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,! ,PROLET>IAN ,REVOLUTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK 

,TEXT 3 

,! PUBLICATION FIR/ ( A ,G]MAN1 !N ( AN ,5GLI% TRANSLATION ( ,L59'S WORK %[S ?AT IT WAS MEANT TO PLAY A WID] ROLE ?AN ITS FUNCTION 9 ! OLD ,RUSSIAN P>TY CONFLICT4 ,IT IS PRES5T$ N[ TO ! Y\NG] G5]ATION ( SOCIALI/S & COMMUNI/S 9 ORD] TO 9FLU5CE ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,SO WE ASK :AT CAN ! WORK]S 9 CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES LE>N FROM IT8 ,( ! REFUT$ PHILOSOPHICAL IDEAS IT GIVES A DI/ORT$ VIEW2 & UND] ! NAME ( ,M>XISM ANO!R !ORY1 MIDDLE CLASS MAT]IALISM IS EXP\ND$4 ,IT DOES NOT AIM AT BR++ ! READ] TO A CLE> 9DEP5D5T JUDGM5T 9 PHILOSOPHICAL QUE/IONS2 IT 9T5DS TO 9/RUCT HIM ?AT ! ,P>TY IS RI<T1 & ?AT HE HAS TO TRU/ & TO FOLL[ ! P>TY LEAD]S4 ,:AT WAY IS IT ?AT ?IS P>TY LEAD] %[S TO ! 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAT8 ,LET US READ ,L59'S VIEW ( ! WORLD-CONTE/ ( ! CLASSES 9 HIS F9AL S5T5CES3 0444 BEH9D ! EPI/EMOLOGICAL S*OLA/ICISM ( EMPIRIO-CRITICISM IT IS IMPOSSIBLE NOT TO SEE ! /RUGGLE ( P>TIES 9 PHILOSOPHY1 A /RUGGLE :I* 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS REJECTS ! T5D5CIES & IDEOLOGY ( ! ANTAGONI/IC CLASSES 9 MOD]N SOCIETY 444 ,! CONT5D+ P>TIES >E ESS5TIALLY 444 MAT]IALISM & IDEALISM4 ,! LATT] IS M]ELY A SUBTLE1 REF9$ =M ( FIDEISM1 :I* /&S FULLY >M$1 COMM&S VA/ ORGANIZATIONS & /EADILY CONT9UES TO EX]CISE 9FLU5CE ON ! MASSES1 TURN+ ! SLI<TE/ VACILLATION 9 PHILOSOPHICAL ?\<T TO ITS [N ADVANTAGE4 ,! OBJECTIVE CLASS ROLE PLAY$ BY EMPIRIO-CRITICISM 5TIRELY CONSI/S 9 R5D]+ FAI?FUL S]VICE TO ! FIDEI/S 9 !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ MAT]IALISM 9 G5]AL & ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM 9 P>TICUL>40 7#c#g#a7 

