS NO?+1 PROP]LY SPEAK+1 BUT ,G]MANY2 ON ! O!R WE F9D1 9 V>Y+ DEGREES1 ,ITALY1 ,SPA91 ! ,SWISS ,JURA1 A L>GE P>T ( ,FRANCE1 ,BELGIUM1 ,HOLL&1 & 9 ! V]Y NE> FUTURE1 ! ,SLAV PEOPLES4 ,!SE TWO T5D5CIES CAME 9TO DIRECT CONFRONTATION AT ! ,HAGUE ,CONGRESS1 &1 ?ANKS TO ,MR4 ,M>X'S GREAT TACTICAL SKILL1 ?ANKS TO ! ?OR\<LY >TIFICIAL ORGANIZATION ( HIS LA/ CONGRESS1 ! ,G]MANIC T5D5CY HAS PREVAIL$4 

,DOES ?IS MEAN ?AT ! OBNOXI\S QUE/ION HAS BE5 RESOLV$8 ,IT WAS NOT EV5 PROP]LY DISCUSS$2 ! MAJORITY1 HAV+ VOT$ LIKE A WELL-DRILL$ REGIM5T1 CRU%$ ALL DISCUSSIONS UND] ITS VOTE4 ,?US ! CONTRADICTION /ILL REMA9S1 %>P] & MORE AL>M+ ?AN EV]1 & ,MR4 ,M>X HIMSELF1 9TOXICAT$ AS HE MAY BE BY HIS VICTORY1 CAN H>DLY IMAG9E ?AT HE HAS DISPOS$ ( IT AT SO SMALL A PRICE4 ,& IF HE DID1 = A MOM5T1 5T]TA9 SU* A FOOLI% HOPE1 HE MU/ HAVE BE5 PROMPTLY UNDECEIV$ BY ! UNIT$ /& ( ! DELEGATES FROM ! ,JURA1 ,SPA91 ,BELGIUM1 & ,HOLL& 7NOT TO M5TION ,ITALY1 :I* DID NOT EV5 DEIGN TO S5D DELEGATES TO ?IS SO BLATANTLY FRAUDUL5T CONGRESS71 A PROTE/ QUITE MOD]ATE 9 TONE1 YET ALL ! MORE P[]FUL & DEEPLY SIGNIFICANT4 

,BUT :AT IS TO BE DONE TODAY8 ,TODAY1 S9CE SOLUTION & RECONCILIATION 9 ! FIELD ( POLITICS >E IMPOSSIBLE1 WE %\LD PRACTICE MUTUAL TOL]ATION1 GRANT+ TO EA* C\NTRY ! 9CONTE/ABLE RI<T TO FOLL[ :ATEV] POLITICAL T5D5CIES IT MAY PREF] OR F9D MO/ SUITABLE = ITS [N P>TICUL> SITUATION4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 BY REJECT+ ALL POLITICAL QUE/IONS FROM ! OBLIGATORY PROGRAM ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 WE %\LD SEEK TO /R5G!N ! UNITY ( ?IS GREAT ASSOCIATION SOLELY 9 ! FIELD ( ECONOMIC SOLID>ITY4 ,SU* SOLID>ITY UNITES US :ILE POLITICAL QUE/IONS 9EVITABLY SEP>ATE US4 

,?AT IS :]E ! REAL ,UNITY ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL LIES2 9 ! COMMON ECONOMIC ASPIRATIONS & ! SPONTANE\S MOVEM5T ( ! MASSES ( ALL ! C\NTRIES -- NOT 9 ANY GOV]NM5T :ATSOEV] NOR 9 ANY UNI=M POLITICAL !ORY IMPOS$ UPON !SE MASSES BY A G5]AL CONGRESS4 ,?IS IS SO OBVI\S ?AT ONE W\LD HAVE TO BE DAZZL$ BY ! PASSION = P[] TO FAIL TO UND]/& IT4 

,I C\LD UND]/& H[ CR[N$ OR UNCR[N$ DESPOTS MI<T HAVE DREAM$ ( HOLD+ ! SCEPT]$ WORLD 9 !IR H&S4 ,BUT :AT CAN ONE SAY ( A FRI5D ( ! PROLET>IAT1 A REVOLUTION>Y :O CLAIMS HE TRULY DESIRES ! EMANCIPATION ( ! MASSES1 :5 HE POSES AS A DIRECTOR & SUPREME >BIT] ( ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS ?AT MAY >ISE 9 DIFF]5T C\NTRIES & D>ES TO DREAM ( SUBJECT+ ! PROLET>IAT TO ONE S+LE IDEA HAT*$ 9 HIS [N BRA98 

