,9TRODUCTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK 

,TEXT 3 

,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION WAS F\<T UND] ! BANN] ( ,M>XISM4 ,9 ! YE>S ( PROPAG&A BE=E ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> ! ,BOL%EVI/ ,P>TY CAME =W>D AS ! *AMPION ( ,M>XI/ IDEAS & TACTICS4 ,IT WORK$ ALONG ) ! RADICAL T5D5CIES 9 ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 :I* W]E ALSO /EEP$ 9 ,M>XIAN !ORY1 :]EAS ! ,M5%EVI/ ,P>TY CORRESPOND$ RA!R TO ! RE=MI/ T5D5CIES OV] H]E4 ,9 !ORETICAL CONTROV]SIES ! ,BOL%EVI/ AU?ORS1 BESIDES ! SO-CALL$ ,AU/RIAN & ,DUT* S*OOLS ( ,M>XISM1 CAME =W>D AS ! DEF5D]S ( RIGID ,M>XI/ DOCTR9ES4 ,9 ! ,REVOLUTION ! ,BOL%EVI/S1 :O N[ HAD ADOPT$ ! NAME ( ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 C\LD W9 BECAUSE !Y PUT UP AS ! LEAD+ PR9CIPLE ( !IR FI<T ! CLASS W> ( ! WORK+ MASSES AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,?US ,L59 & HIS P>TY1 9 !ORY & PRACTICE1 /OOD AS ! =EMO/ REPRES5TATIVES ( ,M>XISM4 

,!N1 H[EV]1 A CONTRADICTION APPE>$4 ,9 ,RUSSIA A SY/EM ( /ATE-CAPITALISM CONSOLIDAT$ ITSELF1 NOT BY DEVIAT+ FROM BUT BY FOLL[+ ,L59'S IDEAS 7E4G4 9 HIS ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION74 ,A NEW DOM9AT+ & EXPLOIT+ CLASS CAME 9TO P[] OV] ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME ,M>XISM WAS FO/]$1 & PROCLAIM$ ! FUNDAM5TAL BASIS ( ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE4 ,9 ,MOSC[ A 0,M>X-,5GELS ,9/ITUTE0 WAS F\ND$ ?AT COLLECT$ ) C>E & REV]5CE ALL ! WELL-NI< LO/ & =GOTT5 WORKS & MANUSCRIPTS ( ! MA/]S & PUBLI%$ !M 9 EXCELL5T $ITIONS4 ,:]EAS ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES1 DIRECT$ BY ! ,MOSC[ ,COM9T]N1 REF] TO ,M>XISM AS !IR GUID+ DOCTR9E1 !Y MEET ) MORE & MORE OPPOSITION FROM ! MO/ ADVANC$ WORK]S 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA1 MO/ RADICALLY FROM ! RANKS ( ,C\NCIL-COMMUNISM4 ,!SE CONTRADICTIONS1 EXT5D+ OV] ALL IMPORTANT PROBLEMS ( LIFE & ( ! SOCIAL /RUGGLE1 CAN BE CLE>$ UP ONLY BY P5ETRAT+ 9TO ! DEEPE/1 I4E4 ! PHILOSOPHICAL1 PR9CIPLES ( :AT IS CALL$ ,M>XISM 9 !SE DIFF]5T TR5DS ( ?\<T4 

,L59 GAVE AN EXPOSITION ( HIS PHILOSOPHICAL IDEAS 9 HIS WORK ,MAT]IALISM & ,EMPIRIO-,CRITICISM ?AT APPE>$ 9 ,RUSSIAN 9 #a#i#h1 & WAS PUBLI%$ 9 #aibg 9 ,G]MAN & 9 ,5GLI% TRANSLATIONS4 ,SOME ( ! ,RUSSIAN SOCIALI/ 9TELLECTUALS AB\T #aid HAD TAK5 AN 9T]E/ 9 MOD]N ,WE/]N NATURAL PHILOSOPHY1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! IDEAS ( ,]N/ ,MA*1 & TRI$ TO COMB9E !SE ) ,M>XISM4 ,A K9D ( 0,MA*ISM01 ) ,BOGDANOV1 ,L59'S MO/ 9TIMATE COLLABORATOR1 & ,LUNAT*>SKY AS SPOKESM51 DEVELOP$ AS AN 9FLU5TIAL TR5D 9 ! SOCIALI/ P>TY4 ,AFT] ! FIR/ REVOLUTION ! /RIFE FL>$ UP AGA91 CONNECT$ AS IT WAS ) ALL ! V>I\S TACTICAL & PRACTICAL DIFF]5CES 9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,!N ,L59 TOOK A DECISIVE /& AGA9/ !SE DEVIATIONS &1 AID$ BY ,PLE*ANOV1 ! ABLE/ REPRES5TATIVE ( ,M>XIAN !ORY AMONG ! ,RUSSIANS1 SOON SUCCE$$ 9 DE/ROY+ ! 9FLU5CES ( ,MA*ISM 9 ! SOCIALI/ P>TY4 

