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,! ,ACCUMULATION ( ,CAPITAL 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>LO ,CAFI]O 

,TEXT 3 

,IF WE OBS]VE ! =MULA ( CAPITAL1 WE EASILY COMPREH5D ?AT ITS CONS]VATION IS PLAC$ COMPLETELY 9 ITS SUCCESSIVE & CONT9U\S REPRODUCTION4 

,9 FACT1 CAPITAL IS DIVID$1 AS WE ALREADY KN[1 9 TWO3 9TO CON/ANT1 ?AT IS1 & V>IABLE4 ,CON/ANT CAPITAL1 REPRES5T$ BY ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & RAW MAT]IALS1 IS WORN AWAY CONT9U\SLY DUR+ ! PROCESS ( LABOR4 ,TOOLS >E US$1 MA*9]Y US$1 C>BON1 TALL[1 ETC41 ?AT IS NE$$ BY ! MA*9]Y1 & F9ALLY ! BUILD+ IS US$4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! LABOR IS ABLE 9 SU* A WAY TO WE> AWAY CON/ANT CAPITAL1 IT IS ALSO REPRODUC$ 9 ! SAME PROPORTIONS 9 :I* IT USES IT4 ,CON/ANT CAPITAL F9DS ITSELF REPRODUC$ 9 ! COMMODITY 9 ! PROPORTIONS 9 :I* IT WAS US$ DUR+ ITS PRODUCTION4 ,! VALUE US$ ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! RAW MAT]IALS IS ALWAYS REPRODUC$ EXACTLY 9 ! VALUE ( ! COMMODITY1 AS WE HAVE ALREADY SE5 ELSE:]E4 ,IF1 !RE=E1 CON/ANT CAPITAL COMES TO BE P>TIALLY REPRODUC$ 9 EV]Y COMMODITY1 IT'S CLE> ?AT1 9 ! VALUE ( A C]TA9 NUMB] ( MANUFACTUR$ COMMODITIES1 ONE WILL F9D ALL ( ! CON/ANT CAPITAL1 US$ 9 !IR PRODUCTION4 

,AS IT IS ) CON/ANT CAPITAL1 SO TOO ) V>IABLE CAPITAL4 ,V>IABLE CAPITAL1 ?AT REPRES5T$ BY ! VALUE ( LABOR P[]1 I4E4 BY SAL>Y1 IS ALSO REPRODUC$ EXACTLY 9 ! VALUE ( ! COMMODITY4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY SE5 IT4 ,! WORK]1 9 ! FIR/ P>T ( HIS LABOR1 PRODUCES HIS SAL>Y1 & 9 ! SECOND ! SURPLUS VALUE4 ,AS ! WORK] IS NOT PAID SAL>Y = ?AT F9I%$ WORK1 SO IT >ISES ?AT HE COLLECTS HIS SAL>Y AFT] HAV+ ALREADY REPRODUC$ ! EQUIVAL5T 9 ! COMMODITY ( ! CAPITALI/4 

,! ASSEMBLY ( SAL>IES PAID TO WORK]S IS !RE=E FROM !SE 5DLESSLY REPRODUC$4 ,?IS 5DLESS REPRODUCTION BEH9D SAL>IES P]PETUATES ! SUBJECTION ( ! WORK] TO ! CAPITALI/4 ,:5 ! PROLET>IAN COMES TO ! M>KET TO SELL HIS LABOR P[]1 HE COMES TO TAKE ! POSITION ASSIGN$ TO HIM BY ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION1 & TO CONTRIBUTE TO ! SOCIAL PRODUCTION ?R\< HIS %>E ( ! LABOR1 )DRAW+1 = HIS MA9T5ANCE1 ?AT P>T BEH9D SAL>IES1 ?AT HE WILL HAVE TO1 FIR/1 REPRODUCE ) HIS LABOR4 

,IT IS ALWAYS ! ET]NAL BOND ( HUMAN SUBJECTION1 EI!R UND] ! =M ( SLAV]Y1 S]FDOM1 OR WAGE-WORK]4 

,! SUP]FICIAL OBS]V] BELIEVES ?AT ! SLAVE LABORS = NO?+4 ,& HE DOESN'T ?9K ?AT ! SLAVE MU/ ABOVE ALL MAKE UP TO HIS [N] H[ MU* WAS SP5T = HIS MA9T5ANCE3 & HE OBS]VES ?AT ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! SLAVE IS AT TIMES A GREAT DEAL BETT] ?AN ?AT ( ! WAGE-WORK]1 HIS [N] BE+ HI<LY 9T]E/$ 9 HIS CONS]VATION1 LIKE ! CONS]VATION ( A P>T ( HIS [N CAPITAL4 ,! S]F1 :O BELONGS TO HIS LORD1 TOGE!R ) ! L&1 TO :I* HE IS B\ND1 IS1 = ! SUP]FICIAL OBS]V]1 A BE+ :O HAS MADE PROGRESS COMP>$ TO ! SLAVE1 BECAUSE HE SEES CLE>LY ?AT ! S]F GIVES ONLY ONE P>T ( HIS LABOR TO HIS LORD1 :ILE HE EMPLOYS ! O!R P>T ON ! LITTLE L& ASSIGN$ TO HIM1 TO LIVE LIFE4 ,& BE+ A WAGE-WORK]1 9 TURN1 APPE>S TO ! SUP]FICIAL OBS]V]1 A /ATE MU* FUR!R PROGRESS$ COMP>$ TO SLAV]Y1 BECAUSE ! WORK] SEEMS P]FECTLY FREE 9 IT1 COLLECT+ ! VALUE ( HIS [N LABOR4 

,:AT A /RANGE ILLUSION6 ,IF ! WORK] C\LD REALIZE = HIMSELF ! VALUE ( HIS [N LABOR1 ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION W\LD NOT BE ABLE TO EXI/ ANY LONG]4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY SE5 IT4 ,! WORK] IS ONLY ABLE TO OBTA9 ! VALUE ( HIS LABOR P[]1 :I* IS ! ONLY ?+ ?AT HE CAN SELL1 BECAUSE IT IS ! ONLY GOOD ?AT HE POSSESSES 9 ! WORLD4 ,! PRODUCT ( LABOR BELONGS TO ! CAPITALI/1 :O PAYS SAL>Y TO ! PROLET>IAN1 I4E4 HIS MA9T5ANCE4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 ! PIECE ( L& LEFT BY ! LORD TO HIS S]F1 AS WELL AS ! TIME & TOOLS NECESS>Y TO WORK IT1 >E ! SUM ( ! MEANS ?AT HE HAS TO LIVE1 :ILE HE MU/ LABOR = HIS LORD ! RE/ ( ! TIME4 

,! SLAVE1 S]F & WORK] ALL LABOR 9 P>T TO PRODUCE !IR MA9T5ANCE1 & 9 P>T COMPLETELY = ! B5EFIT ( !IR PATRONS4 ,!SE REPRES5T ?REE DIFF]5T =MS ( ! V]Y SAME BOND ( HUMAN SUBJECTION & EXPLOITATION4 ,IT IS ALWAYS ! SUBJECTION ( ! MAN )\T ANY PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION 7?AT IS ( MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 :I* >E ! MEANS ( LIFE7 TO ! ! MAN :O POSSESSES A PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION1 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ! S\RCES ( LIFE4 ,CONS]VATION1 I4E4 ! REPRODUCTION ( CAPITAL1 IS JU/1 9 ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION1 ! CONS]VATION ( ?IS BOND ( HUMAN SUBJECTION & EXPLOITATION4 

,LABOR DOES NOT ONLY REPRODUCE CAPITAL1 IT ALSO PRODUCES SURPLUS VALUE1 :I* =MS ?AT :I* IS CALL$ 0REV5UE ( CAPITAL04 ,IF ! CAPITALI/ BL5DS EV]Y YE> ALL OR P>T ( HIS REV5UE ) CAPITAL1 WE WILL HAVE AN ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL1 :I* WILL GR[ PROGRESSIVELY4 ,) SIMPLE REPRODUCTION LABOR CONS]VES CAPITAL2 ) ACCUMULATION ( SURPLUS VALUE LABOR 9CREASES CAPITAL4 

,:5 ONE RE-9CORPORATES ! REV5UE ) CAPITAL1 ONE COMES TO USE ?IS REV5UE1 P>TIALLY 9 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 P>TIALLY 9 RAW MAT]IALS & P>TIALLY 9 LABOR P[]4 ,N[ Y\ HAVE ?AT ! PA/ OV]WORK1 PA/ UNPAID LABOR1 9CREASES ! :OLE CAPITAL4 ,ONE P>T ( LA/ YE>'S UNPAID LABOR PAYS ?IS YE>'S NECESS>Y WORK4 ,H]E IS :AT ! CAPITALI/ IS ABLE TO DO1 ?ANKS TO ! +5I\S ME*ANISM ( MOD]N PRODUCTION4 

,ONCE ! SY/EM ( MOD]N PRODUCTION IS ADMITT$1 ALL BAS$ UPON PRIVATE PROP]TY & ! WAGE-WORK]1 NO?+ CAN BE SAID AB\T ! CONSEQU5CES ?AT D]IVE FROM IT1 ONE ( :I* IS CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION4 ,IS IT IMPORTANT TO ! WORK] ,ANTONIO IF ! #c LIRE ?AT >E PAID TO HIM AS SAL>Y REPRES5T ! WORK] ,PET]'S UNPAID LABOR8 ,:AT HE HAS A RI<T TO KN[ IS IF ! #c LIRE >E ! RI<T PRICE ( HIS LABOR P[]1 I4E4 IF !Y >E ! EXACT EQUIVAL5T ( ! ?+S NECESS>Y TO HIM 9 A DAY1 IF ! LAW ( EX*ANGE1 9 A WORD1 WAS OBS]V$ RIGOR\SLY4 

