,P>T #c ,HI/ORY ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,K>L ,KORS* ,TEXT 3 #a4 ,! ,MAT]IALI/IC ,CONCEPTION ( ,HI/ORY #b4 ,! ,G5ESIS ( ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM #c4 ,! ,MAT]IALI/IC ,S*EME ( ,SOCIETY #d4 ,NATURE & ,SOCIETY #e4 ,PRODUCTIVE ,=CES & ,PRODUCTION-,RELATIONS #f4 ,BASIS & ,SUP]/RUCTURE #g4 ,CONCLUSIONS ,*APT] #a4 ,! ,MAT]IALI/IC ,CONCEPTION ( ,HI/ORY ,M>X & ,5GELS NEV] CONSID]$ !IR NEW PR9CIPLE ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL RESE>* AS MORE ?AN A NEW SCI5TIFIC APPROA* TO A /RICTLY EMPIRICAL 9VE/IGATION ( ! HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! MOD]N CAPITALI/IC MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,M>X REF]R$ TO IT 9 #ahei AS A 0G5]AL RESULT0 AT :I* HE HAD >RIV$ DUR+ ! FIR/ P]IOD ( HIS ECONOMIC RESE>* & :I*1 ONCE GA9$1 S]V$ AS A 0GUID+ PR9CIPLE0 TO HIS SUBSEQU5T /UDIES4 ,TW5TY YE>S LAT] HE REFUT$ ! ]RONE\S CONCLUSION ( ! ,RUSSIAN SOCIOLOGI/ ,MI*AELOVSKY :O HAD MIS9T]PRET$ ! G5]AL DESCRIPTION ( ! 0,HI/ORICAL ,T5D5CY ( ,CAPITAL ,ACCUMULATION0 9 ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL AS A 0SUPRA-HI/ORIQUE0 PR9CIPLE1 ?AT )\T A PREVI\S 9VE/IGATION ( ! ACTUAL HI/ORICAL FACTS C\LD BE APPLI$ TO ANY O!R P]IOD & 9DE$ TO ! :OLE HI/ORY ( HUMAN SOCIETY4 ,HE PO9T$ \T ?AT ?AT DESCRIPTION1 DESPITE ITS G5]AL =M1 WAS M]ELY A 0RESUME0 ( ! MAT]IALS :I* HAD ALREADY BE5 EXAM9$ 9 DETAIL 9 ! PREVI\S *APT]S & ?US WAS NO?+ MORE ?AN A HI/ORICAL SKET* ( ! RISE ( CAPITALISM 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,HIS ATTITUDE WAS FULLY %>$ BY ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS :O AB\T ! SAME TIME OPPOS$ ! OLD TRADITIONAL CONCEPTION ( ! HI/ORICAL PROCESS :I* 0KNEW NO?+ ( ! CLASS /RUGGLES BAS$ UPON MAT]IAL 9T]E/S1 9 FACT1 ( NO MAT]IAL 9T]E/S AT ALL10 & DEALT ) SU* TOPICS AS PRODUCTION & ALL ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ONLY ACCESSORILY1 AS 0SUBORD9ATE ELEM5TS ( ! HI/ORY ( CULTURE40 ,HE CONFRONT$ ?AT OLD 0IDEALI/IC CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY0 ) ! NEW PR9CIPLE ( ! PROLET>IAN SCI5CE &1 9CID5TALLY1 GAVE ! 0,MAT]IALI/IC ,CONCEPTION ( ,HI/ORY0 ITS LAT] & UNIV]SALLY ACCEPT$ NAME4 ,?IS NAME1 BY ! WAY1 WAS NEV] APPLI$ TO IT BY ,M>X HIMSELF :O WAS QUITE CONT5T TO DESCRIBE IT AS A 0MAT]IALI/IC & ?US SCI5TIFIC ME?OD40 ,JU/ AS ANY O!R EXP]IM5TAL NATURAL & SOCIAL SCI5CE1 ! ,M>XIAN !ORY ( SOCIETY CANNOT TAKE ITS DEP>TURE FROM A PRECONCEIV$ & DOGMATIC PR9CIPLE2 EV5 LESS SO BECAUSE ! SCI5CE ( ,M>X IS A 0CRITICAL0 RA!R ?AN A POSITIVE SCI5CE4 ,HE CRITICIZES !ORETICALLY ! DOCTR9ES ( B\RGEOIS SOCIAL SCI5CE :I* >E NO LONG] T5ABLE1 JU/ AS DUR+ ! SAME P]IOD ! EXI/+ =MS ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY :I* HAVE BECOME UNT5ABLE AT ! PRES5T /AGE ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T >E PRACTICALLY CRITICIZ$ & TRANS=M$ BY ! REVOLUTION>Y ACTION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,EV5 :]E ,M>X DEP>TS FROM ?AT PURELY CRITICAL POSITION1 HE DOES NOT LAY D[N ANY G5]AL PROPOSITIONS AS TO ! ESS5TIAL NATURE ( ALL SOCIETY BUT M]ELY DESCRIBES ! P>TICUL> CONDITIONS & DEVELOPM5TAL T5D5CIES 9H]5T 9 ! HI/ORICAL =M ( CONTEMPOR>Y B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,! CRITICAL PR9CIPLE ( ,M>X'S SOCIAL SCI5CE WAS DUR+ ! SUBSEQU5T DEVELOPM5T ( ,M>XISM CONV]T$ 9TO A G5]AL SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY4 ,FROM ?IS FIR/ MISCONCEPTION1 IT WAS ONLY ONE /EP FUR!R TO ! IDEA ?AT ! HI/ORICAL & ECONOMIC SCI5CE ( ,M>X MU/ BE BAS$ ON ! BROAD] F\NDATION NOT ONLY ( A SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY BUT EV5 ( AN ALL-COMPREH5SIVE 0MAT]IALI/IC PHILOSOPHY0 EMBRAC+ BO? NATURE & SOCIETY1 OR A G5]AL PHILOSOPHICAL 9T]PRETATION ( ! UNIV]SE4 ,?US ! DEF9ITELY SCI5TIFIC =MS :I* ! REAL K]NEL ( ! PHILOSOPHICAL MAT]IALISM ( ! #a#h? C5TURY HAD ASSUM$ 9 ! HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM ( ,M>X W]E ULTIMATELY C>RI$ BACK TO :AT ,M>X HIMSELF HAD ONCE UNMI/AKABLY REPUDIAT$ AS 0! PHILOSOPHICAL PHRASES ( ! ,MAT]IALI/S AB\T MATT]40 ,M>X'S MAT]IALI/IC SCI5CE1 BE+ A /RICTLY EMPIRICAL 9VE/IGATION 9TO DEF9ITE HI/ORICAL =MS ( SOCIETY1 DOES NOT NE$ A PHILOSOPHICAL SUPPORT4 ,?IS MO/ IMPORTANT PO9T MADE 9 ,M>X'S HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM WAS LAT] MISS$ EV5 BY ?OSE 0OR?ODOX0 ,M>X-9T]PRET]S :O !MSELVES COMBAT$ ) ! UTMO/ 5]GY ALL ATTEMPTS MADE BY ! LAT] CRITICS1 )9 & )\T ! ,M>XI/ CAMP1 TO 0REVISE ,M>XISM0 BY BAS+ IT ON SOME OR O!R CONTEMPOR>Y NON-MAT]IALI/IC PHILOSOPHY4 ,9 !IR PA9/AK+ EF=TS TO PROTECT ! TRUE ,M>XI/ MAT]IALISM FROM :AT !Y QUITE CORRECTLY REG>D$ AS AN UNDESIRABLE DILUTION ( ! G5U9E ,M>XIAN ?\X'S EMPIRICAL 9VE/IGATION ( SOCIETY IS NOT ONLY F> 9 ADVANCE ( ALL IDEALI/IC PHILOSOPHY1 BUT ( ALL PHILOSOPHICAL ?\ACT] ( ! ,M>XIAN SCI5CE BY GIV+ IT A PHILOSOPHICAL 9T]PRETATION4 ,!Y HAVE1 9 FACT1 ONLY SUP]FLU\SLY RE9TRODUC$ !IR [N BACKW>D PHILOSOPHICAL ATTITUDES 9TO A !ORY :I* ,M>X HAD PREVI\SLY TRANS=M$ FROM A PHILOSOPHY 9TO A V]ITABLE SCI5CE4 ,IT WAS ! HI/ORICAL FATE ( ! ,M>X-OR?ODOXY ?AT ITS OPPON5TS1 :ILE REPULS+ ! ATTACKS ( ! 0REVISIONI/S0 ULTIMATELY >RIV$1 ON ALL IMPORTANT ISSUES1 AT ! SAME /&PO9T AS ?AT TAK5 BY !IR ADV]S>IES4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! LEAD+ REPRES5TATIVE ( ?IS S*OOL1 ! PHILOSOPHICAL MAT]IALI/ & OR?ODOX ,M>XI/ ,PLE*ANOV1 9 ALL HIS EAG] SE>* = ?AT 0MAT]IALI/IC PHILOSOPHY0 :I* MIXISM1 F9ALLY HIT UPON ! IDEA ( PRES5T+ ,M>XISM AS 0A =M ( ,SP9OZA'S PHILOSOPHY1 FRE$ BY ,FEU]BA* FROM ITS !OLOGICAL ADDITIONS40 ,:ILE BO? S*OOLS ( ! PHILOSOPHICAL 9T]PRET]S ( ,M>XISM ULTIMATELY C\PL$ ,M>X'S MAT]IALI/IC !ORY ) A PHILOSOPHICAL1 ?AT IS1 AN IDEALI/IC =M ( ?\X ) ,SP9OZA CONNECTS HIM ) AN E>LY B\RGEOIS PHILOSOPHY1 :I*1 :ILE 9 =M IDEALI/IC1 COMPRIS$ ALSO ! G]M ( ! FUTURE MAT]IALI/IC MODE ( ?\X'S SY/EM ) ,KANT'S1 ,MA*'S1 ,DIETZG5'S1 OR ANY O!R K9D ( NON-MAT]IALI/IC PHILOSOPHY1 UTT]LY IGNORE ! :OLE HI/ORICAL & !ORETICAL SITUATION4 ,! ONLY REASON :Y ! MAT]IALI/IC PHILOSOPH]S ,M>X & ,5GELS1 UP FROM A C]TA9 PO9T 9 !IR DEVELOPM5T1 TURN$ !IR BACKS UPON EV]Y PHILOSOPHY1 EV5 ! MAT]IALI/IC PHILOSOPHY 7LEAV+ F> BEH9D SU* LESS CONSI/5T ANTI-PHILOSOPHICAL GOSPELS AS ?OSE ( ,FEU]BA* & ,MOSES ,HESS :O = A TIME HAD PREC$$ !M 9 ?IS T5D5CY7 IS ! FACT ?AT !Y WANT$ TO GO ONE /EP FUR!R & TO \TBID ! MAT]IALISM ( PHILOSOPHY BY A DIRECT MAT]IALI/IC SCI5CE & PRACTICE4 ,?IS DID NOT PREV5T !M FROM OPPOS+1 9 !IR [N SCI5TIFIC WORK1 EV]Y NON-MAT]IALI/IC /&PO9T1 NO MATT] 9 :AT DISGUISE IT APPE>$4 ,!Y EXPRESSLY 9CLUD$ 9 !SE 0NON-MAT]IALI/IC0 OR 0NOT UNIVOCALLY MAT]IALI/IC0 /&PO9TS1 ALSO ! :OLE MOD]N POSITIVISM 7AS REPRES5T$ BY ,COMTE & O!RS7 :I* SEEMS ON ! SURFACE TO BE CLOSELY RELAT$ TO !IR ANTI-PHILOSOPHICAL MAT]IALISM1 & ?AT 0AGNO/IC0 ATTITUDE :I* IS D]IV$ BY MOD]N SCI5TI/S FROM ,HUME'S PHILOSOPHY & :I* 9 ,M>X'S LIFETIME WAS REPRES5T$ 9 ,5GL& BY ,?OMAS ,HUXLEY4 ,! FIX'S DEA? 0CLASSICAL ,G]MAN PHILOSOPHY UND]W5T A K9D ( REVIVAL MA9LY 9 ,5GL& & ,SC&9AVIA1 BUT ALSO 9 ,G]MANY40 ,?AT IS :Y N[ EV5 AN ALTOGE!R SCI5TIFICALLY & EMPIRICALLY M9D$ ,M>XI/ LIKE ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS1 REHE>S$ ! PHILOSOPHICAL MAT]IALISM ( HIS Y\? & SET HIMSELF TO WORK \T ONCE MORE1 AGA9/ ! NEW OBSCURANTI/ T5D5CIES :I* W]E RAPIDLY GA9+ GR\ND AMONG ! V>I\S S*OOLS ( CONTEMPOR>Y B\RGEOIS PHILOSOPHY1 ! P]SI/+ AFF9ITY BETWE5 ! MAT]IALI/IC SCI5CE ( ,M>XISM & A G5]AL1 & !RE=E 9 A C]TA9 S5SE 0PHILOSOPHICAL10 MAT]IALI/IC VIEW ( ! UNIV]SE4 ,! SAME REASON APPLIES 9 A LAT] HI/ORICAL P]IOD1 TO ! PHILOSOPHICAL BATTLES WAG$ AGA9/ ! SO-CALL$ 0,EMPIRIO-,CRITICISM0 & O!R IDEALI/IC PHILOSOPHIES BY ! MILITANT MAT]IALI/ ,L594 ,!RE IS !N1 NO REASONABLE D\BT AS TO ! AFFILIATION ( ,M>XISM TO ! MO/ DEF9ITELY MAT]IALI/IC CRE$ TO BE F\ND 9 PRES5T-DAY PHILOSOPHY & SCI5CE4 ,BUT ! POSITION IS DIFF]5T 9 REG>D TO ! (T5 RECURR+ /ATEM5T ?AT ,M>X'S HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM SPRANG DIRECTLY FROM1 & IS /ILL N[ !ORETICALLY DEP5D5T UPON1 ONE OR ANO!R =M ( PHILOSOPHICAL MAT]IALISM1 AS = EXAMPLE ! REVOLUTION>Y B\RGEOIS MAT]IALISM ( ! #a#h? C5TURY1 OR ! MAT]IALI/IC CRITICISM ( RELIGION FROM ,/RAUSS TO ,FEU]BA*4 ,*APT] #b4 ,! ,G5ESIS ( ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM ,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ,M>X FULLY %>$1 = A TIME1 ! TREM5D\S 5?USIASM FELT DUR+ ! #d'S BY ! :OLE S*OOL ( ,LEFT ,HEGELIANS = ! MAT]IALI/IC MESSAGE ( ,FEU]BA*4 ,! 9FLU5CE EX]T$ UPON HIS !ORY BY ?IS EXP]I5CE MAY1 P]HAPS1 BE BE/ COMP>$ ) ?AT ( ,HUME ON ,KANT AS SUMM$ UP BY ! LATT] 9 ! =MULA ?AT 0,HUME >\S$ ME FROM ! DOGMATIC SLUMB]40 ,YET !RE IS AN IMPORTANT DIFF]5CE 9 ! DEGREE TO :I* ,M>X ON ! ONE H&1 & ! O!R ,HEGELIANS 9CLUD+ ,5GELS1 W]E IMPRESS$ BY ! P>TICUL> =M ( MAT]IALISM REPRES5T$ BY ,FEU]BA*4 ,IT IS NO WOND] ?AT ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS :O HAD SUFF]$ MU* 9 HIS *ILDHOOD UND] ! PIETI/IC CANT ( ! ,WUPP] VALLEY & HAD RECEIV$ HIS FIR/ LESSON 9 PHILOSOPHICAL MAT]IALISM FROM ! GOSPEL CRITICISM ( ! ,HEGELIAN ,DAVID ,FRI$RI* ,/RAUSS & !N PASS$ FROM ! DISCIPLE TO ! MA/] DISCOV]+ BEH9D ! IDEALI/IC =MULAS ( ,HEGEL ! G]MS ( AN ALTOGE!R DIFF]5T A!I/IC & MAT]IALI/IC CRE$1 WAS LAT] DECISIVELY 9FLU5C$ BY ! \TSPOK5 MAT]IALISM TO :I* ?OSE G]MS W]E DEVELOP$ BY ,FEU]BA*4 ,IT WAS C]TA9LY O!RWISE ) ,M>X4 ,HE WAS BR\D MAT]IALISM WAS 9DE$1 FROM ! BEG9N+ & ?R\< ALL ITS PHASES1 A PROGRESS TO REVOLUTION>Y MAT]IALI/IC POLITICS4 ,HE WAS ALREADY A REVOLUTION>Y MAT]IALI/ 9 ?IS POLITICAL S5SE AL?\< /ILL US+ ! LANGUAGE ( ,HEGEL'S IDEALISM1 :5 HE RAV$ AGA9/ ! 0REPROBATE MAT]IALISM0 ( ! ,PRUSSIAN ,/ATE ,GAZETTE :I* 09 CONSID]+ A ,/ATUTE ON ! /EAL+ ( WOOD ?\LY AS ?IS 0DEMOCRACY0 AS BE+ 0! G5]AL =M ( ! ,/ATE 9 :I* ! =MAL PR9CIPLE IS AT ! SAME TIME ! MAT]IAL PR9CIPLE10 & ADD$ ! F>-REA*+ REM>K ?AT 0! MOD]N ,FR5* HAVE UND]/OOD ?IS TO MEAN ?AT 9 TRUE DEMOCRACY ! POLITICAL ,/ATE MU/ DISAPPE>40 ,= ALL !SE REASONS ! MAT]IALI/IC RUPTURE ) ALL !OLOGICAL & PHILOSOPHICAL IDEALISM :I* WAS EFFECT$ BY ,FEU]BA* 9 HIS BOOK ON ! ,ESS5CE ( ,*RI/IANITY1 #a#h#d#a1 &1 EV5 MORE P[]FULLY1 9 HIS ,PRELIM9>Y ,!SES ON ! ,RE=M ( ,PHILOSOPHY1 #a#h#d#b1 DID NOT HAVE ?AT SWEEP+ EFFECT UPON ,M>X ?AT IT HAD UPON ,5GELS &1 EV5 MORE P]SI/5TLY1 UPON ,/RAUSS1 ,BRUNO ,BAU]1 ETC41 :O1 ALL ?R\< !IR LIVES1 DID NOT EM]GE FROM ! PHASE ( RELIGI\S CRITICISM4 ,?US BECOMES EVID5T ! REAL MEAN+ ( ! S5T5CE BY :I* ,M>X 9 #ahdc DESCRIB$ ! CRITICISM ( RELIGION AS 0! PREMISE ( ALL CRITICISM40 ,?IS (T-QUOT$ PHRASE HAD AT ! TIME :5 IT WAS =MULAT$ BY ,M>X UND] ! CONDITIONS PREVAIL+ 9 ,PRUSSIA AFT] ! *ANGE ( GOV]NM5T1 BESIDES ITS G5]AL !ORETICAL A DEF9ITE POLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE4 ,M>X PROCLAIM$ ! ATTACK ( ! B\RGEOIS FREE?9K]S AGA9/ ! REACTION>Y RELIGI\S POLICY ( ! NEW REGIME TO BE ! FIR/ PHASE ( ?AT 0POLITICAL MOVEM5T0 :I* BEG9N+ 9 #ahd WAS TO LEAD UP TO ! #ahdh REVOLUTION4 ,BY ! SAME REASON A CRITICISM RE/RICT$ TO RELIGION LO/ ! POSITIVE SIGNIFICANCE IT HAD BORNE = A TIME AS SOON AS ?AT FIR/ PHASE WAS BR\Y MOVEM5T ( ! E>LY #d'S1 ?AT MOVEM5T HAD N[ REA*$ A PO9T AT :I*1 ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 EV5 A POLITICAL /RUGGLE HAD BECOME A M]E TRANSP>5T VEIL CONCEAL+ ! SOCIAL /RUGGLE B5EA?4 ,M>X HAD ALREADY DECL>$ BE=E &1 9 FACT1 9 ! V]Y S5T5CE 9 :I* HE SPOKE ( ! CRITICISM ( RELIGION AS BE+ 0! PREMISE ( ALL CRITICISM10 ?AT 0! CRITICISM ( RELIGION1 = ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES1 HAS BE5 CONCLUD$ 9 ,G]MANY40 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT BO? HE & ,5GELS1 ONE YE> LAT]1 REAFFIRM$ !IR ALLEGIANCE TO ! 0REAL HUMANISM0 ( ,FEU]BA*2 !Y DID SO ) A VIEW TO RETA9 AN ALLY 9DISP5SABLE 9 ! IMP5D+ REVOLUTION>Y FI AGA9/ ! :OLE ( ! ,LEFT ,HEGELIANS :O /ILL REMA9$ ROOT$ 9 PHILOSOPHICAL GR\ND4 ,M>X WAS BY N[ DEF9ITELY TIR$ ( 0ANY CRITICISM ( RELIGION :I* DOES NOT GO BEYOND ITS PROP] SPH]E40 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 HE HAD LEFT RELIGI\S CRITICISM F> BEH9D & HAD PROGRESS$ FROM ! 0PREMISE0 TO ITS POLITICAL & SOCIAL CONSEQU5CES1 FROM 0CRITICISM ( HEAV50 TO 0CRITICISM ( E>?10 FROM 0CRITICISM ( RELIGION0 TO 0CRITICISM ( LAW10 FROM 0CRITICISM ( !OLOGY0 TO 0CRITICISM ( POLITICS10 & FROM !RE1 9 A SUBSEQU5T /AGE1 TO A CRITICISM ( ! /ILL MORE E>?LY =MS :I* ! RELIGI\S REFLEXION ( ! REAL WORLD ASSUMES 9 ! ECONOMIC SPH]E1 I4E41 ( ! 0FETI% *>ACT] ( ! COMMODITY WORLD0 & ( ! CATEGORIES ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY D]IV$ FROM IT4 ,A MAT]IALI/IC CRITICISM ( ! PREVAIL+ SOCIAL & POLITICAL CONDITIONS C\LD NOT BE BUILT UPON ! MA9LY NATURALI/IC MAT]IALISM :I* HAD BE5 PR(ESS$ BY ,FEU]BA*4 ,FEU]BA* HAD CONCEIV$ ( ! HUMAN BE+ AS 0AN AB/RACT 5TITY 9H]5T 9 ! S+LE 9DIVIDUAL40 ,HE HAD NOT1 LIKE ,M>X1 DESCRIB$ IT AS 0! 5SEMBLE ( ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS40 ,HE UND]/OOD ! WORLD 0ONLY 9 ! =M ( AN OBJECT OR ( CONTEMPLATION4 ,IT WAS1 H[EV]1 ( DECISIVE IMPORTANCE = HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM TO UND]/& ! GIV5 REALITY & ITS DEVELOPM5T ALSO FROM A SUBJECTIVE VIEWPO9T AS 0A HUMAN S5SUAL ACTIVITY1 I4E41 PRACTICE10 & ?US TO CONCEIVE ( HUMAN ACTION ITSELF AS AN 0OBJECTIVE ACTIVITY40 ,! NATURALI/IC MAT]IALISM ( ,FEU]BA* :I* 0EXCLUD$ ! HI/ORICAL PROCESS10 WAS NOT CAPABLE ( FULFILL+ ?AT MO/ IMPORTANT TASK EV5 9 ITS [N PECULI> & LIMIT$ SPH]E1 ! CRITICISM ( RELIGION4 ,ONLY 0HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM0 :I* ON AN ECONOMIC1 HI/ORICAL1 & SOCIAL 7NOT ONLY NATURAL & BIOLOGICAL7 BASIS 0EXPLA9S ! ACTIVE BEHAVIOR ( MAN T[>DS NATURE1 ! DIRECT PRODUCTION ( HIS LIFE1 & ?US ALSO ( HIS SOCIAL CONDITIONS & ( ! IDEAS >IS+ FROM !M10 PROVIDES A TRULY MAT]IALI/IC DEVELOPM5T ( ! RELIGI\S IDEAS4 0,ALL HI/ORY ( RELIGION :I* IGNORES ?IS MAT]IAL BASIS IS UNCRITICAL40 ,IT WAS 9 ?IS CONTEXT ?AT ,M>X ADD$ ! /ATEM5T QUOT$ 9 A PREVI\S *APT] ?AT 0IT IS1 9 FACT1 MU* EASI] TO F9D BY ANALYSIS ! SECUL> K]NEL ( ! RELIGI\S MY/]IES ?AN1 CONV]SELY1 TO D]IVE !IR EXALT$ =MS FROM ! PREVAIL+ REAL CONDITIONS4 ,! LATT] IS ! UNIQUE MAT]IALI/IC & !RE=E ! SCI5TIFIC ME?OD40 ,:ILE ! 