,*APT] #b 
,MIDDLE-,CLASS ,MAT]IALISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK 

,TEXT 3 

,RETURN+ N[ TO ! POLITICAL SC5E \T ( :I* ,M>XISM EM]G$1 IT MU/ BE NOT$ ?AT ! ,G]MAN REVOLUTION ( #ahdh DID NOT BR+ FULL POLITICAL P[] TO ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,BUT AFT] #ahe CAPITALISM DEVELOP$ /RONGLY 9 ,FRANCE & ,G]MANY4 ,9 ,PRUSSIA ! ,PROGRESSIVE ,P>TY BEGAN ITS FI<T = P>LIAM5T>ISM1 :OSE 9N] WEAKNESS BECAME EVID5T LAT] :5 ! GOV]NM5T ?R\< MILIT>Y ACTIONS MET ! DEM&S ( ! B\RGEOISIE = A /RONG NATIONAL ,/ATE4 ,MOVEM5TS = NATIONAL UNITY DOM9AT$ ! POLITICAL SC5E ( ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE4 ,EV]Y:]E1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ,5GL& :]E IT ALREADY HELD P[]1 ! RIS+ B\RGEOISIE /RUGGL$ AGA9/ ! FEUDAL ABSOLUTI/ CONDITIONS4 

,! /RUGGLE ( A NEW CLASS = P[] 9 ,/ATE & SOCIETY IS AT ! SAME TIME ALWAYS A SPIRITUAL /RUGGLE = A NEW WORLD VIEW4 ,! OLD P[]S CAN BE DEFEAT$ ONLY :5 ! MASSES RISE UP AGA9/ !M OR1 AT LEA/1 DO NOT FOLL[ !M ANY LONG]4 ,!RE=E IT WAS NECESS>Y = ! B\RGEOISIE TO MAKE ! WORK+ MASSES ITS FOLL[]S & W9 !IR ADH]5CE TO CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,= ?IS PURPOSE ! OLD IDEAS ( ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE & ! PEASANTS HAD TO BE DE/ROY$ & SUPPLANT$ ) NEW B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGIES4 ,CAPITALISM ITSELF FURNI%$ ! MEANS TO ?IS 5D4 

,! NATURAL SCI5CES >E ! SPIRITUAL BASIS ( CAPITALISM4 ,ON ! DEVELOPM5T ( !SE SCI5CES DEP5DS ! TE*NICAL PROGRESS ?AT DRIVES CAPITALISM =W>D4 ,SCI5CE1 !RE=E1 WAS HELD 9 HI< E/EEM BY ! RIS+ B\RGEOIS CLASS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ?IS SCI5CE FRE$ !M FROM ! CONV5TIONAL DOGMAS EMBODY+ ! RULE ( FEUDALISM4 ,A NEW \TLOOK ON LIFE & ON ! WORLD SPRANG UP \T ( ! SCI5TIFIC DISCOV]IES1 & SUPPLI$ ! B\RGEOISIE ) ! NECESS>Y >GUM5TS TO DEFY ! PRET5SIONS ( ! OLD P[]S4 ,?IS NEW WORLD \TLOOK IT DISSEM9AT$ AMONG ! MASSES4 ,TO ! PEASANT F>M & ! >TISAN WORK%OP BELONG ! 9H]IT$ BIBLICAL FAI?4 ,BUT AS SOON AS ! SONS ( ! PEASANTS OR ! IMPOV]I%$ >TISANS BECOME 9DU/RIAL WORK]S !IR M9D IS CAPTUR$ BY CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,EV5 ?OSE :O REMA9 9 PRE-CAPITALI/IC CONDITIONS >E LUR$ BY ! MORE LIB]AL \TLOOK ( CAPITALI/ PROGRESS & BECOME SUSCEPTIBLE TO ! PROPAG&A ( NEW IDEAS4 

,! SPIRITUAL FI<T WAS PRIM>ILY A /RUGGLE AGA9/ RELIGION4 ,! RELIGI\S CRE$ IS ! IDEOLOGY ( PA/ CONDITIONS2 IT IS ! 9H]IT$ TRADITION :I* KEEPS ! MASSES 9 SUBMISSION TO ! OLD P[]S & :I* HAD TO BE DEFEAT$4 ,! /RUGGLE AGA9/ RELIGION WAS IMPOS$ BY ! CONDITIONS ( SOCIETY2 H5CE IT HAD TO TAKE ON V>Y+ =MS ) V>Y+ CONDITIONS4 ,9 ?OSE C\NTRIES :]E ! B\RGEOISIE HAD ALREADY ATTA9$ FULL P[]1 AS = 9/ANCE 9 ,5GL&1 ! /RUGGLE WAS NO LONG] NECESS>Y & ! B\RGEOISIE PAID HOMAGE TO ! E/ABLI%$ *UR*4 ,ONLY AMONG ! L[] MIDDLE CLASS & AMONG ! WORK]S DID MORE RADICAL TR5DS ( ?\<T F9D SOME ADH]5CE4 ,9 C\NTRIES :]E 9DU/RY & ! B\RGEOISIE HAD TO FI<T = EMANCIPATION !Y PROCLAIM$ A LIB]AL1 E?ICAL ,*RI/IANITY 9 OPPOSITION TO ! OR?ODOX FAI?4 ,& :]E ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ A /ILL P[]FUL ROYAL & >I/OCRATIC CLASS WAS DIFFICULT1 & REQUIR$ ! UTMO/ /R5G? & EX]TION1 ! NEW WORLD VIEW HAD TO ASSUME EXTREME =MS ( RADICALISM & GAVE RISE TO MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM4 ,?IS WAS SO TO A GREAT EXT5T 9 ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE2 SO IT IS NATURAL ?AT MO/ ( ! POPUL> PROPAG&A = MAT]IALISM 7,MOLES*OTT1 ,VOGT1 ,BU*N]71 ORIG9AT$ H]E1 ?\< IT F\ND AN E*O 9 O!R C\NTRIES4 ,9 ADDITION TO !SE RADICAL PAMPHLETS1 A RI* LIT]ATURE POPUL>IZ+ ! MOD]N SCI5TIFIC DISCOV]IES APPE>$1 SUPPLY+ VALUABLE WEAPONS 9 ! /RUGGLE TO FREE ! MASSES ( ! CITIZ5S1 ! WORK]S1 & ! PEASANTS1 FROM ! SPIRITUAL FETT]S ( TRADITION1 & TO TURN !M 9TO FOLL[]S ( ! PROGRESSIVE B\RGEOISIE4 ,! MIDDLE-CLASS 9TELLIG5TSIA - PR(ESSORS1 5G9E]S1 DOCTORS - W]E ! MO/ ZEAL\S PROPAG&I/S ( ! NEW 5LI<T5M5T4 

