,L59 ,AS ,PHILOSOPH] 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK 

,SECTIONS 7,T,O,C7 3 
     

O ,9TRODUCTION 

      #iae ,WORDS2 #f1#b#b ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,M>XISM 

      #d1#a#c ,WORDS2 #b#e1#d#d#f ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,MIDDLE-,CLASS ,MAT]IALISM 

      #d1#c#e ,WORDS2 #b#g1#e#h#i ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #c 3 ,DIETZG5 

      #d1#a#a#i ,WORDS2 #b#e1#g#e ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #d 3 ,MA* 

      #d1#e#a ,WORDS2 #b#h1#b#g ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #e 3 ,AV5>IUS 

      #c1#b#h#b ,WORDS2 #b1#b#f#i ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #f 3 ,L59 

      #i1#c#b#d ,WORDS2 #e#h1#c#c#h ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #g 3 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 

      #c1#h#c ,WORDS2 #a#i1#e#a#b ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #h 3 ,! ,PROLET>IAN ,REVOLUTION 

      #c1#b#d ,WORDS2 #a#h1#g#b#d ,*>ACT]S     

O ,APP5DIX 

      #c1#i#f ,WORDS2 #b#f1#c#i#c ,*>ACT]S 

,SECTIONS 7,CONT5T7 3 

O ,9TRODUCTION 

,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION WAS F\<T UND] ! BANN] ( ,M>XISM4 ,9 ! YE>S ( PROPAG&A BE=E ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> ! ,BOL%EVI/ ,P>TY CAME =W>D AS ! *AMPION ( ,M>XI/ IDEAS & TACTICS4 ,IT WORK$ ALONG ) ! RADICAL T5D5CIES 9 ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 :I* W]E ALSO /EEP$ 9 ,M>XIAN !ORY1 :]EAS ! ,M5%EVI/ ,P>TY CORRESPOND$ RA!R TO ! RE=MI/ T5D5CIES OV] H]E4 ,9 !ORETICAL CONTROV]SIES ! ,BOL%EVI/ AU?ORS1 BESIDES ! SO-CALL$ ,AU/RIAN & ,DUT* S*OOLS ( ,M>XISM1 CAME =W>D AS ! DEF5D]S ( RIGID ,M>XI/ DOCTR9ES4 ,9 ! ,REVOLUTION ! ,BOL%EVI/S1 :O N[ HAD ADOPT$ ! NAME ( ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 C\LD W9 BECAUSE !Y PUT UP AS ! LEAD+ PR9CIPLE ( !IR FI<T ! CLASS W> ( ! WORK+ MASSES AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,?US ,L59 & HIS P>TY1 9 !ORY & PRACTICE1 /OOD AS ! =EMO/ REPRES5TATIVES ( ,M>XISM4 

,!N1 H[EV]1 A CONTRADICTION APPE>$4 ,9 ,RUSSIA A SY/EM ( /ATE-CAPITALISM CONSOLIDAT$ ITSELF1 NOT BY DEVIAT+ FROM BUT BY FOLL[+ ,L59'S IDEAS 7E4G4 9 HIS ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION74 ,A NEW DOM9AT+ & EXPLOIT+ CLASS CAME 9TO P[] OV] ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME ,M>XISM WAS FO/]$1 & PROCLAIM$ ! FUNDAM5TAL BASIS ( ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE4 ,9 ,MOSC[ A 0,M>X-,5GELS ,9/ITUTE0 WAS F\ND$ ?AT COLLECT$ ) C>E & REV]5CE ALL ! WELL-NI< LO/ & =GOTT5 WORKS & MANUSCRIPTS ( ! MA/]S & PUBLI%$ !M 9 EXCELL5T $ITIONS4 ,:]EAS ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES1 DIRECT$ BY ! ,MOSC[ ,COM9T]N1 REF] TO ,M>XISM AS !IR GUID+ DOCTR9E1 !Y MEET ) MORE & MORE OPPOSITION FROM ! MO/ ADVANC$ WORK]S 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA1 MO/ RADICALLY FROM ! RANKS ( ,C\NCIL-COMMUNISM4 ,!SE CONTRADICTIONS1 EXT5D+ OV] ALL IMPORTANT PROBLEMS ( LIFE & ( ! SOCIAL /RUGGLE1 CAN BE CLE>$ UP ONLY BY P5ETRAT+ 9TO ! DEEPE/1 I4E4 ! PHILOSOPHICAL1 PR9CIPLES ( :AT IS CALL$ ,M>XISM 9 !SE DIFF]5T TR5DS ( ?\<T4 

,L59 GAVE AN EXPOSITION ( HIS PHILOSOPHICAL IDEAS 9 HIS WORK ,MAT]IALISM & ,EMPIRIO-,CRITICISM ?AT APPE>$ 9 ,RUSSIAN 9 #a#i#h1 & WAS PUBLI%$ 9 #aibg 9 ,G]MAN & 9 ,5GLI% TRANSLATIONS4 ,SOME ( ! ,RUSSIAN SOCIALI/ 9TELLECTUALS AB\T #aid HAD TAK5 AN 9T]E/ 9 MOD]N ,WE/]N NATURAL PHILOSOPHY1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! IDEAS ( ,]N/ ,MA*1 & TRI$ TO COMB9E !SE ) ,M>XISM4 ,A K9D ( 0,MA*ISM01 ) ,BOGDANOV1 ,L59'S MO/ 9TIMATE COLLABORATOR1 & ,LUNAT*>SKY AS SPOKESM51 DEVELOP$ AS AN 9FLU5TIAL TR5D 9 ! SOCIALI/ P>TY4 ,AFT] ! FIR/ REVOLUTION ! /RIFE FL>$ UP AGA91 CONNECT$ AS IT WAS ) ALL ! V>I\S TACTICAL & PRACTICAL DIFF]5CES 9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,!N ,L59 TOOK A DECISIVE /& AGA9/ !SE DEVIATIONS &1 AID$ BY ,PLE*ANOV1 ! ABLE/ REPRES5TATIVE ( ,M>XIAN !ORY AMONG ! ,RUSSIANS1 SOON SUCCE$$ 9 DE/ROY+ ! 9FLU5CES ( ,MA*ISM 9 ! SOCIALI/ P>TY4 

,9 ! ,9TRODUCTION TO ! ,G]MAN & ,5GLI% $ITIONS ( ,L59'S BOOK1 ,DEBOR9 - AT ?AT TIME ! (FICIAL 9T]PRET] ( ,L59ISM1 BUT AFT]W>DS DISGRAC$ - EXALTS ! IMPORTANCE ( ! COLLABORATION ( ! TWO =EMO/ !ORETICAL LEAD]S = ! DEF9ITE VICTORY ( TRUE ,M>XISM OV] ALL ANTI-M>XI/1 RE=MI/ TR5DS4 

0,L59'S BOOK IS NOT ONLY AN IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION TO PHILOSOPHY1 BUT IT IS ALSO A REM>KABLE DOCUM5T ( AN 9TRA-P>TY /RUGGLE :I* WAS ( UTMO/ IMPORTANCE 9 /R5G!N+ ! G5]AL PHILOSOPHICAL F\NDATIONS ( ,M>XISM & ,L59ISM1 & :I* TO A GREAT DEGREE DET]M9$ ! SUBSEQU5T GR[? ( PHILOSOPHICAL ?\<T AMONG ! ,RUSSIAN ,M>XI/S 444 ,UN=TUNATELY1 MATT]S >E DIFF]5T BEYOND ! BORD]S ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION 444 :]E ,KANTIAN S*OLA/ICISM & POSITIVI/IC IDEALISM >E 9 FULL BLOOM40 

,S9CE ! IMPORTANCE ( ,L59'S BOOK IS SO /RONGLY EMPHASIZ$ H]E1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO MAKE IT ! SUBJECT ( A S]I\S CRITICAL /UDY4 ,! DOCTR9E ( ,P>TY-,COMMUNISM ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL CANNOT BE JUDG$ ADEQUATELY UNLESS !IR PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS IS ?OR\<LY EXAM9$4 

,M>X'S /UDIES ON SOCIETY1 :I* = A C5TURY N[ HAVE BE5 DOM9AT+ & %AP+ ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T 9 9CREAS$ MEASURE1 TOOK !IR =M FROM ,G]MAN PHILOSOPHY4 ,!Y CANNOT BE UND]/OOD )\T A /UDY ( ! SPIRITUAL & POLITICAL DEVELOPM5TS ( ! ,EUROPEAN WORLD4 ,?US IT IS ) O!R SOCIAL & PHILOSOPHICAL TR5DS & ) O!R S*OOLS ( MAT]IALISM DEVELOP+ BESIDES ,M>XISM4 ,?US IT IS1 TOO1 ) ! !ORETICAL IDEAS UND]LY+ ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION4 ,ONLY BY COMP>+ !SE DIFF]5T SY/EMS ( ?\<T AS TO !IR SOCIAL ORIG9 & !IR PHILOSOPHICAL CONT5TS CAN WE >RIVE AT A WELL-F\ND$ JUDGM5T4 

,NOTES 

#a4 ,L59 AS ,PHILOSOPH] WAS FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 ,AM/]DAM AS ,L59 ALS ,PHILOSOPH4 ,KRITIS*E ,BETRA*TUNG D] PHILOSOPHIS*5 ,GRUNDLAG5 DES ,L59ISMUS1 UND] ! PSEUDONYM ,JOHN ,H>P]1 BY ! ,BIBLIO!K D] ,RATEKORRESPOND5Z1 ,NO4#a4 ,AUSGABE D] ,GRUPPE ,9T]NATIONAL] ,KOMMUNI/5 9 ,HOLL&1 9 #a#i#c#h4 ,?IS ,G]MAN-LANGUAGE $ITION WAS DI/RIBUT$ 9 ! ,U,S BY ,9T]NATIONAL ,C\NCIL ,CORRESPOND5CE4 ,! FIR/ ,FR5* TRANSLATION WAS PUBLI%$ 9 #aidg 9 ,9T]NATIONALISME ! J\RNAL ( ! ,GAU*E ,COMMUNI/E DE ,FRANCE4 ,! FIR/ ,5GLI% TRANSLATION WAS PUBLI%$ BY ,NEW ,ESSAYS 9 ,NEW ,YORK 9 #a#i#d#h4 

#b4 ,! PHRASE 0MIDDLE CLASS0 IS H]E US$ AS A TRANSLATION = ! ,G]MAN WORD 0BURG]LI*04 ,! MORE MOD]N T]M US$ 9 ,M>XI/ DISC\RSE = ?IS CONCEPT IS 0B\RGEOIS0 7I4E4 RELAT+ TO ! CAPITALI/ OR B\RGEOIS CLASS7 9 ORD] TO DI/+UI% IT FROM ! RA!R IMPRECISE T]M 0MIDDLE CLASS01 :I* IS (T5 US$ AS A BROAD DESCRIPTION = :ITE-COLL> WORK]S1 PR(ESSIONALS1 ! SELF-EMPLOY$ ETC4 ,SIMIL>LY :5 ?IS TEXT REF]S TO 0! MIDDLE CLASS0 IT IS REF]R+ TO ! B\RGEOISIE OR CAPITALI/ CLASS4 7,NOTE BY ,M,I,A7 

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,M>XISM 

,! EVOLUTION ( ,M>X'S IDEAS 9TO :AT IS N[ CALL$ ,M>XISM CAN BE UND]/OOD ONLY 9 CONNECTION ) ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL DEVELOPM5TS ( ! P]IOD 9 :I* !Y >OSE4 ,IT WAS ! TIME :5 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM MADE ITS 5TRY 9TO ,G]MANY4 ,?IS BR\<T AB\T A GR[+ OPPOSITION TO ! EXI/+ >I/OCRATIC ABSOLUTISM4 ,! ASC5D+ B\RGEOIS CLASS NE$$ FRE$OM ( TRADE & COMM]CE1 FAVORABLE LEGISLATION1 A GOV]NM5T SYMPA!TIC TO ITS 9T]E/S1 FRE$OM ( PRESS & ASSEMBLY1 9 ORD] TO SECURE ITS NE$S & DESIRES 9 AN UNHAMP]$ FI<T4 ,9/EAD IT F\ND ITSELF CONFRONT$ ) A HO/ILE REGIME1 AN OMNIPOT5T POLICE1 & A PRESS C5SOR%IP :I* SUPPRESS$ EV]Y CRITICISM ( ! REACTION>Y GOV]NM5T4 ,! /RUGGLE BETWE5 !SE =CES1 :I* L$ TO ! REVOLUTION ( #a#h#d#h1 FIR/ HAD TO BE CONDUCT$ ON A !ORETICAL LEVEL1 AS A /RUGGLE ( IDEAS & A CRITICISM ( ! PREVAIL+ SY/EM ( IDEAS4 ,! CRITICISM ( ! Y\NG B\RGEOIS 9TELLIG5TSIA WAS DIRECT$ MA9LY AGA9/ RELIGION & ,HEGELIAN PHILOSOPHY4 

,HEGELIAN PHILOSOPHY 9 :I* ! SELF-DEVELOPM5T ( ! 0,ABSOLUTE ,IDEA0 CREATES ! WORLD & !N1 AS DEVELOP+ WORLD1 5T]S ! CONSCI\SNESS ( MAN1 WAS ! PHILOSOPHICAL GUISE SUIT$ TO ! ,*RI/IAN WORLD ( ! EPO* ( ! 0,RE/ORATION0 AFT] #a#h#a#e4 ,RELIGION H&$ D[N BY PA/ G5]ATIONS S]V$1 AS ALWAYS1 AS ! !ORETICAL BASIS & JU/IFICATION = ! P]PETUATION ( OLD CLASS RELATIONS4 ,S9CE AN OP5 POLITICAL FI<T WAS /ILL IMPOSSIBLE1 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! FEUDAL OLIG>*Y HAD TO BE CONDUCT$ 9 A VEIL$ =M1 AS AN ATTACK ON RELIGION4 ,?IS WAS ! TASK ( ! GR\P ( Y\NG 9TELLECTUALS ( #ahd AMONG :OM ,M>X GREW UP & ROSE TO A LEAD+ POSITION4 

,:ILE /ILL A /UD5T ,M>X ADMITT$1 AL?\< RELUCTANTLY1 ! =CE ( ! ,HEGELIAN ME?OD ( ?\<T1 DIALECTICS1 & MADE IT HIS [N4 ,?AT HE *OSE = HIS DOCTOR'S !SIS ! COMP>ISON ( ! TWO GREAT MAT]IALI/IC PHILOSOPH]S ( ANCI5T ,GREECE1 ,DEMOCRITUS & ,EPICURUS1 SEEMS TO 9DICATE1 H[EV]1 ?AT 9 ! DEEP RECESSES ( SUB-CONSCI\SNESS ,M>X 9CL9$ TO MAT]IALISM4 ,%ORTLY !REAFT] HE WAS CALL$ UPON TO ASSUME ! $ITOR%IP ( A NEW PAP] F\ND$ BY ! OPPOSITIONAL ,RHE9I% B\RGEOISIE 9 ,COLOGNE4 ,H]E HE WAS DRAWN 9TO ! PRACTICAL PROBLEMS ( ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL /RUGGLE4 ,SO WELL DID HE CONDUCT ! FI<T ?AT AFT] A YE> ( PUBLICATION ! PAP] WAS BANN$ BY ! ,/ATE AU?ORITIES4 ,IT WAS DUR+ ?IS P]IOD ?AT ,FEU]BA* MADE HIS F9AL /EP T[>DS MAT]IALISM4 ,FEU]BA* BRU%$1 AWAY ,HEGEL'S FANTA/IC SY/EM1 TURN$ T[>DS ! SIMPLE EXP]I5CES ( EV]YDAY LIFE1 & >RIV$ AT ! CONCLUSION ?AT RELIGION WAS A MAN-MADE PRODUCT4 ,=TY YE>S LAT] ,5GELS /ILL SPOKE F]V5TLY ( ! LIB]AT+ EFFECT ?AT ,FEU]BA*'S WORK HAD ON HIS CONTEMPOR>IES1 & ( ! 5?USIASM IT >\S$ 9 ,M>X1 DESPITE CRITICAL RES]VATIONS4 ,TO ,M>X IT MEANT ?AT N[ 9/EAD ( ATTACK+ A HEAV5LY IMAGE !Y HAD TO COME TO GRIPS ) E>?LY REALITIES4 ,?US 9 #ahdc 9 HIS ESSAY ,KRITIK D] ,HEGELS*5 ,RE*TSPHILOSOPHIE 7,A ,CRITICISM ( ! ,HEGELIAN ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,LAW7 HE WROTE3 

0,AS F> AS ,G]MANY IS CONC]N$ ! CRITICISM ( RELIGION IS PRACTICALLY COMPLET$2 & ! CRITICISM ( RELIGION IS ! BASIS ( ALL CRITICISM 444 ,! /RUGGLE AGA9/ RELIGION IS 9DIRECTLY ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ?AT WORLD :OSE SPIRITUAL >OMA IS RELIGION 444 ,RELIGION IS ! MOAN ( ! OPPRESS$ CREATURE1 ! S5TIM5T ( A HE>TLESS WORLD1 AS IT IS ! SPIRIT ( SPIRITLESS CONDITIONS4 ,IT IS ! OPIUM ( ! PEOPLE4 ,! ABOLITION ( RELIGION AS ! ILLUSORY HAPP9ESS ( ! PEOPLE IS ! DEM& = !IR REAL HAPP9ESS1 ! DEM& TO AB&ON ! ILLUSIONS AB\T !IR CONDITION IS A DEM& TO AB&ON A CONDITION :I* REQUIRES ILLUSIONS4 ,! CRITICISM ( RELIGION !RE=E CONTA9S POT5TIALLY ! CRITICISM ( ! ,VALE ( ,TE>S :OSE AUREOLE IS RELIGION4 ,CRITICISM HAS PLUCK$ ! IMAG9>Y FL[]S :I* ADORN$ ! *A91 NOT ?AT MAN %\LD WE> HIS FETT]S D5UD$ ( FANCIFUL EMBELLI%M5T1 BUT ?AT HE %\LD ?R[ (F ! *A9 & BREAK ! LIV+ FL[] 444 ,?US ! CRITICISM ( HEAV5 IS TRANS=M$ 9TO ! CRITICISM ( E>?1 ! CRITICISM ( RELIGION 9TO ! CRITICISM ( ,LAW1 & ! CRITICISM ( !OLOGY 9TO ! CRITICISM ( POLITICS40 

,! TASK CONFRONT+ ,M>X WAS TO 9VE/IGATE ! REALITIES ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,9 COLLABORATION ) ,5GELS DUR+ !IR /AY 9 ,P>IS & ,BRUSSELS1 HE MADE A /UDY ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & ,FR5* SOCIALISM1 AS WELL AS ( ,5GLI% ECONOMY & ! ,5GLI% WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T1 :I* L$ T[>DS FUR!R ELABORATION ( ! DOCTR9E KN[N AS 0,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM04 ,AS ! !ORY ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T BY WAY ( CLASS /RUGGLES WE F9D IT EXP\ND$ 9 ,LA MIS]E DE LA PHILOSOPHIE 7WRITT5 9 #ahdf AGA9/ ,PR\DHON'S ,PHILOSOPHIE DE LE MIS]E71 9 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O 7#a#h#d#h71 & 9 ! (T-QUOT$ PREFACE TO ,ZUR ,KRITIK D] ,POLITIS*5 ,OEKONOMIE 7#a#h#e#i74 

,M>X & ,5GELS !MSELVES REF] TO ?IS SY/EM ( ?\<T AS MAT]IALISM1 9 OPPOSITION TO ! 0IDEALISM0 ( ,HEGEL & ! ,Y\NG ,HEGELIANS4 ,:AT DO !Y UND]/& BY MAT]IALISM8 ,5GELS1 DISCUSS+ AFT]W>DS ! FUNDAM5TAL !ORETICAL PROBLEMS ( ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM 9 HIS ,ANTI-,DUHR+ & 9 HIS BOOKLET ON ,FEU]BA*1 /ATES 9 ! LATT] PUBLICATION3 

0,! GREAT BASIC QUE/ION ( ALL PHILOSOPHY1 ESPECIALLY ( MOD]N PHILOSOPHY1 IS ?AT CONC]N+ ! RELATION ( ?9K+ & BE+444,?OSE :O ASS]T$ ! PRIMACY ( ! SPIRIT TO NATURE &1 !RE=E1 9 ! LA/ 9/ANCE1 ASSUM$ WORLD-CREATION 9 SOME =M OR O!R1 COMPRIS$ ! CAMP ( IDEALISM4 ,! O!RS1 :O REG>D$ NATURE AS PRIM>Y1 BELONG TO ! V>I\S S*OOLS ( MAT]IALISM40 

,?AT NOT ONLY ! HUMAN M9D IS B\ND UP ) ! MAT]IAL ORGAN ( ! BRA91 BUT ?AT1 ALSO1 MAN ) HIS BRA9 & M9D IS 9TIMATELY CONNECT$ ) ! RE/ ( ! ANIMAL K+DOM & ! 9ORGANIC WORLD1 WAS A SELF-EVID5T TRU? TO ,M>X & ,5GELS4 ,?IS CONCEPTION IS COMMON TO ALL 0S*OOLS ( MAT]IALISM40 ,:AT DI/+UI%ES ,M>XI/ MAT]IALISM FROM O!R S*OOLS MU/ BE LE>N$ FROM ITS V>I\S POLEMIC WORKS DEAL+ ) PRACTICAL QUE/IONS ( POLITICS & SOCIETY4 ,!N WE F9D ?AT TO ,M>X MAT]IALI/IC ?\<T WAS A WORK+ ME?OD4 ,IT WAS MEANT TO EXPLA9 ALL PH5OM5A BY MEANS ( ! MAT]IAL WORLD1 ! EXI/+ REALITIES4 ,9 HIS WRIT+S HE DOES NOT DEAL ) PHILOSOPHY1 NOR DOES HE =MULATE MAT]IALISM 9 A SY/EM ( PHILOSOPHY2 HE IS UTILIZ+ IT AS A ME?OD = ! /UDY ( ! WORLD1 & ?US DEMON/RATES ITS VALIDITY4 ,9 ! ESSAY QUOT$ ABOVE1 = EXAMPLE1 ,M>X DOES NOT DEMOLI% ! ,HEGELIAN PHILOSOPHY ( ,LAW BY PHILOSOPHICAL DISPUTATIONS1 BUT ?R\< AN ANNIHILAT+ CRITICISM ( ! REAL CONDITIONS 9 ,G]MANY4 

,9 ! MAT]IALI/ ME?OD PHILOSOPHICAL SOPHI/RY & DISPUTATIONS >\ND AB/RACT CONCEPTS >E REPLAC$ BY ! /UDY ( ! REAL WORLD4 ,LET US TAKE A FEW EXAMPLES TO ELUCIDATE ?IS PO9T4 ,! /ATEM5T 0,MAN PROPOSES1 ,GOD DISPOSES0 IS 9T]PRET$ BY ! !OLOGIAN FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! OMNIPOT5CE ( ,GOD4 ,! MAT]IALI/ SE>*ES = ! CAUSE ( ! DISCREPANCY BETWE5 EXPECTATIONS & RESULTS1 & F9DS IT 9 ! SOCIAL EFFECTS ( COMMODITY EX*ANGE & COMPETITION4 ,! POLITICIAN DEBATES ! DESIRABILITY ( FRE$OM & ( SOCIALISM2 ! MAT]IALI/ ASKS3 FROM :AT 9DIVIDUALS OR CLASSES DO !SE DEM&S SPR+1 :AT SPECIFIC CONT5T DO !Y HAVE1 & TO :AT SOCIAL NE$ DO !Y CORRESPOND8 ,! PHILOSOPH]1 9 AB/RACT SPECULATIONS AB\T ! ESS5CE ( TIME1 SEEKS TO E/ABLI% :E!R OR NOT ABSOLUTE TIME EXI/S4 ,! MAT]IALI/ COMP>ES CLOCKS TO SEE :E!R SIMULTANE\SNESS OR SUCCESSION ( TWO PH5OM5A CAN BE E/ABLI%$ UNMI/AKABLY4 

,FEU]BA* HAD PREC$$ ,M>X 9 US+ ! MAT]IALI/ ME?OD1 9S(> AS HE PO9T$ \T ?AT RELIGI\S CONCEPTS & IDEAS >E D]IV$ FROM MAT]IAL CONDITIONS4 ,HE SAW 9 LIV+ MAN ! S\RCE ( ALL RELIGI\S ?\<TS & CONCEPTS4 0,D] ,M5S* I/1 WAS ] IS/0 7,MAN IS :AT HE EATS7 IS A WELL-KN[N ,G]MAN PUN SUMM>IZ+ HIS DOCTR9E4 ,:E!R HIS MAT]IALISM W\LD BE VALID1 H[EV]1 DEP5D$ ON :E!R HE W\LD BE SUCCESSFUL 9 PRES5T+ A CLE> & CONV9C+ EXPLANATION ( RELIGION4 ,A MAT]IALISM ?AT LEAVES ! PROBLEM OBSCURE IS 9SUFFICI5T & WILL FALL BACK 9TO IDEALISM4 ,M>X PO9T$ \T ?AT ! M]E PR9CIPLE ( TAK+ LIV+ MAN AS ! />T+ PO9T IS NOT 5\<4 ,9 HIS !SES ON ,FEU]BA* 9 #ahde HE =MULAT$ ! ESS5TIAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 HIS MAT]IALI/IC ME?OD & ,FEU]BA*'S AS FOLL[S3 

0,FEU]BA* RESOLVES ! RELIGI\S ESS5CE 9TO ! HUMAN ESS5CE 7DAS M5S*LI*E ,WES574 ,BUT ! HUMAN ESS5CE IS NO AB/RACTION 9H]5T 9 EA* S+LE 9DIVIDUAL4 ,9 ITS REALITY IT IS ! 5SEMBLE ( ! SOCIAL RELATION%IPS0 7,!SIS #f74 0,HIS WORK CONSI/S 9 ! DISSOLUTION ( ! RELIGI\S WORLD 9TO ITS SECUL> BASIS4 ,! FACT1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! SECUL> F\NDATION LIFTS ITSELF ABOVE ITSELF & E/ABLI%ES ITSELF 9 ! CL\DS AS AN 9DEP5D5T REALM IS ONLY TO BE EXPLA9$ BY ! SELF-CLEAVAGE & SELF-CONTRADICTIONS ( ?IS SECUL> BASIS4 ,! LATT] ITSELF1 !RE=E1 MU/ FIR/ BE UND]/OOD 9 ITS CONTRADICTIONS1 & !N1 BY ! REMOVAL ( ! CONTRADICTION1 MU/ BE REVOLUTIONIZ$ 9 PRACTICE0 7,!SIS #d74 

,9 %ORT1 MAN CAN BE UND]/OOD ONLY AS A SOCIAL BE+4 ,FROM ! 9DIVIDUAL WE MU/ PROCE$ TO SOCIETY1 & !N ! SOCIAL CONTRADICTIONS \T ( :I* RELIGION CAME =?1 MU/ BE DISSOLV$4 ,! REAL WORLD1 ! MAT]IAL1 S5SUAL WORLD1 :]E ALL IDEOLOGY & CONSCI\SNESS HAVE !IR ORIG91 IS ! DEVELOP+ HUMAN SOCIETY - ) NATURE 9 ! BACKGR\ND1 ( C\RSE1 AS ! BASIS ON :I* SOCIETY RE/S & ( :I* IT IS A P>T TRANS=M$ BY MAN4 

,A PRES5TATION ( !SE IDEAS MAY BE F\ND 9 ! MANUSCRIPT ( ,DIE ,DEUTS*E ,IDEOLOGIE 7,! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY71 WRITT5 9 #ahde BUT NOT PUBLI%$4 ,! P>T ?AT DEALS ) ,FEU]BA* WAS FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 #aibe BY ,RJAZANOV1 !N *IEF ( ! ,M>X-,5GELS ,9/ITUTE 9 ,MOSC[2 ! COMPLETE WORK WAS NOT PUBLI%$ UNTIL #a#i#c#b4 ,H]E ! !SES ON ,FEU]BA* >E WORK$ \T AT GREAT] L5G?4 ,AL?\< IT IS MANIFE/ ?AT ,M>X WROTE IT D[N QUITE HURRI$LY1 HE NEV]!LESS GAVE A BRILLIANT PRES5TATION ( ALL ! ESS5TIAL IDEAS CONC]N+ ! EVOLUTION ( SOCIETY1 :I* LAT] F\ND !IR %ORT EXPRESSION1 PRACTICALLY1 9 ! PROLET>IAN PROPAG&A PAMPHLET1 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O &1 !ORETICALLY1 9 ! PREFACE TO ,ZUR ,KRITIK D] ,POLITIS*5 ,OEKONOMIE 7,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY74 

,! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY IS DIRECT$ FIR/ ( ALL AGA9/ ! DOM9ANT !ORETICAL VIEW :I* REG>D$ CONSCI\SNESS AS ! CREATOR1 & IDEAS DEVELOP+ FROM IDEAS AS ! DET]M9+ FACTORS ( HUMAN HI/ORY4 ,!Y >E TREAT$ H]E CONTEMPTU\SLY AS 0! PHANTOMS =M$ 9 ! HUMAN BRA90 ?AT >E 0NECESS>Y SUBLIMATES ( !IR MAT]IAL1 EMPIRICALLY V]IFIABLE LIFE PROCESS B\ND TO MAT]IAL PREMISES40 ,IT WAS ESS5TIAL TO PUT EMPHASIS ON ! REAL WORLD1 ! MAT]IAL & EMPIRICALLY-GIV5 WORLD AS ! S\RCE ( ALL IDEOLOGY4 ,BUT IT WAS ALSO NECESS>Y TO CRITICIZE ! MAT]IALI/ !ORIES ?AT CULM9AT$ 9 ,FEU]BA*4 ,AS A PROTE/ AGA9/ IDEOLOGY1 ! RETURN TO BIOLOGICAL MAN & HIS PR9CIPAL NE$S IS CORRECT BUT IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO F9D A SOLUTION TO ! QUE/ION ( H[ & :Y RELIGI\S IDEAS ORIG9ATE IF WE TAKE ! 9DIVIDUAL AS AN AB/RACT ISOLAT$ BE+4 ,HUMAN SOCIETY 9 ITS HI/ORICAL EVOLUTION IS ! DOM9ANT REALITY CONTROLL+ HUMAN LIFE4 ,ONLY \T ( SOCIETY CAN ! SPIRITUAL LIFE ( MAN BE EXPLA9$4 ,FEU]BA*1 9 HIS ATTEMPT TO F9D AN EXPLANATION ( RELIGION BY A RETURN TO ! 0REAL0 MAN DID NOT F9D ! REAL MAN1 BECAUSE HE SE>*ES = HIM 9 ! 9DIVIDUAL1 ! HUMAN BE+ G5]ALLY4 ,FROM HIS APPROA* ! WORLD ( IDEAS CANNOT BE EXPLA9$4 ,?US HE WAS =C$ TO FALL BACK ON ! IDEOLOGY ( UNIV]SAL HUMAN LOVE4 0,9S(> AS ,FEU]BA* IS A MAT]IALI/10 ,M>X SAID1 0HE DOES NOT DEAL ) HI/ORY1 & 9S(> AS HE CONSID]S HI/ORY1 HE IS NOT A MAT]IALI/40 

,:AT ,FEU]BA* C\LD NOT ACCOMPLI% WAS ACCOMPLI%$ BY ! ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM ( ,M>X3 AN EXPLANATION ( MAN'S IDEAS \T ( ! MAT]IAL WORLD4 ,A BRILLIANT SURVEY ( ! HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY F9DS ITS PHILOSOPHICAL SUMM>Y 9 ! S5T5CE3 0,M51 DEVELOP+ !IR MAT]IAL PRODUCTION & !IR MAT]IAL 9T]C\RSE ALONG ) ?IS1 !IR REAL EXI/5CE1 ALT] !IR ?9K+ & ! PRODUCTS ( !IR ?9K+40 ,?US1 AS RELATION BETWE5 REALITY & ?9K+1 MAT]IALISM IS 9 PRACTICE PROV5 TO BE RI<T4 ,WE KN[ REALITY ONLY ?R\< ! M$IUM ( ! S5SES4 ,PHILOSOPHY1 AS !ORY ( KN[L$GE1 !N F9DS ITS BASIS 9 ?IS PR9CIPLE3 ! MAT]IAL1 EMPIRICALLY GIV5 WORLD IS ! REALITY :I* DET]M9ES ?\<T4 

,! BASIC PROBLEM 9 ! !ORY ( KN[L$GE 7EPI/EMOLOGY7 WAS ALWAYS3 :AT TRU? CAN BE ATTRIBUT$ TO ?9K+4 ,! T]M 0CRITICISM ( KN[L$GE0 7,]K5NTNISKRITIK7 US$ BY PR(ESSIONAL PHILOSOPH]S = ?IS !ORY ( KN[L$GE1 ALREADY IMPLIES A VIEWPO9T ( D\BT4 ,9 HIS SECOND & FIF? !SES ON ,FEU]BA* ,M>X REF]S TO ?IS PROBLEM & AGA9 PO9TS TO ! PRACTICAL ACTIVITY ( MAN AS ! ESS5TIAL CONT5T ( HIS LIFE3 

0,! QUE/ION :E!R OBJECTIVE TRU? CAN BE ATTRIBUT$ TO HUMAN ?9K+ IS NOT A QUE/ION ( !ORY BUT A PRACTICAL QUE/ION4 ,9 PRACTICE MAN MU/ PROVE ! TRU?1 I4E4 ! REALITY & P[]1 ! ?IS-SID$NESS ( HIS ?9K+0 7,!SIS #b74 0,FEU]BA*1 NOT SATISFI$ ) AB/RACT ?9K+1 APPEALS TO S5SU\S P]CEPTION 7,ANS*AUUNG71 BUT HE DOES NOT CONCEIVE S5SU\SNESS 7DIE ,S9NLI*KEIT7 AS A PRACTICAL HUMAN-S5SU\S ACTIVITY0 ,!SIS #e74 

,:Y PRACTICAL8 ,BECAUSE MAN 9 ! FIR/ PLACE MU/ LIVE4 ,HIS BODILY /RUCTURE1 HIS FACULTIES & HIS ABILITIES1 & ALL HIS ACTIVITY >E ADAPT$ TO ?IS V]Y 5D4 ,) !SE HE MU/ ASS]T HIMSELF 9 ! EXT]NAL WORLD1 I4E4 9 NATURE1 & AS AN 9DIVIDUAL 9 SOCIETY4 ,TO !SE ABILITIES BELONGS ! ACTIVITY ( ! ORGAN ( ?\<T1 ! BRA91 & ! FACULTY ( ?9K+ ITSELF4 ,?9K+ IS A BODILY FACULTY4 ,9 EV]Y PHASE ( LIFE MAN USES HIS P[] ( ?\<T TO DRAW CONCLUSIONS FROM HIS EXP]I5CES1 ON :I* EXPECTATIONS & HOPES >E BUILT1 & !SE CONCLUSIONS REGULATE HIS BEHAVIOR & HIS ACTIONS4 ,! CORRECTNESS ( HIS CONCLUSIONS1 ! TRU? ( HIS ?9K+1 IS %[N BY ! V]Y FACT ( HIS EXI/5CE1 S9CE IT IS A CONDITION = HIS SURVIVAL4 ,BECAUSE ?9K+ IS AN EFFICI5T ADAPTATION TO LIFE1 IT EMBODIES TRU?1 NOT = EV]Y CONCLUSION1 BUT 9 ITS G5]AL *>ACT]4 ,ON ! BASIS ( HIS EXP]I5CES MAN D]IVES G5]ALIZATIONS & RULES1 NATURAL LAWS1 ON :I* HIS EXPECTATIONS >E BAS$4 ,!Y >E G5]ALLY CORRECT1 AS IS WITNESS$ BY HIS SURVIVAL4 ,SOMETIMES1 H[EV]1 FALSE CONCLUSIONS MAY BE DRAWN1 ) FAILURE & DE/RUCTION 9 !IR WAKE4 ,LIFE IS A CONT9U\S PROCESS ( LE>N+1 ADAPTATION1 DEVELOPM5T4 ,PRACTICE IS ! UNSP>+ TE/ ( ! CORRECTNESS ( ?9K+4 

,LET US FIR/ CONSID] ?IS 9 RELATION TO NATURAL SCI5CE4 ,9 ! PRACTICE ( ?IS SCI5CE1 ?\<T F9DS ITS PURE/ & MO/ AB/RACT =M4 ,?IS IS :Y PHILOSOPHICAL SCI5TI/S TAKE ?IS =M AS ! SUBJECT ( !IR D$UCTIONS & PAY LITTLE ATT5TION TO ITS SIMIL>ITY TO ! ?9K+ ( EV]YBODY 9 HIS EV]YDAY ACTIVITY4 ,YET ?9K+ 9 ! /UDY ( NATURE IS ONLY A HI<LY DEVELOP$ SPECIAL FIELD 9 ! 5TIRE SOCIAL LABOR PROCESS4 ,?IS LABOR PROCESS DEM&S AN ACCURATE KN[L$GE ( NATURAL PH5OM5A & ITS 9TEGRATION 9TO 0LAWS ( NATURE01 9 ORD] TO UTILIZE !M SUCCESSFULLY 9 ! FIELD ( TE*NICS4 ,! DET]M9ATION ( !SE LAWS ?R\< OBS]VATION ( SPECIAL PH5OM5A IS ! TASK ( SPECIALI/S4 ,9 ! /UDY ( NATURE IT IS G5]ALLY ACCEPT$ ?AT PRACTICE1 EXP]IM5T1 IS ! TE/ ( TRU?4 ,H]E1 TOO1 WE F9D ?AT ! OBS]V$ REGUL>ITIES1 =MULAT$ AS LAWS ( NATURE1 >E G5]ALLY FAIRLY DEP5DABLE GUIDES TO HUMAN PRACTICE2 ?\< !Y >E FREQU5TLY NOT 5TIRELY CORRECT & (T5 BALK EXPECTATION1 !Y >E IMPROV$ CON/ANTLY ?R\< ! PROGRESS ( SCI5CE1 ,IF1 !RE=E1 MAN AT TIMES WAS REF]R$ TO AS ! 0LEGISLATOR ( NATURE0 IT MU/ BE ADD$ ?AT NATURE (T5 DISREG>DS HIS LAWS & SUMMONS HIM TO MAKE BETT] ONES4 

,! PRACTICE ( LIFE1 H[EV]1 COMPRISES MU* MORE ?AN ! SCI5TIFIC /UDY ( NATURE4 ,! RELATION ( ! SCI5TI/ TO ! WORLD1 DESPITE HIS EXP]IM5TS1 REMA9S OBS]VATIONAL4 ,TO HIM ! WORLD IS AN EXT]NAL ?+ TO LOOK AT4 ,BUT 9 REALITY MAN DEALS ) NATURE 9 HIS PRACTICAL LIFE BY ACT+ UPON IT & MAK+ IT P>T ( HIS EXI/5CE4 ,MAN DOES NOT /& AGA9/ NATURE AS TO AN EXT]NAL ALI5 WORLD4 ,BY ! TOIL ( HIS H&S MAN TRANS=MS ! WORLD1 TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT ! ORIG9AL NATURAL SUB/ANCE IS H>DLY DISC]NIBLE1 & 9 ?IS PROCESS TRANS=MS HIMSELF TOO4 ,?US MAN HIMSELF BUILDS HIS NEW WORLD3 HUMAN SOCIETY1 EMB$D$ 9 NATURE TRANS=M$ 9TO A TE*NICAL APP>ATUS4 ,MAN IS ! CREATOR ( ?IS WORLD4 ,:AT MEAN+1 !N1 HAS ! QUE/ION ( :E!R HIS ?9K+ EMBODIES TRU?8 ,! OBJECT ( HIS ?9K+ IS :AT HE HIMSELF PRODUCES BY HIS PHYSICAL & M5TAL ACTIVITIES1 & :I* HE CONTROLS ?R\< HIS BRA94 

,?IS IS NOT A QUE/ION ( P>TIAL TRU?S4 ,5GELS 9 HIS BOOKLET ON ,FEU]BA* REF]R$ TO ! SYN!SIZ+ ( ! NATURAL DYE ALIZ>9 7CONTA9$ 9 MADD]7 AS A PRO( ( ! TRU? ( HUMAN ?9K+4 ,?IS1 H[EV]1 PROVES ONLY ! VALIDITY ( ! *EMICAL =MULA EMPLOY$2 IT CANNOT PROVE ! VALIDITY ( MAT]IALISM AS AGA9/ ,KANT'S 0,?+-9-ITSELF40 ,?IS CONCEPT1 AS MAY BE SE5 FROM ,KANT'S PREFACE TO HIS ,CRITICISM ( ,PURE ,REASON1 RESULTS FROM ! 9CAPACITY ( B\RGEOIS PHILOSOPHY TO UND]/& ! E>?LY ORIG9 ( MORAL LAW4 ,! 0,?+-9-ITSELF0 IS NOT REFUT$ BY *EMICAL 9DU/RY BUT BY ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM EXPLA9+ MORAL LAW ?R\< SOCIETY4 ,IT WAS ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM ?AT 5ABL$ ,5GELS TO SEE ! FALLACY ( ,KANT'S PHILOSOPHY1 TO PROVE ! FALLACI\SNESS ( :I* HE !N (F]$ O!R >GUM5TS4 ,?US1 TO REPEAT1 IT IS NOT A QUE/ION ( P>TIAL TRU?S 9 A SPECIFIC FIELD ( KN[L$GE1 :]E ! PRACTICAL \TCOME AFFIRMS OR REFUTES !M4 ,! PO9T 9 QUE/ION IS A PHILOSOPHICAL ONE1 NAMELY1 :E!R HUMAN ?\<T IS CAPABLE ( GRASP+ ! DEEPE/ TRU? ( ! WORLD4 ,?AT ! PHILOSOPH] 9 HIS SECLUD$ /UDY1 :O H&LES EXCLUSIVELY AB/RACT PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPTS1 :I* >E D]IV$ 9 TURN FROM AB/RACT SCI5TIFIC CONCEPTS !MSELVES =MULAT$ \TSIDE ( PRACTICAL LIFE - ?AT HE1 9 ! MID/ ( ?IS WORLD ( %AD[S1 %\LD HAVE HIS D\BTS1 IS EASILY UND]/OOD4 ,BUT = HUMAN BE+S1 :O LIVE & ACT 9 ! PRACTICAL EV]YDAY WORLD1 ! QUE/ION CANNOT HAVE ANY MEAN+4 ,! TRU? ( ?\<T1 SAYS ,M>X1 IS NO?+ BUT ! P[] & MA/]Y OV] ! REAL WORLD4 

,( C\RSE ?IS /ATEM5T IMPLIES ITS C\NT]P>T3 ?9K+ CANNOT EMBODY TRU? :]E ! HUMAN M9D DOES NOT MA/] ! WORLD4 ,:5 ! PRODUCTS ( MAN'S H& - AS ,M>X EXP\ND$ 9 ,DAS ,KAPITAL - GR[ 9TO A P[] OV] HIM1 :I* HE NO LONG] CONTROLS & :I* 9 ! =M ( COMMODITY EX*ANGE & CAPITAL CONFRONTS HIM AS AN 9DEP5D5T SOCIAL BE+1 MA/]+ MAN & EV5 ?REAT5+ TO DE/ROY HIM1 !N HIS M9D SUBMITS TO ! MY/ICISM ( SUP]NATURAL BE+S & HE D\BTS ! ABILITY ( HIS ?9K+ TO DI/+UI% TRU?4 ,?US 9 ! C\RSE ( PA/ C5TURIES ! MY? ( SUP]NATURAL HEAV5LY TRU? UNKN[ABLE TO MAN OV]%AD[$ ! MAT]IALI/IC PRACTICE ( DAILY EXP]I5CES4 ,NOT UNTIL SOCIETY HAS EVOLV$ TO A /ATE :]E MAN WILL BE ABLE TO COMPREH5D ALL SOCIAL =CES & WILL HAVE LE>N$ TO MA/] !M - 9 COMMUNI/ SOCIETY 9 %ORT - WILL HIS ?9K+ 5TIRELY CORRESPOND TO ! WORLD4 ,BUT ALREADY BE=E1 :5 ! NATURE ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION AS A FUNDAM5TAL BASIS ( LIFE & FUTURE DEVELOPM5T HAS BECOME CLE> TO MAN1 :5 ! M9D - BE IT ONLY !ORETICALLY AT FIR/ - ACTUALLY MA/]S ! WORLD1 \R ?9K+ WILL BE FULLY TRUE4 ,?AT MEANS ?AT BY ! SCI5CE ( SOCIETY AS =MULAT$ BY ,M>X1 BECAUSE N[ HIS !SIS IS FULFILL$1 MAT]IALISM GA9S P]MAN5T MA/]Y & BECOMES ! ONLY COM=MABLE PHILOSOPHY4 ,?US ,M>XIAN !ORY ( SOCIETY 9 PR9CIPLE MEANS A TRANS=MATION ( PHILOSOPHY4 

,M>X1 H[EV]1 WAS NOT CONC]N$ ) PURE PHILOSOPHY4 0,PHILOSOPH]S HAVE 9T]PRET$ ! WORLD DIFF]5TLY1 BUT :AT MATT]S IS TO *ANGE IT10 HE SAYS 9 HIS LA/ !SIS ON ,FEU]BA*4 ,! WORLD SITUATION PRESS$ = PRACTICAL ACTION4 ,AT FIR/ 9SPIR$ BY ! RIS+ B\RGEOIS OPPOSITION TO ABSOLUTISM1 !N /R5G!N$ BY ! NEW =CES ?AT EMANAT$ FROM ! /RUGGLE ( ! ,5GLI% & ,FR5* WORK+ CLASS AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE1 ,M>X & ,5GELS1 ?R\< !IR /UDY ( SOCIAL REALITIES1 >RIV$ AT ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION FOLL[+ ON ! HEELS ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION W\LD BR+ ! F9AL LIB]ATION ( MANK9D4 ,FROM N[ ONW>D !IR ACTIVITY WAS DEVOT$ TO ?IS REVOLUTION1 & 9 0,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O0 !Y LAID D[N ! FIR/ DIRECTIONS = ! WORK]S' CLASS /RUGGLE4 

,M>XISM HAS S9CE BE5 9SEP>ABLY CONNECT$ ) ! CLASS FI<T ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,IF WE ASK :AT ,M>XISM IS1 WE MU/ FIR/ ( ALL UND]/& ?AT IT DOES NOT 5COMPASS EV]Y ?+ ,M>X EV] ?\<T & WROTE4 ,! VIEWS ( HIS E>LI] YE>S1 = 9/ANCE1 SU* AS QUOT$ ABOVE1 >E REPRES5TATIVE ONLY 9 P>T2 !Y >E PHASES 9 A DEVELOPM5T LEAD+ T[>D ,M>XISM4 ,NEI!R WAS IT COMPLETE AT ONCE2 :]EAS ! ROLE ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE & ! AIM ( COMMUNISM IS ALREADY \TL9$ 9 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 ! !ORY ( CAPITALISM & SURPLUS VALUE IS DEVELOP$ MU* LAT]4 ,MOREOV]1 ,M>X'S IDEAS !MSELVES1 DEVELOP$ ) ! *ANGE ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL CONDITIONS4 ,! *>ACT] ( ! REVOLUTION & ! P>T PLAY$ BY ! ,/ATE 9 #a#h#d#h1 :5 ! PROLET>IAT HAD ONLY BEGUN TO APPE>1 DIFF]$ 9 ASPECT FROM ?AT ( LAT] YE>S AT ! 5D ( ! C5TURY1 OR TODAY4 ,ESS5TIAL1 H[EV]1 >E ,M>X'S NEW CONTRIBUTIONS TO SCI5CE4 ,!RE IS FIR/ ( ALL ! DOCTR9E ( ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM1 ! !ORY ( ! DET]M9ATION ( ALL POLITICAL & IDEOLOGICAL PH5OM5A1 ( SPIRITUAL LIFE 9 G5]AL1 BY ! PRODUCTIVE =CES & RELATIONS4 ,! SY/EM ( PRODUCTION1 ITSELF BAS$ ON ! /ATE ( PRODUCTIVE =CES1 DET]M9ES ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY1 ESPECIALLY ?R\< ! =CE ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,!RE IS1 FUR!RMORE1 ! PRES5TATION ( CAPITALISM AS A TEMPOR>Y HI/ORICAL PH5OM5ON1 ! ANALYSIS ( ITS /RUCTURE BY ! !ORY ( VALUE & SURPLUS VALUE1 & ! EXPLANATION ( ITS REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CIES ?R\< ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION T[>DS COMMUNISM4 ,) !SE !ORIES ,M>X HAS 5RI*$ HUMAN KN[L$GE P]MAN5TLY4 ,!Y CON/ITUTE ! SOLID F\NDATION ( ,M>XISM AS A SY/EM ( ?\<T4 ,FROM !M FUR!R CONCLUSIONS MAY BE DRAWN UND] NEW & *ANG$ CIRCUM/ANCES4 

,BECAUSE ( ?IS SCI5TIFIC BASIS1 H[EV]1 ,M>XISM IS MORE ?AN A M]E SCI5CE4 ,IT IS A NEW WAY ( LOOK+ AT ! PA/ & ! FUTURE1 AT ! MEAN+ ( LIFE1 ( ! WORLD1 ( ?\<T2 IT IS A SPIRITUAL REVOLUTION1 IT IS A NEW WORLD-VIEW1 A NEW LIFE-SY/EM4 ,AS A SY/EM ( LIFE ,M>XISM IS REAL & LIV+ ONLY ?R\< ! CLASS ?AT ADH]ES TO IT4 ,! WORK]S :O >E IMBU$ ) ?IS NEW \TLOOK1 BECOME AW>E ( !MSELVES AS ! CLASS ( ! FUTURE1 GR[+ 9 NUMB] & /R5G? & CONSCI\SNESS1 /RIV+ TO TAKE PRODUCTION 9TO !IR [N H&S & ?R\< ! REVOLUTION TO BECOME MA/]S ( !IR [N FATE4 ,H5CE ,M>XISM AS ! !ORY ( PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION IS A REALITY1 & AT ! SAME TIME A LIV+ P[]1 ONLY 9 ! M9DS & HE>TS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK+ CLASS4 

,?US ,M>XISM IS NOT AN 9FLEXIBLE DOCTR9E OR A /]ILE DOGMA ( IMPOS$ TRU?S4 ,SOCIETY *ANGES1 ! PROLET>IAT GR[S1 SCI5CE DEVELOPS4 ,NEW =MS & PH5OM5A >ISE 9 CAPITALISM1 9 POLITICS1 9 SCI5CE1 :I* ,M>X & ,5GELS C\LD NOT HAVE =ESE5 OR SURMIS$4 ,=MS ( ?\<T & /RUGGLE1 ?AT UND] =M] CONDITIONS W]E NECESS>Y MU/ UND] LAT] CONDITIONS GIVE WAY TO O!R ONES4 ,BUT ! ME?OD ( RESE>* :I* !Y FRAM$ REMA9S UP TO ?IS DAY AN EXCELL5T GUIDE & TOOL T[>DS ! UND]/&+ & 9T]PRETATION ( NEW EV5TS4 ,! WORK+ CLASS1 5ORM\SLY 9CREAS$ UND] CAPITALISM1 TODAY /&S ONLY AT ! ?RE%OLD ( ITS REVOLUTION &1 H5CE1 ( ITS ,M>XI/ DEVELOPM5T2 ,M>XISM ONLY N[ BEG9S TO GET ITS FULL SIGNIFICANCE AS A LIV+ =CE 9 ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,?US ,M>XISM ITSELF IS A LIV+ !ORY :I* GR[S1 ) ! 9CREASE ( ! PROLET>IAT & ) ! TASKS & AIMS ( ITS FI<T4 