0,FEU]BA* CULT0 :I* ,M>X HAD %>$ ) ! O!R Y\NG ,HEGELIANS = AN EXTREMELY %ORT TIME1 DID ON ! :OLE NOT LEAVE A DEEP M>K ON HIS MAT]IALI/IC !ORY1 HE WAS MU* MORE IMPRESS$ BY ?AT E>LI] =M ( B\RGEOIS MAT]IALISM :I* HAD BE5 9AUGURAT$ BY 0! ,5GLI% & ,FR5*0 9 ! C\RSE ( ! #a#g? & #a#h? C5TURIES4 ,! ATTITUDE ( ,M>X & ,5GELS TO ! DIFF]5T PHASES ( B\RGEOIS SOCIAL !ORY & ECONOMICS :I* WE HAVE DEALT ) 9 ! ,FIR/ & ,SECOND ,P>TS ( ?IS BOOK EXACTLY REPEATS ITSELF 9 !IR ATTITUDE T[>DS ! DIFF]5T HI/ORICAL PHASES ( B\RGEOIS MAT]IALISM4 ,!Y DISMISS$ ) UTT] CONTEMPT ?AT 0%ALL[ & VULG>IZ$ =M 9 :I* #a#h? C5TURY MAT]IALISM CONT9UES TODAY 9 ! M9DS ( ! NATURAL SCI5TI/S & PHYSICIANS1 & :I* WAS PREA*$ ON !IR LECTURE T\RS 9 ! #e'S BY ,BU*N]1 ,VOGT1 & ,MOLES*OTT40 ,ON ! O!R H&1 !Y ALWAYS REG>D$ !IR NEW PROLET>IAN & REVOLUTION>Y MAT]IALISM AS A CONT9UATION & MORE HIY EPO* & HAD !N ALREADY TEMPOR>ILY BEGUN TO BRAN* (F DIRECTLY 9TO SOCIALISM & COMMUNISM4 ,?IS RELATION1 H[EV]1 IS MORE ( A G5]AL AFFILIATION ?AN A DEF9ITE ADOPTION ( ME?ODS & RESULTS4 ,ON ! 5TIRELY NEW FIELD N[ OP5$ BY ! EXT5SION ( ! MAT]IALI/IC PR9CIPLE TO ! HI/ORICAL & SOCIAL SCI5CES1 & UND] ! *ANG$ HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 ,M>X & ,5GELS C\LD NO LONG] UTILIZE ! PRIMITIVE =MS ( ?OSE E>LY =]UNN]S = !IR [N RESE>*1 AL?\< !Y W5T ON TO ADMIRE & TO PRAISE ! B\RGEOIS MAT]IALISM ( ! #a#h? C5TURY = ITS MILITANT REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CY4 ,! B\RGEOIS MAT]IALI/S HAD NOT DEVELOP$ ANY ADEQUATE PR9CIPLES = ! HI/ORICAL & SOCIAL /UDIES4 ,!Y HAD1 9DE$1 BOLDLY PROCLAIM$ !IR MAT]IALI/IC PR9CIPLE AS FUNDAM5TAL = ALL FIELDS ( EXI/5CE & KN[L$GE4 ,!Y DID NOT DREAM ( ! HALF-HE>T$NESS ( PRES5T-DAY NATURAL SCI5TI/S :O ACTUALLY APPLY A MAT]IALI/IC PR9CIPLE )9 ! LIMIT$ BRAN* 9 :I* !Y HAPP5 TO DO !IR PR(ESSIONAL SCI5TIFIC WORK1 BUT C>EFULLY AVOID ANY FUR!R EXT5SION ( ?AT MAT]IALISM & *E]FULLY REG>D !MSELVES 7TO USE AN EXPRESSION APPLI$ TO ,FEU]BA* BY ,5GELS7 AS 0MAT]IALI/S UND]NEA? & IDEALI/S ON TOP40 ,YET EV5 ! E>LY B\RGEOIS MAT]IALI/S HAD 9 FACT DIRECT$ !IR ATT5TION MA9LY TO ! FIELD :I* ( NECESSITY ATTRACT$ !M BECAUSE ( ITS IMPORTANCE = MOD]N 9DU/RY1 ! V]Y BASIS ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,?US !Y HAD WORK$ \T PRIM>ILY A MAT]IALI/IC SCI5CE ( NATURE1 & DEALT ) 0SOCIETY0 ONLY 9 PASS+ AS A SECOND>Y P>T ( ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,! MORE DEF9ITE & MORE ?REAT5+ ! =MS ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS-MOVEM5T BECAME 9 ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 ! MORE WAS B\RGEOIS MAT]IALISM DRIV5 BACK FROM ! ?ORNY GR\ND ( 0SOCIETY0 TO 0NATURE0 AS A FIELD ( SCI5TIFIC RESE>*4 ,! B\RGEOIS SOCIAL SCI5CE ( ! #a#i? & #b? C5TURIES1 9 =GETT+ ITS REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT] G5]ALLY1 ALSO =GOT ! MAT]IALISM ( ITS Y\?FUL PHASE & WAS ABLE TO REPRODUCE IT1 IF AT ALL1 ONLY 9 ! SPASMODIC & C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y =M1 9 :I* IT APPE>S = 9/ANCE 9 ,P>ETO'S 0MAT]IALI/IC0 DOCTR9E ( IDEOLOGIES4 ,B\RGEOIS MAT]IALISM HAS REVOLUTIONIZ$ ! NATURAL SCI5CES4 ,! PROLET>IAN MAT]IALISM ( ,M>X & ,5GELS PROPOS$ FROM ! \TSET TO SUBJECT ! HI/ORICAL & SOCIAL WORLD TO ! SAME MAT]IALI/IC PR9CIPLE4 ,JU/ AS ! MAT]IALISM ( NATURAL SCI5CE HAD BUILT UP ITS !ORETICAL =M 9 A CRITICAL FIY CONCLUSION 9 ! ,G]MAN IDEALI/IC PHILOSOPHY FROM ,KANT TO ,HEGEL4 ,M>X F\ND HIDD5 B5EA? ! IDEALI/IC SPECULATIVE =MS ( ,HEGEL'S ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,LAW1 ,HI/ORY1 ,ES!TICS1 ,RELIGION1 ETC41 ( ,LOGIC & ,HI/ORY ( ,PHILOSOPHY1 JU/ ?AT :I* HE HAD NOT BE5 ABLE TO F9D ANY:]E ELSE 9 ! :OLE ( PA/ & CONTEMPOR>Y PHILOSOPHY & SCI5CE3 NAMELY1 A ME?ODICAL />T+ PO9T = AN EMPIRICAL 9VE/IGATION ( ! SO-CALL$ 0SPIRITUAL NATURE ( MAN10 I4E41 ! REALM ( HI/ORY OR SOCIETY AS OPPOS$ TO NATURE4 ,! FIR/ IMPORTANCE ( ,HEGEL'S PHILOSOPHY = ,M>X'S MAT]IALI/ SCI5CE D]IVES FROM ! FACT ?AT H]E ! SPH]E ( 0NATURE0 HAD BE5 CONFRONT$ = ! FIR/ TIME ) ! NEW SPH]E ( ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( M5 AS AN EQUALLY COMPREH5SIVE ,UNIV]SE ( ,RESE>*1 BO? TO BE ULTIMATELY SUBORD9AT$ TO ONE & ! SAME SUPREME PR9CIPLE ( KN[L$GE4 ,!RE IS1 ( C\RSE1 ! DIFF]5CE ?AT = ,HEGEL ?AT ULTIMATE PR9CIPLE HAD BE5 SPIRITUAL1 :ILE = ,M>X IT WAS MAT]IAL4 ,HEGEL />T$ FROM ! 0IDEA40 ,M>X1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 9 ALL HIS PHILOSOPHICAL1 JURIDICAL1 & POLITICAL /UDIES TOOK HIS />T FROM A /RICTLY EMPIRICAL PR9CIPLE4 ,HE APPROA*$ ! HI/ORICAL1 SOCIAL1 & PRACTICAL WORLD ( MAN ) ! FIRM DECISION TO 9VE/IGATE ?IS SO-CALL$ 0WORLD ( ! M9D0 :I* UNTIL !N HAD BE5 TREAT$ AS SOME?+ ESS5TIALLY DIFF]5T FROM PHYSICAL & MAT]IAL NATURE1 ) ! SAME 0PRECISION0 :I* HAD BE5 APPLI$ = SEV]AL C5TURIES BY ! GREAT SCI5TI/S TO !IR /UDY ( PHYSICAL NATURE4 ,9 SO DO+ HE C>RI$ \T ! PROGRAM :I* HE HAD FIR/ =MULAT$ AS A /UD5T ( N9ETE5 YE>S :5 HE WAS /ILL 9SPIR$ BY ! 0IDEALISM ( ,KANT & ,FI*TE10 BUT JU/ ON ! V]GE ( SUCCUMB+ TO ! LURE ( ! GREAT ,HEGELIAN PHILOSOPHY4 ,IT WAS AT ?AT TIME1 ?AT Y\NG ,K>L ,M>X CONFESS$ TO HIS AL>M$ FA!R ?AT HE HAD N[ RESOLV$ 0TO PLUNGE 9TO ! SEA ONCE MORE10 BUT ?IS TIME 0) A DEF9ITE 9T5TION ( F9D+ ! NATURE ( M9D TO BE JU/ AS NECESS>Y1 CONCRETE1 & TIX TO ! ,HEGELIAN PHILOSOPHY1 & HELD HIM UND] ITS SPELL = A CONSID]ABLE P]IOD ( HIS LIFE4 ,HE ADH]$1 9 TRU?1 FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ ONLY TO ! 0NATURAL SCI5TI/0 ( SOCIETY :OM HE HAD DISCOV]$ B5EA? ! MY/IFY+ DISGUISE ( ! PHILOSOPHICAL EXPLOR] ( ! HUMAN M9D4 ,HE LEFT ,HEGEL AT ONCE :5 HE FELT ABLE TO REPRES5T 9 A DIRECT & RATIONAL WAY ?OSE MAT]IAL CONNECTIONS BETWE5 M5 & ?+S1 & BETWE5 M5 & M5 :I* =M$ ! REAL CONT5TS HIDD5 UND] AN APP>5T SPECULATIVE CONNECTION ( IDEAS4 ,! REAL CONTRIBUTION ( ,HEGEL TO A MAT]IALI/IC 9VE/IGATION ( SOCIETY WAS ?AT HE HAD SE5 ?IS MAT]IAL CONNECTION1 9 AN IDEALI/IC =M1 & MADE IT ! SUBJECT ( A PHILOSOPHICO-SCI5TIFIC EXPOSITION4 ,HEGEL'S PHILOSOPHICAL SY/EM1 ! LATE/ & MO/ COMPLETE ELABORATION ( ?AT 0NATURAL SY/EM ( ! SCI5CES ( ! M9D0 BY :I* ! !OLOGICO-METAPHYSICAL SY/EM ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES HAD BE5 REPLAC$ DUR+ ! PRACTICAL & !ORETICAL /RUGGLES ( ! PREVI\S C5TURIES1 CAN BE TRAC$ EV]Y:]E 9 ! MAT]IALI/IC S*EME ( SOCIETY4 ,9 AN AS COMPREH5SIVE ?\< IDEALI/IC & NOT MAT]IALI/IC S5SE HAD ALREADY ,HEGEL 7!RE) TRANSLAT+ 9TO HIS 0PR(\ND0 PHILOSOPHICAL SLANG ! EMPIRICAL DISCOV]IES ( ! ,5GLI% & ,FR5* ( ! #a#g? & #a#h? C5TURIES7 DI/+UI%$ BETWE5 ! TWO REALMS ( REALITY1 I4E41 ! 0WORLD ( ! M9D0 OR 0HI/ORY0 ON ! ONE H&1 & ! EXT]NAL WORLD OR 0NATURE0 ON ! O!R4 ,HE1 TOO1 HAD SUBDIVID$ ?AT HI/ORICAL WORLD 9TO DEF9ITE /RATA4 ,ABOVE ! WORLD ( ! 0OBJECTIVE M9D0 7,FAMILY1 ,CIVIL ,SOCIETY1 ,/ATE7 !RE CAME ! WORLD ( ! 0ABSOLUTE M9D0 7,RELIGION1 ,PHILOSOPHY1 ,>T74 ,HE1 TOO1 HAD REG>D$ ?IS WORLD1 AT V>IANCE ) ITSELF1 AS A WORLD 9 A PROCESS ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,!RE WAS ONLY ! *>ACT]I/IC DIFF]5CE ?AT ,HEGEL HAD SUP]IMPOS$ ON ! REAL DEP5D5CE ( ! 0HI<]0 /RATA ( SOCIETY UPON ! 0L[]10 & ON ! REAL PROCESS ( AN HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T GO+ ON 9 TIME1 ( :I* HE WAS FULLY AW>E1 ANO!R REV]S$ & 0IDEALI/IC0 ORD] ( ! UNIV]SE 9 ! %APE ( AN IMAG9$1 TIMELESS DEVELOPM5T & A SIMIL>LY IMAG9$ DEP5D5CE ( ! L[] =MS ( REALITY FROM ! HI<] & MORE 0SPIRITUAL0 =MS4 ,HEGEL1 TOO1 HAD 0DIALECTICALLY0 PRES5T$ ?IS DEVELOPM5T AS BE+ A 0CONTRADICTORY0 PROCESS1 9 :I* ! DRIV+ =CE IS ! NEGATION ( EA* POSITION1 ! CONFLICT RESULT+ FROM ?AT CONTRADICTION TO BE ULTIMATELY READJU/$ ?R\< ! NEGATION ( ! NEGATION 9 A HI<] 0SYN!SIS40 ,?IS ORD] ( ! HI/ORICO-SOCIAL WORLD1 :I* 9 ,HEGEL'S PHILOSOPHY 0/OOD ON ITS HEAD10 WAS PUT ON ITS FEET AGA9 BY ,M>X ?R\< HIS 0MAT]IALI/IC REV]SAL ( ! ,HEGELIAN IDEALISM40 ,M>X /RUCK \T ( ,HEGEL'S S*EME ! IDEA ( ! ,/ATE :I* ,HEGEL HAD PRES5T$ AS ! CR[N+ CONCLUSION & CONSUMMATION ( ! M9D /&+ 9 ! WORLD & CONSCI\SLY REALIZ+ ITSELF )9 IT4 ,ONE MU/ NOT CONF\ND ! ,HEGELIAN 0IDEA ( ! ,/ATE0 ) ?AT ORD9>Y E>?LY PH5OM5ON :I* ) HIM IS M]ELY 0! ,/ATE AS A CIVIL SOCIETY40 0,ONE MU/ NOT ?9K ( P>TICUL> ,/ATES1 OR P>TICUL> 9/ITUTIONS1 ONE MU/ CONSID] RA!R ! REAL ,GOD1 ! IDEA40 ,:5 ! REAL ,GOD WAS DE?RON$ ! :OLE K+DOM FELL4 ,JU/ AS ! 0,/ATE0 & ! 0LAW10 SO ALL ! 0HI<]0 =MS ( ! M9D - RELIGION1 >T1 PHILOSOPHY - W]E N[ \/$ FROM !IR SUP]HUMAN POSITION & DEGRAD$ TO ! RANK ( SIMPLE 0=MS ( SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS10 DEP5D5T UPON ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE4 ,M>X HAD 0MAT]IALI/ICALLY0 CRITICIZ$ ?OSE 0HI<]0 IDEOLOGICAL MANIFE/ATIONS ( ! SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS EV5 BE=E HE EXT5D$ HIS MAT]IALI/IC CRITICISM TO ! PH5OM5A ( ! LEGAL & POLITICAL SPH]ES4 ,HE BEGAN HIS ATTACK ON ! EXI/+ WORLD ) A MAT]IALI/IC CRITICISM ( RELIGION1 >T1 & PHILOSOPHY1 & ?US CRITICIZ$1 AT FIR/ RELIGION PHILOSOPHICALLY1 & AFT]W>DS RELIGION & PHILOSOPHY POLITICALLY4 ,S9CE HE HAD N[ DISCOV]$ ! REAL BASIS ( LAW & ,/ATE 9 MAT]IAL PRODUCTION1 IT WAS ONLY OBVI\S ?AT HE W\LD TRACE TO ! SAME REAL BASIS ALSO ?OSE 0HI<]0 IDEOLOGIES1 :I* HE HAD ALREADY PREVI\SLY TRAC$ TO LAW & POLITICS4 ,9 ! SAME WAY ! ,HEGELIAN IDEA ( 0DEVELOPM5T0 WAS COMPLETELY 0REV]S$0 BY ,M>X4 ,HE PUT 9 ! PLACE ( ! TIMELESS DEVELOPM5T ( ! 0IDEA0 ! REAL HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY ON ! BASIS ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ITS MAT]IAL MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,! ,HEGELIAN 0CONTRADICTION0 WAS REPLAC$ BY ! /RUGGLE ( ! SOCIAL CLASSES2 ! DIALECTICAL 0NEGATION0 BY ! PROLET>IAT & ! DIALECTICAL 0SYN!SIS0 BY ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION & ! TRANSITION TO A HI<] /AGE ( SOCIETY4 ,*APT] #c4 ,! ,MAT]IALI/IC ,S*EME ( ,SOCIETY ,AS E>LY AS #ahdc IT HAD BECOME CLE> TO ,M>X ?AT ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY WAS ! KEY/ONE TO ALL SOCIAL SCI5CE4 ,9 ! FOLL[+ YE>S AS A POLITICAL EXILE 9 ,P>IS & ,BRUSSELS & DUR+ A FIR/ VISIT TO ,LONDON & ,MAN*E/] FROM ,JULY TO ,AUGU/ #a#h#d#e1 HE COMPLET$ ! FIR/ IMPORTANT PORTION ( ?AT ,H]CULEAN TASK TO :I* AFT] A %ORT 9T]RUPTION 9 #a#h#d#h-#e1 HE WAS TO DEVOTE HIS 5]GIES ?R\<\T HIS LIFE4 ,?IS WAS NOT M]ELY AN 9VE/IGATION ( P>TICUL> ECONOMIC TOPICS RESULT+ 9 A SOLUTION ( P>TICUL> ECONOMIC PROBLEMS4 ,IT WAS ! 9ITIATION ( A HI!RTO MA9LY POLITICALLY 9T]E/$ PHILOSOPH] 9TO ! NEWLY DISCOV]$ FIELD ( A REALLY 0MAT]IALI/IC0 SCI5CE4 ,9 ! RETROSPECTIVE ACC\NT GIV5 9 ! ,PREFACE TO HIS ,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY1 #a#h#e#i1 HE SUMS UP ! G5]AL RESULT3 ,9 ! SOCIAL PRODUCTION ( !IR MEANS ( EXI/5CE HUMAN BE+S 5T] 9TO DEF9ITE & NECESS>Y RELATIONS :I* >E 9DEP5D5T ( !IR WILL - PRODUCTION-RELATIONS :I* CORRESPOND TO A DEF9ITE /AGE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( !IR MAT]IAL =CES ( PRODUCTION4 ,! AGGREGATE ( !SE PRODUCTION-RELATIONS CON/ITUTES ! ECONOMIC /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY1 ! REAL BASIS ON :I* A JURIDICAL & POLITICAL SUP]/RUCTURE >ISES1 & TO :I* DEF9ITE =MS ( SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS CORRESPOND4 ,! MODE ( PRODUCTION ( ! MAT]IAL LIFE CONDITIONS ! :OLE PROCESS ( ! SOCIAL1 POLITICAL1 & 9TELLECTUAL LIFE4 ,IT IS NOT M5'S CONSCI\SNESS ?AT DET]M9ES !IR EXI/5CE1 BUT !IR SOCIAL EXI/5CE ?AT DET]M9ES !IR CONSCI\SNESS4 ,AT A C]TA9 /AGE ( !IR DEVELOPM5T ! MAT]IAL PRODUCTIVE =CES ( SOCIETY COME 9TO CONTRADICTION ) ! EXI/+ PRODUCTION-RELATIONS1 OR :AT IS ONLY A LEGAL EXPRESSION = !M ) ! PROP]TY-RELATIONS )9 :I* !Y HI!RTO MOV$4 ,FROM BE+ =MS ( DEVELOPM5T1 ?OSE RELATIONS TURN 9TO FETT]S UPON ! =CES ( PRODUCTION4 ,!N A P]IOD ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION SETS 94 ,) ! *ANGE 9 ! ECONOMIC F\NDATION1 ! :OLE ( ! VA/ SUP]/RUCTURE IS MORE OR LESS RAPIDLY OV]TURN$4 ,9 CONSID]+ SU* REVOLUTION>Y PROCESSES ONE MU/ ALWAYS DI/+UI% BETWE5 ! ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION :OSE MAT]IAL *ANGES CAN BE DET]M9$ ) ! PRECISION ( NATURAL SCI5CE1 & ! LEGAL1 POLITICAL1 RELIGI\S1 >TI/IC1 OR PHILOSOPHICAL1 9 %ORT1 IDEOLOGICAL =MS 9 :I* M5 BECOME CONSCI\S ( ?IS CONFLICT & FIY EPO* BY ITS [N CONSCI\SNESS2 HE MU/1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 EXPLA9 ?AT CONSCI\SNESS BY ! CONTRADICTIONS ( ITS MAT]IAL LIFE1 BY ! EXI/+ CONFLICT BETWE5 ! SOCIAL =CES ( PRODUCTION & ! PRODUCTION-RELATIONS4 ,A =MATION ( SOCIETY NEV] P]I%ES UNTIL ALL ! =CES ( PRODUCTION = :I* IT IS WIDE 5\< HAVE BE5 DEVELOP$2 NEW & HI<] PRODUCTION-RELATIONS NEV] COME 9TO BE+ UNTIL ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS = !IR EXI/5CE HAVE RIP5$ )9 ! WOMB ( ! OLD SOCIETY ITSELF4 ,!RE=E MANK9D ALWAYS SETS ITSELF SU* TASKS ONLY AS IT CAN SOLVE2 = LOOK+ CLOS]1 WE %ALL ALWAYS F9D ?AT ! TASK ITSELF >ISES ONLY :5 ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS = ITS SOLUTION >E ALREADY EXI/5T OR1 AT LEA/1 9 PROCESS ( =MATION4 ,9 BROAD \TL9E ! ,ASIATIC1 ! ,ANTIQUE1 ! ,FEUDAL1 & ! MOD]N ,B\RGEOIS MODES ( PRODUCTION CAN BE DESIGNAT$ AS EPO*S 9 PROGRESS ( ! ECONOMIC =MATION ( SOCIETY4 ,! B\RGEOIS PRODUCTION-RELATIONS >E ! F9AL ANTAGONI/IC =M ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCTION-PROCESS - ANTAGONI/IC NOT 9 ! S5SE ( 9DIVIDUAL ANTAGONISM1 BUT AS GR[+ \T ( ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS DET]M9+ ! LIFE ( ! 