,:5 ! CAPITALI/ BEG9S TO ACCUMULATE CAPITAL UPON CAPITAL1 A NEW VIRTUE1 ALL RI<TLY HIS1 DEVELOPS 9 HIM2 ! SO-CALL$ 0VIRTUE ( AB/95CE01 :I* CONSI/S ( LIMIT+ ALL ( HIS [N EXP5SES1 TO USE ! GREAT] P>T ( HIS REV5UE ON ACCUMULATION4 0,SO F>1 !RE=E1 AS HIS ACTIONS >E A M]E FUNCTION ( CAPITAL -- 5D[$ AS CAPITAL IS1 9 HIS P]SON1 ) CONSCI\SNESS & A WILL -- HIS [N PRIVATE CONSUMPTION IS A ROBB]Y P]PETRAT$ ON ACCUMULATION1 JU/ AS 9 BOOK-KEEP+ BY D\BLE 5TRY1 ! PRIVATE EXP5DITURE ( ! CAPITALI/ IS PLAC$ ON ! DEBTOR SIDE ( HIS ACC\NT AGA9/ HIS CAPITAL4 ,TO ACCUMULATE1 IS TO CONQU] ! WORLD ( SOCIAL WEAL?1 TO 9CREASE ! MASS ( HUMAN BE+S EXPLOIT$ BY HIM1 & ?US TO EXT5D BO? ! DIRECT & ! 9DIRECT SWAY ( ! CAPITALI/0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #b#d1 SEC4 #c74 

0,TAK+ ! USUR]1 ?AT OLD-FA%ION$ BUT EV] R5EW$ SPECIM5 ( ! CAPITALI/ = HIS TEXT1 ,LU!R %[S V]Y APTLY ?AT ! LOVE ( P[] IS AN ELEM5T 9 ! DESIRE TO GET RI*4 ',! HEA!N W]E ABLE1 BY ! LI<T ( REASON1 TO CONCLUDE ?AT A USUR] IS A D\BLE-DY$ ?IEF & MURD]]4 ,WE ,*RI/IANS1 H[EV]1 HOLD !M 9 SU* HONOR1 ?AT WE FAIRLY WOR%IP !M = ! SAKE ( !IR MONEY4444 ,:OEV] EATS UP1 ROBS1 & /EALS ! N\RI%M5T ( ANO!R1 ?AT MAN COMMITS AS GREAT A MURD] 7SO F> AS 9 HIM LIES7 AS HE :O />VES A MAN OR UTT]LY UNDOES HIM4 ,SU* DOES A USUR]1 & SITS ! :ILE SAFE ON HIS /OOL1 :5 HE \<T RA!R TO BE HANG+ ON ! GALL[S1 & BE EAT5 BY AS MANY RAV5S AS HE HAS /OL5 GUILD]S1 IF ONLY !RE W]E SO MU* FLE% ON HIM1 ?AT SO MANY RAV5S C\LD /ICK !IR BEAKS 9 & %>E IT4 ,MEAN:ILE1 WE HANG ! SMALL ?IEVES4444 ,LITTLE ?IEVES >E PUT 9 ! /OCKS1 GREAT ?IEVES GO FLAUNT+ 9 GOLD & SILK4444 ,!RE=E IS !RE1 ON ?IS E>?1 NO GREAT] 5EMY ( MAN 7AFT] ! DEVIL7 ?AN A GRIPE-MONEY1 & USUR]1 = HE WANTS TO BE ,GOD OV] ALL M54 ,TURKS1 SOLDI]S1 & TYRANTS >E ALSO BAD M51 YET MU/ !Y LET ! PEOPLE LIVE1 & ,CONFESS ?AT !Y >E BAD1 & 5EMIES1 & DO1 NAY1 MU/1 N[ & !N %[ PITY TO SOME4 ,BUT A USUR] & MONEY-GLUTTON1 SU* A ONE W\LD HAVE ! :OLE WORLD P]I% ( HUNG] & ?IR/1 MIS]Y & WANT1 SO F> AS 9 HIM LIES1 SO ?AT HE MAY HAVE ALL TO HIMSELF1 & EV]Y ONE MAY RECEIVE FROM HIM AS FROM A ,GOD1 & BE HIS S]F = EV]4 ,TO WE> F9E CLOAKS1 GOLD5 *A9S1 R+S1 TO WIPE HIS M\?1 TO BE DEEM$ & TAK5 = A WOR?Y1 PI\S MAN 4444 ,USURY IS A GREAT HUGE MON/]1 LIKE A W]EWOLF1 :O LAYS WA/E ALL1 MORE ?AN ANY ,CACUS1 ,G]ION OR ,ANTUS444 ,& S9CE WE BREAK ON ! :EEL1 & BEHEAD HI<WAYM51 MURD]]S & H\SEBREAK]S1 H[ MU* MORE \<T WE TO BREAK ON ! :EEL & KILL4444 HUNT D[N1 CURSE & BEHEAD ALL USUR]S'0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #b#d1 FN4 #b74 

,CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION REQUIRES AN 9CREASE ( H&S4 ,! NUMB] ( WORK]S MU/ BE 9CREAS$1 IF ONE WI%ES TO CONV]T A P>T ( ! REV5UE 9TO V>IABLE CAPITAL4 ,! SAME ORGANISM ( CAPITALI/ REPRODUCTION P]=MS 9 A WAY ?AT ! WORK] IS ABLE TO CONS]VE HIS LABOR P[] 9 ! NEW G5]ATION1 FROM :I* CAPITAL TAKES LABOR P[] 9 ORD] TO CONT9UE ITS 5DLESS PROCESS ( REPRODUCTION4 ,BUT ! LABOR ?AT IS REQUIR$ TODAY BY CAPITAL IS HI<] ?AT ?AT :I* WAS REQUIR$ YE/]DAY2 & CONSEQU5TLY ITS PRICE W\LD NATURALLY HAVE TO 9CREASE4 ,& 9 FACT WAGES W\LD HAVE TO 9CREASE1 IF 9 ! SAME ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL !RE W]E NOT A REASON TO MAKE !M DECREASE 9/EAD4 

,IT'S TRUE ?AT REV5UE W\LD HAVE TO BE CONV]T$1 P>TIALLY 9TO CON/ANT CAPITAL1 & P>TIALLY 9TO V>IABLE CAPITAL2 P>TIALLY1 ?AT IS1 9TO ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & RAW MAT]IALS1 & P>TIALLY 9TO LABOR P[]1 BUT IT MU/ BE CONSID]$ ?AT ) ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL COME P]FECTIONS ( ! OLD SY/EMS ( PRODUCTION1 NEW SY/EMS ( PRODUCTION & MA*9]Y2 ALL ?+S ?AT MAKE PRODUCTION GR[1 & LESS5 ! PRICE ( LABOR P[]1 LIKE WE ALREADY KN[4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL GR[S1 ITS V>IABLE P>T %R9KS1 :ILE ITS CON/ANT P>T 9CREASES4 ,?AT IS1 ! BUILD+S1 ! MA*9]Y ) ITS AUXILI>Y MAT]IALS 9CREASE1 ! RAW MAT]IALS 9CREASE1 BUT1 AT ! SAME TIME & 9 PROPORTION TO ?IS 9CREASE1 ) ! ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL ! NE$ = LABOR P[] DECREASES1 ! NE$ ( H&S4 ,DECREAS+ ! NE$ ( LABOR P[] DIM9I%ES ! DEM& = IT & F9ALLY IT ALSO L[]S ITS PRICE4 ,ONE HAS1 !RE=E1 ?AT ! MORE ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL PROGRESSES1 ! MORE ! WAGES GO D[N4 

,! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL TAKES VA/ AM\NTS ( COMPETITION & CR$IT4 ,CR$IT SPONTANE\SLY BR+S MORE CAPITAL TO M]GE TOGE!R1 OR TO M]GE TOGE!R ) ONE /RONG] ?AN ANY ( ! O!RS4 ,COMPETITION1 9/EAD1 IS ! W> ?AT ALL ( ! CAPITALI/S WAGE BETWE5 !MSELVES2 IT IS !RE /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE1 FROM :I* EM]GE ?OSE :O1 TO W91 HAD TO ALREADY BE ! /RONG] ONES BE=E1 R5D]$ EV5 /RONG]4 

,! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL1 !RE=E1 MAKES A GREAT NUMB] ( H&S USELESS2 IT CREATES1 ?AT IS1 A SURPLUS LABOR+ POPULATION4 0,BUT IF A SURPLUS LABOR+ POPULATION IS A NECESS>Y PRODUCT ( ACCUMULATION OR ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( WEAL? ON A CAPITALI/ BASIS1 ?IS SURPLUS POPULATION BECOMES1 CONV]SELY1 ! LEV] ( CAPITALI/IC ACCUMULATION1 NAY1 A CONDITION ( EXI/5CE ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,IT =MS A DISPOSABLE 9DU/RIAL RES]VE >MY1 ?AT BELONGS TO CAPITAL QUITE AS ABSOLUTELY AS IF ! LATT] HAD BR$ IT AT ITS [N CO/4 ,9DEP5D5TLY ( ! LIMITS ( ! ACTUAL 9CREASE ( POPULATION1 IT CREATES1 = ! *ANG+ NE$S ( ! SELF-EXPANSION ( CAPITAL1 A MASS ( HUMAN MAT]IAL ALWAYS READY = EXPLOITATION4 ,) ACCUMULATION1 & ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIV5ESS ( LABOR ?AT ACCOMPANIES IT1 ! P[] ( SUDD5 EXPANSION ( CAPITAL GR[S ALSO0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #b#e1 SEC4 #c74 