,NO?+ H]E ( ! IMM5SE P[] ( ! FOE1 ! B\RGEOISIE1 MA/] ( ALL ! RI*ES ( ! WORLD1 AGA9/ :I* ! WORK+ CLASS H>DLY CAN MAKE ANY PROGRESS4 ,NO?+ ( ITS SPIRITUAL P[] OV] ! M9DS ( ! WORK]S1 /ILL /RONGLY DOM9AT$ BY MIDDLE-CLASS CULTURE & H>DLY ABLE TO OV]COME IT 9 A CONT9U\S /RUGGLE = KN[L$GE4 ,NO?+ ( ! NEW P[]FUL IDEOLOGIES ( NATIONALISM & IMP]IALISM ?REAT5+ TO GA9 A HOLD OV] ! WORK]S TOO1 & 9DE$1 SOON AFT]W>DS1 DRAGG+ !M ALONG 9TO ! WORLD W>4 ,NO1 ! ,*UR*1 ! ORGANIZATION ( 0FIDEISM0 9 FULL >MOR1 ?AT IS TO ,L59 ! MO/ DANG]\S HO/ILE P[]4 ,! FI<T ( MAT]IALISM AGA9/ RELIGI\S BELIEF IS TO HIM ! !ORETICAL FI<T ACCOMPANY+ ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,! LIMIT$ !ORETICAL OPPOSITION BETWE5 ! =M] & ! LAT] RUL+ CLASS APPE>S TO HIM ! GREAT WORLD FI<T ( IDEAS :I* HE CONNECTS ) ! PROLET>IAN CLASS FI<T1 ! ESS5CE & IDEAS ( :I* LIE F> \TSIDE HIS VIEW4 ,?US 9 ,L59'S PHILOSOPHY ! ,RUSSIAN S*EME IS TRANSF]R$ UPON ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA1 ! ANTI-RELIGI\S T5D5CY ( A RIS+ B\RGEOISIE IS TRANSF]R$ TO ! RISE ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,JU/ AS AMONG ,G]MAN RE=MI/S AT ?AT TIME ! DIVISION WAS MADE BETWE5 0REACTION0 & 0PROGRESS0 & NOT ACCORD+ TO CLASS BUT ACCORD+ TO POLITICAL IDEOLOGY - ?US CONFUS+ ! WORK]S - SO H]E IT IS MADE ACCORD+ TO RELIGI\S IDEOLOGY1 BETWE5 REACTION>IES & FREE-?9K]S1 9/EAD ( E/ABLI%+ ITS CLASS-UNITY AGA9/ B\RGEOISIE & ,/ATE1 TO GET MA/]Y OV] PRODUCTION1 ! ,WE/]N PROLET>IAN CLASS IS 9VIT$ TO TAKE UP ! FI<T AGA9/ RELIGION4 ,IF ?IS BOOK & !SE IDEAS ( ,L59 HAD BE5 KN[N 9 #aiah AMONG ,WE/]N ,M>XI/S1 SURELY !RE W\LD HAVE BE5 A MORE CRITICAL ATTITUDE AGA9/ HIS TACTICS = WORLD REVOLUTION4 

,! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL AIMS AT A WORLD REVOLUTION AFT] ! MODEL ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION & ) ! SAME GOAL4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ECONOMIC SY/EM IS /ATE CAPITALISM1 !RE CALL$ /ATE-SOCIALISM OR EV5 COMMUNISM1 ) PRODUCTION DIRECT$ BY A /ATE BUREAUCRACY UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,! /ATE (FICIALS1 =M+ ! NEW RUL+ CLASS1 HAVE ! DISPOSAL OV] ! PRODUCT1 H5CE OV] ! SURPLUS-VALUE1 :]EAS ! WORK]S RECEIVE WAGES ONLY1 ?US =M+ AN EXPLOIT$ CLASS4 ,9 ?IS WAY IT HAS BE5 POSSIBLE 9 ! %ORT TIME ( SOME DOZ5S ( YE>S TO TRANS=M ,RUSSIA FROM A PRIMITIVE B>B>\S C\NTRY 9TO A MOD]N /ATE ( RAPIDLY 9CREAS+ 9DU/RY ON ! BASIS ( ADVANC$ SCI5CE & TE*NICS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY IDEAS1 A SIMIL> REVOLUTION IS NE$$ 9 ! CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES1 ) ! WORK+ CLASS AGA9 AS ! ACTIVE P[]1 LEAD+ TO ! OV]?R[ ( ! B\RGEOISIE & ! ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION BY A /ATE BUREAUCRACY4 ,! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION C\LD BE VICTORI\S ONLY BECAUSE A WELL-DISCIPL9$ UNIT$ BOL%EVI/ P>TY L$ ! MASSES1 & BECAUSE 9 ! P>TY ! CLE> 9SI<T & ! UNYIELD+ ASSURANCE ( ,L59 & HIS FRI5DS %[$ ! RI<T WAY4 ,?US1 9 ! SAME WAY1 9 WORLD REVOLUTION ! WORK]S HAVE TO FOLL[ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 LEAVE TO IT ! LEAD & AFT]W>DS ! GOV]NM5T2 & ! P>TY MEMB]S HAVE TO OBEY !IR LEAD]S 9 RIGID DISCIPL9E4 ,ESS5TIAL >E ! QUALIFI$ CAPABLE P>TY LEAD]S1 ! PR(ICI5T1 EXP]I5C$ REVOLUTION>IES2 :AT IS NECESS>Y = ! MASSES IS ! BELIEF ?AT ! P>TY & ITS LEAD]S >E RI<T4 

