,*APT] #e 
,AV5>IUS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK 

,TEXT 3 

,! TITLE ( ,L59'S WORK ,MAT]IALISM & ,EMPIRIO-,CRITICISM IMPOSES ! NECESSITY TO TREAT H]E ! ,ZURI* PHILOSOPH] ,RI*>D ,AV5>IUS1 BECAUSE EMPIRIO-CRITICISM WAS ! NAME HE GAVE TO HIS DOCTR9E1 9 MANY P>TS T\*+ UPON ,MA*'S VIEWS4 ,9 HIS *IEF WORK ,KRITIK D] RE95 ,]FAHRUNG 7,CRITICISM ( PURE EXP]I5CE7 HE />TS FROM SIMPLE EXP]I5CE1 CONSID]S C>EFULLY :AT IS C]TA9 AB\T IT1 & !N TE/S CRITICALLY :AT MAN D]IV$ & ASSUM$ AB\T ! WORLD & HIMSELF1 :AT IS T5ABLE & JU/IFIABLE 9 IT & :AT IS NOT4 

,9 ! NATURAL WORLD VIEW1 HE EXPLA9S1 ,I F9D ! FOLL[+ ?+S4 ,I F9D MYSELF ) ?\<TS & FEEL+S )9 A SURR\ND+ WORLD2 TO !SE SURR\ND+S BELONG FELL[-M5 ACT+ & SPEAK+ AS ,I DO1 :OM !RE=E ,I ASSUME TO BE SIMIL> TO MYSELF4 ,/RICTLY SPEAK+1 ! 9T]PRETATION ( ! MOVEM5TS & S\NDS CONNECT$ ) FELL[-MAN AS HAV+ A MEAN+ JU/ AS M9E IS AN ASSUMPTION1 NOT A REAL EXP]I5CE4 ,BUT IT IS A NECESS>Y ASSUMPTION )\T :I* A REASONABLE WORLD VIEW W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE3 0! EMPIRIOCRITICAL BASIC ASSUMPTION ( HUMAN EQUALITY40 ,!N ?IS IS MY WORLD3 FIR/ MY [N /ATEM5TS1 E4G4 0,I SEE 7OR T\*7 A TREE0 7,I CALL ?IS AN OBS]VATION72 ,I F9D IT1 REPEAT$LY1 BACK AT ! SAME SPOT1 ,I DESCRIBE IT AS AN OBJECT 9 SPACE2 ,I CALL IT 0WORLD10 DI/9CT FROM MYSELF1 OR 0\T] WORLD40 ,MOREOV] ,I HAVE REMEMBRANCES 7,I CALL !M IDEAS71 SOMEH[ ANALOG\S TO OBS]VATIONS4 ,SECONDLY !RE >E FELL[-M5 AS P>T ( ! WORLD4 ,?IRDLY !RE >E /ATEM5TS ( ! FELL[-M5 DEAL+ ) ! SAME WORLD2 HE SPEAKS TO ME ( ! TREE HE1 TOO1 IS SEE+2 :AT HE SAYS CLE>LY DEP5DS ON ! 0WORLD40 ,SO F> ALL IS SIMPLE & NATURAL1 !RE IS NO?+ MORE TO HAVE ?\<TS AB\T1 NO?+ ( 9N] & \T]1 ( S\L & BODY4 