,! ESS5CE ( NATURAL SCI5CE WAS ! DISCOV]Y ( LAWS OP]AT+ 9 NATURE4 ,A C>EFUL /UDY ( NATURAL PH5OM5A DISCLOS$ RECURR+ REGUL>ITIES :I* ALL[$ = SCI5TIFIC PR$ICTIONS4 ,! #a#g? C5TURY HAD ALREADY KN[N ! ,GALILEAN LAW ( FALL+ BODIES & GRAVITY1 ,KEPL]'S LAWS ( ! PLANET>Y MOTIONS1 ,SNELL'S LAW ( ! REFRACTION ( LI<T1 & ,BOYLE'S LAW ( ! GAS PRESSURE4 ,T[>DS ! 5D ( ! C5TURY CAME ! DISCOV]Y ( ! LAW ( GRAVITATION BY ,NEWTON1 :I* MORE ?AN ALL PREC$+ DISCOV]IES EX]T$ A TREM5D\S 9FLU5CE 9 ! PHILOSOPHICAL ?\<T ( ! #a#h? & #a#i? C5TURIES4 ,:]EAS ! O!RS W]E RULES ?AT W]E NOT ABSOLUTELY CORRECT1 ,NEWTON'S LAW ( GRAVITATION PROV$ TO BE ! FIR/ REAL EXACT LAW /RICTLY DOM9AT+ ! MOTIONS ( ! HEAV5LY BODIES1 :I* MADE POSSIBLE PR$ICTIONS ( ! PH5OM5A ) ! SAME PRECISION ) :I* !Y C\LD BE OBS]V$4 ,FROM ?IS ! CONCEPTION DEVELOP$ ?AT ALL NATURAL PH5OM5A FOLL[ 5TIRELY RIGID DEF9ITE LAWS4 ,9 NATURE CAUSALITY RULES3 GRAVITY IS ! CAUSE ( BODIES FALL+1 GRAVITATION CAUSES ! MOVEM5TS ( ! PLANETS4 ,ALL OCCURR+ PH5OM5A >E EFFECTS TOTALLY DET]M9$ BY !IR CAUSES1 ALL[+ = NEI!R FREE WILL1 NOR *ANCE NOR CAPRICE4 

,?IS FIX$ ORD] ( NATURE DISCLOS$ BY SCI5CE WAS 9 DIRECT CONTRA/ TO ! TRADITIONAL RELIGI\S DOCTR9ES 9 :I* ,GOD AS A DESPOTIC SOV]EIGN >BITR>ILY RULES ! WORLD & DEALS \T =TUNE & MIS=TUNE AS HE SEES FIT1 /RIKES HIS 5EMIES ) ?UND]BOLTS & PE/IL5CE & REW>DS O!RS ) MIRACLES4 ,MIRACLES >E CONTRADICTORY TO ! FIX$ ORD] ( NATURE2 MIRACLES >E IMPOSSIBLE1 & ALL REPORTS AB\T !M 9 ! ,BIBLE >E FABLES4 ,! BIBLICAL & RELIGI\S 9T]PRETATIONS ( NATURE BELONG TO AN EPO* 9 :I* PRIMITIVE AGRICULTURE PREVAIL$ UND] ! OV]LORD%IP ( ABSOLUTE DESPOTS4 ,! NATURAL PHILOSOPHY ( ! RIS+ B\RGEOISIE1 ) ITS NATURAL LAWS CONTROLL+ ALL PH5OM5A1 BELONGS TO A NEW ORD] ( /ATE & SOCIETY :]E ! >BITR>Y RULE ( ! DESPOT IS REPLAC$ BY LAWS VALID = ALL4 

,! NATURAL PHILOSOPHY ( ! ,BIBLE1 :I* !OLOGY ASS]TS TO BE ABSOLUTE1 DIV9E1 TRU? IS ! NATURAL PHILOSOPHY ( IGNORANCE ?AT HAS BE5 DECEIV$ BY \TW>D APPE>ANCES1 ?AT SAW AN IMMOVABLE E>? AS ! C5T] ( ! UNIV]SE1 & HELD ?AT ALL MATT] WAS CREAT$ & WAS P]I%ABLE4 ,SCI5TIFIC EXP]I5CE %[$1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?AT MATT] :I* APP>5TLY DISAPPE>$ 7AS = 9/ANCE 9 BURN+7 ACTUALLY *ANGES 9TO 9VISIBLE GASE\S =MS4 ,SCALES DEMON/RAT$ ?AT A R$UCTION ( ! TOTAL WEI<T DID NOT OCCUR 9 ?IS PROCESS & ?AT1 !RE=E1 NO MATT] DISAPPE>$4 ,?IS DISCOV]Y WAS G5]ALIZ$ 9TO A NEW PR9CIPLE2 MATT] CANNOT BE DE/ROY$1 ITS QUANTITY ALWAYS REMA9S CON/ANT1 ONLY ITS =MS & COMB9ATIONS *ANGE4 ,?IS HOLDS GOOD = EA* *EMICAL ELEM5T2 ITS ATOMS CON/ITUTE ! BUILD+ /ONES ( ALL BODIES4 ,?US SCI5CE ) ITS !ORY ( ! CONS]VATION ( MATT]1 ( ! ET]NITY ( NATURE1 OPPOS$ ! !OLOGICAL DOGMA ( ! CREATION ( ! WORLD SOME #f1 YE>S AGO4 