,?IS 9DU/RIAL RES]VE >MY1 ?IS SURPLUS LABOR+ POPULATION IS DIVID$ 9TO DIFF]5T CATEGORIES4 ,! FIR/ ( !SE IS BETT]-PAID1 & IS LESS %ORT ( WORK ?AN ! O!RS1 :ILE DO+ A LESS PA9FUL JOB4 ,! LA/ CATEGORY 9/EAD IS COMPOS$ ( WORK]S1 :O F9D !MSELVES OCCUPI$ MORE R>ELY ?AN ALL ! O!RS1 & ALWAYS BY A MORE TIRESOME & VILE JOB1 :I* PAYS !M AT ! L[E/ PRICE ?AT ONE CAN EV] PAY HUMAN LABOR4 ,?IS LA/ CATEGORY IS ! MO/ NUM]\S1 NOT ONLY = ! GREAT CONT+5T ?AT 9DU/RIAL PROGRESS CONSIGNS YE> BY YE>1 BUT ABOVE ALL BECAUSE IT IS COMPOS$ ( ! MO/ PROLIFIC AM\NT ( PEOPLE1 AS ! SAME FACT DEMON/RATES4 0',POV]TY SEEMS FAVORABLE TO G5]ATION4' 7,A4 ,SMI?47 ,?IS IS EV5 A SPECIALLY WISE >RANGEM5T ( ,GOD1 ACCORD+ TO ! GALLANT & WITTY ,ABBE ,GALIANI ',IDDIO AF *E GLI UOM9I *E ES]CITANO ME/I]I DI PRIMA UTILITA NASCONO ABBONDANTEM5TE4' 7,GALIANI1 L4 C41 P4 #g#h47 .<,GOD ORDA9S ?AT M5 :O C>RY ON TRADES ( PRIM>Y UTILITY >E BORN 9 ABUNDANCE.> ',MIS]Y UP TO ! EXTREME PO9T ( FAM9E & PE/IL5CE1 9/EAD ( *ECK+1 T5DS TO 9CREASE POPULATION' 7,S4 ,LA+1 0,NATIONAL ,DI/RESS10 #a#h#d#d1 P4 #f#i470 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #b#e1 FN4 #b#d74 

,AFT] !SE CATEGORIES NONE REMA9S BESIDES 0! L[E/ S$IM5T ( ! RELATIVE SURPLUS POPULATION F9ALLY DWELLS 9 ! SPH]E ( PAUP]ISM4 

0,EXCLUSIVE ( VAGABONDS1 CRIM9ALS1 PRO/ITUTES1 9 A WORD1 ! 'DANG]\S' CLASSES1 ?IS LAY] ( SOCIETY CONSI/S ( ?REE CATEGORIES4 ,FIR/1 ?OSE ABLE TO WORK4 ,ONE NE$ ONLY GLANCE SUP]FICIALLY AT ! /ATI/ICS ( ,5GLI% PAUP]ISM TO F9D ?AT ! QUANTITY ( PAUP]S 9CREASES ) EV]Y CRISIS1 & DIM9I%ES ) EV]Y REVIVAL ( TRADE4 ,SECOND1 ORPHANS & PAUP] *ILDR54 ,!SE >E C&IDATES = ! 9DU/RIAL RES]VE >MY1 & >E1 9 TIMES ( GREAT PROSP]ITY1 AS #a#h#f1 E4G41 SPE$ILY & 9 L>GE NUMB]S 5ROLL$ 9 ! ACTIVE >MY ( LABOR]S4 ,?IRD1 ! DEMORALIZ$ & RAGG$1 & ?OSE UNABLE TO WORK1 *IEFLY PEOPLE :O SUCCUMB TO !IR 9CAPACITY = ADAPTATION1 DUE TO ! DIVISION ( LABOR2 PEOPLE :O HAVE PASS$ ! NORMAL AGE ( ! LABOR]2 ! VICTIMS ( 9DU/RY1 :OSE NUMB] 9CREASES ) ! 9CREASE ( DANG]\S MA*9]Y1 ( M9ES1 *EMICAL WORKS1 @&C41 ! MUTILAT$1 ! SICKLY1 ! WID[S1 @&C4 ,PAUP]ISM IS ! HOSPITAL ( ! ACTIVE LABOR->MY & ! DEAD WEI<T ( ! 9DU/RIAL RES]VE >MY4 ,ITS PRODUCTION IS 9CLUD$ 9 ?AT ( ! RELATIVE SURPLUS POPULATION1 ITS NECESSITY 9 !IRS2 ALONG ) ! SURPLUS POPULATION1 PAUP]ISM =MS A CONDITION ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 & ( ! CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ( WEAL?4 ,IT 5T]S 9TO ! FAUX FRAIS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION2 BUT CAPITAL KN[S H[ TO ?R[ !SE1 = ! MO/ P>T1 FROM ITS [N %\LD]S ON TO ?OSE ( ! WORK+ CLASS & ! L[] MIDDLE CLASS4 

0,! GREAT] ! SOCIAL WEAL?1 ! FUNCTION+ CAPITAL1 ! EXT5T & 5]GY ( ITS GR[?1 &1 !RE=E1 ALSO ! ABSOLUTE MASS ( ! PROLET>IAT & ! PRODUCTIV5ESS ( ITS LABOR1 ! GREAT] IS ! 9DU/RIAL RES]VE >MY4 ,! SAME CAUSES :I* DEVELOP ! EXPANSIVE P[] ( CAPITAL1 DEVELOP ALSO ! LABOR P[] AT ITS DISPOSAL4 ,! RELATIVE MASS ( ! 9DU/RIAL RES]VE >MY 9CREASES !RE=E ) ! POT5TIAL 5]GY ( WEAL?4 ,BUT ! GREAT] ?IS RES]VE >MY 9 PROPORTION TO ! ACTIVE LABOR >MY1 ! GREAT] IS ! MASS ( A CONSOLIDAT$ SURPLUS POPULATION1 :OSE MIS]Y IS 9 9V]SE RATIO TO ITS TORM5T ( LABOR4 ,! MORE EXT5SIVE1 F9ALLY1 ! LAZ>US LAY]S ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 & ! 9DU/RIAL RES]VE >MY1 ! GREAT] IS (FICIAL PAUP]ISM4 ,?IS IS ! ABSOLUTE G5]AL LAW ( CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION4 ,LIKE ALL O!R LAWS IT IS MODIFI$ 9 ITS WORK+ BY MANY CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! ANALYSIS ( :I* DOES NOT CONC]N US H]E4 

0,! FOLLY IS N[ PAT5T ( ! ECONOMIC WISDOM ?AT PREA*ES TO ! LABOR]S ! ACCOMMODATION ( !IR NUMB] TO ! REQUIREM5TS ( CAPITAL4 ,! ME*ANISM ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION & ACCUMULATION CON/ANTLY EFFECTS ?IS ADJU/M5T4 ,! FIR/ WORD ( ?IS ADAPTATION IS ! CREATION ( A RELATIVE SURPLUS POPULATION1 OR 9DU/RIAL RES]VE >MY4 ,ITS LA/ WORD IS ! MIS]Y ( CON/ANTLY EXT5D+ /RATA ( ! ACTIVE >MY ( LABOR1 & ! DEAD WEI<T ( PAUP]ISM4 

0,! LAW BY :I* A CON/ANTLY 9CREAS+ QUANTITY ( MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ?ANKS TO ! ADVANCE 9 ! PRODUCTIV5ESS ( SOCIAL LABOR1 MAY BE SET 9 MOVEM5T BY A PROGRESSIVELY DIM9I%+ EXP5DITURE ( HUMAN P[]1 ?IS LAW1 9 A CAPITALI/ SOCIETY -- :]E ! LABOR] DOES NOT EMPLOY ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 BUT ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION EMPLOY ! LABOR] -- UND]GOES A COMPLETE 9V]SION & IS EXPRESS$ ?US3 ! HI<] ! PRODUCTIV5ESS ( LABOR1 ! GREAT] IS ! PRESSURE ( ! LABOR]S ON ! MEANS ( EMPLOYM5T1 ! MORE PREC>I\S1 !RE=E1 BECOMES !IR CONDITION ( EXI/5CE1 VIZ41 ! SALE ( !IR [N LABOR P[] = ! 9CREAS+ ( ANO!R'S WEAL?1 OR = ! SELF-EXPANSION ( CAPITAL4 ,! FACT ?AT ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 & ! PRODUCTIV5ESS ( LABOR1 9CREASE MORE RAPIDLY ?AN ! PRODUCTIVE POPULATION1 EXPRESSES ITSELF1 !RE=E1 CAPITALI/ICALLY 9 ! 9V]SE =M ?AT ! LABOR+ POPULATION ALWAYS 9CREASES MORE RAPIDLY ?AN ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* CAPITAL CAN EMPLOY ?IS 9CREASE = ITS [N SELF-EXPANSION4 

0,WE SAW 9 ,P>T ,I,V41 :5 ANALYZ+ ! PRODUCTION ( RELATIVE SURPLUS-VALUE3 )9 ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM ALL ME?ODS = RAIS+ ! SOCIAL PRODUCTIV5ESS ( LABOR >E BR\<T AB\T AT ! CO/ ( ! 9DIVIDUAL LABOR]2 ALL MEANS = ! DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTION TRANS=M !MSELVES 9TO MEANS ( DOM9ATION OV]1 & EXPLOITATION (1 ! PRODUC]S2 !Y MUTILATE ! LABOR] 9TO A FRAGM5T ( A MAN1 DEGRADE HIM TO ! LEVEL ( AN APP5DAGE ( A MA*9E1 DE/ROY EV]Y REMNANT ( *>M 9 HIS WORK & TURN IT 9TO A HAT$ TOIL2 !Y E/RANGE FROM HIM ! 9TELLECTUAL POT5TIALITIES ( ! LABOR PROCESS 9 ! SAME PROPORTION AS SCI5CE IS 9CORPORAT$ 9 IT AS AN 9DEP5D5T P[]2 !Y DI/ORT ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* HE WORKS1 SUBJECT HIM DUR+ ! LABOR PROCESS TO A DESPOTISM ! MORE HATEFUL = ITS MEANNESS2 !Y TRANS=M HIS LIFE-TIME 9TO WORK+-TIME1 & DRAG HIS WIFE & *ILD B5EA? ! :EELS ( ! ,JUGG]NAUT ( CAPITAL4 ,BUT ALL ME?ODS = ! PRODUCTION ( SURPLUS-VALUE >E AT ! SAME TIME ME?ODS ( ACCUMULATION2 & EV]Y EXT5SION ( ACCUMULATION BECOMES AGA9 A MEANS = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ?OSE ME?ODS4 ,IT FOLL[S !RE=E ?AT 9 PROPORTION AS CAPITAL ACCUMULATES1 ! LOT ( ! LABOR]1 BE HIS PAYM5T HI< OR L[1 MU/ GR[ WORSE4 ,! LAW1 F9ALLY1 ?AT ALWAYS EQUILIBRATES ! RELATIVE SURPLUS POPULATION1 OR 9DU/RIAL RES]VE >MY1 TO ! EXT5T & 5]GY ( ACCUMULATION1 ?IS LAW RIVETS ! LABOR] TO CAPITAL MORE FIRMLY ?AN ! W$GES ( ,VULCAN DID ,PROME!US TO ! ROCK4 ,IT E/ABLI%ES AN ACCUMULATION ( MIS]Y1 CORRESPOND+ ) ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL4 ,ACCUMULATION ( WEAL? AT ONE POLE IS1 !RE=E1 AT ! SAME TIME ACCUMULATION ( MIS]Y1 AGONY ( TOIL SLAV]Y1 IGNORANCE1 BRUTALITY1 M5TAL DEGRADATION1 AT ! OPPOSITE POLE1 I4E41 ON ! SIDE ( ! CLASS ?AT PRODUCES ITS [N PRODUCT 9 ! =M ( CAPITAL4 ,?IS ANTAGONI/IC *>ACT] ( CAPITALI/IC ACCUMULATION IS 5UNCIAT$ 9 V>I\S =MS BY POLITICAL ECONOMI/S1 AL?\< BY !M IT IS CONF\ND$ ) PH5OM5A1 C]TA9LY TO SOME EXT5T ANALOG\S1 BUT NEV]!LESS ESS5TIALLY DI/9CT1 & BELONG+ TO PRE-CAPITALI/IC MODES ( PRODUCTION4 