,9 REALITY1 = ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! C\NTRIES ( DEVELOP$ CAPITALISM1 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA1 MATT]S >E 5TIRELY DIFF]5T4 ,ITS TASK IS NOT ! OV]?R[ ( A BACKW>D ABSOLUTI/ MON>*Y4 ,ITS TASK IS TO VANQUI% A RUL+ CLASS COMM&+ ! MI<TIE/ MAT]IAL & SPIRITUAL =CES ! WORLD EV] KNEW4 ,ITS OBJECT CANNOT BE TO REPLACE ! DOM9ATION ( /OCKJOBB]S & MONOPOLI/S OV] A DISORD]LY PRODUCTION BY ! DOM9ATION ( /ATE (FICIALS OV] A PRODUCTION REGULAT$ FROM ABOVE4 ,ITS OBJECT IS TO BE ITSELF MA/] ( PRODUCTION & ITSELF TO REGULATE LABOR1 ! BASIS ( LIFE4 ,ONLY !N IS CAPITALISM REALLY DE/ROY$4 ,SU* AN AIM CANNOT BE ATTA9$ BY AN IGNORANT MASS1 CONFID5T FOLL[]S ( A P>TY PRES5T+ ITSELF AS AN EXP]T LEAD]%IP4 ,IT CAN BE ATTA9$ ONLY IF ! WORK]S !MSELVES1 ! 5TIRE CLASS1 UND]/& ! CONDITIONS1 WAYS & MEANS ( !IR FI<T2 :5 EV]Y MAN KN[S FROM HIS [N JUDGM5T1 :AT TO DO4 ,!Y MU/1 EV]Y MAN ( !M1 ACT !MSELVES1 DECIDE !MSELVES1 H5CE ?9K \T & KN[ = !MSELVES4 ,ONLY 9 ?IS WAY WILL A REAL CLASS ORGANIZATION BE BUILT UP FROM BEL[1 HAV+ ! =M ( SOME?+ LIKE WORK]S' C\NCILS4 ,IT IS ( NO AVAIL ?AT !Y HAVE BE5 CONV9C$ ?AT !IR LEAD]S KN[ :AT IS AFOOT & HAVE GA9$ ! PO9T 9 !ORETICAL DISCUSSION - AN EASY ?+ :5 EA* IS ACQUA9T$ ) ! WRIT+S ( HIS [N P>TY ONLY4 ,\T ( ! CONTE/ ( >GUM5TS !Y HAVE TO =M A CLE> OP9ION !MSELVES4 ,!RE IS NO TRU? LY+ READY AT H& ?AT HAS ONLY TO BE IMBIB$2 9 EV]Y NEW CASE TRU? MU/ BE CONTRIV$ BY EX]TION ( ONE'S [N BRA94 

,?IS DOES NOT MEAN1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT EV]Y WORK] %\LD JUDGE ON SCI5TIFIC >GUM5TS 9 FIELDS1 ?AT CAN BE MA/]$ ONLY BY PR(ESSIONAL /UDY4 ,IT MEANS1 FIR/1 ?AT ALL WORK]S %\LD GIVE ATT5TION NOT ONLY TO !IR DIRECT WORK+ & LIV+ CONDITIONS BUT ALSO TO ! GREAT SOCIAL ISSUES CONNECT$ ) !IR CLASS /RUGGLE & ! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR2 & %\LD KN[ H[ TO TAKE DECISIONS H]E4 ,BUT IT IMPLIES1 SECONDLY1 A C]TA9 /&>D ( >GUM5T 9 PROPAG&A & POLITICAL /RIFE4 ,:5 ! VIEWS ( ! OPPON5T >E R5D]$ 9 A DI/ORT$ WAY BECAUSE ! WILL+NESS OR ! CAPACITY TO UND]/& !M IS LACK+1 !N 9 ! EYES ( ! BELIEV+ ADH]5TS Y\ MAY SCORE A SUCCESS2 BUT ! ONLY RESULT - 9T5D$ 9DE$ 9 P>TY /RIFE - IS TO B9D !M ) /RONG] FANATICISM TO ! P>TY4 ,= ! WORK]S H[EV]1 :AT IS ( IMPORTANCE IS NOT ! 9CREASE ( P[] ( A P>TY BUT ! 9CREASE ( !IR [N CAPACITY TO SEIZE P[] & TO E/ABLI% !IR MA/]Y OV] SOCIETY4 ,ONLY :51 9 >GU+ & DISCUSS+1 ! OPPON5T IS GIV5 HIS FULL P\ND1 :5 9 WEI<+ >GUM5TS AGA9/ ONE ANO!R EA* SOLID OP9ION IS UND]/OOD \T ( SOCIAL CLASS RELATIONS1 WILL ! P>TICIPANT HE>]S GA9 SU* WELL-F\ND$ 9SI<T AS IS NECESS>Y = A WORK+ CLASS TO ASSURE ITS FRE$OM4 