,I BELIEVE ?AT ,MR4 ,M>X IS AIL E>NE/ REVOLUTION>Y1 ?\< NOT ALWAYS A V]Y CONSI/5T ONE1 & ?AT HE REALLY DESIRES ! REVOLT ( ! MASSES4 ,& ,I WOND] H[ HE FAILS TO SEE H[ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A UNIV]SAL DICTATOR%IP1 COLLECTIVE OR 9DIVIDUAL1 A DICTATOR%IP ?AT W\LD 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R P]=M ! TASK ( *IEF 5G9E] ( ! WORLD REVOLUTION1 REGULAT+ & DIRECT+ AIL 9SURRECTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ! MASSES 9 ALL C\NTRIES PRETTY MU* AS ONE W\LD RUN A MA*9E -- ?AT ! E/ABLI%M5T ( SU* A DICTATOR%IP W\LD BE 5\< ( ITSELF TO KILL ! REVOLUTION1 TO P>ALYZE & DI/ORT ALL POPUL> MOVEM5TS4 

,:]E IS ! MAN1 :]E IS ! GR\P ( 9DIVIDUALS1 H[EV] GREAT !IR G5IUS1 :O W\LD D>E FLATT] !MSELVES ?AT !Y ALONE C\LD 5COMPASS & UND]/& ! 9F9ITE MULTITUDE ( DIV]SE 9T]E/S1 T5D5CIES1 & ACTIVITIES 9 EA* C\NTRY1 9 EA* PROV9CE1 9 EA* LOCALITY1 9 EA* PR(ESSION & CRAFT1 & :I* 9 !IR IMM5SE AGGREGATE >E UNIT$1 BUT NOT REGIM5T$1 BY C]TA9 FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES & BY A GREAT COMMON ASPIRATION1 ! SAME ASPIRATION .<ECONOMIC EQUALITY )\T LOSS ( AUTONOMY.> :I*1 HAV+ SUNK DEEP 9TO ! CONSCI5CE ( ! MASSES1 WILL CON/ITUTE ! FUTURE ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION8 

,& :AT CAN ONE ?9K ( AN ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONGRESS :I*1 9 ! ALLEG$ 9T]E/ ( ?IS REVOLUTION1 IMPOSES ON ! PROLET>IAT ( ! :OLE CIVILIZ$ WORLD A GOV]NM5T 9VE/$ ) DICTATORIAL P[]1 ) ! 9QUISITORIAL & PONTIFICAL RI<T TO SUSP5D ! REGIONAL F$]ATIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL & %UT \T :OLE NATIONS 9 ! NAME ( AN ALLEG$ (FICIAL PR9CIPLE :I* IS 9 FACT ONLY ! IDEA ( ,M>X1 TRANS=M$ BY ! VOTE ( A FICTITI\S MAJORITY 9TO AN ABSOLUTE TRU?8 ,:AT CAN ONE ?9K ( A ,CONGRESS :I*1 TO R5D] ITS FOLLY EV5 MORE GL>+1 RELEGATES TO ,AM]ICA ?IS DICTATORIAL GOV]NM5T .<! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL.> COMPOS$ ( M5 :O1 ?\< PROBABLY HONE/1 >E IGNORANT1 OBSCURE1 ABSOLUTELY UNKN[N EV5 TO ! ,CONGRESS ITSELF8 ,\R 5EMIES1 ! B\RGEOISIE1 W\LD BE RI<T IF !Y MOCK$ ! ,CONGRESS & MA9TA9$ ?AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION COMBATS EXI/+ TYRANNY ONLY TO SET UP A NEW TYRANNY OV] ITSELF2 ?AT 9 RI<TFULLY TRY+ TO REPLACE OLD ABSURDITIES1 IT CREATES NEW ONES6 