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,MIDDLE-,CLASS ,MAT]IALISM 

,RETURN+ N[ TO ! POLITICAL SC5E \T ( :I* ,M>XISM EM]G$1 IT MU/ BE NOT$ ?AT ! ,G]MAN REVOLUTION ( #ahdh DID NOT BR+ FULL POLITICAL P[] TO ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,BUT AFT] #ahe CAPITALISM DEVELOP$ /RONGLY 9 ,FRANCE & ,G]MANY4 ,9 ,PRUSSIA ! ,PROGRESSIVE ,P>TY BEGAN ITS FI<T = P>LIAM5T>ISM1 :OSE 9N] WEAKNESS BECAME EVID5T LAT] :5 ! GOV]NM5T ?R\< MILIT>Y ACTIONS MET ! DEM&S ( ! B\RGEOISIE = A /RONG NATIONAL ,/ATE4 ,MOVEM5TS = NATIONAL UNITY DOM9AT$ ! POLITICAL SC5E ( ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE4 ,EV]Y:]E1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ,5GL& :]E IT ALREADY HELD P[]1 ! RIS+ B\RGEOISIE /RUGGL$ AGA9/ ! FEUDAL ABSOLUTI/ CONDITIONS4 

,! /RUGGLE ( A NEW CLASS = P[] 9 ,/ATE & SOCIETY IS AT ! SAME TIME ALWAYS A SPIRITUAL /RUGGLE = A NEW WORLD VIEW4 ,! OLD P[]S CAN BE DEFEAT$ ONLY :5 ! MASSES RISE UP AGA9/ !M OR1 AT LEA/1 DO NOT FOLL[ !M ANY LONG]4 ,!RE=E IT WAS NECESS>Y = ! B\RGEOISIE TO MAKE ! WORK+ MASSES ITS FOLL[]S & W9 !IR ADH]5CE TO CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,= ?IS PURPOSE ! OLD IDEAS ( ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE & ! PEASANTS HAD TO BE DE/ROY$ & SUPPLANT$ ) NEW B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGIES4 ,CAPITALISM ITSELF FURNI%$ ! MEANS TO ?IS 5D4 

,! NATURAL SCI5CES >E ! SPIRITUAL BASIS ( CAPITALISM4 ,ON ! DEVELOPM5T ( !SE SCI5CES DEP5DS ! TE*NICAL PROGRESS ?AT DRIVES CAPITALISM =W>D4 ,SCI5CE1 !RE=E1 WAS HELD 9 HI< E/EEM BY ! RIS+ B\RGEOIS CLASS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ?IS SCI5CE FRE$ !M FROM ! CONV5TIONAL DOGMAS EMBODY+ ! RULE ( FEUDALISM4 ,A NEW \TLOOK ON LIFE & ON ! WORLD SPRANG UP \T ( ! SCI5TIFIC DISCOV]IES1 & SUPPLI$ ! B\RGEOISIE ) ! NECESS>Y >GUM5TS TO DEFY ! PRET5SIONS ( ! OLD P[]S4 ,?IS NEW WORLD \TLOOK IT DISSEM9AT$ AMONG ! MASSES4 ,TO ! PEASANT F>M & ! >TISAN WORK%OP BELONG ! 9H]IT$ BIBLICAL FAI?4 ,BUT AS SOON AS ! SONS ( ! PEASANTS OR ! IMPOV]I%$ >TISANS BECOME 9DU/RIAL WORK]S !IR M9D IS CAPTUR$ BY CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,EV5 ?OSE :O REMA9 9 PRE-CAPITALI/IC CONDITIONS >E LUR$ BY ! MORE LIB]AL \TLOOK ( CAPITALI/ PROGRESS & BECOME SUSCEPTIBLE TO ! PROPAG&A ( NEW IDEAS4 

,! SPIRITUAL FI<T WAS PRIM>ILY A /RUGGLE AGA9/ RELIGION4 ,! RELIGI\S CRE$ IS ! IDEOLOGY ( PA/ CONDITIONS2 IT IS ! 9H]IT$ TRADITION :I* KEEPS ! MASSES 9 SUBMISSION TO ! OLD P[]S & :I* HAD TO BE DEFEAT$4 ,! /RUGGLE AGA9/ RELIGION WAS IMPOS$ BY ! CONDITIONS ( SOCIETY2 H5CE IT HAD TO TAKE ON V>Y+ =MS ) V>Y+ CONDITIONS4 ,9 ?OSE C\NTRIES :]E ! B\RGEOISIE HAD ALREADY ATTA9$ FULL P[]1 AS = 9/ANCE 9 ,5GL&1 ! /RUGGLE WAS NO LONG] NECESS>Y & ! B\RGEOISIE PAID HOMAGE TO ! E/ABLI%$ *UR*4 ,ONLY AMONG ! L[] MIDDLE CLASS & AMONG ! WORK]S DID MORE RADICAL TR5DS ( ?\<T F9D SOME ADH]5CE4 ,9 C\NTRIES :]E 9DU/RY & ! B\RGEOISIE HAD TO FI<T = EMANCIPATION !Y PROCLAIM$ A LIB]AL1 E?ICAL ,*RI/IANITY 9 OPPOSITION TO ! OR?ODOX FAI?4 ,& :]E ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ A /ILL P[]FUL ROYAL & >I/OCRATIC CLASS WAS DIFFICULT1 & REQUIR$ ! UTMO/ /R5G? & EX]TION1 ! NEW WORLD VIEW HAD TO ASSUME EXTREME =MS ( RADICALISM & GAVE RISE TO MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM4 ,?IS WAS SO TO A GREAT EXT5T 9 ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE2 SO IT IS NATURAL ?AT MO/ ( ! POPUL> PROPAG&A = MAT]IALISM 7,MOLES*OTT1 ,VOGT1 ,BU*N]71 ORIG9AT$ H]E1 ?\< IT F\ND AN E*O 9 O!R C\NTRIES4 ,9 ADDITION TO !SE RADICAL PAMPHLETS1 A RI* LIT]ATURE POPUL>IZ+ ! MOD]N SCI5TIFIC DISCOV]IES APPE>$1 SUPPLY+ VALUABLE WEAPONS 9 ! /RUGGLE TO FREE ! MASSES ( ! CITIZ5S1 ! WORK]S1 & ! PEASANTS1 FROM ! SPIRITUAL FETT]S ( TRADITION1 & TO TURN !M 9TO FOLL[]S ( ! PROGRESSIVE B\RGEOISIE4 ,! MIDDLE-CLASS 9TELLIG5TSIA - PR(ESSORS1 5G9E]S1 DOCTORS - W]E ! MO/ ZEAL\S PROPAG&I/S ( ! NEW 5LI<T5M5T4 

,! ESS5CE ( NATURAL SCI5CE WAS ! DISCOV]Y ( LAWS OP]AT+ 9 NATURE4 ,A C>EFUL /UDY ( NATURAL PH5OM5A DISCLOS$ RECURR+ REGUL>ITIES :I* ALL[$ = SCI5TIFIC PR$ICTIONS4 ,! #a#g? C5TURY HAD ALREADY KN[N ! ,GALILEAN LAW ( FALL+ BODIES & GRAVITY1 ,KEPL]'S LAWS ( ! PLANET>Y MOTIONS1 ,SNELL'S LAW ( ! REFRACTION ( LI<T1 & ,BOYLE'S LAW ( ! GAS PRESSURE4 ,T[>DS ! 5D ( ! C5TURY CAME ! DISCOV]Y ( ! LAW ( GRAVITATION BY ,NEWTON1 :I* MORE ?AN ALL PREC$+ DISCOV]IES EX]T$ A TREM5D\S 9FLU5CE 9 ! PHILOSOPHICAL ?\<T ( ! #a#h? & #a#i? C5TURIES4 ,:]EAS ! O!RS W]E RULES ?AT W]E NOT ABSOLUTELY CORRECT1 ,NEWTON'S LAW ( GRAVITATION PROV$ TO BE ! FIR/ REAL EXACT LAW /RICTLY DOM9AT+ ! MOTIONS ( ! HEAV5LY BODIES1 :I* MADE POSSIBLE PR$ICTIONS ( ! PH5OM5A ) ! SAME PRECISION ) :I* !Y C\LD BE OBS]V$4 ,FROM ?IS ! CONCEPTION DEVELOP$ ?AT ALL NATURAL PH5OM5A FOLL[ 5TIRELY RIGID DEF9ITE LAWS4 ,9 NATURE CAUSALITY RULES3 GRAVITY IS ! CAUSE ( BODIES FALL+1 GRAVITATION CAUSES ! MOVEM5TS ( ! PLANETS4 ,ALL OCCURR+ PH5OM5A >E EFFECTS TOTALLY DET]M9$ BY !IR CAUSES1 ALL[+ = NEI!R FREE WILL1 NOR *ANCE NOR CAPRICE4 

,?IS FIX$ ORD] ( NATURE DISCLOS$ BY SCI5CE WAS 9 DIRECT CONTRA/ TO ! TRADITIONAL RELIGI\S DOCTR9ES 9 :I* ,GOD AS A DESPOTIC SOV]EIGN >BITR>ILY RULES ! WORLD & DEALS \T =TUNE & MIS=TUNE AS HE SEES FIT1 /RIKES HIS 5EMIES ) ?UND]BOLTS & PE/IL5CE & REW>DS O!RS ) MIRACLES4 ,MIRACLES >E CONTRADICTORY TO ! FIX$ ORD] ( NATURE2 MIRACLES >E IMPOSSIBLE1 & ALL REPORTS AB\T !M 9 ! ,BIBLE >E FABLES4 ,! BIBLICAL & RELIGI\S 9T]PRETATIONS ( NATURE BELONG TO AN EPO* 9 :I* PRIMITIVE AGRICULTURE PREVAIL$ UND] ! OV]LORD%IP ( ABSOLUTE DESPOTS4 ,! NATURAL PHILOSOPHY ( ! RIS+ B\RGEOISIE1 ) ITS NATURAL LAWS CONTROLL+ ALL PH5OM5A1 BELONGS TO A NEW ORD] ( /ATE & SOCIETY :]E ! >BITR>Y RULE ( ! DESPOT IS REPLAC$ BY LAWS VALID = ALL4 

,! NATURAL PHILOSOPHY ( ! ,BIBLE1 :I* !OLOGY ASS]TS TO BE ABSOLUTE1 DIV9E1 TRU? IS ! NATURAL PHILOSOPHY ( IGNORANCE ?AT HAS BE5 DECEIV$ BY \TW>D APPE>ANCES1 ?AT SAW AN IMMOVABLE E>? AS ! C5T] ( ! UNIV]SE1 & HELD ?AT ALL MATT] WAS CREAT$ & WAS P]I%ABLE4 ,SCI5TIFIC EXP]I5CE %[$1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?AT MATT] :I* APP>5TLY DISAPPE>$ 7AS = 9/ANCE 9 BURN+7 ACTUALLY *ANGES 9TO 9VISIBLE GASE\S =MS4 ,SCALES DEMON/RAT$ ?AT A R$UCTION ( ! TOTAL WEI<T DID NOT OCCUR 9 ?IS PROCESS & ?AT1 !RE=E1 NO MATT] DISAPPE>$4 ,?IS DISCOV]Y WAS G5]ALIZ$ 9TO A NEW PR9CIPLE2 MATT] CANNOT BE DE/ROY$1 ITS QUANTITY ALWAYS REMA9S CON/ANT1 ONLY ITS =MS & COMB9ATIONS *ANGE4 ,?IS HOLDS GOOD = EA* *EMICAL ELEM5T2 ITS ATOMS CON/ITUTE ! BUILD+ /ONES ( ALL BODIES4 ,?US SCI5CE ) ITS !ORY ( ! CONS]VATION ( MATT]1 ( ! ET]NITY ( NATURE1 OPPOS$ ! !OLOGICAL DOGMA ( ! CREATION ( ! WORLD SOME #f1 YE>S AGO4 

,MATT] IS NOT ! ONLY P]SI/5T SUB/ANCE SCI5CE DISCOV]$ 9 ! TRANSI5T PH5OM5A4 ,S9CE ! MIDDLE ( ! #a#i? C5TURY ! LAW KN[N AS ! CONS]VATION ( 5]GY CAME TO BE REG>D$ AS ! FUNDAM5TAL AXIOM ( PHYSICS4 ,H]E1 TOO1 A FIX$ & F> REA*+ ORD] ( NATURE WAS OBS]V$2 9 ALL PH5OM5A *ANGES ( ! =M ( 5]GY TAKE PLACE3 HEAT & MOTION1 T5SION & ATTRACTION1 ELECTRICAL & *EMICAL 5]GY2 BUT ! TOTAL QUANTITY NEV] *ANGES4 ,?IS PR9CIPLE L$ TO AN UND]/&+ ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( COSMIC BODIES1 ! SUN & ! E>?1 9 ! LI<T ( :I* ALL ! ASS]TIONS ( !OLOGY APPE>$ LIKE ! TALK ( A /UTT]+ *ILD4 

,( EV5 GREAT] CONSEQU5CE W]E ! SCI5TIFIC DISCOV]IES CONC]N+ MAN'S PLACE 9 ! WORLD4 ,D>W9'S !ORY ( ! ORIG9 ( SPECIES1 :I* %[$ ! EVOLUTION ( MAN FROM ! ANIMAL K+DOM1 WAS 9 COMPLETE CONTRADICTION TO ALL RELIGI\S DOCTR9ES4 ,BUT EV5 BE=E ,D>W91 DISCOV]IES 9 BIOLOGY & *EMI/RY REVEAL$ ! ORGANIC ID5TITY ( ALL HUMAN & LIV+ CREATURES ) NON-ORGANIC NATURE4 ,! PROTOPLASM1 ! ALBUM9\S SUB/ANCE ( :I* ! CELLS ( ALL LIV+ BE+S >E COMPOS$ & TO :I* ALL LIFE IS B\ND1 CONSI/S ( ! SAME ATOMS AS ALL O!R MATT]4 ,! HUMAN M9D1 :I* WAS ELEVAT$ 9TO A P>T ( DIV9ITY BY ! !OLOGICAL DOCTR9E ( ! IMMORTAL S\L1 IS CLOSELY B\ND UP ) ! PHYSICAL PROP]TIES ( ! BRA92 ALL SPIRITUAL PH5OM5A >E ! ACCOMPANIM5T TO OR ! EFFECT ( MAT]IAL OCCURR5CES 9 ! BRA9 CELLS4 

,MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM DREW ! MO/ RADICAL CONCLUSIONS FROM !SE SCI5TIFIC DISCOV]IES4 ,EV]Y?+ SPIRITUAL IS M]ELY ! PRODUCT ( MAT]IAL PROCESSES2 IDEAS >E ! SECRETION ( ! BRA91 JU/ AS BILE IS ! SECRETION ( ! LIV]4 ,LET RELIGION - SAID ,BU*N] - GO ON TALK+ AB\T ! FUGACITY ( MATT] & ! IMMORTALITY ( ! M9D2 9 REALITY IT IS ! O!R WAY >\ND4 ,) ! LEA/ 9JURY ( ! BRA9 EV]Y?+ SPIRITUAL DISAPPE>S2 NO?+ AT ALL REMA9S ( ! M9D :5 ! BRA9 IS DE/ROY$1 :]EAS ! MATT]1 ITS C>RI]1 IS ET]NAL & 9DE/RUCTIBLE4 ,ALL PH5OM5A ( LIFE1 9CLUD+ HUMAN IDEAS1 HAVE !IR ORIG9 9 ! *EMICAL & PHYSICAL PROCESSES ( ! CELLUL> SUB/ANCE2 !Y DIFF] FROM NON-LIV+ MATT] ONLY 9 !IR GREAT] COMPLEXITY4 ,ULTIMATELY ALL !IR PROCESSES MU/ BE EXPLA9$ BY ! DYNAMICS & MOVEM5TS ( ! ATOMS4 

,!SE CONCLUSIONS ( NATURAL-SCI5CE MAT]IALISM1 H[EV]1 C\LD NOT BE UPHELD TO !IR UTMO/ CONSEQU5CES4 ,AFT] ALL1 IDEAS >E DIFF]5T FROM BILE & SIMIL> BODILY SECRETIONS2 M9D CANNOT BE CONSID]$ AS A =M ( =CE OR 5]GY1 & BELONGS 9 A QUITE DIFF]5T CATEGORY4 ,IF M9D IS A PRODUCT ( ! BRA9 :I* DIFF]S FROM O!R TISSUES & CELLS ONLY 9 DEGREE ( COMPLEXITY1 !N1 FUNDAM5TALLY1 IT MU/ BE CONCLUD$ ?AT SOME?+ ( M9D1 SOME S5SATION1 IS TO BE F\ND 9 EV]Y ANIMAL CELL4 ,& BECAUSE ! CELLUL> SUB/ANCE IS ONLY AN AGGREGATE ( ATOMS1 MORE COMPLEX BUT 9 SUB/ANCE NOT DIFF]5T FROM O!R MATT]1 ! CONCLUSION MU/ BE ?AT SOME?+ ( :AT WE CALL M9D IS ALREADY PRES5T 9 ! ATOM3 9 EV]Y SMALLE/ P>TICLE ( MATT] !RE MU/ BE A P>TICLE ( ! 0SPIRITUAL SUB/ANCE40 ,?IS !ORY ( ! 0ATOM-S\L0 WE F9D 9 ! WORKS ( ! PROM95T ZOOLOGI/ ,]N/ ,HAECKEL1 5]GETIC PROPAG&I/ ( ,D>W9ISM & C\RAGE\S COMBAT] ( RELIGI\S DOGMATISM4 ,HAECKEL DID NOT CONSID] HIS PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS AS MAT]IALISM BUT CALL$ !M MONISM - /RANGELY 5\< S9CE HE EXT5DS ! DUALITY ( M9D-MATT] D[N TO ! SMALLE/ ELEM5TS ( ! WORLD4 

,MAT]IALISM C\LD DOM9ATE ! IDEOLOGY ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS ONLY = A %ORT TIME4 ,ONLY SO LONG AS ! B\RGEOISIE C\LD BELIEVE ?AT ITS SOCIETY ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 P]SONAL LIB]TY1 & FREE COMPETITION1 ?R\< ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RY1 SCI5CE & TE*NIQUE1 C\LD SOLVE ! LIFE PROBLEMS ( ALL MANK9D - ONLY SO LONG C\LD ! B\RGEOISIE ASSUME ?AT ! !ORETICAL PROBLEMS C\LD BE SOLV$ BY SCI5CE1 )\T ! NE$ TO ASSUME SUP]NATURAL & SPIRITUAL P[]S4 ,AS SOON1 H[EV]1 AS IT BECAME EVID5T ?AT CAPITALISM C\LD NOT SOLVE ! LIFE PROBLEMS ( ! MASSES1 AS WAS %[N BY ! RISE ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE1 ! CONFID5T MAT]IALI/ PHILOSOPHY DISAPPE>$4 ,! WORLD WAS SE5 AGA9 FULL ( 9SOLUBLE CONTRADICTIONS & UNC]TA9TIES1 FULL ( S9I/] =CES ?REAT5+ CIVILIZATION4 ,SO ! B\RGEOISIE TURN$ TO V>I\S K9DS ( RELIGI\S CRE$S1 & ! B\RGEOIS 9TELLECTUALS & SCI5TI/S SUBMITT$ TO ! 9FLU5CE ( MY/ICAL T5D5CIES4 ,BE=E LONG !Y W]E QUICK TO DISCOV] ! WEAKNESSES & %ORTCOM+S ( MAT]IALI/ PHILOSOPHY1 & TO MAKE SPEE*ES ON ! 0LIMITATIONS ( SCI5CE0 & ! 9SOLUBLE 0WORLD-RIDDLES40 

,ONLY A SMALL NUMB] ( ! MORE RADICAL MEMB]S ( ! L[] & MIDDLE CLASSES1 :O CLUNG TO ! OLD POLITICAL SLOGANS ( E>LY CAPITALISM1 CONT9U$ TO HOLD MAT]IALISM 9 RESPECT4 ,AMONG ! WORK+ CLASS IT F\ND A F]TILE GR\ND4 ,! ADH]5TS ( AN>*ISM ALWAYS W]E ITS MO/ CONV9C$ FOLL[]S4 ,SOCIALI/ WORK]S EMBRAC$ ! SOCIAL DOCTR9ES ( ,M>X & ! MAT]IALISM ( NATURAL SCI5CE ) EQUAL 9T]E/ ,! PRACTICE ( LABOR UND] CAPITALISM1 !IR DAILY EXP]I5CE & !IR AWAK5+ UND]/&+ ( SOCIAL =CES CONTRIBUT$ GREATLY T[>DS UND]M9+ TRADITIONAL RELIGION4 ,!N1 TO SOLVE !IR D\BTS1 ! NE$ = SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE GREW1 & ! WORK]S BECAME ! MO/ ZEAL\S READ]S ( ! WORKS ( ,BU*N] & ,HAECKEL4 ,:IL/ ,M>XI/ DOCTR9E DET]M9$ ! PRACTICAL1 POLITICAL & SOCIAL IDEOLOGY ( ! WORK]S1 A DEEP] UND]/&+ ASS]T$ ITSELF ONLY GRADUALLY2 FEW BECAME AW>E ( ! FACT ?AT MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM HAD LONG S9CE BE5 \TDAT$ & SURPASS$ BY ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM4 ,?IS1 BY ! WAY1 CONCURS ) ! FACT ?AT ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T HAD NOT YET REA*$ BEYOND CAPITALISM1 ?AT 9 PRACTICE ! CLASS /RUGGLE ONLY T5D$ TO SECURE ITS PLACE )9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 & ?AT ! DEMOCRATIC SOLUTIONS ( ! E>LY MIDDLE CLASS MOVEM5TS W]E ACCEPT$ AS VALID = ! WORK+ CLASS ALSO4 ,! FULL COMPREH5SION ( REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XI/ !ORY IS POSSIBLE ONLY 9 CONNECTION ) REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE4 

,:]E9 !N1 DO MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM & ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM /& OPPOS$ TO ONE ANO!R8 

,BO? AGREE 9S(> AS !Y >E MAT]IALI/ PHILOSOPHIES1 ?AT IS1 BO? RECOGNIZE ! PRIMACY ( ! EXP]I5C$ MAT]IAL WORLD2 BO? RECOGNIZE ?AT SPIRITUAL PH5OM5A1 S5SATION1 CONSCI\SNESS1 IDEAS1 >E D]IV$ FROM ! =M]4 ,!Y >E OPPOSITE 9 ?AT MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM BASES ITSELF UPON NATURAL SCI5CE1 :]EAS ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM IS PRIM>ILY ! SCI5CE ( SOCIETY4 ,B\RGEOIS SCI5TI/S OBS]VE MAN ONLY AS AN OBJECT ( NATURE1 ! HI<E/ ( ! ANIMALS1 DET]M9$ BY NATURAL ,LAWS4 ,= AN EXPLANATION ( MAN'S LIFE & ACTION1 !Y HAVE ONLY G5]AL BIOLOGICAL ,LAWS1 & 9 A WID] S5SE1 ! LAWS ( *EMI/RY1 PHYSICS1 & ME*ANICS4 ,) !SE MEANS LITTLE CAN BE ACCOMPLI%$ 9 ! WAY ( UND]/&+ SOCIAL PH5OM5A & IDEAS4 ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM1 ON ! O!R H&1 LAYS B>E ! SPECIFIC EVOLUTION>Y LAWS ( HUMAN SOCIETY & %[S ! 9T]CONNECTION BETWE5 IDEAS & SOCIETY4 

,! AXIOM ( MAT]IALISM ?AT ! SPIRITUAL IS DET]M9$ BY ! MAT]IAL WORLD1 HAS !RE=E 5TIRELY DIFF]5T MEAN+S = ! TWO DOCTR9ES4 ,= MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM IT MEANS ?AT IDEAS >E PRODUCTS ( ! BRA91 >E TO BE EXPLA9$ \T ( ! /RUCTURE & ! *ANGES ( ! BRA9 SUB/ANCE1 F9ALLY \T ( ! DYNAMICS ( ! ATOMS ( ! BRA94 ,= ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM1 IT MEANS ?AT ! IDEAS ( MAN >E DET]M9$ BY HIS SOCIAL CONDITIONS2 SOCIETY IS HIS 5VIRONM5T :I* ACTS UPON HIM ?R\< HIS S5SE ORGANS4 ,?IS PO/ULATES AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T K9D ( PROBLEM1 A DIFF]5T APPROA*1 A DIFF]5T L9E ( ?\<T1 H5CE1 ALSO A DIFF]5T !ORY ( KN[L$GE4 

,= MIDDLE CLASS MAT]IALISM ! PROBLEM ( ! MEAN+ ( KN[L$GE IS A QUE/ION ( ! RELATION%IP ( SPIRITUAL PH5OM5A TO ! PHYSICO-*EMICAL-BIOLOGICAL PH5OM5A ( ! BRA9 MATT]4 ,= ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM IT IS A QUE/ION ( ! RELATION%IP ( \R ?\<TS TO ! PH5OM5A :I* WE EXP]I5CE AS ! EXT]NAL WORLD4 ,N[ MAN'S POSITION 9 SOCIETY IS NOT SIMPLY ?AT ( AN OBS]V+ BE+3 HE IS A DYNAMIC =CE :I* REACTS UPON HIS 5VIRONM5T & *ANGES IT4 ,SOCIETY IS NATURE TRANS=M$ ?R\< LABOR4 ,TO ! SCI5TI/1 NATURE IS ! OBJECTIVELY GIV5 REALITY :I* HE OBS]VES1 :I* ACTS ON HIM ?R\< ! M$IUM ( HIS S5SES4 ,TO HIM ! EXT]NAL WORLD IS ! ACTIVE & DYNAMIC ELEM5T1 :IL/ ! M9D IS ! RECEPTIVE ELEM5T4 ,?US IT IS EMPHASIZ$ ?AT ! M9D IS ONLY A REFLECTION1 AN IMAGE ( ! EXT]NAL WORLD1 AS ,5GELS EXPRESS$ IT :5 HE PO9T$ \T ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! MAT]IALI/ & IDEALI/ PHILOSOPHIES4 ,BUT ! SCI5CE ( ! SCI5TI/ IS ONLY P>T ( ! :OLE ( HUMAN ACTIVITY1 ONLY A MEANS TO A GREAT] 5D4 ,IT IS ! PREC$+1 PASSIVE P>T ( HIS ACTIVITY :I* IS FOLL[$ BY ! ACTIVE P>T2 ! TE*NICAL ELABORATION1 ! PRODUCTION1 ! TRANS=MATION ( ! WORLD BY MAN4 

,MAN IS 9 ! FIR/ PLACE AN ACTIVE BE+4 ,9 ! ,LABOR PROCESS HE UTILIZES HIS ORGANS & APTITUDES 9 ORD] TO CON/ANTLY BUILD & REMAKE HIS 5VIRONM5T4 ,9 ?IS PROC$URE HE NOT ONLY 9V5T$ ! >TIFICIAL ORGANS WE CALL TOOLS1 BUT ALSO TRA9$ HIS PHYSICAL & M5TAL APTITUDES SO ?AT !Y MI<T REACT EFFECTIVELY TO HIS NATURAL 5VIRONM5T AS 9/RUM5TS 9 ! PRES]VATION ( LIFE4 ,HIS MA9 ORGAN IS ! BRA9 :OSE FUNCTION1 ?9K+1 IS AS GOOD A PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AS ANY O!R4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT PRODUCT ( BRA9 ACTIVITY1 ( ! EFFICI5T ACTION ( ! M9D UPON ! WORLD IS SCI5CE1 :I* /&S AS A M5TAL TOOL NEXT TO ! MAT]IAL TOOLS &1 ITSELF A PRODUCTIVE P[]1 CON/ITUTES ! BASIS ( TE*NOLOGY & SO AN ESS5TIAL P>T ( ! PRODUCTIVE APP>ATUS4 

,H5CE ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM LOOKS UPON ! WORKS ( SCI5CE1 ! CONCEPTS1 SUB/ANCES1 NATURAL ,LAWS1 & =CES1 AL?\< =M$ \T ( ! /UFF ( NATURE1 PRIM>ILY AS ! CREATIONS ( ! M5TAL ,LABOR ( MAN4 ,MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM1 ON ! O!R H&1 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! SCI5TIFIC 9VE/IGATOR1 SEES ALL ?IS AS AN ELEM5T ( NATURE ITSELF :I* HAS BE5 DISCOV]$ & BR\<T TO LI<T BY SCI5CE4 ,NATURAL SCI5TI/S CONSID] ! IMMUTABLE SUB/ANCES1 MATT]1 5]GY1 ELECTRICITY1 GRAVITY1 ! ,LAW ( 5TROPY1 ETC41 AS ! BASIC ELEM5TS ( ! WORLD1 AS ! REALITY ?AT HAS TO BE DISCOV]$4 ,FROM ! VIEWPO9T ( ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM !Y >E PRODUCTS :I* CREATIVE M5TAL ACTIVITY =MS \T ( ! SUB/ANCE ( NATURAL PH5OM5A4 

,?IS IS ONE FUNDAM5TAL DIFF]5CE 9 ! ME?OD ( ?9K+4 ,ANO!R DIFF]5CE LIES 9 DIALECTICS :I* ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM 9H]IT$ FROM ,HEGEL4 ,5GELS HAS PO9T$ \T ?AT ! MAT]IALI/ PHILOSOPHY ( ! #a#h?-C5TURY DISREG>D$ EVOLUTION2 IT IS EVOLUTION ?AT MAKES DIALECTIC ?9K+ 9DISP5SABLE4 ,EVOLUTION & DIALECTICS S9CE HAVE (T5 BE5 REG>D$ AS SYNONYM\S2 & ! DIALECTIC *>ACT] ( ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM IS SUPPOS$ TO BE R5D]$ BY SAY+ ?AT IT IS ! !ORY ( EVOLUTION4 ,EVOLUTION1 H[EV]1 WAS WELL KN[N 9 ! NATURAL SCI5CE ( ! #a#i? C5TURY4 ,SCI5TI/S W]E WELL ACQUA9T$ ) ! GR[? ( ! CELL 9TO A COMPLETE ORGANISM1 ) ! EVOLUTION ( ANIMAL SPECIES AS EXPRESS$ 9 ,D>W9ISM1 & ) ! !ORY ( EVOLUTION ( ! PHYSICAL WORLD KN[N AS ! LAW ( 5TROPY4 ,YET !IR ME?OD ( REASON+ WAS UNDIALECTIC4 ,!Y BELIEV$ ! CONCEPTS !Y H&L$ TO BE FIX$ OBJECTS1 & CONSID]$ !IR ID5TITIES & OPPOSITES AS ABSOLUTES4 ,SO ! EVOLUTION ( ! WORLD AS WELL AS ! PROGRESS ( SCI5CE BR\<T \T CONTRADICTIONS1 ( :I* MANY EXAMPLES HAVE BE5 QUOT$ BY ,5GELS 9 HIS ,ANTI-,DUHR+4 ,UND]/&+ 9 G5]AL & SCI5CE 9 P>TICUL> SEGREGATE & SY/EMIZE 9TO FIX$ CONCEPTS & RIGID LAWS :AT 9 ! REAL WORLD ( PH5OM5A OCCURS 9 ALL DEGREES ( FLUX & TRANSITION4 ,BECAUSE LANGUAGE SEP>ATES & DEF9ES GR\PS ( PH5OM5A BY MEANS ( NAMES1 ALL ITEMS FALL+ 9TO A GR\P1 AS SPECIM5S ( ! CONCEPT1 >E CONSID]$ SIMIL> & UN*ANGEABLE4 ,AS AB/RACT CONCEPTS1 !Y DIFF] %>PLY1 :]EAS 9 REALITY !Y TRANS=M & M]GE 9TO ONE ANO!R4 ,! COLORS BLUE & GRE5 >E DI/9CT FROM EA* O!R BUT 9 ! 9T]M$I>Y NUANCES NO ONE CAN SAY :]E ONE COLOR 5DS & ! O!R BEG9S4 ,IT CANNOT BE /AT$ AT :AT PO9T DUR+ ITS LIFE CYCLE A FL[] BEG9S OR CEASES TO BE A FL[]4 ,?AT 9 PRACTICAL LIFE GOOD & EVIL >E NOT ABSOLUTE OPPOSITES IS ACKN[L$G$ EV]Y DAY1 JU/ AS ?AT EXTREME JU/ICE MAY BECOME EXTREME 9JU/ICE4 ,JUDICIAL FRE$OM 9 CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T MANIFE/S ITSELF AS ACTUAL SLAV]Y4 ,DIALECTIC ?9K+ IS ADEQUATE TO REALITY 9 ?AT 9 H&L+ ! CONCEPTS IT IS AW>E ?AT ! F9ITE CANNOT FULLY R5D] ! 9F9ITE1 NOR ! /ATIC ! DYNAMIC1 & ?AT EV]Y CONCEPT HAS TO DEVELOP 9TO NEW CONCEPTS1 EV5 9TO ITS OPPOSITE4 ,METAPHYSICAL1 UNDIALECTICAL ?9K+1 ON ! O!R H&1 LEADS TO DOGMATIC ASS]TIONS & CONTRADICTIONS BECAUSE IT VIEWS CONCEPTIONS =MULAT$ BY ?\<T AS FIX$1 9DEP5D5T 5TITIES ?AT MAKE UP ! REALITY ( ! WORLD4 ,NATURAL SCI5CE PROP]1 SURELY1 DOES NOT SUFF] MU* FROM ?IS %ORTCOM+4 ,IT SURM\NTS DIFFICULTIES & CONTRADICTIONS 9 PRACTICE 9S(> AS IT CONT9UALLY REVISES ITS =MULATIONS1 9CREASES !IR RI*NESS BY GO+ 9TO F9] DETAILS1 IMPROVES ! QUALITATIVE DI/9CTIONS BY MA!MATICAL =MULAS1 COMPLETES !M BY ADDITIONS & CORRECTIONS1 !REBY BR++ ! PICTURE EV] CLOS] TO ! ORIG9AL1 ! WORLD ( PH5OM5A4 ,! LACK ( DIALECTIC REASON+ BECOMES DI/URB+ ONLY :5 ! SCI5TI/ PASSES FROM HIS SPECIAL FIELD ( KN[L$GE T[>DS G5]AL PHILOSOPHICAL REASON+S1 AS IS ! CASE ) MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM4 

,?US1 = 9/ANCE1 ! !ORY ( ! ORIG9 ( SPECIES (T5 LEADS TO ! NOTION ?AT ! HUMAN M9D1 HAV+ EVOLV$ FROM ! ANIMAL M9D1 IS QUALITATIVELY ID5TICAL ) ! LATT] & HAS ONLY 9CREAS$ 9 QUANTITY4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! QUALITATIVE DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! HUMAN & ! ANIMAL M9D1 A FACT ( COMMON EXP]I5CE1 WAS RAIS$ BY !OLOGICAL DOCTR9E1 9 5UNCIAT+ ! IMMORTALITY ( ! S\L1 9TO AN ABSOLUTE ANTI-!SIS4 ,9 BO? CASES !RE IS A LACK ( DIALECTIC ?9K+ ACCORD+ TO :I* A SIMIL>ITY 9 ORIG9AL *>ACT]1 :5 ?R\< ! PROCESS ( GR[? ! 9CREAS+ QUANTITATIVE DIFF]5CE TURNS 9TO QUALITATIVE DIFF]5CE - ! SO-CALL$ 9V]SION ( QUANTITY 9TO QUALITY - REQUIRES NEW NAMES & *>ACT]I/ICS1 )\T LEAD+ TO COMPLETE ANTI!SIS & LOSS ( AFF9ITY4 

,IT IS ! SAME METAPHYSICAL1 NON DIALECTIC ?9K+ TO COMP>E ?\<T1 BECAUSE IT IS ! PRODUCT ( BRA9 PROCESSES ) SU* PRODUCTS ( O!R ORGANS AS BILE2 OR TO ASSUME ?AT M9D1 BECAUSE IT IS A QUALITY ( SOME MAT]IAL SUB/ANCE1 MU/ BE A *>ACT]I/IC QUALITY ( ALL MATT]4 ,& ESPECIALLY1 TO ?9K ?AT BECAUSE M9D IS SOME?+ O!R ?AN MATT]1 IT MU/ BELONG TO AN ABSOLUTELY & TOTALLY DIFF]5T WORLD )\T ANY TRANSITION1 SO ?AT A DUALISM ( M9D & MATT]1 REA*+ D[N TO ! ATOMS1 REMA9S %>P & UNBRIDGEABLE4 ,TO DIALECTIC ?9K+ M9D SIMPLY IS A CONCEPT 9CORPORAT+ ALL ?OSE PH5OM5A WE CALL SPIRITUAL1 :I*1 ?US1 CANNOT REA* BEYOND !IR ACTUAL APPE>ANCE 9 ! L[E/ LIV+ ANIMALS4 ,!RE ! T]M M9D BECOMES QUE/IONABLE1 BECAUSE ! SPIRITUAL PH5OM5A DISAPPE> GRADUALLY 9TO M]E S5SIBILITY1 9TO ! MORE SIMPLE =MS ( LIFE4 0,M9D0 AS A *>ACT]I/IC EXI/+ QUALITY1 A SEP>ATE SOME?+1 :I* EI!R IS OR IS NOT !RE1 DOES NOT EXI/ 9 NATURE2 M9D IS JU/ A NAME WE ATTA* TO A NUMB] ( DEF9ITE PH5OM5A1 SOME P]CEIV$ CLE>LY1 O!RS UNC]TA9LY1 AS SPIRITUAL4 

,LIFE ITSELF (F]S A CLOSE ANALOGY4 ,PROCE$+ FROM ! SMALLE/ MICROSCOPIC ORGANISMS TO /ILL SMALL] 9VISIBLE BACT]IA & VIRUSES1 WE F9ALLY COME TO HI<LY COMPLICAT$ ALBUM9\S MOLECULES ?AT FALL )9 ! SPH]E ( *EMI/RY4 ,:]E 9 ?IS SUCCESSION LIV+ MATT] CEASES TO EXI/ & DEAD MATT] BEG9S CANNOT BE DET]M9$2 PH5OM5A *ANGE GRADUALLY1 BECOME SIMPLIFI$1 >E /ILL ANALOG\S & YET ALREADY DIFF]5T4 ,?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT WE >E UNABLE TO ASC]TA9 DEM>CATION L9ES2 IT IS SIMPLY ! FACT ?AT NATURE KN[S ( NO B\ND>IES4 ,A CONDITION ( QUALITY 0LIFE01 :I* EI!R IS OR IS NOT PRES5T1 DOES NOT EXI/ 9 NATURE3 AGA9 LIFE IS A M]E NAME1 A CONCEPT WE =M 9 ORD] TO COMPREH5D ! 5DLESS V>IETY ( GRADATIONS 9 LIFE PH5OM5A4 ,BECAUSE MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM DEALS ) LIFE & DEA?1 MATT] & M9D1 AS IF !Y W]E G5U9E REALITIES EXI/+ 9 !MSELVES1 IT IS COMPELL$ TO WORK ) H>D & %>P OPPOSITES1 :]EAS NATURE (F]S AN IMM5SE V>IETY ( MORE OR LESS GRADUAL TRANSITIONS4 

,?US ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM & ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM REA*ES D[N TO BASIC PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS4 ,! =M]1 9 CONTRADICTION TO ! COMPREH5SIVE & P]FECTLY REALI/IC ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM IS ILLUSION>Y & IMP]FECT - JU/ AS ! B\RGEOIS CLASS MOVEM5T1 ( :I* IT WAS ! !ORY1 REPRES5T$ AN IMP]FECT & ILLUSION>Y EMANCIPATION1 9 CONTRA/ TO ! COMPLETE & REAL EMANCIPATION BY WAY ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE4 

,! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! TWO SY/EMS ( ?\<T %[S ITSELF PRACTICALLY 9 !IR POSITION T[>DS RELIGION4 ,MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM 9T5D$ TO OV]COME RELIGION4 ,H[EV]1 A C]TA9 VIEW >IS5 \T ( SOCIAL LIFE CANNOT BE VANQUI%$ & DE/ROY$ M]ELY BY REFUT+ IT ) >GUM5TATION2 ?IS MEANS POS+ ONE PO9T ( VIEW AGA9/ ANO!R3 & EV]Y >GUM5T F9DS A C\NT]->GUM5T4 ,ONLY :5 IT IS %[N :Y1 & UND] :AT CIRCUM/ANCES SU* A VIEW WAS NECESS>Y1 CAN IT BE DEFEAT$ BY E/ABLI%+ ! TRANSI5T *>ACT] ( !SE CONDITIONS4 ,?US ! DISPRO( ( RELIGION BY NATURAL SCI5CE WAS EFFECTIVE ONLY 9S(> AS ! PRIMITIVE RELIGI\S BELIEFS W]E CONC]N$1 :]E IGNORANCE AB\T NATURAL LAWS1 AB\T ?UND] & LI<TN+1 AB\T MATT] & 5]GY1 L$ TO ALL K9DS ( SUP]/ITION4 ,! !ORY ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY WAS ABLE TO DE/ROY ! IDEOLOGIES ( PRIMITIVE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY4 ,BUT RELIGION 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY IS AN*OR$ 9 ITS UNKN[N & UNCONTROLLABLE SOCIAL =CES2 MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM WAS UNABLE TO DEAL ) !M4 ,ONLY ! !ORY ( ! WORK]S' REVOLUTION CAN DE/ROY ! IDEOLOGIES ( B\RGEOIS ECONOMY4 ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM EXPLA9S ! SOCIAL BASIS ( RELIGION & %[S :Y = C]TA9 TIMES & CLASSES IT WAS A NECESS>Y WAY ( ?\<T4 ,ONLY ?US WAS ITS SPELL BROK54 ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM DOES NOT FI<T RELIGION DIRECTLY2 FROM ITS HI<] VANTAGE PO9T IT UND]/&S & EXPLA9S RELIGION AS A NATURAL PH5OM5ON UND] DEF9ITE CONDITIONS4 ,BUT ?R\< ?IS V]Y 9SI<T IT UND]M9ES RELIGION & =ESEES ?AT ) ! RISE ( A NEW SOCIETY RELIGION WILL DISAPPE>4 ,9 ! SAME WAY ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM IS ABLE TO EXPLA9 ! TEMPOR>Y APPE>ANCE ( MAT]IALI/ ?\<T AMONG ! B\RGEOISIE1 AS WELL AS ! RELAPSE ( ?IS CLASS 9TO MY/ICISM & RELIGI\S TR5DS4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 TOO1 IT EXPLA9S ! GR[? ( MAT]IALI/ ?\<T AMONG ! WORK+ CLASS AS BE+ NOT DUE TO ANY ANTI-RELIGI\S >GUM5T BUT TO ! GR[+ RECOGNITION ( ! REAL =CES 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 

  

,NOTE 

#a4 ,! PHRASE 0MIDDLE CLASS0 IS H]E US$ AS A TRANSLATION = ! ,G]MAN WORD 0BURG]LI*04 ,! MORE MOD]N T]M US$ 9 ,M>XI/ DISC\RSE = ?IS CONCEPT IS 0B\RGEOIS0 7I4E4 RELAT+ TO ! CAPITALI/ OR B\RGEOIS CLASS7 9 ORD] TO DI/+UI% IT FROM ! RA!R IMPRECISE T]M 0MIDDLE CLASS01 :I* IS (T5 US$ AS A BROAD DESCRIPTION = :ITE-COLL> WORK]S1 PR(ESSIONALS1 ! SELF-EMPLOY$ ETC4 ,SIMIL>LY :5 ?IS TEXT REF]S TO 0! MIDDLE CLASS0 IT IS REF]R+ TO ! B\RGEOISIE OR CAPITALI/ CLASS4 7,NOTE BY ,M,I,A7 

O ,*APT] #c 3 ,DIETZG5 

,MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM1 :5 IT CAME UP 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE 9 CONNECTION ) ! FI<T ( ! MIDDLE CLASS = EMANCIPATION1 WAS 9EVITABLE 9 PRACTICE2 BUT AS !ORY IT WAS A RETROGRESSION COMP>$ ) ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM4 ,M>X & ,5GELS W]E SO F> AHEAD ?AT !Y SAW IT ONLY AS A BACKSLID+ 9TO OBSOLETE IDEAS ( ! #a#h?-C5TURY 5LI<T5M5T4 ,BECAUSE !Y SAW SO V]Y CLE>LY ! WEAKNESSES ( ! B\RGEOIS POLITICAL FI<T 9 ,G]MANY - :ILE UND]RAT+ ! VITALITY ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM - !Y DID NOT GIVE MU* ATT5TION TO ! ACCOMPANY+ !ORY4 ,ONLY OCCASIONALLY !Y DIRECT$ AT IT SOME CONTEMPTU\S WORDS1 TO REFUTE ANY ID5TIFICATION ( ! TWO K9DS ( MAT]IALISM4 ,DUR+ !IR 5TIRE LIFETIME !IR ATT5TION WAS CONC5TRAT$ UPON ! ANTI!SIS ( !IR !ORY TO ! IDEALI/ SY/EMS ( ,G]MAN PHILOSOPHY1 ESPECIALLY ,HEGEL4 ,MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM .<#a.>1 H[EV]1 WAS SOME:AT MORE ?AN A M]E REPETITION ( #a#h?-C5TURY IDEAS2 ! 5ORM\S PROGRESS ( ! SCI5CE ( NATURE 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY WAS ITS BASIS & WAS A S\RCE ( VIGOR4 ,A CRITICISM ( ITS F\NDATIONS HAD TO TACKLE PROBLEMS QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE ( PO/-,HEGELIAN PHILOSOPHY4 ,:AT WAS NE$$ WAS A CRITICAL EXAM9ATION ( ! FUNDAM5TAL IDEAS & AXIOMS :I* W]E UNIV]SALLY ACCEPT$ AS ! RESULTS ( NATURAL SCI5CE & :I* W]E 9 P>T ACCEPT$ BY ,M>X & ,5GELS TOO4 

,H]E LIES ! IMPORTANCE ( ! WRIT+S ( ,JOSEPH ,DIETZG54 ,DIETZG51 AN >TISAN1 A TANN] LIV+ 9 ,RH9EL&1 :O AFT]W>DS W5T TO ,AM]ICA & !RE TOOK SOME P>T 9 ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T1 WAS A SELF-MADE SOCIALI/ PHILOSOPH] & AU?OR4 ,9 SOCIAL & ECONOMIC MATT]S HE CONSID]$ HIMSELF A PUPIL ( ,M>X1 :OSE !ORY ( VALUE & CAPITAL HE 5TIRELY COMPREH5D$4 ,9 PHILOSOPHY HE WAS AN 9DEP5D5T ORIG9AL ?9K]1 :O SET =? ! PHILOSOPHICAL CONSEQU5CES ( ! NEW WORLD VIEW4 ,M>X & ,5GELS1 ?\< !Y HONORABLY M5TION$ HIM AS 0! PHILOSOPH] ( ! PROLET>IAT0 DID NOT AGREE ) EV]Y?+ HE WROTE2 !Y BLAM$ HIS REPETITIONS1 (T5 JUDG$ HIM CONFUS$1 & IT IS D\BTFUL :E!R !Y EV] UND]/OOD ! ESS5CE ( HIS >GUM5TS1 F> REMOV$ FROM !IR [N MODE ( ?9K+4 ,9DE$1 :]EAS ,M>X EXPRESSES ! NEW TRU? ( HIS VIEWS AS PRECISE /ATEM5TS & %>P LOGICAL >GUM5TS1 ,DIETZG5 SEES HIS *IEF AIM 9 /IMULAT+ HIS READ]S TO ?9K = !MSELVES ON ! PROBLEM ( ?9K+4 ,= ?IS PURPOSE HE REPEATS HIS >GUM5TS 9 MANY =MS1 EXPOSES ! REV]SE ( :AT HE /AT$ BE=E1 & ASSIGNS TO EV]Y TRU? ! LIMITS ( ITS TRU?1 FE>+ ABOVE ALL ?AT ! READ] %\LD ACCEPT ANY /ATEM5T AS A DOGMA4 ,?US HE TEA*ES PRACTICAL DIALECTICS4 ,:]EAS 9 HIS LAT] WRIT+S HE IS (T5 VAGUE1 HIS FIR/ WORK ,! NATURE ( HUMAN BRA9 WORK 7#a#h#f#i71 & HIS LAT] ,A SOCIALI/'S EXCURSIONS 9TO ! FIELD ( EPI/EMOLOGY 7#a#h#g#g71 AS WELL AS SOME SMALL] PAMPHLETS >E BRILLIANT CONTRIBUTIONS TO ! !ORY ( KN[L$GE4 ,!Y =M AN ESS5TIAL P>T 9 ! 5TIRETY ( ! WORLD-VIEW ?AT WE D5OTE BY ! NAME ( ,M>XISM4 ,! FIR/ PROBLEM 9 ! SCI5CE ( HUMAN KN[L$GE3 ! ORIG9 ( IDEAS1 WAS ANSW]$ BY ,M>X 9 ! DEMON/RATION ?AT !Y >E PRODUC$ BY ! SURR\ND+ WORLD4 ,! SECOND1 ADJO9+ PROBLEM1 H[ ! IMPRESSIONS ( ! SURR\ND+ WORLD >E TRANS=M$ 9TO IDEAS1 WAS ANSW]$ BY ,DIETZG54 ,M>X /AT$ :AT REALITIES DET]M9E ?\<T2 ,DIETZG5 E/ABLI%$ ! RELATION BETWE5 REALITY & ?\<T4 ,OR1 9 ! WORDS ( ,H]MAN ,GORT]1 ,M>X PO9T$ \T :AT ! WORLD DOES TO ! M9D1 ,DIETZG5 PO9T$ \T :AT ! M9D DOES ITSELF4 

,DIETZG5 PROCE$S FROM ! EXP]I5CES ( DAILY LIFE1 & ESPECIALLY FROM ! PRACTICE ( NATURAL SCI5CE4 0,SY/EMATIZATION IS ! ESS5CE1 IS ! G5]AL EXPRESSION ( ALL ACTIVITY ( SCI5CE4 ,SCI5CE SEEKS ONLY BY \R UND]/&+ TO BR+ ! OBJECTS ( ! WORLD 9TO ORD] & SY/EM40 ,HUMAN M9D TAKES FROM A GR\P ( PH5OM5A :AT IS COMMON TO !M 7E4G4 FROM A ROSE1 A *]RY1 A SETT+ SUN !IR COLOR71 LEAVES \T !IR SPECIFIC DIFF]5CES1 & FIXES !IR G5]AL *>ACT] 7R$7 9 A CONCEPT2 OR IT EXPRESSES AS A RULE :AT REPEATS ITSELF 7E4G4 /ONES FALL TO ! E>?74 ,! OBJECT IS CONCRETE1 ! SPIRITUAL CONCEPT IS AB/RACT4 0,BY MEANS ( \R ?9K+ WE HAVE1 POT5TIALLY1 ! WORLD TW(OLD1 \TSIDE AS REALITY1 9SIDE1 9 \R HEAD1 AS ?\<TS1 AS IDEAS1 AS AN IMAGE4 ,\R BRA9S DO NOT GRASP ! ?+S !MSELVES BUT ONLY !IR CONCEPT1 !IR G5]AL IMAGE4 ,! 5DLESS V>IETY ( ?+S1 ! 9F9ITE WEAL? ( !IR *>ACT]S1 F9DS NO ROOM 9 \R M9D04 ,= \R PRACTICAL LIFE 9DE$1 9 ORD] TO =ESEE EV5TS & MAKE PR$ICTIONS1 WE DO NOT WANT ALL ! SPECIAL CASES BUT ONLY ! G5]AL RULE4 ,! ANTI!SIS ( M9D & MATT]1 ( ?\<T & REALITY1 ( SPIRITUAL & MAT]IAL1 IS ! ANTI!SIS ( AB/RACT & CONCRETE1 ( G5]AL & SPECIAL4 