,! WORK+ CLASS NE$S ,M>XISM = ITS LIB]ATION4 ,JU/ AS ! RESULTS ( NATURAL SCI5CE >E NECESS>Y = ! TE*NICAL CON/RUCTION ( CAPITALISM1 SO ! RESULTS ( SOCIAL SCI5CE >E NECESS>Y = ! ORGANIZATIONAL CON/RUCTION ( COMMUNISM4 ,:AT WAS NE$$ FIR/ WAS POLITICAL ECONOMY1 ?AT P>T ( ,M>XISM ?AT EXP\NDS ! /RUCTURE ( CAPITALISM1 ! NATURE ( EXPLOITATION1 ! CLASS-ANTAGONISM1 ! T5D5CIES ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT GAVE1 DIRECTLY1 A SOLID BASIS TO ! SPONTANE\SLY >IS+ FI<T ( ! WORK]S AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/ MA/]S4 ,!N1 9 ! FUR!R /RUGGLE1 BY ITS !ORY ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY FROM PRIMITIVE ECONOMY ?R\< CAPITALISM TO COMMUNISM1 IT GAVE CONFID5CE & 5?USIASM ?R\< ! PROSPECT ( VICTORY & FRE$OM4 ,:5 ! NOT YET NUM]\S WORK]S TOOK UP !IR MO/ DIFFICULT FI<T1 & ! HOPELESS 9DIFF]5T MASSES HAD TO BE R\S$1 ?IS 9SI<T WAS ! FIR/ ?+ NE$$4 

,:5 ! WORK+ CLASS HAS GR[N MORE NUM]\S1 MORE P[]FUL1 & SOCIETY IS FULL ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE1 ANO!R P>T ( ,M>XISM HAS TO COME TO ! =EFRONT4 ,?AT !Y %\LD KN[ ?AT !Y >E EXPLOIT$ & HAVE TO FI<T1 IS NOT ! MA9 PO9T ANY MORE2 !Y MU/ KN[ H[ TO FI<T1 H[ TO OV]COME !IR WEAKNESS1 H[ TO BUILD UP !IR UNITY & /R5G?4 ,!IR ECONOMIC POSITION IS SO EASY TO UND]/&1 !IR EXPLOITATION SO MANIFE/ ?AT !IR UNITY 9 /RUGGLE1 !IR COMMON WILL TO SEIZE P[] OV] PRODUCTION %\LD PRESUMABLY RESULT AT ONCE4 ,:AT HAMP]S !M IS *IEFLY ! P[] ( ! 9H]IT$ & CONFUS$ IDEAS1 ! =MIDABLE SPIRITUAL P[] ( ! MIDDLE-CLASS WORLD .<#a.>1 5VELOP+ !IR M9DS 9TO A ?ICK CL\D ( BELIEFS & IDEOLOGIES1 DIVID+ !M1 & MAK+ !M UNC]TA9 & CONFUS$4 ,! PROCESS ( 5LI<T5M5T1 ( CLE>+ UP & VANQUI%+ ?IS WORLD ( OLD IDEAS & IDEOLOGIES IS ! ESS5TIAL PROCESS ( BUILD+ ! WORK+-CLASS P[]1 IS ! PROGRESS ( REVOLUTION4 ,H]E ?AT P>T ( ,M>XISM IS NE$$ ?AT WE CALL ITS PHILOSOPHY1 ! RELATION ( IDEAS TO REALITY4 