9DIVIDUALS4 ,! =CES ( PRODUCTION DEVELOP+ )9 ! WOMB ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY CREATE AT ! SAME TIME ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS = ! SOLUTION ( ?AT ANTAGONISM4 ,?AT IS :Y ) ?AT =MATION ( SOCIETY ! PREHI/ORY ( HUMAN SOCIETY COMES TO AN 5D4 ,! =EGO+ PROPOSITIONS :I* ,M>X1 AFT] FIFTE5 YE>S ( LABORS PRES5T$ AS ! C>EFULLY TE/$ PR9CIPLES ( HIS MAT]IALI/IC RESE>* ( SOCIETY1 GIVE A CLE> 9SIS AT FIR/ AS A /ATIC CONNECTION L9K+ TOGE!R ! DIFF]5T /RATA LY+1 AS IT W]E1 ABOVE EA* O!R 9 A GIV5 SOCIO-ECONOMICO =MATION4 ,?AT CONNECTION IS ALT]NATELY DESCRIB$ AS A SIMIL>ITY ( 0/RUCTURE10 A RELATION ( 0BASIS0 & 0SUP]/RUCTURE10 OR A 0CORRESPOND5CE0 BETWE5 ?OSE =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION :I* DIRECTLY SPR+ FROM ! PROCESS ( MAT]IAL PRODUCTION & SU* O!R PH5OM5A AS >ISE FROM V>I\S O!R SOCIAL1 POLITICAL & 9TELLECTUAL ACTIVITIES 9 ANY P>TICUL> HI/ORICAL P]IOD4 ,?IS APP>5TLY /ATIC CONNECTION IS1 H[EV]1 SIMPLY A P>TICUL> CASE ( ! DYNAMIC CONNECTION ?R\< :I* ALL SECTIONS & CROSS-SECTIONS ( SOCIAL LIFE >E B\ND TOGE!R 9 !IR DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 ! V>I\S PHASES ( ! ORIG91 RISE1 & FALL ( A GIV5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC =MATION & ITS REVOLUTION>Y REPLACEM5T BY ! NEW & HI<] PRODUCTION-RELATIONS ( A FUR!R DEVELOP$ SOCIAL =MATION1 ?AT P>TICUL> CONNECTION BETWE5 ALL SOCIAL CONDITIONS :I*1 AT FIR/1 FROM A /ATIC APPROA*1 APPE>$ AS A 0CONS5SUS0 UND]GOES A *ANGE ( =M4 ,FROM A H>MONI\S 0CONS5SUS0 IT IS AT A C]TA9 PO9T TRANS=M$ 9TO A 0DISS5SUS40 7,TO USE ! ,HEGELIAN =MULA3 ! 0CORRESPOND5CE0 ALREADY CONTA9S )9 ITSELF ! 0CONTRADICTION0 ?R\< :OSE FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ! PRODUCTION-RELATIONS &1 EV5 MORE1 ! LEGAL RELATIONS1 =MS ( ,/ATE1 & IDEOLOGIES BAS$ UPON !M1 9 DUE C\RSE >E TURN$ FROM =MS ( DEVELOPM5T ( ! =CES ( PRODUCTION 9TO FETT]S RE/RA9+ ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( SU* =CES ( PRODUCTION47 ,BUT ?IS DYNAMIC CONNECTION IS NOT YET ! F9AL & DEF9ITE =M ( ! MAT]IALI/IC CONNECTION :I* =MS ! SUBJECT MATT] ( ! ,M>XIAN RESE>*4 ,) ALL ITS APP>5T COMPREH5SIV5ESS ! ,M>XIAN =MULA HI!RTO DISCUSS$ 9 ?IS *APT] DOES NOT AIM AT A COMPLETE DESCRIPTION ( ! MAT]IALI/IC PR9CIPLE4 ,IT WAS 9S]T$ 9TO ! ,PREFACE ( HIS MA9 !ORETICAL WORK 7,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY OR1 AS IT WAS TO BE R5AM$ LAT]3 ,CAPITAL7 = ! DEF9ITE PURPOSE ( DISCLOS+ TO HIS READ]S ! !ORETICAL PR9CIPLES UND]LY+ HIS 9VE/IGATION ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY AS ! 0ANATOMY ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY40 ,! HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY IS1 ACCORD+LY1 REPRES5T$ H]E MA9LY AS AN OBJECTIVE PROCESS4 ,HI/ORY IS EXPLA9$ AS AN OBJECTIVE DEVELOPM5T ( ! MAT]IAL =CES ( PRODUCTION AT FIR/ CORRESPOND+ TO & !N CONTRADICT+ ! EXI/+ PRODUCTION-RELATIONS1 :I* ?US FROM BE+ =MS ( DEVELOPM5T >E TURN$ 9TO FETT]S4 ,! HI/ORICAL 0SUBJECT0 ( ?AT DEVELOPM5T IS NOT M5TION$ 9 ! =MULA4 ,! PRODUCTION-RELATIONS ( ALL HI!RTO EXI/+ ECONOMIC =MS ( SOCIETY >E %[N TO BE 0ANTAGONI/IC0 =MS ( ! SOCIAL PROCESS ( PRODUCTION1 BUT ! CLOS] DEF9ITION ( ?IS SOCIAL ANTAGONISM AS A CLASS OPPOSITION & A CLASS W> IS NOT GIV54 ,! VIOL5T OV]?R[ ( ! EXI/+ ORD] ( SOCIETY BY ! OPPRESS$ CLASS APPE>S 9 ! =MULA AS AN 0EPO* ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION0 9 :I* ! SUP]/RUCTURE ( SOCIETY IS TRANS=M$ ) ! *ANGE TAK+ PLACE 9 ! ECONOMIC F\NDATION4 ,& 9 /RIK+ CONTRA/ TO ! SEV]E CRITICISM PREVI\SLY RAIS$ BY ,M>X & ,5GELS AGA9/ SU* A METAPHYSICAL LANGUAGE1 WE READ H]E ?AT 0MANK9D0 SETS ITSELF C]TA9 TASKS1 & EV5 ! 0EPO* ( TRANS=MATION0 ITSELF POSSESSES A CONSCI\SNESS4 ,! AIM ( ! :OLE DEVELOPM5T IS NOT CONCRETELY DEF9$ AS A TRANSITION TO SOCIALI/ & COMMUNI/ SOCIETY1 BUT IS ONLY IMPLI$ 9 ! DESCRIPTION ( PRES5T B\RGEOIS SOCIETY AS BE+ ! CONCLUSION ( ! 0PREHI/ORY ( HUMAN SOCIETY40 ,! FULL S5SE ( ! MAT]IALI/ 9VE/IGATION ( SOCIETY RESULTS FROM ! /ATEM5TS BY :I* ,M>X & ,5GELS AT O!R TIMES & 9 O!R CONTEXTS OPPOS$ !IR MAT]IALI/IC PR9CIPLE TO ! V>I\S CONFLICT+ OP9IONS ) :I* !Y HAD TO DEAL4 ,! OBJECTIVE =MULA 9 ! ,PREFACE TO ! ,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY3 ,! HI/ORY ( SOCIETY IS ! HI/ORY ( ! MAT]IAL PRODUCTION & ( ! CONTRADICTIONS BETWE5 ! MAT]IAL =CES ( PRODUCTION & ! PRODUCTION-RELATIONS :I* >ISE & >E SOLV$ 9 ! C\RSE ( DEVELOPM5T IS SUPPLEM5T$ BY ! SUBJECTIVE =MULA 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O3 ,! HI/ORY ( ALL HI!RTO EXI/+ SOCIETY IS A HI/ORY ( CLASS /RUGGLES4 ,! SUBJECTIVE =MULA CL>IFIES ! OBJECTIVE =MULA4 ,IT CALLS BY ITS PROP] NAME ! CLASS :I* BR+S AB\T ! OBJECTIVE DEVELOPM5T BY A PRACTICAL ACTION4 ,! SAME PRODUCTION-RELATIONS :I* FETT] ! =CES ( PRODUCTION 7AT ! PRES5T /AGE1 ,CAPITAL & ,WAGE ,LABOR71 >E ALSO ! BONDS ( ! LABOR+ MASSES4 ,! OPPRESS$ WORK]S :O 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y CLASS /RUGGLE BUR/ !IR [N FETT]S1 AT ! SAME TIME LIB]ATE PRODUCTION4 ,! ACT+ SUBJECT ( HI/ORY AT ! PRES5T /AGE IS ! PROLET>IAT4 ,ONLY BY TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT ?IS PRACTICAL CONNECTION CAN ! !ORETICAL /ATEM5TS ( ! MAT]IALI/IC 9VE/IGATION ( SOCIETY BE PUT TO !IR FULLE/ USE4 ,! !ORETICAL FACT ?AT ACCORD+ TO ! MAT]IALI/IC PR9CIPLE ( ,M>X LEGAL CONDITIONS & =MS ( ,/ATE NO LONG] =M AN 9DEP5D5T SUBJECT MATT] :I* IS TO BE UND]/OOD BY VIRTUE ( ITS 9H]5T QUALITIES OR D]IV$ FROM A HI<] IMMAT]IAL PR9CIPLE BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 >E ROOT$ 9 ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( EXI/+ B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 CO9CIDES ) ! PRACTICAL FACT ?AT 9 MOD]N B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 AFT] ! ABOLITION ( ALL ! PRIVILEGES ( ! SUP]IOR ORD]S ( ! FEUDAL SOCIETY1 ! 9EQUALITIES DE/ROY$ 9 ! POLITICAL & LEGAL SPH]E >E PRES]V$ 9 ! OPPOSITION ( SOCIAL CLASSES >IS+ FROM ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( LIFE4 ,BY A RADICAL ELUCIDATION ( ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS ,M>X BREAKS ?R\< ! IDEOLOGICAL CONFUSION ) :I* ! PANEGYRI/S ( ! MOD]N DEMOCRATIC ,/ATE DI/RACT ! ATT5TION ( ! PROLET>IAT FROM ITS REAL POSITION1 AS AN ECONOMICALLY OPPRESS$ & EXPLOIT$ CLASS1 & FROM ! MEASURES TO BE TAK5 = A PRACTICAL *ANGE ( ?AT BASIC CONDITION4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! MAT]IALI/IC EXPOSURE ( ! ILLUSIONS ( ! ,/ATE & ! LAW1 & ( ALL O!R HI<-PIT*$ IDEOLOGIES ( MOD]N B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 S]VES AS A CAUTION = ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAN CLASS TO KEEP ITSELF FREE1 AS F> AS POSSIBLE1 FROM ?OSE NEW ILLUSIONS1 ) :I*1 9 E>LI] EPO*S1 REVOLUTION>Y P>TIES CONCEAL$ FROM !MSELVES ! REAL CONT5T ( ! CONFLICTS !Y W]E 5GAG$ 94 ,= ?IS REASON ,M>X 9/ILL$ 9TO ! M9DS ( ! WORK]S ! MAT]IALI/IC LESSON ?AT !IR EMANCIPATION FROM ! P>TICUL> =M ( OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION :I* !Y SUFF] 9 ! PRES5T EPO* CANNOT RESULT FROM ANY *ANGE ( ! EXI/+ POLITICAL1 LEGAL1 & CULTURAL CONDITIONS1 BUT MU/ BE BR\X COMPRIS$ 9 HIS MAT]IALI/IC 9VE/IGATION ( SOCIETY ALL ! PH5OM5A ( A COMPREH5SIVE FIELD ( EXP]I5CE :I* UNTIL !N HAD BE5 DEALT ) BY A NUMB] ( ALTOGE!R DIFF]5T1 OLD & NEW1 SCI5CES4 ,ON ! ONE H& HE RECOGNIZ$ NO 0HI<]0 SPH]ES ( A SO-CALL$ 0SPIRITUAL0 LIFE :I* W\LD BE EXEMPT$ FROM ! CRUDE MAT]IAL NECESSITIES ( ! HI/ORICAL & SOCIAL SPH]ES4 ,ALL JURIDICAL1 POLITICAL1 RELIGI\S1 PHILOSOPHICAL & >TI/IC CONCEPTIONS1 ! :OLE ( ! SO-CALL$ 0CONSCI\SNESS0 ( MAN & ALL ITS PHILOSOPHICAL DISGUISES AS1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ,HEGELIAN T]MS ( AN 0OBJEKTIV]0 & 0ABSOLUT] ,GEI/10 ! ,KANTIAN CONCEPTS ( 0,GATTUNGSV]NUNFT10 & 0,BEWUS/SE9 UB]HAUPT10 ! PHILOSOPHICAL 0IDEA0 G5]ALLY1 & ALL O!R1 EV5 ! MO/ 0UNIV]SAL0 CATEGORIES ( ?\Y PRODUCTS ( A CONT9U\S DEVELOPM5T1 ATTRIBUTES ( A DEF9ITE HI/ORICAL EPO* & ( A DEF9ITE ECONOMIC ORD] ( SOCIETY4 ,TO ALL 0LEGAL CONDITIONS & =MS ( ! ,/ATE0 !RE APPLIES ! MAT]IALI/IC PR9CIPLE ?AT !Y CAN NEI!R BE UND]/OOD 7AS ! EXPON5TS ( DOGMATIC JURISPRUD5CE & POLITICAL SCI5CE BELIEVE7 0\T ( !MSELVES0 NOR 7AS ! PHILOSOPH]S HAD BELIEV$7 0\T ( ! SO-CALL$ G5]AL DEVELOPM5T ( ! HUMAN M9D10 BUT >E ROOT$ 9 ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( ! PRES5T-DAY B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,TO ALL =MS ( SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS !RE APPLIES ! TW(OLD ANTI!SIS =MULAT$ BY ,M>X 9 CONTRA/ BO? TO ! PHILOSOPHICAL IDEALISM ( ,KANT1 ,FI*TE & ,HEGEL1 & TO ! NATURALI/IC MAT]IALISM ( ,FEU]BA*3 0,IT IS NOT ! CONSCI\SNESS ( M5 ?AT DET]M9ES !IR EXI/5CE BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 !IR SOCIAL EXI/5CE :I* DET]M9ES !IR CONSCI\SNESS40 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ,M>X COMPRIS$ 9 HIS MAT]IALI/IC =MULA ALSO ! NATURAL F\NDATION ( ALL HI/ORICAL & SOCIAL PH5OM5A &1 = ?IS PURPOSE1 CONCEIV$ & REPRES5T$ EV5 NATURE ITSELF 9 ! T]MS ( A /RICTLY HI/ORICAL & SOCIAL SCI5CE AS 0,9DU/RY10 0,ECONOMY10 OR 0,MAT]IAL ,PRODUCTION40 ,9 SPITE ( A G5U9E RECOGNITION ( ! 0PRIORITY ( EXT]NAL NATURE0 HE DOES NOT D]IVE ! HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY FROM ANY K9D ( EXTRA-HI/ORICAL & EXTRA-SOCIAL NATURAL FACTORS LIKE CLIMATE1 RACE1 /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE1 MAN'S PHYSICAL & M5TAL P[]S1 ETC41 BUT FROM A 0NATURE0 :I* HAS ITSELF BE5 ALREADY 0MODIFI$0 BY AN HI/ORICAL & SOCIAL PROCESS OR1 MORE DI/9CTLY1 FROM ! HI/ORICALLY & SOCIALLY CONDITION$ DEVELOPM5TS ( MAT]IAL PRODUCTION4 ,! MAT]IALI/ PHILOSOPH] ,PLE*ANOV1 9 SUPPORT+ HIS CONTR>Y OP9ION1 REM9DS US1 ?AT 0,HEGEL HAD ALREADY NOT$ 9 HIS ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,HI/ORY ! IMPORTANT P>T PLAY$ BY ! GEOGRAPHICAL F\NDATIONS ( ! WORLD HI/ORY40 ,HE DID NOT SEE ?AT ! SCI5TIFIC ADVANCES MADE BY ,M>X'S HI/ORICAL & SOCIAL MAT]IALISM OV] ! IDEALISM ( ,HEGEL & ! MAT]IALISM ( ,FEU]BA* CONSI/S JU/ 9 ?IS DIFF]5CE ?AT HE CONCEIV$ ( 0MATT]0 ITSELF 9 HI/ORICAL T]MS1 :ILE ALL HIS PHILOSOPHICAL PR$ECESSORS1 BO? ! IDEALI/IC & ! MAT]IALI/IC BR& HAD CONCEIV$ ( 0MATT]0 AS A DUMB1 DEAD OR1 AT ! UTMO/1 BIOLOGICALLY ANIMAT$ NATURE ONLY4 ,:ILE ACCORD+ TO ,HEGEL 0PHYSICAL NATURE1 9DE$1 EX]TS A DIRECT EFFECT UPON WORLD HI/ORY10 ,M>X />T$ FROM AN ALTOGE!R DIFF]5T VIEWPO9T FROM ! \TSET4 ,PHYSICAL NATURE ACCORD+ TO HIM1 DOES NOT DIRECTLY 5T] 9TO HI/ORY4 ,IT DOES SO BY 9DIRECTION1 I4E41 AS A PROCESS ( MAT]IAL PRODUCTION :I* GOES ON NOT ONLY BETWE5 MAN & NATURE1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME BETWE5 MAN & M54 ,OR1 TO USE A PHRASEOLOGY :I* WILL BE CLE> EV5 TO ! PHILOSOPH]S1 9 ! /RICTLY SOCIAL RESE>* ( ,M>XIAN MAT]IALISM ?AT 0PURE0 NATURE :I* IS PRESUPPOS$ TO ALL HUMAN ACTIVITY 7! ECONOMIC NATURA NATURANS7 IS REPLAC$ EV]Y:]E BY A 0NATURE0 M$IAT$ & MODIFI$ ?R\< HUMAN SOCIAL ACTIVITY1 & ?US AT ! SAME TIME CAPABLE ( A FUR!R *ANGE & MODIFICATION BY \R [N PRES5T & FUTURE ACTIVITY1 I4E41 BY NATURE AS MAT]IAL PRODUCTION 7OR ! ECONOMIC NATURA NATURATA74 ,BE+ 0SOCIAL10 NATURE HAS A SPECIFICALLY HI/ORICAL *>ACT] V>Y+ 9 ! DIFF]5T EPO*S4 ,AS AN HI/ORICAL & SOCIAL NATURE IT HAS ABOVE ALL1 A DI/9CT CLASS *>ACT]4 ,= EXAMPLE1 AS EMPHASIZ$ BY ,M>X 9 HIS CONTROV]SY ) ,FEU]BA*1 ?AT *]RY TREE BE=E ! PHILOSOPH]'S W9D[1 :OSE ANCE/ORS W]E 0>TIFICIALLY0 TRANSPLANT$ TO ,EUROPE A FEW HUNDR$ YE>S AGO1 IS !REBY = ! MOD]N ,EUROPEAN NO NATURE-GIV5 GR[?2 JU/ AS1 ON ! SAME GR\NDS1 ! POTATO IS NO 0NATURE-GIV50 FOOD = ! MOD]N ,EUROPEAN POOR1 OR1 AT MO/1 ONLY 9 ! SAME S5SE AS ! ADULT]AT$ BREAD & ! 0SOPHI/ICAT$0 W9E SOLD 9 ! BACK /REETS >E 0NATURE-GIV50 PRODUCTS ( ! MOD]N CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,! D5 ( ! MOD]N POOR IS EV5 LESS ?AN ! LAIR ( ! WILD BEA/ A 0NATURE-GIV50 %ELT] 9 :I* HE CAN MOVE AT EASE LIKE ! FI% 9 ! WAT]4 ,IT IS NOT A H\SE :]E HE CAN FEEL AT HOME1 BUT IT IS ! H\SE ( HIS L&LORD :O WILL EVICT HIM :5 HE CANNOT AF=D TO PAY HIS R5T4 0,MY H\SE IS MY CA/LE0 ORIG9AT+ FROM ! WORLD ( SIMPLE COMMODITY PRODUCTION1 HOLDS GOOD = ! SLUM B>RACKS ( \R BIG CITIES NO MORE ?AN IT DID = ! COTS ( ! ,5GLI% F>M-LABOR]S ( #a#h#f1 AS DESCRIB$ 9 ,CAPITAL4 ,MOD]N 0HUNG]10 :I* SATISFIES ITSELF ) COOK$ MEAT1 EAT5 ) KNIFE & =K1 IS QUITE ANO!R ?+ ?AN ?AT HUNG] :I* 0SWALL[$ RAW MEAT ) ! AID ( H&1 NAIL & TOO?40 ,SO DO ?OSE 0NORMAL0 P]IODS ( HUNG] NATURAL TO PRIMITIVE HORDES1 ?AT HAVE BE5 >TIFICIALLY RE9TRODUC$ 9 MOD]N CAPITALI/ SOCIETY = ?OSE SECTIONS ( ! UNEMPLOY$ :O1 = SOME REASON OR ANO!R1 HAVE BE5 TAK5 (F ! DOLE1 REPRES5T A VA/LY DIFF]5T ?+ FROM ! HUNG]1 BE IT EV] SO GREAT1 ?AT MAY OCCASIONALLY1 BY ! ACCID5T ( A TEMPOR>Y /OPPAGE ( !IR REGUL> FOOD SUPPLIES1 CAUSE A 0?RILL+0 S5SATION TO ! IDLE RI*4 ,NONE ( ?OSE ?+S1 9 ! DEF9ITE =MS 9 :I* !Y APPE> 9 PRES5T B\RGEOIS SOCIETY OR = ?AT MATT] 9 ANY E>LI] OR LAT] EPO*S1 COMES FROM 0NATURE0 ALONE4 ,!Y DEP5D UPON ! EXI/+ HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS ( MAT]IAL PRODUCTION & CAN BE *ANG$ ) ! *ANGE ( ?OSE CONDITIONS4 ,?IS HAPP5S ?R\< AN HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T1 :I* MAY TAKE A %ORT] OR LONG] TIME1 BUT :I* IS NO:]E /OPP$ BY ANY ABSOLUTE B>RI]1 ?R\< AN OBJECTIVE PROCESS :I* IS AT ! SAME TIME A /RUGGLE BETWE5 SOCIAL CLASSES4 ,?IS VIEWPO9T ( A /RICTLY SOCIAL1 ?AT IS ( AN HI/ORICAL & PRACTICAL SCI5CE DOM9AT$ FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ ! :OLE NOVEL SY/EM ( CONCEPTS :I* ,M>X & ,5GELS BUILT UP 9 !IR CONTROV]SY ) ! !N EXI/+ IDEALI/IC & MAT]IALI/IC CURR5TS ( ?