,?IS1 H[EV]1 IS NOT AN ABSOLUTE ANTI!SIS4 ,! 5TIRE WORLD1 ! SPIRITUAL AS WELL AS ! VISIBLE & TANGIBLE WORLD1 IS OBJECT TO \R ?9K+4 ,?+S SPIRITUAL DO EXI/1 !Y TOO >E REALLY EXI/+1 AS ?\<TS2 ?US !Y TOO >E MAT]IALS = \R BRA9 ACTIVITY ( =M+ CONCEPTS4 ,! SPIRITUAL PH5OM5A >E ASSEMBL$ 9 ! CONCEPT ( M9D4 ,! SPIRITUAL & ! MAT]IAL PH5OM5A1 M9D & MATT] TOGE!R1 CON/ITUTE ! 5TIRE REAL WORLD1 A COH]5T 5TITY 9 :I* MATT] DET]M9ES M9D & M9D1 ?R\< HUMAN ACTIVITY1 DET]M9ES MATT]4 ,?AT WE CALL ?IS TOTAL WORLD A UNITY MEANS ?AT EA* P>T EXI/S ONLY AS A P>T ( ! :OLE1 IS 5TIRELY DET]M9$ BY ! ACTION ( ! :OLE1 ?AT1 H5CE1 ITS QUALITIES & ITS SPECIAL *>ACT] CONSI/S 9 ITS RELATIONS TO ! RE/ ( ! WORLD4 ,?US ALSO M9D1 I4E4 ALL ?+S SPIRITUAL1 IS A P>T ( ! WORLD'S TOTALITY1 & ITS NATURE CONSI/S 9 ! TOTALITY ( ITS RELATIONS TO ! WORLD'S :OLE1 :I* WE !N1 AS ! OBJECT ( ?9K+1 OPPOSE TO IT UND] ! NAME MAT]IAL1 \T]1 OR REAL WORLD4 ,IF N[ WE CALL ?IS MAT]IAL WORLD PRIM>Y & ! M9D DEP5D5T1 IT MEANS = ,DIETZG5 SIMPLY ?AT ! 5TIRETY IS PRIM>Y & ! P>T SECOND>Y4 ,SU* A DOCTR9E :]E SPIRITUAL & MAT]IAL ?+S1 5TIRELY 9T]DEP5D5T1 =M ONE UNIT$ WORLD1 MAY RI<TLY BE CALL$ MONISM4 

,?IS DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! REAL WORLD ( PH5OM5A & ! SPIRITUAL WORLD ( CONCEPTS PRODUC$ BY \R ?9K+ IS ESPECIALLY SUITABLE TO CLE> UP ! NATURE ( SCI5TIFIC CONCEPTIONS4 ,PHYSICS HAS DISCOV]$ ?AT ! PH5OM5A ( LI<T CAN BE EXPLA9$ BY RAPID VIBRATIONS PROPAGAT$ ?R\< SPACE1 OR1 AS ! PHYSICI/S SAID1 ?R\< SPACE-FILL+ E!R4 ,DIETZG5 QUOTES A PHYSICI/ /AT+ ?AT !SE WAVES >E ! REAL NATURE ( LI<T :]EAS ALL ?AT WE SEE AS LI<T & COLOR IS ONLY AN APPE>ANCE4 0,! SUP]/ITION ( PHILOSOPHICAL SPECULATION H]E0 ,DIETZG5 REM>KS 0HAS L$ US A/RAY FROM ! PA? ( SCI5TIFIC 9DUCTION1 9 ?AT WAVES RU%+ ?R\< ! E!R ) A VELOCITY ( #d1 7,G]MAN7 MILES P] SECOND1 & CON/ITUT+ ! TRUE NATURE ( LI<T >E OPPOS$ TO ! REAL PH5OM5A ( LI<T & COLOR4 ,! P]V]SION BECOMES MANIFE/ :]E ! VISIBLE WORLD IS D5OT$ AS A PRODUCT ( ! HUMAN M9D1 & ! E!R VIBRATIONS1 DISCLOS$ BY ! 9TELLECT ( ! MO/ ACUTE ?9K]S1 AS ! CORPOREAL REALITY40 ,IT IS QUITE ! REV]SE1 ,DIETZG5 SAYS3 ! COLOR$ WORLD ( PH5OM5A IS ! REAL WORLD1 & ! E!R WAVES >E ! PICTURE CON/RUCT$ BY ! HUMAN M9D \T ( !SE PH5OM5A4 

,IT IS CLE> ?AT 9 ?IS ANTAGONISM WE HAVE TO DO ) DIFF]5T MEAN+S AB\T ! T]MS TRU? & REALITY4 ,! ONLY TE/ TO DECIDE :E!R \R ?\<TS >E TRU? IS ALWAYS F\ND 9 EXP]IM5T1 PRACTICE1 EXP]I5CE4 ,! MO/ DIRECT ( EXP]I5CES IS EXP]I5CE ITSELF2 ! EXP]I5C$ WORLD ( PH5OM5A IS ! SURE/ ( ALL ?+S1 ! MO/ 9DUBITABLE REALITY4 ,SURELY WE KN[ PH5OM5A ?AT >E ONLY APPE>ANCES4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT ! EVID5CES ( DIFF]5T S5SES >E NOT 9 ACCORDANCE & HAVE TO BE FITT$ 9 A DIFF]5T WAY 9 ORD] TO GET A H>MONI\S WORLD-PICTURE4 ,%\LD WE ASSUME ! IMAGE BEH9D ! MIRROR1 :I* WE CAN SEE BUT CANNOT T\*1 AS A COMMON REALITY1 !N SU* A CONFUS$ KN[L$GE W\LD BR+ PRACTICAL FAILURE4 ,! IDEA ?AT ! 5TIRE WORLD ( PH5OM5A %\LD BE NO?+ BUT APPE>ANCE C\LD MAKE S5SE ONLY IF WE ASSUM$ ANO!R S\RCE ( KN[L$GE - E4G4 A DIV9E VOICE SPEAK+ 9 US - TO BE BR\<T 9 H>MONY ) ! O!R EXP]I5CES4 

,APPLY+ N[ ! SAME TE/ ( PRACTICE TO ! PHYSICI/ WE SEE ?AT HIS ?9K+ IS CORRECT ALSO4 ,BY MEANS ( HIS VIBRAT+ E!R HE NOT ONLY EXPLA9$ KN[N PH5OM5A BUT EV5 PR$ICT$ 9 ! RI<T WAY A NUMB] ( UNSUSPECT$ NEW PH5OM5A4 ,SO HIS !ORY IS A GOOD1 A TRUE !ORY4 ,IT IS TRU? BECAUSE IT EXPRESSES :AT IS COMMON TO ALL !SE EXP]I5CES 9 A %ORT =MULA ?AT ALL[S ( EASY D$UCTION ( !IR 5DLESS DIV]SITY4 ,?US ! E!R WAYS MU/ BE CONSID]$ A TRUE PICTURE ( REALITY4 ,! E!R ITSELF ( C\RSE CANNOT BE OBS]V$ 9 ANY WAY2 OBS]VATION %[S ONLY PH5OM5A ( LI<T4 

,H[ IS IT !N1 ?AT ! PHYSICI/S SPOKE ( ! E!R & ITS VIBRATIONS AS A REALITY8 ,FIR/LY AS A MODEL1 CONCEIV$ BY ANALOGY4 ,FROM EXP]I5CE WE KN[ ( WAVES 9 WAT] & 9 ! AIR4 ,IF N[ WE ASSUME SU* WAVES 9 ANO!R1 F9] SUB/ANCE FILL+ ! UNIV]SE1 WE MAY TRANSF] TO IT A NUMB] ( WELL-KN[N WAVE PH5OM5A1 & WE F9D !SE CONFIRM$4 ,SO WE F9D \R WORLD ( REALITY GR[+ WID]4 ,) \R SPIRITUAL EYES WE SEE NEW SUB/ANCES1 NEW P>TICLES MOV+1 9VISIBLY BECAUSE !Y >E BEYOND ! P[] ( \R BE/ MICROSCOPES1 BUT CONCEIVABLE AFT] ! MODEL ( \R VISIBLE CO>S] SUB/ANCES & P>TICLES4 

,9 ?IS WAY1 H[EV]1 ) E!R AS A NEW 9VISIBLE REALITY1 ! PHYSICI/S L&$ 9TO DIFFICULTIES4 ,! ANALOGY WAS NOT P]FECT3 ! WORLD-FILL+ E!R HAD TO BE ASSIGN$ QUALITIES 5TIRELY DIFF]5T FROM WAT] OR AIR2 ?\< CALL$ A SUB/ANCE IT DEVIAT$ SO COMPLETELY FROM ALL KN[N SUB/ANCES ?AT AN ,5GLI% PHYSICI/ ONCE COMP>$ IT SOMEH[ TO PIT*4 ,:5 IT WAS DISCOV]$ ?AT LI<T WAVES W]E ELECTROMAGNETIC VIBRATIONS1 IT 5SU$ ?AT ! E!R HAD TO TRANSMIT ELECTRIC & MAGNETIC PH5OM5A TOO4 ,= ?IS ROLE1 A COMPLICAT$ /RUCTURE HAD TO BE DEVIS$1 A SY/EM ( MOV+1 /RA9+1 & SP9N+ CONTRIVANCES1 ?AT MI<T BE US$ AS A CO>SE MODEL1 BUT :I* NOBODY W\LD CALL ! TRUE REALITY ( ?IS F9E/ ( FLUIDS FILL+ SPACE BETWE5 ! ATOMS4 ,! ?+ BECAME WORSE :5 9 ! BEG9N+ ( ! #b? C5TURY ! !ORY ( RELATIVITY CAME UP & D5I$ ! EXI/5CE ( E!R ALTOGE!R4 ,PHYSICI/S !N GREW ACCU/OM$ TO DEAL ) A VOID SPACE1 EQUIPP$ H[EV] ) QUALITIES EXPRESS$ 9 MA!MATICAL =MULAS & EQUATIONS4 ,) ! =MULAS ! PH5OM5A C\LD BE COMPUT$ 9 ! RI<T WAY2 ! MA!MATICAL SYMBOLS W]E ! ONLY ?+ REMA9+4 ,! MODELS & IMAGES W]E NON-ESS5TIAL1 & ! TRU? ( A !ORY DOES NOT MEAN ANY?+ MORE ?AN ?AT ! =MULAS >E EXACT4 

,?+S BECAME WORSE /ILL :5 PH5OM5A W]E DISCOV]$ ?AT C\LD BE REPRES5T$ ONLY BY LI<T CONSI/+ ( A /REAM ( SO CALL$ QUANTA1 SEP>AT$ P>TICLES HURRY+ ?R\< SPACE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! !ORY ( VIBRATIONS HELD ! FIELD TOO1 SO ?AT ACCORD+ TO NE$S ONE !ORY OR ! O!R HAD TO BE APPLI$4 ,?US TWO /RICTLY CONTRADICTORY !ORIES BO? W]E TRUE1 EA* TO BE US$ )9 ITS GR\P ( PH5OM5A4 ,N[ AT LA/ PHYSICI/S BEGAN TO SUSPECT ?AT !IR PHYSICAL 5TITIES1 =M]LY CONSID]$ ! REALITY BEH9D ! PH5OM5A1 W]E ONLY IMAGES1 AB/RACT CONCEPTS1 MODELS MORE EASILY TO COMPREH5D ! PH5OM5A4 ,:5 ,DIETZG5 HALF A C5TURY BE=E WROTE D[N HIS VIEWS :I* W]E SIMPLY A CONSEQU5CE ( ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM1 !RE WAS NO PHYSICI/ :O DID NOT FIRMLY BELIEVE 9 ! REALITY ( WORLD E!R4 ,! VOICE ( A SOCIALI/ >TISAN DID NOT P5ETRATE 9TO ! UNIV]SITY LECTURE ROOMS4 ,N[ADAYS IT IS PRECISELY ! PHYSICI/S :O ASS]T ?AT !Y >E DEAL+ ) MODELS & IMAGES ONLY1 :O >E CONT9UALLY DISCUSS+ ! PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS ( !IR SCI5CE1 & :O EMPHASIZE ?AT SCI5CE AIMS SOLELY AT RELATIONS & =MULAS ?R\< :I* FUTURE PH5OM5A MAY BE PR$ICT$ FROM =M] ONES4 

,9 ! WORD PH5OM5ON 0?AT :I* APPE>S01 !RE IS CONTA9$ AN OPPOSIT5ESS TO ! REALITY ( ?+S2 IF WE SPEAK ( 0APPE>+S0 !RE MU/ BE SOME?+ ELSE ?AT APPE>S4 ,NOT AT ALL1 SAYS ,DIETZG52 PH5OM5A APPE> 7OR OCCUR71 ?AT IS ALL4 ,9 ?IS PLAY ( WORDS WE MU/ NOT ?9K1 ( C\RSE1 ( :AT APPE>S TO ME OR TO ANO!R OBS]V]2 ALL ?AT HAPP5S1 :E!R MAN SEES IT OR NOT1 IS A PH5OM5ON1 & ALL !SE HAPP5+S =M ! TOTALITY ( ! WORLD1 ! REAL WORLD ( PH5OM5A4 0,S5SE P]CEPTION %[S AN 5DLESS TRANS=MATION ( MATT] 444 ,! S5SUAL WORLD1 ! UNIV]SE AT ANY PLACE & ANY TIME IS A NEW ?+ ?AT DID NOT EXI/ BE=E4 ,IT >ISES & PASSES AWAY1 PASSES & >ISES UND] \R H&S4 ,NO?+ REMA9S ! SAME1 LA/+ IS ONLY P]PETUAL *ANGE1 & EV5 ! *ANGE V>IES 444 ,! 7MIDDLE CLASS7 MAT]IALI/1 SURELY1 ASS]TS ! P]MAN5CY1 ET]NITY1 9DE/RUCTIBILITY ( MATT] 444 ,:]E DO WE F9D SU* ET]NAL1 IMP]I%ABLE =MLESS MATT]8 ,9 ! REAL WORLD ( PH5OM5A WE MEET ONLY ) =MS ( P]I%ABLE MATT] 444 ,ET]NAL & IMP]I%ABLE MATT] EXI/S PRACTICALLY1 9 REALITY1 ONLY AS ! SUM TOTAL ( ITS P]I%ABLE PH5OM5A40 ,9 %ORT1 MATT] IS AN AB/RACTION4 

,:]EAS PHILOSOPH]S SPOKE ( ! ESS5CE ( ?+S1 PHYSICI/S SPOKE ( MATT]1 ! LA/+ BACKGR\ND BEH9D ! *ANG+ PH5OM5A4 ,REALITY1 !Y SAY1 IS MATT]2 ! WORLD IS ! TOTALITY ( MATT]4 ,?IS MATT] CONSI/S ( ATOMS1 ! 9V>IABLE ULTIMATE BUILD+ /ONES ( ! UNIV]SE1 ?AT BY !IR V>I\S COMB9ATIONS IMPOSE ! IMPRESSION ( 5DLESS *ANGE4 ,ON ! MODEL ( SURR\ND+ H>D OBJECTS1 AS AN EXT5SION ( ! VISIBLE WORLD ( /ONES1 GRAMS1 & DU/1 !SE /ILL SMALL] P>TICLES W]E ASSUM$ TO BE ! CON/ITU5TS ( ! 5TIRE WORLD1 ( ! FLUID WAT] AS WELL AS ( ! =MLESS AIR4 ,! TRU? ( ! ATOMIC !ORY HAS /OOD ! TE/ ( A C5TURY ( EXP]I5CE1 9 AN 5DLESS NUMB] ( GOOD EXPLANATIONS & SUCCESSFUL PR$ICTIONS4 ,ATOMS ( C\RSE >E NOT OBS]V$ PH5OM5A !MSELVES3 !Y >E 9F]5CES ( \R ?9K+4 ,AS SU* !Y %>E ! NATURE ( ALL PRODUCTS ( \R ?9K+ !IR %>P LIMITATION & DI/9CTION1 !IR PRECISE EQUALITY BELONGS TO !IR AB/RACT *>ACT]4 ,AS AB/RACTIONS !Y EXPRESS :AT IS G5]AL & COMMON 9 ! PH5OM5A1 :AT IS NECESS>Y = PR$ICTIONS4 

,TO ! PHYSICI/1 ( C\RSE1 ATOMS W]E NO AB/RACTIONS BUT REAL SMALL 9VISIBLE P>TICLES1 %>PLY LIMIT$1 EXACTLY ALIKE = EV]Y *EMICAL ELEM5T1 ) PRECISE QUALITIES & PRECISE MASS4 ,BUT MOD]N SCI5CE DE/ROY$ ALSO ?IS ILLUSION4 ,ATOMS1 FIR/LY1 HAVE BE5 DISSOLV$ 9TO /ILL SMALL] P>TICLES1 ELECTRONS1 PROTONS1 NEUTRONS1 =M+ COMPLICAT$ SY/EMS1 SOME ( !M 9ACCESSIBLE TO ANY EXP]IM5T1 M]E PRODUCTS ( ! APPLICATION ( LOGIC4 ,& !SE SMALLE/ ELEM5TS ( ! WORLD CANNOT BE CONSID]$ AS PRECISELY DEF9$ P>TICLES F9D+ !MSELVES AT DEF9ITE PO9TS 9 SPACE4 ,MOD]N PHYSICAL !ORY ASSIGNS TO EA* ( !M ! *>ACT] ( A WAVE MOTION EXT5D+ OV] 9F9ITE SPACE4 ,:5 Y\ ASK ! PHYSICI/ :AT IT IS ?AT MOVES 9 SU* WAVES HIS ANSW] CONSI/S 9 PO9T+ TO A MA!MATICAL EQUATION4 ,! WAVES >E NO WAVES ( MATT]1 ( C\RSE2 ?AT :I* MOVES CANNOT EV5 BE CALL$ A SUB/ANCE1 BUT IS R5D]$ MO/ TRULY BY ! CONCEPT ( PROBABILITY2 ! ELECTRONS >E PROBABILITY-WAVES4 ,=M]LY A P>TICLE ( MATT] 9 ITS 9V>IABLE WEI<T PRES5T$ A PRECISELY DEF9$ QUANTITY1 ITS MASS4 ,N[ MASS *ANGES ) ! /ATE ( MOTION & CANNOT BE SEP>AT$ ACCURATELY FROM 5]GY2 5]GY & MASS *ANGE 9TO ONE ANO!R4 ,:]EAS =M]LY !SE CONCEPTS W]E NEATLY SEP>AT$ & ! PHYSICAL WORLD WAS A CLE> SY/EM )\T CONTRADICTION1 PR\DLY PROCLAIM$ ! REAL WORLD1 PHYSICS N[ADAYS1 :5 IT ASSUMES ITS FUNDAM5TAL CONCEPTS MATT]1 MASS1 5]GY AS FIX$1 WELL SEP>AT$ 5TITIES1 IS PLUNG$ 9TO A CR[D ( UNSOLVABLE CONTRADICTIONS4 ,! CONTRADICTION IS CLE>$ UP :5 WE SIMPLY CONSID] !M AS :AT !Y >E3 AB/RACTIONS S]VICEABLE TO R5D] ! EV] EXT5D+ WORLD ( PH5OM5A4 

,! SAME HOLDS = ! =CES & LAWS ( NATURE4 ,H]E ,DIETZG5'S EXPOSITIONS >E NOT ADEQUATE & SOME:AT CONFUS$1 PROBABLY BECAUSE AT ! TIME ! ,G]MAN PHYSICI/S US$ ! WORD 0,KRAFT0 9DISCRIM9ATELY = =CE & = 5]GY4 ,A SIMPLE PRACTICAL CASE1 SU* AS GRAVITY1 MAY EASILY CLE> UP ! MATT]4 ,GRAVITY1 PHYSICI/S SAID1 IS ! CAUSE ( FALL+4 ,H]E CAUSE IS NOT SOME?+ PREC$+ ! EFFECTS & DIFF]5T FROM IT2 CAUSE & EFFECT >E SIMULTANE\S & EXPRESS ! SAME ?+ 9 DIFF]5T WORDS4 ,GRAVITY IS A NAME ?AT DOES NOT CONTA9 ANY?+ MORE ?AN ! PH5OM5A !MSELVES2 9 D5OT+ !M BY ?IS WORD WE EXPRESS ! G5]AL1 ! COMMON *>ACT] ( ALL ! PH5OM5A ( FALL+ BODIES4 ,MORE ESS5TIAL ?AN ! NAME IS ! LAW2 9 ALL FREE MOVEM5TS ON E>? !RE IS A CON/ANT D[NW>D ACCEL]ATION4 ,WRIT+ ! LAW AS A MA!MATICAL =MULA WE >E ABLE TO COMPUTE ! MOTIONS ( ALL FALL+ OR ?R[N BODIES ,IT IS NOT NECESS>Y N[ TO KEEP ! PH5OM5A ALL 9 \R HEAD2 TO KN[ FUTURE CASES IT IS SUFFICI5T TO KN[ ! LAW1 ! =MULA4 ,! LAW IS ! AB/RACT CONCEPT \R M9D CON/RUCT$ \T ( ! PH5OM5A4 ,AS A LAW IT IS A PRECISE /ATEM5T ?AT IS ASSUM$ TO HOLD GOOD ABSOLUTELY & UNIV]SALLY1 :]EAS ! PH5OM5A >E DIV]SIFI$ & ALWAYS %[ DEVIATIONS :I* WE !N ASCRIBE TO O!R1 ACCESSORY1 CAUSES4 

,NEWTON EXT5D$ ! LAW ( GRAVITY TO ! CELE/IAL MOTIONS4 ,! ORBIT ( ! MOON WAS 0EXPLA9$0 BY %[+ ?AT IT WAS PULL$ BY ! SAME =CE ?AT MADE /ONES FALL ONTO E>?2 SO ! UNKN[N WAS R$UC$ TO ! KN[N4 ,HIS LAW ( UNIV]SAL GRAVITATION IS EXPRESS$ BY A MA!MATICAL =MULA ?R\< :I* A/RONOM]S >E ABLE TO COMPUTE & PR$ICT ! CELE/IAL PH5OM5A2 & ! RESULT ( C\NTLESS PR$ICTIONS %[S ! TRU? ( ! LAW4 ,SCI5TI/S N[ CALL$ ! GRAVITATION ! 0CAUSE0 ( ALL !SE MOTIONS2 !Y SAW IT AS A REALITY FLOAT+ 9 SPACE1 A K9D ( MY/]I\S IMP1 A SPIRITUAL BE+ CALL$ A 0=CE0 DIRECT+ ! PLANETS 9 !IR C\RSE2 ! LAW WAS A COMM& SOMEH[ PRES5T 9 NATURE :I* ! BODIES HAD TO OBEY4 ,9 REALITY !RE IS NO?+ ( ! SORT2 0CAUSE0 MEANS ! %ORT SUMM>Y OR COMP5DIUM1 0EFFECT0 MEANS ! DIV]SE MULTITUDE ( PH5OM5A4 ,! =MULA B9D+ ! ACCEL]ATION ( EA* P>TICLE TO ITS DI/ANCE FROM ! O!R ONES1 EXPRESSES 9 A %ORT =M EXACTLY ! SAME C\RSE ( ?+S AS DOES A L5G?Y DESCRIPTION ( ! ACTUAL MOTIONS4 ,GRAVITATION AS A SEP>ATE SOME?+ PULL+ & /E]+ ! BODIES DOES NOT EXI/ 9 NATURE BUT ONLY 9 \R HEAD4 ,AS A MY/]I\S COMM& P]MEAT+ SPACE IT HAS NO MORE REAL EXI/5CE ?AN HAS ,SNELL'S LAW ( REFRACTION AS A COMM& TO ! LI<T RAYS ON H[ !Y HAVE TO GO4 ,! C\RSE ( ! LI<T RAYS IS A DIRECT MA!MATICAL CONSEQU5CE ( ! DIFF]5T VELOCITY ( LI<T 9 DIFF]5T SUB/ANCES2 9/EAD ( BY ! COMM& ( A LAW IT CAN EQUALLY WELL BE REPRES5T$ BY ! PR9CIPLE ?AT LI<T1 AS IT W]E AN 9TELLIG5T BE+1 *OOSES ! QUICKE/ R\TE TO REA* ! AIM4 ,MOD]N SCI5CE1 9 AN ANALOG\S WAY1 9 ! !ORY ( RELATIVITY R5D]S ! MOTIONS 9 SPACE NOT BY GRAVITATIONAL =CE1 BUT BY PRESCRIB+ ! %ORTE/ ROAD 7! 0GEODESIC07 9 ! DI/ORT$ F\R-DIM5SIONAL SPACE-TIME4 ,N[ AGA9 PHYSICI/S CAME TO CONSID] ?IS W>P$ SPACE AS A 0REALITY0 BEH9D ! PH5OM5A4 ,& AGA9 IT MU/ BE /AT$ ?AT1 LIKE ,NEWTON'S GRAVITATION1 IT IS ONLY A M5TAL AB/RACTION1 A SET ( =MULAS1 BETT] ?AN ! =M]1 H5CE MORE TRUE1 BECAUSE IT REPRES5TS MORE PH5OM5A :I* ! OLD LAW C\LD NOT EXPLA94 

,:AT IS CALL$ 0CAUSALITY0 9 NATURE1 ! REIGN ( NATURAL LAWS-SOMETIMES ONE EV5 SPEAKS ( ! 0LAW ( CAUSALITY10 I4E4 9 NATURE ! LAW HOLDS ?AT LAWS HOLD - SIMPLY COMES D[N TO ! FACT ?AT ! REGUL>ITIES WE F9D 9 ! PH5OM5A >E EXPRESS$ 9 ! =M ( PRESCRIPTS ABSOLUTELY VALID4 ,IF !RE >E LIMITATIONS1 EXCEPTIONS1 CONDITIONS1 !Y >E EXPRESSLY /AT$ AS SU*1 & WE TRY TO REPRES5T !M BY CORRECT+ ! LAW2 ?IS %[S ?AT ITS *>ACT] IS MEANT TO BE ABSOLUTE4 ,WE >E CONFID5T ?AT IT HOLDS = FUTURE USE2 & IF IT FAILS1 AS (T5 HAPP5S1 OR DOES NOT HOLD PRECISELY1 WE REPRES5T ?IS BY ADDITIONAL 0CAUSES40 

,WE (T5 SPEAK ( ! 9EXORABLE C\RSE ( EV5TS1 OR ( ! NECESSITY 9 NATURE2 OR WE SPEAK ( 0DET]M9ISM10 AS IF ?IS C\RSE HAD BE5 DET]M9$ & FIX$ BY SOMEBODY 9 ADVANCE4 ,ALL !SE HUMAN NAMES *OS5 TO EXPRESS ! ANTI!SIS TO ! >BITR>9ESS & FREE *OICE 9 HUMAN ACTIONS1 D5OT+ A K9D ( COMPULSION1 >E A S\RCE ( MU* CONFUSION & CANNOT R5D] EXACTLY ! *>ACT] ( NATURE4 ,RA!R WE SAY ?AT ! 5TIRE NATURE AT ?IS MOM5T DEP5DS 5TIRELY ON :AT IT WAS A MOM5T BE=E4 ,OR P]HAPS BETT] /ILL3 ?AT NATURE 9 ITS TOTALITY & HI/ORY IS A UNITY1 REMA9+ ID5TICALLY ITSELF 9 ALL ITS V>IATIONS4 ,ALL P>TS >E 9T]RELAT$ AS P>TS ( ONE :OLE1 & ! LAWS ( NATURE >E ! HUMANLY IMP]FECT EXPRESSIONS ( !SE 9T]RELATIONS4 ,NECESSITY CAN BE ASCRIB$ TO !M SOLELY 9 A P>TIAL IMP]FECT DEGREE2 ABSOLUTE NECESSITY MAY BE AFFIRM$ = ! 5TIRETY ( NATURE ONLY4 ,PH5OM5A MAY BE IMP]FECTLY R5D]$ BY \R LAWS2 BUT WE >E CONV9C$ ?AT !Y GO ON 9 A WAY :I* CAN BE ULTIMATELY R$UC$ TO SIMPLE DESCRIPTION1 & C\LD NOT BE O!RWISE ?AN !Y >E4 

,! SIGNIFICANCE ( ,M>XISM IS (T5 EXPRESS$1 BY SAY+ ?AT IT PRES5TS1 = ! FIR/ TIME1 A NATURAL SCI5CE ( SOCIETY4 ,H5CE SOCIETY1 JU/ AS NATURE1 IS DET]M9$ BY NATURAL LAWS2 SOCIETY DEVELOPS NOT BY *ANCE OR 9CID5TALLY BUT ACCORD+ TO AN OV]ALL NECESSITY4 ,& S9CE SOCIETY IS HUMAN ACTIVITY1 !N HUMAN ACTION & *OICE & WILL >E NOT >BITR>Y1 NOT *ANCE1 BUT DET]M9$ BY SOCIAL CAUSES4 ,:AT ?IS MEANS WILL N[ BE CLE>4 ,! TOTALITY ( ! WORLD1 CONSI/+ ( NATURE & SOCIETY1 IS A UNITY1 AT ANY MOM5T DET]M9$ BY :AT IT WAS BE=E1 EA* P>T 5TIRELY DET]M9$ BY ! ACTION ( ! RE/4 ,IT REMA9S ! SAME ID5TICAL WORLD1 9 :I* ! HAPP5+S ( ONE P>T1 ( MANK9D OR P>T ( IT1 DEP5D 5TIRELY ON ! SURR\ND+ WORLD1 NATURE & SOCIETY TOGE!R4 ,H]E TOO WE TRY TO F9D REGUL>ITIES1 RULES & LAWS1 & WE DEVISE NAMES & CONCEPTS2 BUT SELDOM DO WE ASCRIBE TO !M A SEP>ATE REALITY4 ,:]EAS A PHYSICI/ EASILY BELIEVES 9 GRAVITATION AS A REAL SOME?+ FLOAT+ 9 SPACE >\ND ! SUN & ! PLANETS1 IT IS MORE DIFFICULT TO BELIEVE 9 0PROGRESS0 OR 0LIB]TY0 HOV]+ R\ND US & FLOAT+ OV] SOCIETY AS REAL BE+S ?AT CONDUCT MAN LIKE A RUL+ FATE4 ,!Y TOO >E AB/RACTIONS CON/RUCT$ BY ! M9D \T ( P>TIAL RELATIONS & DEP5D5CIES4 ,) !IR 0NECESSITY0 IT IS AS ) ALL NECESSITY 9 NATURE4 ,ITS BASIS IS ! NECESSITY ?AT MAN MU/ EAT TO LIVE4 ,9 ?IS POPUL> SAY+ ! FUNDAM5TAL CONNECTION ( MAN ) ! 5TIRETY ( ! WORLD IS EXPRESS$4 

,?R\< ! IMM5SE COMPLICATION ( SOCIAL RELATIONS 0LAWS0 ( SOCIETY >E MU* MORE DIFFICULT TO DISC]N1 & !Y CANNOT N[ BE PUT 9TO ! =M ( EXACT =MULAS4 ,/ILL MORE ?AN 9 NATURE !Y MAY BE SAID TO EXPRESS NOT ! FUTURE BUT \R EXPECTATION AB\T ! FUTURE4 ,IT IS ALREADY A GREAT ?+ ?AT1 :]EAS =M] ?9K]S W]E GROP+ 9 ! D>K1 N[ SOME MA9 L9ES ( DEVELOPM5T HAVE BE5 DISCOV]$4 ,! IMPORTANCE ( ,M>XISM AS A SCI5CE ( SOCIETY IS NOT SO MU* ! TRU? ( ! RULES & EXPECTATIONS IT =MULAT$1 BUT RA!R :AT IS CALL$ ITS ME?OD3 ! FUNDAM5TAL CONVICTION ?AT EV]Y?+ 9 ! WORLD ( MANK9D IS DIRECTLY CONNECT$ ) ! RE/4 ,H5CE = EV]Y SOCIAL PH5OM5ON WE HAVE TO LOOK = ! MAT]IAL & SOCIAL FACTORS ( REALITY ON :I* IT DEP5DS4 

  

,NOTE 

#a4 ,! PHRASE 0MIDDLE CLASS0 IS H]E US$ AS A TRANSLATION = ! ,G]MAN WORD 0BURG]LI*04 ,! MORE MOD]N T]M US$ 9 ,M>XI/ DISC\RSE = ?IS CONCEPT IS 0B\RGEOIS0 7I4E4 RELAT+ TO ! CAPITALI/ OR B\RGEOIS CLASS7 9 ORD] TO DI/+UI% IT FROM ! RA!R IMPRECISE T]M 0MIDDLE CLASS01 :I* IS (T5 US$ AS A BROAD DESCRIPTION = :ITE-COLL> WORK]S1 PR(ESSIONALS1 ! SELF-EMPLOY$ ETC4 ,SIMIL>LY :5 ?IS TEXT REF]S TO 0! MIDDLE CLASS0 IT IS REF]R+ TO ! B\RGEOISIE OR CAPITALI/ CLASS4 7,NOTE BY ,M,I,A7 

O ,*APT] #d 3 ,MA* 

,9 ! LAT] P>T ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 MIDDLE-CLASS SOCIETY .<#a.> TURN$ AWAY MORE & MORE FROM MAT]IALISM4 ,! B\RGEOISIE1 ?R\< ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM1 ASS]T$ ITS SOCIAL MA/]Y2 BUT ! RISE ( ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5TS PROCLAIM+ AS ITS AIM ! ANNIHILATION ( CAPITALISM1 L$ TO MISGIV+S AS TO ! DURABILITY ( ! EXI/+ SOCIAL SY/EM4 ,WORLD & FUTURE APPE>$ FULL ( UNSOLVABLE PROBLEMS4 ,S9CE ! VISIBLE1 MAT]IAL =CES ?REAT5$ MIS*IEF1 ! RUL+ CLASS1 TO QUIET ITS APPREH5SIONS & ASSURE ITS SELF-RELIANCE1 TURN$ TO ! BELIEF 9 ! SUP]IOR RULE ( SPIRITUAL P[]S4 ,MY/ICISM & RELIGION GA9$ ! UPP] H&1 & /ILL MORE SO 9 ! #b? C5TURY1 AFT] ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>4 

,NATURAL SCI5TI/S =M A P>T ( MIDDLE-CLASS SOCIETY2 !Y >E 9 CONT9UAL CONTACT ) ! B\RGEOISIE & >E 9FLU5C$ BY ITS SPIRITUAL TR5DS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ?R\< ! PROGRESS ( SCI5CE1 !Y HAVE TO DEAL ) NEW PROBLEMS & CONTRADICTIONS APPE>+ 9 !IR CONCEPTS4 ,IT IS NOT CLE> PHILOSOPHICAL 9SI<T ?AT 9SPIRES ! CRITICISM ( !IR !ORIES1 BUT RA!R ! IMM$IATE NE$S ( !IR PRACTICAL /UDY ( NATURE4 ,?IS CRITICISM !N TAKES ITS =M & COLOR FROM ! ANTI-MAT]IALI/ TR5DS 9 ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,?US MOD]N NATURAL PHILOSOPHY EXHIBITS TWO *>ACT]S3 CRITICAL REFLECTION OV] ! PR9CIPLES ( SCI5CE1 & A CRITICAL MOOD T[>DS MAT]IALISM4 ,JU/ AS 9 ! TIME ( ,HEGEL1 VALUABLE PROGRESS 9 ! !ORY ( KN[L$GE IS G>B$ 9 MY/ICAL & IDEALI/IC =MS4 

,CRITICS ( ! PREVAIL+ !ORIES CAME =W>D1 9 ! LA/ P>T ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 9 DIFF]5T C\NTRIES3 E4G4 ,K>L ,PE>SON 9 ,5GL&1 ,GU/AV ,KIR*H(F & ,]N/ ,MA* 9 ,G]MANY1 ,H5RI ,PO9C>E 9 ,FRANCE1 ALL EXHIBIT+1 ?\< 9 DIFF]5T WAYS1 ! SAME G5]AL TR5D ( ?\<T4 ,AMONG !M ! WRIT+S ( ,MA* HAVE D\BTLESS EX]T$ ! GREATE/ 9FLU5CE UPON ! IDEAS ( ! NEXT G5]ATION4 

,PHYSICS1 HE SAYS1 %\LD NOT PROCE$ FROM MATT]1 FROM ! ATOMS1 FROM ! OBJECTS2 !SE >E ALL D]IV$ CONCEPTS4 ,! ONLY ?+ WE KN[ DIRECTLY IS EXP]I5CE1 & ALL EXP]I5CE CONSI/S 9 S5SATIONS1 S5SE IMPRESSIONS 7,EMPF9DUNG574 ,BY MEANS ( \R WORLD ( CONCEPTS1 9 CONSEQU5CE ( $UCATION & 9TUITIVE CU/OM1 WE EXPRESS EV]Y S5SATION AS ! ACTION ( AN OBJECT UPON \RSELVES AS SUBJECT3 ,I SEE A /ONE4 ,BUT FREE+ \RSELVES FROM ?IS CU/OM WE P]CEIVE ?AT A S5SATION IS A UNIT 9 ITSELF1 GIV5 DIRECTLY )\T ! DI/9CTION ( SUBJECT & OBJECT4 ,?R\< A NUMB] ( SIMIL> S5SATIONS ,I COME TO ! DI/9CTION ( AN OBJECT1 & ,I KN[ ( MYSELF TOO ONLY BY A TOTALITY ( SU* S5SATIONS4 ,S9CE OBJECT & SUBJECT >E BUILT UP ( S5SATIONS IT IS BETT] NOT TO USE A NAME ?AT PO9TS TO A P]SON EXP]I5C+ !M4 ,SO WE PREF] ! NEUTRAL NAME ( 0ELEM5TS01 AS ! SIMPLE/ BASIS ( ALL KN[L$GE4 

,ORD9>Y ?9K+ H]E F9DS ! P>ADOX ?AT ! H>D IMMUTABLE /ONE1 ! PROTOTYPE ( ! SOLID 0?+0 %\LD BE =M$ BY1 %\LD 0CONSI/ (0 SU* TRANSI5T SUBJECTIVE /UFF AS S5SATIONS4 ,ON CLOS] EXAM9ATION1 H[EV]1 WE SEE ?AT :AT CON/ITUTES ! ?+1 ITS QUALITIES1 >E SIMPLY ?IS & NO?+ ELSE4 ,FIR/ ITS H>DNESS IS NO?+ BUT ! TOTALITY ( A NUMB] ( (T5 PA9FUL S5SATIONS2 & SECONDLY ITS IMMUTABILITY IS ! SUM TOTAL ( \R EXP]I5CES ?AT ON \R RETURN+ TO ! SAME SPOT ! SAME S5SATIONS REPEAT !MSELVES4 ,SO WE EXPECT !M AS A FIX$ 9T]CONNECTION 9 \R S5SATIONS4 ,9 \R KN[L$GE ( ! ?+ !RE IS NO?+ ?AT HAS NOT SOMEH[ ! *>ACT] ( A S5SATION4 ,! OBJECT IS ! SUM TOTAL ( ALL S5SATIONS AT DIFF]5T TIMES ?AT1 ?R\< A C]TA9 CON/ANCY ( PLACE & SURR\ND+S CONSID]$ AS RELAT$1 >E COMB9$ & D5OT$ BY A NAME4 ,IT IS NO MORE2 !RE IS NO REASON TO ASSUME ) ,KANT A 0?+ 9 ITSELF0 7,D+ AN SI*7 BEYOND ?IS S5SATION-MASS2 WE CANNOT EV5 EXPRESS 9 WORDS :AT WE W\LD HAVE TO ?9K ( IT4 ,SO ! OBJECT IS =M$ 5TIRELY BY S5SATIONS2 IT CONSI/S M]ELY ( S5SATIONS4 ,MA* OPPOSES HIS VIEWS TO ! CURR5T PHYSICAL !ORY BY ! WORDS3 

0,NOT BODIES PRODUCE S5SATIONS1 BUT ELEM5T-COMPLEXES 7S5SATION-COMPLEXES7 CON/ITUTE ! BODIES4 ,:5 ! PHYSICI/ CONSID]S ! BODIES AS ! P]MAN5T REALITY1 ! 'ELEM5TS' AS ! TRANSI5T APPE>ANCE1 HE DOES NOT REALIZE ?AT ALL 'BODIES' >E ONLY M5TAL SYMBOLS = ELEM5T-COMPLEXES 7S5SATION-COMPLEXES70 7,ANALYZE D] ,EMPF9DUNG51 P4#b#c74 

,! SAME HOLDS = ! SUBJECT4 ,:AT WE D5OTE BY 0,I MYSELF0 IS A COMPLEX ( RECOLLECTIONS & FEEL+S1 =M] & PRES5T S5SATIONS & ?\<TS CONNECT$ BY CONT9UITY ( MEMORY1 B\ND TO A SPECIAL BODY1 BUT ONLY P>TLY P]MAN5T4 

0,:AT IS PRIM>Y IS NOT MYSELF BUT ! ELEM5TS 444 ,! ELEM5TS CON/ITUTE ! MYSELF 444 ,! ELEM5TS ( CONSCI\SNESS ( ONE P]SON >E /RONGLY CONNECT$1 ?OSE ( DIFF]5T P]SONS >E ONLY WEAKLY & PASS+LY CONNECT$4 ,H5CE EV]YBODY ?9KS HE KN[S ONLY ( HIMSELF AS AN 9DIVISIBLE & 9DEP5D5T UNITY0 7,ANALYZE D] ,EMPF9DUNG51 P4#a#i74 

,9 HIS WORK ,DIE ,ME*ANIK 9 IHR] ,5TWICKLUNG 7#a#h#h#c7 7,! ,DEVELOPM5T ( ,ME*ANICS7 HE WRITES ALONG ! SAME L9ES3 

0,NATURE CONSI/S ( ! ELEM5TS GIV5 BY ! S5SES4 ,PRIMITIVE MAN FIR/ TAKES \T ( !M C]TA9 COMPLEXES ( !SE ELEM5TS ?AT PRES5T !MSELVES ) A C]TA9 /ABILITY & >E MO/ IMPORTANT TO HIM4 ,! FIR/ & OLDE/ WORDS >E NAMES = '?+S'4 ,H]E AB/RACTION IS MADE FROM ! SURR\ND+S1 FROM ! CONT9UAL SMALL *ANGES ( !SE COMPLEXES1 :I* >E NOT HE$$ BECAUSE !Y >E NOT IMPORTANT4 ,9 NATURE !RE IS NO 9V>IABLE ?+4 ,! ?+ IS AN AB/RACTION1 ! NAME IS A SYMBOL = A COMPLEX ( ELEM5TS ( :I* WE NEGLECT ! *ANGES4 ,?AT WE D5OTE ! 5TIRE COMPLEX BY ONE WORD1 ONE SYMBOL1 IS DONE BECAUSE WE WANT TO AWAK5 AT ONCE ALL IMPRESSIONS ?AT BELONG TOGE!R4444 ,! S5SATIONS >E NO 'SYMBOLS ( ?+S'4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y ! '?+' IS A M5TAL SYMBOL = A S5SATION-COMPLEX ( RELATIVE /ABILITY4 ,NOT ! ?+S1 ! BODIES1 BUT COLORS1 S\NDS1 PRESSURES1 TIMES 7:AT WE USUALLY CALL S5SATIONS7 >E ! TRUE ELEM5TS ( ! WORLD4 ,! 5TIRE PROCESS HAS AN ECONOMICAL MEAN+4 ,9 PICTUR+ FACTS WE BEG9 ) ! ORD9>Y MORE /ABLE & HABITUAL COMPLEXES1 & AFT]W>DS = CORRECTION ADD :AT IS UNUSUAL0 7P4#d#e#d74 

,9 ?IS TREATM5T ( ! HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! SCI5CE ( ME*ANICS HE COMES CLOSE TO ! ME?OD ( ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM4 ,TO HIM ! HI/ORY ( SCI5CE IS NOT A SEQU5CE ( G5IUSES PRODUC+ M>VEL\S DISCOV]IES4 ,HE %[S H[ ! PRACTICAL PROBLEMS >E FIR/ SOLV$ BY ! M5TAL ME?ODS ( COMMON LIFE1 UNTIL AT LA/ !Y ACQUIRE !IR MO/ SIMPLE & ADEQUATE !ORETICAL EXPRESSION4 ,EV] AGA9 ! ECONOMIC FUNCTION ( SCI5CE IS EMPHASIZ$4 

0,! AIM ( ALL SCI5CE IS TO SUB/ITUTE & TO SAVE EXP]I5CES ?R\< ! PICTUR+ & ! =ECA/+S ( FACTS BY ?\<TS1 BECAUSE !SE PICTURES >E MORE EASILY AT H& ?AN ! EXP]I5CES !MSELVES & 9 MANY RESPECTS MAY /& = !M0 7P4 #d#e#b74 0,:5 WE DEPICT FACTS BY ?\<TS WE NEV] IMITATE !M EXACTLY1 BUT ONLY FIGURE ?OSE SIDES ?AT >E IMPORTANT = US2 WE HAVE AN AIM ?AT DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY >OSE \T ( PRACTICAL 9T]E/S4 ,\R PICTURES >E ALWAYS AB/RACTIONS4 ,?IS AGA9 %[S AM ECONOMIC TR5D0 7P4#d#e#d74 

,H]E WE SEE SCI5CE1 SPECIALIZ$ AS WELL AS COMMON KN[L$GE1 CONNECT$ ) ! NECESSITIES ( LIFE1 AS AN IMPLEM5T ( EXI/5CE4 

0,! BIOLOGICAL TASK ( SCI5CE IS TO (F] A MO/ P]FECT ORI5TATION TO MAN 9 ! FULL POSSESSION ( HIS S5SES0 7,ANALYZE D] ,EMPF9DUNG51 P4#b#i74 

,= MAN1 9 ORD] TO REACT EFFICI5TLY TO ! IMPRESSIONS ( HIS SURR\ND+S 9 EA* SITUATION1 IT IS NOT NECESS>Y TO REMEMB] ALL =M] CASES ( ANALOG\S SITUATIONS ) !IR RESULTS4 ,HE HAS ONLY TO KN[ :AT RESULTS G5]ALLY1 AS A RULE1 & ?IS DET]M9ES HIS ACTIONS4 ,! RULE1 ! AB/RACT CONCEPT IS ! 9/RUM5T READY AT H& ?AT SAVES ! M5TAL CONSID]ATION ( ALL =M] CASES4 ,:AT NATURAL LAW /ATES IS NOT :AT WILL HAPP5 & MU/ HAPP5 9 NATURE1 BUT :AT WE EXPECT WILL HAPP52 & ?AT IS ! V]Y PURPOSE !Y HAVE TO S]VE4 

,! =MATION ( AB/RACT CONCEPTS1 ( RULES & LAWS ( NATURE1 9 COMMON LIFE AS WELL AS 9 SCI5CE1 IS AN 9TUITIVE PROCESS1 9T5D$ TO SAVE BRA9 WORK1 AIM+ AT ECONOMY ( ?9K+4 ,MA* %[S 9 A NUMB] ( EXAMPLES 9 ! HI/ORY ( SCI5CE H[ EV]Y PROGRESS CONSI/S 9 GREAT] ECONOMY1 9 ?AT A L>G] FIELD ( EXP]I5CES IS COMPIL$ 9 A %ORT] WAY1 SO ?AT 9 ! PR$ICTIONS A REPETITION ( ! SAME BRA9 OP]ATIONS IS AVOID$4 0,) ! %ORT LIFETIME ( MAN & MS LIMIT$ MEMORY1 NOTABLY KN[L$GE IS ONLY ATTA9ABLE BY ! UTMO/ ECONOMY ( ?9K+40 ,SO ! TASK ( SCI5CE CONSI/S 9 0REPRES5T+ FACTS AS COMPLETELY AS POSSIBLE BY A M9IMUM ( BRA9WORK0 7,DIE ,ME*ANIK 9 IHR] ,5TWICKLUNG1 P4#d#f#a74 

,ACCORD+ TO ,MA* ! PR9CIPLE ( ECONOMY ( ?9K+ DET]M9ES ! *>ACT] ( SCI5TIFIC 9VE/IGATION4 ,:AT SCI5CE /ATES AS PROP]TIES ( ?+S & LAWS AB\T ATOMS >E 9 REALITY RELATIONS BETWE5 S5SATIONS4 ,! PH5OM5A BETWE5 :I* ! LAW ( GRAVITATION E/ABLI%ES RELATIONS1 CONSI/ 9 A NUMB] ( VISUAL AUDITORY OR TACTILE IMPRESSIONS2 ! LAW SAYS ?AT !Y OCCUR NOT BY *ANCE1 & PR$ICTS H[ WE MAY EXPECT !M4 ,( C\RSE WE CANNOT EXPRESS ! LAW 9 ?IS =M2 IT W\LD BE 9APPROPRIATE1 UNSUITABLE TO PRACTICE BECAUSE ( ITS COMPLEXITY4 ,BUT AS A PR9CIPLE1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO /ATE ?AT EV]Y LAW ( NATURE DEALS ) RELATIONS BETWE5 PH5OM5A4 ,IF N[ CONTRADICTIONS APPE> 9 \R CONCEPTIONS AB\T ATOMS & WORLD E!R1 !Y LIE NOT 9 NATURE BUT 9 ! =MS WE *OOSE = \R AB/RACTIONS 9 ORD] TO HAVE !M AVAILABLE 9 ! MO/ TRACTABLE WAY4 ,! CONTRADICTION DISAPPE>S :5 WE EXPRESS ! RESULTS ( \R RESE>* AS RELATIONS BETWE5 OBS]V$ QUANTITIES1 ULTIMATELY BETWE5 S5SATIONS4 