,AMONG !SE IDEOLOGIES ! LEA/ SIGNIFICANT IS RELIGION4 ,AS ! WI!R$ HUSK ( A SY/EM ( IDEAS REFLECT+ CONDITIONS ( A F> PA/1 IT HAS ONLY AN IMAG9>Y P[] AS A REFUGE = ALL1 :O >E FRI<T5$ BY CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,ITS BASIS HAS BE5 CONT9UALLY UND]M9$ BY CAPITALISM ITSELF4 ,MIDDLE-CLASS PHILOSOPHY !N PUT UP 9 ITS PLACE ! BELIEF 9 ALL ?OSE LESS] IDOLS1 DEIFI$ AB/RACTIONS1 SU* AS MATT]1 =CE CAUSALITY 9 NATURE1 LIB]TY & PROGRESS 9 SOCIETY4 ,9 MOD]N TIMES !SE N[ =SAK5 IDOLS HAVE BE5 REPLAC$ BY NEW1 MORE P[]FUL OBJECTS ( V5]ATION3 /ATE & NATION4 ,9 ! /RUGGLE ( ! OLD & ! NEW B\RGEOISIES = WORLD P[]1 NATIONALISM1 N[ ! MO/ NE$$ IDEOLOGY1 ROSE TO SU* P[] AS TO C>RY ) IT EV5 BROAD MASSES ( ! WORK]S4 ,MO/ IMPORTANT >E1 BESIDES SU* SPIRITUAL P[]S AS DEMOCRACY1 ORGANIZATION1 UNION1 P>TY1 BECAUSE !Y HAVE !IR ROOTS 9 ! WORK+ CLASS ITSELF AS RESULTS ( !IR LIFE PRACTICE1 !IR [N /RUGGLE4 ,JU/ BECAUSE !RE IS CONNECT$ ) !M ! REMEMBRANCE ( PASSIONATE EX]TION1 ( DEVOT$ SACRIFICES1 ( FEV]I% CONC]N ) VICTORY OR DEFEAT1 !IR M]IT - :I* IS B\ND AS A CLASS TOOL TO ?OSE P>TICUL> PA/ TIMES & CONDITIONS - IS EXALT$ TO ! BELIEF 9 !IR ABSOLUTE EXCELL5CE4 ,?AT MAKES ! TRANSITION TO NEW NECESSITIES UND] NEW CONDITIONS DIFFICULT4 ,! CONDITIONS ( LIFE FREQU5TLY COMPEL ! WORK]S TO TAKE UP NEW =MS ( FI<T2 BUT ! OLD TRADITIONS CAN HAMP] & RET>D IT 9 A S]I\S WAY4 ,9 ! CONT9U\S CONTE/ BETWE5 9H]IT$ IDEOLOGY & PRACTICAL NE$S1 IT IS ESS5TIAL = ! WORK]S TO UND]/& ?AT !IR IDEAS >E NOT 9DEP5D5TLY EXI/+ TRU?S BUT G5]ALIZATIONS ( =M] EXP]I5CES & NECESSITIES2 ?AT HUMAN M9D ALWAYS HAS ! T5D5CY TO ASSIGN TO SU* IDEAS AN UNLIMIT$ VALIDITY1 AS ABSOLUTELY GOOD OR BAD1 V5]AT$ OR HAT$1 & ?US MAKES ! PEOPLE SLAVES TO SUP]/ITION2 BUT ?AT BY UND]/&+ LIMITS & CONDITIONS1 SUP]/ITION IS VANQUI%$ & ?\<T IS MADE FREE4 ,&1 CONV]SELY1 :AT IS RECOGNIZ$ AS ! LA/+ 9T]E/1 AS ! ESS5TIAL BASIS ( ! FI<T = HIS CLASS1 MU/ BE UN]R+LY KEPT 9 M9D - ?\< )\T BE+ DEIFI$ - AS ! BRILLIANT GUID+ /> 9 ALL ACTION4 ,?IS - BESIDES ITS USE AS EXPLANATION ( DAILY EXP]I5CE & CLASS /RUGGLE - IS ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ,M>XIAN PHILOSOPHY1 ! DOCTR9E ( ! CONNECTION ( WORLD & M9D1 AS CONCEIV$ BY ,M>X1 ,5GELS1 & ,DIETZG52 ?IS GIVES /R5G? TO ! WORK+ CLASS TO ACCOMPLI% ITS GREAT TASK ( SELF-LIB]ATION4 