,I,I 

,:Y M5 LIKE ,MESSRS4 ,M>X & ,5GELS %\LD BE 9DISP5SABLE TO ! P>TISANS ( A PROGRAM CONSECRAT+ POLITICAL P[] & OP5+ ! DOOR TO ALL !IR AMBITIONS IS UND]/&ABLE4 ,S9CE !RE WILL HE POLITICAL P[]1 !RE WILL NECESS>ILY BE SUBJECTS1 :O WILL BE =C$ TO OBEY1 = )\T OB$I5CE !RE CAN BE NO P[]4 ,ONE MAY OBJECT ?AT !Y WILL OBEY NOT M5 BUT ! LAWS :I* !Y HAVE !MSELVES MADE4 ,BUT TO ?AT ,I REPLY ?AT EV]YBODY KN[S H[ PEOPLE MAKE !SE LAWS & SET UP /&>DS ( OB$I5CE TO !SE LAWS EV5 9 ! MO/ DEMOCRATIC & FREE C\NTRIES4 ,ANYONE NOT 9VOLV$ 9 A P>TY :I* TAKES FICTION = REALITY WILL REMEMB] ?AT EV5 9 !SE C\NTRIES ! PEOPLE OBEY NOT ! LAWS MADE BY !MSELVES BUT ! LAWS MADE 9 !IR NAME2 & ?AT !IR OB$I5CE TO !SE LAWS CAN NEV] BE ANY?+ BUT OB$I5CE TO ! >BITR>Y WILL ( SOME TUTEL>Y & GOV]N+ M9ORITY1 OR1 9 A WORD1 A VOLUNT>Y S]VITUDE4 

,WE REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/S :O S9C]ELY WANT FULL POPUL> EMANCIPATION VIEW ) REPUGNANCE ANO!R EXPRESSION 9 ?IS PROGRAM3 IT IS ! DESIGNATION ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ! WORK]S1 AS A CLASS & NOT A MASS4 ,DO Y\ KN[ :AT ?IS SIGNIFIES8 ,IT IS NO MORE NOR LESS ?AN ! >I/OCRATIC RULE ( ! FACTORY WORK]S & ( ! CITIES OV] ! MILLIONS :O CON/ITUTE ! RURAL PROLET>IAT1 :O1 9 ! ANTICIPATIONS ( ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS1 WILL 9 EFFECT BECOME ! SUBJECTS ( !IR SO-CALL$ ,PEOPLE'S ,/ATE4 0,CLASS10 0P[] 444 44 /ATE0 >E ?REE 9SEP>ABLE T]MS1 ONE ( :I* PRESUPPOSES ! O!R TWO1 & :I* BOIL D[N TO ?IS3 ! POLITICAL SUBJECTION & ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION ( ! MASSES4 

,! ,M>XI/S ?9K ?AT JU/ AS 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY ! B\RGEOISIE DE?RON$ ! NOBILITY 9 ORD] TO TAKE ITS PLACE & GRADUALLY ABSORB & !N %>E ) IT ! DOM9ATION & EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK]S 9 ! CITIES AS WELL AS 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 SO ! PROLET>IAT 9 ! CITIES IS EXHORT$ TO DE?RONE & ABSORB ! B\RGEOISIE1 & !N JO9TLY DOM9ATE & EXPLOIT ! L& WORK]S444 

,?\< DIFF]+ ) US 9 ?IS RESPECT1 !Y DO NOT 5TIRELY REJECT \R PROGRAM4 ,!Y ONLY REPROA* US = WANT+ TO HA/51 TO \T/RIP ! SL[ M>* ( HI/ORY1 & = IGNOR+ ! SCI5TIFIC LAW ( SUCCESSIVE REVOLUTIONS 9 9EVITABLE /AGES4 ,HAV+ PROCLAIM$ 9 !IR WORKS ( PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS ( ! PA/ ?AT ! BLOODY DEFEAT ( ! 9SURG5T PEASANTS ( ,G]MANY & ! TRIUMPH ( ! DESPOTIC /ATES 9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY CON/ITUT$ A GREAT REVOLUTION>Y MOVE =W>D1 !Y N[ HAVE ! N]VE TO CALL = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A NEW DESPOTISM1 ALLEG$LY = ! B5EFIT ( ! URBAN WORK]S & TO ! DETRIM5T ( ! TOIL]S 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 

,?IS SAME LOGIC LEADS ! ,M>XI/S DIRECTLY & FATALLY TO :AT WE CALL B\RGEOIS SOCIALISM & TO ! CONCLUSION ( A NEW POLITICAL PACT BETWE5 ! B\RGEOIS :O >E 0RADICALS10 OR :O >E =C$ TO BECOME SU*1 & ! 09TELLIG5T10 0RESPECTABLE0 B\RGEOISIFI$ M9ORITY ( CITY WORK]S1 TO ! DETRIM5T ( ! PROLET>IAN MASSES1 NOT ONLY 9 ! C\NTRY BUT ALSO 9 ! CITIES4 