,N[1 H[EV]1 ,I SAY3 MY WORLD IS OBJECT ( ! OBS]VATION ( MY FELL[-MAN2 HE IS ! BE>] ( ! OBS]VATION1 IT IS P>T ( HMM2 ,I PUT IT 9TO HIM1 & SO ,I DO ) HIS O!R EXP]I5CES1 ?\<TS1 FEEL+S1 ( :I* ,I KN[ ?R\< HIS SAY+S4 ,I SAY ?AT HE HAS AN 0IMPRESSION0 ( ! TREE1 ?AT HE MAKES HIMSELF A 0CONCEPTION0 ( ! TREE4 ,AN IMPRESSION1 A CONCEPTION1 A S5SATION ( ANO!R P]SON1 H[EV]1 IS IMP]CEPTIBLE TO ME2 IT F9DS NO PLACE 9 MY WORLD ( EXP]I5CE4 ,BY SO DO+ ,I 9TRODUCE SOME?+ ?AT HAS A NEW *>ACT]1 ?AT CAN NEV] BE EXP]I5CE TO ME1 ?AT IS 5TIRELY =EIGN TO ALL ?AT SO F> WAS PRES5T4 ,?US MY FELL[-MAN HAS N[ GOT AN 9N] WORLD ( OBS]VATIONS1 FEEL+S1 KN[L$GE1 & AN \T] WORLD ?AT HE OBS]VES & KN[S4 ,S9CE ,I /& TO HIM AS HE /&S TO ME ,I TOO HAVE AN 9N] WORLD ( S5SATIONS & FEEL+S OPPOSITE TO ?AT :I* ,I CALL ! 0\T]0 WORLD4 ,! TREE ,I SAW & KN[ IS SPLIT 9TO A KN[L$GE & AN OBJECT4 ,?IS PROCESS IS CALL$ 09TROJECTION0 BY ,AV5>IUS2 SOME?+ IS 9TRODUC$1 9TROJECT$ 9TO MAN ?AT WAS NOT PRES5T 9 ! ORIG9AL SIMPLE EMPIRICAL WORLD CONCEPTION4 

,9TROJECTION HAS MADE A CLEAVAGE 9 ! WORLD4 ,IT IS ! PHILOSOPHICAL FALL ( MAN4 ,BE=E ! FALL HE WAS 9 A /ATE ( PHILOSOPHICAL 9NOC5CE2 HE TOOK ! WORLD AS SIMPLE1 S+LE1 AS ! S5SES %[ IT2 HE DID NOT KN[ ( BODY & S\L1 ( M9D & MATT]1 ( GOOD & EVIL4 ,! 9TROJECTION BR\<T DUALISM ) ALL ITS PROBLEMS & CONTRADICTIONS4 ,LET US LOOK AT ITS CONSEQU5CES ALREADY AT ! L[E/ /ATE ( CIVILIZATION4 ,ON ! BASIS ( EXP]I5CE 9TROJECTION TAKES PLACE NOT ONLY 9TO FELL[-MAN BUT ALSO 9TO FELL[-ANIMALS1 9TO FELL[-?+S1 9TO TREES1 ROCKS1 ETC3 ?IS IS ANIMISM4 ,WE SEE A MAN SLEEP+2 AWAK5$ HE SAYS HE WAS ELSE:]E2 SO P>T ( HIM RE/$ H]E1 P>T LEFT ! BODY TEMPOR>ILY4 ,IF IT DOES NOT RETURN1 ! FIR/ P>T IS ROTT+ AWAY1 BUT ! O!R P>T APPE>S 9 DREAMS1 <O/LY4 ,SO MAN CONSI/S ( A P]I%ABLE BODY & A NON-P]I%+ SPIRIT4 ,SU* SPIRITS ALSO LIVE 9 TREES1 9 ! AIR1 9 HEAV54 ,AT A HI<] /AGE ( CIVILIZATION ! DIRECT EXP]I5CE ( SPIRITS DISAPPE>S2 :AT IS EXP]I5C$ IS ! \T] WORLD ( S5SES2 ! 9N] SPIRITUAL WORLD IS SUP]-S5SUAL4 0,EXP]I5CE AS ?+S & EXP]I5CE AS KN[L$GE N[ /& AGA9/ ONE ANO!R1 9COMP>ABLE AS A MAT]IAL & A SPIRITUAL WORLD0 7,KRITIK D] RE95 ,]FAHRUNG1 P4#a#a74 

,9 ?IS %ORT SUMM>Y ( ,AV5>IUS'S EXPOSURE ( HIS VIEWS WE OMITT$ ONE ?+ ?AT TO HIM IS AN ESS5TIAL L9K 9 ! *A94 ,TO ! SAY+S ( ! FELL[-MAN BELONGS NOT ONLY HIMSELF & HIS BODY1 BUT BELONGS 9 P>TICUL> HIS BRA94 ,9 MY EXP]I5CE1 ,AV5>IUS SAYS1 ,I HAVE ?REE DEP5D5CIES3 BETWE5 ! SAY+S ( MAN & HIS \T] WORLD1 BETWE5 HIS BRA9 & ! \T] WORLD1 & BETWE5 HIS BRA9 & HIS SAY+S4 ,! SECOND IS A PHYSICAL RELATION1 P>T ( ! LAW ( 5]GY2 ! O!R TWO BELONG TO LOGIC4 