\GE P]IODS ( 0COSMOLOGICAL TIME10 9DEP5D5T ( ?AT ALTOGE!R DIFF]5T DEVELOPM5T ( ! SOCIAL =MS :I* IS ACCOMPLI%$ BY MAN'S ACTION 9 0HI/ORICAL TIME10 ALL !SE 0REAL PRESUPPOSITIONS0 ( HI/ORY & SOCIETY >E1 ( C\RSE1 REAL PRESUPPOSITIONS ALSO = ! MAT]IALI/IC RESE>* ( ,M>X4 ,!Y DO NOT1 H[EV]1 APPE> AS !ORETICAL PREMISES )9 ! SY/EM ( ! NEW SOCIAL SCI5CE :I* />TS FROM ITS [N MAT]IALI/IC PR9CIPLES DEF9$ 9 HI/ORICAL & SOCIAL T]MS4 ,?IS IS NO WAY CONTRADICT$ BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 EV5 MORE CLE>LY DEMON/RAT$ BY ! T]MS ( SO-CALL$ 0NATURALLY GR[N =MS ( SOCIETY0 & ( SO-CALL$ 0SOCIAL LAWS ( NATURE0 :I* >E CONT9UALLY US$ BY ,M>X 9 ! PRES5TATION ( HIS !ORY4 ,! CONCEPT ( 0NATURAL GR[?0 AS APPLI$ TO HI/ORICAL =MS1 HAS ) ,M>X AN ALTOGE!R DIFF]5T MEAN+ ?AN IT HAD ) ! HI/ORIANS1 POETS1 & PHILOSOPH]S ( ! 0,ROMANTICI/ ,S*OOL0 :O 9 A CONSCI\S OPPOSITION TO ! PREC$+ P]IOD ( ,5LIX1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 US$ ! T]M 9 A NEGATIVE S5SE = ! DESCRIPTION ( SU* CONDITIONS1 RELATIONS1 CONNECTIONS :I* HAVE NOT AS YET BE5 SUBJECT$ TO A CONSCI\S HUMAN ACTION4 ,9 ?IS S5SE ,M>X SPEAKS 9 HIS ,CRITIQUE ( ! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY & TW5TY YE>S LAT]1 9 ,CAPITAL1 ( ! 0NATURE-GR[N0 70NATURWU*SIGE07 =MS ( DIVISION ( LABOR1 ( A WORLDWIDE HI/ORICAL CONNECTION BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS1 ( ! ,/ATE1 ( LEGAL CONDITIONS1 ( LANGUAGE1 & ( SU* APP>5TLY IMMUTABLE DIFF]5CES AS ! V>IATIONS ( RACE4 ,9 ALL !SE CASES ! 0NATURWU*SIGE0 =M ( A SOCIAL RELATION IS 9 CONTRA/ TO ?OSE O!R =MS :I* ?IS RELATION ASSUMES 9 ! C\RSE ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T :5 IT IS EI!R CONSCI\SLY MA9TA9$ & FUR!R WORK$ \T1 OR *ANG$ TO A GREAT] OR LESS] EXT5T BY A CONSCI\S HUMAN ACTION4 ,! 0NATURWU*SIGE0 =MS >E ?US DESCRIB$ AS SOCIAL =MS :I* HAVE >IS5 HI/ORICALLY JU/ AS ALL O!R1 MORE OR LESS CONSCI\SLY CREAT$ =MS & >E !RE=E CAPABLE ( A FUR!R *ANGE BO? 9 ! PRES5T & ! FUTURE4 ,?US !Y >E NOT ET]NAL =MS ( ALL SOCIAL LIFE BUT CAN BE OV]?R[N BY ! UNIT$ 9DIVIDUALS 9 A DELIB]ATE ACTION1 :I* WILL F9ALLY /RIP !M ( !IR PRES5T CRUDE & OPPRESSIVE 0NATURE-GR[N0 *>ACT]4 ,ONE SEES AT FIR/ GLANCE ! POSITIVE BE>+ ( ?IS ?\E NECESS>ILY B\ND UP ) ?IS KN[L$GE4 ,! SAME HOLDS GOOD = ! O!R APP>5TLY NATURE-B\ND T]M ( ! NEW ,M>XIAN SCI5CE1 :I* WE HAVE ALREADY DISCUSS$ :5 DEAL+ ) ! ECONOMIC LAW ( VALUE1 I4E41 ! SO-CALL$ 0SOCIAL LAWS ( NATURE40 ,H]E AGA9 WE HAVE TO DEAL ) A T]M :I* IS AT FIR/ DEF9$ 9 A NEGATIVE MANN] ONLY4 ,! ECONOMIC LAWS PREVAIL+ 9 ! CAPITALI/IC MODE ( PRODUCTION DO NOT HAVE )9 ! NEW MAT]IALI/IC SCI5CE ( SOCIETY ?AT POSITIVE & F9AL MEAN+ :I* ! REAL 0LAWS ( NATURE0 HAVE = ! PHYSICI/ & :I*1 ACCORD+ TO !IR FIR/ DISCOV]]S & 9V5TORS1 P]TA9$ ALSO TO ?OSE 0NATURAL0 LAWS :I* W\LD 9 FUTURE GOV]N ! NEW 0CIVIL0 MODE ( EXI/5CE EM]G+ FROM ! >TIFICIAL FETT]S ( M$IEVAL FEUDALISM4 ,!Y >E EV5 LESS :AT ,M>X & ,5GELS 9 !IR E>LI]1 PHILOSOPHICAL1 P]IOD CALL$ A 0LAW ( ! M9D0 AS OPPOS$ TO A 0M]E LAW ( NATURE0 & :AT RECURS 9 !IR LAT] WRIT+S :5 !Y SPEAK ( A 0LEAP FROM ! REALM ( NECESSITY 9TO ! REALM ( FRE$OM0 & ( ! 0TRUE REALM ( FRE$OM BLOSSOM+ \T ( ! REALM ( NECESSITY 9 ! FULLY DEVELOP$ ,COMMUNI/ ,SOCIETY ( ! FUTURE40 ,H[EV]1 JU/ FROM ! NEGATIVE DEF9ITION ?AT ! SO-CALL$ 0LAWS ( NATURE0 ( ! B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/S >E1 9 FACT1 NOT LAWS ( NATURE AT ALL1 !RE D]IVES ! POSITIVE SIGNIFICANCE :I* ! T]M ( ! 0SOCIAL0 LAWS ( NATURE ASSUMES 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y SCI5CE ( ,M>X4 ,! FACT ?AT ! G5]AL CONDITIONS ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY :I* HAD BE5 PROCLAIM$ AS LAWS BY ! B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/S1 >E RE/RICT$ TO A DEF9ITE HI/ORICAL EPO*1 IMPLIES ?AT 9 ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY ALL ?OSE APP>5T LAWS CAN BE ABROGAT$ ?R\< ! CONSCI\S SOCIAL ACT ( ! CLASS :I* IS AT PRES5T OPPRESS$ BY !M1 TO BE REPLAC$ BY ANO!R1 A WILL$ & PLANN$ =M ( ! SOCIAL ACTIVITIES ( MAN4 ,?US NEI!R ( ! TWO ,M>XIAN T]MS CON=MS ) ! P]PETUATION ( ! SO-CALL$ ECONOMIC LAWS ASS]T$ BY ! CLASSICAL ECONOMI/S2 EV5 LESS ) ?AT FUR!R EXT5SION ( ! REALM ( 0NATURAL GR[? 9 SOCIETY0 :I* HAD BE5 ! DREAM ( ! E>LY C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y !ORI/S 9 ,FRANCE & ( ! ,G]MAN & ,5GLI% ROMANTICI/S4 ,M>X1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 APPLIES BO? T]MS = ! PURPOSE ( EXT5D+ ! REALM ( HI/ORY & SOCIETY1 I4E41 ( A CONSCI\S SOCIAL ACTION AS AGA9/ ! SO-CALL$ ET]NAL NECESSITIES ( AN ALTOGE!R 9ACCESSIBLE 0REALM ( NATURE40 ,F> BEH9D ! 0IMMUTABLE LAWS0 9V5T$ & MA9TA9$ BY ! B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/S = ! PRES]VATION ( AN ORD] ( PRODUCTION ALLEG$LY 0NATURAL0 & 0RATIONAL10 BUT 9 FACT EV] MORE >TIFICIAL1 MORE >BITR>Y1 & EV] MORE DEP5D5T ON =CE1 & AT ! SAME TIME MORE HAMP]+ TO ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY & MORE DE/RUCTIVE ( HUMAN LIFE1 /& ?OSE REAL NECESSITIES ( NATURE :I* CONDITION ! :OLE LIFE ( MAN & :I* >E ALSO RECOGNIZ$ BY ! ,M>XI/S AS UN*ANGEABLE FACTS & AS NATURAL PRESUPPOSITIONS ( ALL SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,EV5 ?IS RECOGNITION APPLIES TO A GIV5 TIME ONLY4 ,!RE IS1 FROM ! HI/ORICAL & SOCIAL PR9CIPLE ( ,M>XIAN SCI5CE1 NO ABSOLUTE & PR$ET]M9$ LIMIT BEYOND :I* AN APP>5TLY 0NATURWU*SIGE0 F\NDATION ( ALL SOCIAL LIFE MIIATIONS ( ! HUMAN SPECIES SU* AS DIFF]5CES ( RACE1 ETC41 CAN & MU/ BE ABOLI%$ 9 ! HI/ORICAL PROCESS40 ,AS ) ALL O!R 9NOVATIONS EMBODI$ 9 ! NEW MAT]IALI/IC !ORY1 ,M>X'S ME?ODICAL EXT5SION ( SOCIETY AT ! EXP5SE ( NATURE IS PROV$ MA9LY ON ! FIELD ( ECONOMIC SCI5CE4 ,! ,M>XIAN CRITIQUE ( ! FETI% *>ACT] ( ! COMMODITY & ( ALL O!R ECONOMIC CATEGORIES REFUTES ONCE & = ALL ?OSE MY/ICAL IDEAS BY :I* ! E>LI] ECONOMI/S HAD ATTRIBUT$ ECONOMIC PH5OM5A TO AN IMM$IATE PHYSICAL CAUSE1 BE IT SOME EXT]NAL =CE ( NATURE1 OR ! PHYSICAL CON/ITUTION ( MAN OR1 F9ALLY1 HIS SO-CALL$ 09NATE0 PSY*OLOGICAL QUALITIES4 ,!RE IS1 ABOVE ALL1 NO SU* ?+ AS AN IMM$IATE 0NATURAL BASIS ( ! SURPLUS VALUE40 ,! ONLY SIGNIFICANCE :I* CAN BE CLAIM$ = PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 9 ! G5ESIS ( ! SOCIO-HI/ORICAL PH5OM5ON ( ! EXPLOITATION ( PROP]TYLESS WAGE-LABOR]S BY PROP]TY-[N+ CAPITALI/S1 IS ?AT ( A NATURAL LIMIT OR B>RI] FIX+ ! PO9TS AT :I* ! LABOR-TIME NECESS>Y = ! MA9T5ANCE & REPRODUCTION ( ! LABOR] CEASES & ?US 0LABOR = O!RS CAN BEG940 0,9 PROPORTION AS 9DU/RY ADVANCES1 ?OSE NATURAL LIMITS REC$E40 ,! SAME APPLIES TO ! SO-CALL$ 0NATURAL BASIS ( ! ,/ATE0 :I* IS ASS]T$ BY A :OLE S*OOL ( MOD]N B\RGEOIS SOCIOLOGI/S4 ,! POLITICAL PH5OM5ON ( ! ,/ATE RESULTS1 9 FACT1 AS LITTLE FROM UN*ANGEABLE PHYSICAL CONDITIONS AS ! ECONOMIC PH5OM5ON ( ! SURPLUS VALUE UPON :I* IT DEP5DS AS A SECOND>Y & D]IV$ =M4 ,JU/ AS ?+S USEFUL = HUMAN NE$S & PRODUC$ BY HUMAN LABOR >E 0COMMODITIES10 & GOLD & SILV] >E 0MONEY10 UND] DEF9ITE SOCIAL CONDITIONS ONLY & NOT BY ANY 9H]5T PHYSICAL QUALITIES1 SO IS ! PHYSICALLY WEAK] 9DIVIDUAL OR RACE ! SLAVE ( ! PHYSICALLY /RONG] NOT BY ANY ET]NAL NECESSITY BUT ?R\< ! ACCID5T ( TEMPOR>Y CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,BY A DEF9ITE HI/ORICAL PROCESS ! CLASS :I* UND] ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS PREVAIL+ 9 ! PRES5T EPO* PRODUCES ALL SOCIAL WEAL?1 HAS BE5 SEP>AT$ FROM ! MAT]IAL MEANS ( PRODUCTION & IS N[ RUL$ & EXPLOIT$ BY ! CLASS :I* ?R\< ! SAME HI/ORICAL PROCESS HAS MONOPOLIZ$ = ITSELF ! MEANS ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION AS 0CAPITAL40 ,! APP>5TLY 0NATURALI/IC0 !ORY :I* ASSIGNS SU* EXI/+ SOCIAL & POLITICAL FACTS TO ! ,COMM& ( ,NATURE IS BUT A SECUL>IZ$ =M ( ?OSE OLD] !ORIES :I* D]IV$ ! SAME FACTS FROM ! ,COMM& ( ,GOD OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 FROM SU* 9T]M$IATE AG5CIES AS ! PHILOSOPHICAL UNFOLD+ ( AN ET]NAL ,IDEA1 ,REASON1 OR ,HUMANITY ITSELF4 ,*APT] #e4 ,PRODUCTIVE ,=CES & ,PRODUCTION-,RELATIONS ,! DRIV+ =CES ( ! REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY1 ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 >E ! POT5TIAL P[]S ( PRODUCTION 9H]5T 9 A GIV5 EPO* ( ! SOCIO-ECONOMIC =MATION4 ,LIKE ALL O!R T]MS ( ! NEW SOCIAL SCI5CE1 ! CONCEPT ( ! 0PRODUCTIVE =CES0 IS DEF9$ BY ,M>X NOT A PRIORI BUT EMPIRICALLY4 ,IT IS DESCRIB$ 9 T]MS ( ECONOMICS & HI/ORY & 9 REF]5CE TO A SPECIFIC MODE ( PRODUCTION1 NOT 9 T]MS ( A G5]AL SOCIOLOGY2 NOT DOGMATICALLY1 BUT CRITICALLY2 NOT FROM ! VIEWPO9T ( A PRE-E/ABLI%$ H>MONY1 BUT FROM ?AT ( CLASS OPPOSITION2 NOT = ! PURPOSE ( !ORETICAL KN[L$GE & CONTEMPLATION1 BUT ) A VIEW TO SOCIAL ACTION OR 0REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE40 ,?US ! PRODUCTIVE =CES AS CONCEIV$ BY ,M>X >E MU* MORE ?AN A M]E PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPT ( 0MATT]0 RESULT+ FROM ! 0MAT]IALI/IC REV]SAL0 ( ! ,HEGELIAN 0IDEA0 &1 LIKE ITS PR$ECESSOR1 PRESUPPOS$ TO ALL EMPIRICAL KN[L$GE4 ,!Y =M1 TOGE!R ) ! 0PRODUCTION-RELATIONS0 9 :I* !Y FUNCTION & DEVELOP1 ! REAL :OLE ( ! GIV5 0MODE ( MAT]IAL PRODUCTION0 :I* CAN BE DET]M9$ 0) ! PRECISION ( A NATURAL SCI5CE40 ,!RE IS 9 ?IS ,M>XIAN T]M NO?+ MY/ICAL & NO?+ METAPHYSICAL4 ,A 0PRODUCTIVE =CE0 IS1 AT FIR/1 NO?+ ELSE ?AN ! REAL LABOR P[] ( WORK+ M52 ! =CE 9CORPORAT$ 9 !SE LIV+ HUMAN BE+S BY :I*1 ) DEF9ITE MAT]IAL MEANS ( PRODUCTION & )9 A DEF9ITE =M ( SOCIAL COOP]ATION CONDITION$ BY ?OSE MAT]IAL MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 !Y PRODUCE ?R\< !IR LABOR ! MAT]IAL MEANS ( SATISFY+ ! SOCIAL NE$S ( !IR EXI/5CE1 ?AT IS - UND] CAPITALI/IC CONDITIONS1 0COMMODITIES40 ,9 A SECOND & EV5 MORE IMPORTANT S5SE1 EV]Y?+ ?AT 9CREASES ! PRODUCTIVE EFFECT ( ! HUMAN LABOR P[] 7& !REBY1 UND] CAPITALI/IC CONDITIONS1 9EVITABLY 9CREASES AT ! SAME TIME ! PR(IT ( ITS EXPLOIT]S7 IS SAID BY ,M>X TO BE A 0PRODUCTIVE =CE40 ,TO ! PRODUCTIVE =CES 9 ?AT DYNAMIC S5SE BELONGS ! PROGRESS ( TE*NIQUE & SCI5CE2 !RE BELONGS ABOVE ALL ! SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ITSELF OR ! IMM$IATELY 0SOCIAL0 =CES CREAT$ BY COOP]ATION & DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ,ADAM ,SMI? HAD EMPHASIZ$ 9 HIS ECONOMIC WORK ! 0PROPORTIONABLE 9CREASE ( ! PRODUCTIVE P[]S ( LABOR0 OCCASION$ BY ! DIVISION ( LABOR UND] ! CONDITIONS ( MOD]N 9DU/RY1 & WE MAY SAY )\T EXAGG]ATION ?AT ! BASIC T]M ( ,M>X'S REVOLUTION>Y !ORY1 ! CONCEPT ( ! 0SOCIAL0 PRODUCTIVE =CES1 ORIG9AT$ JU/ FROM ?AT ,SMI?IAN ?\TIALLY & ONE-SID$LY DESCRIB$ BY ,SMI? & W]E BR\IAN REVOLUTION4 0,! PRODUCTION ( ! HUMAN LIFE10 AS /AT$ BY ,M>X 9 AN E>LY EXPOSITION ( HIS NEW PR9CIPLE1 0APPE>S FROM ! \TSET AS A TW(OLD RELATION4 ,IT IS1 ON ! ONE H&1 A NATURAL RELATION & ON ! O!R H& A SOCIAL RELATION1 SOCIAL 9 ! S5SE ( A COOP]ATION BETWE5 SEV]AL 9DIVIDUALS NO MATT] UND] :AT CONDITIONS1 9 :AT WAY1 & = :AT PURPOSE4 ,IT FOLL[S ?AT A DEF9ITE MODE ( PRODUCTION OR 9DU/RIAL /AGE ALWAYS CONCURS ) A DEF9ITE MODE ( COOP]ATION OR SOCIAL /AGE1 & ?IS MODE ( COOP]ATION IS ITSELF A PRODUCTIVE =CE40 ,SO DOES ! REAL PO9T 9 ALL LAT] DEVELOPM5TS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y !ORY ( ,M>X CONSI/ 9 ! EMPHASIS LAID ON ?AT 0NEW POT5TIAL ( PRODUCTIVE =CE0 :I*1 9CREAS+ CONT9UALLY 9 ! C\RSE ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( HUMAN SOCIETY1 9EXHAU/IBLY FL[S FROM ! MANY S+LE =CES MELD$ TOGE!R 9TO ONE UNIT$ =CE4 ,UND] CAPITALI/IC CONDITIONS ?IS NEW =CE SEEMS TO SPR+ FROM ! PRODUCTIVITY ( 0CAPITAL40 ,9 TRU? IT SPR+S FROM ! GR[+ PRODUCTIVITY ( SOCIAL LABOR4 ,FROM ?IS D]IVES A ?IRD & F9AL S5SE 9 :I* ! ,M>XIAN T]M IS APPLI$ TO ! WORK]S !MSELVES :O BY A REVOLUTION>Y ACTION AS A CLASS SET FREE ! =CES POT5TIALLY EXI/+ 9 SOCIAL LABOR TODAY4 ,?AT POT5TIAL P[] WILL BE FULLY ACTUALIZ$ BY ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION :I* WILL BREAK ! RE/RA9TS PUT ON ! PRODUCTIVITY ( SOCIETY BY ! PRES5T CAPITALI/IC =M ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION & UNITE ! HI!RTO 9COMPLETELY COORD9AT$ =CES ( ! S+LE LABOR]S 9TO AN ORGANIZ$ COLLECTIVE LABOR =CE4 ,IT IS P>TIALLY REALIZ$ TODAY :]EV] 9 ! V>I\S =MS ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE1 ! /RIKE1 ! /AY-9 /RIKE1 & ! G5]AL /RIKE1 ! UNIT$ WORK]S /& UP AGA9/ ! OPPRESSIVE =CES ( CAPITAL4 ,?US IT MAY BE SAID ?AT UND] ! PRES5T CONDITIONS ( AN EV] 9CREAS+ SABOTAGE ( ! P[]FUL CAPACITIES ( MOD]N 9DU/RY BY ! EXI/+ CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION-RELATIONS ! NEW POT5TIAL ( PRODUCTIVITY 9H]5T 9 ! WORK+ CLASS REVEALS ITSELF MO/ CLE>LY 9 ?OSE CASES :51 ACCORD+ TO ! ISOLAT+ & /ATIC CONCEPTS ( ! B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGI/S ! LABOR]S CEASE TO FUNCTION AS A 0PRODUCTIVE =CE0 AT ALL1 BUT 9 FACT ONLY CEASE TO FUNCTION AS A 0PRODUCTIVE =CE ( CAPITAL0 & /& READY TO REALIZE ?AT 9COMP>ABLY GREAT] P[] ( PRODUCTIVITY :I* IS POT5TIALLY EXI/5T 9 ! MAT]IAL MEANS ( PRODUCTION & 9 ! H&S & BRA9S ( ! TOIL+ MASSES TODAY4 0,DE T\S LES 9/RUM5TS DE PRODUCTION1 LE PLUS GR& P\VOIR PRODUCTIF1 C'E/ LA CLASSE REVOLUTIONNAIRE ELLE-MEME40 ,IT FOLL[S FROM ! =EGO+ DISCUSSION ?AT ?OSE REC5T ,M>X 9T]PRET]S >E QUITE MI/AK5 :O1 BY A DIRECT 9V]SION ( ! ORD] 9 :I* !ORY & PRACTICE W]E BL5D$ BY ,M>X 9TO A DYNAMIC :OLE1 WANT$ TO DEGRADE ! OPPOSITION BETWE5 ! SOCIAL CLASSES TO A TEMPOR>Y APPE>ANCE ( ! UND]LY+ 0ECONOMIC0 CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! PRODUCTIVE =CES & PRODUCTION-RELATIONS AS A L>G] & ASSUM$LY MORE 0MAT]IAL0 5TITY4 ,!Y 9FLATE ! SCI5TIFIC PR9CIPLE ( ,M>X'S ECONOMIC RESE>* TO A UNIV]SAL & ET]NAL ,DIALECTIC P]VAD+ ! :OLE DEVELOPM5T ( NATURE & MAN & ?US FALL BACK NOT ONLY F> BEH9D HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM1 BUT BEH9D ! HI/ORICAL IDEALISM ( ,HEGEL & HIS EQUALLY IDEALI/IC PHILOSOPHICAL PR$ECESSORS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! ,M>XIAN 0CONTRADICTION ( PRODUCTIVE =CES & PRODUCTION-RELATIONS0 MEANS MU* MORE ?AN A LACK ( ADJU/M5T BETWE5 TE*NICAL RESULTS & !IR SOCIAL APPLICATION4 ,! ,M>XIAN CONCEPT ( 0SOCIAL0 PRODUCTIVE =CES HAS NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! IDEALI/IC AB/RACTIONS ( ! OLD & NEW 0,TE*NOCRATS0 :O IMAG9E ?AT !Y CAN DEF9E & MEASURE ! PRODUCTIVE P[]S ( SOCIETY AP>T FROM ALL SOCIAL CONDITIONS 9 T]MS ( NATURAL SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY4 ,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ! PRODUCTIVE =CES 9CLUDE1 ALONG ) ! SOCIAL NATURE ( ! LABOR 5GAG$ 9 MAT]IAL PRODUCTION1 ALSO ! 