0,! ,V5ETIAN MONK ,ORTES1 ONE ( ! GREAT ECONOMIC WRIT]S ( ! #a#h? C5TURY1 REG>DS ! ANTAGONISM ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION AS A G5]AL NATURAL LAW ( SOCIAL WEAL?4 

0',9 ! ECONOMY ( A NATION1 ADVANTAGES & EVILS ALWAYS BALANCE ONE ANO!R 7IL B5E $ IL MALE ECONOMICO 9 UNA NAZIONE SEMP] ALL1 I/ESSA MISURA73 ! ABUNDANCE ( WEAL? ) SOME PEOPLE1 IS ALWAYS EQUAL TO ! WANT ( IT ) O!RS 7LA COPIA DEI B5I 9 ALCUNI SEMP] EGUALE ALIA MANCANZA DI ESSI 9 ALTRI73 ! GREAT RI*ES ( A SMALL NUMB] >E ALWAYS ACCOMPANI$ BY ! ABSOLUTE PRIVATION ( ! FIR/ NECESS>IES ( LIFE = MANY O!RS4 ,! WEAL? ( A NATION CORRESPONDS ) ITS POPULATION1 & ITS MIS]Y CORRESPONDS ) ITS WEAL?4 ,DILIG5CE 9 SOME COMPELS IDL5ESS 9 O!RS4 ,! POOR & IDLE >E A NECESS>Y CONSEQU5CE ( ! RI* & ACTIVE1' @&C4,9 A ?OR\<LY BRUTAL WAY AB\T #a YE>S AFT] ,ORTES1 ! ,*UR* ( ,5GL& P>SON1 ,T[NS5D1 GLORIFI$ MIS]Y AS A NECESS>Y CONDITION ( WEAL?4 

0',LEGAL CON/RA9T 7TO LABOR7 IS ATT5D$ ) TOO MU* TR\BLE1 VIOL5CE1 & NOISE1 :]EAS HUNG] IS NOT ONLY A PEACEABLE1 SIL5T1 UNREMITT$ PRESSURE1 BUT AS ! MO/ NATURAL MOTIVE TO 9DU/RY & LABOR1 IT CALLS =? ! MO/ P[]FUL EX]TIONS4' 

0,EV]Y?+ !RE=E DEP5DS UPON MAK+ HUNG] P]MAN5T AMONG ! WORK+ CLASS1 & = ?IS1 ACCORD+ TO ,T[NS5D1 ! PR9CIPLE ( POPULATION1 ESPECIALLY ACTIVE AMONG ! POOR1 PROVIDES4 

0',IT SEEMS TO BE A LAW ( ,NATURE ?AT ! POOR %\LD BE TO A C]TA9 DEGREE IMPROVID5T' .<I4E41 SO IMPROVID5T AS TO BE BORN )\T A SILV] SPOON 9 ! M\?.>1 '?AT !RE MAY ALWAYS BE SOME TO FULFILL ! MO/ S]VILE1 ! MO/ SORDID1 & ! MO/ IGNOBLE (FICES 9 ! COMMUNITY4 ,! /OCK ( HUMAN HAPP9ESS IS !REBY MU* 9CREAS$1 :IL/ ! MORE DELICATE >E NOT ONLY RELIEV$ FROM DRUDG]Y 444 BUT >E LEFT AT LIB]TY )\T 9T]RUPTION TO PURSUE ?OSE CALL+S :I* >E SUIT$ TO !IR V>I\S DISPOSITIONS 444 IT' .<! ,POOR ,LAW.> 'T5DS TO DE/ROY ! H>MONY & BEAUTY1 ! SYMMETRY & ORD] ( ?AT SY/EM :I* ,GOD & ,NATURE HAVE E/ABLI%$ 9 ! WORLD4' ,IF ! ,V5ETIAN MONK F\ND 9 ! FATAL DE/9Y ?AT MAKES MIS]Y ET]NAL1 ! RAISON D'ETRE ( ,*RI/IAN *>ITY1 CELIBACY1 MONA/]IES & HOLY H\SES1 ! ,PROTE/ANT PREB5D>Y F9DS 9 IT A PRETEXT = CONDEMN+ ! LAWS 9 VIRTUE ( :I* ! POOR POSSESS$ A RI<T TO A MIS]ABLE PUBLIC RELIEF4 

0',! PROGRESS ( SOCIAL WEAL?1' SAYS ,/OR*1 'BEGETS ?IS USEFUL CLASS ( SOCIETY 444 :I* P]=MS ! MO/ WE>ISOME1 ! VILE/1 ! MO/ DISGU/+ FUNCTIONS1 :I* TAKES1 9 A WORD1 ON ITS %\LD]S ALL ?AT IS DISAGREEABLE & S]VILE 9 LIFE1 & PROCURES ?US = O!R CLASSES LEISURE1 S]5ITY ( M9D & CONV5TIONAL' .<C'E/ BON6.> 'DIGNITY ( *>ACT]4' 

0,/OR* ASKS HIMSELF 9 :AT !N REALLY CONSI/S ! PROGRESS ( ?IS CAPITALI/IC CIVILIZATION ) ITS MIS]Y & ITS DEGRADATION ( ! MASSES1 AS COMP>$ ) B>B>ISM4 ,HE F9DS BUT ONE ANSW]3 SECURITY6 

0',?ANKS TO ! ADVANCE ( 9DU/RY & SCI5CE1' SAYS ,SISMONDI1 'EV]Y LABOR] CAN PRODUCE EV]Y DAY MU* MORE ?AN HIS CONSUMPTION REQUIRES4 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 :IL/ HIS LABOR PRODUCES WEAL?1 ?AT WEAL? W\LD1 W]E HE CALL$ ON TO CONSUME IT HIMSELF1 MAKE HIM LESS FIT = LABOR4' ,ACCORD+ TO HIM1 'M5' .<I4E41 NON-WORK]S.> 'W\LD PROBABLY PREF] TO DO )\T ALL >TI/IC P]FECTION1 & ALL ! 5JOYM5TS ?AT MANUFACTUR]S PROCURE = US1 IF IT W]E NECESS>Y ?AT ALL %\LD BUY !M BY CON/ANT TOIL LIKE ?AT ( ! LABOR]4444 ,EX]TION TODAY IS SEP>AT$ FROM ITS RECOMP5SE2 IT IS NOT ! SAME MAN ?AT FIR/ WORKS1 & !N REPOSES2 BUT IT IS BECAUSE ! ONE WORKS ?AT ! O!R RE/S4444 ,! 9DEF9ITE MULTIPLICATION ( ! PRODUCTIVE P[]S ( LABOR CAN !N ONLY HAVE = RESULT ! 9CREASE ( LUXURY & 5JOYM5T ( ! IDLE RI*4' 

0,F9ALLY ,DE/UTT DE ,TRACY1 ! FI%-BLOOD$ B\RGEOIS DOCTR9AIRE1 BLURTS \T BRUTALLY3 

0',9 POOR NATIONS ! PEOPLE >E COM=TABLE1 9 RI* NATIONS !Y >E G5]ALLY POOR'0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #b#e1 SEC4 #d74 

,WE N[ COME TO SEE1 9 ! FACTS1 :AT ! EFFECT ( ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL >E4 ,H]E1 AS ELSE:]E1 \R EXAMPLES >E ALL TAK5 FROM ,5GL&1 ! PREEM95T C\NTRY ( ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL1 T[>DS :I* 7LET'S REPEAT IT1 & NEV] =GET IT7 ALL MOD]N NATIONS T5D4 ,I REGRET ?AT ,I'M ONLY ABLE TO REPRODUCE ONLY A SMALL P>T ( ! RI* MAT]IAL GA!R$ BY ,M>X4 

0,9 ! YE> #a#h#f#c1 ! ,PRIVY ,C\NCIL ORD]$ AN 9QUIRY 9TO ! /ATE ( DI/RESS ( ! WOR/-N\RI%$ P>T ( ! ,5GLI% WORK+ CLASS4 ,DR4 ,SIMON1 M$ICAL (FIC] TO ! ,PRIVY ,C\NCIL1 *OSE = ?IS WORK ! ABOVE-M5TION$ ,DR4 ,SMI?4 ,HIS 9QUIRY RANGES ON ! ONE H& OV] ! AGRICULTURAL LABOR]S1 ON ! O!R1 OV] SILK-WEAV]S1 NE$LEWOM51 KID-GLOV]S1 /OCK+-WEAV]S1 GLOVE-WEAV]S1 & %OEMAK]S4 ,! LATT] CATEGORIES >E1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ! /OCK+-WEAV]S1 EXCLUSIVELY T[N-DWELL]S4 ,IT WAS MADE A RULE 9 ! 9QUIRY TO SELECT 9 EA* CATEGORY ! MO/ HEAL?Y FAMILIES1 & ?OSE COMP>ATIVELY 9 ! BE/ CIRCUM/ANCES4 