,MATT] IS NOT ! ONLY P]SI/5T SUB/ANCE SCI5CE DISCOV]$ 9 ! TRANSI5T PH5OM5A4 ,S9CE ! MIDDLE ( ! #a#i? C5TURY ! LAW KN[N AS ! CONS]VATION ( 5]GY CAME TO BE REG>D$ AS ! FUNDAM5TAL AXIOM ( PHYSICS4 ,H]E1 TOO1 A FIX$ & F> REA*+ ORD] ( NATURE WAS OBS]V$2 9 ALL PH5OM5A *ANGES ( ! =M ( 5]GY TAKE PLACE3 HEAT & MOTION1 T5SION & ATTRACTION1 ELECTRICAL & *EMICAL 5]GY2 BUT ! TOTAL QUANTITY NEV] *ANGES4 ,?IS PR9CIPLE L$ TO AN UND]/&+ ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( COSMIC BODIES1 ! SUN & ! E>?1 9 ! LI<T ( :I* ALL ! ASS]TIONS ( !OLOGY APPE>$ LIKE ! TALK ( A /UTT]+ *ILD4 

,( EV5 GREAT] CONSEQU5CE W]E ! SCI5TIFIC DISCOV]IES CONC]N+ MAN'S PLACE 9 ! WORLD4 ,D>W9'S !ORY ( ! ORIG9 ( SPECIES1 :I* %[$ ! EVOLUTION ( MAN FROM ! ANIMAL K+DOM1 WAS 9 COMPLETE CONTRADICTION TO ALL RELIGI\S DOCTR9ES4 ,BUT EV5 BE=E ,D>W91 DISCOV]IES 9 BIOLOGY & *EMI/RY REVEAL$ ! ORGANIC ID5TITY ( ALL HUMAN & LIV+ CREATURES ) NON-ORGANIC NATURE4 ,! PROTOPLASM1 ! ALBUM9\S SUB/ANCE ( :I* ! CELLS ( ALL LIV+ BE+S >E COMPOS$ & TO :I* ALL LIFE IS B\ND1 CONSI/S ( ! SAME ATOMS AS ALL O!R MATT]4 ,! HUMAN M9D1 :I* WAS ELEVAT$ 9TO A P>T ( DIV9ITY BY ! !OLOGICAL DOCTR9E ( ! IMMORTAL S\L1 IS CLOSELY B\ND UP ) ! PHYSICAL PROP]TIES ( ! BRA92 ALL SPIRITUAL PH5OM5A >E ! ACCOMPANIM5T TO OR ! EFFECT ( MAT]IAL OCCURR5CES 9 ! BRA9 CELLS4 

,MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM DREW ! MO/ RADICAL CONCLUSIONS FROM !SE SCI5TIFIC DISCOV]IES4 ,EV]Y?+ SPIRITUAL IS M]ELY ! PRODUCT ( MAT]IAL PROCESSES2 IDEAS >E ! SECRETION ( ! BRA91 JU/ AS BILE IS ! SECRETION ( ! LIV]4 ,LET RELIGION - SAID ,BU*N] - GO ON TALK+ AB\T ! FUGACITY ( MATT] & ! IMMORTALITY ( ! M9D2 9 REALITY IT IS ! O!R WAY >\ND4 ,) ! LEA/ 9JURY ( ! BRA9 EV]Y?+ SPIRITUAL DISAPPE>S2 NO?+ AT ALL REMA9S ( ! M9D :5 ! BRA9 IS DE/ROY$1 :]EAS ! MATT]1 ITS C>RI]1 IS ET]NAL & 9DE/RUCTIBLE4 ,ALL PH5OM5A ( LIFE1 9CLUD+ HUMAN IDEAS1 HAVE !IR ORIG9 9 ! *EMICAL & PHYSICAL PROCESSES ( ! CELLUL> SUB/ANCE2 !Y DIFF] FROM NON-LIV+ MATT] ONLY 9 !IR GREAT] COMPLEXITY4 ,ULTIMATELY ALL !IR PROCESSES MU/ BE EXPLA9$ BY ! DYNAMICS & MOVEM5TS ( ! ATOMS4 