0IMPROVEM5TS 9 ! FIELD ( 9TELLECTUAL PRODUCTION1 ESPECIALLY 9 NATURAL SCI5CE & ITS PRACTICAL APPLICATION40 ,! 0FETT]+ *>ACT]0 ( ! EXI/+ CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION-RELATIONS APPE>S ALSO 9 ! FRU/RATION ( 9TELLECTUAL LABOR1 :I* RESULTS FROM ! FACT ?AT ! RUL+ CLASS ( PRES5T CAPITALI/IC SOCIETY IS 9T]E/$ 9 TE*NICAL PROGRESS ONLY 9DIRECTLY1 I4E41 ONLY 9 SO F> AS IT CAN !REBY 9CREASE ITS PR(ITS4 ,A SCI5TIFIC 9VE/IGATION 9TO ! DEF9ITE =MS ( ! GR[+ REPRESSION ( TE*NICAL PROGRESS BY ! SO-CALL$ NECESSITIES ( ! CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION IS A P[]FUL 9DICTM5T AGA9/ ! EXI/+ CAPITALI/IC SY/EM4 ,BUT ! CONFLICT ( TE*NICAL & SOCIAL POSSIBILITIES IS BY NO MEANS ! ONLY =M 9 :I* ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! PROGRESSIVE T5D5CY ( ! MAT]IAL PRODUCTIVE =CES & ! /AGNATION RESULT+ FROM ! FIX$ =M ( ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION MANIFE/S ITSELF 9 PRES5T SOCIETY4 ,TE*NICAL KN[L$GE & 0TE*NOCRATIC0 PRESCRIPTIONS >E NOT SUFFICI5T 9 !MSELVES TO REMOVE ! MAT]IAL OB/ACLES :I* OPPOSE ANY IMPORTANT *ANGE 9 PRES5T-DAY CAPITALI/IC SOCIETY1 & !SE CAN1 9DE$1 NOT BE REMOV$ BY 9TELLECTUAL WEAPONS ALONE4 ,!RE IS MORE P[] ( RESI/ANCE 9 ! MUTE =CE ( ECONOMIC CONDITIONS & 9 ! ECONOMICALLY & POLITICALLY ORGANIZ$ =CES ( ! CLASS 9T]E/$ 9 ! MA9T5ANCE ( ?OSE CONDITIONS ?AN WELL-MEAN+ TE*NOCRATS HAVE EV] DREAM$ (4 0,TE*NOCRACY10 SAID ,TROTZKY 9 A BOLD =ECA/ ( ,! ,FUTURE ( ,SOCIALISM 9 ,AM]ICA1 0CAN ONLY BE REALIZ$ 9 A SOVIET REGIME :5 ! B>RI]S ( PRIVATE PROP]TY HAVE FALL540 ,EV5 BE=E ,M>X HAD DISCOV]$ 9 ! SO-CALL$ 0ECONOMIC-LAW0 ( ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL ! ULTIMATE MAT]IAL REASON ( ! *>ACT]I/IC HI/ORICAL FACT ?AT CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION CANNOT EXI/ )\T A CONT9U\S PROGRESS1 HE HAD BE5 AW>E ( ?IS FUNDAM5TAL LAW ( MOD]N SOCIETY4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y ROLE ( ! B\RGEOISIE DET]M9$ BY IT IS DESCRIB$ 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O3 ,! B\RGEOISIE CANNOT EXI/ )\T CON/ANTLY REVOLUTIONIZ+ ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION1 & !REBY ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION1 & ) !M ! :OLE RELATIONS ( SOCIETY4 ,CONS]VATION ( ! OLD MODES ( PRODUCTION 9 UNALT]$ =M WAS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! FIR/ CONDITION ( EXI/5CE = ALL E>LI] 9DU/RIAL CLASSES4 ,A CON/ANT OV]?R[ ( PRODUCTION1 UN9T]RUPT$ DI/URBANCE ( ALL SOCIAL CONDITIONS1 EV]LA/+ UNC]TA9TY & AGITATION DI/+UI% ! B\RGEOIS FROM ALL E>LI] EPO*S4 ,ALL /ABLE1 RU/-FIX$ RELATIONS1 ) !IR TRA9 ( ANCI5T & V5]ABLE VIEWS & OP9IONS1 >E SWEPT AWAY1 ?OSE :I* >E NEWLY =M$ BECOME ANTIQUAT$ BE=E !Y CAN OSSIFY4 ,ALL ?AT IS E/ABLI%$ & HAS A /ATUS1 EVAPORATES1 ALL ?AT IS HOLY IS PR(AN$1 & MAN IS AT LA/ COMPELL$ TO FACE ) SOB] S5SES HIS REAL POSITION 9 LIFE & HIS ACTUAL CONDITIONS4 ,9 ! FIR/ ASC5D+ PHASE ( ! B\RGEOIS EPO* ?IS LAW ( A SOCIETY BAS$ ON ! CAPITALI/IC MODE ( PRODUCTION WAS NAIVELY & C&IDLY =MULAT$ BY ITS IDEOLOGICAL SUPPORT]S AS A 0LAW ( PROGRESS40 ,:5 AFT]W>DS1 ESPECIALLY S9CE ,D>W91 ! SIMPLE CONCEPT ( 0PROGRESS0 WAS SUPPLANT$ BY ! MORE ELABORATE CONCEPT ( 0EVOLUTION10 ?AT *ANGE RESULT$ AT FIR/ ONLY 9 A FUR!R DEVELOPM5T & WID] APPLICATION ( ! SAME FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE4 ,! CONCEPT ( A P]MAN5T 0PROGRESSIVE EVOLUTION0 WAS RAIS$ TO A FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE ( SOCIOLOGICAL SCI5CE4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ,H]B]T ,SP5C] 5DEAVOR$ TO REPRES5T ! /UDY ( SOCIOLOGY AS 0! /UDY ( ,EVOLUTION 9 ITS MO/ COMPLEX =M40 ,LAT] B\RGEOIS SOCIOLOGY FROM ! /&PO9T ( ITS HI<] LE>N+ SMIL$ AT ! UNSOPHI/ICAT$ BELIEF 9 PROGRESS :I* HAD BE5 *>ACT]I/IC ( ITS [N BEG9N+S4 ,SP5C] HIMSELF AL?\< /ILL ADH]+ TO ! IDEA ( A G5]AL PROGRESS 9VOLV+ AS ITS 9EVITABLE CONSEQU5CE A HI<] MORAL DEVELOPM5T1 =MULAT$ AT ! SAME TIME ! F> MORE NEUTRAL DEF9ITION ( DEVELOPM5T AS 0A PROGRESS FROM A SIMPLE TO A COMPLEX =M40 ,HUXLEY EMPHASIZ$ ! E?ICAL 9DIFF]5CE ( ! IDEA ( EVOLUTION BY PO9T+ TO ! LACK ( A NECESS>Y CONNECTION1 & EV5 P>TIAL CONTRADICTION1 BETWE5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC & E?ICAL PROGRESS4 ,?AT 0PLURALI/0 APPROA* WAS DUR+ ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( B\RGEOIS SOCIOLOGY TRANS=M$ 9TO A COMPLETE SKEPTICISM ( PROGRESS1 & F9ALLY 9TO SOCIAL PESSIMISM1 GLORIFICATION ( REACTION & 0,DECL9E ( ! ,WE/40 ,AS ! ORIG9AL IDEA ( PROGRESS EXPRESS$ ! ASC5DANT PHASE ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 ITS DECL9+ PHASE IS MANIFE/$ 9 ! GRADUAL TRANS=MATION ( ?AT IDEA 9TO ! 0NEUTRAL0 & 0NON-EVALUATIVE0 CONCEPT ( DEVELOPM5T CURR5T AMONG ! MOD]N B\RGEOIS SOCIOLOGI/S4 ,) ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION1 ) ! 9CREASE ( ACCUMULAT$ CAPITAL & WEAL?1 ! CAPITALI/ CEAS$ TO BE A M]E 9C>NATION ( ?AT UN9T]RUPT$ & UN9T]RUPT$LY ACCEL]AT$ ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL :I* 9 ! E>LI] PHASE HAD BE5 REFLECT$ AS A 0FANATICISM ( PROGRESS0 9 ! SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS ( ! TIME4 ,A LONG HANGOV] FOLL[$ UPON ! PREVI\S /ATE ( RAPTURE & 9TOXICATION ) PROGRESS4 ,! IDEA ( PROGRESS AB&ON$ BY B\RGEOIS SCI5CE WAS KEPT ALIVE BY ! CLASS :I* REPRES5T$ ! PROGRESSIVE T5D5CY )9 ! PRACTICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! NEW EPO*4 ,! CRITICISM DIRECT$ BY ! ,UTOPIAN SOCIALISM ( ,SA9T-,SIMON & ,F\RI] & BY ! MAT]IALI/IC COMMUNISM ( ,[5 & ,M>X AGA9/ ! B\RGEOIS CONCEPT ( 0PROGRESS0 IS1 9 P>T1 A RE/ORATION & FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! RATIONAL K]NEL ( ?AT SAME E>LY B\RGEOIS IDEA4 ,SOCIALISM A*IEVES 9 A *ANG$ =M & 9 AN 5ORM\SLY 9CREAS$ MEASURE ONCE MORE ?AT UNFETT]+ ( ! MAT]IAL =CES ( PRODUCTION :I* CAPITALISM HAD 5DEAVOR$ TO A*IEVE 9 A =M ADAPT$ TO ! TIME & 9 :I* ULTIMATELY IT HAD MORE OR LESS FAIL$4 ,! WORK+ CLASS MU/ ADH]E TO ! B\RGEOIS PR9CIPLE ( PROGRESS ?R\< ALL ! PHASES ( ! LONG /RUGGLE 9 :I* IT IS /ILL /RIV+ TO WORK \T ITS [N EMANCIPATION & ) IT A NEW & HI<] =M ( SOCIETY4 ,NOT UNTIL ?AT PHASE ( ! COMMUNI/ SOCIETY ( ! FUTURE1 :5 ! 5SLAV+ SUBORD9ATION ( MAN UND] ! EXI/+ SY/EM ( DIVISION ( LABOR & ! RESULT+ ANTAGONISM BETWE5 9TELLECTUAL & PHYSICAL LABOR WILL HAVE BE5 F9ALLY CONQU]$2 :5 LABOR WILL HAVE DEVELOP$ FROM BE+ A MEANS ( LIV+ TO A SPONTANE\S ACTIVITY ( MAN &1 ALONG ) A DEVELOPM5T ( ALL CREATIVE P[]S ( ! HUMAN 9DIVIDUAL ! PRODUCTIVE =CES ( SOCIETY WILL ALSO HAVE 9CREAS$2 NOT TILL ALL SPR+S ( COOP]ATIVE WEAL? >E 9 FULL FL[ - NOT UNTIL !N WILL ! 9HUMAN SACRIFICE ( ! PRES5T = ! FUTURE ( SOCIETY BECOME SUP]FLU\S & ! S+LE-TRACK IDEA ( 0PROGRESS0 BRAN* \T 9TO ! UNIV]SAL DEVELOPM5T ( FREE 9DIVIDUALS 9 A FREE SOCIETY4 ,NOT TILL !N WILL ! MOD]N WORK+ CLASS1 BY ITS CONSCI\S ACTION1 REALIZE ! OLD DREAM ( ! OPPRESS$ CLASSES ( ALL TIMES :I* ALREADY 9 ,>I/OTLE HAD BE5 A MY?ICAL EXPRESSION = ! REAL GOAL ( ! REVOLUTION>Y SELF-EMANCIPATION ( ! HELOT CLASS4 ,UNTIL !N ! PROLET>IAT REPROA*ES ! RUL+ CLASSES MU* LESS = REALIZ+ ! PRODUCTIVE =CES ONLY 9 A CAPITALI/ FA%ION & ?US BURD5+ ! WORK+ CLASS ) ! 5ORM\S CO/S & SUFF]+S ( ?IS CAPITALI/IC =M ( PROGRESS ?AN IT REPROA*ES !M = C>RY+ \T ?AT PROGRESS LESS & LESS EFFICI5TLY1 = ADH]+1 9 AN EV] 9CREAS+ DEGREE1 TO !IR [N N>R[ CLASS 9T]E/S :I* BECOME MORE & MORE IRRECONCILABLE ) ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCTIVE P[]S1 &1 = A DIRECT & CONSCI\S SABOTAGE ( EV]Y SOCIAL PROGRESS4 ,! FIR/ RESULT ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS-/RUGGLE IS TO =CE UPON ! B\RGEOISIE1 AGA9/ ITS [N WILL1 ! CONT9UATION ( ITS HI/ORICAL VOCATION AS A CAPITALI/IC CLASS4 ,LONG BE=E ! PROLET>IAT WILL OV]?R[ ! RUL+ B\RGEOISIE1 & CON/ITUTE ITSELF A RUL+ CLASS & ! (FICIAL BE>] ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 IT DOES ANTICIPATE ?IS GREAT *ANGE BY ITS [N DEVELOPM5T 9TO AN 9DEP5D5T REVOLUTION>Y CLASS1 BY ! GRADUAL GR[? ( ITS CLASS CONSCI\SNESS & BY ! MULTIPLE =MS ( A V]ITABLE CLASS W> WAG$ AGA9/ ! EXI/+ CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION-RELATIONS & !IR POLITICAL SUP]/RUCTURE4 ,EV5 ! PROGRESS ?US IMPOS$ UPON ! B\RGEOISIE IS1 FROM ! VIEWPO9T ( ! PROLET>IAT1 NO LONG] A B\RGEOIS PROGRESS1 BUT ! WORK]S' [N AFFAIR4 ,! PROGRESSIVE DEVELOPM5T ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCTIVE =CES BECOMES ! ACTION ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS4 ,! B\RGEOISIE HAD BECOME CONSCI\S ( ! ECONOMIC LAW ( ITS [N DEVELOPM5T 9 A MY/IFI$ =M ONLY2 IT HAD EXP&$ ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL 9TO A COSMIC LAW ( PROGRESS4 ,! PROLET>IAT PUTS 9 PLACE ( ?AT IDEOLOGICAL MY/IFICATION1 A CLE> & SCI5TIFIC ORI5TATION ( ITS [N SOCIAL !ORY & PRACTICE TO A FUR!R PROGRESSIVE DEVELOPM5T ( ! HI!RTO EVOLV$ PRODUCTIVE =CES4 ,9 ORD] TO FULFILL ?AT PROGRESSIVE TASK1 ! PROLET>IAT WILL FIR/ F9D IT NECESS>Y TO TE> ASUND] 9 A SOCIAL REVOLUTION ?OSE /RONGE/ FETT]S ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES :I* >E =M$ BY ! CAPITALI/IC MODE ( PRODUCTION4 0,! REAL HI/ORICAL B>RI] ( CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION IS CAPITAL ITSELF40 ,EV5 ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION ( ! PREC$+ EPO* :I* WAS DESCRIB$ ONE-SID$LY BY ITS IDEOLOGICAL SUPPORT]S AS A *ANGE ( CIVIL CON/ITUTION1 ! LAWS1 & ! ,/ATE1 9 %ORT1 AS A 0POLITICAL0 REVOLUTION ONLY1 WAS 9 FACT AN OV]?R[ ( ! :OLE SOCIO-ECONOMIC =MATION4 ,! HI/ORICAL BL9DNESS ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION>IES :I* P]SI/S 9 ! B\RGEOIS CONCEPTION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS TODAY LIES1 ABOVE ALL1 9 ! FACT ?AT !Y CONSID]$ ! *ANGE 9 ! ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ( LIFE NOT YET AS A DIRECT TASK1 BUT AS A 0NATURAL0 CONSEQU5CE RESULT+1 AS IT W]E1 SPONTANE\SLY FROM ! ESS5TIAL A*IEVEM5T ( ! POLITICAL REVOLUTION4 ,! PROLET>IAN CRITICISM ( ! TRADITIONAL B\RGEOIS CONCEPTS ( PROGRESS1 EVOLUTION1 & ( A M]ELY POLITICAL REVOLUTION1 IS BAS$ ON ! MAT]IALI/IC DISCOV]Y ?AT ! SOCIAL 0PRODUCTION-RELATIONS0 CORRESPOND+ TO EA* /AGE ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! MAT]IAL PRODUCTIVE =CES DO NOT DEVELOP EI!R 9 AN 9DEP5D5T ECONOMIC 0EVOLUTION0 OR AS A 0NATURAL RESULT0 ( A M]ELY POLITICAL REVOLUTION4 ,!Y HAVE TO BE *ANG$ BY MAN4 ,NAY MORE1 ! NEW POLITICAL & IDEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS TEMPOR>ILY A*IEV$ BY A M]E POLITICAL REVOLUTION CAN ONLY BE UPHELD AGA9/ ! P[]S ( REACTION BY A RADICAL SOCIAL REVOLUTION REA*+ D[N TO ! V]Y ROOTS ( ! EXI/+ ORD] ( SOCIETY1 ?AT IS1 RIE TO BE SUB/ITUT$ = ! EXI/+ PRODUCTION-RELATIONS BY A SOCIAL REVOLUTION >E BR\MONI\S DEVELOPM5T1 OR RA!R AN EXT]NALLY 0H>MONI\S0 DEVELOPM5T ONLY1 :I* CONTA9S ! HIDD5 G]MS ( A FUTURE CONFLICT1 HAS REA*$ A C]TA9 PO9T1 IT LOSES EV5 ?AT \TW>DLY H>MONI\S ASPECT4 0,AT A C]TA9 /AGE ( !IR DEVELOPM5T10 SAID ,M>X1 0! MAT]IAL PRODUCTIVE =CES ( SOCIETY COME 9TO CONTRADICTION ) ! EXI/+ PRODUCTION-RELATIONS )9 :I* !Y HI!RTO MOV$4 ,FROM BE+ =MS ( DEVELOPM5T !Y TURN 9TO FETT]S ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES4 ,!N AN EPO* ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION SETS 94 ,) ! *ANGE 9 ! ECONOMIC F\NDATION ! :OLE ( ! VA/ SUP]/RUCTURE IS MORE OR LESS RAPIDLY OV]TURN$40 ,?IS DYNAMIC CONCEPTION ( MAT]IAL PRODUCTION ITSELF1 DI/+UI%ES ! ,M>XIAN !ORY ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION FROM ALL O!R REVOLUTION>Y !ORIES4 ,AL?\< REVEL+ 9 0DYNAMICS0 & 0DEVELOPM5T10 ! B\RGEOIS SOCIOLOGI/S REMA9 ! SLAVES ( A FUNDAM5TALLY 0/ATIC0 CONCEPT AT ! MO/ IMPORTANT PO9T2 !Y >E NOT ABLE TO EXT5D !IR 0DYNAMIC0 T]MS TO ! V]Y F\NDATION ( SOCIETY4 ,! MAT]IAL MODE ( PRODUCTION 9 A GIV5 EPO* ( SOCIETY =MS = !M A CLOS$ SY/EM :I* IS DET]M9$ ?R\<\T4 ,9 IT PRODUCTION IS C>RI$ ON 9 DEF9ITE =MS4 ,! :OLE ( ! EXI/+ PRODUCTIVE =CES ( SOCIETY IS ACTUALIZ$ 9 !SE =MS4 ,!RE IS NO ROOM 9 ?IS CONCEPTION = ANY SURPLUS OR UNUTILIZ$ FUND ( PRODUCTIVE P[]S ?AT MIE JU/ AS 9DISP5SABLE = ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS AS IS ! L&1 ! RAW MAT]IALS1 MA*9ES1 & LABOR+ 0H&S40 ,FROM ?IS /ATIC VIEWPO9T IT AM\NTS ALMO/ TO A MIRACLE ?AT PRODUCTION HAS BE5 ABLE TO DEVELOP AT ALL & ?US TO GET FROM ITS PA/ TO ITS PRES5T /AGE4 ,?IS MIRACLE IS EI!R EXPLA9$ BY A PSEUDOSCI5TIFIC DIS9TEGRATION ( REAL *ANGE 9TO SMALL] & SMALL] /EPS ( A GRADUAL & IMP]CEPTIBLE EVOLUTION1 OR ELSE IT IS DISPOS$ ( BY REF]5CE TO ! SUP]NATURAL CREATIVE =CES ( ! 