0,AS A G5]AL RESULT IT WAS F\ND ?AT 

0'9 ONLY ONE ( ! EXAM9$ CLASSES ( 9-DOOR OP]ATIVES DID ! AV]AGE NITROG5 SUPPLY JU/ EXCE$1 :ILE 9 ANO!R IT NE>LY REA*$1 ! E/IMAT$ /&>D ( B>E SUFFICI5CY .<I4E41 SUFFICI5T TO AV]T />VATION DISEASES.>1 & ?AT 9 TWO CLASSES !RE WAS DEFECT -- 9 ONE1 A V]Y L>GE DEFECT -- ( BO? NITROG5 & C>BON4 ,MOREOV]1 AS REG>DS ! EXAM9$ FAMILIES ( ! AGRICULTURAL POPULATION1 IT APPE>$ ?AT MORE ?AN A FIF? W]E ) LESS ?AN ! E/IMAT$ SUFFICI5CY ( C>BONACE\S FOOD1 ?AT MORE ?AN ONE-?IRD W]E ) LESS ?AN ! E/IMAT$ SUFFICI5CY ( NITROG5\S FOOD1 & ?AT 9 ?REE C\NTIES 7,B]K%IRE1 ,OX=D%IRE1 & ,SOM]SET%IRE71 9SUFFICI5CY ( NITROG5\S FOOD WAS ! AV]AGE LOCAL DIET4' 

0,AMONG ! AGRICULTURAL LABOR]S1 ?OSE ( ,5GL&1 ! WEAL?IE/ P>T ( ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM1 W]E ! WOR/ F$4 ,! 9SUFFICI5CY ( FOOD AMONG ! AGRICULTURAL LABOR]S1 FELL1 AS A RULE1 *IEFLY ON ! WOM5 & *ILDR51 = '! MAN MU/ EAT TO DO HIS WORK4' ,/ILL GREAT] P5URY RAVAG$ ! T[N-WORK]S EXAM9$4 

0',!Y >E SO ILL F$ ?AT ASSUR$LY AMONG !M !RE MU/ BE MANY CASES ( SEV]E & 9JURI\S PRIVATION4' 

07',PRIVATION' ( ! CAPITALI/ ALL ?IS6 I4E41 'AB/95CE' FROM PAY+ = ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y = ! M]E VEGETATION ( HIS 'H&S'7 444 

0,DR4 ,SIMON 9 HIS ,G5]AL ,HEAL? ,REPORT SAYS3 

0',?AT CASES >E 9NUM]ABLE 9 :I* DEFECTIVE DIET IS ! CAUSE OR ! AGGRAVATOR ( DISEASE1 CAN BE AFFIRM$ BY ANY ONE :O IS CONV]SANT ) POOR LAW M$ICAL PRACTICE1 OR ) ! W>DS & \T-PATI5T ROOMS ( HOSPITALS4444 ,YET 9 ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 !RE IS1 9 MY OP9ION1 A V]Y IMPORTANT SANIT>Y CONTEXT TO BE ADD$4 ,IT MU/ BE REMEMB]$ ?AT PRIVATION ( FOOD IS V]Y RELUCTANTLY BORNE1 & ?AT AS A RULE GREAT POORNESS ( DIET WILL ONLY COME :5 O!R PRIVATIONS HAVE PREC$$ IT4 ,LONG BE=E 9SUFFICI5CY ( DIET IS A MATT] ( HYGI5IC CONC]N1 LONG BE=E ! PHYSIOLOGI/ W\LD ?9K ( C\NT+ ! GRA9S ( NITROG5 & C>BON :I* 9T]V5E BETWE5 LIFE & />VATION1 ! H\SEHOLD WILL HAVE BE5 UTT]LY DE/ITUTE ( MAT]IAL COM=T2 CLO?+ & FUEL WILL HAVE BE5 EV5 SCANTI] ?AN FOOD -- AGA9/ 9CLEM5CIES ( WEA!R !RE WILL HAVE BE5 NO ADEQUATE PROTECTION -- DWELL+ SPACE WILL HAVE BE5 /9T$ TO ! DEGREE 9 :I* OV]CR[D+ PRODUCES OR 9CREASES DISEASE2 ( H\SEHOLD UT5SILS & FURNITURE !RE WILL HAVE BE5 SC>CELY ANY -- EV5 CLEANL9ESS WILL HAVE BE5 F\ND CO/LY OR DIFFICULT1 & IF !RE /ILL BE SELF-RESPECTFUL 5DEAVORS TO MA9TA9 IT1 EV]Y SU* 5DEAVOR WILL REPRES5T ADDITIONAL PANGS ( HUNG]4 ,! HOME1 TOO1 WILL BE :]E %ELT] CAN BE *EAPE/ B\<T2 9 QU>T]S :]E COMMONLY !RE IS LEA/ FRUIT ( SANIT>Y SUP]VISION1 LEA/ DRA9AGE1 LEA/ SCAV5G+1 LEA/ SUPPRESSION ( PUBLIC NUISANCES1 LEA/ OR WOR/ WAT] SUPPLY1 &1 IF 9 T[N1 LEA/ LI<T & AIR4 ,SU* >E ! SANIT>Y DANG]S TO :I* POV]TY IS ALMO/ C]TA9LY EXPOS$1 :5 IT IS POV]TY 5\< TO IMPLY SCANT9ESS ( FOOD4 ,& :ILE ! SUM ( !M IS ( T]RIBLE MAGNITUDE AGA9/ LIFE1 ! M]E SCANT9ESS ( FOOD IS 9 ITSELF ( V]Y S]I\S MOM5T4444 ,!SE >E PA9FUL REFLECTIONS1 ESPECIALLY :5 IT IS REMEMB]$ ?AT ! POV]TY TO :I* !Y ADV]T IS NOT ! DES]V$ POV]TY ( IDL5ESS4 ,9 ALL CASES IT IS ! POV]TY ( WORK+ POPULATIONS4 ,9DE$1 AS REG>DS ! 9-DOOR OP]ATIVES1 ! WORK :I* OBTA9S ! SCANTY PITTANCE ( FOOD1 IS = ! MO/ P>T EXCESSIVELY PROLONG$4 ,YET EVID5TLY IT IS ONLY 9 A QUALIFI$ S5SE ?AT ! WORK CAN BE DEEM$ SELF-SUPPORT+4444 ,& ON A V]Y L>GE SCALE ! NOM9AL SELF-SUPPORT CAN BE ONLY A CIRCUIT1 LONG] OR %ORT]1 TO PAUP]ISM 4440 

0,EV]Y UNPREJUDIC$ OBS]V] SEES ?AT ! GREAT] ! C5TRALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ! GREAT] IS ! CORRESPOND+ HEAP+ TOGE!R ( ! LABOR]S1 )9 A GIV5 SPACE2 ?AT !RE=E ! SWIFT] CAPITALI/IC ACCUMULATION1 ! MORE MIS]ABLE >E ! DWELL+S ( ! WORK+-PEOPLE4 ',IMPROVEM5TS' ( T[NS1 ACCOMPANY+ ! 9CREASE ( WEAL?1 BY ! DEMOLITION ( BADLY BUILT QU>T]S1 ! ]ECTION ( PALACES = BANKS1 W>EH\SES1 @&C41 ! WID5+ ( /REETS = BUS9ESS TRAFFIC1 = ! C>RIAGES ( LUXURY1 & = ! 9TRODUCTION ( TRAMWAYS1 @&C41 DRIVE AWAY ! POOR 9TO EV5 WORSE & MORE CR[D$ HID+ PLACES4 

0,I QUOTE1 AS PRELIM9>Y1 A G5]AL REM>K ( ,DR4 ,SIMON4 

0',AL?\< MY (FICIAL PO9T ( VIEW1' HE SAYS1 'IS ONE EXCLUSIVELY PHYSICAL1 COMMON HUMANITY REQUIRES ?AT ! O!R ASPECT ( ?IS EVIL %\LD NOT BE IGNOR$ 4444 ,9 ITS HI<] DEGREES IT .<I4E41 OV]-CR[D+.> ALMO/ NECESS>ILY 9VOLVES SU* NEGATION ( ALL DELICACY1 SU* UNCLEAN CONFUSION ( BODIES & BODILY FUNCTIONS1 SU* EXPOSURE ( ANIMAL & SEXUAL NAK$NESS1 AS IS RA!R BE/IAL ?AN HUMAN4 ,TO BE SUBJECT TO !SE 9FLU5CES IS A DEGRADATION :I* MU/ BECOME DEEP] & DEEP] = ?OSE ON :OM IT CONT9UES TO WORK4 ,TO *ILDR5 :O >E BORN UND] ITS CURSE1 IT MU/ (T5 BE A V]Y BAPTISM 9TO 9FAMY4 ,& BEYOND ALL MEASURE HOPELESS IS ! WI% ?AT P]SONS ?US CIRCUM/ANC$ %\LD EV] 9 O!R RESPECTS ASPIRE TO ?AT ATMOSPH]E ( CIVILIZATION :I* HAS ITS ESS5CE 9 PHYSICAL & MORAL CLEANL9ESS'0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #b#e1 SEC4 #e,B74 