,!SE CONCLUSIONS ( NATURAL-SCI5CE MAT]IALISM1 H[EV]1 C\LD NOT BE UPHELD TO !IR UTMO/ CONSEQU5CES4 ,AFT] ALL1 IDEAS >E DIFF]5T FROM BILE & SIMIL> BODILY SECRETIONS2 M9D CANNOT BE CONSID]$ AS A =M ( =CE OR 5]GY1 & BELONGS 9 A QUITE DIFF]5T CATEGORY4 ,IF M9D IS A PRODUCT ( ! BRA9 :I* DIFF]S FROM O!R TISSUES & CELLS ONLY 9 DEGREE ( COMPLEXITY1 !N1 FUNDAM5TALLY1 IT MU/ BE CONCLUD$ ?AT SOME?+ ( M9D1 SOME S5SATION1 IS TO BE F\ND 9 EV]Y ANIMAL CELL4 ,& BECAUSE ! CELLUL> SUB/ANCE IS ONLY AN AGGREGATE ( ATOMS1 MORE COMPLEX BUT 9 SUB/ANCE NOT DIFF]5T FROM O!R MATT]1 ! CONCLUSION MU/ BE ?AT SOME?+ ( :AT WE CALL M9D IS ALREADY PRES5T 9 ! ATOM3 9 EV]Y SMALLE/ P>TICLE ( MATT] !RE MU/ BE A P>TICLE ( ! 0SPIRITUAL SUB/ANCE40 ,?IS !ORY ( ! 0ATOM-S\L0 WE F9D 9 ! WORKS ( ! PROM95T ZOOLOGI/ ,]N/ ,HAECKEL1 5]GETIC PROPAG&I/ ( ,D>W9ISM & C\RAGE\S COMBAT] ( RELIGI\S DOGMATISM4 ,HAECKEL DID NOT CONSID] HIS PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS AS MAT]IALISM BUT CALL$ !M MONISM - /RANGELY 5\< S9CE HE EXT5DS ! DUALITY ( M9D-MATT] D[N TO ! SMALLE/ ELEM5TS ( ! WORLD4 

,MAT]IALISM C\LD DOM9ATE ! IDEOLOGY ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS ONLY = A %ORT TIME4 ,ONLY SO LONG AS ! B\RGEOISIE C\LD BELIEVE ?AT ITS SOCIETY ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 P]SONAL LIB]TY1 & FREE COMPETITION1 ?R\< ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RY1 SCI5CE & TE*NIQUE1 C\LD SOLVE ! LIFE PROBLEMS ( ALL MANK9D - ONLY SO LONG C\LD ! B\RGEOISIE ASSUME ?AT ! !ORETICAL PROBLEMS C\LD BE SOLV$ BY SCI5CE1 )\T ! NE$ TO ASSUME SUP]NATURAL & SPIRITUAL P[]S4 ,AS SOON1 H[EV]1 AS IT BECAME EVID5T ?AT CAPITALISM C\LD NOT SOLVE ! LIFE PROBLEMS ( ! MASSES1 AS WAS %[N BY ! RISE ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE1 ! CONFID5T MAT]IALI/ PHILOSOPHY DISAPPE>$4 ,! WORLD WAS SE5 AGA9 FULL ( 9SOLUBLE CONTRADICTIONS & UNC]TA9TIES1 FULL ( S9I/] =CES ?REAT5+ CIVILIZATION4 ,SO ! B\RGEOISIE TURN$ TO V>I\S K9DS ( RELIGI\S CRE$S1 & ! B\RGEOIS 9TELLECTUALS & SCI5TI/S SUBMITT$ TO ! 9FLU5CE ( MY/ICAL T5D5CIES4 ,BE=E LONG !Y W]E QUICK TO DISCOV] ! WEAKNESSES & %ORTCOM+S ( MAT]IALI/ PHILOSOPHY1 & TO MAKE SPEE*ES ON ! 0LIMITATIONS ( SCI5CE0 & ! 9SOLUBLE 0WORLD-RIDDLES40 

,ONLY A SMALL NUMB] ( ! MORE RADICAL MEMB]S ( ! L[] & MIDDLE CLASSES1 :O CLUNG TO ! OLD POLITICAL SLOGANS ( E>LY CAPITALISM1 CONT9U$ TO HOLD MAT]IALISM 9 RESPECT4 ,AMONG ! WORK+ CLASS IT F\ND A F]TILE GR\ND4 ,! ADH]5TS ( AN>*ISM ALWAYS W]E ITS MO/ CONV9C$ FOLL[]S4 ,SOCIALI/ WORK]S EMBRAC$ ! SOCIAL DOCTR9ES ( ,M>X & ! MAT]IALISM ( NATURAL SCI5CE ) EQUAL 9T]E/ ,! PRACTICE ( LABOR UND] CAPITALISM1 !IR DAILY EXP]I5CE & !IR AWAK5+ UND]/&+ ( SOCIAL =CES CONTRIBUT$ GREATLY T[>DS UND]M9+ TRADITIONAL RELIGION4 ,!N1 TO SOLVE !IR D\BTS1 ! NE$ = SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE GREW1 & ! WORK]S BECAME ! MO/ ZEAL\S READ]S ( ! WORKS ( ,BU*N] & ,HAECKEL4 ,:IL/ ,M>XI/ DOCTR9E DET]M9$ ! PRACTICAL1 POLITICAL & SOCIAL IDEOLOGY ( ! WORK]S1 A DEEP] UND]/&+ ASS]T$ ITSELF ONLY GRADUALLY2 FEW BECAME AW>E ( ! FACT ?AT MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM HAD LONG S9CE BE5 \TDAT$ & SURPASS$ BY ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM4 ,?IS1 BY ! WAY1 CONCURS ) ! FACT ?AT ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T HAD NOT YET REA*$ BEYOND CAPITALISM1 ?AT 9 PRACTICE ! CLASS /RUGGLE ONLY T5D$ TO SECURE ITS PLACE )9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 & ?AT ! DEMOCRATIC SOLUTIONS ( ! E>LY MIDDLE CLASS MOVEM5TS W]E ACCEPT$ AS VALID = ! WORK+ CLASS ALSO4 ,! FULL COMPREH5SION ( REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XI/ !ORY IS POSSIBLE ONLY 9 CONNECTION ) REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE4 

,:]E9 !N1 DO MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM & ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM /& OPPOS$ TO ONE ANO!R8 

