,*APT] #a 
,COMMODITIES1 ,CURR5CY1 ,WEAL? & ,CAPITAL 

#ahgiahgi 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>LO ,CAFI]O 

,TEXT 3 

,A COMMODITY IS AN OBJECT ?AT HAS TWO VALUES2 A USE VALUE & AN EX*ANGE VALUE1 OR AN APPROPRIATELY DET]M9$ VALUE4 ,IF ,I HAVE1 = EXAMPLE1 #b KILOS ( C(FEE1 ,I CAN EI!R CONSUME IT = MY [N USE1 OR EX*ANGE IT = #b MET]S ( CANVAS1 OR = A SUIT1 OR = #be GRAMS ( SILV]1 IF1 9/EAD ( C(FEE1 ,I NE$ ONE ( !SE ?REE COMMODITIES4 

,! USE VALUE ( A COMMODITY IS BAS$ ON ! ACTUAL QUALITIES ( ! COMMODITY ITSELF1 IS MEANT TO EQUAL SU* QUALITIES BAS$ ON ITS QUALITIES1 & NOT ANY O!R NE$S4 ,! USE VALUE ( #b KILOS ( C(FEE IS BAS$ ON ! QUALITIES ( ! C(FEE2 !SE QUALITIES BE+ SU* ?AT !Y MAKE IT CLE> TO ALL ?AT IT IS APT = US TO DR9K1 BUT !Y DON'T 5ABLE US TO CLO! \RSELVES1 OR GIVE US MAT]IAL = A %IRT4 ,IT IS = ?IS REASON ?AT WE >E ABLE TO GA9 FROM ! USE VALUE ( #b KILOS ( C(FEE1 ONLY IF WE FEEL ! DESIRE TO DR9K C(FEE2 BUT IF 9/EAD WE NE$ A %IRT1 OR TO WE> A SUIT ?AT CO/S ! USE VALUE ( #b KILOS ( C(FEE1 WE DON'T KN[ :AT TO DO2 OR1 TO SAY IT BETT]1 WE W\LDN'T KN[ :AT TO DO1 IF ALONGSIDE ! USE VALUE1 !RE WASN'T1 9 ! COMMODITY1 ! EX*ANGE VALUE4 ,WE 9 FACT F9D ANO!R :O HAS A SUIT1 BUT :O DOESN'T NE$ IT1 & NE$S C(FEE 9/EAD4 ,N[ ONE MAKES A TRADE RI<T AWAY4 ,WE GIVE HIM ! #b KILOS ( C(FEE & HE GIVES US ! SUIT4 

,BUT DOES IT FOLL[ ?AT ! COMMODITIES1 :ILE !Y DIFF] COMPLETELY BETWE5 !MSELVES BECAUSE ( !IR DIFF]5T QUALITIES1 ?AT IS = !IR USE VALUES1 CAN BE EX*ANG$ ONE = ! O!R8 ,WE HAVE ALREADY %[N ?IS4 

,BECAUSE1 ALONGSIDE ! USE VALUE1 !RE IS ALSO F\ND AN EX*ANGE VALUE 9 ! COMMODITY4 ,N[1 ! F\NDATION ( ! EX*ANGE VALUE1 OR ! APPROPRIATELY DET]M9$ VALUE1 IS ! HUMAN LABOR NE$$ = ITS PRODUCTION4 ,! COMMODITY IS MADE BY ! WORK]2 HUMAN LABOR IS ! LIFE-=CE ?AT GIVES IT EXI/5CE4 ,ALL COMMODITIES !RE=E1 AL?\< !Y'RE DIFF]5T 9 QUALITY1 >E SUB/ANTIALLY ! SAME1 BECAUSE DAU<T]S ( ! SAME FA!R ALL HAVE ! SAME BLOOD 9 !IR VE9S4 ,IF #b KILOS ( C(FEE >E EX*ANG$ = A SUIT1 OR = #b MET]S ( CANVAS1 IT IS 9DE$ BECAUSE ! SAME AM\NT ( HUMAN LABOR IS NE$$ TO PRODUCE #b KILOS ( C(FEE AS IS NE$$ TO PRODUCE A SUIT1 OR #b MET]S ( CANVAS4 ,!RE=E1 ! VALUE'S SUB/ANCE IS HUMAN LABOR1 & ! SIZE ( ! VALUE IS DET]M9$ FROM ! AM\NT ( HUMAN LABOR ITSELF4 ,! VALUE'S SUB/ANCE IS ! SAME 9 ALL COMMODITIES2 !RE=E IT DOES NOT /& ?AT !Y MU/ BE EQUAL 9 SIZE1 BECAUSE ! COMMODITIES >E1 LIKE EXPRESSIONS ( VALUE1 ALL EQUAL TO ONE ANO!R1 I4E41 ALL ABLE TO BE EX*ANG$ ONE = ! O!R4 