0GREAT B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION0 ( ! PA/ :I* EXPLOD$ ONCE = ALL ! OBSOLETE FEUDAL ORD] ?AT WAS 9 ITSELF NO LONG] CAPABLE ( ANY FUR!R DEVELOPM5T & CREAT$ ! MOD]N 9DU/RIAL SY/EM CAPABLE ( AN UNLIMIT$ EVOLUTION4 ,! APP>5TLY UNDIVID$ :OLE ( A GIV5 MAT]IAL PRODUCTION IS SPLIT BY ,M>X 9TO FIX$ PRODUCTION-RELATIONS & ELA/IC PRODUCTIVE =CES4 ,?US MAT]IAL PRODUCTION IS /RIPP$ ( ITS CLOS$ *>ACT]1 ITS IMMOVABILITY1 & UN*ANGEABILITY4 ,! PRODUCTION-RELATIONS >E N[ NO LONG] ASK$ :E!R PRODUCTION CAN GO ON )9 !M4 ,!Y >E ASK$1 ABOVE ALL1 :E!R A FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTION CAN GO ON )9 !M4 ,!Y >E ! =MS ?AT EI!R ADVANCE OR BLOCK ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES4 ,CONV]SELY1 ! EXI/5CE & EXT5T ( ! POT5TIAL PRODUCTIVE =CES 9H]5T 9 ! PRES5T MODE ( PRODUCTION CANNOT BE TE/$ BY A TE*NOLOGICAL CALCULATION SO LONG AS !Y CANNOT BE TE/$ 9 !IR ACTUAL WORK+ )9 A GIV5 SOCIAL PROCESS ( PRODUCTION1 & AS ! WAY = ! REAL TE/ HAS NOT BE5 CLE>$ BY ! REVOLUTION>Y DE/RUCTION ( ! CAPITALI/IC B>RI]4 ,LIKE ! MUTATIONS ( ANIMALS & PLANTS :I* HAVE REPLAC$ ! OLD] EVOLUTION>Y CONCEPTS 9 MOD]N BIOLOGY1 ! 0SOCIAL MUTATIONS0 OCCURR+ 9 ! MAT]IAL MODE ( PRODUCTION >E NOT COMPLETELY DET]M9$ & DET]M9ABLE 9 ADVANCE4 ,JU/ AS ! MUTATION IS A 0LEAP ( NATURE10 9 SPITE ( ,>I/OTLE1 SO IS ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ITS ACTUAL PROCESS1 ) ALL MAT]IALI/IC DET]M9ATION ( ITS PREMISES & =MS1 A 0LEAP10 NOT FROM AN ABSOLUTE 0REALM ( NECESSITY0 9TO AN ABSOLUTE 0REALM ( FRE$OM10 BUT FROM A RIGID SY/EM ( LONG-E/ABLI%$ & REPRESSIVE SOCIAL RELATIONS TO A FLEXIBLE SY/EM ( NEW & MORE PLA/IC =MS ( SOCIAL LIFE AS YET 9 ! PROCESS ( =MATION1 ) PL5TY ( ROOM = A FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES & = NEW =MS ( HUMAN ACTIVITY4 ,! SOCIAL REVOLUTION ( ! PROLET>IAT IS AN ACTION ( M5 UNIT$ 9 A DEF9ITE SOCIAL CLASS & 5GAG$ 9 A W> AGA9/ O!R SOCIAL CLASSES1 ) ALL ! *ANCES & ALL ! RISKS ATTA*$ TO SU* A REAL PRACTICAL EF=T4 ,?IS IS 9 NO WAY CONTRADICT$ BY ! ,M>XIAN /ATEM5T ( #ahei ?AT 0A =MATION ( SOCIETY NEV] P]I%ES BE=E ALL ! =CES ( PRODUCTION = :I* IT IS WIDE 5\< HAVE DEVELOP$02 & ?AT 0NEW & HI<] PRODUCTION-RELATIONS NEV] COME 9TO BE+ BE=E ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS = !IR EXI/5CE HAVE MATUR$ )9 ! WOMB ( ! OLD SOCIETY ITSELF40 ,!RE IS NO REASON TO SUSPECT1 AS SOME B\RGEOIS & RE=MI/ OPPON5TS ( ,M>X'S REVOLUTION>Y !ORY HAVE DONE1 ?AT ,M>X HAD BY ?IS TIME AB&ON$ ! PRACTICAL MAT]IALI/IC /&PO9T ( HIS E>LI] WRIT+S 7,!SES ON ,FEU]BA*1 ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY1 ,MIS]E DE LA PHILOSOPHIE1 & ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O7 & HAD ADOPT$ A 0FATALI/IC0 CONCEPTION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS AS A PURELY ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T BR\X HAD =M$ HIS MAT]IALI/IC OP9ION ?AT 0L'ORGANIZATION DES ELEM5TS REVOLUTIONNAIRES COMME CLASSE SUPPOSE L'EXI/5CE DE T\TES LES =CES PRODUCTIVES QUI P\VAI5T S'5G5DR] DANS LE SE9 DE LA SOCIETE ANCI5NE10 LONG BE=E ! FAILURE ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION ( #ahdh & ! 5SU+ REACTION & DESPAIR C\LD HAVE TURN$ HIM FROM A 0MILITANT PROPAG&I/ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y CLASS /RUGGLE0 9TO A 0DETA*$ SCI5TIFIC OBS]V] ( ! REAL HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T40 ,SU* DIFF]5CE AS !RE IS BETWE5 ! E>LI] & LAT] =MULATIONS ( ! MAT]IALI/IC PR9CIPLE1 CONSI/S 9 A %IFT ( EMPHASIS FROM ! SUBJECTIVE FACTOR ( REVOLUTION>Y CLASS W> TO ITS CONNECTION ) ! UND]LY+ OBJECTIVE DEVELOPM5T4 ,?IS %IFT ( EMPHASIS APPE>S = ! FIR/ TIME 9 A DOCUM5T ( ! AUTUMN ( #ahe 9 :I* ,M>X & ,5GELS DREW ATT5TION TO ! RE/OR$ PROSP]ITY & ! CONSEQU5T TEMPOR>Y CLOSE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 0,UND] ! CONDITIONS ( ?IS G5]AL PROSP]ITY1 :5 ! PRODUCTIVE =CES ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY DEVELOP AS ABUNDANTLY AS IS AT ALL POSSIBLE )9 EXI/+ B\RGEOIS CONDITIONS1 !RE CAN BE NO QUE/ION ( A REAL REVOLUTION4 ,SU* A REVOLUTION IS ONLY POSSIBLE 9 ?OSE P]IODS :5 ! TWO FACTORS1 ! MOD]N PRODUCTIVE =CES & ! B\RGEOIS =MS ( PRODUCTION1 COME TO CONTRADICT ONE ANO!R40 ,BY ?IS SOB]1 MAT]IALI/IC /ATEM5T !Y DIS[N$ 0! ILLUSIONS ( ! VULG> DEMOCRACY GR\P$ >\ND ! W\LD-BE PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5TS 9 P>TIBUS0 & ?US SEP>AT$ !MSELVES ONCE = ALL FROM ! LEAD]S ( ! REVOLUTION>Y B\RGEOIS EMIGRATION ( #ahdh 0:O LAT]1 ALMO/ )\T EXCEPTION1 HAVE MADE !IR PEACE ) ,BISM>CK - SO F> AS ,BISM>CK F\ND !M WOR? ! TR\BLE40 ,MORE IMPORTANT1 BY ! SAME ACT !Y BROKE ) ! SO-CALL$ 0P>TIZANS ( ACTION0 :O AT ?AT TIME UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,WILLI* & ,S*APP] HAD SWEPT ) !IR ILLUSION>Y HOPES ( A SPE$Y NEW \TBREAK ( ! DEFEAT$ REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ! MAJORITY ( ! RECON/ITUT$ ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE ( #a#h#e4 ,SO BITT] WAS ! 5SU+ FIIAN P>TY & TO AN EV5TUAL DISSOLUTION ( ! :OLE ORGANIZATION4 ,AS WE HAVE SE5 9 DISCUSS+ ! SUCCESSIVE PHASES ( ,M>X'S ECONOMIC !ORY1 ! NEW =M ( ,M>X'S REVOLUTION>Y MAT]IALISM WAS DUE TO ! *ANG$ CONDITIONS :I* W]E H5CE=? GIV5 = ! PRACTICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,! /RONG] EMPHASIS N[ LAID ON ! OBJECTIVE PRESUPPOSITIONS ( A VICTORI\S PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION :I* CANNOT BE REPLAC$ BY GOOD WILL1 BY ! RIIES1 APPE>S FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW 9 ! MA9 AS A LESSON DRAWN FROM ! EXP]I5CES ( ! ,EUROPEAN REVOLUTION & C\NT]-REVOLUTION ( #ahdh = ! B5EFIT ( ! NEW PHASE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y LABOR MOVEM5T :I* BEGAN 9 #a#h#e4 ,9 A SIMIL> MANN]1 ! REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XI/1 ,L591 ON A CLOSELY ANALOG\S OCCASION1 SUMM$ UP = ! B5EFIT ( ! ,RUSSIAN & 9T]NATIONAL MILITANT P>TY ! TACTICAL EXP]I5CES ( ! ?REE ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONS ( ! #b? C5TURY4 ,9 :AT HE N[ CALL$ ! 0FUNDAM5TAL LAW ( REVOLUTION10 HE /AT$ ! 9DISP5SABLE OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS ( A 0DIRECT1 OP51 REALLY REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE ( ! WORK+ CLASS40 ,JU/ AS ,M>X & ,5GELS1 AFT] ! F9AL DEFEAT ( ! #ahdh REVOLUTION1 HAD CONFRONT$ ! SUBJECTIVE & EMOTIONAL HOPES ( ! ,LEFTI/S ( #ahe ) ! CRUEL MAT]IALI/IC ANALYSIS ( ! OBJECTIVE ECONOMIC POSITION & ! SOB] P]SPECTIVE RESULT+ !REFROM1 SO ,L59 CAME TO GRIPS ) ! ACTIVI/IC REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CIES ( ! LEFT COMMUNI/S ( #aib :O 9 AN OBJECTIVELY *ANG$ SITUATION ADH]$ TO ! SLOGANS ( ! DIRECT REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION RELEAS$ BY ! ,GREAT ,W>4 ,:ILE ?US W>N+ ! VANGU>D ( ! WORK+ CLASS NOT TO /ICK TOO CONS]VATIVELY TO ! DIRECT REVOLUTION>Y TACTICS :I* W]E NO LONG] JU/IFI$ BY OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS1 BO? ,M>X & ,L59 DID NOT ?9K = A MOM5T ( SUPPLANT+ ! REAL REVOLUTION>Y ACTION ( ! WORK+ CLASS BY A PASSIVE BELIEF 9 A M]E ECONOMIC PROCESS ( DEVELOPM5T :I* W\LD AFT] A CONSID]ABLE AM\NT ( WAIT+ F9ALLY A*IEVE ! REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE ) ! 9EVITABILITY ( A NATURAL PROCESS4 ,! CLASS :I* /&S 9 ! MID/REAM ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T & BY ITS [N MOVEM5T DET]M9ES ?AT DEVELOPM5T1 MU/ BY ITS CONSCI\S ACTIVITY F9ALLY PROVE ! MATURITY REA*$ BY ! PRODUCTIVE =CES )9 ! EXI/+ PRODUCTION-RELATIONS4 ,!Y MU/ ) !IR [N H&S BREAK ! FETT]S ?AT OB/RUCT ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES & E/ABLI% ! HI<] PRODUCTION-RELATIONS ( A NEW PROGRESSIVE EPO* ( SOCIETY4 ,*APT] #f4 ,BASIS & ,SUP]/RUCTURE ,:AT >E ! P>TICUL> RELATIONS BETWE5 ! 0ECONOMIC /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY0 & ITS POLITICAL & JURIDICAL 0SUP]/RUCTURE10 BETWE5 0SOCIAL EXI/5CE0 & 0SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS08 ,9 :AT DEF9ITE =MS IS ! MAT]IAL CONNECTION BETWE5 ! V>I\S FIELDS ( SOCIAL LIFE REALIZ$8 ,:AT IS !IR SIGNIFICANCE = A MAT]IALI/IC 9VE/IGATION ( ! DIFF]5T SPH]ES ( A GIV5 ECONOMIC ORD] ( SOCIETY8 ,WE KN[ ALREADY ?AT ALL !SE APP>5TLY SEP>AT$ & WIDELY DIFF]5T SPH]ES =M TOGE!R A UNIV]SE ( SOCIETY 9 :I*1 JU/ AS 9 A LIV+ ORGANISM1 EV]Y P>T IS CONNECT$ ) EV]Y O!R P>T4 ,?IS 0JU/ AS10 BY ! WAY1 IS TO BE READ AS MEAN+ 0JU/ AS MU* & JU/ AS LITTLE40 ,! AU?OR DOES NOT WANT 9 EI!R CASE TO BE REG>D$ AS ADH]+ TO ?AT MY/IC & UNSCI5TIFIC !ORY ( 0:OLE-ISM0 ACCORD+ TO :I* ?IS CONNECTION IS PREVI\SLY GRANT$ & NE$S ONLY TO BE DISCOV]$ 9 DETAIL BY ! 5DEAVORS ( ! 9VE/IGATOR4 ,HE W\LD RA!R1 ) OLD ,KANT1 REG>D ! IDEA ( :OLE-ISM AS A WORK+ PR9CIPLE :I* GUIDES \R /RICTLY EMPIRICAL RESE>* & MAY OR MAY NOT HOLD GOOD EV5 9 A GIV5 9/ANCE4 ,! POSITION TODAY IS DIFF]5T FROM ?AT :I* PREVAIL$ AT ! TIME :5 ,M>X HAD FIR/ TO E/ABLI% ! MAT]IALI/IC PR9CIPLE AGA9/ A HO/ ( DEEP-ROOT$ IDEALI/IC PREJUDICES4 ,M>X HIMSELF NO:]E DISCUSS$ ! QUE/ION 9 A G5]AL WAY4 ,BUT IT FOLL[S FROM HIS CRITICISM ( ! EQUALLY METAPHYSICAL B\RGEOIS CONCEPT ( ,EVOLUTION1 FROM ! PR9CIPLES ( SPECIFICATION & *ANGE UND]LY+ HIS :OLE WORK &1 EV5 MORE1 FROM ! ME?ODS ACTUALLY APPLI$ BY HIM 9 ! 9VE/IGATION ( ! ECONOMIC SPH]E 9 ,CAPITAL1 ?AT HE W\LD HAVE RUL$ \T ! WORDS 0ALL0 & 0EV]Y0 JU/ AS WELL FROM ?AT BROAD] UNIV]SE ( A /RICTLY EMPIRICAL & CRITICAL RESE>* :I* HE CALL$ ALT]NATELY 0HI/ORY0 OR 0SOCIETY0 OR ! REALM ( 0PRACTICAL ACTION40 ,HE W\LD HAVE REPLAC$ ?OSE VAGUE & MEAN+LESS G5]ALITIES BY A SPECIFIC DESCRIPTION ( A GIV5 /ATE ( SOCIETY1 ITS HI/ORICAL G5ESIS1 & ITS 9H]5T DEVELOPM5TAL T5D5CIES FROM ! PRACTICAL VIEWPO9T ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,M>X HAD NOT PASS$ 9 VA9 ?R\< ! S*OOL ( ,HEGEL :I* HAD BE5 = ! :OLE G5]ATION ( ! REVOLUTION>IES ( ! #c'S & #d'S ! GREAT S*OOL ( PHILOSOPHICAL ?\* A ME?OD ( 9QUIRY RANG+ FROM ! MO/ EXACT !ORETICAL TO ! MO/ DIRECT PRACTICAL KN[L$GE4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ?AT BROADNESS & SUBTLETY ( ,M>X'S ?\E RECOGNIZ$ AS A DIRECT PROLET>IAN & REVOLUTION>Y ACTION1 :]EAS ALL O!R =MS ( /RUGGLE1 & MORE ESPECIALLY 0POLITICAL ACTION10 >E REG>D$ AS AN UNDESIRABLE DEVIATION FROM ! REAL REVOLUTION>Y AIMS4 ,?IS ECONOMI/IC T5D5CY WAS REPRES5T$ DUR+ ,M>X'S LIFETIME1 )9 ! ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,9T]NATIONAL ,ORGANIZATION1 BY ! ADH]5TS ( ,PR\DHON1 BY ,BAKUN91 & O!R 0ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN10 0ANTI-POLITICAL10 & 0ANTI-P>TY0 GR\PS ( ! DAY4 ,! VIOL5T BATTLE WAG$ BY ,M>X & HIS FOLL[]S AGA9/ ?AT HET]ODOXY L$ TO ! =MAL EXPULSION ( ! DISSID5T GR\PS FROM ! 0,9T]NATIONAL0 &1 F9ALLY1 TO ! DISSOLUTION ( ! :OLE ORGANIZATION4 ,A DIRECT DESC5DANT ( ?IS E>LIE/ =M ( AN ECONOMI/IC & ANTI-POLITICAL T5D5CY IS ?AT SECOND CURR5T ( SOCIALI/IC ?\Y SYNDICALISM & AN>*O-SYNDICALISM & IS ACTUALLY RESPONSIBLE = ?AT SECOND GREAT RALLY+ ( ! PROLET>IAN =CES AFT] ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#g1 :I* =M$ DUR+ ! LA/ SEV5 YE>S ! REAL DRIV+ =CE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 ,SPA94 ,! SAME REVOLUTION>Y ECONOMI/IC T5D5CY WAS REPRES5T$1 9 A WEAK] =M1 )9 ! ,M>XI/ MOVEM5T ITSELF4 ,WE DO NOT MEAN H]E ?AT PSEUDO-ECONOMI/IC S*OOL ( ! ,G]MAN & O!R ,EUROPEAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC P>TIES & ,TRADE ,UNIONS :I* UND] ! PRETEXT ( AN 0ECONOMI/IC0 PR9CIPLE ACTUALLY CONTE/$ ALL =MS ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T GO+ BEYOND ! M]E 0ECONOMIC0 WAGE /RUGGLE )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! B\RGEOIS PRODUCTION & ( ! B\RGEOIS ,/ATE4 ,ON ! BASIS ( ?AT PSEUDO-ECONOMI/IC PR9CIPLE1 !Y OPPOS$1 9 ! P]IOD PREC$+ ! ,WORLD ,W>1 AMONG O!R POLITICAL ACTIVITIES ( ! WORK]S1 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC CAMPAIGN = ! ABOLITION ( ! PROP]TY QUALIFICATION ON ! FRAN*ISE 9 ,PRUSSIA1 ! MILITANT ,LIEBKNE*T CAMPAIGN AGA9/ MILIT>ISM1 & ! SO-CALL$ 0REVOLUTION ,DREYFUSI5NE0 9 ,FRANCE4 ,!Y DID SO NOT = ANY P>TICUL> DISLIKE ( ! V]Y MOD]ATE POLITICAL AIMS ( ?OSE CAMPAIGNS1 BUT ON ! GR\ND ( ! 0REVOLUTION>Y0 WEAPONS 7G5]AL /RIKES1 /REET DEMON/RATIONS1 ETC47 EMPLOY$ !RE94 ,?US !Y DID NOT OPPOSE POLITICS BUT ONLY ! ALLIANCE ( ! WORK]S ) A RADICAL B\RGEOIS POLITICS4 ,!Y OPPOS$ ON ! SAME GR\NDS1 DUR+ ! W>1 EV5 ! SLIY IMPLICATIONS ( AN UNRE/RICT$ POLITICAL FITY LEAD]%IP1 BY ?AT SMALL REVOLUTION>Y GR\P ( ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY :I* !N C5T]$ >\ND ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG4 ,?AT LEFT-W+ RADICALISM ( ! PRE-W> P]IOD DEVELOP$ DUR+ ! W>1 & ! 5SU+ PHASE ( A DIRECT REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE1 9TO ! ANTI-P>LIAM5T>Y & ANTI-TRADE UNION T5D5CY ( ! LEFT COMMUNI/S1 :O ) SEV]AL DIRECTLY AN>*I/IC & SYNDICALI/IC CURR5TS1 TOOK A CONSID]ABLE %>E 9 ! F\NDATION ( ! NEW 9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK+ CLASS TO BE LAT] %OV$ 9TO ! BACKGR\ND AGA9 BY ! 9CREAS+ /ABILIZATION ( ! OLD CAPITALI/ CONDITIONS4 ,!Y W]E !N1 AFT] A VEHEM5T 9T]NAL /RUGGLE1 F9ALLY EXPELL$ FROM ! RANKS ( ! COMMUNI/ ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL BY A PROCESS BEGUN BY ,L59 HIMSELF1 & FOLL[$ \T TO ! BITT] 5D BY ! 0QUEUE DE ,L590 AFT] HIS DEA?4 ,AS %[N BY ?IS BRIEF HI/ORICAL \TL9E1 ! 0ECONOMI/IC T5D5CY0 ( ,M>XISM HAS PLAY$1 ON ! :OLE1 AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,EUROPEAN LABOR MOVEM5T COMP>ABLE TO ! CONTRIBUTION :I* DUR+ ! SAME P]IOD WAS MADE BY ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD TO ! REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T ( ! CLASS W> 9 ! ,U4,S4,A4 ,?IS WAS RECOGNIZ$ EV5 BY SU* AN >*-POLITICAL ,M>XI/ AS ,L59 :51 ON LOOK+ BACK TO HIS [N BATTLES AGA9/ ! RE=MI/ & C5TRI/ DE=MATION ( REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM )9 ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 HE MADE ! *>ACT]I/IC /ATEM5T3 0,AN>*ISM IS ! PUNI%M5T = ! S9S ( OPPORTUNISM40 ,EV5 FROM A M]ELY !ORETICAL VIEWPO9T ! CONNECTION ( ! ,M>XI/ !ORY ) ! :OLE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAN CLASS W> WAS PRES]V$ MO/ EFFICI5TLY BY ?IS 0ECONOMI/IC0 GR\P1 AL?