,BO? AGREE 9S(> AS !Y >E MAT]IALI/ PHILOSOPHIES1 ?AT IS1 BO? RECOGNIZE ! PRIMACY ( ! EXP]I5C$ MAT]IAL WORLD2 BO? RECOGNIZE ?AT SPIRITUAL PH5OM5A1 S5SATION1 CONSCI\SNESS1 IDEAS1 >E D]IV$ FROM ! =M]4 ,!Y >E OPPOSITE 9 ?AT MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM BASES ITSELF UPON NATURAL SCI5CE1 :]EAS ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM IS PRIM>ILY ! SCI5CE ( SOCIETY4 ,B\RGEOIS SCI5TI/S OBS]VE MAN ONLY AS AN OBJECT ( NATURE1 ! HI<E/ ( ! ANIMALS1 DET]M9$ BY NATURAL ,LAWS4 ,= AN EXPLANATION ( MAN'S LIFE & ACTION1 !Y HAVE ONLY G5]AL BIOLOGICAL ,LAWS1 & 9 A WID] S5SE1 ! LAWS ( *EMI/RY1 PHYSICS1 & ME*ANICS4 ,) !SE MEANS LITTLE CAN BE ACCOMPLI%$ 9 ! WAY ( UND]/&+ SOCIAL PH5OM5A & IDEAS4 ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM1 ON ! O!R H&1 LAYS B>E ! SPECIFIC EVOLUTION>Y LAWS ( HUMAN SOCIETY & %[S ! 9T]CONNECTION BETWE5 IDEAS & SOCIETY4 

,! AXIOM ( MAT]IALISM ?AT ! SPIRITUAL IS DET]M9$ BY ! MAT]IAL WORLD1 HAS !RE=E 5TIRELY DIFF]5T MEAN+S = ! TWO DOCTR9ES4 ,= MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM IT MEANS ?AT IDEAS >E PRODUCTS ( ! BRA91 >E TO BE EXPLA9$ \T ( ! /RUCTURE & ! *ANGES ( ! BRA9 SUB/ANCE1 F9ALLY \T ( ! DYNAMICS ( ! ATOMS ( ! BRA94 ,= ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM1 IT MEANS ?AT ! IDEAS ( MAN >E DET]M9$ BY HIS SOCIAL CONDITIONS2 SOCIETY IS HIS 5VIRONM5T :I* ACTS UPON HIM ?R\< HIS S5SE ORGANS4 ,?IS PO/ULATES AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T K9D ( PROBLEM1 A DIFF]5T APPROA*1 A DIFF]5T L9E ( ?\<T1 H5CE1 ALSO A DIFF]5T !ORY ( KN[L$GE4 

,= MIDDLE CLASS MAT]IALISM ! PROBLEM ( ! MEAN+ ( KN[L$GE IS A QUE/ION ( ! RELATION%IP ( SPIRITUAL PH5OM5A TO ! PHYSICO-*EMICAL-BIOLOGICAL PH5OM5A ( ! BRA9 MATT]4 ,= ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM IT IS A QUE/ION ( ! RELATION%IP ( \R ?\<TS TO ! PH5OM5A :I* WE EXP]I5CE AS ! EXT]NAL WORLD4 ,N[ MAN'S POSITION 9 SOCIETY IS NOT SIMPLY ?AT ( AN OBS]V+ BE+3 HE IS A DYNAMIC =CE :I* REACTS UPON HIS 5VIRONM5T & *ANGES IT4 ,SOCIETY IS NATURE TRANS=M$ ?R\< LABOR4 ,TO ! SCI5TI/1 NATURE IS ! OBJECTIVELY GIV5 REALITY :I* HE OBS]VES1 :I* ACTS ON HIM ?R\< ! M$IUM ( HIS S5SES4 ,TO HIM ! EXT]NAL WORLD IS ! ACTIVE & DYNAMIC ELEM5T1 :IL/ ! M9D IS ! RECEPTIVE ELEM5T4 ,?US IT IS EMPHASIZ$ ?AT ! M9D IS ONLY A REFLECTION1 AN IMAGE ( ! EXT]NAL WORLD1 AS ,5GELS EXPRESS$ IT :5 HE PO9T$ \T ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! MAT]IALI/ & IDEALI/ PHILOSOPHIES4 ,BUT ! SCI5CE ( ! SCI5TI/ IS ONLY P>T ( ! :OLE ( HUMAN ACTIVITY1 ONLY A MEANS TO A GREAT] 5D4 ,IT IS ! PREC$+1 PASSIVE P>T ( HIS ACTIVITY :I* IS FOLL[$ BY ! ACTIVE P>T2 ! TE*NICAL ELABORATION1 ! PRODUCTION1 ! TRANS=MATION ( ! WORLD BY MAN4 

,MAN IS 9 ! FIR/ PLACE AN ACTIVE BE+4 ,9 ! ,LABOR PROCESS HE UTILIZES HIS ORGANS & APTITUDES 9 ORD] TO CON/ANTLY BUILD & REMAKE HIS 5VIRONM5T4 ,9 ?IS PROC$URE HE NOT ONLY 9V5T$ ! >TIFICIAL ORGANS WE CALL TOOLS1 BUT ALSO TRA9$ HIS PHYSICAL & M5TAL APTITUDES SO ?AT !Y MI<T REACT EFFECTIVELY TO HIS NATURAL 5VIRONM5T AS 9/RUM5TS 9 ! PRES]VATION ( LIFE4 ,HIS MA9 ORGAN IS ! BRA9 :OSE FUNCTION1 ?9K+1 IS AS GOOD A PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AS ANY O!R4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT PRODUCT ( BRA9 ACTIVITY1 ( ! EFFICI5T ACTION ( ! M9D UPON ! WORLD IS SCI5CE1 :I* /&S AS A M5TAL TOOL NEXT TO ! MAT]IAL TOOLS &1 ITSELF A PRODUCTIVE P[]1 CON/ITUTES ! BASIS ( TE*NOLOGY & SO AN ESS5TIAL P>T ( ! PRODUCTIVE APP>ATUS4 