,! UNCONC]N$ SCI5TIFIC VIEW IS EASILY OBSCUR$ IF A PO9T ( VIEW FIT = A LIMIT$ AIM IS MADE ! BASIS ( ALL CONSID]ATIONS4 ,?IS IS ! CASE1 SAYS ,MA*1 0:5 ALL EXP]I5CES >E CONSID]$ AS ! EFFECTS ( AN \T] WORLD UPON \R CONSCI\SNESS4 ,AN APP>5TLY 9EXTRICABLE TANGLE ( METAPHYSICAL DIFFICULTIES RESULTS4 ,! PHANTOM DISAPPE>S DIRECTLY IF WE TAKE MATT]S 9 !IR MA!MATICAL =M1 & MAKE IT CLE> TO \RSELVES ?AT ! E/ABLI%M5T ( FUNCTIONS & RELATIONS ALONE AVAILS1 & ?AT ! MUTUAL DEP5D5CE ( EXP]I5CES IS ! ONLY ?+ WE WI% TO KN[0 7,ANALYZE D] ,EMPF9DUNG51 P4#b#h74 ,IT MI<T SEEM ?AT ,MA* H]E EXPRESSES SOME D\BTS AB\T ! EXI/5CE ( AN \T] WORLD 9DEP5D5T ( MAN4 ,9 C\NTLESS O!R S5T5CES1 H[EV]1 HE SPEAKS 9 A CLE> WAY ( SURR\ND+ NATURE 9 :I* WE HAVE TO LIVE & :I* WE HAVE TO 9VE/IGATE4 ,IT MEANS ?AT SU* AN \T] WORLD AS IS ACCEPT$ BY PHYSICS & BY ORD9>Y OP9ION1 ! WORLD ( MATT] & =CES AS PRODUC+ ! PH5OM5A1 LEADS US 9TO CONTRADICTIONS4 ,! CONTRADICTIONS CAN BE REMOV$ ONLY IF WE RETURN TO ! PH5OM5A & 9/EAD ( SPEAK+ WORDS & AB/RACT T]MS EXPRESS \R RESULTS AS RELATIONS BETWE5 OBS]VATIONS4 ,?IS IS :AT WAS AFT]W>DS CALL$ ,MA*'S PR9CIPLE3 IF WE ASK :E!R A /ATEM5T HAS A MEAN+ & :AT IS ITS MEAN+1 WE HAVE TO LOOK = :AT EXP]IM5TS MAY TE/ IT4 ,IT HAS %[N ITS IMPORTANCE 9 MOD]N TIMES1 FIR/ 9 DISCUSSIONS ON TIME & SPACE 9 ! !ORY ( RELATIVITY1 & !N 9 ! UND]/&+ ( ATOMIC & RADIATION PH5OM5A4 ,MA*'S AIM WAS TO F9D A BROAD] FIELD ( 9T]PRETATION = PHYSICAL PH5OM5A4 ,9 DAILY LIFE ! SOLID BODIES >E MO/ ADEQUATE S5SATION-COMPLEXES1 & ME*ANICS1 ! SCI5CE ( !IR MOTIONS1 WAS ! FIR/ WELL DEVELOP$ P>T ( PHYSICS4 ,BUT ?IS REASON DOES NOT JU/IFY \R E/ABLI%+ ! =M & SCI5CE ( ATOMS AS ! PATT]N = ! 5TIRE WORLD4 ,9/EAD ( EXPLA9+ HEAT1 LI<T1 ELECTRICITY1 *EMI/RY1 BIOLOGY1 ALL 9 T]MS ( SU* SMALL P>TICLES1 EV]Y REALM %\LD DEVELOP ITS [N ADEQUATE CONCEPTS4 

,YET !RE IS A C]TA9 AMBIGUITY 9 ,MA*'S EXPRESSIONS ON ! \T] WORLD1 REVEAL+ A MANIFE/ PROP5SITY T[>DS SUBJECTIVISM1 CORRESPOND+ TO ! G5]AL MY/ICAL TR5D 9 ! CAPITALI/ WORLD4 ,ESPECIALLY 9 LAT] YE>S HE LIK$ TO DISCOV] COGNATE TR5DS EV]Y:]E1 & GAVE PRAISE TO IDEALI/IC PHILOSOPHIES ?AT D5Y ! REALITY ( MATT]4 ,MA* DID NOT ELABORATE HIS VIEWS 9TO A CONCISE COH]5T SY/EM ( PHILOSOPHY ) ALL CONSEQU5CES WELL DEVELOP$4 ,HIS AIM WAS TO GIVE CRITICAL ?\<TS1 TO /IMULATE NEW IDEAS1 (T5 9 P>ADOXES %>PLY PO9T$ AGA9/ PREVAIL+ OP9IONS1 )\T C>+ :E!R ALL HIS /ATEM5TS W]E MUTUALLY CONSI/5T & ALL PROBLEMS SOLV$4 ,HIS WAS NOT A PHILOSOPH]'S M9D CON/RUCT+ A SY/EM1 BUT A SCI5TI/'S M9D1 PRES5T+ HIS IDEAS AS A P>TIAL CONTRIBUTION TO ! :OLE1 FEEL+ AS P>T ( A COLLECTIVITY ( 9VE/IGATORS1 SURE ?AT O!RS WILL CORRECT HIS ]RORS & WILL COMPLETE :AT HE LEFT UNA*IEV$4 0,! SUPREME PHILOSOPHY ( A NATURAL SCI5TI/0 HE SAYS ELSE:]E 0IS TO BE CONT5T ) AN 9COMPLETE WORLD VIEW & TO PREF] IT TO AN APP>5TLY COMPLETE BUT UNSATISFACTORY SY/EM0 7,DIE ,ME*ANIK 9 IHR] ,5TWICKLUNG1 P4#d#c#g74 

,MA*'S T5D5CY TO EMPHASIZE ! SUBJECTIVE SIDE ( EXP]I5CE APPE>S 9 ?AT ! IMM$IATELY GIV5 ELEM5TS ( ! WORLD1 :I* WE CALL PH5OM5A1 >E D5OT$ AS S5SATIONS4 ,SURELY ?IS MEANS AT ! SAME TIME A DEEP] ANALYSIS ( ! PH5OM5A2 9 ! PH5OM5ON ?AT A /ONE FALLS >E CONTA9$ A NUMB] ( VISUAL S5SATIONS COMB9$ ) ! MEMORY ( =M] VISUAL & SPATIAL S5SATIONS4 ,MA*'S ELEM5TS1 ! S5SATIONS1 MAY BE CALL$ ! SIMPLE/ CON/ITU5TS ( ! PH5OM5A4 ,BUT :5 HE SAYS3 0,?US IT IS TRUE ?AT ! WORLD CONSI/S ( \R S5SATIONS0 7,ANALYZE D] ,EMPF9DUNG51 P4#a7 HE MEANS TO PO9T TO ! SUBJECTIVE *>ACT] ( ! ELEM5TS ( ! WORLD4 ,HE DOES NOT SAY 0MY0 S5SATIONS2 SOLIPSISM 7! DOCTR9E ?AT ,I MYSELF ONLY AM EXI/+7 IS 5TIRELY =EIGN TO HIM & IS EXPRESSLY REFUT$2 0,I MYSELF0 IS ITSELF A COMPLEX ( S5SATIONS4 ,BUT :]E HE SPEAKS ( FELL[-M5 9 RELATION TO ! WORLD ( S5SATIONS1 HE IS NOT 5TIRELY CLE>4 

0,JU/ AS LITTLE AS ,I CONSID] R$ & GRE5 AS BELONG+ TO AN 9DIVIDUAL BODY1 SO LITTLE ,I MAKE AN ESS5TIAL DIFF]5CE - FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW ( G5]AL ORI5TATION - BETWE5 MY S5SATIONS & ANO!R'S S5SATIONS4 ,! SAME ELEM5TS >E MUTUALLY CONNECT$ 9 MANY 'MYSELFS' AS !IR NODAL PO9TS4 ,!SE NODAL PO9TS1 H[EV]1 >E NO?+ P]5NIAL1 !Y >ISE & DISAPPE> & *ANGE CONT9UALLY0 7,ANALYZE D] ,EMPF9DUNG51 P4#b#i#d74 

,H]E IT MU/ BE OBJECT$ ?AT 0R$0 & 0GRE50 AS BELONG+ TO MORE BODIES >E NOT ! SIMPLE S5SATIONAL ELEM5TS ( EXP]I5CE1 BUT !MSELVES ALREADY AB/RACT CONCEPTS4 ,IT SEEMS ?AT ,MA* H]E REPLACES ! AB/RACT CONCEPTS BODY & MATT] BY O!R AB/RACT CONCEPTS1 QUALITIES & COLORS1 ?AT AS REALITIES APPE> 9 MY & 9 ANO!R'S S5SATIONS4 ,& :5 HE CALLS MY S5SATION & ANO!R'S ANALOG\S S5SATION ! SAME ELEM5T1 ?IS WORD IS TAK5 9 ANO!R S5SE4 

,MA*'S !SIS ?AT ! WORLD CONSI/S ( \R S5SATIONS1 EXPRESSES ! TRU? ?AT WE KNEW ( ! WORLD ONLY ?R\< \R S5SATIONS2 !Y >E ! MAT]IALS \T ( :I* WE BUILD \R WORLD2 9 ?IS S5SE ! WORLD1 9CLUD+ MYSELF1 0CONSI/S0 ( S5SATIONS ONLY4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! EMPHASIS UPON ! SUBJECTIVE *>ACT] ( S5SATIONS REVEALS ! SAME MIDDLE-CLASS TR5D ( ?\<T ?AT WE M9D 9 O!R CONTEMPOR>Y PHILOSOPHIES4 ,IT IS EV5 MORE EVID5T :5 HE PO9TS \T ?AT !SE VIEWS MAY T5D TO OV]COME DUALISM1 ?IS ET]NAL PHILOSOPHICAL ANTI!SIS ( ! TWO WORLDS ( MATT] & M9D4 ,! PHYSICAL & ! PSY*ICAL WORLD = ,MA* CONSI/ ( ! SAME ELEM5TS1 ONLY 9 A DIFF]5T >RANGEM5T4 ,! S5SATION GRE5 9 SEE+ A LEAF1 ) O!R S5SATIONS IS AN ELEM5T ( ! MAT]IAL LEAF2 ! SAME S5SATION1 ) O!RS ( MY BODY1 MY EYE1 MY REM9ISC5CES1 IS AN ELEM5T ( 0MYSELF10 ( MY PSY*E4 

0,?US ,I SEE NO ANTI!SIS ( ! PHYSICAL & ! PSY*ICAL1 BUT ,I SEE A SIMPLE ID5TITY RELATIVE TO !SE ELEM5TS4 ,9 ! S5SUAL REALM ( MY CONSCI\SNESS EV]Y OBJECT IS PHYSICAL & PSY*ICAL AT ! SAME TIME0 7,ANALYZE D] ,EMPF9DUNG51 P#c#f74 0,NOT ! /UFF IS DIFF]5T 9 BO? REALMS1 BUT ! T5D5CY ( ! RESE>*0 7P4#a#d74 

,?US DUALISM HAS DISAPPE>$2 ! 5TIRE WORLD IS A UNITY1 CONSI/+ ( ! SELF-SAME ELEM5TS2 & !SE ELEM5TS >E NOT ATOMS BUT S5SATIONS4 ,& 9 ,]K5NTNIS UND ,IRRTUM HE ADDS 9 A FOOTNOTE 

0,!RE IS NO DIFFICULTY 9 BUILD+ UP EV]Y PHYSICAL HAPP5+ \T ( S5SATIONS1 I4E4 PSY*ICAL ELEM5TS2 BUT !RE IS NO POSSIBILITY ( SEE+ H[ \T ( ! USUAL PHYSICAL ELEM5TS1 MASSES & MOTIONS1 ANY PSY*ICAL HAPP5+ MI<T BE CON/RUCT$ 444 ,WE HAVE TO CONSID] ?AT NO?+ CAN BE OBJECT ( EXP]I5CE OR SCI5CE ?AT CANNOT BE 9 SOME WAY A P>T ( CONSCI\SNESS0 7P4#a#b74 

,H]E1 9 ?IS FOOTNOTE ADD$ LAT]1 9 #a#i#e1 ! WELL CONSID]$ EQUIVAL5CE ( BO? WORLDS1 PHYSICAL & PSY*ICAL1 ! C>EFUL NEUTRAL *>ACT]IZ+ ( ! ELEM5TS1 IS GIV5 UP BY CALL+ !M PSY*ICAL1 & ! ANTI-MAT]IALI/IC SPIRIT ( ! B\RGEOISIE BREAKS ?R\<4 ,S9CE IT IS NOT \R AIM TO CRITICIZE & TO CONTE/ BUT ONLY TO SET =? ,MA*'S VIEWS WE %ALL NOT 5T] 9TO ! TAUTOLOGY ( ! LA/ S5T5CE1 ?AT ONLY :AT IS 9 CONSCI\SNESS CAN BE CONSCI\S & ?AT H5CE ! WORLD IS SPIRITUAL4 

,! NEW 9SI<T ?AT ! WORLD IS BUILT UP \T ( S5SATIONS AS ITS ELEM5TS1 MEETS ) DIFFICULTIES1 ,MA* SAYS1 BECAUSE 9 \R UNCRITICAL Y\? WE TOOK OV] A WORLD VIEW ?AT HAD GR[N 9TUITIVELY 9 ! ?\S&S ( YE>S ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T4 ,WE MAY BREAK ITS SPELL BY CRITICALLY REPEAT+ ! PROCESS ?R\< CONSCI\S PHILOSOPHIC REASON+4 ,/>T+ ) ! MO/ SIMPLE EXP]I5CES1 ! ELEM5T>Y S5SATIONS1 WE CON/RUCT ! WORLD /EP BY /EP3 \RSELVES1 ! \T] WORLD1 \R BODY AS P>T ( ! \T] WORLD1 CONNECT$ ) \R [N FEEL+1 ACTIONS & REM9ISC5CES4 ,?US1 BY ANALOGY1 WE RECOGNIZE FELL[-M5 AS K9DR$1 & SO !IR S5SATIONS1 DISCLOS$ BY !IR SAY+S1 MAY BE US$ AS ADDITIONAL MAT]IAL 9 CON/RUCT+ ! WORLD4 ,H]E ,MA* /OPS2 FUR!R /EPS T[>D AN OBJECTIVE WORLD >E NOT MADE4 

,?AT ?IS IS NO ACCID5TAL 9COMPLET5ESS IS %[N BY ! FACT ?AT WE F9D ! SAME ?+ ) ,C>NAP1 ONE ( ! LEAD+ ?9K]S 9 MOD]N PHILOSOPHY ( SCI5CE4 ,9 HIS WORK ,D] LOGIS*E ,AUFBAU D] ,WELT 7,! LOGICAL CON/RUCTION ( ! WORLD7 HE SETS HIMSELF ! SAME TASK1 BUT MORE ?OR\<LY3 IF WE />T ) KN[+ NO?+1 HAV+ H[EV] \R FULL CAPACITY ( ?9K+1 H[ CAN WE E/ABLI% 70CON/ITUTE07 ! WORLD ) ALL ITS CONT5TS8 ,I />T ) 0MY S5SATIONS0 & MAKE !M 9TO A SY/EM ( 0SAY+S0 & 0OBJECTS0 70OBJECT0 IS ! NAME GIV5 TO EV]Y?+ AB\T :I* WE MAY UTT] A SAY+72 ?US ,I E/ABLI% PHYSICAL & PSY*ICAL 0OBJECTS0 & CON/RUCT 0! WORLD0 AS AN ORD]$ SY/EM ( MY S5SATIONS4 ,! PROBLEM ( DUALISM ( BODY & M9D1 ( MAT]IAL & SPIRITUAL1 F9DS H]E ! SAME ANSW] AS ) ,MA*3 BO? CONSI/ ( ! SAME MAT]IALS1 ! S5SATIONS1 ONLY ORD]$ 9 A DIFF]5T WAY4 ,! S5SATIONS ( FELL[-M51 ACCORD+ TO !IR /ATEM5TS1 LEAD TO A PHYSICAL WORLD EXACTLY CORRESPOND+ TO M9E4 ,SO WE CALL IT ! 09T]SUBJECTIVE WORLD10 COMMON TO ALL SUBJECTS2 ?IS IS ! WORLD ( NATURAL SCI5CE4 ,H]E ,C>NAP /OPS1 SATISFI$ ?AT DUALISM HAS BE5 REMOV$1 & ?AT ANY QUE/ AB\T ! REALITY ( ! WORLD IS N[ %[N TO BE MEAN+LESS1 BECAUSE 0REALITY0 CANNOT BE TE/$ 9 ANO!R WAY ?AN BY \R EXP]I5CE1 \R S5SATIONS4 ,SO ! *A9 ( PROGRESSIVE CON/ITUT+S IS BROK5 (F H]E4 

,IT IS EASY TO SEE ! LIMIT$NESS ( ?IS WORLD /RUCTURE4 ,IT IS NOT F9I%$4 ,! WORLD ?US CON/ITUT$ BY ,MA* & BY ,C>NAP IS A MOM5T>Y WORLD SUPPOS$ UN*ANG+4 ,! FACT ?AT ! WORLD IS 9 CONT9U\S EVOLUTION IS DISREG>D$4 ,SO WE MU/ GO ON PA/ :]E ,C>NAP /OPP$4 ,ACCORD+ TO \R EXP]I5CE PEOPLE >E BORN & DIE2 !IR S5SATIONS >ISE & DISAPPE>1 BUT ! WORLD REMA9S4 ,:5 MY S5SATIONS \T ( :I* ! WORLD WAS CON/ITUT$1 CEASE ) MY DEA?1 ! WORLD CONT9UES TO EXI/4 ,FROM ACKN[L$G$ SCI5TIFIC FACTS ,I KN[ ?AT LONG AGO !RE WAS A WORLD )\T MAN1 )\T ANY LIV+ BE+4 ,! FACTS ( EVOLUTION1 F\ND$ ON \R S5SATIONS COND5S$ 9TO SCI5CE1 E/ABLI% A PREVI\S WORLD )\T ANY S5SATIONS4 ,?US FROM AN 9T]SUBJECTIVE WORLD COMMON TO ALL MANK9D1 CON/ITUT$ AS A WORLD ( PH5OM5A BY SCI5CE1 WE PROCE$ TO ! CON/ITUTION ( AN OBJECTIVE WORLD4 ,!N ! 5TIRE WORLD VIEW *ANGES4 ,ONCE ! OBJECTIVE WORLD IS CON/ITUT$1 ALL PH5OM5A BECOME 9DEP5D5T ( OBS]V+ MAN1 AS RELATIONS BETWE5 P>TS ( ! WORLD1 ,! WORLD IS ! TOTALITY ( AN 9F9ITE NUMB] ( P>TS ACT+ UPON ANO!R2 EV]Y P>T CONSI/S 9 ! TOTALITY ( ITS ACTIONS & REACTIONS ) ! RE/1 & ALL !SE MUTUAL ACTIONS >E ! PH5OM5A1 ! OBJECT ( SCI5CE4 

,MAN ALSO IS P>T ( ! WORLD2 WE TOO >E ! TOTALITY ( \R MUTUAL 9T]ACTIONS ) ! RE/1 ! \T] WORLD4 ,\R S5SATIONS >E N[ SE5 9 A NEW LI<T2 !Y >E ! ACTIONS ( ! WORLD UPON US1 ONLY A SMALL P>T ( ALL HAPP5+S 9 ! WORLD BUT1 ( C\RSE1 ! ONLY ONES IMM$IATELY GIV5 TO US4 ,:5 N[ MAN IS BUILD+ UP ! WORLD \T ( HIS S5SATIONS1 IT IS A RECON/RUCTION 9 ! M9D ( AN ALREADY OBJECTIVELY EXI/+ WORLD4 ,AGA9 WE HAVE ! WORLD TW(OLD1 ) ALL ! PROBLEMS ( EPI/EMOLOGY1 ! !ORY ( KN[L$GE4 ,H[ !Y MAY BE SOLV$ )\T METAPHYSICS IS %[N BY ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM4 

,IF ONE ASKS :Y TWO SU* PROM95T PHILOSOPH]S ( SCI5CE OMITT$ ?IS OBVI\S /EP T[>D ! CON/ITUTION ( AN OBJECTIVE WORLD1 ! ANSW] CAN ONLY BE F\ND 9 !IR MIDDLE-CLASS WORLD VIEW4 ,!IR 9/9CTIVE T5ET IS ANTI-MAT]IALI/IC4 ,BY ADH]+ TO ! 9T]SUBJECTIVE WORLD !Y HAVE WON A MONI/IC WORLD SY/EM1 ! PHYSICAL WORLD CONSI/+ ( PSY*ICAL ELEM5TS1 SO ?AT MAT]IALISM IS REFUT$4 ,WE HAVE H]E AN 9/RUCTIVE EXAMPLE H[ CLASS VIEWS DET]M9E SCI5CE & PHILOSOPHY4 

,SUMM>IZ+ ,MA*'S IDEAS WE DI/+UI% TWO /EPS4 ,FIR/ ! PH5OM5A >E R$UC$ TO S5SATIONS EXPRESS+ !IR SUBJECTIVE *>ACT]4 ,?R\< ! DESIRE TO F9D DIRECT REALITY ONLY 9 ! S5SATIONS AS PSY*ICAL 5TITIES1 HE DOES NOT PROCE$ BY PRECISE D$UCTIONS TO AN OBJECTIVE WORLD ?AT OBVI\SLY IS MATT] ( FACT1 ?\< 9 A MY/ICAL VAGUE WAY4 ,!N COMES A SECOND /EP FROM ! WORLD ( PH5OM5A TO ! PHYSICAL WORLD4 ,:AT PHYSICS1 & BY ! POPUL> DISP]SION ( SCI5CE ALSO COMMON OP9ION1 ASSUMES AS ! REALITY ( ! WORLD - MATT]1 ATOMS1 5]GY1 NATURAL LAWS1 ! =MS ( SPACE & TIME4 MYSELF - >E ALL AB/RACTIONS FROM GR\PS ( PH5OM5A4 ,MA* COMB9ES BO? /EPS 9TO ONE BY SAY+ ?AT ?+S >E S5SATION-COMPLEXES4 

,! SECOND /EP CORRESPONDS TO ,DIETZG52 ! SIMIL>ITY H]E IS MANIFE/4 ,! DIFF]5CES >E ACC\NT$ = BY !IR DIFF]5T CLASS VIEWS4 ,DIETZG5 /OOD ON ! BASIS ( DIALECTIC MAT]IALISM1 & HIS EXPOSITIONS W]E A DIRECT CONSEQU5CE ( ,M>XISM4 ,MA*1 BORNE BY ! 9CIPI5T REACTION ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 SAW HIS TASK 9 A FUNDAM5TAL CRITICISM ( PHYSICAL MAT]IALISM BY ASS]T+ DOM9ANCE TO SOME SPIRITUAL PR9CIPLE4 ,!RE IS A DIFF]5CE1 MOREOV]1 9 P]SONALITY & AIMS4 ,DIETZG5 WAS A COMPREH5SIVE PHILOSOPH]1 EAG] TO F9D \T H[ \R BRA9S WORK2 ! PRACTICE ( LIFE & SCI5CE WAS TO HIM MAT]IAL = ! KN[L$GE ( KN[L$GE4 ,MA* WAS A PHYSICI/ :O BY HIS CRITICISMS TRIES TO IMPROVE ! WAYS 9 :I* BRA9S WORK$ 9 SCI5TIFIC 9VE/IGATIONS4 ,DIETZG5'S AIM WAS TO GIVE CLE> 9SI<T 9TO ! ROLE ( KN[L$GE 9 SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 = ! USE ( ! PROLET>IAN /RUGGLE4 ,MA*'S AIM WAS AN AMELIORATION ( ! PRACTICE ( PHYSICAL RESE>*1 = ! USE ( NATURAL SCI5CE4 

,SPEAK+ ( PRACTICE1 ,MA* EXPRESSES HIMSELF 9 DIFF]5T WAYS4 ,AT ONE TIME HE SEES NO UTILITY 9 EMPLOY+ ! ORD9>Y AB/RACTIONS3 0,WE KN[ ONLY ( S5SATIONS1 & ! ASSUMPTION ( ?OSE NUCLEI 7P>TICLES ( MATT]7 & !IR MUTUAL ACTIONS AS ! ASSIGN$ ORIG9S ( S5SATIONS1 %[S ITSELF 5TIRELY FUTILE & SUP]FLU\S0 7,ANALYZE D] ,EMPF9DUNG51 P4#a74 ,ANO!R TIME HE DOES NOT WI% TO DISCR$IT ! COMMON VIEW ( UNSOPHI/ICAT$ 0NAIVE REALISM10 BECAUSE IT R5D]S GREAT S]VICES TO MANK9D 9 !IR COMMON LIFE4 ,IT HAS GR[N AS A PRODUCT ( NATURE1 :]EAS EV]Y PHILOSOPHICAL SY/EM IS AN EPHEM]AL PRODUCT ( >T1 = TEMPOR>Y AIMS4 ,SO WE HAVE TO SEE 0:Y & TO :AT PURPOSES WE USUALLY TAKE ONE PO9T ( VIEW1 & :Y & TO :AT PURPOSE WE TEMPOR>ILY GIVE IT UP4 ,NO PO9T ( VIEW HOLDS ABSOLUTELY2 EA* IMPORTS = SPECIAL AIMS ONLY0 7,ANALYZE D] ,EMPF9DUNG51 P4#c74 

,9 ! PRACTICAL APPLICATION ( HIS VIEWS UPON PHYSICS ,MA* MET ) LITTLE SUCCESS4 ,HIS CAMPAIGN WAS *IEFLY DIRECT$ AGA9/ MATT] & ATOMS DOM9AT+ PHYSICAL SCI5CE4 ,NOT SIMPLY BECAUSE !Y >E & %\LD BE ACKN[L$G$ AS AB/RACTIONS3 0,ATOMS WE CAN OBS]VE NO:]E1 !Y >E AS EV]Y SUB/ANCE PRODUCTS ( ?\<T0 7,DIE ,ME*ANIK 9 IHR] ,5TWICKLUNG1 P4#d#f#c74 ,BUT BECAUSE !Y >E IMPRACTICAL AB/RACTIONS4 ,!Y MEAN AN ATTEMPT TO R$UCE ALL PHYSICS TO ME*ANICS1 TO ! MOTION ( SMALL P>TICLES1 0& IT IS EASY TO SEE ?AT BY ME*ANICAL HYPO!SES A REAL ECONOMY ( SCI5TIFIC ?\<T CANNOT BE A*IEV$0 7,DIE ,ME*ANIK 9 IHR] ,5TWICKLUNG1 P4#d#f#i74 ,BUT HIS CRITICISM ( HEAT AS A =M ( MOTION ( SMALL P>TICLES1 ALREADY 9 #a#h#g#c1 & ( ELECTRICITY AS A /REAM+ FLUID1 F\ND NO E*O AMONG PHYSICI/S4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y !SE EXPLANATIONS DEVELOP$ 9 EV] WID] APPLICATIONS1 & !IR CONSEQU5CES W]E CONFIRM$ EV] AGA92 ATOMIC !ORY C\LD BOA/ ( EV] MORE RESULTS & WAS EXT5D$ EV5 TO ELECTRICITY 9 ! !ORY ( ELECTRONS4 ,H5CE ! G5]ATION ( PHYSICI/S ?AT FOLL[$ HIM1 :ILE SYMPA?IZ+ ) HIS G5]AL VIEWS & ACCEPT+ !M1 DID NOT FOLL[ HIM 9 MS SPECIAL APPLICATIONS4 ,ONLY 9 ! NEW C5TURY1 :5 ATOMIC & ELECTRONIC !ORY HAD PROGRESS$ 9 A BRILLIANT DISPLAY1 & :5 ! !ORY ( RELATIVITY >OSE1 !RE APPE>$ A HO/ ( GL>+ CONTRADICTIONS 9 :I* ,MA*'S PR9CIPLES %[$ !MSELVES ! BE/ GUIDES 9 CLE>+ UP ! DIFFICULTIES4 

  

,NOTE 

#a4 ,! PHRASE 0MIDDLE CLASS0 IS H]E US$ AS A TRANSLATION = ! ,G]MAN WORD 0BURG]LI*04 ,! MORE MOD]N T]M US$ 9 ,M>XI/ DISC\RSE = ?IS CONCEPT IS 0B\RGEOIS0 7I4E4 RELAT+ TO ! CAPITALI/ OR B\RGEOIS CLASS7 9 ORD] TO DI/+UI% IT FROM ! RA!R IMPRECISE T]M 0MIDDLE CLASS01 :I* IS (T5 US$ AS A BROAD DESCRIPTION = :ITE-COLL> WORK]S1 PR(ESSIONALS1 ! SELF-EMPLOY$ ETC4 ,SIMIL>LY :5 ?IS TEXT REF]S TO 0! MIDDLE CLASS0 IT IS REF]R+ TO ! B\RGEOISIE OR CAPITALI/ CLASS4 7,NOTE BY ,M,I,A7 

O ,*APT] #e 3 ,AV5>IUS 

,! TITLE ( ,L59'S WORK ,MAT]IALISM & ,EMPIRIO-,CRITICISM IMPOSES ! NECESSITY TO TREAT H]E ! ,ZURI* PHILOSOPH] ,RI*>D ,AV5>IUS1 BECAUSE EMPIRIO-CRITICISM WAS ! NAME HE GAVE TO HIS DOCTR9E1 9 MANY P>TS T\*+ UPON ,MA*'S VIEWS4 ,9 HIS *IEF WORK ,KRITIK D] RE95 ,]FAHRUNG 7,CRITICISM ( PURE EXP]I5CE7 HE />TS FROM SIMPLE EXP]I5CE1 CONSID]S C>EFULLY :AT IS C]TA9 AB\T IT1 & !N TE/S CRITICALLY :AT MAN D]IV$ & ASSUM$ AB\T ! WORLD & HIMSELF1 :AT IS T5ABLE & JU/IFIABLE 9 IT & :AT IS NOT4 

,9 ! NATURAL WORLD VIEW1 HE EXPLA9S1 ,I F9D ! FOLL[+ ?+S4 ,I F9D MYSELF ) ?\<TS & FEEL+S )9 A SURR\ND+ WORLD2 TO !SE SURR\ND+S BELONG FELL[-M5 ACT+ & SPEAK+ AS ,I DO1 :OM !RE=E ,I ASSUME TO BE SIMIL> TO MYSELF4 ,/RICTLY SPEAK+1 ! 9T]PRETATION ( ! MOVEM5TS & S\NDS CONNECT$ ) FELL[-MAN AS HAV+ A MEAN+ JU/ AS M9E IS AN ASSUMPTION1 NOT A REAL EXP]I5CE4 ,BUT IT IS A NECESS>Y ASSUMPTION )\T :I* A REASONABLE WORLD VIEW W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE3 0! EMPIRIOCRITICAL BASIC ASSUMPTION ( HUMAN EQUALITY40 ,!N ?IS IS MY WORLD3 FIR/ MY [N /ATEM5TS1 E4G4 0,I SEE 7OR T\*7 A TREE0 7,I CALL ?IS AN OBS]VATION72 ,I F9D IT1 REPEAT$LY1 BACK AT ! SAME SPOT1 ,I DESCRIBE IT AS AN OBJECT 9 SPACE2 ,I CALL IT 0WORLD10 DI/9CT FROM MYSELF1 OR 0\T] WORLD40 ,MOREOV] ,I HAVE REMEMBRANCES 7,I CALL !M IDEAS71 SOMEH[ ANALOG\S TO OBS]VATIONS4 ,SECONDLY !RE >E FELL[-M5 AS P>T ( ! WORLD4 ,?IRDLY !RE >E /ATEM5TS ( ! FELL[-M5 DEAL+ ) ! SAME WORLD2 HE SPEAKS TO ME ( ! TREE HE1 TOO1 IS SEE+2 :AT HE SAYS CLE>LY DEP5DS ON ! 0WORLD40 ,SO F> ALL IS SIMPLE & NATURAL1 !RE IS NO?+ MORE TO HAVE ?\<TS AB\T1 NO?+ ( 9N] & \T]1 ( S\L & BODY4 

,N[1 H[EV]1 ,I SAY3 MY WORLD IS OBJECT ( ! OBS]VATION ( MY FELL[-MAN2 HE IS ! BE>] ( ! OBS]VATION1 IT IS P>T ( HMM2 ,I PUT IT 9TO HIM1 & SO ,I DO ) HIS O!R EXP]I5CES1 ?\<TS1 FEEL+S1 ( :I* ,I KN[ ?R\< HIS SAY+S4 ,I SAY ?AT HE HAS AN 0IMPRESSION0 ( ! TREE1 ?AT HE MAKES HIMSELF A 0CONCEPTION0 ( ! TREE4 ,AN IMPRESSION1 A CONCEPTION1 A S5SATION ( ANO!R P]SON1 H[EV]1 IS IMP]CEPTIBLE TO ME2 IT F9DS NO PLACE 9 MY WORLD ( EXP]I5CE4 ,BY SO DO+ ,I 9TRODUCE SOME?+ ?AT HAS A NEW *>ACT]1 ?AT CAN NEV] BE EXP]I5CE TO ME1 ?AT IS 5TIRELY =EIGN TO ALL ?AT SO F> WAS PRES5T4 ,?US MY FELL[-MAN HAS N[ GOT AN 9N] WORLD ( OBS]VATIONS1 FEEL+S1 KN[L$GE1 & AN \T] WORLD ?AT HE OBS]VES & KN[S4 ,S9CE ,I /& TO HIM AS HE /&S TO ME ,I TOO HAVE AN 9N] WORLD ( S5SATIONS & FEEL+S OPPOSITE TO ?AT :I* ,I CALL ! 0\T]0 WORLD4 ,! TREE ,I SAW & KN[ IS SPLIT 9TO A KN[L$GE & AN OBJECT4 ,?IS PROCESS IS CALL$ 09TROJECTION0 BY ,AV5>IUS2 SOME?+ IS 9TRODUC$1 9TROJECT$ 9TO MAN ?AT WAS NOT PRES5T 9 ! ORIG9AL SIMPLE EMPIRICAL WORLD CONCEPTION4 

,9TROJECTION HAS MADE A CLEAVAGE 9 ! WORLD4 ,IT IS ! PHILOSOPHICAL FALL ( MAN4 ,BE=E ! FALL HE WAS 9 A /ATE ( PHILOSOPHICAL 9NOC5CE2 HE TOOK ! WORLD AS SIMPLE1 S+LE1 AS ! S5SES %[ IT2 HE DID NOT KN[ ( BODY & S\L1 ( M9D & MATT]1 ( GOOD & EVIL4 ,! 9TROJECTION BR\<T DUALISM ) ALL ITS PROBLEMS & CONTRADICTIONS4 ,LET US LOOK AT ITS CONSEQU5CES ALREADY AT ! L[E/ /ATE ( CIVILIZATION4 ,ON ! BASIS ( EXP]I5CE 9TROJECTION TAKES PLACE NOT ONLY 9TO FELL[-MAN BUT ALSO 9TO FELL[-ANIMALS1 9TO FELL[-?+S1 9TO TREES1 ROCKS1 ETC3 ?IS IS ANIMISM4 ,WE SEE A MAN SLEEP+2 AWAK5$ HE SAYS HE WAS ELSE:]E2 SO P>T ( HIM RE/$ H]E1 P>T LEFT ! BODY TEMPOR>ILY4 ,IF IT DOES NOT RETURN1 ! FIR/ P>T IS ROTT+ AWAY1 BUT ! O!R P>T APPE>S 9 DREAMS1 <O/LY4 ,SO MAN CONSI/S ( A P]I%ABLE BODY & A NON-P]I%+ SPIRIT4 ,SU* SPIRITS ALSO LIVE 9 TREES1 9 ! AIR1 9 HEAV54 ,AT A HI<] /AGE ( CIVILIZATION ! DIRECT EXP]I5CE ( SPIRITS DISAPPE>S2 :AT IS EXP]I5C$ IS ! \T] WORLD ( S5SES2 ! 9N] SPIRITUAL WORLD IS SUP]-S5SUAL4 0,EXP]I5CE AS ?+S & EXP]I5CE AS KN[L$GE N[ /& AGA9/ ONE ANO!R1 9COMP>ABLE AS A MAT]IAL & A SPIRITUAL WORLD0 7,KRITIK D] RE95 ,]FAHRUNG1 P4#a#a74 

,9 ?IS %ORT SUMM>Y ( ,AV5>IUS'S EXPOSURE ( HIS VIEWS WE OMITT$ ONE ?+ ?AT TO HIM IS AN ESS5TIAL L9K 9 ! *A94 ,TO ! SAY+S ( ! FELL[-MAN BELONGS NOT ONLY HIMSELF & HIS BODY1 BUT BELONGS 9 P>TICUL> HIS BRA94 ,9 MY EXP]I5CE1 ,AV5>IUS SAYS1 ,I HAVE ?REE DEP5D5CIES3 BETWE5 ! SAY+S ( MAN & HIS \T] WORLD1 BETWE5 HIS BRA9 & ! \T] WORLD1 & BETWE5 HIS BRA9 & HIS SAY+S4 ,! SECOND IS A PHYSICAL RELATION1 P>T ( ! LAW ( 5]GY2 ! O!R TWO BELONG TO LOGIC4 

,AV5>IUS N[ PROCE$S FIR/ TO CRITICIZE & !N TO ELIM9ATE 9TROJECTION4 ,?AT ACTIONS & SAY+S ( FELL[-M5 >E RELAT$ TO ! \T] WORLD IS MY EXP]I5CE4 ,:5 ,I 9TRODUCE IT AS IDEAS 9TO HIM1 IT IS 9TO HIS BRA9 ?AT ,I 9TRODUCE !M4 ,BUT NO ANATOMICAL SECTION CAN DISCLOSE !M4 0,WE CANNOT F9D ANY *>ACT]I/IC 9 ! ?\<T OR 9 ! BRA9 TO %[ ?AT ?\<T IS A P>T OR *>ACT] ( ! BRA90 7,KRITIK D] RE95 ,]FAHRUNG1 P4#a#b#e74 ,MAN CAN SAY TRULY3 ,I HAVE BRA92 I4E4 TO ! COMPLEX CALL$ 0MYSELF0 BRA9 BELONGS AS A P>T2 HE CAN SAY TRULY3 ,I HAVE ?\<TS1 I4E4 TO ! COMPLEX 0MYSELF0 ?\<TS BELONG AS A P>T4 ,BUT ?AT DOES NOT IMPLY ?AT MY BRA9 HAVE !SE ?\<TS4 0,?\<T IS ?\<T ( MYSELF1 BUT NOT !RE=E ?\<T ( MY BRA90 7,KRITIK D] RE95 ,]FAHRUNG1 P4#a#c#a7 0,BRA9 IS NO LODG+ OR SITE1 NO PRODUC]1 NO 9/RUM5T OR ORGAN1 NO BE>] OR SUB/RATUM1 ETC41 ( ?9K+ 444 ,?9K+ IS NO RESID5T OR COMM&]1 NO O!R SIDE1 NO PRODUCT EI!R1 NOT EV5 A PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION ( ! BRA90 7,KRITIK D] RE95 ,]FAHRUNG1 P4#a#c#b74 

,?IS IMPOS+ 5UM]ATION ( USUAL PSY*OLOGICAL /ATEM5TS DISCLOSES :Y ! BRA9 WAS 9TRODUC$4 ,TO REFUTE \R 9TROJECTION ( A M5TAL WORLD 9TO FELL[-MAN1 ,AV5>IUS EMPHASIZES ?AT ITS PLACE W\LD !N BE ! BRA91 & ! BRA9 :5 ANATOMICALLY DISSECT$ DOES NOT %[ IT4 ,ELSE:]E HE SAYS3 9TROJECTION MEANS ?AT MY ?9K+ PUTS ITSELF AT ! PLACE ( FELL[-MAN1 H5CE MY ?9K+ COMB9ES ) HIS BRA91 :I* CAN BE DONE ONLY 9 FANTASY1 NOT REALLY4 ,AS >GUM5TS TO S]VE AS ! BASIS ( A PHILOSOPHICAL SY/EM !Y >E RA!R >TIFICIAL & UNCONV9C+4 ,:AT IS TRUE & IMPORTANT IS ! DISCLOSURE ( ! FACT ( 9TROJECTION1 ! DEMON/RATION ?AT 9 \R ASSUMPTION ?AT ! WORLD ( FELL[-MAN IS ! SAME K9D ( ?+ AS MY [N1 ,I 9TRODUCE A SECOND WORLD ( FANTASY ( ANO!R *>ACT]1 5TIRELY \TSIDE MY EXP]I5CE4 ,IT CORRESPONDS PO9T = PO9T ) MY [N2 ITS 9TRODUCTION IS NECESS>Y2 BUT IT MEANS A D\BL+ ( ! WORLD1 OR RA!R A MULTIPLICATION ( WORLDS NOT DIRECTLY ACCESSIBLE TO ME1 NO POSSIBLE P>T ( MY WORLD ( EXP]I5CE4 

,N[ ,AV5>IUS SEES AS HIS TASK ! BUILD+ UP ( A WORLD-/RUCTURE FREE FROM 9TROJECTION1 BY MEANS ( ! SIMPLE DATA ( EXP]I5CE4 ,9 HIS EXPOSITION HE F9DS IT NECESS>Y TO 9TRODUCE A SPECIAL SY/EM ( NEW NAMES1 *>ACT]S & FIGURES ) ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS TO DESIGNATE \R ORD9>Y CONCEPTS4 ,! LAUDABLE 9T5TION IS ?IS2 NOT TO BE L$ A/RAY BY 9/9CTIVE ASSOCIATIONS & MEAN+S CONNECT$ ) ORD9>Y LANGUAGE4 ,BUT ! RESULT IS AN APPE>ANCE ( PR(\NDNESS ) AN AB/RUSE T]M9OLOGY ?AT NE$S TO BE BACK-TRANSLAT$ 9TO \R USUAL T]MS IF WE WANT TO UND]/& ITS MEAN+S1 & IS A S\RCE ( EASY MISUND]/&+S4 ,HIS >GUM5T EXPRESS$ ?US BY HIMSELF 9 A F> MORE 9TRICATE WAY1 MAY BE SUMM>IZ$ AS FOLL[S3 

,WE F9D \RSELVES1 A RELATIVE CON/ANT1 AMID A *ANG+ MULTITUDE ( UNITS D5OT$ AS 0TREES10 0FELL[-M510 ETC41 :I* %[ MANY MUTUAL RELATIONS1 0,MYSELF0 & 0SURR\ND+S0 >E F\ND BO? AT ! SAME TIME 9 ! SAME EXP]I5CE2 WE CALL !M 0C5TRAL-P>T0 & 0C\NT]-P>T0 7,Z5TRALGLI$ UND ,GEG5GLI$74 ,?AT MY FELL[-MAN HAS ?\<TS1 EXP]I5CES & A WORLD JU/ AS ,I HAVE1 IS EXPRESS$ 9 ! /ATEM5T ?AT P>T ( MY SURR\ND+S IS C5TRAL-P>T ITSELF4 ,:5 9 HIS BRA9 V>IATIONS TAKE PLACE 7!Y BELONG TO MY WORLD ( EXP]I5CE71 !N PH5OM5A OCCUR 9 HIS WORLD2 HIS SAY+S AB\T !M >E DET]M9$ BY PROCESSES 9 HIS BRA9S4 ,9 MY WORLD ( EXP]I5CE ! \T] WORLD DET]M9ES ! *ANGE 9 HIS BRA9 7A NEUROLOGICAL FACT72 NOT MY OBS]V$ TREE DET]M9ES HIS OBS]VATION 7SITUAT$ 9 ANO!R WORLD71 BUT ! *ANGES CAUS$ BY ! TREE 9 HIS BRA9 7BO? BELONG+ TO MY WORLD7 DET]M9E HIS OBS]VATION4 ,N[ MY SCI5TIFIC EXP]I5CE DECL>ES MY BRA9 & HIS BRA9 TO *ANGE 9 ! SAME WAY ?R\< IMPRESSIONS ( ! \T] WORLD2 H5CE ! RESULT+ 0HIS WORLD0 & MY WORLD MU/ BE ( ! SAME /UFF4 ,SO ! NATURAL WORLD CONCEPTION IS RE/OR$ )\T ! NE$ ( 9TROJECTION4 ,! >GUM5T COMES D[N TO ?IS ?AT \R PRACTICE ( ASSUM+ SIMIL> ?\<TS & CONCEPTIONS AS \R [N 9 FELL[-M51 :I* %\LD BE ILLICIT NOT)/&+ \R SPIRITUAL 9T]C\RSE1 %\LD BECOME VALID AS SOON AS WE MAKE A DET\R ALONG ! MAT]IAL BRA9S4 ,TO :I* MU/ BE REM>K$ ?AT NEUROLOGY MAY ASSUME AS A VALID !ORY ?AT ! \T] WORLD PRODUCES ! SAME *ANGES 9 MY BRA9 & 9 ANO!R MAN'S2 BUT ?AT1 /RICTLY KEEP+ TO MY EXP]I5CE1 ,I HAVE NEV] OBS]V$ IT & NEV] CAN OBS]VE IT4 

,AV5>IUS'S IDEAS HAVE NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ,DIETZG52 !Y DO NOT DEAL ) ! CONNECTION BETWE5 KN[L$GE & EXP]I5CE4 ,!Y >E COGNATE TO ,MA*'S 9 ?AT BO? PROCE$ FROM EXP]I5CE1 DISSOLVE ! 5TIRE WORLD 9TO EXP]I5CE & BELIEVE ?US TO HAVE DONE AWAY ) DUALISM4 

0,IF WE KEEP 'COMPLETE EXP]I5CE' FREE FROM ALL ADULT]ATION1 \R WORLD-CONCEPTION WILL BE FREE FROM ALL METAPHYSICAL DUALISM4 ,TO !SE ELIM9AT$ DUALISMS BELONG ! ABSOLUTE ANTI!SIS ( 'BODY' & 'M9D1' ( 'MATT]' & 'SPIRIT1' 9 %ORT ( PHYSICAL & PSY*ICAL0 7P4#a#a#h74 0,?+S PHYSICAL1 MATT] 9 ITS METAPHYSICAL ABSOLUTE S5SE F9DS NO PLACE 9 PURIFI$ 'COMPLETE EXP]I5CE1' BECAUSE 'MATT]' 9 ?IS CONCEPTION IS ONLY AN AB/RACTUM1 9DICAT+ ! 5TIRETY ( C\NT]-P>TS :5 AB/RACTION IS MADE ( ALL 'C5TRAL-P>TS'0 7,BEM]KUNG5 ZUM ,BEGRIFF DES ,GEG5/&ES D] ,PSY*OLOGIE1 P4#a#a#i74 

,?IS IS ANALOG\S TO ,MA*2 BUT IT IS DIFF]5T FROM ,MA* 9 BE+ BUILT \T 9TO A F9I%$ & CLOS$ SY/EM4 ,! EQUALITY ( ! EXP]I5CE ( FELL[-MAN1 SETTL$ BY ,MA* 9 A FEW WORDS1 IS A MO/ DIFFICULT PIECE ( WORK TO ,AV5>IUS4 ,! NEUTRAL *>ACT] ( ! ELEM5TS ( EXP]I5CE IS PO9T$ \T ) MORE PRECISION BY ,AV5>IUS2 !Y >E NOT S5SATIONS1 NO?+ PSY*ICAL1 BUT SIMPLY SOME?+ 0F\ND PRES5T0 7,VORGEFUND5ES74 

,SO HE OPPOSES PREVAIL+ PSY*OLOGY1 ?AT =M]LY DEALT ) ! 0S\L10 AFT]W>DS ) 0PSY*IC FUNCTIONS10 BECAUSE IT PROCE$S FROM ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! OBS]V$ WORLD IS AN IMAGE )9 US4 ,?IS1 HE SAYS1 IS NOT A 0?+ F\ND PRES5T10 & NEI!R CAN IT BE DISCLOS$ FROM :AT IS 0F\ND PRES5T40 

0,:]EAS ,I LEAVE ! TREE BE=E ME AS SOME?+ SE5 9 ! SAME RELATION TO ME1 AS A ?+ 'F\ND PRES5T' TO ME1 PREVAIL+ PSY*OLOGY PUTS ! TREE AS 'SOME?+ SE5' 9TO MAN1 ESPECIALLY 9TO HIS BRA90 7,BEM]KUNG5 ZUM ,BEGRIFF DES ,GEG5/&ES D] ,PSY*OLOGIE1 P4#d#e ,NOTE74 ,9TROJECTION CREAT$ ?IS FALSE OBJECT ( PSY*OLOGY2 IT *ANG$ 0BE=E ME0 9TO 09 ME10 :AT IS 0F\ND PRES5T0 9TO :AT IS 0IMAG9$ 0 IT MADE 0P>T ( 7REAL7 SURR\ND+S0 9TO 0P>T ( 7IDEAL7 ?9K+40 

,= ,AV5>IUS1 9/EAD1 ! MAT]IAL *ANGES 9 ! BRA9 >E ! BASIS ( PSY*OLOGY4 ,HE PROCE$S FROM ! !SIS TAK5 OV] FROM ! SPECIAL SCI5CE ( PHYSIOLOGY ?AT ALL ACTION ( ! SURR\ND+S PRODUCES *ANGES 9 ! BRA9 & ?AT !SE PRODUCE ?\<TS & SAY+S - & ?IS C]TA9LY LIES \TSIDE DIRECT EXP]I5CE4 ,IT IS A CURI\S FACT ?AT ,MA* & ,C>NAP TOO SPEAK ( OBS]V+ 7IDEALLY1 NOT REALLY7 ! BRA9 7BY PHYSICAL OR *EMICAL ME?ODS1 OR BY A 0BRA9-MIRROR07 TO SEE :AT HAPP5S !RE 9 CONNECTION ) S5SATIONS & ?\<TS4 ,IT SEEMS ?AT MIDDLE-CLASS.<#a.> !ORY ( KN[L$GE CANNOT DO )\T HAV+ REC\RSE TO ?IS MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION4 ,AV5>IUS IS ! MO/ RADICAL 9 ?IS RESPECT2 = HIM PSY*OLOGY IS ! SCI5CE ( ! DEP5D5CE ( BEHAVIOR UPON ! BRA92 :AT BELONGS TO ! ACTIONS ( MAN IS NOT PSY*ICAL BUT PHYSIOLOGICAL1 M]E BRA9 PROCESSES4 ,:5 WE SPEAK ( IDEAS & IDEOLOGIES1 EMPIRIO-CRITICISM SPEAKS ( *ANGES 9 ! C5TRAL N]V\S SY/EM4 ,! /UDY ( ! GREAT WORLD-MOV+ IDEAS 9 ! HI/ORY ( MANK9D TURNS 9TO ! /UDY ( !IR N]V\S SY/EMS4 ,?US EMPIRIO-CRITICISM /&S CLOSE TO MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM ?AT ALSO1 9 ! PROBLEM ( ! DET]M9ATION ( IDEAS BY ! SURR\ND+ WORLD1 APPEALS TO BRA9-MATT]1 ,9 COMP>+ ,AV5>IUS ) ,HAECKEL WE %\LD RA!R CALL HIM ,HAECKEL REV]S$4 ,BO? CAN UND]/& M9D ONLY AS AN ATTRIBUTE ( ! BRA92 S9CE M9D & MATT]1 H[EV]1 >E FUNDAM5TALLY DISP>ATE1 ,HAECKEL ATTRIBUTES A P>TICLE ( M9D TO EV]Y ATOM1 :]EAS ,AV5>IUS 5TIRELY DISP5SES ) ! M9D AS A SPECIAL SOME?+4 ,BUT !RE=E ! WORLD = HIM TAKES 9/EAD ! SOME:AT %AD[Y *>ACT] - FRI<T5+ TO MAT]IALI/S & OP5+ ! GATE TO IDEOLOGICAL 9T]PRETATIONS - ( CONSI/+ ( 0MY EXP]I5CE0 ONLY4 

,RI<T AS ,AV5>IUS MAY BE ?AT IT IS NOT /RICTLY EXP$5CE1 ! EQUALIZATION ( FELL[-M5 ) \RSELVES & ! ID5TITY ( !IR WORLD ) \RS IS AN 9EVITABLY NATURAL AFFAIR1 :ATEV] K9D ( SPIRITUAL OR MAT]IAL T]MS >E US$ TO EXPRESS IT4 ,! PO9T IS AGA9 ?AT MIDDLE-CLASS PHILOSOPHY WANTS TO CRITICIZE & CORRECT HUMAN ?9K+ 9/EAD ( TRY+ TO UND]/& IT AS A NATURAL PROCESS4 