,9 ! ,9TRODUCTION TO ! ,G]MAN & ,5GLI% $ITIONS ( ,L59'S BOOK1 ,DEBOR9 - AT ?AT TIME ! (FICIAL 9T]PRET] ( ,L59ISM1 BUT AFT]W>DS DISGRAC$ - EXALTS ! IMPORTANCE ( ! COLLABORATION ( ! TWO =EMO/ !ORETICAL LEAD]S = ! DEF9ITE VICTORY ( TRUE ,M>XISM OV] ALL ANTI-M>XI/1 RE=MI/ TR5DS4 

0,L59'S BOOK IS NOT ONLY AN IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION TO PHILOSOPHY1 BUT IT IS ALSO A REM>KABLE DOCUM5T ( AN 9TRA-P>TY /RUGGLE :I* WAS ( UTMO/ IMPORTANCE 9 /R5G!N+ ! G5]AL PHILOSOPHICAL F\NDATIONS ( ,M>XISM & ,L59ISM1 & :I* TO A GREAT DEGREE DET]M9$ ! SUBSEQU5T GR[? ( PHILOSOPHICAL ?\<T AMONG ! ,RUSSIAN ,M>XI/S 444 ,UN=TUNATELY1 MATT]S >E DIFF]5T BEYOND ! BORD]S ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION 444 :]E ,KANTIAN S*OLA/ICISM & POSITIVI/IC IDEALISM >E 9 FULL BLOOM40 

,S9CE ! IMPORTANCE ( ,L59'S BOOK IS SO /RONGLY EMPHASIZ$ H]E1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO MAKE IT ! SUBJECT ( A S]I\S CRITICAL /UDY4 ,! DOCTR9E ( ,P>TY-,COMMUNISM ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL CANNOT BE JUDG$ ADEQUATELY UNLESS !IR PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS IS ?OR\<LY EXAM9$4 

,M>X'S /UDIES ON SOCIETY1 :I* = A C5TURY N[ HAVE BE5 DOM9AT+ & %AP+ ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T 9 9CREAS$ MEASURE1 TOOK !IR =M FROM ,G]MAN PHILOSOPHY4 ,!Y CANNOT BE UND]/OOD )\T A /UDY ( ! SPIRITUAL & POLITICAL DEVELOPM5TS ( ! ,EUROPEAN WORLD4 ,?US IT IS ) O!R SOCIAL & PHILOSOPHICAL TR5DS & ) O!R S*OOLS ( MAT]IALISM DEVELOP+ BESIDES ,M>XISM4 ,?US IT IS1 TOO1 ) ! !ORETICAL IDEAS UND]LY+ ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION4 ,ONLY BY COMP>+ !SE DIFF]5T SY/EMS ( ?\<T AS TO !IR SOCIAL ORIG9 & !IR PHILOSOPHICAL CONT5TS CAN WE >RIVE AT A WELL-F\ND$ JUDGM5T4 

,NOTES 

#a4 ,L59 AS ,PHILOSOPH] WAS FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 ,AM/]DAM AS ,L59 ALS ,PHILOSOPH4 ,KRITIS*E ,BETRA*TUNG D] PHILOSOPHIS*5 ,GRUNDLAG5 DES ,L59ISMUS1 UND] ! PSEUDONYM ,JOHN ,H>P]1 BY ! ,BIBLIO!K D] ,RATEKORRESPOND5Z1 ,NO4#a4 ,AUSGABE D] ,GRUPPE ,9T]NATIONAL] ,KOMMUNI/5 9 ,HOLL&1 9 #a#i#c#h4 ,?IS ,G]MAN-LANGUAGE $ITION WAS DI/RIBUT$ 9 ! ,U,S BY ,9T]NATIONAL ,C\NCIL ,CORRESPOND5CE4 ,! FIR/ ,FR5* TRANSLATION WAS PUBLI%$ 9 #aidg 9 ,9T]NATIONALISME ! J\RNAL ( ! ,GAU*E ,COMMUNI/E DE ,FRANCE4 ,! FIR/ ,5GLI% TRANSLATION WAS PUBLI%$ BY ,NEW ,ESSAYS 9 ,NEW ,YORK 9 #a#i#d#h4 

#b4 ,! PHRASE 0MIDDLE CLASS0 IS H]E US$ AS A TRANSLATION = ! ,G]MAN WORD 0BURG]LI*04 ,! MORE MOD]N T]M US$ 9 ,M>XI/ DISC\RSE = ?IS CONCEPT IS 0B\RGEOIS0 7I4E4 RELAT+ TO ! CAPITALI/ OR B\RGEOIS CLASS7 9 ORD] TO DI/+UI% IT FROM ! RA!R IMPRECISE T]M 0MIDDLE CLASS01 :I* IS (T5 US$ AS A BROAD DESCRIPTION = :ITE-COLL> WORK]S1 PR(ESSIONALS1 ! SELF-EMPLOY$ ETC4 ,SIMIL>LY :5 ?IS TEXT REF]S TO 0! MIDDLE CLASS0 IT IS REF]R+ TO ! B\RGEOISIE OR CAPITALI/ CLASS4 7,NOTE BY ,M,I,A7 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #a1 #bba 3 ,9TRODUCTION -- ,ADD$4 

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