,H5CE ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM LOOKS UPON ! WORKS ( SCI5CE1 ! CONCEPTS1 SUB/ANCES1 NATURAL ,LAWS1 & =CES1 AL?\< =M$ \T ( ! /UFF ( NATURE1 PRIM>ILY AS ! CREATIONS ( ! M5TAL ,LABOR ( MAN4 ,MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM1 ON ! O!R H&1 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! SCI5TIFIC 9VE/IGATOR1 SEES ALL ?IS AS AN ELEM5T ( NATURE ITSELF :I* HAS BE5 DISCOV]$ & BR\<T TO LI<T BY SCI5CE4 ,NATURAL SCI5TI/S CONSID] ! IMMUTABLE SUB/ANCES1 MATT]1 5]GY1 ELECTRICITY1 GRAVITY1 ! ,LAW ( 5TROPY1 ETC41 AS ! BASIC ELEM5TS ( ! WORLD1 AS ! REALITY ?AT HAS TO BE DISCOV]$4 ,FROM ! VIEWPO9T ( ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM !Y >E PRODUCTS :I* CREATIVE M5TAL ACTIVITY =MS \T ( ! SUB/ANCE ( NATURAL PH5OM5A4 

,?IS IS ONE FUNDAM5TAL DIFF]5CE 9 ! ME?OD ( ?9K+4 ,ANO!R DIFF]5CE LIES 9 DIALECTICS :I* ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM 9H]IT$ FROM ,HEGEL4 ,5GELS HAS PO9T$ \T ?AT ! MAT]IALI/ PHILOSOPHY ( ! #a#h?-C5TURY DISREG>D$ EVOLUTION2 IT IS EVOLUTION ?AT MAKES DIALECTIC ?9K+ 9DISP5SABLE4 ,EVOLUTION & DIALECTICS S9CE HAVE (T5 BE5 REG>D$ AS SYNONYM\S2 & ! DIALECTIC *>ACT] ( ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM IS SUPPOS$ TO BE R5D]$ BY SAY+ ?AT IT IS ! !ORY ( EVOLUTION4 ,EVOLUTION1 H[EV]1 WAS WELL KN[N 9 ! NATURAL SCI5CE ( ! #a#i? C5TURY4 ,SCI5TI/S W]E WELL ACQUA9T$ ) ! GR[? ( ! CELL 9TO A COMPLETE ORGANISM1 ) ! EVOLUTION ( ANIMAL SPECIES AS EXPRESS$ 9 ,D>W9ISM1 & ) ! !ORY ( EVOLUTION ( ! PHYSICAL WORLD KN[N AS ! LAW ( 5TROPY4 ,YET !IR ME?OD ( REASON+ WAS UNDIALECTIC4 ,!Y BELIEV$ ! CONCEPTS !Y H&L$ TO BE FIX$ OBJECTS1 & CONSID]$ !IR ID5TITIES & OPPOSITES AS ABSOLUTES4 ,SO ! EVOLUTION ( ! WORLD AS WELL AS ! PROGRESS ( SCI5CE BR\<T \T CONTRADICTIONS1 ( :I* MANY EXAMPLES HAVE BE5 QUOT$ BY ,5GELS 9 HIS ,ANTI-,DUHR+4 ,UND]/&+ 9 G5]AL & SCI5CE 9 P>TICUL> SEGREGATE & SY/EMIZE 9TO FIX$ CONCEPTS & RIGID LAWS :AT 9 ! REAL WORLD ( PH5OM5A OCCURS 9 ALL DEGREES ( FLUX & TRANSITION4 ,BECAUSE LANGUAGE SEP>ATES & DEF9ES GR\PS ( PH5OM5A BY MEANS ( NAMES1 ALL ITEMS FALL+ 9TO A GR\P1 AS SPECIM5S ( ! CONCEPT1 >E CONSID]$ SIMIL> & UN*ANGEABLE4 ,AS AB/RACT CONCEPTS1 !Y DIFF] %>PLY1 :]EAS 9 REALITY !Y TRANS=M & M]GE 9TO ONE ANO!R4 ,! COLORS BLUE & GRE5 >E DI/9CT FROM EA* O!R BUT 9 ! 9T]M$I>Y NUANCES NO ONE CAN SAY :]E ONE COLOR 5DS & ! O!R BEG9S4 ,IT CANNOT BE /AT$ AT :AT PO9T DUR+ ITS LIFE CYCLE A FL[] BEG9S OR CEASES TO BE A FL[]4 ,?AT 9 PRACTICAL LIFE GOOD & EVIL >E NOT ABSOLUTE OPPOSITES IS ACKN[L$G$ EV]Y DAY1 JU/ AS ?AT EXTREME JU/ICE MAY BECOME EXTREME 9JU/ICE4 ,JUDICIAL FRE$OM 9 CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T MANIFE/S ITSELF AS ACTUAL SLAV]Y4 ,DIALECTIC ?9K+ IS ADEQUATE TO REALITY 9 ?AT 9 H&L+ ! CONCEPTS IT IS AW>E ?AT ! F9ITE CANNOT FULLY R5D] ! 9F9ITE1 NOR ! /ATIC ! DYNAMIC1 & ?AT EV]Y CONCEPT HAS TO DEVELOP 9TO NEW CONCEPTS1 EV5 9TO ITS OPPOSITE4 ,METAPHYSICAL1 UNDIALECTICAL ?9K+1 ON ! O!R H&1 LEADS TO DOGMATIC ASS]TIONS & CONTRADICTIONS BECAUSE IT VIEWS CONCEPTIONS =MULAT$ BY ?\<T AS FIX$1 9DEP5D5T 5TITIES ?AT MAKE UP ! REALITY ( ! WORLD4 ,NATURAL SCI5CE PROP]1 SURELY1 DOES NOT SUFF] MU* FROM ?IS %ORTCOM+4 ,IT SURM\NTS DIFFICULTIES & CONTRADICTIONS 9 PRACTICE 9S(> AS IT CONT9UALLY REVISES ITS =MULATIONS1 9CREASES !IR RI*NESS BY GO+ 9TO F9] DETAILS1 IMPROVES ! QUALITATIVE DI/9CTIONS BY MA!MATICAL =MULAS1 COMPLETES !M BY ADDITIONS & CORRECTIONS1 !REBY BR++ ! PICTURE EV] CLOS] TO ! ORIG9AL1 ! WORLD ( PH5OM5A4 ,! LACK ( DIALECTIC REASON+ BECOMES DI/URB+ ONLY :5 ! SCI5TI/ PASSES FROM HIS SPECIAL FIELD ( KN[L$GE T[>DS G5]AL PHILOSOPHICAL REASON+S1 AS IS ! CASE ) MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM4 