,9 ?IS CONTEXT A G5]AL REM>K MU/ BE MADE4 ,! ESS5TIAL *>ACT] 9 ,MA* & ,AV5>IUS1 AS 9 MO/ MOD]N PHILOSOPH]S ( SCI5CE1 IS ?AT !Y />T FROM P]SONAL EXP]I5CE4 ,IT IS !IR ONLY BASIS ( C]TA9LY2 TO IT !Y GO BACK :5 ASK$ :AT IS TRUE4 ,:5 FELL[-M5 5T] 9TO ! PLAY1 A K9D ( !ORETICAL UNC]TA9TY APPE>S1 & ) DIFFICULT REASON+S !IR EXP]I5CE MU/ BE R$UC$ TO \RS4 ,WE HAVE H]E AN EFFECT ( ! /RONG 9DIVIDUALISM ( ! MIDDLE-CLASS WORLD4 .<#a.> ,! MIDDLE-CLASS 9DIVIDUAL 9 HIS /RONG FEEL+ ( P]SONALITY HAS LO/ SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS2 HE DOES NOT KN[ H[ 5TIRELY HE IS A SOCIAL BE+4 ,9 EV]Y?+ ( HIMSELF1 9 HIS BODY1 HIS M9D1 HIS LIFE1 HIS ?\<TS1 HIS FEEL+1 9 HIS MO/ SIMPLE EXP]I5CES HE IS A PRODUCT ( SOCIETY1 HUMAN SOCIETY MADE !M ALL :AT !Y >E4 ,:AT IS CONSID]$ A PURELY P]SONAL S5SATION3 ,I SEE A TREE - CAN 5T] 9TO CONSCI\SNESS ONLY ?R\< ! DI/9CTNESS GIV5 TO IT BY NAMES4 ,)\T ! 9H]IT$ WORDS TO 9DICATE ?+S & SPECIES1 ACTIONS & CONCEPTS1 ! S5SATION C\LD NOT BE EXPRESS$ & CONCEIV$4 ,\T ( ! 9DI/9CTIVE MASS ( ! WORLD ( IMPRESSIONS ! IMPORTANT P>TS COME =W>D ONLY :5 !Y >E D5OT$ BY S\NDS & ?US BECOME SEP>AT$ FROM ! UNIMPORTANT MASS4 ,:5 ,C>NAP CON/RUCTS ! WORLD ) \T US+ ! OLD NAMES1 HE /ILL MAKES USE ( HIS CAPACITY ( AB/RACT ?9K+4 ,AB/RACT ?9K+1 H[EV]1 BY MEANS ( CONCEPTS1 IS NOT POSSIBLE )\T SPEE*2 SPEE* & AB/RACT ?9K+ DEVELOP$ TOGE!R AS A PRODUCT ( SOCIETY4 

,SPEE* C\LD NEV] HAVE ORIG9AT$ )\T HUMAN SOCIETY = :I* IT IS AN ORGAN ( MUTUAL COMMUNICATION4 ,IT C\LD DEVELOP 9 A SOCIETY ONLY1 AS AN 9/RUM5T 9 ! PRACTICAL ACTIVITY ( MAN4 ,?IS ACTIVITY IS A SOCIAL PROCESS ?AT AS ! DEEPE/ F\NDATION UND]LIES ALL MY EXP]I5CES4 ,! ACTIVITY ( FELL[-MAN1 9CLUSIVE HIS SPEAK+1 ,I EXP]I5CE AS CO-NATURAL ) MY ACTIVITY BECAUSE !Y >E P>TS ( ONE COMMON ACTIVITY2 ?US WE KN[ \R SIMIL>ITY4 ,MAN IS FIR/ AN ACTIVE BE+1 A WORK]1 ,TO LIVE HE MU/ EAT1 I4E4 HE MU/ SEIZE & ASSIMILATE O!R ?+S2 HE MU/ SE>*1 FI<T1 CONQU]4 ,?IS ACTION UPON ! WORLD1 A LIFE-NECESSITY1 DET]M9ES HIS ?9K+ & FEEL+1 BECAUSE IT IS HIS *IEF LIFE CONT5T & =MS ! MO/ ESS5TIAL P>T ( HIS EXP]I5CES4 ,IT WAS FROM ! FIR/ A COLLECTIVE ACTIVITY1 A SOCIAL LABOR PROCESS4 ,SPEE* ORIG9AT$ AS P>T ( ?IS COLLECTIVE PROCESS1 AS AN 9DISP5SABLE M$IATOR 9 ! COMMON WORK1 & AT ! SAME TIME AS AN 9/RUM5T ( REFLEXIVE ?9K+ NE$$ 9 ! H&L+ ( TOOLS1 !MSELVES PRODUCTS ( COLLECTIVE WORK+4 ,9 SU* A WAY ! 5TIRE WORLD ( EXP]I5CE ( MAN BE>S A SOCIAL *>ACT]4 ,! SIMPLE 0NATURAL WORLD VIEW0 TAK5 BY ,AV5>IUS & O!R PHILOSOPH]S AS !IR />T+ PO9T1 IS NOT ! SPONTANE\S VIEW ( A PRIMITIVE S+LE MAN BUT1 9 PHILOSOPHICAL G>B1 ! \TCOME ( A HI<LY DEVELOP$ SOCIETY4 

,SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T HAS1 ?R\< ! 9CREAS+ DIVISION ( LABOR1 DISSECT$ & SEP>AT$ :AT BE=E WAS A UNIT4 ,SCI5TI/S & PHILOSOPH]S HAVE ! SPECIAL TASK ( 9VE/IGAT+ & REASON+ SO ?AT !IR SCI5CE & !IR CONCEPTIONS MAY PLAY !IR ROLE 9 ! TOTAL PROCESS ( PRODUCTION-N[ ! ROLE *IEFLY ( SUPPORT+ & /R5G!N+ ! EXI/+ SOCIAL SY/EM4 ,CUT (F FROM ! ROOT ( LIFE1 ! SOCIAL PROCESS ( LABOR1 !Y HANG 9 ! AIR & HAVE TO RESORT TO >TIFICIAL REASON+S TO F9D A BASIS4 ,?US ! PHILOSOPH] />TS ) IMAG9+ HIMSELF ! ONLY BE+ ON E>? & SUSPICI\SLY ASKS :E!R HE CAN DEMON/RATE HIS [N EXI/5CE2 TILL HE IS HAPPILY REASSUR$ BY ,DESC>TES 0,I ?9K1 SO ,I EXI/40 ,!N ALONG A *A9 ( LOGICAL D$UCTIONS HE PROCE$S TO ASC]TA9 ! EXI/5CE ( ! WORLD & ( FELL[-M52 & SO ! SELF-EVID5T COMES \T ALONG A WIDE DET\R - IF IT COMES \T4 ,= ! MIDDLE-CLASS PHILOSOPH] DOES NOT FEEL ! NECESSITY TO FOLL[ UP TO ! LA/ CONSEQU5CES1 TO MAT]IALISM1 & HE PREF]S TO /AY SOME:]E 9-BETWE51 EXPRESS+ ! WORLD 9 IDEOLOGICAL T]MS4 

,SO ?IS IS ! DIFF]5CE3 MIDDLE-CLASS PHILOSOPHY LOOKS = ! S\RCE ( KN[L$GE 9 P]SONAL M$ITATION1 ,M>XISM F9DS IT 9 SOCIAL LABOR4 ,ALL CONSCI\SNESS1 ALL SPIRITUAL LIFE ( MAN1 EV5 ( ! MO/ LONELY H]MIT1 IS A COLLECTIVE PRODUCT1 HAS BE5 MADE & %AP$ BY ! WORK+ COMMUNITY ( MANK9D4 ,?\< 9 ! =M ( P]SONAL CONSCI\SNESS - BECAUSE MAN IS A BIOLOGICAL 9DIVIDUAL - IT CAN EXI/ ONLY AS P>T ( ! :OLE4 ,PEOPLE CAN HAVE EXP]I5CES ONLY AS SOCIAL BE+S2 ?\< ! CONT5TS >E P]SONALLY DIFF]5T1 9 !IR ESS5CE EXP]I5CES >E SUP]-P]SONAL1 SOCIETY BE+ !IR SELF-EVID5T BASIS4 ,?US ! OBJECTIVE WORLD ( PH5OM5A :I* LOGICAL ?\<T CON/RUCTS \T ( ! DATA ( EXP]I5CE1 IS FIR/ & =EMO/1 BY ITS ORIG9 ALREADY1 COLLECTIVE EXP]I5CE ( MANK9D4 

  

,NOTE 

#a4 ,! PHRASE 0MIDDLE-CLASS0 IS H]E US$ AS A TRANSLATION = ! ,G]MAN WORD 0BURG]LI*04 ,! MORE MOD]N T]M US$ 9 ,M>XI/ DISC\RSE = ?IS CONCEPT IS 0B\RGEOIS0 7I4E4 RELAT+ TO ! CAPITALI/ OR B\RGEOIS CLASS7 9 ORD] TO DI/+UI% IT FROM ! RA!R IMPRECISE T]M 0MIDDLE CLASS01 :I* IS (T5 US$ AS A BROAD DESCRIPTION = :ITE-COLL> WORK]S1 PR(ESSIONALS1 ! SELF-EMPLOY$ ETC4 ,SIMIL>LY :5 ?IS TEXT REF]S TO 0! MIDDLE CLASS0 IT IS REF]R+ TO ! B\RGEOISIE OR CAPITALI/ CLASS4 7,NOTE BY ,M,I,A7 

O ,*APT] #f 3 ,L59 

,H[ ,MA*'S IDEA C\LD ACQUIRE IMPORTANCE 9 ! ,RUSSIAN SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 MAY BE UND]/OOD FROM SOCIAL CONDITIONS4 ,! Y\NG ,RUSSIAN 9TELLIG5TSIA1 [+ TO ! B>B>\S PRE-CAPITALI/ CONDITIONS1 HAD NOT YET1 AS 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 F\ND ITS SOCIAL FUNCTION 9 ! S]VICE ( A B\RGEOISIE4 ,SO IT HAD TO ASPIRE = ! D[NFALL ( ,CZ>ISM1 & TO JO9 ! SOCIALI/ P>TY4 ,AT ! SAME TIME IT /OOD 9 SPIRITUAL 9T]C\RSE ) ! ,WE/]N 9TELLECTUALS & SO TOOK P>T 9 ! SPIRITUAL TR5DS ( ! ,WE/]N WORLD4 ,?US IT WAS 9EVITABLE ?AT EF=TS %\LD BE MADE TO COMB9E !M ) ,M>XISM4 

,( C\RSE ,L59 HAD TO OPPOSE !SE T5D5CIES4 ,M>XIAN !ORY1 9DE$1 CAN GA9 NO?+ ESS5TIAL FROM ,MA*4 ,9S(> AS A BETT] UND]/&+ ( HUMAN ?9K+ IS NE$$ = SOCIALI/S1 ?IS CAN BE F\ND 9 ,DIETZG5'S WORK4 ,MA* WAS SIGNIFICANT BECAUSE HE D$UC$ ANALOG\S IDEAS \T ( ! PRACTICES ( NATURAL SCI5CE1 = ! USE ( SCI5TI/S4 ,9 :AT HE HAS 9 COMMON ) ,DIETZG51 ! R$UCTION ( ! WORLD TO EXP]I5CE1 HE /OPP$ MIDWAY & GAVE1 IMBU$ ) ! ANTI-MAT]IALI/ TR5DS ( HIS TIME1 A VAGUE IDEALI/IC =M TO HIS NEWS4 ,?IS C\LD NOT BE GRAFT$ UPON ,M>XISM4 ,H]E ,M>XI/ CRITICISM WAS NE$$4 

  

,! ,CRITICISM 

,L591 H[EV] 9 ATTACK+ ,MA*1 FROM ! />T PRES5TS ! ANTAGONISM 9 A WRONG WAY4 ,PROCE$+ FROM A QUOTATION ( ,5GELS1 HE SAYS3 

0,BUT ! QUE/ION H]E IS NOT ( ?IS OR ?AT =MULATION ( MAT]IALISM1 BUT ( ! OPPOSITION ( MAT]IALISM TO IDEALISM1 ( ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! TWO FUNDAM5TAL L9ES 9 PHILOSOPHY4 ,>E WE TO PROCE$ FROM ?+S TO S5SATION & ?\<T8 ,OR >E WE TO PROCE$ FROM ?\<T & S5SATION TO ?+S8 ,! FIR/ L9E1 I4E41 ! MAT]IALI/ L9E1 IS ADOPT$ BY ,5GELS4 ,! SECOND L9E1 I4E41 ! IDEALI/ L9E1 IS ADOPT$ BY ,MA*0 7#c#c-#d74 .<#a.> 

,IT IS AT ONCE CLE> ?AT ?IS IS NOT ! TRUE EXPRESSION ( ! ANTI!SIS4 ,ACCORD+ TO MAT]IALISM ! MAT]IAL WORLD PRODUCES ?\<T1 CONSCI\SNESS1 M9D1 ALL ?+S SPIRITUAL4 ,?AT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! SPIRITUAL PRODUCES ! MAT]IAL WORLD1 IS TAU<T BY RELIGION1 IS F\ND ) ,HEGEL1 BUT IS NOT ,MA*'S OP9ION4 ,! EXPRESSION 0TO PROCE$ FROM 444 TO0 IS US$ TO 9T]MIX TWO QUITE DIFF]5T MEAN+S4 ,PROCE$+ FROM ?+S TO S5SATIONS & ?\<T MEANS3 ?+S CREATE ?\<TS4 ,PROCE$+ - NOT FROM ?\<TS TO ?+S1 AS ,L59 WRONGLY IMPUTES TO ,MA* BUT - FROM S5SATIONS TO ?+S1 MEANS ?AT ONLY ?R\< S5SATIONS WE >RIVE AT ! KN[L$GE ( ?+S4 ,!IR 5TIRE EXI/5CE IS BUILT UP \T ( S5SATIONS2 TO EMPHASIZE ?IS TRU? ,MA* SAYS3 !Y CONSI/ ( S5SATIONS4 

,H]E ! ME?OD FOLL[$ BY ,L59 9 HIS CONTROV]SY MAKES ITS APPE>ANCE HE TRIES TO ASSIGN TO ,MA* OP9IONS DIFF]5T FROM ! REAL ONES4 ,ESPECIALLY ! DOCTR9E ( SOLIPSISM4 ,?US HE CONT9UES3 

0,NO EVASIONS1 NO SOPHISMS 7A MULTITUDE ( :I* WE %ALL YET 5C\NT]7 CAN REMOVE ! CLE> & 9DISPUTABLE FACT ?AT ,]N/ ,MA*'S DOCTR9E ( ?+S AS COMPLEXES ( S5SATIONS 9 SUBJECTIVE IDEALISM & A SIMPLE REHA% ( ,B]KELEIANISM4 ,IF BODIES >E 'COMPLEXES ( S5SATIONS1' AS ,MA* SAYS1 OR 'COMB9ATIONS ( S5SATIONS1' AS ,B]KELEY SAID1 IT 9EVITABLY FOLL[S ?AT ! :OLE WORLD IS BUT MY IDEA4 ,/>T+ FROM SU* A PREMISE IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO >RIVE AT ! EXI/5CE ( O!R PEOPLE BESIDES ONESELF3 IT IS ! PURE/ SOLIPSISM4 ,MU* AS ,MA*1 ,AV5>IUS1 ,PETZOLDT & ! O!RS MAY ABJURE SOLIPSISM1 !Y CANNOT 9 FACT ESCAPE SOLIPSISM )\T FALL+ 9TO H[L+ LOGICAL ABSURDITIES40 7#c#d7 

,N[1 IF ANY?+ CAN BE ASS]T$ BEYOND ANY D\BT AB\T ,MA* & ,AV5>IUS1 IT IS ?AT !IR OP9IONS >E NOT SOLIPSISM FELL[-M5 SIMIL> TO MYSELF1 D$UC$ ) MORE OR LESS /R+5T LOGIC1 >E ! BASIS ( !IR WORLD CONCEPTION4 ,L591 H[EV]1 MANIFE/LY DOES NOT C>E AB\T :AT ,MA* REALLY ?9KS1 BUT AB\T :AT HE %\LD ?9K IF HIS LOGIC W]E ID5TICAL ) ,L59'S4 

0,FROM :I* !RE IS ONLY ONE POSSIBLE 9F]5CE1 NAMELY ?AT ! 'WORLD CONSI/S ONLY ( MY S5SATIONS4' ,! WORD '\R' EMPLOY$ BY ,MA* 9/EAD ( 'MY' IS EMPLOY$ ILLEGITIMATELY40 7#c#f7 

,?AT 9DE$ IS AN EASY WAY ( >GU+3 :AT ,I WRITE D[N AS ! OP9ION ( MY ADV]S>Y HE REPLACES UNJU/IFIABLY BY :AT HE WROTE D[N HIMSELF4 ,L591 MOREOV]1 KN[S QUITE WELL ?AT ,MA* SPEAKS ( ! OBJECTIVE REALITY ( ! WORLD1 & HIMSELF GIVES NUM]\S QUOTATIONS TO ?AT EFFECT4 ,BUT HE DOES NOT LET HIMSELF BE DECEIV$ AS SO MANY O!RS W]E DECEIV$ BY ,MA*4 

0,SIMIL>LY1 EV5 ,MA* 444 FREQU5TLY /RAYS 9TO A MAT]IALI/ 9T]PRETATION ( ! WORD EXP]I5CE 444 7#a#g#a74 ,H]E NATURE IS TAK5 AS PRIM>Y & S5SATION & EXP]I5CE AS PRODUCTS4 ,HAD ,MA* CONSI/5TLY ADH]$ TO HIS PO9T ( VIEW 9 ! M5TAL QUE/IONS ( EPI/EMOLOGY 444 ,MA*'S SPECIAL 'PHILOSOPHY' IS H]E ?R[N OV]BO>D1 & ! AU?OR 9/9CTIVELY ACCEPTS ! CU/OM>Y /&PO9T ( ! SCI5TI/S40 7#a#g#b7 

,W\LD IT NOT HAVE BE5 BETT] IF HE HAD TRI$ TO UND]/& 9 :AT S5SE IT WAS ?AT ,MA* ASSUMES ?AT ?+S CONSI/ ( S5SATIONS8 

,! 0ELEM5TS0 ALSO >E AN OBJECT ( DIFFICULTY TO ,L594 ,HE SUMM>IZES ,MA*'S OP9ION ON ! ELEM5TS 9 SIX !SES1 AMONG :I* WE F9D1 9 NUMB]S #c & #d3 

0,ELEM5TS >E DIVID$ 9TO ! PHYSICAL & ! PSY*ICAL3 ! LATT] IS ?AT :I* DEP5DS ON ! HUMAN N]VES & ! HUMAN ORGANISM G5]ALLY2 ! =M] DOES NOT DEP5D ON !M3 ! CONNECTION ( PHYSICAL ELEM5TS & ! CONNECTION ( PSY*ICAL ELEM5TS1 IT IS DECL>$1 DO NOT EXI/ SEP>ATELY FROM EA* O!R !Y EXI/ ONLY 9 CONJUNCTION40 7#d#i7 

,ANYBODY1 EV5 IF ACQUA9T$ ONLY SUP]FICIALLY ) ,MA*1 CAN SEE H[ HE IS R5D]$ H]E 9 AN 5TIRELY WRONG & MEAN+LESS WAY4 ,:AT ,MA* REALLY SAYS IS ?IS3 EV]Y ELEM5T1 ?\< DESCRIB$ 9 MANY WORDS1 IS AN 9SEP>ABLE UNITY1 :I* CAN BE P>T ( A COMPLEX ?AT WE CALL PHYSICAL1 BUT :I* COMB9$ ) DIFF]5T O!R ELEM5TS CAN =M A COMPLEX ?AT WE CALL PSY*ICAL4 ,:5 ,I FEEL ! HEAT ( A FLAME1 ?IS S5SATION TOGE!R ) O!RS ON HEAT & !RMOMET]S & ) VISIBLE PH5OM5A COMB9ES 9TO ! COMPLEX 0FLAME0 OR 0HEAT10 TREAT$ 9 PHYSICS4 ,COMB9$ ) O!R S5SATIONS ( PA9 & PLEASURE1 ) REMEMBRANCES & ) OBS]VATIONS ON N]VES1 ! CONTEXT BELONGS TO PHYSIOLOGY OR PSY*OLOGY4 0,NONE 7( !SE CONNECTIONS7 IS ! ONLY EXI/+ ONE1 BO? >E PRES5T AT ! SAME TIME0 SAYS ,MA*4 ,= !Y >E ! SAME ELEM5TS 9 DIFF]5T COMB9ATIONS4 ,L59 MAKES ( ?IS ?AT ! CONNECTIONS >E NOT 9DEP5D5T & ONLY EXI/ TOGE!R4 ,MA* DOES NOT SEP>ATE ! ELEM5TS !MSELVES AS PHYSICAL & PSY*ICAL ONES1 NOR DOES HE DI/+UI% A PHYSICAL & PSY*ICAL P>T 9 !M ! SAME ELEM5T IS PHYSICAL 9 ONE CONTEXT1 PSY*ICAL 9 ANO!R4 ,IF ,L59 R5D]S !SE IDEAS 9 SU* A SLOPPY & UN9TELLIGIBLE WAY IT IS NO WOND] ?AT HE CANNOT MAKE ANY S5SE \T ( IT1 & SPEAKS ( 0AN 9COH]5T JUMBLE ( ANTI!TICAL PHILOSOPHICAL PO9TS ( VIEW40 7#d#i7 ,IF ONE DOES NOT TAKE ! PA9S OR IS UNABLE TO UNRAVEL ! REAL OP9IONS ( HIS ADV]S>Y & ONLY SNAT*ES UP SOME S5T5CES TO 9T]PRET !M FROM ONE'S [N PO9T ( VIEW1 HE %\LD NOT WOND] ?AT NONS5SE COMES \T4 ,?IS CANNOT BE CALL$ A M>XIAN CRITICISM ( ,MA*4 

,9 ! SAME FAULTY WAY HE R5D]S ,AV5>IUS4 ,HE REPRODUCES A SMALL SUMM>Y BY ,AV5>IUS ( A FIR/ DIVISION ( ! ELEM5TS3 :AT ,I F9D PRES5T ,I P>TLY CALL \T] WORLD 7E4G4 ,I SEE A TREE71 P>TLY NOT 7,I REMEMB] A TREE1 TRUNK ( A TREE74 ,AV5>IUS D5OTES !M AS ?+-LIKE 7SA*HAFT7 & ?\<TLIKE 7G$ANK5HAFT7 ELEM5TS4 ,!REUPON ,L59 9DIGNANTLY EXCLAIMS3 

0,AT FIR/ WE >E ASSUR$ ?AT ! 'ELEM5TS' >E SOME?+ NEW1 BO? PHYSICAL & PSY*ICAL AT ! SAME TIME !N A LITTLE CORRECTION IS SURREPTITI\SLY 9S]T$3 9/EAD ( ! CRUDE1 MAT]IALI/ DIFF]5TIATION ( MATT] 7BODIES1 ?+S7 & ! PSY*ICAL 7S5SATIONS1 RECOLLECTIONS1 FANTASIES7 WE >E PRES5T$ ) ! DOCTR9E ( 'REC5T POSITIVISM' REG>D+ ELEM5TS SUB/ANTIAL & ELEM5TS M5TAL40 7#e#c7 

,CLE>LY HE DOES NOT SUSPECT H[ COMPLETELY HE MISSES ! PO9T4 

,9 A *APT] SUP]SCRIB$ ) ! IRONICAL TITLE ,DOES MAN ?9K ) HIS BRA98 ,L59 QUOTES ,AV5>IUS'S /ATEM5T ?AT ! BRA9 IS NOT ! LODG+1 ! SITE1 ETC4 ( ?9K+2 ?9K+ IS NO RESID5T1 NO PRODUCT1 ETC4 ( ! BRA94 ,H5CE3 MAN DOES NOT ?9K ) HIS BRA94 ,L59 HAS NOT P]CEIV$ ?AT ,AV5>IUS FUR!R ON EXPRESSES CLE>LY 5\<1 ?\< G>BL$ 9 HIS >TIFICIAL T]M9OLOGY1 ?AT ! ACTION ( ! \T] WORLD UPON ! BRA9 PRODUCES :AT WE CALL ?\<TS2 MANIFE/LY ,L59 HAD NOT ! PATI5CE TO UNRAVEL ,AV5>IUS'S 9TRICATE LANGUAGE4 ,BUT TO COMBAT AN OPPON5T Y\ HAVE TO KN[ HIS PO9T IGNORANCE IS NO >GUM5T4 ,:AT ,AV5>IUS CONTRADICTS IS NOT ! ROLE ( ! BRA9 BUT ?AT WE CALL ! PRODUCT ?\<T :5 WE ASSIGN TO IT1 AS A SPIRITUAL BE+1 A SITE 9 ! BRA9 & SAY IT IS LIV+ 9 ! BRA91 IS COMM&+ ! BRA91 OR IS A FUNCTION ( ! BRA94 ,! MAT]IAL BRA91 AS WE SAW1 OCCUPIES PRECISELY ! C5TRAL PLACE ( HIS PHILOSOPHY4 ,L591 H[EV]1 CONSID]S ?IS ONLY AS A 0MY/IFICATION03 

0,AV5>IUS H]E ACTS ON ! ADVICE ( ! *>LATAN 9 ,TURG5EV3 D5\NCE MO/ ( ALL ?OSE VICES :I* Y\ Y\RSELF POSSESS4 ,AV5>IUS TRIES TO PRET5D ?AT HE IS COMBAT+ IDEALISM4444 ,:ILE DI/RACT+ ! ATT5TION ( ! READ] BY ATTACK+ IDEALISM1 ,AV5>IUS IS 9 FACT DEF5D+ IDEALISM1 ALBEIT 9 SLI<TLY DIFF]5T WORDS2 ?\<T IS NOT A FUNCTION ( ! BRA93 ! BRA9 IS NOT ! ORGAN ( ?\<T2 S5SATIONS >E - NOT FUNCTIONS ( ! N]V\S SY/EM1 OH1 NO3 S5SATIONS >E - 'ELEM5TS' 40 7#i#b-#c7 

,! CRITIC RAGES H]E AGA9/ A SELF-MY/IFICATION )\T ANY BASIS4 ,HE F9DS 0IDEALISM0 9 ?AT ,AV5>IUS1 PROCE$S FROM ELEM5TS1 & ELEM5TS >E S5SATIONS4 ,AV5>IUS1 H[EV]1 DOES NOT PROCE$ FROM S5SATIONS BUT FROM :AT SIMPLE UNSOPHI/ICAT$ MAN F9DS PRES5T2 ?+S1 SURR\ND+S1 A WORLD1 FELL[-M51 REMEMBRANCES4 ,MAN DOES NOT F9D PRES5T S5SATIONS1 BE F9DS PRES5T A WORLD4 ,AV5>IUS TRIES TO CON/RUCT A DESCRIPTION ( ! WORLD )\T ! COMMON LANGUAGE ( MATT] & M9D & ITS CONTRADICTIONS4 ,HE F9DS TREES PRES5T1 & HUMAN BRA9S1 & - SO HE BELIEVES - *ANGES 9 ! BRA9S PRODUC$ BY ! TREES1 & ACTIONS & TALK ( FELL[-M5 DET]M9$ BY !SE *ANGES4 ,( ALL ?IS ,L59 MANIFE/LY HAS NO 9KL+4 ,HE TRIES TO MAKE 0IDEALISM0 ( ,AV5>IUS'S SY/EM BY CONSID]+ ,AV5>IUS'S />T+ PO9T1 EXP]I5CE1 TO BE S5SATIONS1 SOME?+ PSY*ICAL1 ACCORD+ TO HIS [N MAT]IALI/ VIEW4 ,HIS ]ROR IS ?AT HE TAKES ! CONTRADI/9CTION MAT]IALISM-IDEALISM 9 ! S5SE ( MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM1 ) PHYSICAL MATT] AS ITS BASIS4 ,?US HE %UTS HIMSELF (F COMPLETELY FROM ANY UND]/&+ ( MOD]N VIEWS ?AT PROCE$ FROM EXP]I5CE & PH5OM5A AS ! GIV5 REALITY4 

,L59 N[ BR+S =W>D AN >RAY ( WITNESSES TO DECL>E ?AT ! DOCTR9ES ( ,MA* & ,AV5>IUS >E IDEALISM OR SOLIPSISM4 ,IT IS NATURAL ?AT ! HO/ ( PR(ESSIONAL PHILOSOPH]S1 9 COMPLIANCE ) ! T5D5CY ( B\RGEOIS ?9K+ TO PROCLAIM ! RULE ( M9D OV] MATT]1 TRY TO 9T]PRET & EMPHASIZE ! ANTI-MAT]IALI/ SIDE ( !IR IDEAS2 !Y TOO KN[ MAT]IALISM ONLY AS ! DOCTR9E ( PHYSICAL MATT]4 ,:AT1 WE MAY ASK1 IS ! USE ( SU* WITNESSES8 ,:5 DISPUT$ FACTS HAVE TO BE ASC]TA9$1 WITNESSES >E NECESS>Y4 ,:51 H[EV]1 WE DEAL ) ! UND]/&+ ( SOMEBODY'S OP9IONS & !ORIES1 WE HAVE TO READ & R5D] C>EFULLY :AT HE HIMSELF HAS WRITT5 TO EXP\ND !M2 ?IS IS ! ONLY WAY TO F9D \T SIMIL>ITIES & DIFF]5CES1 TRU? & ]ROR4 ,= ,L591 H[EV]1 MATT]S W]E DIFF]5T4 ,HIS BOOK WAS P>T ( A LAW-SUIT1 AN ACT ( IMPEA*M5T2 AS SU* IT REQUIR$ AN >RAY ( WITNESSES4 ,AN IMPORTANT POLITICAL ISSUE WAS AT /AKE2 ,MA*ISM ?REAT5$ TO CORRUPT ! FUNDAM5TAL DOCTR9ES1 ! !ORETICAL UNITY ( ! ,P>TY2 SO ITS SPOKESM5 HAD TO DO AWAY ) !M4 ,MA* & ,AV5>IUS =M$ A DANG] = ! ,P>TY2 H5CE :AT MATT]$ WAS NOT TO F9D \T :AT WAS TRUE & VALUABLE 9 !IR TEA*+S 9 ORD] TO WID5 \R [N VIEWS4 ,:AT MATT]$ WAS TO DISCR$IT !M1 TO DE/ROY !IR REPUTATION1 TO REVEAL !M AS MUDDLE-HEADS CONTRADICT+ !MSELVES1 SPEAK+ CONFUS$ FUDGE1 TRY+ TO HIDE !IR REAL OP9IONS & NOT BELIEV+ !IR [N ASS]TIONS4 

,ALL ! MIDDLE-CLASS PHILOSOPHICAL WRIT]S1 /&+ BE=E ! NEWNESS ( !SE IDEAS1 LOOK = ANALOGIES & RELATION%IPS ( ,MA* & ,AV5>IUS ) =M] PHILOSOPHIC SY/EMS2 ONE WELCOMES ,MA* AS FITT+ 9 ) ,KANT1 ANO!R SEES A LIK5ESS TO ,HUME1 OR ,B]KELEY1 OR ,FI*TE4 ,9 ?IS MULTITUDE & V>IETY ( SY/EMS IT IS EASY TO F9D \T CONNECTIONS & SIMIL>ITIES EV]Y:]E4 ,L59 REGI/]S ALL SU* CONTRADICTORY JUDGM5TS & 9 ?IS WAY DEMON/RATES ,MA*'S CONFUSION4 ,! LIKE ) ,AV5>IUS4 ,= 9/ANCE3 

0,& IT IS DIFFICULT TO SAY :O MORE RUDELY UNMASKS ,AV5>IUS ! MY/IFI] - ,SMI? BY HIS /RAI<T=W>D & CLE> REFUTATION1 OR ,S*UPPE BY HIS 5?USIA/IC OP9ION ( ,AV5>IUS'S CR[N+ WORK4 ,! KISS ( ,WILHELM ,S*UPPE 9 PHILOPSOPHY IS NO BETT] ?AN ! KISS ( ,PET] ,/RUVE OR ,M5%IKOV 9 POLITICS40 7#g#c7 

,IF WE N[ READ ,S*UPPE'S ,OP5 ,LETT] TO ,AV5>IUS1 9 :I* 9 FLATT]+ WORDS HE EXPRESSES HIS AGREEM5T1 WE F9D ?AT HE DID NOT AT ALL GRASP ! ESS5CE ( ,AV5>IUS'S OP9ION2 HE TAKES ! 0MYSELF0 AS ! />T+ PO9T 9/EAD ( ! ELEM5TS F\ND PRES5T1 \T ( :I* ,AV5>IUS CON/RUCTS ! 0MYSELF04 ,HE MISREPRES5TS ,AV5>IUS 9 ! SAME WAY AS ,L59 DOES1 ) ?IS DIFF]5CE1 ?AT :AT DISPLEAS$ ,L59 PLEAS$ HIM4 ,9 HIS ANSW] ,AV5>IUS1 9 ! C\RTE\S WORDS USUAL AMONG S*OL>S1 TE/IFIES TO HIS SATISFACTION AT ! ASS5T ( SU* A FAM\S ?9K]1 BUT !N AGA9 EXP\NDS ! REAL CONT5TS ( HIS DOCTR9E4 ,L59 NEGLECTS ! CONT5TS ( !SE EXPLANATIONS :I* REFUTE HIS CONCLUSIONS1 & QUOTES ONLY ! COMPROMIS+ C\RTESIES4 

  

,NATURAL ,SCI5CE 

,OV] AGA9/ ,MA*'S IDEAS ,L59 PUTS ! MAT]IALI/IC VIEWS1 ! OBJECTIVE REALITY ( ! MAT]IAL WORLD1 ( MATT]1 LI<T E!R1 LAWS ( NATURE1 SU* AS NATURAL SCI5CE & HUMAN COMMON S5SE ACCEPT4 ,!SE LA/ >E TWO RESPECTABLE AU?ORITIES2 BUT 9 ?IS CASE !IR WEI<T IS NOT V]Y GREAT4 ,L59 SNE]+LY QUOTES ,MA*'S [N CONFESSION ?AT HE F\ND LITTLE CONS5T AMONG HIS COLLEAGUES4 ,A CRITIC1 H[EV]1 :O BR+S NEW IDEAS CANNOT BE REFUT$ BY ! /ATEM5T ?AT IT IS ! OLD CRITICIZ$ IDEAS ?AT >E G5]ALLY ACCEPT$4 ,& AS TO COMMON S5SE1 I4E4 ! TOTALITY ( OP9IONS ( UN9/RUCT$ PEOPLE3 !Y USUALLY REPRES5T ! DICTA ( SCI5CE ( A =M] P]IOD1 ?AT GRADUALLY1 BY TEA*+ & POPUL> BOOKS1 SEEP$ D[N ! MASSES4 ,?AT ! E>? REVOLVES >\ND ! SUN1 ?AT ! WORLD CONSI/S ( 9DE/RUCTIBLE MATT]1 ?AT MATT] CONSI/S ( ATOMS1 ?AT ! WORLD IS ET]NAL & 9F9ITE - ALL ?IS HAS GRADUALLY P5ETRAT$ 9TO ! M9DS1 FIR/ ( ! $UCAT$ CLASSES1 !N ( ! MASSES4 ,:5 SCI5CE PROCE$S TO NEW] & BETT] VIEWS1 ALL ?IS OLD KN[L$GE CAN1 AS 0COMMON S5SE10 BE BR\<T =W>D AGA9/ !M4 

,H[ UNSUSPECT+LY ,L59 LEANS UPON !SE TWO AU?ORITIES - & EV5 9 A WRONG WAY - IS SE5 :5 HE SAYS3 

0,= EV]Y SCI5TI/ :O HAS NOT BE5 L$ A/RAY BY PR(ESSORIAL PHILOSOPHY1 AS WELL AS = EV]Y MAT]IALI/1 S5SATION IS 9DE$ ! DIRECT CONNECTION BETWE5 CONSCI\SNESS & ! EXT]NAL WORLD3 IT IS ! TRANS=MATION ( ! 5]GY ( EXT]NAL EXCITATION 9TO A /ATE ( CONSCI\SNESS4 ,?IS TRANS=MATION HAS BE51 & IS1 OBS]V$ BY EA* ( US A MILLION TIMES ON EV]Y H&40 7#d#e7 

,?IS 0OBS]V+0 IS ( ! SAME K9D AS :5 ONE %\LD SAY3 WE SEE A ?\S& TIMES ?AT \R EYE SEES & ?AT LI<T FALLS UPON ! RET9A4 ,9 REALITY WE DO NOT SEE \R SEE+ & \R RET9A2 WE SEE OBJECTS & 9F] ! RET9A & ! SEE+4 ,WE DO NOT OBS]VE 5]GY & ITS TRANSITIONS WE OBS]VE PH5OM5A1 & \T ( !SE PH5OM5A PHYSICI/S HAVE AB/RACT$ ! CONCEPT ( 5]GY4 ,! TRANS=MATION ( 5]GY IS A SUMM>IZ$ PHYSICAL EXPRESSION = ! MANY PH5OM5A 9 :I* ONE MEASUR$ QUANTITY DECREAS$1 ANO!R 9CREAS$4 ,!Y >E ALL GOOD EXP$I5T CONCEPTS & 9F]5CES1 RELIABLE 9 ! PR$ICTION ( FUTURE PH5OM5A1 & SO WE CALL !M TRUE4 ,L59 TAKES ?IS TRU? 9 SU* AN ABSOLUTE WAY ?AT HE ?9KS HE EXPRESSES AN OBS]V$ FACT 0ADOPT$ BY EV]Y MAT]IALI/10 :5 HE PRON\NCES :AT IS ACTUALLY A PHYSICAL !ORY4 ,MOREOV] HIS EXPOSITION IS WRONG4 ,?AT 5]GY ( ! LI<T-IMPRESSION IS CONV]T$ 9TO CONSCI\SNESS MAY HAVE BE5 ! BELIEF ( MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALI/S1 BUT SCI5CE DOES NOT KN[ ( IT4 ,PHYSICAL SCI5CE SAYS ?AT 5]GY TRANS=MS EXCLUSIVELY1 & COMPLETELY1 9TO O!R 5]GY2 ! 5]GY ( ! LI<T-IMPRESSION IS TRANS=M$ 9TO O!R =MS3 *EMICAL1 ELECTRICAL1 HEAT-5]GY2 BUT CONSCI\SNESS IS NOT KN[N 9 PHYSICS AS A =M ( 5]GY4 

,?IS CONF\ND+ ( ! REAL1 OBS]V$ WORLD & ! PHYSICAL CONCEPTS P]MEATES ,L59'S WORK ON EV]Y PAGE4 ,5GELS D5OT$ MAT]IALI/S AS ?OSE :O CONSID]$ NATURE ! ORIG9AL ?+4 ,L59 SPEAKS ( A 0MAT]IALISM :I* REG>DS NATURE1 MATT]1 AS PRIM>Y0 7#c#h74 ,& 9 ANO!R PLACE3 0MATT] IS ! OBJECTIVE REALITY GIV5 TO US 9 S5SATIONS0 7#a#d#d-#e74 ,TO ,L59 NATURE & PHYSICAL MATT] >E ID5TICAL2 ! NAME MATT] HAS ! SAME MEAN+ AS OBJECTIVE WORLD4 ,9 ?IS HE AGREES ) MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM ?AT 9 ! SAME WAY CONSID]S MATT] AS ! REAL SUB/ANCE ( ! WORLD4 ,?US HIS ANGRY POLEMICS AGA9/ ,MA* CAN BE EASILY UND]/OOD4 ,TO ,MA* MATT] IS AN AB/RACT CONCEPT =M$ \T ( ! PH5OM5A - OR MORE /RICTLY3 S5SATIONS4 ,SO ,L591 N[ F9D+ ! D5IAL ( ! REALITY ( MATT]1 !N READ+ ! SIMPLE /ATEM5T ( ! REALITY ( ! WORLD1 SEES ONLY CONFUSION2 & HE PRET5DS1 N[1 ?AT ,MA* IS A SOLIPSI/ & D5IES ! EXI/5CE ( ! WORLD1 & !N SCORNFULLY REM>KS ?AT ,MA* ?R[S HIS [N PHILOSOPHY TO ! W9DS & RETURNS TO SCI5TIFIC VIEWS4 

,) ! LAWS ( NATURE ! CASE IS ANALOG\S4 ,MA*'S OP9ION ?AT CAUSE & EFFECT AS WELL AS NATURAL LAWS DO NOT FACTUALLY EXI/ 9 NATURE1 BUT >E MAN-MADE EXPRESSIONS ( OBS]V$ REGUL>ITIES1 IS ASS]T$ BY ,L59 TO BE ID5TICAL ) ,KANT'S DOCTR9E4 

0444 ,IT IS MAN :O DICTATES LAWS TO NATURE & NOT NATURE ?AT DICTATES LAWS TO MAN6 ,! IMPORTANT ?+ IS NOT ! REPETITION ( ,KANT'S DOCTR9E ( APRIORISM 444 BUT ! FACT ?AT REASON1 M9D1 CONSCI\SNESS >E H]E PRIM>Y1 & NATURE SECOND>Y4 ,IT IS NOT REASON ?AT IS A P>T ( NATURE1 ONE ( ITS HI<E/ PRODUCTS1 ! REFLECTION ( ITS PROCESSES1 BUT NATURE ?AT IS A P>T ( REASON1 :I* '!REBY IS /RET*$ FROM ! ORD9>Y1 SIMPLE HUMAN REASON KN[N TO US ALL TO A '/UP5D\S1' AS ,DIETZG5 PUTS IT1 MY/]I\S1 DIV9E REASON4 ,! ,KANTIAN-,MA*IAN =MULA1 ?AT 'MAN GIVES LAWS TO NATURE1' IS A FIDEI/ =MULA40 7#a#h#e7 

,?IS CONFUS$ TIRADE1 5TIRELY MISS+ ! PO9T1 CAN ONLY BE UND]/OOD IF WE CONSID] ?AT = ,L59 0NATURE0 CONSI/S NOT ONLY 9 MATT] BUT ALSO 9 NATURAL LAWS DIRECT+ ITS BEHAVIOR1 FLOAT+ SOMEH[ 9 ! WORLD AS COMM&]S :O MU/ BE OBEY$ BY ! ?+S4 ,H5CE TO D5Y ! OBJECTIVE EXI/5CE ( !SE LAWS MEANS TO HIM ! D5IAL ( NATURE ITSELF2 TO MAKE MAN ! CREATOR ( NATURAL LAWS MEANS TO HIM TO MAKE HUMAN M9D ! CREATOR ( ! WORLD4 ,H[ !N ! LOGICAL SALTO IS MADE TO ! DEITY AS ! CREATOR MU/ REMA9 AN 5IGMA TO ! UNSOPHI/ICAT$ READ]4 

,TWO PAGES E>LI] HE WRITES3 

0,! REALLY IMPORTANT EPI/EMOLOGICAL QUE/ION ?AT DIVIDES ! PHILOSOPHICAL TR5DS IS 444 :E!R ! S\RCE ( \R KN[L$GE ( !SE CONNECTIONS IS OBJECTIVE NATURAL LAW OR PROP]TIES ( \R M9D1 ITS 9NATE FACULTY ( APPREH5D+ C]TA9 A PRIORI TRU?S1 & SO =?4 ,?IS IS :AT SO IRREVOCABLY DIVIDES ! MAT]IALI/S ,FEU]BA*1 ,M>X & ,5GELS FROM ! AGNO/IC 7,HUMEANS7 ,AV5>IUS & ,MA*40 7#a#h#c7 

,?AT ,MA* %\LD ASCRIBE TO ! HUMAN M9D ! P[] TO DISCLOSE C]TA9 APRIORI/IC TRU?S IS A NEW DISCOV]Y OR RA!R FANTASY ( ,L594 ,:]E ,MA* DEALS ) ! PRACTICE ( ! M9D TO AB/RACT G5]AL RULES FROM EXP]I5CE & TO ASSIGN TO !M UNLIMIT$ VALIDITY1 ,L591 CAPTIVAT$ BY TRADITIONAL PHILOSOPHICAL IDEAS1 ?9KS ( DISCLOS+ APRIORI/IC TRU?S4 ,!N HE CONT9UES3 

0,9 C]TA9 P>TS ( HIS WORKS1 ,MA* 444 FREQU5TLY '=GETS' HIS AGREEM5T ) ,HUME & HIS [N SUBJECTIVI/ !ORY ( CAUSALITY & >GUES 'SIMPLY' AS A SCI5TI/1 I4E41 FROM ! 9/9CTIVE MAT]IALI/ /&PO9T4 ,= 9/ANCE1 9 HIS ,ME*ANIK1 WE READ ( ! 'UNI=MITY 444 :I* NATURES TEA*ES US TO M9D 9 ITS PH5OM5A4' ,BUT IF WE DO F9D UNI=MITY 9 ! PH5OM5A ( NATURE1 DOES ?IS MEAN MAT UNI=MITY EXI/S OBJECTIVELY \TSIDE \R M9D8 ,NO4 ,ON ! QUE/ION ( ! UNI=MITY ( NATURE ,MA* ALSO DELIV]S HIMSELF ?US3 444 ',?AT WE CONSID] \RSELVES CAPABLE ( MAK+ PR$ICTIONS ) ! HELP ( SU* A LAW ONLY PROVES ?AT !RE IS SUFFICI5T UNI=MITY 9 \R 5VIRONM5T1 BUT IT DOES NOT PROVE ! NECESSITY ( ! SUCCESS ( \R PR$ICTIONS' 7,W>MELEHRE1 P4#c#h#c74 ,IT FOLL[S ?AT WE MAY & \<T TO LOOK = A NECESSITY AP>T FROM ! UNI=MITY ( \R 5VIRONM5T1 I4E41 ( NATURE40 7#a#h#c7 

,! EMBROILM5T 9 ?IS TANGLE ( S5T5CES1 FUR!R EMBELLI%$ BY C\RTESIES H]E OMITT$ IS UND]/&ABLE ONLY :5 CON=MITY ( NATURE IS ID5TICAL = ,L59 ) ! NECESSITY ( SUCCESS ( \R PROPHECIES2 :51 H5CE1 HE CANNOT DI/+UI% BETWE5 REGUL>ITIES AS !Y OCCUR 9 V>I\S DEGREES ( CLE>NESS 9 NATURE1 & ! APODICTIC EXPRESSION ( EXACT NATURAL LAW4 ,& HE PROCE$S3 

0,:]E TO LOOK = IT IS ! SECRET ( IDEALI/ PHILOSOPHY :I* IS AFRAID TO RECOGNIZE MAN'S P]CEPTIVE FACULTY AS A SIMPLE REFLECTION ( NATURE40 7#a#h#d7 

,9 REALITY !RE IS NO NECESSITY1 EXCEPT 9 \R =MULATION ( NATURAL LAW2 & !N 9 PRACTICE EV] AGA9 WE F9D DEVIATIONS1 :I*1 AGA91 WE EXPRESS 9 ! =M ( ADDITIONAL LAWS4 ,NATURAL LAW DOES NOT DET]M9E :AT NATURE NECESS>ILY WILL DO1 BUT :AT WE EXPECT H] TO DO4 ,! SILLY REM>K ?AT \R M9D %\LD SIMPLY REFLECT NATURE WE MAY LEAVE UNDISCUSS$ N[4 ,HIS CONCLUD+ REM>K3 

0,9 HIS LA/ WORK1 ,]K5NTNIS UND ,IRRTUM1 ,MA* EV5 DEF9ES A LAW ( NATURE AS A 'LIMITATION ( EXPECTATION' 7#b4,AUFLAGE1 ,S4#d#eFF476 ,SOLIPSISM CLAIMS ITS [N40 7#a#h#d7 

,?IS LACKS ALL S5SE S9CE ! DET]M9ATION ( \R EXPECTATION BY NATURAL LAW IS A COMMON AFFAIR ( ALL SCI5TI/S4 ,! EMBODIM5T ( A NUMB] ( PH5OM5A 9 A %ORT =MULA1 A NATURAL LAW1 IS D5OT$ BY ,MA* AS 0ECONOMY ( ?9K+02 HE EXALTS IT 9TO A PR9CIPLE ( RESE>*4 ,WE MI<T EXPECT ?AT SU* A R$UC+ ( AB/RACT !ORY TO ! PRACTICE ( 7SCI5TIFIC7 LABOR %\LD F9D SYMPA?Y AMONG ,M>XI/S4 ,9 ,L591 H[EV]1 IT MEETS ) NO RESPONSE1 & HE EXPOSES HIS LACK ( UND]/&+ 9 SOME DROLL]IES3 

0,?AT IT IS MORE 'ECONOMICAL' TO '?9K' ?AT ONLY ,I & MY S5SATIONS EXI/ IS UNQUE/IONABLE1 PROVID$ WE WANT TO 9TRODUCE SU* AN ABSURD CONCEPTION 9TO EPI/EMOLOGY4 ,IS IT 'MORE ECONOMICAL' TO '?9K' ( ! ATOM AS 9DIVISIBLE1 OR AS COMPOS$ ( POSITIVE & NEGATIVE ELECTRONS8 ,IS IT 'MORE ECONOMICAL' TO ?9K ( ! ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION AS BE+ CONDUCT$ BY ! LIB]ALS OR AS BE+ CONDUCT$ AGA9/ ! LIB]ALS8 ,ONE HAS ONLY TO PUT ! QUE/ION 9 ORD] TO SEE ! ABSURDITY1 ! SUBJECTIVISM ( APPLY+ ! CATEGORY ( '! ECONOMY ( ?\<T' H]E40 7#a#i#f-#g7 

,& HE OPPOSES TO IT HIS [N VIEW3 

0,HUMAN ?\<T IS 'ECONOMICAL' ONLY :5 IT CORRECTLY REFLECTS OBJECTIVE TRU?1 & ! CRIT]ION ( ?IS CORRECTNESS IS PRACTICE1 EXP]IM5T & 9DU/RY4 ,ONLY BY D5Y+ OBJECTIVE REALITY1 ?AT IS1 BY D5Y+ ! F\NDATIONS ( ,M>XISM1 CAN ONE S]I\SLY SPEAK ( ECONOMY ( ?\<T 9 ! !ORY ( KN[L$GE40 7#a#i#g7 