,SU* IS ! MEAN+ ( WORK]S' C&IDACIES TO ! P>LIAM5TS ( EXI/+ /ATES1 & ( ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[]4 ,IS IT NOT CLE> ?AT ! POPUL> NATURE ( SU* P[] WILL NEV] BE ANY?+ BUT A FICTION8 ,IT WILL OBVI\SLY HE IMPOSSIBLE = HUNDR$S OR EV5 T5S ( ?\S&S OR 9DE$ ONLY A FEW ?\S& TO EX]CISE ?IS P[] EFFECTIVELY4 ,!Y WILL NECESS>ILY HAVE TO EX]CISE P[] BY PROXY1 TO 5TRU/ ?IS P[] TO A GR\P ( M5 ELECT$ TO REPRES5T !M & GOV]N !M444 ,AFT] A FEW BRIEF MOM5TS ( FRE$OM OR REVOLUTION>Y EUPHORIA1 !SE NEW CITIZ5S ( A NEW /ATE WILL AWAKE TO F9D !MSELVES AGA9 ! PAWNS & VICTIMS ( ! NEW P[] CLU/]S444 

,I AM FULLY CONFID5T ?AT 9 A FEW YE>S EV5 ! ,G]MAN WORK]S WILL GO ! WAY ?AT SEEMS BE/ TO !M1 PROVID$ !Y ALL[ US ! SAME LIB]TY4 ,WE EV5 RECOGNIZE ! POSSIBILITY ?AT !IR HI/ORY1 !IR P>TICUL> NATURE1 !IR /ATE ( CIVILIZATION1 & !IR :OLE SITUATION TODAY IMPEL !M TO FOLL[ ?IS PA?4 ,LET ! ,G]MAN1 ,AM]ICAN1 & ,5GLI% TOIL]S & ?OSE ( O!R NATIONS M>* ) ! SAME 5]GY T[>D ! DE/RUCTION ( ALL POLITICAL P[]1 LIB]TY = ALL1 & A NATURAL RESPECT = ?AT LIB]TY2 SU* >E ! ESS5TIAL CONDITIONS ( 9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY4 

,TO SUPPORT HIS PROGRAM = ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[]1 ,M>X HAS A V]Y SPECIAL !ORY1 :I* IS BUT ! LOGICAL CONSEQU5CE ( HIS :OLE SY/EM4 ,HE HOLDS ?AT ! POLITICAL CONDITION ( EA* C\NTRY IS ALWAYS ! PRODUCT & ! FAI?FUL EXPRESSION ( ITS ECONOMIC SITUATION2 TO *ANGE ! =M] IT IS NECESS>Y ONLY TO TRANS=M ! LATT]4 ,!RE9 LIES ! :OLE SECRET ( HI/ORIC EVOLUTION ACCORD+ TO ,M>X41 ,HE TAKES NO ACC\NT ( O!R FACTORS 9 HI/ORY1 SU* AS ! EV]-PRES5T REACTION ( POLITICAL1 JURIDICAL1 & RELIGI\S 9/ITUTIONS ON ! ECONOMIC SITUATION4 ,HE SAYS3 0,POV]TY PRODUCES POLITICAL SLAV]Y1 ! ,/ATE40 ,BUT HE DOES NOT ALL[ ?IS EXPRESSION TO BE TURN$ >\ND1 TO SAY3 0,POLITICAL SLAV]Y1 ! ,/ATE1 REPRODUCES 9 ITS TURN1 & MA9TA9S POV]TY AS A CONDITION = ITS [N EXI/5CE2 SO ?AT TO DE/ROY POV]TY1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO DE/ROY ! ,/ATE60 ,& /RANGELY 5\<1 ,M>X1 :O =BIDS HIS DISCIPLES TO CONSID] POLITICAL SLAV]Y1 ! ,/ATE1 AS A REAL CAUSE ( POV]TY1 COMM&S HIS DISCIPLES 9 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC P>TY TO CONSID] ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] AS ! ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y PRELIM9>Y CONDITION = ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION6 

.<,WE 9S]T H]E A P>AGRAPH FROM ,BAKUN9'S SPEE* AT ! ,SEPTEMB] #ahfi ,CONGRESS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL FOLL[+ ! SAME L9E ( >GUM5T3.> 