,L59'S BOOK1 ON ! O!R H&1 TRIES TO IMPOSE UPON ! READ]S1 ! AU?OR'S BELIEF 9 ! REALITY ( AB/RACTIONS4 ,SO IT CANNOT BE HELPFUL 9 ANY WAY = ! WORK]S' TASK4 ,& AS A MATT] ( FACT ITS PUBLICATION 9 ,WE/]N LANGUAGES WAS NOT MEANT TO BE ?AT4 ,WORK]S AIM+ AT ! SELF-LIB]ATION ( !IR CLASS /& BEYOND ! HORIZON ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,:AT ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY CAN SEE IS ! COMPETITOR1 ! RIVAL P>TY1 ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL TRY+ TO KEEP ! LEAD]%IP OV] ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,AS ,DEBOR9 WAS QUOT$ 9 ! ,PREFACE1 ! AIM ( ! PUBLICATION WAS TO W9 SOCIAL-DEMOCRACY1 CORRUPT$ BY MIDDLE CLASS IDEALI/IC PHILOSOPHY1 BACK TO MAT]IALISM - OR ELSE TO BR[BEAT IT BY ! MORE CAPTIVAT+ RADICAL T]MS ( MAT]IALISM - AS A !ORETICAL CONTRIBUTION TO ! ,R$ ,FRONT4 ,= ! RIS+ CLASS-MOVEM5T ( ! WORK]S IT MATT]S LITTLE :I* ( !SE UNM>XIAN P>TY-L9ES ( ?\<T %\LD GET ! UPP] H&4 

,BUT 9 ANO!R WAY ,L59'S PHILOSOPHY MAY BE ( IMPORTANCE = !IR /RUGGLE4 ,! AIM ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY - :I* IS CALL$ WORLD-REVOLUTION - IS TO BR+ TO P[]1 BY MEANS ( ! FI<T+ =CE ( ! WORK]S1 A LAY] ( LEAD]S :O !N E/ABLI% PLANN$ PRODUCTION BY MEANS ( ,/ATE-,P[]2 9 ITS ESS5CE IT CO9CIDES ) ! AIMS ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,! SOCIAL IDEALS GR[+ UP 9 ! M9DS ( ! 9TELLECTUAL CLASS N[ ?AT IT FEELS ITS 9CREAS+ IMPORTANCE 9 ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION3 A WELL-ORD]$ ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION = USE UND] ! DIRECTION ( TE*NICAL & SCI5TIFIC EXP]TS - >E H>DLY DIFF]5T4 ,SO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY CONSID]S ?IS CLASS ITS NATURAL ALLIES :I* IT HAS TO DRAW 9TO ITS CIRCLE4 ,BY AN ABLE !ORETICAL PROPAG&A IT TRIES TO DETA* ! 9TELLIG5TSIA FROM ! SPIRITUAL 9FLU5CES ( ! DECL9+ B\RGEOISIE & ( PRIVATE CAPITALISM1 & TO W9 !M = ! REVOLUTION ?AT WILL PUT !M 9TO !IR PROP] PLACE AS A NEW LEAD+ & RUL+ CLASS4 ,OR1 9 PHILOSOPHICAL T]MS1 TO W9 !M = MAT]IALISM4 ,A REVOLUTION CANNOT BE MADE ) ! MEEK1 S(T5+ IDEOLOGY ( A SY/EM ( IDEALISM1 BUT ONLY UND] ! 9SPIR+ D>+ RADICALISM ( MAT]IALI/ ?\<T4 ,= ?IS ! F\NDATION IS AF=D$ BY ,L59'S BOOK4 ,ON ?IS BASIS AN EXT5SIVE LIT]ATURE ( >TICLES1 REVIEWS1 & BOOKS HAS ALREADY BE5 PUBLI%$1 FIR/ 9 ,G]MAN & !N 9 /ILL GREAT] NUMB]S 9 ,5GLI%1 9 ,EUROPE & 9 ,AM]ICA1 ) ! COLLABORATION ( WELL-KN[N ,RUSSIAN S*OL>S & ,WE/]N SCI5TI/S SYMPA?IZ+ ) ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,! CONT5TS ( !SE WRIT+S MAKE CLE> AT FIR/ SI<T ?AT !Y >E NOT DE/9$ = ! WORK+ CLASS BUT = ! 9TELLECTUALS ( !SE C\NTRIES4 ,L59ISM IS H]E EXP\ND$ BE=E !M - UND] ! NAME ( ,M>XISM1 OR 0DIALECTICS0 - & !Y >E TOLD ?AT IT IS ! FUNDAM5TAL ALL-EMBRAC+ WORLD-DOCTR9E1 9 :I* ! SPECIAL SCI5CES MU/ BE SE5 AS SUBORD9ATE P>TS4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT ) REAL ,M>XISM1 AS ! !ORY ( ! REAL PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 SU* A PROPAG&A W\LD HAVE NO *ANCE2 BUT ) ,L59ISM1 AS A !ORY ( MIDDLE-CLASS REVOLUTION 9/ALL+ A NEW RUL+ CLASS1 IT MI<T BE SUCCESSFUL4 