0,WE TURN N[ TO A CLASS ( PEOPLE :OSE ORIG9 IS AGRICULTURAL1 BUT :OSE OCCUPATION IS 9 GREAT P>T 9DU/RIAL4 ,!Y >E ! LI<T 9FANTRY ( CAPITAL1 ?R[N BY IT1 ACCORD+ TO ITS NE$S1 N[ TO ?IS PO9T1 N[ TO ?AT4 ,:5 !Y >E NOT ON ! M>*1 !Y 0CAMP40 ,NOMAD LABOR IS US$ = V>I\S OP]ATIONS ( BUILD+ & DRA9+1 BRICK-MAK+1 LIME-BURN+1 RAILWAY-MAK+1 @&C4 ,A FLY+ COLUMN ( PE/IL5CE1 IT C>RIES 9TO ! PLACES 9 :OSE NEI<BORHOOD IT PIT*ES ITS CAMP1 SMALL-POX1 TYPHUS1 *OL]A1 SC>LET FEV]1 @&C4 ,9 UND]TAK+S ?AT 9VOLVE MU* CAPITAL \TLAY1 SU* AS RAILWAYS1 @&C41 ! CONTRACTOR HIMSELF G5]ALLY PROVIDES HIS >MY ) WOOD5 HUTS & ! LIKE1 ?US IMPROVIS+ VILLAGES )\T ANY SANIT>Y PROVISIONS1 \TSIDE ! CONTROL ( ! LOCAL BO>DS1 V]Y PR(ITABLE TO ! CONTRACTOR1 :O EXPLOITS ! LABOR]S 9 TWO-FOLD FA%ION -- AS SOLDI]S ( 9DU/RY & AS T5ANTS4 ,ACCORD+ AS ! WOOD5 HUT CONTA9S #a1 #b1 OR #c HOLES1 ITS 9HABITANT1 NAVVY1 OR :ATEV] HE MAY BE1 HAS TO PAY #a1 #c1 OR #d %ILL+S WEEKLY4 ,ONE EXAMPLE WILL SUFFICE4 ,9 ,SEPTEMB]1 #a#h#f#d1 ,DR4 ,SIMON REPORTS ?AT ! ,*AIRMAN ( ! ,NUISANCES ,REMOVAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! P>I% ( ,SEV5OAKS S5T ! FOLL[+ D5UNCIATION TO ,SIR ,GEORGE ,GRAY1 ,HOME ,SECRET>Y3 -- 

0',SMALL-POX CASES W]E R>ELY HE>D ( 9 ?IS P>I% UNTIL AB\T TWELVE MON?S AGO4 ,%ORTLY BE=E ?AT TIME1 ! WORKS = A RAILWAY FROM ,LEWI%AM TO ,TUNBRIDGE W]E COMM5C$ H]E1 &1 9 ADDITION TO ! PR9CIPAL WORKS BE+ 9 ! IMM$IATE NEI<BORHOOD ( ?IS T[N1 H]E WAS ALSO E/ABLI%$ ! DEPOT = ! :OLE ( ! WORKS1 SO ?AT A L>GE NUMB] ( P]SONS WAS ( NECESSITY EMPLOY$ H]E4 ,AS COTTAGE ACCOMMODATION C\LD NOT BE OBTA9$ = !M ALL1 HUTS W]E BUILT 9 SEV]AL PLACES ALONG ! L9E ( ! WORKS BY ! CONTRACTOR1 ,MR4 ,JAY1 = !IR ESPECIAL OCCUPATION4 ,!SE HUTS POSSESS$ NO V5TILATION NOR DRA9AGE1 &1 BESIDES1 W]E NECESS>ILY OV]-CR[D$1 BECAUSE EA* OCCUPANT HAD TO ACCOMMODATE LODG]S1 :ATEV] ! NUMB] 9 HIS [N FAMILY MI<T BE1 AL?\< !RE W]E ONLY TWO ROOMS TO EA* T5EM5T4 ,! CONSEQU5CES W]E1 ACCORD+ TO ! M$ICAL REPORT WE RECEIV$1 ?AT 9 ! NI<TTIME !SE POOR PEOPLE W]E COMPELL$ TO 5DURE ALL ! HORROR ( SUFFOCATION TO AVOID ! PE/IF]\S SMELLS >IS+ FROM ! FIL?Y1 /AGNANT WAT]1 & ! PRIVIES CLOSE UND] !IR W9D[S4 ,COMPLA9TS W]E AT L5G? MADE TO ! ,NUISANCES ,REMOVAL ,COMMITTEE BY A M$ICAL G5TLEMAN :O HAD OCCASION TO VISIT !SE HUTS1 & HE SPOKE ( !IR CONDITION AS DWELL+S 9 ! MO/ SEV]E T]MS1 & HE EXPRESS$ HIS FE>S ?AT SOME V]Y S]I\S CONSEQU5CES MI<T 5SUE1 UNLESS SOME SANIT>Y MEASURES W]E ADOPT$4 ,AB\T A YE> AGO1 ,MR4 ,JAY PROMIS$ TO APPROPRIATE A HUT1 TO :I* P]SONS 9 HIS EMPLOY1 :O W]E SUFF]+ FROM CONTAGI\S DISEASES1 MI<T AT ONCE BE REMOV$4 ,HE REPEAT$ ?AT PROMISE ON ! #b#cRD ,JULY LA/1 BUT AL?\< S9CE ! DATE ( ! LA/ ,PROMISE !RE HAVE BE5 SEV]AL CASES ( SMALL-POX 9 HIS HUTS1 & TWO DEA?S FROM ! SAME DISEASE1 YET HE HAS TAK5 NO /EPS :ATEV] TO C>RY \T HIS PROMISE4 ,ON ! #i? ,SEPTEMB] 9/ANT1 ,MR4 ,KELSON1 SURGEON1 REPORT$ TO ME FUR!R CASES ( SMALL-POX 9 ! SAME HUTS1 & HE DESCRIB$ !IR CONDITION AS MO/ DISGRACEFUL4 ,I %\LD ADD1 = Y\R 7! ,HOME ,SECRET>Y'S7 9=MATION ?AT AN ISOLAT$ H\SE1 CALL$ ! ,PE/-H\SE1 :I* IS SET AP>T = P>I%ION]S :O MI<T BE SUFF]+ FROM 9FECTI\S DISEASES1 HAS BE5 CONT9UALLY OCCUPI$ BY SU* PATI5TS = MANY MON?S PA/1 & IS ALSO N[ OCCUPI$2 ?AT 9 ONE FAMILY FIVE *ILDR5 DI$ FROM SMALL-POX & FEV]2 ?AT FROM ! #a/ ,APRIL TO ! #a/ ,SEPTEMB] ?IS YE>1 A P]IOD ( FIVE MON?S1 !RE HAVE BE5 NO FEW] ?AN T5 DEA?S FROM SMALL-POX 9 ! P>I%1 F\R ( !M BE+ 9 ! HUTS ALREADY REF]R$ TO2 ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO ASC]TA9 ! EXACT NUMB] ( P]SONS :O HAVE SUFF]$ FROM ?AT DISEASE AL?\< !Y >E KN[N TO BE MANY1 FROM ! FACT ( ! FAMILIES KEEP+ IT AS PRIVATE AS POSSIBLE'0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #b#e1 SEC4 #e,C74 

,LET'S N[ SEE ! EFFECTS ( ! CRISES ON ! BETT]-PAID P>T ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,H]E MU* IS TOLD BY A CORRESPOND5T ( A NEWSPAP]1 ! ,MORN+ ,/>1 :O1 9 ,JANU>Y #a#h#f#g1 ON ! OCCASION ( AN 9DU/RIAL CRISIS1 VISIT$ ! MA9 LOCALITIES 9 DI/RESS4 