,AV5>IUS N[ PROCE$S FIR/ TO CRITICIZE & !N TO ELIM9ATE 9TROJECTION4 ,?AT ACTIONS & SAY+S ( FELL[-M5 >E RELAT$ TO ! \T] WORLD IS MY EXP]I5CE4 ,:5 ,I 9TRODUCE IT AS IDEAS 9TO HIM1 IT IS 9TO HIS BRA9 ?AT ,I 9TRODUCE !M4 ,BUT NO ANATOMICAL SECTION CAN DISCLOSE !M4 0,WE CANNOT F9D ANY *>ACT]I/IC 9 ! ?\<T OR 9 ! BRA9 TO %[ ?AT ?\<T IS A P>T OR *>ACT] ( ! BRA90 7,KRITIK D] RE95 ,]FAHRUNG1 P4#a#b#e74 ,MAN CAN SAY TRULY3 ,I HAVE BRA92 I4E4 TO ! COMPLEX CALL$ 0MYSELF0 BRA9 BELONGS AS A P>T2 HE CAN SAY TRULY3 ,I HAVE ?\<TS1 I4E4 TO ! COMPLEX 0MYSELF0 ?\<TS BELONG AS A P>T4 ,BUT ?AT DOES NOT IMPLY ?AT MY BRA9 HAVE !SE ?\<TS4 0,?\<T IS ?\<T ( MYSELF1 BUT NOT !RE=E ?\<T ( MY BRA90 7,KRITIK D] RE95 ,]FAHRUNG1 P4#a#c#a7 0,BRA9 IS NO LODG+ OR SITE1 NO PRODUC]1 NO 9/RUM5T OR ORGAN1 NO BE>] OR SUB/RATUM1 ETC41 ( ?9K+ 444 ,?9K+ IS NO RESID5T OR COMM&]1 NO O!R SIDE1 NO PRODUCT EI!R1 NOT EV5 A PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION ( ! BRA90 7,KRITIK D] RE95 ,]FAHRUNG1 P4#a#c#b74 

,?IS IMPOS+ 5UM]ATION ( USUAL PSY*OLOGICAL /ATEM5TS DISCLOSES :Y ! BRA9 WAS 9TRODUC$4 ,TO REFUTE \R 9TROJECTION ( A M5TAL WORLD 9TO FELL[-MAN1 ,AV5>IUS EMPHASIZES ?AT ITS PLACE W\LD !N BE ! BRA91 & ! BRA9 :5 ANATOMICALLY DISSECT$ DOES NOT %[ IT4 ,ELSE:]E HE SAYS3 9TROJECTION MEANS ?AT MY ?9K+ PUTS ITSELF AT ! PLACE ( FELL[-MAN1 H5CE MY ?9K+ COMB9ES ) HIS BRA91 :I* CAN BE DONE ONLY 9 FANTASY1 NOT REALLY4 ,AS >GUM5TS TO S]VE AS ! BASIS ( A PHILOSOPHICAL SY/EM !Y >E RA!R >TIFICIAL & UNCONV9C+4 ,:AT IS TRUE & IMPORTANT IS ! DISCLOSURE ( ! FACT ( 9TROJECTION1 ! DEMON/RATION ?AT 9 \R ASSUMPTION ?AT ! WORLD ( FELL[-MAN IS ! SAME K9D ( ?+ AS MY [N1 ,I 9TRODUCE A SECOND WORLD ( FANTASY ( ANO!R *>ACT]1 5TIRELY \TSIDE MY EXP]I5CE4 ,IT CORRESPONDS PO9T = PO9T ) MY [N2 ITS 9TRODUCTION IS NECESS>Y2 BUT IT MEANS A D\BL+ ( ! WORLD1 OR RA!R A MULTIPLICATION ( WORLDS NOT DIRECTLY ACCESSIBLE TO ME1 NO POSSIBLE P>T ( MY WORLD ( EXP]I5CE4 