,! REPORT ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL .<DRAWN UP BY ,M>X.> SAYS ?AT ! JUDICIAL FACT BE+ NO?+ BUT ! CONSEQU5CE ( ! ECONOMIC FACT1 IT IS !RE=E NECESS>Y TO TRANS=M ! LATT] 9 ORD] TO ELIM9ATE ! =M]4 ,IT IS 9CONTE/ABLE ?AT :AT HAS BE5 CALL$ JURIDICAL OR POLITICAL RI<T 9 HI/ORY HAS ALWAYS BE5 ! EXPRESSION & ! PRODUCT ( AN ACCOMPLI%$ FACT4 ,BUT IT IS ALSO 9CONTE/ABLE ?AT AFT] HAV+ BE5 ! EFFECT ( ACTS OR FACTS PREVI\SLY ACCOMPLI%$1 ?IS RI<T CAUSES 9 ITS TURN FUR!R EFFECTS1 BECOM+ ITSELF A V]Y REAL & P[]FUL FACT :I* MU/ BE ELIM9AT$ IF ONE DESIRES AN ORD] ( ?+S DIFF]5T FROM ! EXI/+ ONE4 ,IT IS ?US ?AT ! RI<T ( 9H]ITANCE1 AFT] HAV+ BE5 ! NATURAL CONSEQU5CE ( ! VIOL5T APPROPRIATION ( NATURAL & SOCIAL WEAL?1 BECOMES LAT] ! BASIS = ! POLITICAL /ATE & ! JURIDICAL FAMILY1 :I* GU>ANTEES & SANCTIONS PRIVATE PROP]TY444 4 

,LIKEWISE1 ,M>X COMPLETELY IGNORES A MO/ IMPORTANT ELEM5T 9 ! HI/ORIC DEVELOPM5T ( HUMANITY1 ?AT IS1 ! TEMP]AM5T & P>TICUL> *>ACT] ( EA* RACE & EA* PEOPLE1 A TEMP]AM5T & A *>ACT] :I* >E !MSELVES ! NATURAL PRODUCT ( A MULTITUDE ( E?NOLOGICAL1 CLIMATOLOGICAL1 ECONOMIC1 & HI/ORIC CAUSES1 BUT :I* EX]CISE1 EV5 AP>T FROM & 9DEP5D5T ( ! ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ( EA* C\NTRY1 A CONSID]ABLE 9FLU5CE ON ITS DE/9IES & EV5 ON ! DEVELOPM5T ( ITS ECONOMIC =CES4 ,AMONG !SE ELEM5TS1 & !SE SO-CALL$ NATURAL TRAITS1 !RE IS ONE :OSE ACTION IS COMPLETELY DECISIVE 9 ! P>TICUL> HI/ORY ( EA* PEOPLE2 IT IS ! 9T5SITY ( ! SPIRIT ( REVOLT1 & BY ?AT ,I MEAN ! TOK5 ( LIB]TY ) :I* A PEOPLE IS 5D[$ OR :I* IT HAS CONS]V$4 ,?IS 9/9CT IS A FACT :I* IS COMPLETELY PRIMORDIAL & ANIMALI/IC2 ONE F9DS IT 9 DIFF]5T DEGREES 9 EV]Y LIV+ BE+1 & ! 5]GY & VITAL P[] ( EA* IS TO HE MEASUR$ BY ITS 9T5SITY4 ,9 ,MAN ?IS 9/9CT1 9 ADDITION TO ! ECONOMIC NE$S :I* URGE HIM ON1 BECOMES ! MO/ P[]FUL AG5T ( TOTAL HUMAN EMANCIPATION4 ,& S9CE IT IS A MATT] ( TEMP]AM5T RA!R ?AN 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL CULTURE1 AL?\< !SE ORD9>ILY COMPLEM5T EA* O!R1 IT SOMETIMES HAPP5S ?AT CIVILIZ$ PEOPLES POSSESS IT ONLY 9 A FEEBLE DEGREE1 EI!R BECAUSE !Y HAVE EXHAU/$ IT DUR+ !IR PREVI\S DEVELOPM5T1 OR HAVE BE5 DEPRAV$ BY !IR CIVILIZATION1 OR POSSIBLY BECAUSE !Y W]E ORIG9ALLY LESS FULLY 5D[$ ) IT ?AN O!R PEOPLES444 