0',9 ! ,EA/ ,5D DI/RICTS ( ,POPL>1 ,MILLWALL1 ,GRE5WI*1 ,DEPT=D1 ,LIMEH\SE & ,CANN+ ,T[N1 AT LEA/ #a#e1 WORKM5 & !IR FAMILIES W]E 9 A /ATE ( UTT] DE/ITUTION1 & #c1 SKILL$ ME*ANICS W]E BREAK+ /ONES 9 ! WORKH\SE Y>D 7AFT] DI/RESS ( OV] HALF A YE>'S DURATION74444 ,I HAD GREAT DIFFICULTY 9 REA*+ ! WORKH\SE DOOR1 = A HUNGRY CR[D BESIEG$ IT4444 ,!Y W]E WAIT+ = !IR TICKETS1 BUT ! TIME HAD NOT YET >RIV$ = ! DI/RIBUTION4 ,! Y>D WAS A GREAT SQU>E PLACE ) AN OP5 %$ RUNN+ ALL R\ND IT1 & SEV]AL L>GE HEAPS ( SN[ COV]$ ! PAV+-/ONES 9 ! MIDDLE4 ,9 ! MIDDLE1 ALSO1 W]E LITTLE WICK]-F5C$ SPACES1 LIKE %EEP P5S1 :]E 9 F9] WEA!R ! M5 WORK$2 BUT ON ! DAY ( MY VISIT ! P5S W]E SO SN[$ UP ?AT NOBODY C\LD SIT 9 !M4 ,M5 W]E BUSY1 H[EV]1 9 ! OP5 %$ BREAK+ PAV+-/ONES 9TO MACADAM4 ,EA* MAN HAD A BIG PAV+-/ONE = A SEAT1 & HE *IPP$ AWAY AT ! RIME-COV]$ GRANITE ) A BIG HAMM] UNTIL HE HAD BROK5 UP1 & ?9K6 FIVE BU%ELS ( IT1 & !N HE HAD DONE HIS DAY'S WORK1 & GOT HIS DAY'S PAY -- ?REEP5CE & AN ALL[ANCE ( FOOD4 ,9 ANO!R P>T ( ! Y>D WAS A RICKETY LITTLE WOOD5 H\SE1 & :5 WE OP5$ ! DOOR ( IT1 WE F\ND IT FILL$ ) M5 :O W]E HUDDL$ TOGE!R %\LD] TO %\LD] = ! W>M? ( ONE ANO!R'S BODIES & BREA?4 ,!Y W]E PICK+ OAKUM & DISPUT+ ! :ILE AS TO :I* C\LD WORK ! LONGE/ ON A GIV5 QUANTITY ( FOOD -- = 5DURANCE WAS ! PO9T ( HONOR4 ,SEV5 ?\S& 444 9 ?IS ONE WORKH\SE 444 W]E RECIPI5TS ( RELIEF 444 MANY HUNDR$S ( !M 444 IT APPE>$1 W]E1 SIX OR EI<T MON?S AGO1 E>N+ ! HI<E/ WAGES PAID TO >TISANS4444 ,!IR NUMB] W\LD BE MORE ?AN D\BL$ BY ! C\NT ( ?OSE :O1 HAV+ EXHAU/$ ALL !IR SAV+S1 /ILL REFUSE TO APPLY TO ! P>I%1 BECAUSE !Y HAVE A LITTLE LEFT TO PAWN4 ,LEAV+ ! WORKH\SE1 ,I TOOK A WALK ?R\< ! /REETS1 MO/LY ( LITTLE ONE-/ORY H\SES1 ?AT AB\ND 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD ( ,POPL>4 ,MY GUIDE WAS A MEMB] ( ! ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,UNEMPLOY$4444 ,MY FIR/ CALL WAS ON AN IRONWORK] :O HAD BE5 SEV5 & TW5TY WEEKS \T ( EMPLOYM5T4 ,I F\ND ! MAN ) HIS FAMILY SITT+ 9 A LITTLE BACK ROOM4 ,! ROOM WAS NOT B>E ( FURNITURE1 & !RE WAS A FIRE 9 IT4 ,?IS WAS NECESS>Y TO KEEP ! NAK$ FEET ( ! Y\NG *ILDR5 FROM GETT+ FRO/ BITT51 = IT WAS A BITT]LY COLD DAY4 ,ON A TRAY 9 FRONT ( ! FIRE LAY A QUANTITY ( OAKUM1 :I* ! WIFE & *ILDR5 W]E PICK+ 9 RETURN = !IR ALL[ANCE FROM ! P>I%4 ,! MAN WORK$ 9 ! /ONE Y>D ( ! WORKH\SE = A C]TA9 RATION ( FOOD1 & ?REEP5CE P] DAY4 ,HE HAD N[ COME HOME TO D9N] QUITE HUNGRY1 AS HE TOLD US ) A MELAN*OLY SMILE1 & HIS D9N] CONSI/$ ( A C\PLE ( SLICES ( BREAD & DRIPP+1 & A CUP ( MILKLESS TEA4444 ,! NEXT DOOR AT :I* WE KNOCK$ WAS OP5$ BY A MIDDLE-AG$ WOMAN1 :O1 )\T SAY+ A WORD1 L$ US 9TO A LITTLE BACK P>LOR1 9 :I* SAT ALL H] FAMILY1 SIL5T & FIX$LY />+ AT A RAPIDLY DY+ FIRE4 ,SU* DESOLATION1 SU* HOPELESSNESS WAS AB\T !SE PEOPLE & !IR LITTLE ROOM1 AS ,I %\LD NOT C>E TO WITNESS AGA94 0,NO?+ HAVE !Y DONE1 SIR10 SAID ! WOMAN1 PO9T+ TO H] BOYS1 0= SIX & TW5TY WEEKS2 & ALL \R MONEY GONE -- ALL ! TW5TY P\NDS ?AT ME & FA!R SAV$ :5 TIMES W]E BETT]1 ?9K+ IT W\LD YIELD A LITTLE TO KEEP US :5 WE GOT PA/ WORK4 ,LOOK AT IT10 %E SAID1 ALMO/ FI]CELY1 BR++ \T A BANK-BOOK ) ALL ITS WELL KEPT 5TRIES ( MONEY PAID 91 & MONEY TAK5 \T1 SO ?AT WE C\LD SEE H[ ! LITTLE =TUNE HAD BEGUN ) ! FIR/ FIVE %ILL+ DEPOSIT1 & HAD GR[N BY LITTLE & LITTLE TO BE TW5TY P\NDS1 & H[ IT HAD MELT$ D[N AGA9 TILL ! SUM 9 H& GOT FROM P\NDS TO %ILL+S1 & ! LA/ 5TRY MADE ! BOOK AS WOR?LESS AS A BLANK %EET4 ,?IS FAMILY RECEIV$ RELIEF FROM ! WORKH\SE1 & IT FURNI%$ !M ) JU/ ONE SCANTY MEAL P] DAY4444 ,\R NEXT VISIT WAS TO AN IRON LABOR]'S WIFE1 :OSE HUSB& HAD WORK$ 9 ! Y>DS4 ,WE F\ND H] ILL FROM WANT ( FOOD1 LY+ ON A MATTRESS 9 H] CLO!S1 & JU/ COV]$ ) A /RIP ( C>PET1 = ALL ! B$D+ HAD BE5 PAWN$4 ,TWO WRET*$ *ILDR5 W]E T5D+ H]1 !MSELVES LOOK+ AS MU* 9 NE$ ( NURS+ AS !IR MO!R4 ,N9ETE5 WEEKS ( 5=C$ IDL5ESS HAD BR\<T !M TO ?IS PASS1 & :ILE ! MO!R TOLD ! HI/ORY ( ?AT BITT] PA/1 %E MOAN$ AS IF ALL H] FAI? 9 A FUTURE ?AT %\LD ATONE = IT W]E DEAD4444 ,ON GETT+ \TSIDE A Y\NG FELL[ CAME RUNN+ AFT] US1 & ASK$ US TO /EP 9SIDE HIS H\SE & SEE IF ANY?+ C\LD BE DONE = HIM4 ,A Y\NG WIFE1 TWO PRETTY *ILDR51 A CLU/] ( PAWN-TICKETS1 & A B>E ROOM W]E ALL HE HAD TO %[' 444 

0,AS IT IS ! FA%ION AMONG ,5GLI% CAPITALI/S TO QUOTE ,BELGIUM AS ! ,P>ADISE ( ! LABOR] BECAUSE 'FRE$OM ( LABOR1' OR :AT IS ! SAME ?+1 'FRE$OM ( CAPITAL1' IS !RE LIMIT$ NEI!R BY ! DESPOTISM ( ,TRADES' ,UNIONS1 NOR BY ,FACTORY ,ACTS1 A WORD OR TWO ON ! 'HAPP9ESS' ( ! ,BELGIAN LABOR]4 ,ASSUR$LY NO ONE WAS MORE ?OR\<LY 9ITIAT$ 9 ! MY/]IES ( ?IS HAPP9ESS ?AN ! LATE ,M4 ,DUCPETIAUX1 9SPECTOR-G5]AL ( ,BELGIAN PRISONS & *>ITABLE 9/ITUTIONS1 & MEMB] ( ! C5TRAL COMMISSION ( ,BELGIAN /ATI/ICS4 ,LET US TAKE HIS WORK3 ',BUDGETS ECONOMIQUES DES CLASSES \VRI]ES DE LA ,BELGIQUE1' ,BRUXELLES1 #a#h#e#e4 ,H]E WE F9D AMONG O!R MATT]S1 A NORMAL ,BELGIAN LABOR]'S FAMILY1 :OSE YE>LY 9COME & EXP5DITURE HE CALCULATES ON V]Y EXACT DATA1 & :OSE CONDITIONS ( N\RI%M5T >E !N COMP>$ ) ?OSE ( ! SOLDI]1 SAILOR1 & PRISON] 444 

0',CALCULAT$ AT ?IS RATE1 ! RES\RCES ( ! FAMILY W\LD AM\NT1 AT ! MAXIMUM1 TO #a1#f#h FRANCS A-YE> 444' 

0,ACCORD+ TO ?IS ! BUDGET ( ! FAMILY IS3 

        
    
    
 ,TOTAL  
    
    
 FR4 #a1#f#h 
    
   
 ,! FA!R  
    
    
 #c WORK+-DAYS AT FR4 #a4#e#f  
    
    
 FR4 #dfh 
    
   
 MO!R  
    
    
 #c WORK+-DAYS AT FR4 4#h#i  
    
    
 FR4 #bfg 
    
   
 BOY  
    
    
 #c WORK+-DAYS AT FR4 4#e#f  
    
    
 FR4 #afh 
    
   
 GIRL  
    
    
 #c WORK+-DAYS AT FR4 4#e#e  
    
    
 FR4 #afe 
    
   

0,! ANNUAL EXP5DITURE ( ! FAMILY W\LD CAUSE A DEFICIT UPON ! HYPO!SIS ?AT ! LABOR] HAS ! FOOD (3 

 ,! MAN-(-W>'S MAN  
    
    
     FR4 #a1#h#b#h  
    
    
 ,DEFICIT FR4 #gf 
    
   
 ,! SOLDI]  
    
    
 FR4 #a1#d#g#c  
    
    
 ,DEFICIT FR4 #de 
    
   
 ,! PRISON]  
    
    
 FR4 #a1#a#a#b  
    
    
 ,DEFICIT FR4 #dd 
    
   

0',FROM AN ELABORATE COMP>ISON BETWE5 ! DIET ( CONVICTS 9 ! CONVICT PRISONS 9 ,5GL&1 & ?AT ( PAUP]S 9 WORKH\SES & ( FREE LABOR]S 9 ! SAME C\NTRY 444 IT C]TA9LY APPE>S ?AT ! =M] >E MU* BETT] F$ ?AN EI!R ( ! TWO O!R CLASSES1' :IL/ '! AM\NT ( LABOR REQUIR$ FROM AN ORD9>Y CONVICT UND] P5AL S]VITUDE IS AB\T ONE HALF ( :AT W\LD BE DONE BY AN ORD9>Y DAY-LABOR]'0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #b#e1 SEC4 #e,E74 

,A REPORT ON ,PUBLIC ,HEAL?1 FROM #a#h#f#e1 SPEAKS ( A VISIT MADE 9 A TIME ( EPIDEMIC TO H\SES ( F>M]S1 CIT+ AMONG O!RS ! FOLL[+ 3 

0',A Y\NG WOMAN HAV+ FEV]1 LAY AT NI<T 9 A ROOM OCCUPI$ BY H] FA!R & MO!R1 H] BA/>D *ILD1 TWO Y\NG M5 7H] BRO!RS71 & H] TWO SI/]S1 EA* ) A BA/>D *ILD -- #a P]SONS 9 ALL4 ,A FEW WEEKS AGO #ac P]SONS SLEPT 9 IT'0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #b#e1 SEC4 #e,E74 