,N[ ,AV5>IUS SEES AS HIS TASK ! BUILD+ UP ( A WORLD-/RUCTURE FREE FROM 9TROJECTION1 BY MEANS ( ! SIMPLE DATA ( EXP]I5CE4 ,9 HIS EXPOSITION HE F9DS IT NECESS>Y TO 9TRODUCE A SPECIAL SY/EM ( NEW NAMES1 *>ACT]S & FIGURES ) ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS TO DESIGNATE \R ORD9>Y CONCEPTS4 ,! LAUDABLE 9T5TION IS ?IS2 NOT TO BE L$ A/RAY BY 9/9CTIVE ASSOCIATIONS & MEAN+S CONNECT$ ) ORD9>Y LANGUAGE4 ,BUT ! RESULT IS AN APPE>ANCE ( PR(\NDNESS ) AN AB/RUSE T]M9OLOGY ?AT NE$S TO BE BACK-TRANSLAT$ 9TO \R USUAL T]MS IF WE WANT TO UND]/& ITS MEAN+S1 & IS A S\RCE ( EASY MISUND]/&+S4 ,HIS >GUM5T EXPRESS$ ?US BY HIMSELF 9 A F> MORE 9TRICATE WAY1 MAY BE SUMM>IZ$ AS FOLL[S3 

,WE F9D \RSELVES1 A RELATIVE CON/ANT1 AMID A *ANG+ MULTITUDE ( UNITS D5OT$ AS 0TREES10 0FELL[-M510 ETC41 :I* %[ MANY MUTUAL RELATIONS1 0,MYSELF0 & 0SURR\ND+S0 >E F\ND BO? AT ! SAME TIME 9 ! SAME EXP]I5CE2 WE CALL !M 0C5TRAL-P>T0 & 0C\NT]-P>T0 7,Z5TRALGLI$ UND ,GEG5GLI$74 ,?AT MY FELL[-MAN HAS ?\<TS1 EXP]I5CES & A WORLD JU/ AS ,I HAVE1 IS EXPRESS$ 9 ! /ATEM5T ?AT P>T ( MY SURR\ND+S IS C5TRAL-P>T ITSELF4 ,:5 9 HIS BRA9 V>IATIONS TAKE PLACE 7!Y BELONG TO MY WORLD ( EXP]I5CE71 !N PH5OM5A OCCUR 9 HIS WORLD2 HIS SAY+S AB\T !M >E DET]M9$ BY PROCESSES 9 HIS BRA9S4 ,9 MY WORLD ( EXP]I5CE ! \T] WORLD DET]M9ES ! *ANGE 9 HIS BRA9 7A NEUROLOGICAL FACT72 NOT MY OBS]V$ TREE DET]M9ES HIS OBS]VATION 7SITUAT$ 9 ANO!R WORLD71 BUT ! *ANGES CAUS$ BY ! TREE 9 HIS BRA9 7BO? BELONG+ TO MY WORLD7 DET]M9E HIS OBS]VATION4 ,N[ MY SCI5TIFIC EXP]I5CE DECL>ES MY BRA9 & HIS BRA9 TO *ANGE 9 ! SAME WAY ?R\< IMPRESSIONS ( ! \T] WORLD2 H5CE ! RESULT+ 0HIS WORLD0 & MY WORLD MU/ BE ( ! SAME /UFF4 ,SO ! NATURAL WORLD CONCEPTION IS RE/OR$ )\T ! NE$ ( 9TROJECTION4 ,! >GUM5T COMES D[N TO ?IS ?AT \R PRACTICE ( ASSUM+ SIMIL> ?\<TS & CONCEPTIONS AS \R [N 9 FELL[-M51 :I* %\LD BE ILLICIT NOT)/&+ \R SPIRITUAL 9T]C\RSE1 %\LD BECOME VALID AS SOON AS WE MAKE A DET\R ALONG ! MAT]IAL BRA9S4 ,TO :I* MU/ BE REM>K$ ?AT NEUROLOGY MAY ASSUME AS A VALID !ORY ?AT ! \T] WORLD PRODUCES ! SAME *ANGES 9 MY BRA9 & 9 ANO!R MAN'S2 BUT ?AT1 /RICTLY KEEP+ TO MY EXP]I5CE1 ,I HAVE NEV] OBS]V$ IT & NEV] CAN OBS]VE IT4 

,AV5>IUS'S IDEAS HAVE NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ,DIETZG52 !Y DO NOT DEAL ) ! CONNECTION BETWE5 KN[L$GE & EXP]I5CE4 ,!Y >E COGNATE TO ,MA*'S 9 ?AT BO? PROCE$ FROM EXP]I5CE1 DISSOLVE ! 5TIRE WORLD 9TO EXP]I5CE & BELIEVE ?US TO HAVE DONE AWAY ) DUALISM4 