,! REASON+ ( ,M>X 5DS 9 ABSOLUTE CONTRADICTION4 ,TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT ONLY ! ECONOMIC QUE/ION1 HE 9SI/S ?AT ONLY ! MO/ ADVANC$ C\NTRIES1 ?OSE 9 :I* CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION HAS ATTA9$ GREATE/ DEVELOPM5T1 >E ! MO/ CAPABLE ( MAK+ SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,!SE CIVILIZ$ C\NTRIES1 TO ! EXCLUSION ( ALL O!RS1 >E ! ONLY ONES DE/9$ TO 9ITIATE & C>RY ?R\< ?IS REVOLUTION4 ,?IS REVOLUTION WILL EXPROPRIATE EI!R BY PEACEFUL1 GRADUAL1 OR BY VIOL5T MEANS1 ! PRES5T PROP]TY [N]S & CAPITALI/S4 ,TO APPROPRIATE ALL ! L&$ PROP]TY & CAPITAL1 & TO C>RY \T ITS EXT5SIVE ECONOMIC & POLITICAL PROGRAMS1 ! REVOLUTION>Y ,/ATE WILL HAVE TO BE V]Y P[]FUL & HI<LY C5TRALIZ$4 ,! ,/ATE WILL ADM9I/] & DIRECT ! CULTIVATION ( ! L&1 BY MEANS ( ITS SAL>I$ (FICIALS COMM&+ >MIES ( RURAL WORK]S ORGANIZ$ & DISCIPL9$ = ?IS PURPOSE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ON ! RU9S ( ! EXI/+ BANKS1 IT WILL E/ABLI% A S+LE /ATE BANK :I* WILL F9ANCE ALL LABOR & NATIONAL COMM]CE4 

,IT IS READILY APP>5T H[ SU* A SEEM+LY SIMPLE PLAN ( ORGANIZATION CAN EXCITE ! IMAG9ATION ( ! WORK]S1 :O >E AS EAG] = JU/ICE AS !Y >E = FRE$OM2 & :O FOOLI%LY IMAG9E ?AT ! ONE CAN EXI/ )\T ! O!R2 AS IF1 9 ORD] TO CONQU] & CONSOLIDATE JU/ICE & EQUALITY1 ONE C\LD DEP5D ON ! EF=TS ( O!RS1 P>TICUL>LY ON GOV]NM5TS1 REG>DLESS ( H[ !Y MAY BE ELECT$ OR CONTROLL$1 TO SPEAK & ACT = ! PEOPLE6 ,= ! PROLET>IAT ?IS WILL1 9 REALITY1 BE NO?+ BUT A B>RACKS3 A REGIME1 :]E REGIM5T$ WORK+M5 & WOM5 WILL SLEEP1 WAKE1 WORK1 & LIVE TO ! BEAT ( A DRUM2 :]E ! %REWD & $UCAT$ WILL BE GRANT$ GOV]NM5T PRIVILEGES2 & :]E ! M]C5>Y-M9D$1 ATTRACT$ BY ! IMM5SITY ( ! 9T]NATIONAL SPECULATIONS ( ! /ATE BANK1 WILL F9D A VA/ FIELD = LUCRATIVE1 UND]H&$ DEAL+S4 

,!RE WILL BE SLAV]Y )9 ?IS /ATE1 & ABROAD !RE WILL BE W> )\T TRUCE1 AT LEA/ UNTIL ! 09F]IOR0 RACES1 ,LAT9 & ,SLAV1 TIR$ ( B\RGEOIS CIVILIZATION1 NO LONG] RESIGN !MSELVES TO ! SUBJECTION ( A ,/ATE1 :I* WILL BE EV5 MORE DESPOTIC ?AN ! =M] ,/ATE1 AL?\< IT CALLS ITSELF A ,PEOPLE'S ,/ATE4 

,! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION1 AS 5VISION$ & HOP$ = BY ! ,LAT9 & ,SLAV WORK]S1 IS 9F9ITELY BROAD] 9 SCOPE ?AN ?AT ADVANC$ BY ! ,G]MAN OR ,M>XI/ PROGRAM4 ,= !M IT IS NOT A QUE/ION ( ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 P>SIMONI\SLY DOL$ \T & REALIZABLE ONLY 9 ! REMOTE FUTURE1 BUT RA!R ! COMPLET$ & REAL EMANCIPATION ( ALL WORK]S1 NOT ONLY 9 SOME BUT 9 ALL NATIONS1 0DEVELOP$0 & 0UNDEVELOP$40 ,& ! FIR/ WAT*WORD ( ?IS EMANCIPATION CAN BE NONE O!R ?AN FRE$OM4 ,NOT ! B\RGEOIS POLITICAL FRE$OM SO EXTOLL$ & RECOMM5D$ AS ! FIR/ /EP 9 ! CONQUE/ ( FULL FRE$OM BY ,M>X & BIS FOLL[]S1 BUT A BROAD HUMAN FRE$OM1 A FRE$OM DE/ROY+ ALL ! DOGMATIC1 METAPHYSICAL1 POLITICAL1 & JURIDICAL FETT]S BY :I* EV]YONE TODAY IS LOAD$ D[N1 :I* WILL GIVE EV]YBODY1 COLLECTIVES AS WELL AS 9DIVIDUALS1 FULL AUTONOMY 9 !IR ACTIVITIES & !IR DEVELOPM5T1 DELIV]$ ONCE & = ALL FROM 9SPECTORS1 DIRECTORS1 & GU>DIANS4 

,! SECOND WAT*WORD ( ?IS EMANCIPATION IS SOLID>ITY1 NOT ,M>XIAN SOLID>ITY1 DECRE$ FROM ! TOP D[N BY SOME GOV]NM5T1 BY TRICK]Y OR =CE1 UPON ! MASSES2 NOT ?AT UNITY ( ALL :I* IS ! NEGATION ( ! LIB]TY ( EA*1 & :I* BY ?AT V]Y FACT BECOMES A FALSEHOOD1 A FICTION1 HID+ ! REALITY ( SLAV]Y2 BUT ?AT SOLID>ITY :I* IS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! CONFIRMATION & REALIZATION ( EV]Y FRE$OM1 HAV+ ITS ORIG9 NOT 9 ANY POLITICAL LAW :ATSOEV] BUT 9 ! 9H]5T SOCIAL NATURE ( ,MAN1 9 VIRTUE ( :I* NO MAN IS FREE IF ALL M5 :O SURR\ND HIM & EX]CISE AN 9FLU5CE1 DIRECT OR 9DIRECT1 ON HIS LIFE1 >E NOT EQUALLY FREE444 

,! SOLID>ITY :I* IS S\<T1 F> FROM BE+ ! PRODUCT ( ANY >TIFICIAL AU?ORIT>IAN ORGANIZATION :ATSOEV]1 CAN ONLY BE ! SPONTANE\S PRODUCT ( SOCIAL LIFE1 ECONOMIC AS WELL AS MORAL2 ! RESULT ( ! FREE F$]ATION ( COMMON 9T]E/S1 ASPIRATIONS1 & T5D5CIES444 4 ,IT HAS = ITS ESS5TIAL BASIS EQUALITY & COLLECTIVE LABOR -- OBLIGATORY NOT BY LAW1 BUT BY ! =CE ( REALITIES -- & COLLECTIVE PROP]TY2 AS A GUID+ LI<T1 IT HAS EXP]I5CE1 ! PRACTICE ( ! COLLECTIVE LIFE1 KN[L$GE1 & LE>N+2 AS A F9AL GOAL1 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A FREE HUMANITY1 BEG9N+ ) ! D[NFALL ( ALL /ATES4 

,?IS IS ! IDEAL1 NOT DIV9E1 NOT METAPHYSICAL1 BUT HUMAN & PRACTICAL1 :I* CORRESPONDS TO ! MOD]N ASPIRATIONS ( ! ,LAT9 & ,SLAV PEOPLES4 ,!Y WANT FULL FRE$OM1 COMPLETE SOLID>ITY1 COMPLETE EQUALITY2 9 %ORT1 !Y WANT A FULL-SCALE HUMANITY1 & !Y WILL NOT ACCEPT LESS1 EV5 ON ! PRETEXT ?AT LIMIT$ FRE$OM IS ONLY TEMPOR>Y4 ,! ,M>XI/S WILL D5\NCE !SE ASPIRATIONS AS FOLLY1 AS !Y HAVE BE5 DO+ = A LONG TIME 444 BUT ! ,LAT9S & ,SLAVS WILL NEV] EX*ANGE !SE MAGNIFIC5T OBJECTIVES = ! COMPLETELY B\RGEOIS PLATITUDES ( ,M>XIAN SOCIALISM4 

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