,H[ SIMPLE & EVID5T ?AT LOOKS4 ,LET US TAKE AN EXAMPLE4 ,! OLD1 PTOLEMAIC WORLD-SY/EM PLAC$ ! E>? AS RE/+ 9 ! C5T] ( ! WORLD1 ) ! SUN & ! PLANETS REVOLV+ >\ND IT1 ! LATT] 9 EPICYCLES1 A COMB9ATION ( TWO CIRCLES4 ,COP]NICUS PLAC$ ! SUN 9 ! C5T] & HAD ! E>? & ! PLANETS REVOLV+ >\ND IT 9 SIMPLE CIRCLES4 ,! VISIBLE PH5OM5A >E EXACTLY ! SAME AFT] BO? !ORIES1 BECAUSE WE CAN OBS]VE ! RELATIVE MOTIONS ONLY1 & !Y >E ABSOLUTELY ID5TICAL4 ,:I*1 !N1 PICTURES ! OBJECTIVE WORLD 9 ! RI<T WAY8 ,PRACTICAL EXP]I5CE CANNOT DI/+UI% BETWE5 !M2 ! PR$ICTIONS >E ID5TICAL4 ,COP]NICUS PO9T$ TO ! FIX$ />S :I* BY ! P>ALLAX C\LD GIVE A DECISION2 BUT 9 ! OLD !ORY WE C\LD HAVE ! />S MAK+ A YE>LY CIRCLE JU/ AS ! PLANETS DID2 & AGA9 BO? !ORIES GIVE ID5TICAL RESULTS4 ,BUT !N EV]YBODY WILL SAY3 IT IS ABSURD TO HAVE ALL ?OSE ?\S&S ( BODIES DESCRIBE SIMIL> CIRCLES1 SIMPLY TO KEEP ! E>? AT RE/4 ,:Y ABSURD8 ,BECAUSE IT MAKES \R WORLD-PICTURE NE$LESSLY COMPLICAT$4 ,H]E WE HAVE IT - ! ,COP]NICAN SY/EM IS *OS5 & /AT$ TO BE TRUE BECAUSE IT GIVES ! MO/ SIMPLY WORLD SY/EM4 ,?IS EXAMPLE MAY SUFFICE TO %[ ! NAIVITE ( ! IDEA ?AT WE *OOSE A !ORY BECAUSE AFT] ! CRIT]ION ( EXP]I5CE IT PICTURES REALITY RI<TLY4 

,KIR*H(F HAS =MULAT$ ! REAL *>ACT] ( SCI5TIFIC !ORY 9 ! SAME WAY BY HIS WELL-KN[N /ATEM5TS ?AT ME*ANICS1 9/EAD ( 0EXPLA9+0 MOTIONS BY MEANS ( ! 0=CES0 PRODUC+ !M1 HAS ! TASK 0TO DESCRIBE ! MOTIONS 9 NATURE 9 ! MO/ COMPLETE & SIMPLE WAY40 ,?US ! FETI%ISM ( =CES AS CAUSES1 AS A K9D ( WORK+ IMPS1 WAS REMOV$2 !Y >E A %ORT =M ( DESCRIPTION ONLY4 ,MA* ( C\RSE PO9T$ TO ! ANALOGY ( ,KIR*H(F'S VIEWS & HIS [N4 ,L591 TO %[ ?AT HE DOES NOT UND]/& ANY?+ ( IT1 BECAUSE HE IS 5TIRELY CAPTIVAT$ 9 ?IS FETI%ISM1 CALLS \T 9 AN 9DIGNANT TONE3 0,ECONOMY ( ?\<T1 FROM :I* ,MA* 9 #ahgb 9F]R$ ?AT S5SATIONS ALONE EXI/ 444 IS DECL>$ TO BE 444 EQUIVAL5T TO ! SIMPLE/ DESCRIPTION 7( AN OBJECTIVE REALITY1 ! EXI/5CE ( :I* IT NEV] OCCURR$ TO ,KIR*H(F TO D\BT670 7#a#i#h7 

,IT MU/ BE REM>K$1 BESIDES1 ?AT ?9K+ NEV] CAN PICTURE REALITY COMPLETELY2 !ORY IS AN APPROXIMATE PICTURE ?AT R5D]S ONLY ! MA9 FEATURES1 ! G5]AL TRAITS ( A GR\P ( PH5OM5A4 

,AFT] HAV+ CONSID]$ ,L59'S IDEAS ON MATT] & NATURAL LAWS1 WE TAKE AS A ?IRD 9/ANCE SPACE & TIME4 

0,BEHOLD N[ ! 'TEA*+S' ( 'REC5T POSITIVISM' ON ?IS SUBJECT4 ,WE READ 9 ,MA*3 ',SPACE & TIME >E WELL ORD]$ 7WOHLGEORDNETE7 SY/EMS ( S]IES ( S5SATIONS' 7,ME*ANIK1 #c4 ,AUFLAGE1 P4#d#i#h74 ,?IS IS PALPABLE IDEALI/ NONS5SE1 SU* AS 9EVITABLY FOLL[S FROM ! DOCTR9E ?AT BODIES >E COMPLEXES ( S5SATIONS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,MA*1 IT IS NOT MAN ) HIS S5SATIONS ?AT EXI/S 9 SPACE & TIME1 BUT SPACE & TIME ?AT EXI/ 9 MAN1 ?AT DEP5D UPON MAN & >E G5]AT$ BY MAN4 ,HE FEELS ?AT HE IS FALL+ 9TO IDEALISM1 & 'RESI/S' BY MAK+ A HO/ ( RES]VATIONS & 444 BURY+ ! QUE/ION UND] L5G?Y DISQUISITIONS 444 ON ! MUTABILITY ( \R CONCEPTIONS ( SPACE & TIME4 ,BUT ?IS DOES NOT SAVE HIM1 & CANNOT SAVE HIM1 = ONE CAN REALLY OV]COME ! IDEALI/ POSITION ON ?IS QUE/ION ONLY BY RECOGNIZ+ ! OBJECTIVE REALITY ( SPACE & TIME4 ,& ?IS ,MA* WILL NOT DO AT ANY PRICE4 ,HE CON/RUCTS HIS EPI/EMOLOGICAL !ORY ( TIME & SPACE ON ! PR9CIPLE ( RELATIVISM1 & ?AT IS ALL4 ,RESI/+ ! IDEALI/ CONCLUSIONS :I* 9EVITABLY FOLL[ FROM HIS PREMISES1 ,MA* >GUES AGA9/ ,KANT & 9SI/S ?AT \R CONCEPTION ( SPACE IS D]IV$ FROM EXP]I5CE 7,]K5NTNIS UND ,IRRTUM1 #b4 ,AUFLAGE1 P4#e#c1 #c#h#e74 ,BUT IF OBJECTIVE REALITY IS NOT GIV5 US 9 EXP]I5CE 7AS ,MA* TEA*ES7 4440 7#b#f7 

,:AT IS ! USE ( GO+ ON QUOT+8 ,IT IS ALL A %AM BATTLE1 BECAUSE WE KN[ ?AT ,MA* ASSUMES ! REALITY ( ! WORLD2 & ALL PH5OM5A1 CON/ITUT+ ! WORLD1 TAKE PLACE 9 SPACE & TIME4 ,& ,L59 C\LD HAVE BE5 W>N$ ?AT HE WAS ON A FALSE TRACK1 BY A NUMB] ( S5T5CES HE KN[S & P>TLY QUOTES1 :]E ,MA* DISCUSSES ! MA!MATICAL 9VE/IGATIONS ON MULTI-DIM5SIONAL SPACES4 ,!RE ,MA* SAYS3 0,?AT :I* WE CALL SPACE IS A SPECIAL REAL CASE AMONG MORE G5]AL IMAG9$ CASES 444 ,! SPACE ( VISION & T\* IS A ?REEFOLD MANIFOLD1 IT HAS ?REE DIM5SIONS 444 ,! PROP]TIES ( GIV5 SPACE APPE> DIRECTLY AS OBJECTS ( EXP]I5CE 444 ,AB\T ! GIV5 SPACE ONLY EXP]I5CE CAN TEA* US :E!R IT IS F9ITE1 :E!R P>ALLEL L9ES 9T]SECT1 ETC4444 ,TO MANY DIV9ES :O DO NOT KN[ :]E TO PLACE HELL1 & TO SPIRITI/S1 A F\R? DIM5SION MI<T BE V]Y CONV5I5T40 ,BUT 0SU* A F\R? DIM5SION W\LD /ILL REMA9 A ?+ ( IMAG9ATION40 ,!SE QUOTATIONS MAY SUFFICE4 ,:AT HAS ,L59 TO SAY TO ALL ?IS1 BESIDES A NUMB] ( GR\NDLESS SQUIBS & 9VECTIVES8 

0,BUT H[ DOES HE 7,MA*7 DISSOCIATE HIMSELF FROM !M 9 HIS !ORY ( KN[L$GE8 ,BY /AT+ ?AT ?REE-DIM5SIONAL SPACE ALONE IS REAL6 ,BUT :AT SORT ( DEF5SE IS IT AGA9/ ! !OLOGIANS & !IR LIKE :5 Y\ D5Y OBJECTIVE REALITY TO SPACE & TIME80 7#b#a#a7 

,:AT DIFF]5CE MI<T !RE BE BETWE5 REAL SPACE & OBJECTIVE REALITY ( SPACE8 ,AT ANY RATE HE /ICKS TO HIS ]ROR4 

,:AT1 !N1 IS ?AT S5T5CE ( ,MA* ?AT WAS ! BASIS ( ?IS FANTASY8 ,9 ! LA/ *APT] ( HIS ,ME*ANIK1 ,MA* DISCUSSES ! RELATION BETWE5 DIFF]5T BRAN*ES ( SCI5CE4 ,!RE HE SAYS3 0,FIR/ WE P]CEIVE ?AT 9 ALL EXP]I5CES ON SPATIAL & TEMPORAL RELATIONS WE HAVE MORE CONFID5CE1 & A MORE OBJECTIVE & REAL *>ACT] IS ASCRIB$ TO !M1 ?AN TO EXP]I5CES ON COLOR1 HEAT OR S\ND 444 ,YET1 LOOK+ MORE EXACTLY1 WE CANNOT FAIL TO SEE ?AT S5SATIONS ( SPACE & TIME >E S5SATIONS JU/ AS ?OSE ( COLOR1 S\ND OR SMELL2 ONLY1 9 ! =M] WE >E MORE TRA9$ & CLE> ?AN 9 ! LATT]4 ,SPACE & TIME >E WELL-ORD]$ SY/EMS ( S]IES ( S5SATIONS 4440 ,MA* PROCE$S H]E FROM EXP]I5CE2 \R S5SATIONS >E ! ONLY S\RCE ( KN[L$GE2 \R 5TIRE WORLD1 9CLUD+ ALL WE KN[ AB\T SPACE & TIME1 IS BUILT UP \T ( !M4 ,! QUE/ION ( :AT IS ! MEAN+ ( ABSOLUTE SPACE & TIME IS TO ,MA* A MEAN+LESS QUE/ION2 ! ONLY S5SIBLE QUE/ION IS H[ SPACE & TIME APPE> 9 \R EXP]I5CE4 ,JU/ AS ) BODIES & MATT] WE CAN =M A SCI5TIFIC CONCEPTION ( TIME & SPACE ONLY ?R\< AB/RACTION \T ( ! TOTALITY ( \R EXP]I5CES4 ,) ! SPACE-&-TIME PATT]N 9 :I* WE 9S]T !SE EXP]I5CES WE >E V]S$1 AS MO/ SIMPLE & NATURAL1 FROM E>LY Y\?4 ,H[ IT !N APPE>S 9 EXP]IM5TAL SCI5CE CANNOT BE EXPRESS$ 9 A BETT] WAY ?AN BY ! WORDS ( ,MA*3 WELL-ORD]$ SY/EMS ( S]IES ( EXP]I5CES4 

,:AT1 CONTR>IWISE1 ,L59 ?9KS ( SPACE & TIME1 TRANSPIRES FROM ! FOLL[+ QUOTATION3 

0,9 MOD]N PHYSICS1 HE SAYS1 ,NEWTON'S IDEA ( ABSOLUTE TIME & SPACE PREVAILS 7PP4#d#d#b-#d71 ( TIME & SPACE AS SU*4 ,?IS IDEA SEEMS 'TO US' S5SELESS1 ,MA* CONT9UES - APP>5TLY NOT SUSPECT+ ! EXI/5CE ( MAT]IALI/S & ( A MAT]IALI/ !ORY ( KN[L$GE4 ,BUT 9 PRACTICE1 HE CLAIMS1 ?IS VIEW WAS H>MLESS 7UNS*ADLI*1 P4#d#d#b7 & !RE=E = A LONG TIME ESCAP$ CRITICISM40 7#b#h7 

,H5CE1 ACCORD+ TO ,L591 0MAT]IALISM0 ACCEPTS ,NEWTON'S DOCTR9E1 ! BASIS ( :I* IS ?AT !RE EXI/S AN ABSOLUTE SPACE & AN ABSOLUTE TIME4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT ! PLACE 9 SPACE IS FIX$ ABSOLUTELY )\T REG>D TO O!R ?+S1 & CAN BE ASC]TA9$ )\T ANY D\BT4 ,:5 ,MA* SAYS ?AT ?IS IS ! PO9T ( VIEW ( CONTEMPOR>Y PHYSICI/S HE SURELY REPRES5TS HIS COLLEAGUES AS TOO OLD-FA%ION$2 9 HIS TIME ALREADY IT WAS RA!R G5]ALLY ACCEPT$ ?AT MOTION & RE/ W]E RELATIVE CONCEPTIONS1 ?AT ! PLACE ( A BODY IS ALWAYS ! PLACE RELATIVE TO O!R BODIES1 & ?AT ! IDEA ( ABSOLUTE POSITION HAS NO S5SE4 

,/ILL !RE WAS A C]TA9 D\BT :E!R OR NOT SPACE-FILL+ WORLD E!R DID NOT (F] A FRAME = ABSOLUTE SPACE2 MOTION OR RE/ RELATIVE TO WORLD-E!R C\LD BE RI<TLY CALL$ !N ABSOLUTE MOTION OR RE/4 ,:51 H[EV]1 PHYSICI/S TRI$ TO DET]M9E IT BY MEANS ( ! PROPAGATION ( LI<T1 !Y C\LD F9D NO?+ BUT RELATIVITY4 ,SU* WAS ! CASE ) ,MI*ELSON'S FAM\S EXP]IM5T 9 #a#h#h#i1 >RANG$ 9 SU* A WAY ?AT 9 ITS RESULT NATURE %\LD 9DICATE ! MOTION ( \R E>? RELATIVE TO ! E!R4 ,BUT NO?+ WAS F\ND2 NATURE REMA9$ MUTE4 ,IT WAS AS IF %E SAID3 Y\R QU]Y HAS NO S5SE4 ,TO EXPLA9 ! NEGATIVE RESULT IT WAS ASSUM$ ?AT !RE ALWAYS OCCURR$ ADDITIONAL PH5OM5A ?AT JU/ CANCEL$ ! EXPECT$ EFFECT - UNTIL ,E9/E9 9 #aie 9 HIS !ORY ( RELATIVITY COMB9$ ALL FACTS 9 SU* A WAY ?AT ! RESULT WAS SELF-EVID5T4 ,ALSO )9 ! WORLD-OCCUPY+ E!R - ABSOLUTE POSITION WAS %[N TO BE A WORD )\T MEAN+4 ,SO GRADUALLY ! IDEA ( E!R ITSELF WAS DROPP$1 & ALL ?\<T ( ABSOLUTE SPACE DISAPPE>$ FROM SCI5CE4 

,) TIME IT SEEM$ TO BE DIFF]5T2 A MOM5T 9 TIME WAS ASSUM$ TO BE ABSOLUTE4 ,BUT IT WAS ! V]Y IDEAS ( ,MA* ?AT BR\<T AB\T A *ANGE H]E4 ,9 ! PLACE ( TALK ( AB/RACT CONCEPTIONS1 ,E9/E9 9TRODUC$ ! PRACTICE ( EXP]IM5T4 ,:AT >E WE DO+ :5 WE FIX A MOM5T 9 TIME8 ,WE LOOK AT A CLOCK1 & WE COMP>E ! DIFF]5T CLOCKS1 !RE IS NO O!R WAY4 ,9 FOLL[+ ?IS L9E ( >GUM5T ,E9/E9 SUCCE$$ 9 REFUT+ ABSOLUTE TIME & DEMON/RAT+ ! RELATIVITY ( TIME4 ,E9/E9'S !ORY WAS SOON UNIV]SALLY ADOPT$ BY SCI5TI/S1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( SOME ANTI-SEMITIC PHYSICI/S 9 ,G]MANY :O CONSEQU5TLY W]E PROCLAIM$ LUM9>IES ( NATIONAL-SOCIALI/ 0,G]MAN0 PHYSICS4 

,! LATT] DEVELOPM5T C\LD NOT YET BE KN[N TO ,L59 :5 HE WROTE HIS BOOK4 ,BUT IT ILLU/RATES ! *>ACT] ( SU* EXPOSITIONS AS :]E HE WRITES3 

0,! MAT]IALI/ VIEW ( SPACE & TIME HAS REMA9$ 'H>MLESS1' I4E41 COMPATIBLE1 AS H]ET(ORE1 ) SCI5CE1 :ILE ! CONTR>Y VIEW ( ,MA* & ,CO4 WAS A 'H>MFUL' CAPITULATION TO ! POSITION ( FIDEISM40 7#b#a7 

,?US HE D5OTES AS MAT]IALI/ ! BELIEF ?AT ! CONCEPTS ( ABSOLUTE SPACE & ABSOLUTE TIME1 :I* SCI5CE ONCE WANT$ AS ITS !ORY BUT HAD TO DROP AFT]W>DS1 >E ! TRUE REALITY ( ! WORLD4 .<#b.> ,BECAUSE ,MA* OPPOSES !IR REALITY & ASS]TS = SPACE & TIME ! SAME AS = EV]Y CONCEPT1 VIZ4 ?AT WE CAN D$UCE !M ONLY FROM EXP]I5CE1 ,L59 IMPUTES TO HIM 0IDEALISM LEAD+ TO 'FIDEISM'40 

  

,MAT]IALISM 

,\R DIRECT CONC]N H]E IS NOT ) ,MA* BUT ) ,L594 ,MA* OCCUPIES CONSID]ABLE SPACE H]E BECAUSE ,L59'S CRITICISM ( ,MA* DISCLOSES HIS [N PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS4 ,FROM ! SIDE ( ,M>XISM !RE IS 5\< TO CRITICIZE 9 ,MA*2 BUT ,L59 TAKES UP ! MATT] FROM ! WRONG 5D4 ,AS WE HAVE SE5 HE APPEALS TO ! OLD =MS ( PHYSICAL !ORY1 DIFFUS$ 9TO POPUL> OP9ION1 SO AS TO OPPOSE !M AGA9/ ! MOD]N CRITIQUE ( !IR [N F\NDATIONS4 ,WE F\ND1 MOREOV]1 ?AT HE ID5TIFIES ! REAL OBJECTIVE WORLD ) PHYSICAL MATT]1 AS MIDDLE CLASS MAT]IALISM .<#c.> DID =M]LY4 ,HE TRIES TO DEMON/RATE IT BY ! FOLL[+ >GUM5TS3 

0,IF Y\ HOLD ?AT IT IS GIV51 A PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPT IS NE$$ = ?IS OBJECTIVE REALITY1 & ?IS CONCEPT HAS BE5 WORK$ \T LONG1 LONG AGO4 ,?IS CONCEPT IS MATT]4 ,MATT] IS A PHILOSOPHICAL CATEGORY DESIGNAT+ ! OBJECTIVE REALITY :I* IS GIV5 TO MAN BY HIS S5SATIONS1 & :I* IS COPI$1 PHOTOGRAPH$ & REFLECT$ BY \R S5SATIONS1 :ILE EXI/+ 9DEP5D5TLY ( !M40 7#a#d#d7 

,F9E2 ) ! FIR/ S5T5CE WE ALL CAN AGREE4 ,:5 !N1 H[EV]1 WE W\LD RE/RICT ! *>ACT] ( REALITY TO PHYSICAL MATT]1 WE CONTRADICT ! FIR/ GIV5 DEF9ITION4 ,ELECTRICITY TOO IS OBJECTIVE REALITY2 IS IT PHYSICAL MATT]8 ,\R S5SATIONS %[ US LI<T2 IT IS REALITY BUT NOT MATT]1 & ! CONCEPTS 9TRODUC$ BY ! PHYSICI/S TO EXPLA9 ITS PH5OM5A1 FIR/ ! WORLD E!R1 !N ! PHOTONS1 CAN NOT EASILY BE D5OT$ AS A K9D ( MATT]4 ,IS NOT 5]GY QUITE AS REAL AS IS PHYSICAL MATT]8 ,MORE DIRECTLY ?AN ! MAT]IAL ?+S1 IT IS !IR 5]GY ?AT %[S ITSELF 9 ALL EXP]I5CE & PRODUCES \R S5SATIONS4 ,= ?AT REASON ,O/WALD1 HALF A C5TURY AGO1 PROCLAIM$ 5]GY ! ONLY REAL SUB/ANCE ( ! WORLD2 & HE CALL$ ?IS 0! 5D ( SCI5TIFIC MAT]IALISM10 ,& F9ALLY1 :AT IS GIV5 TO US 9 \R S5SATIONS1 :5 FELL[-M5 SPEAK TO US1 IS NOT ONLY S\ND COM+ FROM LIPS & ?ROAT1 NOT ONLY 5]GY ( AIR VIBRATIONS1 BUT BESIDES1 MORE ESS5TIALLY1 !IR ?\<TS1 !IR IDEAS4 ,MAN'S IDEAS QUITE AS C]TA9LY BELONG TO OBJECTIVE REALITY AS ! TANGIBLE OBJECTS2 ?+S SPIRITUAL CON/ITUTE ! REAL WORLD JU/ AS ?+S CALL$ MAT]IAL 9 PHYSICS4 ,IF 9 \R SCI5CE1 NE$$ TO DIRECT \R ACTIVITY1 WE WI% TO R5D] ! 5TIRE WORLD ( EXP]I5CE1 ! CONCEPT ( PHYSICAL MATT] DOES NOT SUFFICE2 WE NE$ MORE & O!R CONCEPTS2 5]GY1 M9D1 CONSCI\SNESS4 

,IF ACCORD+ TO ! ABOVE DEF9ITION MATT] IS TAK5 AS ! NAME = ! PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPT D5OT+ OBJECTIVE REALITY1 IT EMBRACES F> MORE ?AN PHYSICAL MATT]4 ,!N WE COME TO ! VIEW REPEAT$LY EXPRESS$ 9 =M] *APT]S1 :]E ! MAT]IAL WORLD WAS SPOK5 ( AS ! NAME = ! 5TIRE OBS]V$ REALITY4 ,?IS IS ! MEAN+ ( ! WORD MAT]IAL1 MATT] 9 ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM1 ! DESIGNATION ( ALL ?AT IS REALLY EXI/+ 9 ! WORLD1 09CLUD+ M9D & FANCIES10 AS ,DIETZG5 SAID4 ,IT IS NOT1 !RE=E1 ?AT ! MOD]N !ORIES ( ! /RUCTURE ( MATT] PROVOKE CRITICISM ( HIS IDEAS1 AS ,L59 9DICATES ABOVE ON ! SAME PAGE1 BUT ! FACT ?AT HE ID5TIFIES PHYSICAL MATT] AT ALL ) ! REAL WORLD4 

,! MEAN+ ( ! WORD MATT] 9 ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM1 AS PO9T$ \T H]E1 IS ( C\RSE 5TIRELY =EIGN TO ,L592 CONTR>Y TO HIS FIR/ DEF9ITION HE WILL RE/RICT IT TO PHYSICAL MATT]4 ,H5CE HIS ATTACK ON ,DIETZG5'S 0CONFUSION03 

0,?9K+ IS A FUNCTION ( ! BRA91 SAYS ,DIETZG54 ',MY DESK AS A PICTURE 9 MY M9D IS ID5TICAL ) MY IDEA ( IT ,BUT MY DESK \TSIDE ( MY BRA9 IS A SEP>ATE OBJECT & DI/9CT FROM MY IDEA4' ,!SE P]FECTLY CLE> MAT]IALI/IC PROPOSITIONS >E1 H[EV]1 SUPPLEM5T$ BY ,DIETZG5 ?US3 ',NEV]!LESS1 ! NON-S5SIBLE IDEA IS ALSO S5SIBLE1 MAT]IAL1 I4E41 REAL4444' ,?IS IS OBVI\SLY FALSE4 ,?AT BO? ?\<T & MATT] >E 'REAL1' I4E41 EXI/1 IS TRUE4 ,BUT TO SAY ?AT ?\<T IS MAT]IAL IS TO MAKE A FALSE /EP1 A /EP T[>DS CONFUS+ MAT]IALISM & IDEALISM4 ,AS A MATT] ( FACT ?IS IS ONLY AN 9EXACT EXPRESSION ( ,DIETZG540 7#b#i7 

,H]E ,L59 REPUDIATES HIS [N DEF9ITION ( MATT] AS ! PHILOSOPHICAL EXPRESSION ( OBJECTIVE REALITY4 ,OR IS P]HAPS OBJECTIVE REALITY SOME?+ DIFF]5T FROM REALLY EXI/+8 ,:AT HE TRIES TO EXPRESS BUT CANNOT )\T 09EXACTNESS ( EXPRESSION0 - IS ?IS3 ?AT ?\<T MAY REALLY EXI/1 BUT ! TRUE G5U9E REALITY IS ONLY F\ND 9 PHYSICAL MATT]4 

,MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM1 ID5TIFY+ OBJECTIVE REALITY ) PHYSICAL MATT]1 HAD TO MAKE EV]Y O!R REALITY1 SU* AS ALL ?+S SPIRITUAL1 AN ATTRIBUTE OR PROP]TY ( ?IS MATT]4 ,WE CANNOT WOND]1 !RE=E1 ?AT WE F9D ) ,L59 SIMIL> IDEAS4 ,TO ,PE>SON'S S5T5CE3 0,IT IS ILLOGICAL TO ASS]T ?AT ALL MATT] HAS CONSCI\SNESS0 HE REM>KS3 

0,IT IS ILLOGICAL TO ASS]T ?AT ALL MATT] IS CONSCI\S BUT IT IS LOGICAL TO ASS]T ?AT ALL MATT] POSSESSES A PROP]TY :I* IS ESS5TIALLY AK9 TO S5SATION1 ! PROP]TY ( REFLECTION40 7#i#h7 

,& /ILL MORE DI/9CTLY HE AV]S AGA9/ ,MA*3 

0,AS REG>DS MAT]IALISM1 444 WE HAVE ALREADY SE5 9 ! CASE ( ,DID]OT .<#d.> :AT ! REAL VIEWS ( ! MAT]IALI/S >E4 ,!SE VIEWS DO NOT CONSI/ 9 D]IV+ S5SATION FROM ! MOVEM5T ( MATT] OR 9 R$UC+ S5SATION TO ! MOVEM5T ( MATT]1 BUT 9 RECOGNIZ+ S5SATION AS ONE ( ! PROP]TIES ( MATT] 9 MOTION4 ,ON ?IS QUE/ION ,5GELS %>$ ! /&PO9T ( ,DID]OT40 7#d7 

,:]E ,5GELS MAY HAVE SAID SO1 IS NOT 9DICAT$4 ,WE MAY D\BT :E!R ,L59'S CONVICTION ?AT ,5GELS ON ?IS PO9T AGRE$ ) HIM & ,DID]OT1 RE/S ON PRECISE /ATEM5TS4 ,9 HIS ,ANTI-,DUHR+ ,5GELS EXPRESS$ HIMSELF 9 ANO!R WAY3 0,LIFE IS ! =M ( EXI/5CE ( ALBUM9\S SUB/ANCES02 I4E4 LIFE IS NOT A PROP]TY ( ALL MATT] BUT APPE>S ONLY 9 SU* COMPLICAT$ MOLECUL> /RUCTURES AS ALBUM54 ,SO IT IS NOT PROBABLE ?AT HE %\LD HAVE CONSID]$ S5SITIV5ESS1 :I* WE KN[ AS A PROP]TY ( LIV+ MATT] ONLY1 A PROP]TY ( ALL MATT]1 ,SU* G5]ALIZATIONS ( PROP]TIES OBS]V$ ONLY 9 SPECIAL CASES1 TO MATT] 9 G5]AL1 BELONG TO ! UNDIALECTIC MIDDLE-CLASS FRAME ( M9D4 

,! REM>K MAY BE 9S]T$ H]E ?AT ,PLE*ANOV EXHIBITS IDEAS ANALOG\S TO ,L59'S4 ,9 HIS ,GRUNDPROBLEME DES ,M>XISMUS HE CRITICIZES ! BOTANI/ ,FRANCE ON ! SUBJECT ( ! 0SPIRITUALITY ( MATT]10 ! 0DOCTR9E ?AT MATT] 9 G5]AL & ORGANIC MATT] ESPECIALLY ALWAYS HAS A C]TA9 S5SITIVITY40 ,PLE*ANOV !N EXPRESSES HIS [N VIEW 9 ! WORDS3 0,FRANCE CONSID]S ?IS CONTRADICTORY TO MAT]IALISM4 ,9 REALITY IT IS ! TRANSF] ( ,FEU]BA*'S MAT]IALI/IC DOCTR9E4 ,WE MAY ASS]T ) C]TA9TY ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS W\LD HAVE GIV5 ATT5TION TO ?IS TR5D ( ?\<T ) ! GREATE/ 9T]E/40 ,?IS IS A CAUTI\S ASS]TION TE/IFY+ ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS 9 !IR WRIT+S NEV] %[$ ANY 9T]E/ 9 ?IS TR5D ( ?\<T4 ,FRANCE AS A LIMIT$-M9D$ NATURALI/ KN[S ONLY ! ANTI!SIS ( VIEWS 9 MIDDLE-CLASS ?9K+2 HE ASSUMES ?AT MAT]IALI/S BELIEVE 9 MATT] ONLY1 H5CE ! DOCTR9E ?AT 9 ALL MATT] !RE IS SOME?+ SPIRITUAL IS1 TO HIM1 NO MAT]IALISM AT ALL4 ,PLE*ANOV1 ON ! O!R H&1 CONSID]S IT A SMALL MODIFICATION ( MAT]IALISM ?AT MAKES IT MORE RESI/ANT4 

,L59 WAS QUITE WELL AW>E ( ! CONCORDANCE ( HIS VIEWS ) MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM ( ! #a#i? C5TURY4 ,= HIM 0MAT]IALISM0 IS ! COMMON BASIS ( ,M>XISM & MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM4 ,AFT] HAV+ EXP\ND$ ?AT ,5GELS 9 HIS BOOKLET ON ,FEU]BA* *>G$ !SE MAT]IALI/S ) ?REE ?+S - ?AT !Y REMA9$ ) ! MAT]IALI/ DOCTR9E ( ! #a#h? C5TURY1 ?AT !IR MAT]IALISM WAS ME*ANICAL1 & ?AT 9 ! REALM ( SOCIAL SCI5CE1 !Y HELD FA/ TO IDEALISM & DID NOT UND]/& ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM - HE PROCE$S3 

0,EXCLUSIVELY = !SE ?REE ?+S & EXCLUSIVELY )9 !SE LIMITS1 DOES ,5GELS REFUTE BO? ! MAT]IALISM ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY & ! DOCTR9ES ( ,BU*N] & ,CO46 ,ON ALL O!R1 MORE ELEM5T>Y1 QUE/IONS ( MAT]IALISM 7QUE/IONS DI/ORT$ BY ! ,MA*IANS7 !RE IS & CAN BE NO DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ,M>X & ,5GELS ON ! ONE H& & ALL !SE OLD MAT]IALI/S ON ! O!R40 7#b#h#f7 

,?AT ?IS IS AN ILLUSION ( ,L59'S HAS BE5 DEMON/RAT$ 9 ! PREC$+ PAGES !SE ?REE ?+S C>RY ALONG AS !IR CONSEQU5CES AN UTT] DIFF]5CE 9 ! FUNDAM5TAL EPI/EMOLOGICAL IDEAS4 ,& 9 ! SAME WAY1 ,L59 CONT9UES1 ,5GELS WAS 9 ACCORDANCE ) ,DUHR+ 9 HIS MAT]IALISM3 

0,= ,5GELS 444 ,DUHR+ WAS NOT A SUFFICI5TLY /EADFA/1 CLE> & CONSI/5T MAT]IALI/40 7#b#h#h7 

,COMP>E ?IS ) ! WAY ,5GELS F9I%$ ,DUHR+ (F 9 WORDS ( SCORNFUL CONTEMPT4 

,L59'S CONCORDANCE ) MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM & HIS 5SU+ DISCORDANCE ) ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM IS MANIFE/ 9 MANY CONSEQU5CES4 ,! =M] WAG$ ITS MA9 W> AGA9/ RELIGION2 & ! *IEF REPROA* ,L59 RAISES AGA9/ ,MA* & HIS FOLL[]S IS ?AT !Y SU/A9 FIDEISM4 ,WE MET ) IT 9 SEV]AL QUOTATIONS ALREADY2 9 HUNDR$S ( PLACES ALL ?R\< ! BOOK WE F9D FIDEISM AS ! OPPOSITE ( MAT]IALISM4 ,M>X & ,5GELS DID NOT KN[ ( FIDEISM2 !Y DREW ! L9E BETWE5 MAT]IALISM & IDEALISM4 ,9 ! NAME FIDEISM EMPHASIS IS LAID UPON RELIGION4 ,L59 EXPLA9S :5CE HE TOOK ! WORD4 0,9 ,FRANCE1 ?OSE :O PUT FAI? ABOVE REASON >E CALL$ FIDEI/S 7FROM ! ,LAT9 FIDES1 FAI?740 7#c#f7 

,?IS OPPOSIT5ESS ( RELIGION TO REASON IS A REM9ISC5CE FROM PRE-M>XIAN TIMES1 FROM ! EMANCIPATION ( ! MIDDLE-CLASS1 APPEAL+ TO 0REASON0 9 ORD] TO ATTACK RELIGI\S FAI? AS ! *IEF 5EMY 9 ! SOCIAL /RUGGLE2 0FREE ?9K+0 WAS OPPOS$ TO 0OBSCURANTISM40 ,L591 9 CONT9UALLY PO9T+ TO FIDEISM AS ! CONSEQU5CE ( ! CONTE/$ DOCTR9ES 9DICATES ?AT ALSO TO HIM 9 ! WORLD ( IDEAS RELIGION IS ! *IEF 5EMY4 

,?US HE SCOLDS ,MA* = SAY+ ?AT ! PROBLEM ( DET]M9ISM CANNOT BE SETTL$ EMPIRICALLY3 9 RESE>*1 ,MA* SAYS EV]Y SCI5TI/ MU/ BE DET]M9I/ BUT 9 PRACTICAL AFFAIRS HE REMA9S 9DET]M9I/4 

0,IS ?IS NOT OBSCURANTISM 444 :5 DET]M9ISM IS CONF9$ TO ! FIELD ( '9VE/IGATION1' :ILE 9 ! FIELD ( MORALITY1 SOCIAL ACTIVITY1 & ALL FIELDS O!R ?AN '9VE/IGATION' ! QUE/ION IS LEFT TO A 'SUBJECTIVE E/IMATE'40 7#b#b#c7 444 0,& SO ?+S HAVE BE5 AMICABLY DIVID$3 !ORY = ! PR(ESSORS1 PRACTICE = ! !OLOGIANS60 7#b#b#d7 

,?US EV]Y SUBJECT IS SE5 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( RELIGION4 ,MANIFE/LY IT WAS UNKN[N TO ,L59 ?AT ! DEEPLY RELIGI\S ,CALV9ISM WAS A RIGIDLY DET]M9I/IC DOCTR9E1 :]EAS ! MAT]IALI/ MIDDLE CLASS ( ! #a#i? C5TURY PUT !IR FAI? 9TO FREE WILL1 H5CE PROCLAIM$ 9DET]M9ISM4 ,AT ?IS PO9T A REAL ,M>XIAN ?9K] W\LD NOT HAVE MISS$ ! OPPORTUNITY ( EXPLA9+ TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,MA*I/S ?AT IT WAS ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM ?AT OP5$ ! WAY = DET]M9ISM 9 ! FIELD ( SOCIETY2 WE HAVE %[N ABOVE ?AT ! !ORETICAL CONVICTION ?AT RULES & LAWS HOLD 9 A REALM - ?IS MEANS DET]M9ISM - CAN F9D A F\NDATION ONLY :5 WE SUCCE$ 9 E/ABLI%+ PRACTICALLY SU* LAWS & CONNECTIONS4 ,FUR!R1 ?AT ,MA* BECAUSE HE BELONG$ TO ! MIDDLE CLASS & WAS B\ND TO ITS FUNDAM5TAL L9E ( ?\<T1 BY NECESSITY WAS 9DET]M9I/ 9 HIS SOCIAL VIEWS2 & ?AT 9 ?IS WAY HIS IDEAS W]E BACKW>D & 9COMPATIBLE ) ,M>XISM4 ,BUT NO?+ ( ! SORT IS F\ND 9 ,L592 ?AT IDEAS >E DET]M9$ BY CLASS IS NOT M5TION$2 ! !ORETICAL DIFF]5CES HANG 9 ! AIR4 ,( C\RSE !ORETICAL IDEAS MU/ BE CRITICIZ$ BY !ORETICAL >GUM5TS4 ,:51 H[EV]1 ! SOCIAL CONSEQU5CES >E EMPHASIZ$ ) SU* VEHEM5CE1 ! SOCIAL ORIG9S ( ! CONTE/$ IDEAS %\LD NOT HAVE BE5 LEFT \T ( CONSID]ATION4 ,?IS MO/ ESS5TIAL *>ACT] ( ,M>XISM DOES NOT SEEM TO EXI/ = ,L594 

,SO WE >E NOT A/ONI%$ ?AT AMONG =M] AU?ORS IT IS ESPECIALLY ,]N/ ,HAECKEL :O IS E/EEM$ & PRAIS$ BY ,L594 ,9 A F9AL *APT] 9SCRIB$ 0,]N/ ,HAECKEL & ,]N/ ,MA*0 HE COMP>ES & OPPOSES !M4 0,MA* 444 BETRAYS SCI5CE 9TO ! H&S ( FIDEISM BY VIRTUALLY DES]T+ TO ! CAMP ( PHILOSOPHICAL IDEALISM0 7#d#b#b74 ,BUT 0EV]Y PAGE0 9 ,HAECKEL'S WORK 0IS A SLAP 9 ! FACE ( ! 'SACR$' TEA*+S ( ALL (FICIAL PHILOSOPHY & !OLOGY40 ,HAECKEL 09/ANTLY1 EASILY & SIMPLY REVEAL$ 444 ?AT !RE IS A F\NDATION4 ,?IS F\NDATION IS NATURAL-SCI5TIFIC MAT]IALISM40 7#d#b#c74 

,9 HIS PRAISE IT DOES NOT DI/URB HIM ?AT ! WRIT+S ( ,HAECKEL COMB9E1 AS G5]ALLY RECOGNIZ$1 POPUL> SCI5CE ) A MO/ SUP]FICIAL PHILOSOPHY - ,L59 HIMSELF SPEAKS ( HIS 0PHILOSOPHICAL NAIVITE0 & SAYS 0?AT HE DOES NOT 5T] 9TO AN 9VE/IGATION ( PHILOSOPHICAL FUNDAM5TALS40 ,:AT IS ESS5TIAL TO HIM IS ?AT ,HAECKEL WAS A DAUNTLESS FI<T] AGA9/ PROM95T RELIGI\S DOCTR9ES4 

0,! /ORM PROVOK$ BY ,]N/ ,HAECKEL'S ,! ,RIDDLE ( ! ,UNIV]SE 9 EV]Y CIVILIZ$ C\NTRY /RIK+LY BR\<T \T1 ON ! ONE H&1 ! P>TIZAN *>ACT] ( PHILOSOPHY 9 MOD]N SOCIETY &1 ON ! O!R1 ! TRUE SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE ( ! /RUGGLE ( MAT]IALISM AGA9/ IDEALISM & AGNO/ICISM4 ,! FACT ?AT ! BOOK WAS SOLD 9 HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( COPIES1 ?AT IT WAS IMM$IATELY TRANSLAT$ 9TO ALL LANGUAGES & ?AT IT APPE>$ 9 SPECIAL *EAP $ITIONS1 CLE>LY DEMON/RATES ?AT ! BOOK 'HAS F\ND ITS WAY TO ! MASSES'1 ?AT !RE >E NUMB]S ( READ]S :OM ,]N/ ,HAECKEL AT ONCE WON OV] TO HIS SIDE4 ,?IS POPUL> LITTLE BOOK BECAME A WEAPON 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,! PR(ESSORS ( PHILOSOPHY & !OLOGY 9 EV]Y C\NTRY ( ! WORLD SET AB\T D5\NC+ & ANNIHILAT+ ,HAECKEL 9 EV]Y POSSIBLE WAY40 7#d#b#c7 

,:AT CLASS-FI<T WAS ?IS8 ,:I* CLASS WAS H]E REPRES5T$ BY ,HAECKEL AGA9/ :I* O!R CLASS8 ,L59 IS SIL5T ON ?IS PO9T4 ,%\LD HIS WORDS BE TAK5 TO IMPLY ?AT ,HAECKEL1 UNWITT+LY1 ACT$ AS A SPOKESMAN ( ! WORK+ CLASS AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE8 ,!N IT MU/ BE REM>K$ ?AT ,HAECKEL WAS A VEHEM5T OPPON5T TO SOCIALISM1 & ?AT 9 HIS DEF5SE ( ,D>W9ISM HE TRI$ TO RECOMM5D IT TO ! RUL+ CLASS BY PO9T+ \T ?AT IT WAS AN >I/OCRATIC !ORY1 ! DOCTR9E ( ! SELECTION ( ! BE/1 MO/ FIT TO REFUTE 0! UTT] NONS5SE ( SOCIALI/ LEVEL+04 ,:AT ,L59 CALLS A TEMPE/ RAIS$ BY ! ,WELTRAETSEL WAS 9 REALITY ONLY A BREEZE )9 ! MIDDLE CLASS1 ! LA/ EPISODE ( ITS CONV]SION FROM MAT]IALISM TO IDEALI/IC WORLD CONCEPTION4 ,HAECKEL'S ,WELTRAETSEL WAS ! LA/ FL>E UP1 9 A WEAK5$ =M1 ( MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM1 & ! IDEALI/1 MY/IC1 & RELIGI\S T5D5CIES W]E SO /RONG ALREADY AMONG ! B\RGEOISIE & ! 9TELLECTUALS ?AT FROM ALL SIDES !Y C\LD P\NCE UPON ,HAECKEL'S BOOK & %[ UP ITS DEFICI5CIES4 ,:AT WAS ! IMPORTANCE ( ! BOOK = ! MASS ( ITS READ]S AMONG ! WORK+ CLASS WE HAVE 9DICAT$ ABOVE4 ,:5 ,L59 SPEAKS H]E ( A CLASS FI<T HE DEMON/RATES H[ LITTLE HE KNEW ( ! CLASS FI<T 9 C\NTRIES ( DEVELOP$ CAPITALISM1 & SAW IT ONLY AS A FI<T = & AGA9/ RELIGION4 

  

,PLE*ANOV'S ,VIEWS 

,! K9%IP ) MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM REVEAL$ 9 ,L59'S BOOK IS NOT SIMPLY A P]SONAL DEVIATION FROM ,M>XISM4 ,ANALOG\S VIEWS >E F\ND 9 ,PLE*ANOV1 AT ! TIME ! ACKN[L$G$ FIR/ & PROM95T !ORI/ ( ,RUSSIAN SOCIALISM4 ,9 HIS BOOK ,GRUNDPROBLEME DES ,M>XISMUS 7,FUNDAM5TAL ,PROBLEMS ( ,M>XISM71 FIR/ WRITT5 9 ,RUSSIAN1 ) A ,G]MAN TRANSLATION 9 #a#i#a1 HE BEG9S BY BROADLY TREAT+ ! CONCORDANCE BETWE5 ,M>X & ,FEU]BA*4 ,:AT USUALLY IS CALL$ ,FEU]BA*'S ,HUMANISM1 HE EXPLA9S1 MEANS ?AT ,FEU]BA* PROCE$S FROM MAN TO MATT]4 0,! WORDS ( ,FEU]BA* QUOT$ ABOVE ON ! 'HUMAN HEAD' %[ ?AT ! QUE/ION ( 'BRA9 MATT]' WAS ANSW]$ AT ! TIME 9 A MAT]IALI/ S5SE4 ,& ?IS PO9T ( VIEW WAS ALSO ACCEPT$ BY ,M>X & ,5GELS4 ,IT BECAME ! BASIS ( !IR PHILOSOPHY40 ,( C\RSE ,M>X & ,5GELS ASSUM$ ?AT HUMAN ?\<TS >E PRODUC$ 9 ! BRA91 JU/ AS !Y ASSUM$ ?AT ! E>? REVOLV$ >\ND ! SUN4 ,PLE*ANOV1 H[EV]1 PROCE$S3 0,:5 WE DEAL ) ?IS !SIS ( ,FEU]BA*1 WE GET ACQUA9T$ AT ! SAME TIME ) ! PHILOSOPHICAL SIDE ( ,M>XISM40 ,HE !N QUOTES ! S5T5CES ( ,FEU]BA*3 ',?9K+ COMES FROM BE+1 BUT BE+ COMES NOT FROM ?9K+4 ,BE+ EXI/S 9 ITSELF & BY ITSELF1 EXI/5CE HAS ITS BASIS 9 ITSELF20 & HE CONCLUDES BY ADD+ 0,M>X & ,5GELS MADE ?IS OP9ION ON ! RELATION BETWE5 BE+ & ?9K+ ! BASIS ( !IR MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY40 ,SURELY2 BUT ! QUE/ION IS :AT !Y MEAN BY 0BE+04 ,9 ?IS COLORLESS WORD MANY OPPOS+ CONCEPTS ( LAT] TIMES >E CONTA9$ UNDI/+UI%$4 ,ALL ?AT IS P]CEPTIBLE TO US WE CALL BE+2 FROM ! SIDE ( NATURAL SCI5CE IT CAN MEAN MATT]1 FROM ! SIDE ( SOCIAL SCI5CE ! SAME WORD CAN MEAN ! 5TIRE SOCIETY4 ,TO ,FEU]BA* IT WAS ! MAT]IAL SUB/ANCE ( MAN3 0MAN IS :AT HE EATS02 TO ,M>X IT IS SOCIAL REALITY1 I4E4 A SOCIETY ( PEOPLE1 TOOLS1 PRODUCTION-RELATIONS1 ?AT DET]M9ES CONSCI\SNESS4 

,PLE*ANOV !N SPEAKS ( ! FIR/ ( ,M>X'S !SES ON ,FEU]BA*2 HE SAYS ?AT ,M>X H]E 0COMPLETES & DEEP5S ,FEU]BA*'S IDEAS02 HE EXPLA9S ?AT ,FEU]BA* TOOK MAN 9 HIS PASSIVE RELATIONS1 ,M>X 9 HIS ACTIVE RELATION TO NATURE4 ,HE PO9TS TO ! LAT] /ATEM5T 9 ,DAS ,KAPITAL3 0,:IL/ MAN WORKS UPON \TSIDE NATURE & *ANGES IT1 HE *ANGES AT ! SAME TIME HIS [N NATURE10 & HE ADDS3 0,! PR(UNDITY ( ?IS ?\<T BECOMES CLE> 9 ! LI<T ( ,M>X'S !ORY ( KN[L$GE 444 ,IT MU/ BE ADMITT$1 ?\<1 ?AT ,M>X'S !ORY ( KN[L$GE IS A DIRECT (FSPR+ ( ,FEU]BA*'S OR1 MORE RI<TLY1 REPRES5TS ,FEU]BA*'S !ORY ( KN[L$GE :I*1 !N1 HAS BE5 DEEP5$ BY ,M>X 9 A MA/]LY WAY40 ,& AGA91 ON ! NEXT PAGE1 HE SPEAKS ( 0MOD]N MAT]IALISM1 ! MAT]IALISM ( ,FEU]BA*1 ,M>X & ,5GELS40 ,:AT MU/ BE ADMITT$1 RA!R1 IS ?AT ! AMBIGU\S S5T5CE3 BE+ DET]M9ES ?\<T1 IS COMMON TO !M1 & ?AT ! MAT]IALI/ DOCTR9E ?AT BRA9 PRODUCES ?\<T IS ! MO/ UNESS5TIAL P>T ( ,M>XISM & CONTA9S NO TRACE YET ( A REAL !ORY ( KN[L$GE4 

,! ESS5TIAL SIDE ( ,M>XISM IS :AT DI/+UI%$ IT FROM O!R MAT]IALI/ !ORIES & :AT MAKES !M ! EXPRESSION ( DIFF]5T CLASS /RUGGLES4 ,FEU]BA*'S !ORY ( KN[L$GE1 BELONG+ TO ! FI<T = EMANCIPATION ( ! MIDDLE CLASS1 HAS ITS BASIS 9 ! LACK ( SCI5CE ( SOCIETY AS ! MO/ P[]FUL REALITY DET]M9+ HUMAN ?9K+4 ,M>XIAN !ORY ( KN[L$GE PROCE$S FROM ! ACTION ( SOCIETY1 ?IS SELF-MADE MAT]IAL WORLD ( MAN1 UPON ! M9D1 & SO BELONGS TO ! PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,C]TA9LY ,M>X'S !ORY ( KN[L$GE DESC5D$1 HI/ORICALLY1 FROM ,HEGEL & ,FEU]BA*2 BUT EQUALLY C]TA9LY IT GREW 9TO SOME?+ 5TIRELY DIFF]5T FROM ,HEGEL & ,FEU]BA*4 ,IT IS A SIGNIFICANT 9DICATION ( ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ,PLE*ANOV ?AT HE DOES NOT SEE ?IS ANTAGONISM & ?AT HE ASSIGNS ! MA9 IMPORTANCE TO ! TRIVIAL COMMUNITY ( OP9ION - :I* IS UNIMPORTANT = ! REAL ISSUE - ?AT ?\<TS >E PRODUC$ BY ! BRA94 

  

,NOTES 

#a4 ,ALL NUMB]S 9 R\ND BRACKETS REF] TO PAGES 9 ,L59'S ,MAT]IALISM & ,EMPIRIO-,CRITICISM1 ,=EIGN ,LANGUAGES ,PUBLI%+ ,H\SE1 ,PEK+1 #a#i#g#b4 

#b4 ,?REE OBSOLETE IDEAS1 AS AN ESS5TIAL P>T ( ,L59ISM AS ! ,RUSSIAN ,/ATE PHILOSOPHY1 W]E AFT]W>DS IMPOS$ UPON ,RUSSIAN SCI5CE1 AS MAY BE 9F]R$ FROM ! FOLL[+ COMMUNICATION 9 ,WALDEM> ,KAEMPF]T1 ,SCI5CE 9 ,SOVIET-,RUSSIA3 0,T[>D ! 5D ( ! ,TROTSKY PURGE1 ! ,A/RONOMICAL ,DIVISION ( ! ,ACADEMY ( SCI5CES PASS$ SOME IMPASSION$ RESOLUTIONS1 :I* W]E SIGN$ BY ! PRESID5T & EI<TE5 MEMB]S & :I* DECL>$ ?AT 'MOD]N B\RGEOIS COSMOGONY IS 9 A /ATE ( DEEP IDEOLOGICAL CONFUSION RESULT+ FROM ITS REFUSAL TO ACCEPT ! ONLY TRUE DIALECTIC-MAT]IALI/IC CONCEPT1 NAMELY ! UNITY ( ! UNIV]SE ) RESPECT TO SPACE AS WELL AS TIME'1 & A BELIEF 9 RELATIVITY WAS BR&$ AS 'C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y'40 

#c4 ,! PHRASE 0MIDDLE CLASS0 IS H]E US$ AS A TRANSLATION = ! ,G]MAN WORD 0BURG]LI*04 ,! MORE MOD]N T]M US$ 9 ,M>XI/ DISC\RSE = ?IS CONCEPT IS 0B\RGEOIS0 7I4E4 RELAT+ TO ! CAPITALI/ OR B\RGEOIS CLASS7 9 ORD] TO DI/+UI% IT FROM ! RA!R IMPRECISE T]M 0MIDDLE CLASS01 :I* IS (T5 US$ AS A BROAD DESCRIPTION = :ITE-COLL> WORK]S1 PR(ESSIONALS1 ! SELF-EMPLOY$ ETC4 ,SIMIL>LY :5 ?IS TEXT REF]S TO 0! MIDDLE CLASS0 IT IS REF]R+ TO ! B\RGEOISIE OR CAPITALI/ CLASS4 7,NOTE BY ,M,I,A7 