,!RE IS ( C\RSE ?IS DIFFICULTY1 ?AT ! 9TELLECTUAL CLASS IS TOO LIMIT$ 9 NUMB]1 TOO HET]OG5E\S 9 SOCIAL POSITION1 H5CE TOO FEEBLE TO BE ABLE S+LE-H&$ TO S]I\SLY ?REAT5 CAPITALI/ DOM9ATION4 ,NEI!R >E ! LEAD]S ( ! ,SECOND & ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL A MAT* = ! P[] ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 EV5 IF !Y C\LD IMPOSE !MSELVES BY /RONG & DE> POLITICS 9/EAD ( BE+ ROTT5 ?R\< OPPORTUNISM1 ,:51 H[EV]1 CAPITALISM IS TUMBL+ 9TO A HEAVY ECONOMIC OR POLITICAL CRISIS :I* R\SES ! MASSES1 :5 ! WORK+ CLASS HAS TAK5 UP ! FI<T & SUCCE$S 9 %ATT]+ CAPITALISM 9 A FIR/ VICTORY - !N !IR TIME WILL COME4 ,!N !Y WILL 9T]V5E & SLIDE !MSELVES 9 AS LEAD]S ( ! REVOLUTION1 NOM9ALLY TO GIVE !IR AID BY TAK+ P>T 9 ! FI<T1 9 REALITY TO DEFLECT ! ACTION 9 ! DIRECTION ( !IR P>TY AIMS4 ,:E!R OR NOT ! BEAT5 B\RGEOISIE WILL !N RALLY ) !M TO SAVE ( CAPITALISM :AT CAN BE SAV$1 9 ANY CASE !IR 9T]V5TION COMES D[N TO *EAT+ ! WORK]S1 LEAD+ !M (F FROM ! ROAD TO FRE$OM4 

,H]E WE SEE ! POSSIBLE SIGNIFICANCE ( ,L59'S BOOK = ! FUTURE WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 ?\< IT MAY LOSE GR\ND AMONG ! WORK]S1 TRIES TO =M ) ! SOCIALI/S & ! 9TELLECTUAL CLASS A UNIT$ FRONT1 READY AT ! FIR/ MAJOR CRISIS ( CAPITALISM TO TAKE 9 ITS H&S ! P[] OV] & AGA9/ ! WORK]S4 ,L59ISM & ITS PHILOSOPHICAL TEXTBOOK !N WILL S]VE1 UND] ! NAME ( ,M>XISM1 TO OV]AWE ! WORK]S & TO IMPOSE UPON ! 9TELLECTUALS1 AS ! LEAD+ SY/EM ( ?\<T BY :I* ! REACTION>Y SPIRITUAL P[]S >E BEAT51 ,?US ! FI<T+ WORK+ CLASS1 BAS+ ITSELF UPON ,M>XISM1 WILL F9D ,L59'S PHILOSOPHICAL WORK A /UMBL+-BLOCK 9 ITS WAY1 AS ! !ORY ( A CLASS ?AT TRIES TO P]PETUATE ITS S]FDOM4 

  

,NOTE 

#a4 ,! PHRASE 0MIDDLE CLASS0 IS H]E US$ AS A TRANSLATION = ! ,G]MAN WORD 0BURG]LI*04 ,! MORE MOD]N T]M US$ 9 ,M>XI/ DISC\RSE = ?IS CONCEPT IS 0B\RGEOIS0 7I4E4 RELAT+ TO ! CAPITALI/ OR B\RGEOIS CLASS7 9 ORD] TO DI/+UI% IT FROM ! RA!R IMPRECISE T]M 0MIDDLE CLASS01 :I* IS (T5 US$ AS A BROAD DESCRIPTION = :ITE-COLL> WORK]S1 PR(ESSIONALS1 ! SELF-EMPLOY$ ETC4 ,SIMIL>LY :5 ?IS TEXT REF]S TO 0! MIDDLE CLASS0 IT IS REF]R+ TO ! B\RGEOISIE OR CAPITALI/ CLASS4 7,NOTE BY ,M,I,A7 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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