,! MODE/ SIZE ( ?IS SUMM>Y DOES NOT P]MIT ME TO REPORT H]E1 FROM ! TEXT1 ! M9UTE ASPECTS ( ! HORRIBLE /ATE 9 :I* ! F>M]S ( ,5GL& LIE4 

,LET'S CLOSE1 !RE=E1 ?IS *APT]1 SPEAK+ ( A COMPLETELY SPECIAL PLI<T1 PRODUC$ 9 ,5GL&1 AMONG AGRICULTURAL WORK]S1 BY ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL4 

,! SURPLUS AGRICULTURAL POPULATION PRODUCES ! EFFECT ( MAK+ WAGES S9K1 :ILE NOT EV5 SATISFY+ ALL ( ! NE$S ( CAPITAL 9 EXCEPTIONAL & URG5T MOM5TS ( LABOR1 :I* >E REQUIR$ 9 A GIV5 P]IOD ( ! YE> FROM AGRICULTURE4 ,IT FOLL[S1 !RE=E1 ?AT A GREAT NUMB] ( WOM5 & *ILDR5 COME TO BE EMPLOY$ = ! MOM5T>Y NE$ ( CAPITAL1 PA/ :I*1 !SE PEOPLE GO ON TO 9CREASE ! C\NTIES' OV]POPULATION ( WORK]S4 ,?IS FACT HAS PRODUC$ ! SY/EM ( ORGANIZ$ GANGS 9 ! C\NTIES ( ,5GL&4 

0,! GANG CONSI/S ( #a TO #d OR #e P]SONS1 WOM51 Y\NG P]SONS ( BO? SEXES 7#a#c-#a#h YE>S ( AGE1 AL?\< ! BOYS >E = ! MO/ P>T ELIM9AT$ AT ! AGE ( #a#c71 & *ILDR5 ( BO? SEXES 7#f-#a#c YE>S ( AGE74 ,AT ! HEAD IS ! GANG-MA/]1 ALWAYS AN ORD9>Y AGRICULTURAL LABOR]1 G5]ALLY :AT IS CALL$ A BAD LOT1 A SCAPEGRACE1 UN/EADY1 DRUNK51 BUT ) A DA% ( 5T]PRISE & SAVOIR-FAIRE4 ,HE IS ! RECRUIT+-S]GEANT = ! GANG1 :I* WORKS UND] HIM1 NOT UND] ! F>M]4 ,HE G5]ALLY >RANGES ) ! LATT] = PIECE-WORK1 & HIS 9COME1 :I* ON ! AV]AGE IS NOT V]Y MU* ABOVE ?AT ( AN ORD9>Y AGRICULTURAL LABOR]1 DEP5DS ALMO/ 5TIRELY UPON ! DEXT]ITY ) :I* HE MANAGES TO EXTRACT )9 ! %ORTE/ TIME ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE AM\NT ( LABOR FROM HIS GANG4 ,! F>M]S HAVE DISCOV]$ ?AT WOM5 WORK /EADILY ONLY UND] ! DIRECTION ( M51 BUT ?AT WOM5 & *ILDR51 ONCE SET GO+1 IMPETU\SLY SP5D !IR LIFE-=CE -- AS ,F\RI] KNEW -- :ILE ! ADULT MALE LABOR] IS %REWD 5\< TO ECONOMIZE HIS AS MU* AS HE CAN4 ,! GANG-MA/] GOES FROM ONE F>M TO ANO!R1 & ?US EMPLOYS HIS GANG FROM #f TO #h MON?S 9 ! YE>4 ,EMPLOYM5T BY HIM IS1 !RE=E1 MU* MORE LUCRATIVE & MORE C]TA9 = ! LABOR+ FAMILIES1 ?AN EMPLOYM5T BY ! 9DIVIDUAL F>M]1 :O ONLY EMPLOYS *ILDR5 OCCASIONALLY4 ,?IS CIRCUM/ANCE SO COMPLETELY RIVETS HIS 9FLU5CE 9 ! OP5 VILLAGES ?AT *ILDR5 >E G5]ALLY ONLY TO BE HIR$ ?R\< HIS 9/RUM5TALITY444 

0,! 0DRAWBACKS0 ( ! SY/EM >E ! OV]WORK ( ! *ILDR5 & Y\NG P]SONS1 ! 5ORM\S M>*ES ?AT !Y MAKE DAILY TO & FROM ! F>MS1 #e1 #f1 & SOMETIMES #g MILES DI/ANT1 F9ALLY1 ! DEMORALIZATION ( ! GANG4 ,AL?\< ! GANG-MA/]1 :O1 9 SOME DI/RICTS IS CALL$ 0! DRIV]10 IS >M$ ) A LONG /ICK1 HE USES IT BUT SELDOM1 & COMPLA9TS ( BRUTAL TREATM5T >E EXCEPTIONAL4 ,HE IS A DEMOCRATIC EMP]OR1 OR A K9D ( ,PI$ ,PIP] ( ,HAMEL94 ,HE MU/ !RE=E BE POPUL> ) HIS SUBJECTS1 & HE B9DS !M TO HIMSELF BY ! *>MS ( ! GYPSY LIFE UND] HIS DIRECTION4 ,CO>SE FRE$OM1 A NOISY JOLLITY1 & OBSC5E/ IMPUD5CE GIVE ATTRACTIONS TO ! GANG4 ,G5]ALLY ! GANGMA/] PAYS UP 9 A PUBLIC H\SE2 !N HE RETURNS HOME AT ! HEAD ( ! PROCESSION REEL+ DRUNK1 PROPP$ UP RI<T & LEFT BY A /ALW>T VIRAGO1 :ILE *ILDR5 & Y\NG P]SONS BR+ UP ! RE>1 BOI/]\S1 & S++ *AFF+ & BAWDY SONGS4 ,ON ! RETURN J\RNEY :AT ,F\RI] CALLS 0PHAN]OGAMIE10 IS ! ORD] ( ! DAY4 ,! GETT+ ) *ILD ( GIRLS ( #ac & #ad BY !IR MALE COMPANIONS ( ! SAME AGE1 IS COMMON4 ,! OP5 VILLAGES :I* SUPPLY ! CONT+5T ( ! GANG1 BECOME ,SODOMS & ,GOMORRAHS1 & HAVE TWICE AS HI< A RATE ( ILLEGITIMATE BIR?S AS ! RE/ ( ! K+DOM444 

0,! GANG 9 ITS CLASSICAL =M JU/ DESCRIB$1 IS CALL$ ! PUBLIC1 COMMON1 OR TRAMP+ GANG4 ,= !RE >E ALSO PRIVATE GANGS4 ,!SE >E MADE UP 9 ! SAME WAY AS ! COMMON GANG1 BUT C\NT FEW] MEMB]S1 & WORK1 NOT UND] A GANG-MA/]1 BUT UND] SOME OLD F>M S]VANT1 :OM ! F>M] DOES NOT KN[ H[ TO EMPLOY 9 ANY BETT] WAY4 ,! GYPSY FUN HAS VANI%$ H]E1 BUT ACCORD+ TO ALL WITNESSES1 ! PAYM5T & TREATM5T ( ! *ILDR5 IS WORSE4 

0,! GANG-SY/EM1 :I* DUR+ ! LA/ YE>S HAS /EADILY 9CREAS$1 CLE>LY DOES NOT EXI/ = ! SAKE ( ! GANG-MA/]4 ,IT EXI/S = ! 5RI*M5T ( ! L>GE F>M]S1 & 9DIRECTLY ( ! L&LORDS0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #b#e1 SEC4 #e,E74 

0',SMALL F>M]S NEV] EMPLOY GANGS4' ',IT IS NOT ON POOR L&1 BUT ON L& :I* AF=DS R5T ( FROM #d TO #e %ILL+S1 ?AT WOM5 & *ILDR5 >E EMPLOY$ 9 ! GREATE/ NUMB]S'0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #b#e1 FN4 #a#a#d74 

0,TO ONE ( !SE G5TLEM5 ! TA/E ( HIS R5T WAS SO GRATEFUL ?AT HE 9DIGNANTLY DECL>$ TO ! ,COMMISSION ( ,9QUIRY ?AT ! HOLE HUBBUB WAS ONLY DUE TO ! NAME ( ! SY/EM4 ,IF 9/EAD ( 'GANG' IT W]E CALL$ '! ,AGRICULTURAL ,JUV5ILE ,9DU/RIAL ,SELF-SUPPORT+ ,ASSOCIATION1' EV]Y?+ W\LD BE ALL RI<T0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #b#e1 FN4 #a#a#e74 

0',GANG WORK IS *EAP] ?AN O!R WORK2 ?AT IS :Y !Y >E EMPLOY$1' SAYS A =M] GANG-MA/]4 ',! GANG-SY/EM IS DECID$LY ! *EAPE/ = ! F>M]1 & DECID$LY ! WOR/ = ! *ILDR51' SAYS A F>M]0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #b#e1 FN4 #a#a#f74 

0,= ! F>M] !RE IS NO MORE +5I\S ME?OD ( KEEP+ HIS LABOR]S WELL BEL[ ! NORMAL LEVEL1 & YET ( ALWAYS HAV+ AN EXTRA H& READY = EXTRA WORK1 ( EXTRACT+ ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE AM\NT ( LABOR ) ! LEA/ POSSIBLE AM\NT ( MONEY & ( MAK+ ADULT MALE LABOR 'R$UNDANT4' ,FROM ! EXPOSITION ALREADY MADE1 IT WILL BE UND]/OOD :Y1 ON ! ONE H&1 A GREAT] OR LESS LACK ( EMPLOYM5T = ! AGRICULTURAL LABOR] IS ADMITT$1 :ILE ON ! O!R1 ! GANG-SY/EM IS AT ! SAME TIME DECL>$ 'NECESS>Y' ON ACC\NT ( ! WANT ( ADULT MALE LABOR & ITS MIGRATION TO ! T[NS0 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #a1 *4 #b#e1 SEC4 #e,E74 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ah< 3 ,*APT] #i -- ,PUBLICATION4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/