\< ! ORIG9AL ,M>XIAN IDEA ( A CONT9U\S /RUGGLE WAG$ SIMULTANE\SLY ON ALL FRONTS ( ! SOCIAL LIFE WAS KEPT ALIVE BY !M ONLY 9 ! 0AB/RACT0 & ALMO/ MY/ICAL =M ( A DIRECT ID5TIFICATION ( ! OBJECTIVE ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T ) ! ACTIVE REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS4 ,9 OPPOSITION TO ?AT FIR/ EXTREME /&S ANO!R & APP>5TLY MU* MORE COMPREH5SIVE 9T]PRETATION ( REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM :I* WILL H]EAFT] BE CALL$ ! 0SOCIOLOGICAL T5D5CY40 ,:ILE ! =M] S*OOL OV]EMPHASIZ$ ! IMPORTANCE ( ECONOMICS & MORE OR LESS 0ONE-SID$LY0 R$UC$ ALL SOCIAL RELATIONS & DEVELOPM5TS TO ! UNIQUE 0REALITY0 ( MAT]IAL PRODUCTION1 ?IS O!R S*OOL ( ,M>XIAN ?\I\S DEP>TM5TS ( SOCIAL LIFE &1 ULTIMATELY1 BY A 0UNIV]SAL 9T]DEP5D5CE ( ALL SOCIAL SPH]ES40 ,! MAT]IALI/IC CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY1 !N1 NO LONG] APPE>S AS ! PR9CIPLE ( A MAT]IALI/IC SCI5CE1 9VE/IGAT+ ALL FACTS ( HI/ORY FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( !IR SPECIFIC RELATION TO MAT]IAL PRODUCTION4 ,IT APPE>S AT ITS BE/ AS A G5]AL EMPIRICAL & POSITIVI/IC ME?OD :I* REPRES5TS ALL FACTS 9 !IR [N CONTEXTS & NOT 9 CONNECTION ) ANY PRECONCEIV$ 0IDEA0 AT ALL4 ,?US ! MAT]IALI/IC ,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY IS NO LONG] REG>D$ AS ! F\NDATION ( ! :OLE MAT]IALI/IC 9VE/IGATION ( SOCIETY1 BUT IS TRANS=M$ 9TO A M]E APPLICATION ( ! G5]AL PR9CIPLES =MULAT$ BY ! MAT]IALI/IC CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY TO ONE P>TICUL> SECTION ( HI/ORICAL DATA4 ,BESIDES ! SY/EM ( MAT]IALI/IC ECONOMICS1 :I* HAS BE5 REPRES5T$ 9 DETAIL$ =M BY ,M>X 9 ,CAPITAL1 !RE >E1 ACCORD+ TO ?IS SECOND S*OOL1 O!R P>TIAL SY/EMS :I* HAVE NOT YET BE5 FULLY C>RI$ \T BUT :I* >E !ORETICALLY EQUALLY IMPORTANT P>TS ( ! :OLE ( AN ALL-COMPREH5SIVE MAT]IALI/IC SY/EM4 ,!RE >E1 = EXAMPLE1 ! 0MAT]IALI/IC0 SY/EMS ( POLITICS1 LAW1 PHILOSOPHY1 CULTURE1 ETC4 ,?US ! ECONOMIC MAT]IALISM ( ,M>X IS DIS9TEGRAT$ 9TO A S]IES ( SEP>ATE & COORD9AT$ 0SOCIOLOGICAL0 SCI5CES & !REBY /RIPP$ ( ALL DEF9ITE HI/ORICAL CONT5TS AS WELL AS ( ITS DI/9CT REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT]4 ,FROM A RADICAL ATTACK UPON ! :OLE ( ! PRES5T-DAY CAPITALI/IC MODE ( PRODUCTION IT IS TRANS=M$ 9TO A !ORETICAL CRITICISM ( V>I\S ASPECTS ( ! EXI/+ CAPITALI/IC SY/EM AS ITS ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION1 ITS ,/ATE1 ITS $UCATIONAL SY/EM1 ITS RELIGION1 >T1 SCI5CE2 A CRITICISM :I* NO LONG] NECESS>ILY LEADS UP TO A REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE1 BUT MAY JU/ AS WELL SP5D ITSELF 7& ACTUALLY HAS ALREADY SP5T ITSELF7 9 ALL K9DS ( RE=MS1 :I* NO:]E SURPASS ! B\NDS ( ! EXI/+ B\RGEOIS SOCIETY & ITS ,/ATE4 ,9 ORD] TO RE/ORE ! FULL !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL MEAN+ ( ,M>X'S CRITICAL MAT]IALI/IC PR9CIPLE WE />T ) ! /ATEM5T ?AT ! MAT]IALI/IC PR9CIPLE ( ,M>X DOES NOT NE$ ANY SU* COMPLETION ( ITS PROPOSITIONS AS WAS (F]$ BY ! !ORY ( ! SO-CALL$ 09T]ACTIONS40 ,:5 ,M>X & ,5GELS =MULAT$ !IR MAT]IALI/IC PR9CIPLE1 !Y W]E FULLY AW>E ( ! FACT ?AT 0! SAME ECONOMIC BASIS BY 9NUM]ABLE DIFF]5T EMPIRICAL CIRCUM/ANCES1 NATURAL CONDITIONS1 RACE DIFF]5CES1 EXT]NAL HI/ORICAL 9FLU5CES1 ETC41 MAY APPE> 9 AN UNLIMIT$ RANGE ( V>IATIONS & GRADATIONS :I* CAN ONLY BE UND]/OOD BY AN ANALYSIS ( ?OSE GIV5 EMPIRICAL CIRCUM/ANCES40 ,!Y COMPRIS$1 9 !IR 9VE/IGATION ( ! EFFECTS ( ! ECONOMIC BASIS UPON ! SUP]/RUCTURE1 & ( ! SOCIAL EXI/5CE UPON ! CONSCI\SNESS1 AS A MATT] ( C\RSE1 ! CONCRETE =MS 9 :I*1 E4G41 ! MA/] & S]VANT RELATION ?AT NATURALLY GR[S FROM ! GIV5 MODE ( PRODUCTION1 AFT]W>DS REACTS UPON ! MODE ( PRODUCTION ITSELF4 ,NOR HAVE !Y TREAT$ ! SO-CALL$ 09TELLECTUAL PRODUCTION0 AS A SIMPLE REFLEX ( MAT]IAL PRODUCTION1 BUT RA!R !Y HAVE REPRES5T$ ALONG ) ! EXI/+ HI/ORICAL =MS ( MAT]IAL PRODUCTION ALSO 0! DEF9ITE =MS ( ! 9TELLECTUAL PRODUCTION CORRESPOND+ TO ?AT MAT]IAL PRODUCTION & !IR MUTUAL CONNECTION40 ,TO GA9 A CLE>] 9SIX & ,5GELS DEALT ) ! L9KS BETWE5 ! ECONOMIC BASIS & ! SUP]/RUCTURE ( A GIV5 SOCIETY1 IT IS ADVISABLE TO /UDY FIR/ ! MANN] 9 :I* !Y DEALT ) ! SAME CONNECTION APPE>+ )9 ! ECONOMIC /RUCTURE ITSELF4 ,:ILE !Y DESCRIB$ ! MORE G5]AL ASPECTS ( !IR MAT]IALI/IC ME?OD 9 A HALF-PHILOSOPHICAL =M :5 HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM WAS /ILL 9 ! MAK+1 !Y APPLI$ IT 9 DETAIL TO ! ECONOMIC SPH]E 9 ! SCI5TIFIC WRIT+S ( !IR LAT] P]IOD4 ,IT IS H]E ?AT !Y F9ALLY PROV$ ! SUP]IORITY ( !IR ME?OD ( DEAL+ ) HI/ORICAL & SOCIAL CONNECTIONS OV] ?AT 0CRUDE & CONCEPTLESS MANN]0 9 :I* ! B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/S FIR/ >BITR>ILY TORE ASUND] ! EXI/+ L9KS BETWE5 PRODUCTION1 DI/RIBUTION1 CIRCULATION1 CONSUMPTION1 & !N1 BY AN AFT]?\BITR>ILY SEP>AT$ BY !ORETICAL REFLECTION4 ,!Y LIKEWISE OPPOS$ ! 9SUFFICI5T =M 9 :I* SOME PHILOSOPH]S1 HI/ORIANS1 & 0SOCIAL BELLETRI/S0 HAD TREAT$ ?OSE V>I\S FIELDS AS DIRECTLY 0ID5TICAL40 ,! POSITIVE /&PO9T ( HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM APPE>S FROM A /ATEM5T 9 :I* ,M>X SUMM$ UP A ?OR\< ANALYSIS ( ! V>I\S WAYS 9 :I* ! DIFF]5T SPH]ES ( PRODUCTION1 DI/RIBUTION1 ETC41 CAN BE SAID TO CONDITION EA* O!R3 0,! RESULT IS NOT ?AT PRODUCTION1 DI/RIBUTION1 EX*ANGE1 CONSUMPTION1 ETC41 >E ID5TICAL1 BUT ?AT !Y ALL >E 'MOM5TS' ( A TOTALITY1 DIFF]5CES )9 A UNITY4 ,PRODUCTION 5CROA*ES OV] ! O!R 'MOM5TS4' ,FROM IT ! :OLE PROCESS BEG9S ALWAYS ANEW 444 ,IT FOLL[S ?AT A DEF9ITE =M ( PRODUCTION CONDITIONS DEF9ITE =MS ( CONSUMPTION1 DI/RIBUTION1 EX*ANGE1 & ! DEF9ITE RELATIONS PREVAIL+ BETWE5 ?OSE DIFF]5T 'MOM5TS' !MSELVES4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT PRODUCTION 9 ITS N>R[] DEF9ITION IS 9 TURN DET]M9$ BY O!R 'MOM5TS'2 = 9/ANCE1 :5 ! M>KET EXP&S1 I4E41 :5 ! SPH]E ( EX*ANGE 5L>GES1 PRODUCTION GR[S 9 EXT5T & SUBDIVIDES )9 ITSELF4 ,AGA9 PRODUCTION IS AFFECT$ BY A *ANGE 9 ! DI/RIBUTION1 E4G41 BY A CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL1 BY A *ANGE 9 ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! POPULATION BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY1 ETC4 ,F9ALLY1 ! NE$S ( CONSUMPTION DET]M9E PRODUCTION4 ,!RE IS AN 9T]ACTION BETWE5 ! V>I\S 'MOM5TS4' ,SU* IS ! CASE ) EV]Y ORGANIC UNITY40 ,!RE WAS !N1 AS AGA9/ ! MANN] 9 :I* ! MAT]IALI/IC PR9CIPLE HAD BE5 APPLI$ BY ITS 9ITIATORS !MSELVES1 NO NE$ ( ?AT VIOL5T CRITICISM :I* WAS AT A LAT] TIME DIRECT$ BY ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS AGA9/ ! SO-CALL$ 0ONE-SID$NESS0 ( ! MAT]IALI/IC PR9CIPLE4 ,?IS APP>5T 0SELF-CRITICISM0 :I* IS EMBODI$ 9 A S]IES ( LETT]S WRITT5 BY ,5GELS 9 ! #i'S TO SEV]AL Y\NG] ADH]5TS ( ! ,M>XIAN !ORY & :I* S9CE !N HAS BE5 ! MA9 S\RCE ( 9SPIRATION TO ALL REVISIONI/ & B\RGEOIS 0IMPROV]S0 ( ,M>X'S REVOLUTION>Y MAT]IALI/IC PR9CIPLE1 WAS 9 TRU? DIRECT$ AGA9/ A TOO DOGMATIC & AB/RACT 9T]PRETATION ( HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM1 :I* HAD !N >IS5 9 ! WRIT+S ( SOME ( ! Y\NG] ( ITS MO/ >D5T SUPPORT]S1 E4G41 9 ! 0,LESS+ ,LEG5D0 ( ,FRANZ ,MEHR+4 ,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT H]E AS 9 MANY O!R CASES1 ,5GELS OV]/AT$ HIS [N & ,M>X'S RESPONSIBILITY = ! MI/AKES COMMITT$ BY !IR FOLL[]S1 :5 HE DECL>$ ?AT 0AT FIR/ WE ALL HAVE NEGLECT$ ! =MAL ASPECT TOO MU* 9 FAVOR ( ! CONT5TS40 ,HE ?US UN9T5TIONALLY SUPPORT$ ?AT O!R S*OOL ( ! Y\NG] G5]ATION ( ,M>XI/S :O UND] ! COV] ( AN ATTACK ON A TOO SIMPLE & 0VULG>0 9T]PRETATION ( ,M>X'S MAT]IALISM REALLY AIM$ AT DEPRIV+ ! NEW DOCTR9E ( ITS REVOLUTION>Y IMPLICATIONS 9 ORD] TO MAKE IT ACCEPTABLE TO ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,IT WAS JU/ ! /RUGGLE WAG$ BY ?AT NEW ,M>XI/ S*OOL 9 ! !ORETICAL >5A AGA9/ ,MEHR+'S SOME:AT AB/RACT PRES5TM5T ( ,M>X'S MAT]IALISM1 ?AT OP5$ ! WAY = ! NEW 0REVISIONI/IC0 T5D5CY :I* WAS LAT] TO GET ! UPP] H& 9 ! ,G]MAN ,M>XI/ P>TY & TRADE UNION MOVEM5T & TO LEAD IT ?R\< ! EV5TS ( #aiad TO #aiah TO ITS COMPLETE ANNIHILATION 9 #a#i#c#c4 ,! ASSUM$ ONE-SID$NESS ( ! ,M>XIAN MAT]IALI/IC CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY EXI/S 9 TRU? ONLY 9 ITS AB/RACT =MULATION4 ,A !ORETICAL /ATEM5T ( ! CONNECTIONS BETWE5 ! ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL1 JURIDICAL1 & 9TELLECTUAL /RUCTURE ( A GIV5 SOCIETY UNAVOIDABLY G5]ALIZES1 TO A C]TA9 EXT5T1 ! DEF9ITE HI/ORICAL FACTS1 FROM :I* IT IS D]IV$ & TO :I* IT IS TO BE APPLI$ AS A WORK+ PR9CIPLE BY ! SCI5TIFIC 9VE/IGATOR & BY ! PRACTICAL POLITICIAN4 ,!Y >E 9DE$ 0ONE-SID$0 AS COMP>$ ) ! IMAG9>Y 0COMPLET5ESS0 ( ! ACTUAL HI/ORICAL 0EXP]I5CE0 OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 ) ! M]E COPY+ ( REALITY :I* IS ! AIM ( A PURELY DESCRIPTIVE HI/ORICAL SCI5CE1 OR ) ?AT 0CONCRETE0 REPRODUCTION ( ! REAL :I* MAY BE A*IEV$ BY AN >TI/IC REPRES5TATION4 ,BUT ?AT 0ONE-SID$NESS0 IS ONLY ANO!R NAME = ! G5]ALITY ( ! SCI5TIFIC =M4 ,ONE MIY CONDITIONS4 ,JU/ AS ) ! LAWS ( PHYSICS & TE*NOLOGY1 ! APP>5T 0ONE-SID$NESS0 ADH]+ TO ! 0LAWS0 ( SOCIAL BE+1 HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T1 & PRACTICAL ACTION AS =MULAT$ BY ,M>X1 9 NO WAY 9T]F]ES ) !IR PRACTICAL & !ORETICAL UTILITY1 NAY MORE1 ?AT UTILITY DEP5DS UPON ! 0ONE-SID$NESS0 ( !IR !ORETICAL =MULATION4 ,! 0WAT]+0 PROCESS APPLI$ TO ! MAT]IALI/IC S*EME BY ! ,M>XI/ 0SOCIOLOGI/S0 DOES NOT !RE=E SO MU* CORRECT A FAULTY 0ONE-SID$NESS0 AS IT IMPAIRS ! SCI5TIFIC UTILITY ( ! S*EME ITSELF4 ,! DOCTR9E ( AN 9DIFF]5T PLAY ( 0ACTIONS0 & 09T]ACTIONS10 OR ( ! G5]AL 09T]DEP5D5CE ( ! SOCIAL SPH]ES0 DOES NOT GIVE US ! SLIY10 & ! SUP]/RUCTURE AS A 0SECOND>Y10 FACTOR ( ! HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T1 OR BY REF]R+ TO ! ECONOMIC CONDITIONS AS ! 0F9ALLY DECISIVE MOM5T40 ,NO SCI5TI/ CAN BE CONT5T$ ) ! ANSW] GIV5 BY ,5GELS TO ONE ( HIS CORRESPOND5TS1 9 :I* HE SAID ?AT1 ( ALL ! CONDITIONS ?AT =M ! GIV5 05VIRONM5T0 = HUMAN ACTIONS1 0! ECONOMIC CONDITIONS1 H[EV] MU* !Y MAY BE 9FLU5C$ !MSELVES BY CONDITIONS ( A POLITICAL & IDEOLOGICAL ORD]1 >E /ILL 9 ! LA/ 9/ANCE ! DECISIVE ONES1 =M+ ! R$ ?READ :I* RUNS ?R\< ! :OLE & ALONE LEADS TO A REAL UND]/&+40 ,ALL !SE PHRASES >E BUT USELESS ATTEMPTS TO ADH]E TO ! 0DIALECTICAL0 UNITY ( SUB/ANCE1 CAUSALITY1 & 9T]ACTION 9 ! ,HEGELIAN PHILOSOPHICAL 0IDEA01 AS AGA9/ AN ALTOGE!R *ANG$ MODE ( ?\XI/ !ORI/S :O HAD BE5 ?R\< ! S*OOL ( ,HEGEL1 OR ?AT NEW G5]ATION ( ,M>XI/ ,HEGELIANS :O HAVE >IS5 9 ,RUSSIA S9CE ! #i'S1 W]E CONFRONT$ ) ! QUE/ION ORIG9AT+ FROM QUITE A DIFF]5T G5]AL ATTITUDE & TRADITION ( ?\E ECONOMIC CONDITIONS CAUSAL 7AS SUFFICI5T REASON8 OCCASION8 P]MAN5T CONDITION1 ETC487 TO DEVELOPM5T80 !IR FIR/ REACTION WAS A FLOOD ( PROTE/S AGA9/ ?IS NEW G5]ATION :I* HAD FALL5 SO L[ ?AT IT NO LONG] UND]/OOD ANY?+ AB\T ?AT >S MAGNA - ,DIALECTICS4 ,SAID ,5GELS3 0,:AT ALL !SE G5TLEM5 LACK1 IS DIALECTICS4 ,!Y NEV] SEE ANY?+ BUT H]E CAUSE & !RE EFFECT4 ,?AT ?IS IS AN EMPTY AB/RACTION1 ?AT SU* METAPHYSICAL POL> OPPOSITES EXI/ 9 ! REAL WORLD ONLY 9 TIME ( CRISIS1 :ILE ! :OLE VA/ PROCESS MOVES 9 ! =M ( 9T]ACTIONS1 AL?\< ( V]Y UNEQUAL =CES AMONG :I* ! ECONOMIC MOVEM5T IS BY F> ! /RONGE/1 ! MO/ ORIG9AL1 & ! MO/ DECISIVE2 ?AT H]E NO?+ IS ABSOLUTE & EV]Y?+ IS RELATIVE1 ?IS !Y NEV] BEG9 TO SEE2 = !M !RE HAS BE5 NO ,HEGEL40 ,9 ALL ?AT SEMI-DEF5SE ( ,HEGELIAN PHILOSOPHY1 !Y W]E NEV]!LESS UNABLE TO SAVE FROM ,HEGEL'S DIALECTICAL 0IDEA0 MORE ?AN ?AT ONE MEAG] CONCEPT ( 09T]ACTION0 :I* = ,HEGEL HAD BE5 CLOSELY CONNECT$ ) O!R CONCEPTS 9 ! UNITY ( A TRULY PHILOSOPHICAL ?\TANS AS ! EFFECT ( !IR CON/ITUTION & ?US1 CONTR>IWISE1 ! LATT] AS ! EFFECT ( !IR CU/OMS1 NO MATT] H[ CORRECT SU* A /ATEM5T O!RWISE MAY BE1 YET ?IS VIEW WILL NEV] GIVE US F9AL SATISFACTION BECAUSE 9 TRU? NEI!R ! CON/ITUTION NOR ! CU/OMS ( ?AT PEOPLE >E GRASP$ 9 IT40 ,H5CE ?OSE 09T]ACTIONS0 :I* W]E SUPPOS$ TO PRES]VE )9 ! MAT]IALI/IC S*EME ( ,M>XISM ! PHILOSOPHICAL DIALECTICS ( ,HEGEL >E NEI!R FI% NOR F[L NOR GOOD R$ H]R+1 !Y >E NEI!R ,HEGELIAN PHILOSOPHY1 MY/ICALLY VAGUE YET FULL ( MATT]1 NOR >E !Y SCI5TIFIC T]MS PRECISELY DEF9$ ON ! MODEL ( MOD]N PHYSICS4 ,AS LONG AS !RE IS NO SUFFICI5TLY EXACT DET]M9ATION ( ! QUANTITATIVE AM\NT ( ACTION & REACTION & ( ! PRECISE CONDITIONS UND] :I* AT A GIV5 TIME ! ONE OR ! O!R WILL TAKE PLACE1 ! ORIG9AL /ATEM5T ( ! MAT]IALI/IC PR9CIPLE WILL BE 9 NO WAY CL>IFI$ OR IMPROV$ BY ! SUP]-ADDITION ( SO-CALL$ 09T]ACTIONS0 :I* >E DEEM$ TO BE AT ONE & ! SAME TIME COORD9ATE & SUBORD9ATE TO ! ORIG9AL 0CAUSES40 ,IT IS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 DEPRIV$ ( ALL PRECISE MEAN+ BY ?AT UTT]LY MEAN+LESS ADDITION & ?US TRANS=M$ 9TO A SCI5TIFICALLY USELESS PHRASE4 ,!RE IS MU* MORE TO BE SAID AB\T ! PECULI> QUALITY ( 0ONE-SID$NESS0 ATTA*$ TO EV]Y GREAT REVOLUTION>Y EPO*-MAK+ !ORY4 ,ALREADY ! E>LI] =M ( ! 0MILIEU0 !ORY ADVANC$ BY B\RGEOIS MAT]IALI/S & WORK$ \T MORE CONSI/5TLY BY ,ROB]T ,[5 9 HIS SY/EM ( COMMUNISM1 [$ ITS PROGRESSIVE IMPORTANCE TO ?AT V]Y ONE-SID$NESS :I* ( ! MANIFOLD FACTORS 9 HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T /RESS$ JU/ ! ONE - & ! ONE ONLY - :I* UNTIL !N HAD BE5 5TIRELY NEGLECT$4 ,IT LOSES ALL IMPORTANCE & EV5 ! SEMBLANCE ( ORIG9ALITY & DEP? :I* GIVES A C]TA9 FLA%Y APPE>ANCE EV5 TO ! C>ICATUR$ =M :I* IT SUBSEQU5TLY ASSUM$ 9 ,TA9E'S BELAT$ 9DICTM5T ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION ( ! #a#h? C5TURY1 IF IT IS 5L>G$ TO ! 0IMP>TIAL0 /ATEM5T ?AT MAN IS1 9DE$1 ON ! ONE H& A PRODUCT ( HIS CONDITIONS BUT ON ! O!R H& IS1 CONV]SELY1 ALSO ! CAUSE OR ! 