0,IF WE KEEP 'COMPLETE EXP]I5CE' FREE FROM ALL ADULT]ATION1 \R WORLD-CONCEPTION WILL BE FREE FROM ALL METAPHYSICAL DUALISM4 ,TO !SE ELIM9AT$ DUALISMS BELONG ! ABSOLUTE ANTI!SIS ( 'BODY' & 'M9D1' ( 'MATT]' & 'SPIRIT1' 9 %ORT ( PHYSICAL & PSY*ICAL0 7P4#a#a#h74 0,?+S PHYSICAL1 MATT] 9 ITS METAPHYSICAL ABSOLUTE S5SE F9DS NO PLACE 9 PURIFI$ 'COMPLETE EXP]I5CE1' BECAUSE 'MATT]' 9 ?IS CONCEPTION IS ONLY AN AB/RACTUM1 9DICAT+ ! 5TIRETY ( C\NT]-P>TS :5 AB/RACTION IS MADE ( ALL 'C5TRAL-P>TS'0 7,BEM]KUNG5 ZUM ,BEGRIFF DES ,GEG5/&ES D] ,PSY*OLOGIE1 P4#a#a#i74 

,?IS IS ANALOG\S TO ,MA*2 BUT IT IS DIFF]5T FROM ,MA* 9 BE+ BUILT \T 9TO A F9I%$ & CLOS$ SY/EM4 ,! EQUALITY ( ! EXP]I5CE ( FELL[-MAN1 SETTL$ BY ,MA* 9 A FEW WORDS1 IS A MO/ DIFFICULT PIECE ( WORK TO ,AV5>IUS4 ,! NEUTRAL *>ACT] ( ! ELEM5TS ( EXP]I5CE IS PO9T$ \T ) MORE PRECISION BY ,AV5>IUS2 !Y >E NOT S5SATIONS1 NO?+ PSY*ICAL1 BUT SIMPLY SOME?+ 0F\ND PRES5T0 7,VORGEFUND5ES74 

,SO HE OPPOSES PREVAIL+ PSY*OLOGY1 ?AT =M]LY DEALT ) ! 0S\L10 AFT]W>DS ) 0PSY*IC FUNCTIONS10 BECAUSE IT PROCE$S FROM ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! OBS]V$ WORLD IS AN IMAGE )9 US4 ,?IS1 HE SAYS1 IS NOT A 0?+ F\ND PRES5T10 & NEI!R CAN IT BE DISCLOS$ FROM :AT IS 0F\ND PRES5T40 

0,:]EAS ,I LEAVE ! TREE BE=E ME AS SOME?+ SE5 9 ! SAME RELATION TO ME1 AS A ?+ 'F\ND PRES5T' TO ME1 PREVAIL+ PSY*OLOGY PUTS ! TREE AS 'SOME?+ SE5' 9TO MAN1 ESPECIALLY 9TO HIS BRA90 7,BEM]KUNG5 ZUM ,BEGRIFF DES ,GEG5/&ES D] ,PSY*OLOGIE1 P4#d#e ,NOTE74 ,9TROJECTION CREAT$ ?IS FALSE OBJECT ( PSY*OLOGY2 IT *ANG$ 0BE=E ME0 9TO 09 ME10 :AT IS 0F\ND PRES5T0 9TO :AT IS 0IMAG9$ 0 IT MADE 0P>T ( 7REAL7 SURR\ND+S0 9TO 0P>T ( 7IDEAL7 ?9K+40 

