,P>T #b ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,K>L ,KORS* ,TEXT 3 #a4 ,M>XISM & ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY #b4 ,FROM ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY TO 0,ECONOMICS0 #c4 ,FROM ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY TO ,M>XIAN ,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY #d4 ,SCI5TIFIC V]SUS ,PHILOSOPHICAL ,CRITICISM ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY #e4 ,TWO ,ASPECTS ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MAT]IALISM 9 ,M>X'S ,ECONOMIC ,!ORY #f4 ,ECONOMIC ,!ORY ( ,CAPITAL #g4 ,! ,FETI%ISM ( ,COMMODITIES #h4 ,! 0,SOCIAL ,CONTRACT0 #i4 ,! ,LAW ( ,VALUE #a4 ,COMMON ,MISUND]/&+S ( ! ,M>XIAN ,DOCTR9E ( ,VALUE & ,SURPLUS ,VALUE #a#a4 ,ULTIMATE ,AIMS ( ,M>X'S ,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY ,*APT] #a4 ,M>XISM & ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY ,M>X'S MAT]IALI/IC 9VE/IGATION ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY IS BAS$ FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ ON A RECOGNITION ( ! C>D9AL IMPORTANCE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY4 ,:ILE BUT A FEW WEEKS BE=E1 HE HAD WRITT5 TO HIS B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC FRI5D ,RUGE1 ! *>ACT]I/IC WORDS ?AT ! CRITIC ( MOD]N SOCIETY MAY />T FROM 0ANY GIV5 =M ( !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL CONSCI\SNESS0 & ?AT MORE ESPECIALLY ! 0POLITICAL ,/ATE0 EXPRESSES )9 ITS =M ALL SOCIAL /RUGGLES1 NE$S1 & TRU?S SUB SPECIE REI PUBLICE1 HE N[ DEF9ITELY TRANSC5D$ ?AT 9T]M$IATE /AGE ( HIS MAT]IALI/IC MOLD+ PROCESS BY ! CONCLUSION ?AT 0! ANATOMY ( CIVIL SOCIETY MU/ BE S\D A BETT] ME?OD ( SCI5TIFIC 9VE/IGATION4 ,! !ORETICAL TRANSITION TO ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY CO9CID$ ) A PRACTICAL TRANSITION FROM ! ,JACOB9IC B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 :I* HAD AIM$ AT SOLV+ ! SOCIAL PROBLEMS & NE$S ( ! WORK+ CLASSES SUB SPECIE REI PUBLICE1 TO ! 9DEP5D5T ACTION ( ! MOD]N PROLET>IAT1 :I* IS RESOLV$ TO SEEK = ! SPECIFIC ROOTS ( ITS OPPRESSION & = ! SPECIFIC PA? TO ITS EMANCIPATION 9 ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY4 0,! ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS10 SAY ! ,RULES ( ! ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,9T]NATIONAL ,ASSOCIATION DRAWN UP TW5TY YE>S LAT] BY ,M>X1 0IS ! GREAT 5D TO :I* EV]Y POLITICAL MOVEM5T IS SUBORD9AT$ AS A MEANS40 ,! !ORETICAL PROGRAM ( ! Y\?FUL ,M>X1 TO 0SEEK = ! ANATOMY ( CIVIL SOCIETY 9 ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY10 DOES NOT1 H[EV]1 MEAN A SIMPLE ACCEPTANCE ( ! ACCOMPLI%$ RESULTS ( ! PREC$+ P]IOD ( ECONOMIC SCI5CE4 ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY WAS1 HI/ORICALLY1 ! NEW SCI5CE ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 BR\Y FIY /RUGGLE HAS COME TO AN 5D4 ,! B\RGEOIS CLASS RULES1 BO? POLITICALLY & ECONOMICALLY1 9 PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY4 ,?US1 ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY1 DEAL+ ) ! MAT]IAL F\NDATION ( ! EXI/+ B\RGEOIS ,/ATE1 IS = ! PROLET>IAT FIR/ & =EMO/ AN 5EMY C\NTRY4 ,NOR DOES IT LOSE ?IS *>ACT] BY ! FACT ?AT P>TS ( ! GR\ND HELD BY ITS \TPO/S >E BE+ OCCUPI$ BY ! !ORETICAL VANGU>D ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! FIR/ TASK = ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! NEW REVOLUTION>Y CLASS 9 ?IS FIELD IS1 !RE=E1 TO RECONNOIT] ! 5EMY'S POSITION4 ,9 /RIK+ CONTRA/ TO ! ILLUSIONS *]I%$ BY MANY SOCIALI/S 9 !IR TIME & UP TO ! PRES5T DAY1 ,M>X & ,5GELS NEV] ACCEPT$ ! IDEA ?AT ?IS SAME ECONOMIC SCI5CE :I* ! PROLET>IAN CLASS 9H]IT$ FROM ! B\RGEOISIE1 C\LD N[1 BY A M]E ELIM9ATION ( ITS 9H]5T B\RGEOIS BIAS & A CONSI/5T WORK+ \T ( ITS [N PREMISES1 BE TRANS=M$ 9TO A !ORETICAL WEAPON = ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,:]EV] SU* AN OP9ION WAS EXPRESS$ BY ! FIR/ SOCIALI/ ,RIC>DIANS ( #a#h#b-#c1 BY ! ,[5I/S1 OR BY ,PR\DHON1 ,RODB]TUS1 & ,LASSALLE1 !Y DECL>$ IT AN 0ECONOMICALLY FALSE !ORY10 AN IDEALI/IC APPLICATION ( MORALITY TO ECONOMICS & 9 ITS PRACTICAL CONSEQU5CE A REACTION>Y ,UTOPIA4 ,!Y PO9T$ \T ?AT ! EQUALITY-IDEA RESULT+ FROM ! EPO* ( B\RGEOIS 0COMMODITY-PRODUCTION0 & EXPRESS$ 9 ! ECONOMIC 0LAW ( VALUE0 IS /ILL B\RGEOIS 9 ITS *>ACT]4 ,IT IS !RE=E ONLY IDEOLOGICALLY 9COMPATIBLE ) ! EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS ?R\< CAPITAL1 BUT NOT 9 ACTUAL PRACTICE4 ,! SOCIALI/ ,RIC>DIANS IMAG9$ ?AT !Y C\LD ATTACK ! ECONOMI/S ON !IR [N GR\ND & ) !IR [N WEAPONS4 ,ON ! BASIS ( ! ECONOMIC PR9CIPLE ?AT 0IT IS ,LABOR ALONE :I* BE/[S VALUE10 !Y WANT$ TO TRANS=M ALL M5 9TO ACTUAL WORK]S EX*ANG+ EQUAL QUANTITIES ( LABOR4 ,TO ONE ( ! BE/ ( !M1 ,BRAY1 ,M>X REPLI$ ?AT 0CE RAPPORT EGALITAIRE1 CET IDEAL CORRECTIF QU'IL V\DRAIT APPLIQU] AU MONDE1 N'E/ LUI-MEME QUE LE REFLET DU MONDE ACTUEL1 ET QU'IL E/ P> CONSEQU5T TOTALEM5T IMPOSSIBLE DE RECON/ITU] LA SOCIETE SUR UNE BASE QUI N'5 E/ QU'UNE OMB] EMBELLIE4 ,A MESURE QUE L'OMB] R$EVI5T CORPS1 ON S'AP]COIT QUE CE CORPS1 LO9 D'5 ETRE LA TRANSFIGURATION REVEE1 E/ LE CORPS ACTUEL DE LA SOCIETE40 ,9/EAD ( D]IV+ DEM&S ( SOCIALISM & COMMUNISM1 9 AN IDEALI/IC & ,UTOPIAN MANN]1 FROM ! LAWS ( B\RGEOIS ECONOMICS1 ,M>X & ,5GELS =MULAT$ ! MAT]IALI/IC CONCLUSION ?AT 0ACCORD+ TO ! LAWS ( B\RGEOIS ECONOMICS1 ! L>G] P>T ( ! PRODUCT DOES NOT BELONG TO ! WORK]S :O HAVE PRODUC$ IT40 ,9 ORD] TO OBVIATE ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS ONE MU/ NOT APPLY A DIFF]5T 9T]PRETATION TO B\RGEOIS ECONOMICS BUT RA!R1 ?R\< A REAL *ANGE 9 SOCIETY1 BR+ AB\T A PRACTICAL SITUATION 9 :I* ?OSE ECONOMIC LAWS WILL CEASE TO HOLD GOOD & ?US ! SCI5CE ( ECONOMICS WILL BECOME VOID ( CONT5TS & ULTIMATELY VANI% ALTOGE!R4 ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY !N1 ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 IS A B\RGEOIS SCI5CE4 ,?IS APPLIES EV5 TO ,M>X'S [N CONTRIBUTIONS TO ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ITS MA9 DOCTR9ES4 ,M>X F\XIAN DOCTR9E ( ,VALUE & ,SURPLUS ,VALUE IS ONLY ! F9AL \TGR[? ( A CONCEPTUAL PROCESS :I*1 9 CONT5T1 HAD BE5 ALMO/ COMPLET$ BY ! CLASSICAL B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/S4 ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS1 IMM$IATELY AFT] ,M>X'S DEA?1 MADE IT QUITE CLE>1 & ! PO/HUM\S PUBLICATIONS FROM ,M>X'S PAP]S EXHAU/IVELY PROV$1 ?AT ,M>X AT NO TIME 9 HIS LIFE C\NT5ANC$ ! OP9ION ?AT ! NEW CONT5TS ( HIS SOCIALI/ & COMMUNI/ !ORY C\LD BE D]IV$1 AS A M]E LOGICAL CONSEQU5CE1 FROM ! UTT]LY B\RGEOIS !ORIES ( ,QUESNAY1 ,SMI?1 & ,RIC>DO4 ,H[ !N >E WE TO UND]/& ! LEAD+ P>T :I*1 9 SPITE ( ALL ?IS1 ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY PLAY$ 9 ! G5ESIS ( ,M>X'S !ORY ( SOCIETY1 & MA9TA9$ ?R\< ALL ITS SUBSEQU5T DEVELOPM5TS8 ,?IS 9 ITSELF %[S AGA9 ! SUP]IORITY ( ! MAT]IALI/IC /&PO9T4 ,M>X KEPT ALO( FROM ?AT SUP]FICIALITY BY :I* MANY REVOLUTION>Y !ORI/S 9 HIS TIME & TODAY IMAG9$ ?AT BY A M]E !ORETICAL EF=T1 WI%FUL ?9K+1 OR A SIMPLE 0*ANGE ( HE>T0 !Y C\LD IGNORE SU* OBJECTIVE FACTS AS ?OSE 9VE/IGAT$ BY ECONOMIC SCI5CE - ! V]Y FUNDAM5TALS ( ALL EXI/+ SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,! MOD]N WORK+ CLASS 9 ITS 9DEP5D5T SOCIAL MOVEM5T 9EVITABLY />TS FROM ! HI/ORICAL RESULTS ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ?IS B\RGEOISIE & ! NEW MODE ( PRODUCTION IT BR\E ! V]Y ANTAGONI/ FROM :OM ! PROLET>IAT MU/ COMPLETELY SEP>ATE ITS [N ACTION & :OM IT MU/ ULTIMATELY CONQU] 9 A DECISIVE BATTLE4 ,SO MU/ ! PROLET>IAT1 9 EVOLV+ ITS [N REVOLUTION>Y ?\T FROM ! RESULTS A*IEV$ BY B\RGEOIS ECONOMIC 9VE/IGATION4 ,IT CANNOT SKIP OV]1 9 ITS [N MAT]IALI/IC !ORY1 ! DEF9ITE =MS ( ECONOMIC SCI5CE EXI/+ HI/ORICALLY 9 ! PRES5T EPO* ANY MORE ?AN IT CAN NEGLECT1 9 ITS REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE1 ! EXI/5CE ( ! MOD]N CAPITALI/IC MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,ONLY BY MEANS ( A PRACTICAL & !ORETICAL ACTION P]SI/5TLY CONT9U$ = A CONSID]ABLE TIME ?R\< SEV]AL 9T]M$IATE PHASES1 CAN ! PROLET>IAT C>RY ?R\< ! NECESS>Y *ANGE 9 ! EXI/+ CONDITIONS ( MAT]IAL PRODUCTION & !REBY ULTIMATELY SURPASS ! SOCIAL =MS ( CONSCI\SNESS :I* >E AT PRES5T B\ND UP ) ?OSE CONDITIONS4 ,LONG BE=E HE APPLI$ ?IS CONSEQU5CE ( HIS MAT]IALI/IC PR9CIPLE TO ECONOMIC SCI5CE1 ,M>X HAD APPLI$ IT TO PHILOSOPHICAL ?