,?US1 = 9/ANCE1 ! !ORY ( ! ORIG9 ( SPECIES (T5 LEADS TO ! NOTION ?AT ! HUMAN M9D1 HAV+ EVOLV$ FROM ! ANIMAL M9D1 IS QUALITATIVELY ID5TICAL ) ! LATT] & HAS ONLY 9CREAS$ 9 QUANTITY4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! QUALITATIVE DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! HUMAN & ! ANIMAL M9D1 A FACT ( COMMON EXP]I5CE1 WAS RAIS$ BY !OLOGICAL DOCTR9E1 9 5UNCIAT+ ! IMMORTALITY ( ! S\L1 9TO AN ABSOLUTE ANTI-!SIS4 ,9 BO? CASES !RE IS A LACK ( DIALECTIC ?9K+ ACCORD+ TO :I* A SIMIL>ITY 9 ORIG9AL *>ACT]1 :5 ?R\< ! PROCESS ( GR[? ! 9CREAS+ QUANTITATIVE DIFF]5CE TURNS 9TO QUALITATIVE DIFF]5CE - ! SO-CALL$ 9V]SION ( QUANTITY 9TO QUALITY - REQUIRES NEW NAMES & *>ACT]I/ICS1 )\T LEAD+ TO COMPLETE ANTI!SIS & LOSS ( AFF9ITY4 

,IT IS ! SAME METAPHYSICAL1 NON DIALECTIC ?9K+ TO COMP>E ?\<T1 BECAUSE IT IS ! PRODUCT ( BRA9 PROCESSES ) SU* PRODUCTS ( O!R ORGANS AS BILE2 OR TO ASSUME ?AT M9D1 BECAUSE IT IS A QUALITY ( SOME MAT]IAL SUB/ANCE1 MU/ BE A *>ACT]I/IC QUALITY ( ALL MATT]4 ,& ESPECIALLY1 TO ?9K ?AT BECAUSE M9D IS SOME?+ O!R ?AN MATT]1 IT MU/ BELONG TO AN ABSOLUTELY & TOTALLY DIFF]5T WORLD )\T ANY TRANSITION1 SO ?AT A DUALISM ( M9D & MATT]1 REA*+ D[N TO ! ATOMS1 REMA9S %>P & UNBRIDGEABLE4 ,TO DIALECTIC ?9K+ M9D SIMPLY IS A CONCEPT 9CORPORAT+ ALL ?OSE PH5OM5A WE CALL SPIRITUAL1 :I*1 ?US1 CANNOT REA* BEYOND !IR ACTUAL APPE>ANCE 9 ! L[E/ LIV+ ANIMALS4 ,!RE ! T]M M9D BECOMES QUE/IONABLE1 BECAUSE ! SPIRITUAL PH5OM5A DISAPPE> GRADUALLY 9TO M]E S5SIBILITY1 9TO ! MORE SIMPLE =MS ( LIFE4 0,M9D0 AS A *>ACT]I/IC EXI/+ QUALITY1 A SEP>ATE SOME?+1 :I* EI!R IS OR IS NOT !RE1 DOES NOT EXI/ 9 NATURE2 M9D IS JU/ A NAME WE ATTA* TO A NUMB] ( DEF9ITE PH5OM5A1 SOME P]CEIV$ CLE>LY1 O!RS UNC]TA9LY1 AS SPIRITUAL4 