#d4 ,DID]OT1 ONE ( ! ,5CYCLOP$I/S ( ! #a#h? C5TURY1 HAD WRITT5 0?AT ! FACULTY ( S5SATION IS A G5]AL PROP]TY ( MATT]1 OR A PRODUCT ( ITS ORGANIZATION0 7,L591 P4#b#i74 ,! WID] SCOPE ADMITT$ 9 ! LATT] EXPRESSION WAS DROPP$ BY ,L594 

O ,*APT] #g 3 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 

,! CONCORDANCE ( ,L59 & ,PLE*ANOV 9 !IR BASIC PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS & !IR COMMON DIV]G5CE FROM ,M>XISM PO9TS TO !IR COMMON ORIG9 \T ( ! ,RUSSIAN SOCIAL CONDITIONS4 ,! NAME & G>B ( A DOCTR9E OR !ORY DEP5D ON ITS SPIRITUAL DESC5T2 !Y 9DICATE ! E>LI] ?9K] TO :OM WE FEEL MO/ 9DEBT$ & :OM WE ?9K WE FOLL[4 ,! REAL CONT5T1 H[EV]1 DEP5DS ON ITS MAT]IAL ORIG9 & IS DET]M9$ BY ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS UND] :I* IT DEVELOP$ & HAS TO WORK4 ,M>XISM ITSELF SAYS ?AT ! MA9 SOCIAL IDEAS & SPIRITUAL TR5DS EXPRESS ! AIMS ( ! CLASSES1 I4E4 ! NE$S ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 & *ANGE ) ! CLASS /RUGGLES !MSELVES4 ,SO !Y CANNOT BE UND]/OOD ISOLAT$ FROM SOCIETY & CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,?IS HOLDS = ,M>XISM ITSELF4 

,9 !IR E>LY DAYS ,M>X & ,5GELS /OOD 9 ! FIR/ RANKS ( ! MIDDLE-CLASS OPPOSITION1 NOT YET DISJO9$ 9TO ITS DIFF]5T SOCIAL TR5DS1 AGA9/ ABSOLUTISM 9 ,G]MANY4 ,!IR DEVELOPM5T T[>DS ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM1 !N1 WAS ! !ORETICAL REFLEX ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! WORK+ CLASS T[>DS 9DEP5D5T ACTION AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! PRACTICAL CLASS-ANTAGONISM F\ND ITS EXPRESSION 9 ! !ORETICAL ANTAGONISM4 ,! FI<T ( ! B\RGEOISIE AGA9/ FEUDAL DOM9ANCE WAS EXPRESS$ BY MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM .<#a.>1 COGNATE TO ,FEU]BA*'S DOCTR9E1 :I* US$ NATURAL SCI5CE TO FI<T RELIGION AS ! CONSECRATION ( ! OLD P[]S4 ,! WORK+ CLASS 9 ITS [N FI<T HAS LITTLE USE = NATURAL SCI5CE1 ! 9/RUM5T ( ITS FOE3 ITS !ORETICAL WEAPON 9 SOCIAL SCI5CE1 ! SCI5CE ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,TO FI<T RELIGION BY MEANS ( NATURAL SCI5CE HAS NO SIGNIFICANCE = ! WORK]S2 !Y KN[1 MOREOV]1 ?AT ITS ROOTS WILL BE CUT (F ANYH[ FIR/ BY CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 !N BY !IR [N CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,NEI!R HAVE !Y ANY USE = ! OBVI\S FACT ?AT ?\<TS >E PRODUC$ BY ! BRA94 ,!Y HAVE TO UND]/& H[ IDEAS >E PRODUC$ BY SOCIETY4 ,?IS IS ! CONT5T ( ,M>XISM1 AS IT GR[S AMONG ! WORK]S AS A LIV+ & /IRR+ P[]1 AS ! !ORY EXPRESS+ !IR GR[+ P[] ( ORGANIZATION & KN[L$GE4 ,:5 9 ! SECOND HALF ( ! #a#i? C5TURY CAPITALISM GA9$ COMPLETE MA/]Y 9 ,WE/]N & ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE AS WELL AS 9 ,AM]ICA1 MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM DISAPPE>$4 ,M>XISM WAS ! ONLY MAT]IALI/ CLASS-VIEW REMA9+4 

,9 ,RUSSIA1 H[EV]1 MATT]S W]E DIFF]5T4 ,H]E ! FI<T AGA9/ ,CZ>ISM WAS ANALOG\S TO ! =M] FI<T AGA9/ ABSOLUTISM 9 ,EUROPE4 ,9 ,RUSSIA TOO *UR* & RELIGION W]E ! /RONGE/ SUPPORTS ( ! SY/EM ( GOV]NM5T3 !Y HELD ! RURAL MASSES1 5GAG$ 9 PRIMITIVE AGR>IAN PRODUCTION1 9 COMPLETE IGNORANCE & SUP]/ITION4 ,! /RUGGLE AGA9/ RELIGION WAS H]E A PRIME SOCIAL NECESSITY4 ,S9CE 9 ,RUSSIA !RE WAS NO SIGNIFICANT B\RGEOISIE ?AT AS A FUTURE RUL+ CLASS C\LD TAKE UP ! FI<T1 ! TASK FELL TO ! 9TELLIG5TSIA DUR+ SCORES ( YE>S IT WAG$ A /R5U\S FI<T = 5LI<T5M5T ( ! MASSES AGA9/ ,CZ>ISM4 ,AMONG ! ,WE/]N B\RGEOISIE1 N[ REACTION>Y & ANTI-MAT]IALI/1 IT C\LD F9D NO SUPPORT :ATEV] 9 ?IS /RUGGLE4 ,IT HAD TO APPEAL TO ! SOCIALI/ WORK]S1 :O ALONE SYMPA?IZ$ ) IT1 & IT TOOK OV] !IR ACKN[L$G$ !ORY1 ,M>XISM4 ,?US IT CAME AB\T ?AT EV5 9TELLECTUALS :O W]E SPOKESM5 ( ! FIR/ RUDIM5TS ( A ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE1 SU* AS ,PET] ,/RUVE & ,TUGAN ,B>ANOVSKI1 PRES5T$ !MSELVES AS ,M>XI/S4 ,!Y HAD NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! PROLET>IAN ,M>XISM ( ! ,WE/3 :AT !Y LE>N$ FROM ,M>X WAS ! DOCTR9E ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T ) CAPITALISM AS ! NEXT PHASE4 ,A P[] = REVOLUTION CAME UP 9 ,RUSSIA = ! FIR/ TIME :5 ! WORK]S TOOK UP ! FI<T1 FIR/ BY /RIKES ONLY1 !N 9 COMB9ATION ) POLITICAL DEM&S4 ,N[ ! 9TELLECTUALS F\ND A REVOLUTION>Y CLASS TO JO9 UP )1 9 ORD] TO BECOME ITS SPOKESM5 9 A SOCIALI/ P>TY4 

,?US ! PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ,RUSSIA WAS AT ! SAME TIME A /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,CZ>I/ ABSOLUTISM1 UND] ! BANN] ( SOCIALISM4 ,SO ,M>XISM 9 ,RUSSIA1 DEVELOP+ AS ! !ORY ( ?OSE 5GAG$ 9 ! SOCIAL CONFLICT1 NECESS>ILY ASSUM$ ANO!R *>ACT] ?AN 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,IT WAS /ILL ! !ORY ( A FI<T+ WORK+ CLASS1 BUT ?IS CLASS HAD TO FI<T FIR/ & =EMO/ = :AT 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE HAD BE5 ! FUNCTION & WORK ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 ) ! 9TELLECTUALS AS ITS ASSOCIATES4 ,SO ! ,RUSSIAN 9TELLECTUALS1 9 ADAPT+ ! !ORY TO ?IS LOCAL TASK1 HAD TO F9D A =M ( ,M>XISM 9 :I* CRITICISM ( RELIGION /OOD 9 ! =EFRONT4 ,!Y F\ND IT 9 AN APPROA* TO E>LI] =MS ( MAT]IALISM1 & 9 ! FIR/ WRIT+S ( ,M>X FROM ! TIME :5 9 ,G]MANY ! FI<T ( ! B\RGEOISIE & ! WORK]S AGA9/ ABSOLUTISM WAS /ILL UNDIVID$4 

,?IS APPE>S MO/ CLE>LY 9 ,PLE*ANOV1 ! 0FA!R ( ,RUSSIAN ,M>XISM40 ,AT ! TIME ?AT 9 ,WE/]N C\NTRIES !ORI/S OCCUPI$ !MSELVES ) POLITICAL PROBLEMS1 HE TURN$ HIS ATT5TION TO ! OLD] MAT]IALI/S4 ,9 HIS ,BEITRAGE ZUR ,GES*I*TE DES ,MAT]IALISMUS 7,CONTRIBUTIONS TO ! ,HI/ORY ( ,MAT]IALISM7 HE TREATS ! ,FR5* MAT]IALI/S ( ! #a#h? C5TURY1 ,HELVETIUS1 ,LAMETTRIE1 & COMP>ES !M ) ,M>X1 TO %[ H[ MANY VALUABLE & IMPORTANT IDEAS W]E ALREADY CONTA9$ 9 !IR WORKS4 ,H5CE WE UND]/& :Y 9 HIS ,GRUNDPROBLEME DES ,M>XISMUS HE /RESSES ! CONCORDANCE BETWE5 ,M>X & ,FEU]BA* & EMPHASIZES ! VIEWPO9TS ( MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM4 

,YET ,PLE*ANOV WAS /RONGLY 9FLU5C$ BY ! ,WE/]N1 ESPECIALLY ! ,G]MAN WORK]S'1 MOVEM5T4 ,HE WAS KN[N AS ! H]ALD ( ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+-CLASS /RUGGLE1 :I* HE PR$ICT$ !ORETICALLY AT A TIME :5 PRACTICALLY !RE WAS H>DLY ANY TRACE4 ,HE WAS E/EEM$ AS ONE ( ! V]Y FEW :O OCCUPI$ !MSELVES ) PHILOSOPHY2 HE PLAY$ AN 9T]NATIONAL ROLE & TOOK P>T 9 ! DISCUSSIONS ON ,M>XISM & RE=MISM4 ,WE/]N SOCIALI/S /UDI$ HIS WRIT+S )\T P]CEIV+ AT ! TIME ! DIFF]5CES HIDD5 )9 !M4 ,?US HE WAS DET]M9$ BY ,RUSSIAN CONDITIONS LESS EXCLUSIVELY ?AN ,L594 

,L59 WAS ! PRACTICAL LEAD] ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,H5CE 9 HIS !ORETICAL IDEAS ITS PRACTICAL CONDITIONS & POLITICAL AIMS >E %[N MORE CLE>LY4 ,! CONDITIONS ( ! FI<T AGA9/ ,CZ>ISM DET]M9$ ! BASIC VIEWS EXPOS$ 9 HIS BOOK4 ,!ORETICAL1 ESPECIALLY PHILOSOPHIC VIEWS >E NOT DET]M9$ BY AB/RACT /UDIES & *ANCE READ+ 9 PHILOSOPHICAL LIT]ATURE1 BUT BY ! GREAT LIFE-TASKS :I*1 IMPOS$ BY ! NE$S ( PRACTICAL ACTIVITY1 DIRECT ! WILL & ?\<T ( MAN4 ,TO ,L59 & ! ,BOL%EVI/ P>TY ! FIR/ LIFE-TASK WAS ! ANNIHILATION ( ,CZ>ISM & ( ! BACKW>D B>B>\S SOCIAL SY/EM ( ,RUSSIA4 ,*UR* & RELIGION W]E ! !ORETICAL F\NDATIONS ( ?AT SY/EM1 ! IDEOLOGY & GLORIFICATION ( ABSOLUTISM1 EXPRESSION & SYMBOL ( ! SLAV]Y ( ! MASSES4 ,H5CE A REL5TLESS FI<T AGA9/ !M WAS NE$$2 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ RELIGION /OOD 9 ! C5T] ( ,L59'S !ORETICAL ?\<T2 ANY CONCESSION H[EV] SMALL TO 0FIDEISM0 WAS AN ATTACK ON ! LIFE-N]VE ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,AS A FI<T AGA9/ ABSOLUTISM1 L&$ PROP]TY1 & CL]GY1 ! FI<T 9 ,RUSSIA WAS V]Y SIMIL> TO ! =M] FI<T ( B\RGEOISIE & 9TELLECTUALS 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE2 SO ! ?\<TS & FUNDAM5TAL IDEAS ( ,L59 MU/ BE SIMIL> TO :AT HAD BE5 PROPAGAT$ 9 MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM1 & HIS SYMPA?IES W5T TO ITS SPOKESM54 ,9 ,RUSSIA1 H[EV]1 IT WAS ! WORK+ CLASS :O HAD TO WAGE ! FI<T2 SO ! FI<T+ ORGANIZATION HAD TO BE A SOCIALI/ P>TY1 PROCLAIM+ ,M>XISM AS ITS CRE$1 & TAK+ FROM ,M>XISM :AT WAS NECESS>Y = ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION3 ! DOCTR9E ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM1 & ! DOCTR9E ( CLASS W> AS ITS MOV+ =CE4 ,H5CE ,L59 GAVE TO HIS MAT]IALISM ! NAME & G>B ( ,M>XISM1 & ASSUM$ IT TO BE ! REAL - I4E4 PECULI>LY WORK+-CLASS AS CONTRA/$ ) MIDDLE-CLASS - ,M>XISM4 

,?IS ID5TIFICATION WAS SUPPORT$ BY /ILL ANO!R CIRCUM/ANCE4 ,9 ,RUSSIA CAPITALISM HAD NOT GR[N UP GRADUALLY FROM SMALL-SCALE PRODUCTION 9 ! H&S ( A MIDDLE CLASS1 AS IT HAD 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,BIG 9DU/RY WAS IMPORT$ FROM \TSIDE AS A =EIGN ELEM5T BY ,WE/]N CAPITALISM1 EXPLOIT+ ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S4 ,MOREOV] ,WE/]N F9ANCIAL CAPITAL1 BY ITS LOANS TO ,CZ>ISM1 EXPLOIT$ ! 5TIRE AGR>IAN ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE1 :O W]E HEAVILY TAX$ TO PAY ! 9T]E/S4 ,WE/]N CAPITAL H]E ASSUM$ ! *>ACT] ( COLONIAL CAPITAL1 ) ! ,CZ> & HIS (FICIALS AS ITS AG5TS4 ,9 C\NTRIES EXPLOIT$ AS COLONIES ALL ! CLASSES HAVE A COMMON 9T]E/ 9 ?R[+ (F ! YOKE ( ! USURI\S =EIGN CAPITAL1 TO E/ABLI% !IR [N FREE ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T1 LEAD+ AS A RULE TO HOME CAPITALISM4 ,?IS FI<T IS WAG$ AGA9/ WORLD-CAPITAL1 H5CE (T5 UND] ! NAME ( SOCIALISM2 & ! WORK]S ( ! ,WE/]N C\NTRIES1 :O /& AGA9/ ! SAME FOE1 >E ! NATURAL ALLIES4 ,?US 9 ,*9A ,SUN ,YAT-,S5 WAS A SOCIALI/2 S9CE1 H[EV]1 ! ,*9ESE B\RGEOISIE :OSE SPOKESMAN HE WAS1 WAS A NUM]\S & P[]FUL CLASS1 HIS SOCIALISM WAS 0NATIONAL0 & HE OPPOS$ ! 0]RORS0 ( ,M>XISM4 

,L591 ON ! CONTR>Y1 HAD TO RELY ON ! WORK+ CLASS1 & BECAUSE HIS FI<T HAD TO BE IMPLACABLE & RADICAL1 HE ESP\S$ ! MO/ RADICAL IDEOLOGY ( ! ,WE/]N PROLET>IAT FI<T+ WORLD-CAPITALISM1 VIZ4 ,M>XISM4 ,S9CE1 H[EV]1 ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION %[$ A MIXTURE ( TWO *>ACT]S1 MIDDLE-CLASS REVOLUTION 9 ITS IMM$IATE AIMS1 PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 9 ITS ACTIVE =CES1 ! APPROPRIATE BOL%EVI/ !ORY TOO HAD TO PRES5T TWO *>ACT]S1 MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM 9 ITS BASIC PHILOSOPHY1 PROLET>IAN EVOLUTIONISM 9 ITS DOCTR9E ( CLASS FI<T4 ,?IS MIXTURE WAS T]M$ ,M>XISM4 ,BUT IT IS CLE> ?AT ,L59'S ,M>XISM1 AS DET]M9$ BY ! SPECIAL ,RUSSIAN ATTITUDE T[>D CAPITALISM1 MU/ BE FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T FROM ! REAL ,M>XISM GR[+ AS !IR BASIC VIEW 9 ! WORK]S ( ! C\NTRIES ( BIG CAPITALISM4 ,M>XISM 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE IS ! WORLD VIEW ( A WORK+ CLASS CONFRONT+ ! TASK ( CONV]T+ A MO/ HI<LY DEVELOP$ CAPITALISM1 ITS [N WORLD ( LIFE & ACTION1 9TO COMMUNISM4 ,! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S & 9TELLECTUALS C\LD NOT MAKE ?IS !IR OBJECT2 !Y HAD FIR/ TO OP5 ! WAY = A FREE DEVELOPM5T ( A MOD]N 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY4 .<#b.> ,TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,M>XI/S ! NUCLEUS ( ,M>XISM IS NOT CONTA9$ 9 ,M>X'S !SIS ?AT SOCIAL REALITY DET]M9ES CONSCI\SNESS1 BUT 9 ! S5T5CE ( Y\NG ,M>X1 9SCRIB$ 9 BIG LETT]S 9 ! ,MOSC[ ,PEOPLE'S ,H\SE1 ?AT RELIGION IS ! OPIUM ( ! PEOPLE4 

,IT MAY HAPP5 ?AT 9 A !ORETICAL WORK !RE APPE> NOT ! IMM$IATE SURR\ND+S & TASKS ( ! AU?OR1 BUT MORE G5]AL & REMOTE 9FLU5CES & WID] TASKS4 ,9 ,L59'S BOOK1 H[EV]1 NO?+ ( ! SORT IS P]CEPTIBLE4 ,IT IS A MANIFE/ & EXCLUSIVE REFLECTION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION AT :I* HE WAS AIM+4 ,ITS *>ACT] SO 5TIRELY CORRESPONDS TO MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM ?AT1 IF IT HAD BE5 KN[N AT ! TIME 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE - BUT ONLY CONFUS$ RUMORS ON ! 9T]NAL /RIFES ( ,RUSSIAN SOCIALISM P5ETRAT$ H]E - & IF IT C\LD HAVE BE5 RI<TLY 9T]PRET$1 ONE C\LD HAVE PR$ICT$ ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION MU/ SOMEH[ RESULT 9 A K9D ( CAPITALISM BAS$ ON A WORK]S' /RUGGLE4 

,!RE IS A WIDESPREAD OP9ION ?AT ! BOL%EVI/ P>TY WAS M>XI/1 & ?AT IT WAS ONLY = PRACTICAL REASONS ?AT ,L591 ! GREAT S*OL> & LEAD] ( ,M>XISM1 GAVE TO ! REVOLUTION ANO!R DIRECTION ?AN :AT ,WE/]N WORK]S CALL$ COMMUNISM - !REBY %[+ HIS REALI/IC M>XIAN 9SI<T4 ,! CRITICAL OPPOSITION TO ! ,RUSSIAN & ,C4,P4 POLITICS TRIES 9DE$ TO OPPOSE ! DESPOTIC PRACTICE ( ! PRES5T ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T - T]M$ ,/AL9ISM - TO ! 0TRUE0 ,M>XI/ PR9CIPLES ( ,L59 & OLD BOL%EVISM4 ,WRONGLY SO4 ,NOT ONLY BECAUSE 9 PRACTICE !SE POLITICS W]E 9AUGURAT$ ALREADY BY ,L594 ,BUT ALSO BECAUSE ! ALLEG$ ,M>XISM ( ,L59 & ! BOL%EVI/ P>TY IS NO?+ BUT A LEG5D4 ,L59 NEV] KNEW REAL ,M>XISM4 ,:5CE %\LD HE HAVE TAK5 IT8 ,CAPITALISM HE KNEW ONLY AS COLONIAL CAPITALISM2 SOCIAL REVOLUTION HE KNEW ONLY AS ! ANNIHILATION ( BIG L& [N]%IP & ,CZ>I/ DESPOTISM4 ,RUSSIAN BOL%EVISM CANNOT BE REPROA*$ = HAV+ AB&ON$ ! WAY ( ,M>XISM3 = IT WAS NEV] ON ?AT WAY4 ,EV]Y PAGE ( ,L59'S PHILOSOPHICAL WORK IS !RE TO PROVE IT2 & ,M>XISM ITSELF1 BY ITS !SIS ?AT !ORETICAL OP9IONS >E DET]M9$ BY SOCIAL RELATIONS & NECESSITIES1 MAKES CLE> ?AT IT C\LD NOT BE O!RWISE4 ,M>XISM1 H[EV]1 AT ! SAME TIME %[S ! NECESSITY ( ! LEG5D2 EV]Y MIDDLE-CLASS REVOLUTION1 REQUIR+ WORK+-CLASS & PEASANT SUPPORT1 NE$S ! ILLUSION ?AT IT IS SOME?+ DIFF]5T1 L>G]1 MORE UNIV]SAL4 ,H]E IT WAS ! ILLUSION ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION WAS ! FIR/ /EP ( WORLD REVOLUTION LIB]AT+ ! 5TIRE PROLET>IAN CLASS FROM CAPITALISM2 ITS !ORETICAL EXPRESSION WAS ! LEG5D ( ,M>XISM4 

,( C\RSE ,L59 WAS A PUPIL ( ,M>X2 FROM ,M>X HE HAD LE>N$ :AT WAS MO/ ESS5TIAL = ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION1 ! UNCOMPROMIS+ PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,JU/ AS = ANALOG\S REASONS1 ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATS W]E PUPILS ( ,M>X4 ,& SURELY ! FI<T ( ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S1 9 !IR MASS ACTIONS & !IR SOVIETS1 WAS ! MO/ IMPORTANT PRACTICAL EXAMPLE ( MOD]N PROLET>IAN W>F>E4 ,?AT1 H[EV]1 ,L59 DID NOT UND]/& ,M>XISM AS ! !ORY ( PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 ?AT HE DID NOT UND]/& CAPITALISM1 B\RGEOISIE1 PROLET>IAT 9 !IR HI<E/ MOD]N DEVELOPM5T1 WAS %[N /RIK+LY :5 FROM ,RUSSIA1 BY MEANS ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL1 ! WORLD REVOLUTION WAS TO BE />T$1 & ! ADVICE & W>N+S ( ,WE/]N ,M>XI/S W]E 5TIRELY DISREG>D$4 ,AN UNBROK5 S]IES ( BLUND]S1 FAILURES1 & DEFEATS1 ( :I* ! PRES5T WEAKNESS ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T WAS ! RESULT1 %[$ ! UNAVOIDABLE %ORTCOM+ ( ! ,RUSSIAN LEAD]%IP4 

,RETURN+ N[ TO ! TIME ?AT ,L59 WROTE HIS BOOK WE HAVE TO ASK :AT !N WAS ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! CONTROV]SY ON ,MA*ISM4 ,! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T COMPRIS$ WID] CIRCLES ( 9TELLECTUALS ?AN ,WE/]N SOCIALISM2 SO P>T ( !M CAME UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ANTI-MAT]IALI/ MIDDLE-CLASS TR5DS4 ,IT WAS NATURAL ?AT ,L59 %\LD %>PLY TAKE UP ! FI<T AGA9/ SU* T5D5CIES4 ,HE DID NOT LOOK UPON !M AS W\LD A ,M>XI/ :O UND]/&S !M AS A SOCIAL PH5OM5ON1 EXPLA9+ !M \T ( !IR SOCIAL ORIG91 & ?US R5D]+ !M 9EFFECTUAL2 NO:]E 9 HIS BOOK DO WE F9D AN ATTEMPT AT OR A TRACE ( SU* AN UND]/&+4 ,TO ,L59 MAT]IALISM WAS ! TRU? E/ABLI%$ BY ,FEU]BA*1 ,M>X & ,5GELS1 & ! MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALI/S2 BUT !N /UPIDITY1 REACTION1 MONEY-9T]E/S ( ! B\RGEOISIE & ! SPIRITUAL P[] ( !OLOGY HAD BR\<T AB\T A REVULSION 9 ,EUROPE4 ,N[ ?IS CORRUPTION ?REAT5$ TO ASSAIL BOL%EVISM TOO2 SO IT HAD TO BE OPPOS$ ) ! UTMO/ VIGOR4 

,9 ?IS ACTION ,L59 ( C\RSE WAS 5TIRELY RI<T4 ,TO BE SURE1 IT WAS NOT A QUE/ION ( ! TRU? ( ,M>X OR ,MA*1 NOR :E!R \T ( ,MA*'S IDEAS SOME?+ C\LD BE US$ 9 ,M>XISM4 ,IT WAS ! QUE/ION :E!R MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM OR MIDDLE-CLASS IDEALISM1 OR SOME MIXTURE1 W\LD AF=D ! !ORETICAL BASIS = ! FI<T AGA9/ ,CZ>ISM4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT ! IDEOLOGY ( A SELF-CONT5T$1 ALREADY DECL9+ B\RGEOISIE CAN NEV] FIT 9 ) A RIS+ MOVEM5T1 NOT EV5 ) A RIS+ MIDDLE CLASS ITSELF4 ,IT W\LD HAVE L$ TO WEAKNESS1 :]E UNFOLD+ ( ! UTMO/ VIGOR WAS NECESS>Y4 ,ONLY ! RIGOR ( MAT]IALISM C\LD MAKE ! ,P>TY H>D1 SU* AS WAS NE$$ = A REVOLUTION4 ,! T5D5CY ( ,MA*ISM1 SOMEH[ P>ALLEL TO REVISIONISM 9 ,G]MANY1 WAS TO BREAK ! RADICALISM ( /RUGGLE & ! SOLID UNITY ( ! P>TY1 9 !ORY & 9 PRACTICE4 ,?IS WAS ! DANG] ?AT ,L59 SAW QUITE CLE>LY4 0,:5 ,I READ IT 7,BOGDANOV'S BOOK7 ,I BECAME EXCE$+LY PROVOK$ & 5RAG$10 HE WROTE TO ,GORKY1 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#h4 ,9DE$1 WE P]CEIVE ?IS 9 ! VEHEM5CE ( HIS ATTACK UPON ! ADV]S>Y1 9 EV]Y PAGE ( ! WORK2 IT SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 WRITT5 9 A CONT9U\S FURY4 ,IT IS NOT A FUNDAM5TAL DISCUSSION CLE>+ ! IDEAS1 AS WAS1 = EXAMPLE ,5GELS'S BOOK AGA9/ ,DUHR+2 IT IS ! W>-PAMPHLET ( A P>TY LEAD] :O HAS TO W>D (F BY ANY MEANS ! DANG] TO HIS P>TY4 ,SO IT C\LD NOT BE EXPECT$ ?AT HE %\LD TRY REALLY TO UND]/& ! HO/ILE DOCTR9ES2 9 CONSEQU5CE ( HIS [N UNM>XIAN ?9K+ HE C\LD ONLY MIS9T]PRET & MISREPRES5T !M4 ,! ONLY ?+ NE$$ WAS TO KNOCK !M D[N1 TO DE/ROY !IR SCI5TIFIC CR$IT1 & ?US TO EXPOSE ! ,RUSSIAN ,MA*I/S AS IGNORANT P>ROTS ( REACTION>Y BLOCKHEADS4 

,& HE SUCCE$$4 ,HIS FUNDAM5TAL VIEWS W]E ! VIEWS ( ! BOL%EVI/ P>TY AT L>GE1 AS DET]M9$ BY IS HI/ORICAL TASK4 ,AS SO (T51 ,L59 HAD FELT EXACTLY ! PRACTICAL EXIG5CIES4 ,MA*ISM WAS CONDEMN$ & EXPELL$ FROM ! P>TY4 ,AS A UNIT$ BODY ! P>TY C\LD TAKE ITS C\RSE AGA91 9 ! VAN ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 T[>DS ! REVOLUTION4 

,! WORDS ( ,DEBOR9 QUOT$ 9 ! BEG9N+ ?US >E ONLY P>TIALLY TRUE4 ,WE CANNOT SPEAK ( A VICTORY ( ,M>XISM1 :5 !RE IS ONLY QUE/ION ( A SO-CALL$ REFUTATION ( MIDDLE-CLASS IDEALISM ?R\< ! IDEAS ( MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM4 ,BUT D\BTLESS ,L59'S BOOK WAS AN IMPORTANT FEATURE 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,P>TY1 DET]M9+ 9 A HI< DEGREE ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( PHILOSOPHIC OP9IONS 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,H]EAFT] ! REVOLUTION1 UND] ! NEW SY/EM ( /ATE CAPITALISM - A COMB9ATION ( MIDDLE CLASS MAT]IALISM & ! M>XIAN DOCTR9E ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 ADORN$ ) SOME DIALECTIC T]M9OLOGY - WAS1 UND] ! NAME 0,L59ISM10 PROCLAIM$ ! (FICIAL ,/ATE-PHILOSOPHY4 ,IT WAS ! RI<T DOCTR9E = ! ,RUSSIAN 9TELLECTUALS :O1 N[ ?AT NATURAL SCI5CE & TE*NICS =M$ ! BASIS ( A RAPIDLY DEVELOP+ PRODUCTION SY/EM UND] !IR DIRECTION1 SAW ! FUTURE OP5 UP BE=E !M AS ! RUL+ CLASS ( AN IMM5SE EMPIRE4 

  

,NOTES 

#a4 ,! PHRASE 0MIDDLE CLASS0 IS H]E US$ AS A TRANSLATION = ! ,G]MAN WORD 0BURG]LI*04 ,! MORE MOD]N T]M US$ 9 ,M>XI/ DISC\RSE = ?IS CONCEPT IS 0B\RGEOIS0 7I4E4 RELAT+ TO ! CAPITALI/ OR B\RGEOIS CLASS7 9 ORD] TO DI/+UI% IT FROM ! RA!R IMPRECISE T]M 0MIDDLE CLASS01 :I* IS (T5 US$ AS A BROAD DESCRIPTION = :ITE-COLL> WORK]S1 PR(ESSIONALS1 ! SELF-EMPLOY$ ETC4 ,SIMIL>LY :5 ?IS TEXT REF]S TO 0! MIDDLE CLASS0 IT IS REF]R+ TO ! B\RGEOISIE OR CAPITALI/ CLASS4 7,NOTE BY ,M,I,A7 

#b4 ,BOL%EVI/ HI/ORIANS1 S9CE !Y KNEW CAPITALISM ONLY 9 ! *>ACT] ( COLONIAL CAPITALISM1 W]E KE5 9 RECOGNIZ+ ! ROLE ( COLONIAL CAPITAL 9 ! WORLD1 & W]E ABLE TO WRITE EXCELL5T /UDIES ON IT4 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME !Y READILY OV]LOOK$ ITS DIFF]5CE FROM HOME CAPITALISM4 ,?US ,PROKROVSKI 9 HIS ,HI/ORY ( ,RUSSIA REPRES5TS #aiag AS ! 5D ( A ,RUSSIAN CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ( MANY C5TURIES4 

O ,*APT] #h 3 ,! ,PROLET>IAN ,REVOLUTION 

,! PUBLICATION FIR/ ( A ,G]MAN1 !N ( AN ,5GLI% TRANSLATION ( ,L59'S WORK %[S ?AT IT WAS MEANT TO PLAY A WID] ROLE ?AN ITS FUNCTION 9 ! OLD ,RUSSIAN P>TY CONFLICT4 ,IT IS PRES5T$ N[ TO ! Y\NG] G5]ATION ( SOCIALI/S & COMMUNI/S 9 ORD] TO 9FLU5CE ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,SO WE ASK :AT CAN ! WORK]S 9 CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES LE>N FROM IT8 ,( ! REFUT$ PHILOSOPHICAL IDEAS IT GIVES A DI/ORT$ VIEW2 & UND] ! NAME ( ,M>XISM ANO!R !ORY1 MIDDLE CLASS MAT]IALISM IS EXP\ND$4 ,IT DOES NOT AIM AT BR++ ! READ] TO A CLE> 9DEP5D5T JUDGM5T 9 PHILOSOPHICAL QUE/IONS2 IT 9T5DS TO 9/RUCT HIM ?AT ! ,P>TY IS RI<T1 & ?AT HE HAS TO TRU/ & TO FOLL[ ! P>TY LEAD]S4 ,:AT WAY IS IT ?AT ?IS P>TY LEAD] %[S TO ! 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAT8 ,LET US READ ,L59'S VIEW ( ! WORLD-CONTE/ ( ! CLASSES 9 HIS F9AL S5T5CES3 0444 BEH9D ! EPI/EMOLOGICAL S*OLA/ICISM ( EMPIRIO-CRITICISM IT IS IMPOSSIBLE NOT TO SEE ! /RUGGLE ( P>TIES 9 PHILOSOPHY1 A /RUGGLE :I* 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS REJECTS ! T5D5CIES & IDEOLOGY ( ! ANTAGONI/IC CLASSES 9 MOD]N SOCIETY 444 ,! CONT5D+ P>TIES >E ESS5TIALLY 444 MAT]IALISM & IDEALISM4 ,! LATT] IS M]ELY A SUBTLE1 REF9$ =M ( FIDEISM1 :I* /&S FULLY >M$1 COMM&S VA/ ORGANIZATIONS & /EADILY CONT9UES TO EX]CISE 9FLU5CE ON ! MASSES1 TURN+ ! SLI<TE/ VACILLATION 9 PHILOSOPHICAL ?\<T TO ITS [N ADVANTAGE4 ,! OBJECTIVE CLASS ROLE PLAY$ BY EMPIRIO-CRITICISM 5TIRELY CONSI/S 9 R5D]+ FAI?FUL S]VICE TO ! FIDEI/S 9 !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ MAT]IALISM 9 G5]AL & ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM 9 P>TICUL>40 7#c#g#a7 

,NO?+ H]E ( ! IMM5SE P[] ( ! FOE1 ! B\RGEOISIE1 MA/] ( ALL ! RI*ES ( ! WORLD1 AGA9/ :I* ! WORK+ CLASS H>DLY CAN MAKE ANY PROGRESS4 ,NO?+ ( ITS SPIRITUAL P[] OV] ! M9DS ( ! WORK]S1 /ILL /RONGLY DOM9AT$ BY MIDDLE-CLASS CULTURE & H>DLY ABLE TO OV]COME IT 9 A CONT9U\S /RUGGLE = KN[L$GE4 ,NO?+ ( ! NEW P[]FUL IDEOLOGIES ( NATIONALISM & IMP]IALISM ?REAT5+ TO GA9 A HOLD OV] ! WORK]S TOO1 & 9DE$1 SOON AFT]W>DS1 DRAGG+ !M ALONG 9TO ! WORLD W>4 ,NO1 ! ,*UR*1 ! ORGANIZATION ( 0FIDEISM0 9 FULL >MOR1 ?AT IS TO ,L59 ! MO/ DANG]\S HO/ILE P[]4 ,! FI<T ( MAT]IALISM AGA9/ RELIGI\S BELIEF IS TO HIM ! !ORETICAL FI<T ACCOMPANY+ ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,! LIMIT$ !ORETICAL OPPOSITION BETWE5 ! =M] & ! LAT] RUL+ CLASS APPE>S TO HIM ! GREAT WORLD FI<T ( IDEAS :I* HE CONNECTS ) ! PROLET>IAN CLASS FI<T1 ! ESS5CE & IDEAS ( :I* LIE F> \TSIDE HIS VIEW4 ,?US 9 ,L59'S PHILOSOPHY ! ,RUSSIAN S*EME IS TRANSF]R$ UPON ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA1 ! ANTI-RELIGI\S T5D5CY ( A RIS+ B\RGEOISIE IS TRANSF]R$ TO ! RISE ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,JU/ AS AMONG ,G]MAN RE=MI/S AT ?AT TIME ! DIVISION WAS MADE BETWE5 0REACTION0 & 0PROGRESS0 & NOT ACCORD+ TO CLASS BUT ACCORD+ TO POLITICAL IDEOLOGY - ?US CONFUS+ ! WORK]S - SO H]E IT IS MADE ACCORD+ TO RELIGI\S IDEOLOGY1 BETWE5 REACTION>IES & FREE-?9K]S1 9/EAD ( E/ABLI%+ ITS CLASS-UNITY AGA9/ B\RGEOISIE & ,/ATE1 TO GET MA/]Y OV] PRODUCTION1 ! ,WE/]N PROLET>IAN CLASS IS 9VIT$ TO TAKE UP ! FI<T AGA9/ RELIGION4 ,IF ?IS BOOK & !SE IDEAS ( ,L59 HAD BE5 KN[N 9 #aiah AMONG ,WE/]N ,M>XI/S1 SURELY !RE W\LD HAVE BE5 A MORE CRITICAL ATTITUDE AGA9/ HIS TACTICS = WORLD REVOLUTION4 

,! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL AIMS AT A WORLD REVOLUTION AFT] ! MODEL ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION & ) ! SAME GOAL4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ECONOMIC SY/EM IS /ATE CAPITALISM1 !RE CALL$ /ATE-SOCIALISM OR EV5 COMMUNISM1 ) PRODUCTION DIRECT$ BY A /ATE BUREAUCRACY UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,! /ATE (FICIALS1 =M+ ! NEW RUL+ CLASS1 HAVE ! DISPOSAL OV] ! PRODUCT1 H5CE OV] ! SURPLUS-VALUE1 :]EAS ! WORK]S RECEIVE WAGES ONLY1 ?US =M+ AN EXPLOIT$ CLASS4 ,9 ?IS WAY IT HAS BE5 POSSIBLE 9 ! %ORT TIME ( SOME DOZ5S ( YE>S TO TRANS=M ,RUSSIA FROM A PRIMITIVE B>B>\S C\NTRY 9TO A MOD]N /ATE ( RAPIDLY 9CREAS+ 9DU/RY ON ! BASIS ( ADVANC$ SCI5CE & TE*NICS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY IDEAS1 A SIMIL> REVOLUTION IS NE$$ 9 ! CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES1 ) ! WORK+ CLASS AGA9 AS ! ACTIVE P[]1 LEAD+ TO ! OV]?R[ ( ! B\RGEOISIE & ! ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION BY A /ATE BUREAUCRACY4 ,! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION C\LD BE VICTORI\S ONLY BECAUSE A WELL-DISCIPL9$ UNIT$ BOL%EVI/ P>TY L$ ! MASSES1 & BECAUSE 9 ! P>TY ! CLE> 9SI<T & ! UNYIELD+ ASSURANCE ( ,L59 & HIS FRI5DS %[$ ! RI<T WAY4 ,?US1 9 ! SAME WAY1 9 WORLD REVOLUTION ! WORK]S HAVE TO FOLL[ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 LEAVE TO IT ! LEAD & AFT]W>DS ! GOV]NM5T2 & ! P>TY MEMB]S HAVE TO OBEY !IR LEAD]S 9 RIGID DISCIPL9E4 ,ESS5TIAL >E ! QUALIFI$ CAPABLE P>TY LEAD]S1 ! PR(ICI5T1 EXP]I5C$ REVOLUTION>IES2 :AT IS NECESS>Y = ! MASSES IS ! BELIEF ?AT ! P>TY & ITS LEAD]S >E RI<T4 

,9 REALITY1 = ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! C\NTRIES ( DEVELOP$ CAPITALISM1 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA1 MATT]S >E 5TIRELY DIFF]5T4 ,ITS TASK IS NOT ! OV]?R[ ( A BACKW>D ABSOLUTI/ MON>*Y4 ,ITS TASK IS TO VANQUI% A RUL+ CLASS COMM&+ ! MI<TIE/ MAT]IAL & SPIRITUAL =CES ! WORLD EV] KNEW4 ,ITS OBJECT CANNOT BE TO REPLACE ! DOM9ATION ( /OCKJOBB]S & MONOPOLI/S OV] A DISORD]LY PRODUCTION BY ! DOM9ATION ( /ATE (FICIALS OV] A PRODUCTION REGULAT$ FROM ABOVE4 ,ITS OBJECT IS TO BE ITSELF MA/] ( PRODUCTION & ITSELF TO REGULATE LABOR1 ! BASIS ( LIFE4 ,ONLY !N IS CAPITALISM REALLY DE/ROY$4 ,SU* AN AIM CANNOT BE ATTA9$ BY AN IGNORANT MASS1 CONFID5T FOLL[]S ( A P>TY PRES5T+ ITSELF AS AN EXP]T LEAD]%IP4 ,IT CAN BE ATTA9$ ONLY IF ! WORK]S !MSELVES1 ! 5TIRE CLASS1 UND]/& ! CONDITIONS1 WAYS & MEANS ( !IR FI<T2 :5 EV]Y MAN KN[S FROM HIS [N JUDGM5T1 :AT TO DO4 ,!Y MU/1 EV]Y MAN ( !M1 ACT !MSELVES1 DECIDE !MSELVES1 H5CE ?9K \T & KN[ = !MSELVES4 ,ONLY 9 ?IS WAY WILL A REAL CLASS ORGANIZATION BE BUILT UP FROM BEL[1 HAV+ ! =M ( SOME?+ LIKE WORK]S' C\NCILS4 ,IT IS ( NO AVAIL ?AT !Y HAVE BE5 CONV9C$ ?AT !IR LEAD]S KN[ :AT IS AFOOT & HAVE GA9$ ! PO9T 9 !ORETICAL DISCUSSION - AN EASY ?+ :5 EA* IS ACQUA9T$ ) ! WRIT+S ( HIS [N P>TY ONLY4 ,\T ( ! CONTE/ ( >GUM5TS !Y HAVE TO =M A CLE> OP9ION !MSELVES4 ,!RE IS NO TRU? LY+ READY AT H& ?AT HAS ONLY TO BE IMBIB$2 9 EV]Y NEW CASE TRU? MU/ BE CONTRIV$ BY EX]TION ( ONE'S [N BRA94 

,?IS DOES NOT MEAN1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT EV]Y WORK] %\LD JUDGE ON SCI5TIFIC >GUM5TS 9 FIELDS1 ?AT CAN BE MA/]$ ONLY BY PR(ESSIONAL /UDY4 ,IT MEANS1 FIR/1 ?AT ALL WORK]S %\LD GIVE ATT5TION NOT ONLY TO !IR DIRECT WORK+ & LIV+ CONDITIONS BUT ALSO TO ! GREAT SOCIAL ISSUES CONNECT$ ) !IR CLASS /RUGGLE & ! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR2 & %\LD KN[ H[ TO TAKE DECISIONS H]E4 ,BUT IT IMPLIES1 SECONDLY1 A C]TA9 /&>D ( >GUM5T 9 PROPAG&A & POLITICAL /RIFE4 ,:5 ! VIEWS ( ! OPPON5T >E R5D]$ 9 A DI/ORT$ WAY BECAUSE ! WILL+NESS OR ! CAPACITY TO UND]/& !M IS LACK+1 !N 9 ! EYES ( ! BELIEV+ ADH]5TS Y\ MAY SCORE A SUCCESS2 BUT ! ONLY RESULT - 9T5D$ 9DE$ 9 P>TY /RIFE - IS TO B9D !M ) /RONG] FANATICISM TO ! P>TY4 ,= ! WORK]S H[EV]1 :AT IS ( IMPORTANCE IS NOT ! 9CREASE ( P[] ( A P>TY BUT ! 9CREASE ( !IR [N CAPACITY TO SEIZE P[] & TO E/ABLI% !IR MA/]Y OV] SOCIETY4 ,ONLY :51 9 >GU+ & DISCUSS+1 ! OPPON5T IS GIV5 HIS FULL P\ND1 :5 9 WEI<+ >GUM5TS AGA9/ ONE ANO!R EA* SOLID OP9ION IS UND]/OOD \T ( SOCIAL CLASS RELATIONS1 WILL ! P>TICIPANT HE>]S GA9 SU* WELL-F\ND$ 9SI<T AS IS NECESS>Y = A WORK+ CLASS TO ASSURE ITS FRE$OM4 

,! WORK+ CLASS NE$S ,M>XISM = ITS LIB]ATION4 ,JU/ AS ! RESULTS ( NATURAL SCI5CE >E NECESS>Y = ! TE*NICAL CON/RUCTION ( CAPITALISM1 SO ! RESULTS ( SOCIAL SCI5CE >E NECESS>Y = ! ORGANIZATIONAL CON/RUCTION ( COMMUNISM4 ,:AT WAS NE$$ FIR/ WAS POLITICAL ECONOMY1 ?AT P>T ( ,M>XISM ?AT EXP\NDS ! /RUCTURE ( CAPITALISM1 ! NATURE ( EXPLOITATION1 ! CLASS-ANTAGONISM1 ! T5D5CIES ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT GAVE1 DIRECTLY1 A SOLID BASIS TO ! SPONTANE\SLY >IS+ FI<T ( ! WORK]S AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/ MA/]S4 ,!N1 9 ! FUR!R /RUGGLE1 BY ITS !ORY ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY FROM PRIMITIVE ECONOMY ?R\< CAPITALISM TO COMMUNISM1 IT GAVE CONFID5CE & 5?USIASM ?R\< ! PROSPECT ( VICTORY & FRE$OM4 ,:5 ! NOT YET NUM]\S WORK]S TOOK UP !IR MO/ DIFFICULT FI<T1 & ! HOPELESS 9DIFF]5T MASSES HAD TO BE R\S$1 ?IS 9SI<T WAS ! FIR/ ?+ NE$$4 

,:5 ! WORK+ CLASS HAS GR[N MORE NUM]\S1 MORE P[]FUL1 & SOCIETY IS FULL ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE1 ANO!R P>T ( ,M>XISM HAS TO COME TO ! =EFRONT4 ,?AT !Y %\LD KN[ ?AT !Y >E EXPLOIT$ & HAVE TO FI<T1 IS NOT ! MA9 PO9T ANY MORE2 !Y MU/ KN[ H[ TO FI<T1 H[ TO OV]COME !IR WEAKNESS1 H[ TO BUILD UP !IR UNITY & /R5G?4 ,!IR ECONOMIC POSITION IS SO EASY TO UND]/&1 !IR EXPLOITATION SO MANIFE/ ?AT !IR UNITY 9 /RUGGLE1 !IR COMMON WILL TO SEIZE P[] OV] PRODUCTION %\LD PRESUMABLY RESULT AT ONCE4 ,:AT HAMP]S !M IS *IEFLY ! P[] ( ! 9H]IT$ & CONFUS$ IDEAS1 ! =MIDABLE SPIRITUAL P[] ( ! MIDDLE-CLASS WORLD .<#a.>1 5VELOP+ !IR M9DS 9TO A ?ICK CL\D ( BELIEFS & IDEOLOGIES1 DIVID+ !M1 & MAK+ !M UNC]TA9 & CONFUS$4 ,! PROCESS ( 5LI<T5M5T1 ( CLE>+ UP & VANQUI%+ ?IS WORLD ( OLD IDEAS & IDEOLOGIES IS ! ESS5TIAL PROCESS ( BUILD+ ! WORK+-CLASS P[]1 IS ! PROGRESS ( REVOLUTION4 ,H]E ?AT P>T ( ,M>XISM IS NE$$ ?AT WE CALL ITS PHILOSOPHY1 ! RELATION ( IDEAS TO REALITY4 

,AMONG !SE IDEOLOGIES ! LEA/ SIGNIFICANT IS RELIGION4 ,AS ! WI!R$ HUSK ( A SY/EM ( IDEAS REFLECT+ CONDITIONS ( A F> PA/1 IT HAS ONLY AN IMAG9>Y P[] AS A REFUGE = ALL1 :O >E FRI<T5$ BY CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,ITS BASIS HAS BE5 CONT9UALLY UND]M9$ BY CAPITALISM ITSELF4 ,MIDDLE-CLASS PHILOSOPHY !N PUT UP 9 ITS PLACE ! BELIEF 9 ALL ?OSE LESS] IDOLS1 DEIFI$ AB/RACTIONS1 SU* AS MATT]1 =CE CAUSALITY 9 NATURE1 LIB]TY & PROGRESS 9 SOCIETY4 ,9 MOD]N TIMES !SE N[ =SAK5 IDOLS HAVE BE5 REPLAC$ BY NEW1 MORE P[]FUL OBJECTS ( V5]ATION3 /ATE & NATION4 ,9 ! /RUGGLE ( ! OLD & ! NEW B\RGEOISIES = WORLD P[]1 NATIONALISM1 N[ ! MO/ NE$$ IDEOLOGY1 ROSE TO SU* P[] AS TO C>RY ) IT EV5 BROAD MASSES ( ! WORK]S4 ,MO/ IMPORTANT >E1 BESIDES SU* SPIRITUAL P[]S AS DEMOCRACY1 ORGANIZATION1 UNION1 P>TY1 BECAUSE !Y HAVE !IR ROOTS 9 ! WORK+ CLASS ITSELF AS RESULTS ( !IR LIFE PRACTICE1 !IR [N /RUGGLE4 ,JU/ BECAUSE !RE IS CONNECT$ ) !M ! REMEMBRANCE ( PASSIONATE EX]TION1 ( DEVOT$ SACRIFICES1 ( FEV]I% CONC]N ) VICTORY OR DEFEAT1 !IR M]IT - :I* IS B\ND AS A CLASS TOOL TO ?OSE P>TICUL> PA/ TIMES & CONDITIONS - IS EXALT$ TO ! BELIEF 9 !IR ABSOLUTE EXCELL5CE4 ,?AT MAKES ! TRANSITION TO NEW NECESSITIES UND] NEW CONDITIONS DIFFICULT4 ,! CONDITIONS ( LIFE FREQU5TLY COMPEL ! WORK]S TO TAKE UP NEW =MS ( FI<T2 BUT ! OLD TRADITIONS CAN HAMP] & RET>D IT 9 A S]I\S WAY4 ,9 ! CONT9U\S CONTE/ BETWE5 9H]IT$ IDEOLOGY & PRACTICAL NE$S1 IT IS ESS5TIAL = ! WORK]S TO UND]/& ?AT !IR IDEAS >E NOT 9DEP5D5TLY EXI/+ TRU?S BUT G5]ALIZATIONS ( =M] EXP]I5CES & NECESSITIES2 ?AT HUMAN M9D ALWAYS HAS ! T5D5CY TO ASSIGN TO SU* IDEAS AN UNLIMIT$ VALIDITY1 AS ABSOLUTELY GOOD OR BAD1 V5]AT$ OR HAT$1 & ?US MAKES ! PEOPLE SLAVES TO SUP]/ITION2 BUT ?AT BY UND]/&+ LIMITS & CONDITIONS1 SUP]/ITION IS VANQUI%$ & ?\<T IS MADE FREE4 ,&1 CONV]SELY1 :AT IS RECOGNIZ$ AS ! LA/+ 9T]E/1 AS ! ESS5TIAL BASIS ( ! FI<T = HIS CLASS1 MU/ BE UN]R+LY KEPT 9 M9D - ?\< )\T BE+ DEIFI$ - AS ! BRILLIANT GUID+ /> 9 ALL ACTION4 ,?IS - BESIDES ITS USE AS EXPLANATION ( DAILY EXP]I5CE & CLASS /RUGGLE - IS ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ,M>XIAN PHILOSOPHY1 ! DOCTR9E ( ! CONNECTION ( WORLD & M9D1 AS CONCEIV$ BY ,M>X1 ,5GELS1 & ,DIETZG52 ?IS GIVES /R5G? TO ! WORK+ CLASS TO ACCOMPLI% ITS GREAT TASK ( SELF-LIB]ATION4 