,! SIZE ( ! VALUE DEP5DS ON ! AM\NT ( WORK2 9 #ab H\RS ( WORK ONE PRODUCES A VALUE D\BLE ?AT :I* IS PRODUC$ 9 ONLY SIX H\RS ( WORK4 ,!RE=E1 SOMEONE W\LD SAY1 ! MORE ONE WORKS & ! LONG] ONE WORKS1 SAVE = DISABILITY OR = LAZ9ESS1 ! MORE VALUE IS PRODUC$4 ,NO?+ IS FALS]4 ,LABOR1 :I* =MS ! SUB/ANCE ( VALUE1 ISN'T ! WORK ( A SUP]HUMAN1 BUT AV]AGE LABOR1 :I* IS ALWAYS ! SAME1 & ?AT IS RI<TLY CALL$ SOCIAL LABOR4 ,?IS IS ?AT WORK1 :I*1 9 A GIV5 C5T] ( PRODUCTION1 CAN BE AV]AG$ BY A WORK]1 :O WORKS ) AN AV]AGE ABILITY & AN AV]AGE 9T5SITY4 

,! DUAL NATURE ( COMMODITIES KN[N1 BE+1 ?AT IS1 USE VALUE & EX*ANGE VALUE1 ONE WILL SEE ?AT COMMODITIES CAN BE BORN ONLY BY ! WORK ( LABOR1 & BY LABOR ?AT IS USEFUL TO ALL4 ,AIR = EXAMPLE1 GRASSL&S1 VIRG9 SOIL1 ETC4 >E USEFUL TO PEOPLE1 BUT DON'T CON/ITUTE ANY VALUE TO !M1 BECAUSE !Y >5'T ! PRODUCTS ( WORK &1 CONSEQU5TIALLY1 >5'T COMMODITIES4 ,WE CAN MAKE \RSELVES OBJECTS = \R [N P]SONAL USES1 BUT :I* CAN'T BE USEFUL = O!RS2 9 SU* A CASE WE DON'T PRODUCE COMMODITIES2 EV5 LESS WE PRODUCE COMMODITIES :5 WE WORK ON OBJECTS1 :I* DO NOT HAVE ANY USEFULNESS EI!R = US OR = O!RS4 

,COMMODITIES1 !RE=E1 >E EX*ANG$ = EA* O!R2 ! ONE1 ?AT IS1 ?AT PRES5TS ITSELF AS ! O!R'S EQUIVAL5T4 ,= ! GREAT] COM=T ( EX*ANGES ONE BEG9S TO USE ALWAYS ONE GIV5 COMMODITY AS ! EQUIVAL5T2 ?AT :I* SO /EPS \T FROM ! RANK ( ALL ! O!RS1 TO /& 9 FRONT ( !M AS A G5]AL EQUIVAL5T2 ?AT IS CURR5CY4 ,CURR5CY !RE=E IS ?AT COMMODITY :I*1 BY CU/OM & BY LEGAL SANCTION1 HAS MONOPOLIZ$ ! POSITION ( ! G5]AL EQUIVAL5T4 ,?US HAS HAPP5$ = US ) SILV]4 ,:ILE BE=E #b KILOS ( C(FEE1 A SUIT1 #b MET]S ( CANVAS & #be GRAMS ( SILV] W]E F\R COMMODITIES1 :I* W]E EX*ANG$ 9DI/9CTLY = ONE ANO!R1 TODAY 9/EAD Y\ HAVE ?AT #b KILOS ( C(FEE1 #b MET]S ( CANVAS & A SUIT >E ?REE COMMODITIES1 :I* >E WOR? #be GRAMS ( SILV]1 I4E4 #e LIRE4 