0PRODUC]0 ( HIS [N CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE4 ,EV5 MORE SUP]FLU\S & DAMAG+ >E SU* 0SUPPLEM5TS0 TO ! HI/ORICAL & SOCIAL MAT]IALISM :I* HAS BE5 DEVELOP$ FROM ! 0MILIEU0 !ORY ( E>LY B\RGEOIS MAT]IALISM BY ,M>X4 ,HIS /ATEM5T ?AT 0PROP]TY RELATIONS >E A JURIDICAL EXPRESSION ( EXI/+ PRODUCTION-RELATIONS0 WAS TRANS=M$ 9TO A HACKNEY$ COMMONPLACE BY ?AT MOD]N ,G]MAN PHILOSOPH] :O CONCLUD$ ?AT1 ?\< ON ! ONE H& ALL LAW IS TO BE CONSID]$ AS A M]E =M ( ! ECONOMIC CONT5TS1 ON ! O!R H& ECONOMIC PH5OM5A MU/ !MSELVES BE UND]/OOD AS M]E 0MASS-PH5OM5A ( LEGAL RELATIONS0 & ?US BO? >E TO BE 9T]*ANGEABLY EXPLA9$ BY EA* O!R4 ,NEI!R 0DIALECTICAL CAUSALITY0 9 ITS PHILOSOPHICAL DEF9ITION1 NOR SCI5TIFIC 0CAUSALITY0 SUPPLEM5T$ BY 09T]ACTIONS10 IS SUFFICI5T TO DET]M9E ! P>TICUL> K9DS ( CONNECTIONS & RELATIONS EXI/+ BETWE5 ! ECONOMIC 0BASIS0 & ! JURIDICAL1 POLITICAL1 & IDEOLOGICAL 0SUP]/RUCTURE0 ( A GIV5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC =MATION4 ,TW5TIE? C5TURY NATURAL SCI5CE IS AW>E ?AT ! 0CAUSAL0 RELATIONS OCCURR+ 9 A P>TICUL> FIELD ( KN[L$GE >E NOT TO BE DEF9$ BY A G5]AL CONCEPT OR 0LAW0 ( CAUSALITY1 BUT MU/ BE DET]M9$ SPECIFICALLY = EA* SEP>ATE SPH]E4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT PIONE] WORK = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! SAME SCI5TIFIC PR9CIPLE 9 ! SPH]E ( ! HI/ORICAL1 SOCIAL1 & PRACTICAL LIFE ( MAN WAS DONE 9 A PHILOSOPHICAL =M BY ! DIALECTICS ( ,HEGEL & CONT9U$ 9 A =M1 NO LONG] PHILOSOPHICAL & YET NOT 5TIRELY SEP>AT$ FROM ! ,HEGELIAN PHILOSOPHY1 BY ! MAT]IALI/IC DIALECTICS ( ,M>X & ,5GELS4 ,! GREAT] P>T ( ! RESULTS ?US OBTA9$ DO NOT CONSI/ 9 !ORETICAL =MULAS1 BUT 9 ! SPECIFIC APPLICATION ( ! NEW PR9CIPLE TO A NUMB] ( QUE/IONS :I* >E EI!R ( FUNDAM5TAL PRACTICAL IMPORTANCE OR ( AN EXTREMELY SUBTLE NATURE !ORETICALLY1 & :I* HAD NOT1 UP TO ?AT TIME1 BE5 SO MU* AS T\*$ BY O!R 9VE/IGATORS4 ,EV5 9 ! FUTURE ! MA9 TASK ( SCI5TIFIC RESE>* 9 ?IS FIELD WILL NOT LIE 9 ! !ORETICAL /ATEM5T ( ANY NEW =MULAS4 ,TO A GREAT EXT5T1 ! NEW RESULTS WILL COME FROM A FUR!R APPLICATION & TE/+ ( ! PR9CIPLES IMPLICIT 9 ,M>X4 ,NOR %\LD WE ADH]E TOO /RICTLY TO ! WORDS ( ,M>X :O (T5 US$ HIS T]MS ONLY FIGURATIVELY AS1 = 9/ANCE1 9 DESCRIB+ ! CONNECTIONS H]E CONSID]$ AS A RELATION BETWE5 0BASIS0 & 0SUP]/RUCTURE10 AS A 0CORRESPOND5CE10 ETC4 ,HE PRES5T$ ! HI/ORY ( SOCIETY AT ONE TIME AS A DEVELOPM5T ( MAT]IAL PRODUCTIVE P[]S & PRODUCTION-RELATIONS2 AT ANO!R TIME1 AS A HI/ORY ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,9 ! SAME BROAD WAY1 HE US$ ! T]MS ( 0BASIS0 & 0SUP]/RUCTURE0 APPLY+ !M ON ONE OCCASION TO PRODUCTION-RELATIONS & SU* 9/ITUTIONAL PH5OM5A AS 0,/ATE0 & 0LAW0 &1 ON ANO!R OCCASION1 TO ! PROLET>IAT & ! 0HI<]0 /RATA ( (FICIAL SOCIETY BORNE BY ?AT L[] /RATUM & TO BE R5T ASUND] BY ITS UPHEAVAL4 ,!RE IS NO NE$ TO SMOO? OV] SU* APP>5T CONTRADICTIONS BY A S*OLA/IC 9T]PRETATION2 TO SAY1 E4G41 ?AT ! ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK]S AS A SOCIAL CLASS RE/S ON ! ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ( A GIV5 EPO* BUT ?AT1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ! FUR!R HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IS 9FLU5C$ BY ! CLASS /RUGGLE OR1 CONV]SELY1 ?AT ! CLASS /RUGGLE DEVELOPS UND] ! /IMULUS ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES BUT DET]M9ES1 )9 A GIV5 P]IOD1 ! EXI/+ ECONOMIC CONDITIONS4 ,BY ! =M] 9T]PRETATION1 ! T]M ( ! 0PRODUCTIVE =CES10 BY ! LATT]1 ! CONCEPT ( ! 0CLASS /RUGGLE0 IS DEPRIV$ ( :AT WAS ) ,M>X !IR MA9 CONT5T4 ,:ILE !SE T]MS MAY BE APPLI$ ALSO TO A M]E DESCRIPTION ( A GIV5 HI/ORICAL /ATE ( SOCIETY !Y BO? ATTA9 !IR FULL & TRUE SIGNIFICANCE ONLY :5 APPLI$ TO ! G5ETIC & REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS BY :I* EA* GIV5 =M IS TRANS=M$ 9TO A NEW & HI<] =M ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 ! 0OBJECTIVE0 DESCRIPTION ( ! HI/ORICAL PROCESS AS A DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES & ! 0SUBJECTIVE0 DESCRIPTION ( HI/ORY AS A CLASS /RUGGLE >E TWO 9DEP5D5T =MS ( ,M>XIAN ?\E WORK$ \T 9 AN OBJECTIVE & SIMULTANE\SLY SUBJECTIVE MAT]IALI/IC !ORY = ! USE ( ! 9VE/IGATOR & :I*1 AT ! SAME TIME1 >E MEANT TO BE APPLI$ BY ! PROLET>IAN CLASS 9 ITS PRACTICAL /RUGGLE4 ,9 EI!R CASE1 !Y >E TO BE APPLI$ S+LY OR TOGE!R1 ACCORD+ TO ! CONDITIONS ( EA* GIV5 POSITION1 AS AN 9/RUM5T = ! MO/ PRECISE SOLUTION ( ! TASK 9 H&4 ,! ,M>XIAN CONCEPTS 7AS AMONG ! LAT] ,M>XI/S WAS MO/ CLE>LY REALIZ$ BY ,SOREL & ,L597 >E NOT NEW DOGMATIC FETT]S OR PRE-E/ABLI%$ PO9TS :I* MU/ BE GONE ?R\< 9 A P>TICUL> ORD] 9 ANY 0MAT]IALI/IC0 9VE/IGATION4 ,!Y >E AN UNDOGMATIC GUIDE = SCI5TIFIC RESE>* & REVOLUTION>Y ACTION4 0,! PRO( ( ! PUDD+ IS 9 ! EAT+40 ,*APT] #g4 ,CONCLUSIONS ,M>X'S MO/ IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS TO SOCIAL RESE>* >E ?AT HE3 7#a7 RELAT$ ALL PH5OM5A ( ! LIFE PROCESS ( SOCIETY TO ECONOMICS2 7#b7 CONCEIV$ ( ECONOMICS ITSELF AS A SOCIAL SCI5CE2 7#c7 DEF9$ ALL SOCIAL PH5OM5A HI/ORICALLY &1 9DE$1 AS A REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS :I* RESULTS FROM ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! MAT]IAL =CES ( PRODUCTION & IS REALIZ$ BY ! /RUGGLE ( ! SOCIAL CLASSES4 ,!SE ?REE G5]AL RESULTS ( ! ,M>XIAN SCI5CE ( SOCIETY 9CLUDE AS P>TICUL>LY IMPORTANT P>TIAL RESULTS3 7#d7 AN EXACT DEF9ITION ( ! RELATION BETWE5 ECONOMICS & POLITICS2 7#e7 A R$UCTION ( ALL PH5OM5A ( ! SO-CALL$ 0M9D0 TO DEF9ITE =MS ( SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS P]TA9+ TO A DEF9ITE HI/ORICAL EPO*4 ,A DETAIL$ ANALYSIS ( TOPICS 7#d7 & 7#e7 IS BEYOND ! SCOPE ( ?IS WORK4 ,TO >RIVE AT !SE RESULTS1 ,M>X US$ A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ( HIS [N1 :I* HE COMPOS$ L>GELY ( PHILOSOPHICAL ELEM5TS RE%AP$ FROM ,HEGEL1 BUT 9TO :I* HE ABSORB$ AS WELL ALL ! NEW T5D5CIES ( ! SOCIAL KN[L$GE ( HIS TIME4 ,9 CONSCI\S OPPOSITION TO ,HEGEL'S IDEALI/IC SY/EM1 HE CALL$ ?IS NEW SET ( IDEAS HIS MAT]IALISM4 ,AS AGA9/ ! V>I\S O!R MAT]IALISM T5ETS1 HE DESCRIB$ IT MORE PRECISELY BY ! ADDITION ( ONE OR MORE SU* ADJECTIVES AS HI/ORICAL1 DIALECTICAL1 CRITICAL1 REVOLUTION>Y1 SCI5TIFIC1 OR PROLET>IAN4 ,HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM IS 9 ITS MA9 T5D5CY NO LONG] A PHILOSOPHICAL1 BUT RA!R AN EMPIRICAL & SCI5TIFIC1 ME?OD4 ,IT CONTA9S ! PREMISES = A REAL SOLUTION ( ! TASK :I* NATURALI/IC MAT]IALISM & POSITIVISM HAD ONLY APP>5TLY SOLV$ BY AN ECLECTIC APPLICATION TO ! SCI5CE ( SOCIETY ( ! HITICUL> FIELDS ( 9VE/IGATION4 ,9/EAD ( TRANSF]R+ ?OSE SCI5TIFIC ME?ODS READY-MADE TO ! NEW SPH]E ( SOCIETY1 ,M>X DEVELOP$ SPECIFIC ME?ODS ( SOCIAL RESE>*1 A ,NOVUM ,ORGANUM :I* W\LD P]MIT ! 9VE/IGATOR 9 ?IS NEWLY OP5$ FIELD TO P5ETRATE ! 0EIDOLA0 /&+ 9 ! WAY ( UNBIASS$ RESE>*1 & TO DET]M9E 0) ! PRECISION ( NATURAL SCI5CE0 ! REAL SUBJECT-MATT] HIDD5 BEH9D AN 9T]M9ABLE CONFUSION ( 0IDEOLOGICAL0 DISGUISES4 ,?IS IS ! K]NEL ( ,M>XIAN MAT]IALISM4 ,JU/ AS POSITIVISM C\LD NOT MOVE ) FRE$OM 9 ! NEW FIELD ( SOCIAL SCI5CE1 BUT REMA9$ TI$ TO ! SPECIFIC CONCEPTS & ME?ODS ( NATURAL SCI5CE1 SO ,M>X'S HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM HAS NOT 5TIRELY FRE$ ITSELF FROM ! SPELL ( ,HEGEL'S PHILOSOPHICAL ME?OD :I* 9 ITS DAY OV]%AD[$ ALL CONTEMPOR>Y ?\KS ( ! OLD ,HEGELIAN PHILOSOPHY FROM :OSE WOMB IT SPRANG4 ,ALL !SE IMP]FECTIONS W]E UNAVOIDABLE UND] ! CIRCUM/ANCES \T ( :I* ,M>X'S MAT]IALI/IC SOCIAL RESE>* >OSE4 ,) ALL !SE FAULTS1 IT WAS F> & AWAY 9 ADVANCE ( ! O!R CONTEMPOR>Y S*OOLS ( SOCIAL ?\ATIVELY NEGLIGIBLE PROGRESS :I* ,M>XI/S HAVE 9 ! MEANTIME MADE 9 ! =MAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! ME?ODS DISCOV]$ BY ,M>X & ,5GELS4 ,9 A P>TLY PHILOSOPHICAL =M1 IT HAS YET A*IEV$ A GREAT NUMB] ( IMPORTANT SCI5TIFIC RESULTS :I* HOLD GOOD TO ?IS DAY4 ,?R\< ,HEGEL1 ! NEW PROLET>IAN MAT]IALISM L9K$ ITSELF TO ! SUM ( B\RGEOIS SOCIAL ?\Y MOVEM5T ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS4 ,! PHILOSOPHICAL IDEALISM ( ,HEGEL CORRESPOND$ TO A FUR!R ADVANC$ /AGE ( ! MAT]IAL DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY ?AN DID ! OLD B\RGEOIS MAT]IALISM4 ,HEGEL HAD EMBODI$ 9 HIS 0IDEALI/IC0 SY/EM A GREAT] NUMB] ( ELEM5TS ?AT C\LD BE US$ BY ! NEW HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM4 ,HE HAD ALSO PRES5T$ !M 9 A MORE HILY1 MANY O!R SECTIONS ( ,HEGEL'S SY/EM CAN )\T DIFFICULTY BE READ MAT]IALI/ICALLY 9/EAD ( IDEALI/ICALLY4 ,! FACT ?AT ! NEW PROLET>IAN !ORY HAD 9CORPORAT$ 9 ITS ME?ODS & CONT5TS SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS ( ,HEGEL'S PHILOSOPHY1 DID NOT 9 ANY WAY 9F] AN OBLIGATION4 ,M>X & ,5GELS DISRUPT$ ! ELEM5TS :I* 9 ,HEGEL HAD BE5 B\ND UP 9 AN IDEALI/IC SY/EM4 ,!Y WELD$ TOGE!R ! P>TS :I* !Y F\ND SUITABLE = !IR PURPOSE1 ) ELEM5TS TAK5 FROM O!R S\RCES 9TO ! NEW :OLE ( A MAT]IALI/IC SCI5CE4 ,HEGEL HAD BE5 9 HIS TIME AN 5CYCLOP$IC ?9K]1 A G5IUS AT ANNEXATION1 A 0PHILOSOPH]0 HUNGRY BO? = !ORY & REALITY1 :O BR\ABLY GREAT] FIELD ( EXP]I5CE ?AN ANYONE S9CE ,>I/OTLE4 ,! MASS ( ?\IES :I* ,M>X & ,5GELS DIRECT$ 9TO ! BROAD /REAM ( !IR NEW MAT]IALI/IC DOCTR9E ( SOCIETY4 ,!Y TOOK FROM ALL SIDES4 ,FROM ! B\RGEOIS HI/ORIANS ( ! ,FR5* ,RE/ORATION !Y TOOK ! HI/ORICAL IMPORTANCE ( CLASS & CLASS /RUGGLE2 FROM ,RIC>DO1 ! CONFLICT+ ECONOMIC 9T]E/S ( ! SOCIAL CLASSES2 FROM ,PR\DHON1 ! DESCRIPTION ( ! MOD]N PROLET>IAT AS ! ONLY REVOLUTION>Y CLASS2 FROM ! FEUDAL & ,*RI/IAN ASSAILANTS ( ! NEW POLITICAL ORD] BORN ( ! #a#h? C5TURY REVOLUTION1 ! RU?LESS UNMASK+ ( ! LIB]AL IDEAS ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! PI]C+ 9VECTIVE FULL ( HATR$4 ,!IR +5U\S DISSECTION ( ! UNSOLVABLE ANTAGONISMS ( ! MOD]N MODE ( PRODUCTION !Y TOOK FROM ! PETTY-B\RGEOISIE SOCIALISM ( ,SISMONDI2 ! ACC5TS ( HUMANISM P]CEPTIBLE EV5 9 !IR LAT] MAT]IALI/IC WRIT+S FROM E>LI] COMPANIONS AMONG ! LEFT ,HEGELIANS1 ESPECIALLY FROM ,FEU]BA*2 ! RELEVANCE ( POLITICS TO ! /RUGGLE ( ! WORK+ CLASS FROM ! CONTEMPOR>Y LABOR P>TIES1 ,FR5* ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS & ,5GLI% ,*>TI/S2 ! DOCTR9E ( ! REVOLUTION>Y DICTATOR%IP FROM ! ,FR5* ,CONV5TION1 & FROM ,BLANQUI & HIS FOLL[]S4 ,F9ALLY1 !Y TOOK FROM ,SA9T-,SIMON1 ,F\RI]1 & ,[5 ! ULTIMATE GOAL ( ALL SOCIALISM & COMMUNISM1 ! COMPLETE OV]?R[ ( EXI/+ CAPITALI/IC SOCIETY1 ABOLITION ( ALL CLASSES & CLASS OPPOSITIONS1 & TRANS=MATION ( ! POLITICAL ,/ATE 9TO A M]E MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION4 ,!SE W]E ! ANNEXATIONS !Y HAD MADE FROM ! BEG9N+4 ,DUR+ ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( !IR !ORY1 !Y MADE O!RS1 ADOPT+1 = 9/ANCE1 AT ONE /ROKE ! RESULTS ( ?AT FIR/ AGE ( DISCOV]Y 9 PRIMEVAL RESE>* :I* BEGAN E>LY 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY & CONCLUD$ ) ,MORGAN4 ,JU/ AS ,M>X'S NEW SCI5CE IS 9 ITS =M ABOVE ALL A /RICTLY EMPIRICAL 9VE/IGATION & CRITIQUE ( SOCIETY1 SO 9 ITS CONT5T IT IS1 ABOVE ALL1 ECONOMIC RESE>*4 ,M>X1 :O HAD BEGUN HIS MAT]IALI/IC 9VE/IGATION ( SOCIETY AS A CRITIC ( RELIGION1 ( PHILOSOPHY1 ( POLITICS1 & ( LAW1 LAT] CONC5TRAT$ MORE & MORE UPON ECONOMICS4 ,HE DID NOT !REBY N>R[ D[N ! REALM ( HIS ALL-COMPREH5SIVE SOCIAL SCI5CE4 ,! CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY AS EMBODI$ 9 ,CAPITAL DEALS ) ! ,/ATE & ! LAW1 & ) SU* 0HI<]10 I4E41 /ILL MORE IDEOLOGICAL1 SOCIAL PH5OM5A AS PHILOSOPHY1 >T1 & RELIGION ONLY 9 OCCASIONAL REM>KS :I* LIX'S MAT]IALI/IC SOCIAL SCI5CE IS NOT SOCIOLOGY1 BUT ECONOMICS4 ,= ! O!R BRAN*ES ( ! SO-CALL$ SOCIAL SCI5CE !RE REMA9S !N1 ACCORD+ TO ! MAT]IALI/IC PR9CIPLE ( ,M>XISM1 A SCALE ( PH5OM5A :I* BECOME 9 PROPORTION TO !IR 9CREAS+ DI/ANCE FROM ! ECONOMIC F\NDATION1 LESS & LESS ACCESSIBLE TO A /RICTLY SCI5TIFIC 9VE/IGATION1 LESS & LESS 0MAT]IAL10 MORE & MORE 0IDEOLOGICAL10 & :I*1 F9ALLY1 CANNOT BE TREAT$ 9 A !ORETICAL MANN] AT ALL1 BUT ONLY CRITICALLY & 9 ! CLOSE/ CONNECTION ) ! PRACTICAL TASKS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y CLASS W>4 ,! LA/ F\NDATION ( ! NEW ,M>XIAN SCI5CE IS NEI!R ,HEGEL NOR ,RIC>DO1 NEI!R B\RGEOIS PHILOSOPHY NOR B\RGEOIS ECONOMY4 ,M>X'S MAT]IALI/IC 9VE/IGATION 9TO ! MOVEM5T ( MOD]N B\RGEOIS SOCIETY RECEIV$ ITS DECISIVE IMPULSES FROM ! REALITY ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T1 ?AT IS1 FROM ! GREAT B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS ( ! #a#g? & #a#h? C5TURIES & FROM ! HI/ORICAL MOVEM5T ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 ! REVOLUTION>Y RISE ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS4 ,A G5ETIC PRES5TATION W\LD %[ ) :AT PRECISION & AT ! SAME TIME ) :AT WEIIAN CLASS /RUGGLE1 IS REFLECT$ 9 EA* NEW TURN ( ! !ORETICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ,M>X'S DOCTR9E4 ,?IS CLOSE CONNECTION BETWE5 ! REAL HI/ORY ( SOCIETY & ,M>X'S MAT]IALI/IC SCI5CE DOES NOT RE/ UPON A M]E PASSIVE REFLECTION ( REALITY 9 !ORY4 ,:AT ,M>X & ,5GELS GA9$ 9 !ORETICAL VIEWS & CONCEPTS FROM !IR /UDY ( ! REAL HI/ORY ( ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T1 !Y GAVE BACK IMM$IATELY 9 ! =M ( DIRECT P>TICIPATION 9 ! CLASS CONFLICTS ( !IR TIME & ( P[]FUL IMPULSES :I* HI/ORICALLY CONT9UE TO 5L>GE & /IMULATE ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T UP TO ! PRES5T DAY4 ,TO BE 9/RUM5TAL 9 ! HI/ORICAL MOVEM5T ( \R TIME IS ! GREAT PURPOSE ( ,M>X4 ,?IS REVOLUTION>Y PR9CIPLE :I* %APES ALL HIS LAT] !ORETICAL WORK HE HAD =MULAT$ 9 HIS E>LIE/ Y\? :5 HE CONCLUD$ HIS VIOL5T CRITICISM ( ,FEU]BA*'S POLITICALLY 9SUFFICI5T MAT]IALI/IC PHILOSOPHY ) A LA/ MIXI/S4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,M>* #b1 #bba 3 ,P>T #c -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/