,= ,AV5>IUS1 9/EAD1 ! MAT]IAL *ANGES 9 ! BRA9 >E ! BASIS ( PSY*OLOGY4 ,HE PROCE$S FROM ! !SIS TAK5 OV] FROM ! SPECIAL SCI5CE ( PHYSIOLOGY ?AT ALL ACTION ( ! SURR\ND+S PRODUCES *ANGES 9 ! BRA9 & ?AT !SE PRODUCE ?\<TS & SAY+S - & ?IS C]TA9LY LIES \TSIDE DIRECT EXP]I5CE4 ,IT IS A CURI\S FACT ?AT ,MA* & ,C>NAP TOO SPEAK ( OBS]V+ 7IDEALLY1 NOT REALLY7 ! BRA9 7BY PHYSICAL OR *EMICAL ME?ODS1 OR BY A 0BRA9-MIRROR07 TO SEE :AT HAPP5S !RE 9 CONNECTION ) S5SATIONS & ?\<TS4 ,IT SEEMS ?AT MIDDLE-CLASS.<#a.> !ORY ( KN[L$GE CANNOT DO )\T HAV+ REC\RSE TO ?IS MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION4 ,AV5>IUS IS ! MO/ RADICAL 9 ?IS RESPECT2 = HIM PSY*OLOGY IS ! SCI5CE ( ! DEP5D5CE ( BEHAVIOR UPON ! BRA92 :AT BELONGS TO ! ACTIONS ( MAN IS NOT PSY*ICAL BUT PHYSIOLOGICAL1 M]E BRA9 PROCESSES4 ,:5 WE SPEAK ( IDEAS & IDEOLOGIES1 EMPIRIO-CRITICISM SPEAKS ( *ANGES 9 ! C5TRAL N]V\S SY/EM4 ,! /UDY ( ! GREAT WORLD-MOV+ IDEAS 9 ! HI/ORY ( MANK9D TURNS 9TO ! /UDY ( !IR N]V\S SY/EMS4 ,?US EMPIRIO-CRITICISM /&S CLOSE TO MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM ?AT ALSO1 9 ! PROBLEM ( ! DET]M9ATION ( IDEAS BY ! SURR\ND+ WORLD1 APPEALS TO BRA9-MATT]1 ,9 COMP>+ ,AV5>IUS ) ,HAECKEL WE %\LD RA!R CALL HIM ,HAECKEL REV]S$4 ,BO? CAN UND]/& M9D ONLY AS AN ATTRIBUTE ( ! BRA92 S9CE M9D & MATT]1 H[EV]1 >E FUNDAM5TALLY DISP>ATE1 ,HAECKEL ATTRIBUTES A P>TICLE ( M9D TO EV]Y ATOM1 :]EAS ,AV5>IUS 5TIRELY DISP5SES ) ! M9D AS A SPECIAL SOME?+4 ,BUT !RE=E ! WORLD = HIM TAKES 9/EAD ! SOME:AT %AD[Y *>ACT] - FRI<T5+ TO MAT]IALI/S & OP5+ ! GATE TO IDEOLOGICAL 9T]PRETATIONS - ( CONSI/+ ( 0MY EXP]I5CE0 ONLY4 

,RI<T AS ,AV5>IUS MAY BE ?AT IT IS NOT /RICTLY EXP$5CE1 ! EQUALIZATION ( FELL[-M5 ) \RSELVES & ! ID5TITY ( !IR WORLD ) \RS IS AN 9EVITABLY NATURAL AFFAIR1 :ATEV] K9D ( SPIRITUAL OR MAT]IAL T]MS >E US$ TO EXPRESS IT4 ,! PO9T IS AGA9 ?AT MIDDLE-CLASS PHILOSOPHY WANTS TO CRITICIZE & CORRECT HUMAN ?9K+ 9/EAD ( TRY+ TO UND]/& IT AS A NATURAL PROCESS4 