,L59'S BOOK1 ON ! O!R H&1 TRIES TO IMPOSE UPON ! READ]S1 ! AU?OR'S BELIEF 9 ! REALITY ( AB/RACTIONS4 ,SO IT CANNOT BE HELPFUL 9 ANY WAY = ! WORK]S' TASK4 ,& AS A MATT] ( FACT ITS PUBLICATION 9 ,WE/]N LANGUAGES WAS NOT MEANT TO BE ?AT4 ,WORK]S AIM+ AT ! SELF-LIB]ATION ( !IR CLASS /& BEYOND ! HORIZON ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,:AT ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY CAN SEE IS ! COMPETITOR1 ! RIVAL P>TY1 ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL TRY+ TO KEEP ! LEAD]%IP OV] ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,AS ,DEBOR9 WAS QUOT$ 9 ! ,PREFACE1 ! AIM ( ! PUBLICATION WAS TO W9 SOCIAL-DEMOCRACY1 CORRUPT$ BY MIDDLE CLASS IDEALI/IC PHILOSOPHY1 BACK TO MAT]IALISM - OR ELSE TO BR[BEAT IT BY ! MORE CAPTIVAT+ RADICAL T]MS ( MAT]IALISM - AS A !ORETICAL CONTRIBUTION TO ! ,R$ ,FRONT4 ,= ! RIS+ CLASS-MOVEM5T ( ! WORK]S IT MATT]S LITTLE :I* ( !SE UNM>XIAN P>TY-L9ES ( ?\<T %\LD GET ! UPP] H&4 

,BUT 9 ANO!R WAY ,L59'S PHILOSOPHY MAY BE ( IMPORTANCE = !IR /RUGGLE4 ,! AIM ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY - :I* IS CALL$ WORLD-REVOLUTION - IS TO BR+ TO P[]1 BY MEANS ( ! FI<T+ =CE ( ! WORK]S1 A LAY] ( LEAD]S :O !N E/ABLI% PLANN$ PRODUCTION BY MEANS ( ,/ATE-,P[]2 9 ITS ESS5CE IT CO9CIDES ) ! AIMS ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,! SOCIAL IDEALS GR[+ UP 9 ! M9DS ( ! 9TELLECTUAL CLASS N[ ?AT IT FEELS ITS 9CREAS+ IMPORTANCE 9 ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION3 A WELL-ORD]$ ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION = USE UND] ! DIRECTION ( TE*NICAL & SCI5TIFIC EXP]TS - >E H>DLY DIFF]5T4 ,SO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY CONSID]S ?IS CLASS ITS NATURAL ALLIES :I* IT HAS TO DRAW 9TO ITS CIRCLE4 ,BY AN ABLE !ORETICAL PROPAG&A IT TRIES TO DETA* ! 9TELLIG5TSIA FROM ! SPIRITUAL 9FLU5CES ( ! DECL9+ B\RGEOISIE & ( PRIVATE CAPITALISM1 & TO W9 !M = ! REVOLUTION ?AT WILL PUT !M 9TO !IR PROP] PLACE AS A NEW LEAD+ & RUL+ CLASS4 ,OR1 9 PHILOSOPHICAL T]MS1 TO W9 !M = MAT]IALISM4 ,A REVOLUTION CANNOT BE MADE ) ! MEEK1 S(T5+ IDEOLOGY ( A SY/EM ( IDEALISM1 BUT ONLY UND] ! 9SPIR+ D>+ RADICALISM ( MAT]IALI/ ?\<T4 ,= ?IS ! F\NDATION IS AF=D$ BY ,L59'S BOOK4 ,ON ?IS BASIS AN EXT5SIVE LIT]ATURE ( >TICLES1 REVIEWS1 & BOOKS HAS ALREADY BE5 PUBLI%$1 FIR/ 9 ,G]MAN & !N 9 /ILL GREAT] NUMB]S 9 ,5GLI%1 9 ,EUROPE & 9 ,AM]ICA1 ) ! COLLABORATION ( WELL-KN[N ,RUSSIAN S*OL>S & ,WE/]N SCI5TI/S SYMPA?IZ+ ) ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,! CONT5TS ( !SE WRIT+S MAKE CLE> AT FIR/ SI<T ?AT !Y >E NOT DE/9$ = ! WORK+ CLASS BUT = ! 9TELLECTUALS ( !SE C\NTRIES4 ,L59ISM IS H]E EXP\ND$ BE=E !M - UND] ! NAME ( ,M>XISM1 OR 0DIALECTICS0 - & !Y >E TOLD ?AT IT IS ! FUNDAM5TAL ALL-EMBRAC+ WORLD-DOCTR9E1 9 :I* ! SPECIAL SCI5CES MU/ BE SE5 AS SUBORD9ATE P>TS4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT ) REAL ,M>XISM1 AS ! !ORY ( ! REAL PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 SU* A PROPAG&A W\LD HAVE NO *ANCE2 BUT ) ,L59ISM1 AS A !ORY ( MIDDLE-CLASS REVOLUTION 9/ALL+ A NEW RUL+ CLASS1 IT MI<T BE SUCCESSFUL4 

,!RE IS ( C\RSE ?IS DIFFICULTY1 ?AT ! 9TELLECTUAL CLASS IS TOO LIMIT$ 9 NUMB]1 TOO HET]OG5E\S 9 SOCIAL POSITION1 H5CE TOO FEEBLE TO BE ABLE S+LE-H&$ TO S]I\SLY ?REAT5 CAPITALI/ DOM9ATION4 ,NEI!R >E ! LEAD]S ( ! ,SECOND & ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL A MAT* = ! P[] ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 EV5 IF !Y C\LD IMPOSE !MSELVES BY /RONG & DE> POLITICS 9/EAD ( BE+ ROTT5 ?R\< OPPORTUNISM1 ,:51 H[EV]1 CAPITALISM IS TUMBL+ 9TO A HEAVY ECONOMIC OR POLITICAL CRISIS :I* R\SES ! MASSES1 :5 ! WORK+ CLASS HAS TAK5 UP ! FI<T & SUCCE$S 9 %ATT]+ CAPITALISM 9 A FIR/ VICTORY - !N !IR TIME WILL COME4 ,!N !Y WILL 9T]V5E & SLIDE !MSELVES 9 AS LEAD]S ( ! REVOLUTION1 NOM9ALLY TO GIVE !IR AID BY TAK+ P>T 9 ! FI<T1 9 REALITY TO DEFLECT ! ACTION 9 ! DIRECTION ( !IR P>TY AIMS4 ,:E!R OR NOT ! BEAT5 B\RGEOISIE WILL !N RALLY ) !M TO SAVE ( CAPITALISM :AT CAN BE SAV$1 9 ANY CASE !IR 9T]V5TION COMES D[N TO *EAT+ ! WORK]S1 LEAD+ !M (F FROM ! ROAD TO FRE$OM4 

,H]E WE SEE ! POSSIBLE SIGNIFICANCE ( ,L59'S BOOK = ! FUTURE WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 ?\< IT MAY LOSE GR\ND AMONG ! WORK]S1 TRIES TO =M ) ! SOCIALI/S & ! 9TELLECTUAL CLASS A UNIT$ FRONT1 READY AT ! FIR/ MAJOR CRISIS ( CAPITALISM TO TAKE 9 ITS H&S ! P[] OV] & AGA9/ ! WORK]S4 ,L59ISM & ITS PHILOSOPHICAL TEXTBOOK !N WILL S]VE1 UND] ! NAME ( ,M>XISM1 TO OV]AWE ! WORK]S & TO IMPOSE UPON ! 9TELLECTUALS1 AS ! LEAD+ SY/EM ( ?\<T BY :I* ! REACTION>Y SPIRITUAL P[]S >E BEAT51 ,?US ! FI<T+ WORK+ CLASS1 BAS+ ITSELF UPON ,M>XISM1 WILL F9D ,L59'S PHILOSOPHICAL WORK A /UMBL+-BLOCK 9 ITS WAY1 AS ! !ORY ( A CLASS ?AT TRIES TO P]PETUATE ITS S]FDOM4 

  

,NOTE 

#a4 ,! PHRASE 0MIDDLE CLASS0 IS H]E US$ AS A TRANSLATION = ! ,G]MAN WORD 0BURG]LI*04 ,! MORE MOD]N T]M US$ 9 ,M>XI/ DISC\RSE = ?IS CONCEPT IS 0B\RGEOIS0 7I4E4 RELAT+ TO ! CAPITALI/ OR B\RGEOIS CLASS7 9 ORD] TO DI/+UI% IT FROM ! RA!R IMPRECISE T]M 0MIDDLE CLASS01 :I* IS (T5 US$ AS A BROAD DESCRIPTION = :ITE-COLL> WORK]S1 PR(ESSIONALS1 ! SELF-EMPLOY$ ETC4 ,SIMIL>LY :5 ?IS TEXT REF]S TO 0! MIDDLE CLASS0 IT IS REF]R+ TO ! B\RGEOISIE OR CAPITALI/ CLASS4 7,NOTE BY ,M,I,A7 

O ,APP5DIX 

HR CLASS"709FOBOT0 SIZE"70#a0 NO%ADE"70NO%ADE0 _/@> 

,SOME ADDITIONAL REM>KS TO ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK'S REC5T CRITICISM ( ,L59'S BOOK ,MAT]IALISM & ,EMPIRIO-,CRITICISM 

,L59ISM ,GES ,WE/ 

,!RE IS A /RIK+ CONTRA/ BETWE5 ! IMPRESSION PRODUC$ 9 ! M9DS ( ,WE/-,EUROPEAN REVOLUTION>IES BY ?OSE %ORT PAMPHLETS ( ,L59 & ,TROTSKY :I* APPE>$ 9 POORLY TRANSLAT$ & POORLY PR9T$ $ITIONS DUR+ ! F9AL /AGE & ! AFT]MA? ( ! W>1 & ! RESPONSE CALL$ =? 9 ,EUROPE & ,U4,S4,A4 BY ! BELAT$ APPE>ANCE1 9 #a#i#b#g1 ( ! FIR/ EXTRA-,RUSSIAN V]SIONS ( ,L59'S PHILOSOPHICAL WORK ( #a#i#h1 ON ,MAT]IALISM & ,EMPIRIO-,CRITICISM4 

,?OSE E>LI] PAMPHLETS ON ,! ,M>XI/ ,!ORY ( ! ,/ATE & ! ,TASKS ( ! ,PROLET>IAN ,REVOLUTION & ON ,! ,NEXT ,TASKS ( ! ,SOVIET-,P[] W]E EAG]LY /UDI$ BY ! ,EUROPEAN RADICALS AS ! FIR/ RELIABLE NEWS FROM A VICTORI\S PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION & AS PRACTICAL GUIDES = !IR [N IMP5D+ REVOLUTION>Y UPRIS+S4 ,!Y W]E1 AT ! SAME TIME1 IGNOR$1 FALSIFI$1 CALUMNIAT$1 DESPIS$1 & FRI<TFULLY FE>$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE & ITS RE=MI/ & ,KAUTSKYAN-C5TRI/ BACK]S )9 ! ,M>XI/ CAMP4 ,:5 ,L59'S PHILOSOPHICAL WORK APPE>$ ! :OLE SC5E HAD *ANG$4 ,L59 WAS DEAD4 ,! ,RUSSIA ( ! ,SOVIETS HAD BE5 GRADUALLY TRANS=M$ 9TO JU/ ANO!R /ATE IMM]S$ 9 ! COMPETITIVE /RUGGLES BETWE5 ! V>I\S 0BLOCKS0 ( P[]S :I* HAD BE5 =M$ 9 A ,EUROPE APP>5TLY QUICKLY RECOV]+ FROM ! W> & FROM ! DEEP BUT TRANSITORY ECONOMIC CRISIS RESULT+ FROM ! W>4 ,M>XISM HAD BE5 REPLAC$ BY ,L59ISM OR1 MORE REC5TLY1 BY ,/AL9ISM :I* WAS N[ NO MORE REG>D$ PRIM>ILY AS A !ORY ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE BUT RA!R AS ! RUL+ PHILOSOPHY ( A /ATE1 DIFF]5T BUT NOT 5TIRELY DIFF]5T FROM SU* O!R /ATE PHILOSOPHIES AS FASCISM 9 ,ITALY & DEMOCRACY 9 ! ,U4,S4,A4 ,EV5 ! LA/ REMNANTS ( ! PROLET>IAN 0UNRE/0 FOLL[+ ! W> HAD FLICK]$ \T ) ! CRU%+ DEFEAT ( ! ,5GLI% G5]AL /RIKE & M9]S' /RIKE 9 #aibf & ! BLOODY T]M9ATION ( ! FIR/ & SO-CALL$ 0COMMUNI/0 PHASE ( ! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION4 ,?US1 ! ,EUROPEAN 9TELLIG5TSIA WAS QUITE READY TO ACCEPT2 ALONG ) ! HI!RTO UNKN[N E>LIE/ PHILOSOPHICAL WRIT+S ( ,M>X :I* W]E N[ PUBLI%$ 9 A PR9CELY FA%ION BY ! ,M>X-,5GELS-,L59-,9/ITUTE 9 ,MOSC[1 ! EQUALLY 0PIQUANT0 PHILOSOPHICAL REVELATIONS ( HIS GREAT ,RUSSIAN DISCIPLE :O1 AFT] ALL1 HAD SWEPT ! EMPIRE ( ! ,CZ> & UNTIL HIS DEA? MA9TA9$ AN UN*ALL5G$ DICTATOR%IP !RE4 

,BUT ?OSE /RATA ( ! ,WE/-,EUROPEAN PROLET>IAT :O HAD BE5 ! FIR/ & ! MO/ S]I\S & P]SI/5T READ]S ( ,L59'S REVOLUTION>Y PAMPHLETS ( #a#i#a#g-#b HAD APP>5TLY DISAPPE>$ FROM ! SC5E4 ,!Y HAD BE5 REPLAC$ 9 ! PUBLIC EYE EI!R BY ?OSE ALL-ADAPTABLE C>E]I/S ( ,/AL9ISM :O =M ! ONLY /ABLE SECTOR ( ! RAPIDLY %IFT+ MEMB]%IP ( ALL EXTRA-,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES TODAY1 OR AS TYPICAL ( REC5T ,5GLI% ,C4,P4 DEVELOPM5T1 BY PROGRESSIVE MEMB]S ( ! RUL+ CLASS ITSELF & ITS NATURAL SUPPORT]S )9 ! BETT] $UCAT$1 MO/ CULTUR$1 & WELL TO DO /RATA ( ! OLD & NEW 9TELLIG5TSIA :O HAVE PRACTICALLY REPLAC$ ! =M] PROLET>IAN MEMB]%IP4 ,REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAN COMMUNISM SEEM$ TO SURVIVE ONLY 9 ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUAL ?9K]S & 9 SU* SMALL GR\PS AS ! ,DUT* ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/S FROM :I* ! PAMPHLET UND] DISCUSSION ORIG9AT$4 

,WE MI<T EXPECT ?AT ,L59'S BOOK :5 IT WAS F9ALLY MADE AVAILABLE TO ! ,WE/-,EUROPEAN & ,AM]ICAN PUBLIC = ! EXPRESS PURPOSE ( SPREAD+ !RE ?OSE PHILOSOPHICAL PR9CIPLES ( ,M>XISM :I* =M ! BASIS ( ! PRES5T ,RUSSIAN /ATE & ( ITS RUL+ ,COMMUNI/ P>TY W\LD HAVE MET ) ALMO/ UNIV]SAL APPLAUSE4 ,NO?+ ( ! K9D HAS HAPP5$4 ,NO D\BT ! PHILOSOPHY ( ,L59 AS EXPRESS$ 9 ?AT BOOK IS 9F9ITELY SUP]IOR1 EV5 FROM A /RICTLY !ORETICAL VIEWPO9T1 TO ?OSE SCATT]$ CRUMBS FROM ! SY/EMS ( BYGONE C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y PHILOSOPH]S & SOCIOLOGI/S ?AT HAVE BE5 =M$ 9TO ! SEMBLANCE ( A PHILOSOPHICAL SY/EM ( FASCISM BY ,MUSSOL9I1 ) ! HELP ( ! =M] ,HEGELIAN PHILOSOPH]1 ,G5TILE1 & O!R 9TELLECTUAL AIDES-DE-CAMPS4 ,IT IS 9COMP>ABLY SUP]IOR TO ?AT HUGE MASS ( TRITE EV]YDAY TALK & S5SELESS TRA% :I* FIGURE AS A POLITICO-PHILOSOPHICAL ,WELTANS*AUUNG 9 ! 0!ORETICAL0 WORK ( ,ADOLF ,HITL]4 ,?US ! PEOPLE :O C\LD F9D NOVELTY & WISDOM 9 ! IDEAS ( ,MUSSOL9I & DISCOV] S5SE 9 ! VAPOR+S ( ! ,G]MAN LEAD]1 C]TA9LY %\LD NOT HAVE FELT ANY DIFFICULTY 9 SWALL[+ ALSO ?AT CONSID]ABLE AM\NT ( MIS9T]PRETATION1 MISUND]/&+1 & G5]AL BACKW>DNESS :I* M> ! !ORETICAL VALUE ( ,L59'S PHILOSOPHICAL ATTEMPT4 ,EV5 ?OSE FEW :O TODAY >E ACQUA9T$ ) ! WORKS ( ! PHILOSOPH]S & SCI5TI/S DISCUSS$ BY ,L59 9 #aih & ) ! DEVELOPM5TS ( MOD]N SCI5CE G5]ALLY MI<T HAVE BE5 ABLE TO DIG \T ( ?IS WORK ( ,L59 7TO SPEAK 9 ! FAVORITE /YLE ( ITS AU?OR7 ?AT 0GEM0 ( CLE> & P]SI/5T REVOLUTION>Y ?\<T :I* IS 0HIDD5 9 ! RUBBI%0 ( UNQUALIFI$ ACCEPTANCE ( ! OBSOLETE 0MAT]IALI/0 CONCEPTS ( A PA/ HI/ORICAL EPO* & EQUALLY UNQUALIFI$ ABUSE ( SOME ( ! MO/ G5U9E ATTEMPTS ( MOD]N SCI5TI/S TO PROMOTE ! !ORY ( MAT]IALISM4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! RESPONSE ( ! PROGRESSIVE B\RGEOIS 9TELLIG5TSIA AT L>GE TO ! BELAT$ PROPAG&A ( ,L59'S MAT]IALI/ PHILOSOPHY MU/ HAVE PROV$ DISAPPO9T+ TO ! ,RUSSIANS1 :O HAD %[N ON SEV]AL OCCASIONS ?AT !Y W]E BY NO MEANS ABOVE DESIR+ SOME APPLAUSE = !IR PET A*IEVEM5TS 9 MATT]S ( !ORY EV5 FROM SU* ,M>XI/ICALLY 0UNHOLY0 QU>T]S AS ! PHILOSOPHICAL & SCI5TIFIC CIRCLES ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA4 ,!RE WAS NOT SO MU* OP5 HO/ILITY AS 9DIFF]5CE &1 EV5 MORE AWKW>D1 JU/ AMONG ?OSE :OSE APPLAUSE W\LD HAVE BE5 MO/ *]I%$1 A K9D ( POLITE EMB>RASSM5T4 

,NOR WAS ?IS EMB>RASS+ SIL5CE DI/URB$1 = A LONG TIME1 BY ANY VIGOR\S ATTACK FROM ?AT LEFT RADICAL ,M>XI/ M9ORITY :I* =M]LY HAD SO VIOL5TLY ASSAIL$ EV]Y ATTEMPT ( ,L59 & HIS SUCCESSORS TO TRANS=M ! POLITICAL & TACTICAL PR9CIPLES SUCCESSFULLY APPLI$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION 9TO UNIV]SALLY VALID PR9CIPLES ( ! PROLET>IAN WORLD REVOLUTION4 ,! REMA9+ REPRES5TATIVES ( ?AT LEFTI/ T5D5CY W]E V]Y SL[ TO RAISE AN EQUALLY FI]CE ATTACK AGA9/ ! ANALOG\S ATTEMPT ( A WORLD-WIDE APPLICATION ( ,L59'S PHILOSOPHICAL PR9CIPLES AS ! ONLY TRUE PHILOSOPHICAL DOCTR9E ( REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM4 ,H]E AT LA/1 ?IRTY YE>S AFT] ! FIR/ 7,RUSSIAN7 PUBLICATION ( ,L59'S BOOK & ELEV5 YE>S AFT] ! APPE>ANCE ( ITS FIR/ ,G]MAN & ,5GLI% TRANSLATIONS - IS ! FIR/ CRITICAL REEXAM9ATION ( ,L59'S CONTRIBUTION TO ! MAT]IALI/ PHILOSOPHY ( ,M>XISM1 WRITT5 BY ONE :O UND\BT$LY & = MANY REASONS IS BETT] QUALIFI$ = ?IS P>TICUL> TASK ?AN ANY O!R CONTEMPOR>Y ,M>XI/4 .<#b.> ,EV5 SO !RE IS LITTLE HOPE ?AT ?IS FIR/ IMPORTANT CRITICISM ( ,L59'S PHILOSOPHY WILL REA* EV5 ?AT RELATIVELY SMALL M9ORITY ( REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XI/S TO :OM IT IS MA9LY ADDRESS$4 ,IT IS PUBLI%$ UND] AN ALMO/ IMP5ETRABLE PSEUDONYM &1 MO/ *>ACT]I/ICALLY1 UP TO N[ 9 ! %APE ( A /5CIL$ MANUSCRIPT ONLY4 

,!RE WAS1 !N1 A CONSID]ABLE LAG ( TIME ON BO? SIDES ( ?AT WORLD-WIDE /RUGGLE BETWE5 ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN ,M>XI/ LEFT RADICALISM ON ! ONE H& & ,RUSSIAN ,BOL%EVISM ON ! O!R1 BE=E ! OPPOS$ CAMPS DISCOV]$ ?AT !IR POLITICAL1 TACTICAL & ORGANIZATIONAL CONTRA/S DEP5D$1 9 ! LA/ 9/ANCE1 ON ?OSE DEEP] PR9CIPLES :I* HAD HI!RTO BE5 NEGLECT$ 9 ! HEAT ( ! PRACTICAL FI<T & ?US C\LD NOT BE ?OR\<LY ELUCIDAT$ )\T GO+ BACK TO ?OSE UND]LY+ PHILOSOPHICAL PR9CIPLES4 ,IT SEEMS AS IF EV5 H]E OLD ,HEGEL WAS RI<T :5 HE SAID ?AT 0! BIRD ( ,M9]VA BEG9S ITS FLI<T :5 ! DAY IS GONE40 ,IT DOES NOT FOLL[1 H[EV]1 ?AT ?IS LA/1 0PHILOSOPHICAL PHASE0 ( ! SOCIAL MOVEM5T GO+ ON 9 A GIV5 EPO* %\LD BE1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ! HI<E/ & MO/ IMPORTANT PHASE4 ,! PHILOSOPHICAL FI<T ( IDEAS IS1 FROM A PROLET>IAN PO9T ( VIEW1 NOT ! BASIS BUT JU/ A TRANSITORY IDEOLOGICAL =M ( ! REVOLUTION>Y CLASS /RUGGLE DET]M9+ ! HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( \R TIME4 

  

,L59ISM V]SUS ,MA*ISM 

,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO DISCUSS 9 A S+LE >TICLE ! MANY IMPORTANT RESULTS ( ?IS MA/]LY PAMPHLET4 ,AFT] A %ORT & LUM9\S ACC\NT ( ! HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ,M>XISM S9CE ! DAYS ( ,M>X & ( E>LY B\RGEOIS MAT]IALISM1 ,PANNEKOEK GOES ON TO RE/ATE 9 AN IRREPROA*ABLE MANN] ! TRUE !ORETICAL CONT5TS ( ! ATTEMPTS BY ,JOSEPH ,DIETZG5 ON ! ONE H& & BY ! B\RGEOIS SCI5TI/S1 ,MA* & ,AV5>IUS1 ON ! O!R1 TO IMPROVE UPON !IR PR$ECESSORS BY COMPLET+ !IR MAT]IALI/IC REPRES5TATION ( ! OBJECTIVE WORLD BY AN EQUALLY MAT]IALI/IC REPRES5TATION ( ! PROCESS ( KN[L$GE ITSELF4 ,HE %[S CONCLUSIVELY ! 9CR$IBLE DI/ORTIONS ?OSE LAT] !ORIES HAVE SUFF]$ 9 ,L59'S UTT]LY BIAS$ ACC\NT4 ,!RE DOES NOT EXI/1 SO F> AS WE KN[1 AN EQUALLY MA/]LY REPORT ( ! MA9 SCI5TIFIC CONT5TS ( ! WORK ( ,MA* & ,AV5>IUS AS IS CONTA9$ 9 ! TW5TY-FIVE PAGES DEVOT$ TO !IR !ORIES 9 ?IS PAMPHLET4 ,NOR IS !RE AN EQUALLY P[]FUL REFUTATION ( ! !ORETICAL BLUND]S COMMITT$ BY ,L59 & HIS FOLL[]S 9 !IR NAIVE CRITICISM ( ! MOD]N SCI5TIFIC DEF9ITIONS ( SU* T]MS AS 0MATT]01 05]GY01 0LAWS ( NATURE01 0NECESSITY01 0SPACE01 0TIME0 ETC41 FROM ! /&PO9T ( SO-CALL$ 0COMMON S5SE0 :I* IS1 9 FACT1 9 MO/ CASES NO?+ ELSE BUT A REHA% ( ! PHYSICS !ORIES ( BYGONE EPO*S ( SCI5TIFIC DEVELOPM5T4 7,IT WAS = ?IS REASON1 BY ! WAY1 ?AT ,FR$]ICK ,5GELS ALREADY HAD DESCRIB$ SO-CALL$ COMMON S5SE AS 0! WOR/ ( ALL METAPHYSICIANS047 

,NEV]!LESS1 ?IS IS ONLY ONE1 & P]HAPS NOT ! MO/ IMPORTANT ASPECT ( ,PANNEKOEK'S CRITICAL REVISION ( ,L59'S WORK4 ,! MA9 WEAKNESS ( ,L59'S ATTACK ON ,MA*ISM IS NOT ITS G5]AL UNFAIRNESS1 \TRI<T MISREPRES5TATION ( ! ESS5TIALLY MAT]IALI/IC APPROA* UND]LY+ ! NEW POSITIVI/IC PHILOSOPHY1 & COMPLETE UNAW>5ESS ( ! REAL A*IEVEM5TS MADE S9CE ! DAYS ( ,M>X & ,5GELS 9 ! FIELD ( MOD]N PHYSICAL SCI5CE4 ,! MA9 WEAKNESS ( ,L59'S 0MAT]IALI/IC0 CRITICISM ( :AT HE CALL$ AN IDEALI/IC 7SOLIPSI/IC1 MY/ICAL &1 9 ! LA/ 9/ANCE1 PLA9LY RELIGI\S & REACTION>Y7 T5D5CY HIDD5 9 ! PSEUDO MAT]IALI/IC & SCI5TIFIC !ORIES ( ,MA* & HIS FOLL[]S1 IS HIS [N 9ABILITY TO GO BEYOND ! 9TR9SIC LIMITATIONS ( B\RGEOIS MAT]IALISM4 ,MU* AS HE TALKS ( ! SUP]IORITY ( 0MOD]N0 ,M>XI/ MAT]IALISM OV] ! AB/RACT PHILOSOPHICAL & MA9LY NATURALI/IC APPROA* ( ! E>LY B\RGEOIS MAT]IALI/S1 HE /ILL CONCEIV$ ?IS DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! OLD & NEW MAT]IALISM AS A DIFF]5CE NOT 9 K9D BUT 9 DEGREE4 ,AT ! UTMO/ HE DESCRIB$ 0MOD]N MAT]IALISM0 AS F\ND$ BY ,M>X1 AS A MAT]IALISM 0IMMEASURABLY RI*] 9 CONT5T1 & 9COMP>ABLY BETT] GR\ND$ ?AN ALL PREVI\S =MS ( MAT]IALISM40 .<#c.> ,HE NEV] CONCEIV$ ( ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! 0HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM0 ( ,M>X & ! 0PREVI\S =MS ( MAT]IALISM0 AS AN UNBREA*ABLE OPPOSITION >IS+ FROM A REAL CONFLICT ( CLASSES4 ,HE CONCEIV$ IT RA!R AS A MORE OR LESS RADICAL EXPRESSION ( ONE CONT9U\S REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,?US ,L59'S 0MAT]IALI/IC0 CRITICISM ( ,MA* & ! ,MA*IANS1 ACCORD+ TO ,PANNEKOEK1 FAIL$ EV5 9 ITS PURELY !ORETICAL PURPOSE MA9LY BECAUSE ,L59 ATTACK$ ! LAT] ATTEMPTS ( B\RGEOIS NATURALI/IC MAT]IALISM NOT FROM ! VIEWPO9T ( ! HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM ( ! FULLY DEVELOP$ PROLET>IAN CLASS1 BUT FROM A PROCE$+ & SCI5TIFICALLY LESS DEVELOP$ PHASE ( B\RGEOIS MAT]IALISM4 

,?IS JUDGM5T ( ,L59'S MAT]IALI/ PHILOSOPHY ( #aih IS CORROBORAT$ BY ! LAT] DEVELOPM5TS ( ,L59'S PHILOSOPHICAL !ORY :I* >E NOT DEALT ) H]E4 

,! REC5T PUBLICATION BY ! ,M>X-,5GELS-,L59-,9/ITUTE ( ,L59'S PHILOSOPHICAL PAP]S DAT$ FROM #aiad ET SEQ4 %[S ! FIR/ G]MS ( ?AT P>TICUL> SIGNIFICANCE :I* DUR+ ! LA/ PHASES ( ,L59'S ACTIVITY & AFT] HIS DEA? ! PHILOSOPHICAL ?\<T ( ,HEGEL ASSUM$ 9 ,L59'S 0MAT]IALI/IC PHILOSOPHY40 ,A BELAT$ REVIVAL ( ! :OLE ( ! =M]LY DIS[N$ IDEALI/IC DIALECTICS ( ,HEGEL S]V$ TO RECONCILE ! ACCEPTANCE BY ! ,L59I/S ( OLD B\RGEOIS MAT]IALISM ) ! =MAL DEM&S ( AN APP>5TLY ANTIB\RGEOIS & PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CY4 ,:IL/ 9 ! PREC$+ PHASES HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM /ILL HAD BE5 CONCEIV$1 ?\< NOT ) SUFFICI5T CLE>NESS1 AS DIFF]5T FROM ! 0PREVI\S =MS ( MAT]IALISM0 ! EMPHASIS WAS N[ %IFT$ FROM 0HI/ORICAL0 MAT]IALISM TO DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM OR1 AS ,L59 SAID 9 HIS LATE/ CONTRIBUTION TO ! SUBJECT1 TO 0A MAT]IALI/IC APPLICATION ( ,HEGELIAN 7IDEALI/IC7 DIALECTICS04 ,?US ! :OLE CIRCLE NOT ONLY ( B\RGEOIS MAT]IALI/IC ?\<T BUT ( ALL B\RGEOIS PHILOSOPHICAL ?\<T FROM ,HOLBA* TO ,HEGEL WAS ACTUALLY REPEAT$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN DOM9AT$ PHASE ( ! ,M>XI/ MOVEM5T1 :I* PASS$ FROM ! ADOPTION ( #a#h? C5TURY & ,FEU]BA*IAN MAT]IALISM BY ,PLE*ANOV & ,L59 9 ! PRE-W> P]IOD TO ,L59'S APPRECIATION ( ! 09TELLIG5T IDEALISM0 ( ,HEGEL & O!R B\RGEOIS PHILOSOPH]S ( ! #a#i? C5TURY AS AGA9/ ! 0UN9TELLIG5T MAT]IALISM0 ( ! E>LI] #a#h? C5TURY PHILOSOPH]S4 .<#d.> 

  

,PRES5T ,IMPACT ( ,L59'S ,MAT]IALI/IC ,PHILOSOPHY 

,9 ! LA/ P>TS ( ! PAMPHLET ,PANNEKOEK DEALS ) ! HI/ORICAL & PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE ( ! PECULI> !ORETICAL ASPECTS ( ,L59'S MAT]IALI/ PHILOSOPHY AS DISCUSS$ 9 ! PREC$+ *APT]S4 ,HE FULLY ACKN[L$GES ! TACTICAL NECESSITY1 UND] ! CONDITIONS 9 PRE-REVOLUTION>Y ,CZ>I/ ,RUSSIA1 ( ,L59'S REL5TLESS FI<T AGA9/ ! LEFT BOL%EVIK1 ,BOGDANOV1 & O!R MORE OR LESS \TSPOK5 FOLL[]S ( ,MA*'S IDEAS :O 9 SPITE ( !IR GOOD REVOLUTION>Y 9T5TIONS ACTUALLY JEOP>DIZ$ ! UNITY & WEAK5$ ! PROV5 REVOLUTION>Y 5]GY ( ! ,M>XI/ P>TY BY A REVISION ( ITS 0MONOLI?IC0 MAT]IALI/IC IDEOLOGY4 ,9 FACT1 ,PANNEKOEK GOES SOME:AT FUR!R 9 HIS POSITIVE APPRECIATION ( ,L59'S PHILOSOPHICAL TACTICS ( #aih ?AN SEEMS JU/IFI$ TO ?IS WRIT] EV5 9 A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS ( ! PA/4 ,IF HE HAD 9VE/IGAT$1 9 HIS CRITICAL REVISION ( ,L59'S ANTI-,MA*I/ FI<T1 ! T5D5CIES REPRES5T$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,MA*I/S AS WELL AS ?OSE ( !IR ,G]MAN MA/]S HE MI<T HAVE BE5 W>N$ AGA9/ ! UNIMPEA*ABLE CORRECTNESS ( ,L59'S ATTITUDE 9 ! IDEOLOGICAL /RUGGLES ( #aih BY A LAT] OCCURR5CE4 ,:5 ,L591 AFT] #a#i#h1 WAS ?R\< ) ! ,MA*I/ OPPOSITION :I* HAD >IS5 )9 ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE ( ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY ITSELF1 HE REG>D$ ?AT :OLE 9CID5T AS CLOS$4 ,9 ! PREFACE TO ! SECOND ,RUSSIAN $ITION ( HIS BOOK1 9 #a#i#b1 HE M5TION$ ! FACT ?AT HE HAD 0NO OPPORTUNITY TO EXAM9E ,BOGDANOV'S LATE/ WORKS10 BUT WAS QUITE CONV9C$1 BY :AT HE HAD BE5 TOLD BY O!RS1 ?AT 0UND] ! GUISE ( 'PROLET>IAN CULTURE' ,BOGDANOV IS 9TRODUC+ B\RGEOIS & REACTION>Y VIEWS40 ,YET HE DID NOT DELIV] HIM TO ! ,G4,P4,U4 TO BE 9/ANTLY %OT = ?IS HORRIBLE CRIME4 ,HE WAS QUITE CONT5T1 9 ?OSE PRE-,/AL9I/ DAYS1 TO LEAVE ! SPIRITUAL EXECUTION TO ! GOOD & RELIABLE P>TY-WORK] :OSE >TICLE HE ANNEX$ TO HIS BOOK4 ,?US WE LE>N FROM ! FAI?FUL ,L59I/1 ,V4,I4 ,NEVSKY1 ?AT ,BOGDANOV HAD NOT ONLY UNREP5TANTLY P]SI/$ 9 HIS =M] ,MA*I/ ]RORS1 BUT EV5 HAD ADD$ TO !M A NEW & MORE GL>+ CRIME ( OMISSION4 ,IT IS A 0CURI\S CIRCUM/ANCE10 REPORTS ,NEVSKY1 ?AT 9 ALL HIS WRIT+S ON !ORETICAL TOPICS & ON ! PROBLEMS ( PROLET>IAN CULTURE PUBLI%$ DUR+ ! P]IOD ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ,BOGDANOV NEV] M5TION$ A S+LE WORD AB\T 0PRODUCTION & ! SY/EM ( ITS MANAGEM5T DUR+ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 JU/ AS !RE IS NOT M5TION$ A WORD AB\T ! DICTATOR%IP ITSELF40 ,! FACT PROVES1 9DE$1 ! UNRE=M$ & UNRE=MABLE *>ACT] ( ?AT 0IDEALI/IC0 S9N] AGA9/ ! V]Y PR9CIPLES UND]LY+ ! MAT]IALI/ PHILOSOPHY ( ,L59 & HIS FOLL[]S4 ,WE DO NOT WANT TO IMPLY H]E ?AT ,BOGDANOV'S DEF9ITIONS ( ! PHYSICAL WORLD AS 0SOCIALLY ORGANIZ$ EXP]I5CE10 ( MATT] AS 0NO?+ ELSE ?AN RESI/ANCE TO COLLECTIVE LABOR EF=TS01 & NATURE AS ! 0UNFOLD+ PANORAMA ( WORK-EXP]I5CE10 CONTA9 A REALLY MAT]IALI/IC & PROLET>IAN SOLUTION ( ! PROBLEM RAIS$ BY ,M>X 9 HIS ,!SES ON ,FEU]BA* ( #ahde :5 HE SAID ?AT 0! *IEF DEFECT ( ALL HI!RTO EXI/+ MAT]IALISM WAS ?AT ! GIV5 WORLD1 REALITY1 S5SU\SNESS1 WAS CONCEIV$ ONLY 9 ! =M ( ! OBJECT OR ( CONTEMPLATION BUT NOT SUBJECTIVELY AS HUMAN S5SU\S ACTIVITY OR AS REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE4 ,! REAL PO9T IS ?AT WE %\LD NOT UND] ANY CONDITIONS1 EI!R TODAY OR EV5 RETROSPECTIVELY1 MAKE ! SLI<TE/ CONCESSION TO ?AT BASIC FALLACY 9H]5T 9 ,L59'S PHILOSOPHICAL FI<T AGA9/ ,MA*ISM & FAI?FULLY REPEAT$ BY HIS M9OR FOLL[]S 9 !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! MAT]IALI/IC ATTEMPTS ( SCI5TIFIC POSITIVISM TODAY4 

,?IS FALLACY IS ?AT ! MILITANT *>ACT] ( A REVOLUTION>Y MAT]IALI/ !ORY CAN & MU/ BE MA9TA9$ AGA9/ ! WEAK5+ 9FLU5CES ( O!R APP>5TLY HO/ILE !ORETICAL T5D5CIES BY ANY MEANS TO ! EXCLUSION ( MODIFICATIONS MADE IMP]ATIVE BY FUR!R SCI5TIFIC CRITICISM & RESE>*4 ,?IS FALLACI\S CONCEPTION CAUS$ ,L59 TO EVADE DISCUSSION ON !IR M]ITS ( SU* NEW SCI5TIFIC CONCEPTS & !ORIES ?AT 9 HIS JUDGM5T JEOP>DIZ$ ! PROV$ FI<T+ VALUE ( ?AT REVOLUTION>Y 7?\< NOT NECESS>ILY PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION>Y7 MAT]IALI/ PHILOSOPHY ?AT HIS ,M>XI/ P>TY HAD ADOPT$1 LESS FROM ,M>X & ,5GELS ?AN FROM !IR PHILOSOPHICAL TEA*]S1 ! B\RGEOIS MAT]IALI/S FROM ,HOLBA* TO ,FEU]BA* & !IR IDEALI/IC ANTAGONI/1 ! DIALECTICAL PHILOSOPH] ,HEGEL4 ,RA!R HE /UCK TO HIS GUNS1 PREF]R+ ! IMM$IATE PRACTICAL UTILITY ( A GIV5 IDEOLOGY TO ITS !ORETICAL TRU? 9 A *ANG+ WORLD4 ,?IS DOCTR9AIRE ATTITUDE1 BY ! WAY1 RUNS P>ALLEL TO ,L59'S POLITICAL PRACTICE4 ,IT CORRESPONDS TO HIS UN%AKABLE JACOB9IC BELIEF 9 A GIV5 POLITICAL =M 7( A P>TY1 A DICTATOR%IP1 OR A /ATE7 :I* HAS BE5 F\ND USEFUL TO ! AIMS ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION ( ! PA/ & CAN !RE=E BE TRU/$ AS USEFUL TO ! AIMS ( ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION AS WELL4 ,BO? 9 HIS REVOLUTION>Y MAT]IALI/ PHILOSOPHY & 9 HIS REVOLUTION>Y JACOB9IC POLITICS1 ,L59 HID FROM HIMSELF ! HI/ORICAL TRU? ?AT HIS ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION1 9 SPITE ( A TEMPOR>Y ATTEMPT TO BREAK ?R\< ITS P>TICUL> LIMITATIONS 9 CONNECTION ) ! SIMULTANE\S REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS 9 ! ,WE/1 WAS B\ND TO REMA9 9 FACT A BELAT$ SUCCESSOR ( ! GREAT B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS ( ! PA/4 

,IT IS A LONG WAY FROM ,L59'S VIOL5T PHILOSOPHICAL ATTACK ON ,MA* & ,AV5>IUS'S 0IDEALI/IC0 POSITIVISM & EMPIRIO-CRITICISM TO ?AT REF9$ SCI5TIFIC CRITICISM ( ! LATE/ DEVELOPM5TS )9 ! POSITIVI/ CAMP :I* WAS PUBLI%$ 9 #ai* 9 ! EXTREMELY CULTUR$ P]IODICAL ( ! ,5GLI% ,COMMUNI/ P>TY4 .<#e.> ,YET !RE IS UND]LY+ ?IS CRITICAL ATTACK ON ! MO/ PROGRESSIVE =M ( MOD]N POSITIVI/IC ?\<T ! SAME OLD ,L59I/ FALLACY4 ,! CRITIC C>EFULLY AVOIDS COMMITT+ HIMSELF TO ANY S*OOL ( PHILOSOPHICAL ?\<T4 ,HE W\LD MO/ LIKELY AGREE ) ,LUDWIG ,WITTG5/E9 :O 9 HIS F9AL PHASE DEALT ) ALL PHILOSOPHY AS A CURABLE DISEASE RA!R ?AN A S]IES ( PROBLEMS4 ,YET HE BASES HIS :OLE >GUM5T AGA9/ MOD]N POSITIVISM ON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! VIGOR\S FI<T WAG$ BY ! OLD MILITANT POSITIVISM AGA9/ ALL PHILOSOPHY WAS F\ND$ ON ! V]Y FACT ?AT ?IS OLD POSITIVISM HAD />T$ FROM A DI/9CTLY PHILOSOPHICAL CRE$ ITSELF4 ,:5 !RE=E ! LATE/ & 9 SOME RESPECTS MO/ SCI5TIFIC S*OOL ( ! MOD]N 0,LOGICAL ,POSITIVI/S0 AS REPRES5T$ BY ,R4 ,C>NAP REC5TLY )DREW TEMPOR>ILY FROM ! 0PHILOSOPHICAL0 ATTEMPT ( CON/RUCT+ 0ONE HOMOG5E\S SY/EM ( LAWS = ! :OLE ( SCI5CE10 & 9/EAD CONC5TRAT$ ON ! MORE MODE/ TASK ( E/ABLI%+ A 0UNITY ( ! LANGUAGE ( ALL SCI5CE0 .<#f.> IT W\LD FOLL[ FROM ! >GUM5T BR\<T =W>D BY !IR PSEUDO-,L59I/ CRITIC ?AT BY ! SAME PROCESS BY :I* !Y AB&ON !IR =M] PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS !Y MU/ NECESS>ILY WEAK5 ALSO ! CRUSAD+ >DOR ( !IR =M] ANTI-PHILOSOPHICAL FI<T4 0,! POSITIVI/ :O DI/URB$ EV]Y PHILOSOPHICAL BACKWAT] ) RUDE CRIES ( NONS5SE10 SAYS ! CRITICS1 0IS N[ R$UC$ TO SAY+1 9 ! MILDE/ & MO/ 9(F5SIVE MANN]1 NONS5SE IS MY LANGUAGE04 ,IT IS EASY TO SEE ?AT ?IS >GUM5T CAN BE US$ 9 A TW(OLD MANN]1 AS A !ORETICAL ATTACK AGA9/ ! CONFUSION BETWE5 PHILOSOPHY & SCI5CE UND]LY+ ! E>LI] PHASES ( POSITIVISM1 & AS A PRACTICAL JU/IFICATION = KEEP+ UP ?AT PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS 9 SPITE ( ! BELAT$ DISCOV]Y ( ITS SCI5TIFIC UNS\NDNESS4 ,H[EV]1 ! :OLE >GUM5T IS NOT F\ND$ ON ANY S\ND LOGICAL OR EMPIRICAL REASON+4 ,!RE IS NO NE$ EI!R = ! MOD]N B\RGEOIS SCI5TI/ OR = ! ,M>XI/ TO /ICK TO AN OBSOLETE 7POSITIVI/IC OR MAT]IALI/IC7 0PHILOSOPHY0 = ! PURPOSE ( PRES]V+ HIS FULL & UNBROK5 0MILITANCY0 9 ! FI<T AGA9/ ?AT NECESS>ILY 9 ALL ITS =MS 0IDEALI/IC0 SY/EM ( IDEAS :I* DUR+ ! LA/ C5TURY UND] ! NAME ( 0PHILOSOPHY0 HAS WIDELY 7?\< NOT COMPLETELY7 REPLAC$ M$IEVAL RELIGI\S FAI? 9 ! IDEOLOGY ( MOD]N SOCIETY4 

,PANNEKOEK1 AL?\< NOT FULLY AB&ON+ ! BELIEF 9 ! NE$ ( A 0,M>XI/ PHILOSOPHY0 = ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE ( ! MOD]N PROLET>IAN CLASS1 IS AW>E ( ! FACT ?AT PRES5T-DAY ,L59I/ 0MAT]IALISM0 IS ABSOLUTELY UNFIT TO S]VE ?IS PURPOSE4 ,IT IS RA!R A SUITABLE IDEOLOGICAL BASE ( ?AT NO LONG] ESS5TIALLY ANTI-CAPITALI/IC BUT ONLY 0ANTI-REACTION>Y0 & 0ANTI-FASCI/0 MOVEM5T :I* HAS REC5TLY BE5 9AUGURAT$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES ALL OV] ! WORLD UND] ! NEW SLOGANS ( A 0,PEOPLE'S ,FRONT0 OR 9 SOME CASES EV5 ( A 0,NATIONAL ,FRONT40 ,?IS PRES5T-DAY ,L59I/ IDEOLOGY ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES :I* 9 PR9CIPLE CON=MS TO ! TRADITIONAL IDEOLOGY ( ! OLD ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC P>TY DOES NO LONG] EXPRESS ANY P>TICUL> AIMS ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,PANNEKOEK1 IT IS RA!R A NATURAL EXPRESSION ( ! AIMS ( ! NEW CLASS ( ! 9TELLIG5TSIA I4E41 AN IDEOLOGY :I* ! V>I\S /RATA BELONG+ TO ?IS SO-CALL$ NEW CLASS W\LD BE LIKELY TO ADOPT AS SOON AS !Y W]E FRE$ FROM ! IDEOLOGICAL 9FLU5CE ( ! DECAY+ B\RGEOISIE4 ,TRANSLAT$ 9TO PHILOSOPHICAL T]MS1 ?IS MEANS ?AT ! 0NEW MAT]IALISM0 ( ,L59 IS ! GREAT 9/RUM5T :I* IS N[ US$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES 9 ! ATTEMPT TO SEP>ATE AN IMPORTANT SECTION ( ! B\RGEOISIE FROM ! TRADITIONAL RELIGION & IDEALI/IC PHILOSOPHIES UPHELD BY ! UPP] & HI!RTO RUL+ /RATA ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS1 & TO W9 !M OV] TO ?AT SY/EM ( /ATE CAPITALI/IC PLANN+ ( 9DU/RY :I* = ! WORK]S MEANS JU/ ANO!R =M ( SLAV]Y & EXPLOITATION4 ,?IS1 ACCORD+ TO ,PANNEKOEK1 IS ! TRUE POLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE ( ,L59'S MAT]IALI/IC PHILOSOPHY4 

  

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,NOTES 

#a4 ,?IS >TICLE FIR/ APPE>$ 9 ,LIV+ ,M>XISM ,I,V3#e 7,NOVEMB] #a#i#c#h71 A C\NCIL COMMUNI/ J\RNAL $IT$ BY ,PAUL ,MATTICK4 ,IT HAD FIR/ BE5 WRITT5 = ! ,9/ITUTE = ,SOCIAL ,RESE>* 7,FRANKFURT ,S*OOL7 J\RNAL ,ZEITS*RIFT FUR ,SOZIAL=S*UNG BUT WAS NOT ACCEPT$4 ,A ,FR5* TRANSLATION WAS PUBLI%$ AS AN APP5DIX 9 ! ,SP>TACUS ,$ITIONS V]SION ( ,L59 AS ,PHILOSOPH]1 & IT WAS REPR9T$ 9 ! ,M]L9 ,PRESS ,5GLI%-LANGUAGE $ITION4 ,9 ! LATT] IT IS WRONGLY ATTRIBUT$ TO ,PAUL ,MATTICK4 

#b4 .<,ORIG9AL FOOTNOTE.> ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK1 ,L59 ALS ,PHILOSOPH4 ,KRITIS*E ,BETRA*TUNG D] PHILOSOPHIS*5 ,GRUNDLAG5 DES ,L59ISMUS4 ,BIBLIO!K D] ,RATEKORRESPOND5Z1 ,NO4#a4 ,AUSGABE D] ,GRUPPE ,9T]NATIONAL] ,KOMMUNI/5 9 ,HOLL&4 7#a#a#b PP43 #c C5TS47 ,DI/RIBUTION 9 ,U4,S4,A4 ?R\< ,C\NCIL ,CORRESPOND5CE1 ,P4,O4 ,BOX #e#c#d#c1 ,*ICAGO1 ,ILL4 

#c4 ,SEE ,L591 ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS1 ,VOL4 ,X,I,I,I1 ,9T]NATIONAL ,PUBLI%]S1 ,NEW ,YORK #a#i#b#g1 P4#b#i#a4 

#d4 ,SEE ,L594 ,AUS DEM ,PHILOSOPHIS*5 ,NA*LASS1 ,EXZ]PTE & ,R&GLOSS51 ,G]MAN $41 ,B]L9 #a#i#c#b1 P4#b#a#b4 

#e4 ,SEE ,M4 ,BLACK1 ,! ,EVOLUTION ( ,POSITIVISM1 ,! ,MOD]N ,QU>T]LY1 VOL4#a1 ,NO4#a1 ,LONDON #a#i#c#h4 

#f4 ,SEE ,R4 ,C>NAP1 ,LOGICAL ,F\NDATIONS ( ! ,UNITY ( ,SCI5CE1 #a#i#c#h4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #a1 #bba 3 ,L59 ,AS ,PHILOSOPH] -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,L59 ,AS ,PHILOSOPH] -- ,UPDAT$4 

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