,H[EV]1 :E!R ! EX*ANGE IS DONE IMM$IATELY FROM COMMODITY TO COMMODITY1 OR ! EX*ANGE IS DONE BY MEANS ( CURR5CY1 ! LAW ( EX*ANGE ALWAYS REMA9S ! SAME4 ,A COMMODITY CAN NEV] BE EX*ANG$ ) ANO!R1 IF ! LABOR ?AT IS NE$$ TO PRODUCE ONE IS NOT EQUAL TO ! LABOR ?AT IS NE$$ TO PRODUCE ! O!R4 ,?IS LAW MU/ BE KEPT WELL 9 M9D1 BECAUSE ABOVE IT IS F\ND$ EV]Y?+ ?AT WE WILL AFT]W>DS4 

,) ! >RIVAL ( CURR5CY1 IMM$IATE OR DIRECT EX*ANGES1 COMMODITY = COMMODITY1 5D4 ,EX*ANGES MU/ ALL BE DONE1 FROM N[ ON1 ?R\< CURR5CY2 SO ?AT A COMMODITY ?AT WI%ES TO TRANS=M 9TO ANO!R1 MU/1 FIR/1 FROM A COMMODITY TRANS=M 9TO CURR5CY1 !N FROM CURR5CY TRANS=M ITSELF AGA9 9TO A COMMODITY4 ,! =MULA ( EX*ANGES1 !RE=E1 WILL NOT BE A *A9 ( COMMODITIES ANYMORE1 BUT A *A9 ( COMMODITIES & CURR5CY4 ,SEE H]E3 

,COMMODITY-,CURR5CY-,COMMODITY-,CURR5CY-,COMMODITY-,CURR5CY4 

,N[1 IF 9 ?IS =MULA WE F9D 9DICAT$ ! TURNS ?AT MAKE ! GOODS1 9 !IR SUCCESSIVE TRANS=MATIONS1 WE F9D EQUALLY M>K$ ! TURNS ( CURR5CY4 ,IT IS FROM ?IS SAME =MULA !RE=E ?AT WE WILL D]IVE ! =MULA ( CAPITAL4 

,:5 WE F9D \RSELVES 9 POSSESSION ( A C]TA9 ACCUMULATION ( COMMODITIES1 OR ( CURR5CY1 :I* IS ! SAME ?+1 WE >E [N]S ( A C]TA9 WEAL?4 ,IF WE >E ABLE TO GIVE A BODY TO ?IS WEAL?1 ?AT IS AN ORGANISM ABLE TO DEVELOP ITSELF1 WE WILL HAVE CAPITAL4 ,GIV+ IT A BODY1 OR AN ORGANISM ABLE TO DEVELOP ITSELF1 MEANS TO BE BORN & TO GR[2 & 9 FACT ! ESS5CE ( CAPITAL IS PLAC$ PRECISELY 9 ! POSSIBLY PROLIFIC NATURE ( CURR5CY4 

,! RESOLUTION ( ! PROBLEM 7TO F9D ! WAY TO GIVE BIR? TO CAPITAL7 IS CONTA9$ 9 ! RESOLUTION ( ANO!R PROBLEM3 TO F9D A WAY TO MAKE MONEY GR[ PROGRESSIVELY4 

,9 ! =MULA1 :I* M>KS ! TURNS ( COMMODITIES & ( CURR5CY1 WE ADD1 TO ! T]M CURR5CY1 A M>K ( PROGRESSIVE GR[? 9DICAT+ IT1 = EXAMPLE1 ) A NUMB] & WE WILL HAVE3 

,CURR5CY-,COMMODITIES-,CURR5CY#a-,COMMODITIES-,CURR5CY#b-,COMMODITIES-,CURR5CY#c4 

,?IS IS ! =MULA ( CAPITAL4 

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