,9 ?IS CONTEXT A G5]AL REM>K MU/ BE MADE4 ,! ESS5TIAL *>ACT] 9 ,MA* & ,AV5>IUS1 AS 9 MO/ MOD]N PHILOSOPH]S ( SCI5CE1 IS ?AT !Y />T FROM P]SONAL EXP]I5CE4 ,IT IS !IR ONLY BASIS ( C]TA9LY2 TO IT !Y GO BACK :5 ASK$ :AT IS TRUE4 ,:5 FELL[-M5 5T] 9TO ! PLAY1 A K9D ( !ORETICAL UNC]TA9TY APPE>S1 & ) DIFFICULT REASON+S !IR EXP]I5CE MU/ BE R$UC$ TO \RS4 ,WE HAVE H]E AN EFFECT ( ! /RONG 9DIVIDUALISM ( ! MIDDLE-CLASS WORLD4 .<#a.> ,! MIDDLE-CLASS 9DIVIDUAL 9 HIS /RONG FEEL+ ( P]SONALITY HAS LO/ SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS2 HE DOES NOT KN[ H[ 5TIRELY HE IS A SOCIAL BE+4 ,9 EV]Y?+ ( HIMSELF1 9 HIS BODY1 HIS M9D1 HIS LIFE1 HIS ?\<TS1 HIS FEEL+1 9 HIS MO/ SIMPLE EXP]I5CES HE IS A PRODUCT ( SOCIETY1 HUMAN SOCIETY MADE !M ALL :AT !Y >E4 ,:AT IS CONSID]$ A PURELY P]SONAL S5SATION3 ,I SEE A TREE - CAN 5T] 9TO CONSCI\SNESS ONLY ?R\< ! DI/9CTNESS GIV5 TO IT BY NAMES4 ,)\T ! 9H]IT$ WORDS TO 9DICATE ?+S & SPECIES1 ACTIONS & CONCEPTS1 ! S5SATION C\LD NOT BE EXPRESS$ & CONCEIV$4 ,\T ( ! 9DI/9CTIVE MASS ( ! WORLD ( IMPRESSIONS ! IMPORTANT P>TS COME =W>D ONLY :5 !Y >E D5OT$ BY S\NDS & ?US BECOME SEP>AT$ FROM ! UNIMPORTANT MASS4 ,:5 ,C>NAP CON/RUCTS ! WORLD ) \T US+ ! OLD NAMES1 HE /ILL MAKES USE ( HIS CAPACITY ( AB/RACT ?9K+4 ,AB/RACT ?9K+1 H[EV]1 BY MEANS ( CONCEPTS1 IS NOT POSSIBLE )\T SPEE*2 SPEE* & AB/RACT ?9K+ DEVELOP$ TOGE!R AS A PRODUCT ( SOCIETY4 

,SPEE* C\LD NEV] HAVE ORIG9AT$ )\T HUMAN SOCIETY = :I* IT IS AN ORGAN ( MUTUAL COMMUNICATION4 ,IT C\LD DEVELOP 9 A SOCIETY ONLY1 AS AN 9/RUM5T 9 ! PRACTICAL ACTIVITY ( MAN4 ,?IS ACTIVITY IS A SOCIAL PROCESS ?AT AS ! DEEPE/ F\NDATION UND]LIES ALL MY EXP]I5CES4 ,! ACTIVITY ( FELL[-MAN1 9CLUSIVE HIS SPEAK+1 ,I EXP]I5CE AS CO-NATURAL ) MY ACTIVITY BECAUSE !Y >E P>TS ( ONE COMMON ACTIVITY2 ?US WE KN[ \R SIMIL>ITY4 ,MAN IS FIR/ AN ACTIVE BE+1 A WORK]1 ,TO LIVE HE MU/ EAT1 I4E4 HE MU/ SEIZE & ASSIMILATE O!R ?+S2 HE MU/ SE>*1 FI<T1 CONQU]4 ,?IS ACTION UPON ! WORLD1 A LIFE-NECESSITY1 DET]M9ES HIS ?9K+ & FEEL+1 BECAUSE IT IS HIS *IEF LIFE CONT5T & =MS ! MO/ ESS5TIAL P>T ( HIS EXP]I5CES4 ,IT WAS FROM ! FIR/ A COLLECTIVE ACTIVITY1 A SOCIAL LABOR PROCESS4 ,SPEE* ORIG9AT$ AS P>T ( ?IS COLLECTIVE PROCESS1 AS AN 9DISP5SABLE M$IATOR 9 ! COMMON WORK1 & AT ! SAME TIME AS AN 9/RUM5T ( REFLEXIVE ?9K+ NE$$ 9 ! H&L+ ( TOOLS1 !MSELVES PRODUCTS ( COLLECTIVE WORK+4 ,9 SU* A WAY ! 5TIRE WORLD ( EXP]I5CE ( MAN BE>S A SOCIAL *>ACT]4 ,! SIMPLE 0NATURAL WORLD VIEW0 TAK5 BY ,AV5>IUS & O!R PHILOSOPH]S AS !IR />T+ PO9T1 IS NOT ! SPONTANE\S VIEW ( A PRIMITIVE S+LE MAN BUT1 9 PHILOSOPHICAL G>B1 ! \TCOME ( A HI<LY DEVELOP$ SOCIETY4 

,SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T HAS1 ?R\< ! 9CREAS+ DIVISION ( LABOR1 DISSECT$ & SEP>AT$ :AT BE=E WAS A UNIT4 ,SCI5TI/S & PHILOSOPH]S HAVE ! SPECIAL TASK ( 9VE/IGAT+ & REASON+ SO ?AT !IR SCI5CE & !IR CONCEPTIONS MAY PLAY !IR ROLE 9 ! TOTAL PROCESS ( PRODUCTION-N[ ! ROLE *IEFLY ( SUPPORT+ & /R5G!N+ ! EXI/+ SOCIAL SY/EM4 ,CUT (F FROM ! ROOT ( LIFE1 ! SOCIAL PROCESS ( LABOR1 !Y HANG 9 ! AIR & HAVE TO RESORT TO >TIFICIAL REASON+S TO F9D A BASIS4 ,?US ! PHILOSOPH] />TS ) IMAG9+ HIMSELF ! ONLY BE+ ON E>? & SUSPICI\SLY ASKS :E!R HE CAN DEMON/RATE HIS [N EXI/5CE2 TILL HE IS HAPPILY REASSUR$ BY ,DESC>TES 0,I ?9K1 SO ,I EXI/40 ,!N ALONG A *A9 ( LOGICAL D$UCTIONS HE PROCE$S TO ASC]TA9 ! EXI/5CE ( ! WORLD & ( FELL[-M52 & SO ! SELF-EVID5T COMES \T ALONG A WIDE DET\R - IF IT COMES \T4 ,= ! MIDDLE-CLASS PHILOSOPH] DOES NOT FEEL ! NECESSITY TO FOLL[ UP TO ! LA/ CONSEQU5CES1 TO MAT]IALISM1 & HE PREF]S TO /AY SOME:]E 9-BETWE51 EXPRESS+ ! WORLD 9 IDEOLOGICAL T]MS4 

,SO ?IS IS ! DIFF]5CE3 MIDDLE-CLASS PHILOSOPHY LOOKS = ! S\RCE ( KN[L$GE 9 P]SONAL M$ITATION1 ,M>XISM F9DS IT 9 SOCIAL LABOR4 ,ALL CONSCI\SNESS1 ALL SPIRITUAL LIFE ( MAN1 EV5 ( ! MO/ LONELY H]MIT1 IS A COLLECTIVE PRODUCT1 HAS BE5 MADE & %AP$ BY ! WORK+ COMMUNITY ( MANK9D4 ,?\< 9 ! =M ( P]SONAL CONSCI\SNESS - BECAUSE MAN IS A BIOLOGICAL 9DIVIDUAL - IT CAN EXI/ ONLY AS P>T ( ! :OLE4 ,PEOPLE CAN HAVE EXP]I5CES ONLY AS SOCIAL BE+S2 ?\< ! CONT5TS >E P]SONALLY DIFF]5T1 9 !IR ESS5CE EXP]I5CES >E SUP]-P]SONAL1 SOCIETY BE+ !IR SELF-EVID5T BASIS4 ,?US ! OBJECTIVE WORLD ( PH5OM5A :I* LOGICAL ?\<T CON/RUCTS \T ( ! DATA ( EXP]I5CE1 IS FIR/ & =EMO/1 BY ITS ORIG9 ALREADY1 COLLECTIVE EXP]I5CE ( MANK9D4 

  

,NOTE 

#a4 ,! PHRASE 0MIDDLE-CLASS0 IS H]E US$ AS A TRANSLATION = ! ,G]MAN WORD 0BURG]LI*04 ,! MORE MOD]N T]M US$ 9 ,M>XI/ DISC\RSE = ?IS CONCEPT IS 0B\RGEOIS0 7I4E4 RELAT+ TO ! CAPITALI/ OR B\RGEOIS CLASS7 9 ORD] TO DI/+UI% IT FROM ! RA!R IMPRECISE T]M 0MIDDLE CLASS01 :I* IS (T5 US$ AS A BROAD DESCRIPTION = :ITE-COLL> WORK]S1 PR(ESSIONALS1 ! SELF-EMPLOY$ ETC4 ,SIMIL>LY :5 ?IS TEXT REF]S TO 0! MIDDLE CLASS0 IT IS REF]R+ TO ! B\RGEOISIE OR CAPITALI/ CLASS4 7,NOTE BY ,M,I,A7 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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