,LIFE ITSELF (F]S A CLOSE ANALOGY4 ,PROCE$+ FROM ! SMALLE/ MICROSCOPIC ORGANISMS TO /ILL SMALL] 9VISIBLE BACT]IA & VIRUSES1 WE F9ALLY COME TO HI<LY COMPLICAT$ ALBUM9\S MOLECULES ?AT FALL )9 ! SPH]E ( *EMI/RY4 ,:]E 9 ?IS SUCCESSION LIV+ MATT] CEASES TO EXI/ & DEAD MATT] BEG9S CANNOT BE DET]M9$2 PH5OM5A *ANGE GRADUALLY1 BECOME SIMPLIFI$1 >E /ILL ANALOG\S & YET ALREADY DIFF]5T4 ,?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT WE >E UNABLE TO ASC]TA9 DEM>CATION L9ES2 IT IS SIMPLY ! FACT ?AT NATURE KN[S ( NO B\ND>IES4 ,A CONDITION ( QUALITY 0LIFE01 :I* EI!R IS OR IS NOT PRES5T1 DOES NOT EXI/ 9 NATURE3 AGA9 LIFE IS A M]E NAME1 A CONCEPT WE =M 9 ORD] TO COMPREH5D ! 5DLESS V>IETY ( GRADATIONS 9 LIFE PH5OM5A4 ,BECAUSE MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM DEALS ) LIFE & DEA?1 MATT] & M9D1 AS IF !Y W]E G5U9E REALITIES EXI/+ 9 !MSELVES1 IT IS COMPELL$ TO WORK ) H>D & %>P OPPOSITES1 :]EAS NATURE (F]S AN IMM5SE V>IETY ( MORE OR LESS GRADUAL TRANSITIONS4 

,?US ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM & ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM REA*ES D[N TO BASIC PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS4 ,! =M]1 9 CONTRADICTION TO ! COMPREH5SIVE & P]FECTLY REALI/IC ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM IS ILLUSION>Y & IMP]FECT - JU/ AS ! B\RGEOIS CLASS MOVEM5T1 ( :I* IT WAS ! !ORY1 REPRES5T$ AN IMP]FECT & ILLUSION>Y EMANCIPATION1 9 CONTRA/ TO ! COMPLETE & REAL EMANCIPATION BY WAY ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE4 

,! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! TWO SY/EMS ( ?\<T %[S ITSELF PRACTICALLY 9 !IR POSITION T[>DS RELIGION4 ,MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM 9T5D$ TO OV]COME RELIGION4 ,H[EV]1 A C]TA9 VIEW >IS5 \T ( SOCIAL LIFE CANNOT BE VANQUI%$ & DE/ROY$ M]ELY BY REFUT+ IT ) >GUM5TATION2 ?IS MEANS POS+ ONE PO9T ( VIEW AGA9/ ANO!R3 & EV]Y >GUM5T F9DS A C\NT]->GUM5T4 ,ONLY :5 IT IS %[N :Y1 & UND] :AT CIRCUM/ANCES SU* A VIEW WAS NECESS>Y1 CAN IT BE DEFEAT$ BY E/ABLI%+ ! TRANSI5T *>ACT] ( !SE CONDITIONS4 ,?US ! DISPRO( ( RELIGION BY NATURAL SCI5CE WAS EFFECTIVE ONLY 9S(> AS ! PRIMITIVE RELIGI\S BELIEFS W]E CONC]N$1 :]E IGNORANCE AB\T NATURAL LAWS1 AB\T ?UND] & LI<TN+1 AB\T MATT] & 5]GY1 L$ TO ALL K9DS ( SUP]/ITION4 ,! !ORY ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY WAS ABLE TO DE/ROY ! IDEOLOGIES ( PRIMITIVE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY4 ,BUT RELIGION 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY IS AN*OR$ 9 ITS UNKN[N & UNCONTROLLABLE SOCIAL =CES2 MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM WAS UNABLE TO DEAL ) !M4 ,ONLY ! !ORY ( ! WORK]S' REVOLUTION CAN DE/ROY ! IDEOLOGIES ( B\RGEOIS ECONOMY4 ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM EXPLA9S ! SOCIAL BASIS ( RELIGION & %[S :Y = C]TA9 TIMES & CLASSES IT WAS A NECESS>Y WAY ( ?\<T4 ,ONLY ?US WAS ITS SPELL BROK54 ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM DOES NOT FI<T RELIGION DIRECTLY2 FROM ITS HI<] VANTAGE PO9T IT UND]/&S & EXPLA9S RELIGION AS A NATURAL PH5OM5ON UND] DEF9ITE CONDITIONS4 ,BUT ?R\< ?IS V]Y 9SI<T IT UND]M9ES RELIGION & =ESEES ?AT ) ! RISE ( A NEW SOCIETY RELIGION WILL DISAPPE>4 ,9 ! SAME WAY ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM IS ABLE TO EXPLA9 ! TEMPOR>Y APPE>ANCE ( MAT]IALI/ ?\<T AMONG ! B\RGEOISIE1 AS WELL AS ! RELAPSE ( ?IS CLASS 9TO MY/ICISM & RELIGI\S TR5DS4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 TOO1 IT EXPLA9S ! GR[? ( MAT]IALI/ ?\<T AMONG ! WORK+ CLASS AS BE+ NOT DUE TO ANY ANTI-RELIGI\S >GUM5T BUT TO ! GR[+ RECOGNITION ( ! REAL =CES 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 

  

,NOTE 

#a4 ,! PHRASE 0MIDDLE CLASS0 IS H]E US$ AS A TRANSLATION = ! ,G]MAN WORD 0BURG]LI*04 ,! MORE MOD]N T]M US$ 9 ,M>XI/ DISC\RSE = ?IS CONCEPT IS 0B\RGEOIS0 7I4E4 RELAT+ TO ! CAPITALI/ OR B\RGEOIS CLASS7 9 ORD] TO DI/+UI% IT FROM ! RA!R IMPRECISE T]M 0MIDDLE CLASS01 :I* IS (T5 US$ AS A BROAD DESCRIPTION = :ITE-COLL> WORK]S1 PR(ESSIONALS1 ! SELF-EMPLOY$ ETC4 ,SIMIL>LY :5 ?IS TEXT REF]S TO 0! MIDDLE CLASS0 IT IS REF]R+ TO ! B\RGEOISIE OR CAPITALI/ CLASS4 7,NOTE BY ,M,I,A7 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #a1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #b -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/