\I\S GR\PS ( Y\NG ,HEGELIANS1 ON ! QUE/ION ( ! IMPACT ( 0PHILOSOPHY0 7I4E41 ,HEGELIAN PHILOSOPHY7 ON ! IMM95T POLITICAL REVOLUTION4 ,HE HAD OPPOS$ ! ATTITUDE ( ! PHILOSOPHICAL P>TY :I* D]IV$ ! REVOLUTION IMM$IATELY FROM ! PR9CIPLES ( PHILOSOPHY JU/ AS MU* AS HE HAD OPPOS$ ?AT ( ! ANTI-PHILOSOPHICAL P>TY :I* TURN$ ITS BACK ON PHILOSOPHY4 ,JU/ AS HE HAD DONE 9 HIS PREVI\S CRITICISM ( PHILOSOPHY1 SO N[ 9 HIS CRITICISM ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY1 ,M>X SEEM$ TO CALL \T TO ! SOCIALI/IC ,RIC>DIANS1 ETC41 :O WI%$ TO D]IVE SOCIALISM FROM B\RGEOIS ECONOMICS3 0,Y\ CANNOT REALIZE ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY 79 PRACTICE7 )\T DO+ AWAY ) IT 7BY !ORETICAL ACTION702 & TO ! 0PURE0 HI/ORIANS1 0PURE0 SOCIOLOGI/S1 0PURE0 REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVI/S1 :O IGNOR$ ALL ECONOMICS1 0,Y\ CANNOT DO AWAY ) ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY 7BY PRACTICAL ACTION7 )\T REALIZ+ IT 79 !ORY740 ,*APT] #b4 ,FROM ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY TO 0,ECONOMICS0 ,CLASSICAL ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY1 AS DI/9CT FROM ! ADULT]ATIONS ( ! 0VULG>0 ECONOMI/S ( ! #a#i? C5TURY & FROM ! MORE REC5T ATTEMPTS AT AN 5TIRELY NEW />T1 ORIG9AT$ HI/ORICALLY AS AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! NEW SCI5CE ( CIVIL SOCIETY1 CREAT$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE 9 ITS REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE TO E/ABLI% ?IS V]Y SOCIETY4 ,IT =M$ A REALI/IC COMPLEM5T TO ! GREAT PHILOSOPHICAL1 POLITICAL1 JURIDICAL1 MORAL1 ES!TIC1 & PSY*OLOGICAL UPHEAVAL1 ?R\< :I* DUR+ ! P]IOD ( ! SO-CALL$ 0,5LILY P]IOD1 AS WELL AS 9 ! FIR/ GREAT SY/EMS ( ! ,PHYSIOCRATS1 WAS B\ND UP ) ! :OLE ( ! NEW B\RGEOIS SOCIAL SCI5CE 9 A NATURAL & +5U\S UNITY4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ,ADAM ,SMI? SEP>AT$ HIS ECONOMIC ,9QUIRY 9TO ! ,NATURE & ,CAUSES ( ! ,WEAL? ( ,NATIONS FROM ! 0G5]AL PR9CIPLES ( LAW & GOV]NM5T1 & ( ! DIFF]5T REVOLUTIONS !Y HAVE UND]GONE 9 ! DIFF]5T AGES & P]IODS ( SOCIETY10 AS DISCUSS$ 9 HIS ACADEMICAL LECTURES1 JU/ AS HE HAD ALREADY SPLIT ANO!R P>T FROM ?AT BULKY :OLE 9 HIS E>LI] ,!ORY ( ,MORAL ,S5TIM5TS4 ,YET 9 HIS ECONOMIC WORK HE EMBRAC$ ONCE MORE1 ALONG ) ! FUNDAM5TAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS1 ! :OLE ( ! NEW POLITICAL & SOCIAL CONDITIONS >IS+ FROM ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RY1 EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES1 & ! DIVISION ( LABOR )9 ! NEW B\RGEOIS ORD] ( SOCIETY4 ,EV5 9 ! WORK ( ,RIC>DO1 9 :I* ! CLASSICAL EPO* ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY REA*ES ITS CLOSE1 ?IS 0ORGANIC0 CONNECTION BETWE5 ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY & ! :OLE ( SOCIETY IS PRES]V$4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 IT CAN BE SAID ?AT ! SY/EM ( ,RIC>DO :I*1 AS A TRUE 0ANATOMY0 ( CIVIL SOCIETY1 =MALLY RE/RICTS ITSELF TO AN +5I\S DISSECTION ( ! MAT]IAL F\NDATIONS - ! SKELETON1 AS IT W]E1 ( ! SOCIAL BODY - %[S ! FIR/ SYMPTOMS ( AN IMP5D+ DIS9TEGRATION4 ,/ILL MORE DOES ! SUBSEQU5T !ORETICAL DEVELOPM5T ( B\RGEOIS ECONOMICS REVEAL ! 9EVITABLE RESULTS ( ! *ANGE :I* DUR+ ! 5SU+ P]IOD WAS TO /RIP ! B\RGEOIS 0PRODUCTION-RELATIONS0 MORE & MORE ( !IR ORIG9AL POSITIVE FUNCTIONS AS 9COMP>ABLE /IMULATORS & 5C\RAG]S ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES 9H]5T 9 ! NEW1 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY4 ,?IS HI/ORICAL PROCESS1 ?R\< :I* ! HI!RTO PROGRESSIVE =MS ( ! B\RGEOIS PRODUCTION-RELATIONS W]E F9ALLY TRANS=M$ 9TO SO MANY FETT]S1 HAS S9CE1 9 SPITE ( TEMPOR>Y 9T]RUPTIONS1 ASS]T$ ITSELF ) EV] 9CREAS+ /R5G?4 ,IT F9DS ITS ECONOMIC EXPRESSION 9 ?OSE P]IODICALLY RECURR+ DISLOCATIONS ( ALL EXI/+ PROPORTIONS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION :I*1 S9CE !IR E>LIE/ *>ACT]I/IC OCCURR5CE 9 ! FIR/ MOD]N ECONOMIC CRISIS ( ! YE> #a#h#b#e1 HAVE ASSUM$ EV] GREAT] DIM5SIONS & EV] MORE ACUTE =MS DUR+ ! :OLE ( ! FOLL[+ C5TURY1 *ALL5G+ AT !IR CULM9AT+ PO9TS ! :OLE EXI/5CE ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,!RE IS NO NE$ TO DEAL 9 ?IS CONNECTION ) ! MANN] 9 :I* ! CURVE ( 0SOCIAL UNRE/0 DUR+ ! LA/ HUNDR$ YE>S CONT9U\SLY REFLECT$ ! C\RSE ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T1 IF NOT EXACTLY AT EA* PO9T YET 9 ITS 5TIRE MOVEM5T4 ,! ONLY PO9T TO BE DISCUSS$ H]E IS ! DIFF]5CE :I* PREVAILS BETWE5 ! REP]CUSSIONS ON ! LABOR MOVEM5T ( ! P]IODIC BUS9ESS CYCLE1 & ?OSE MORE P]MAN5T ALT]ATIONS )9 ! :OLE ECONOMIC SY/EM ( MOD]N SOCIETY :I* HAVE BE5 DESCRIB$ BY REC5T EXPLOR]S AS A 0/RUCTURAL *ANGE40 ,:ILE ! RECURR+ PHASES ( ! 0NORMAL0 9DU/RIAL CYCLE >E FOLL[$ BY CORRESPOND+ UPS-&-D[NS 9 CLASS W>F>E1 !RE IS NO SU* 0CYCLICAL0 RHY?M DISCOV]ABLE 9 ! UND]LY+ SECUL> MOVEM5T4 ,9 SPITE ( ! 9T]V5+ LONG] P]IODS ( AN APP>5TLY UNDI/URB$ UPSW+ & PROSP]ITY BR\Y DEFEATS1 IRON-H&$ OPPRESSION1 & EFFECTIVE CRU%+ ( ALL EXI/+ WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS1 ! PROLET>IAN /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! EXI/+ CAPITALI/ ORD] ( SOCIETY HAS GR[N FROM ITS FIR/ ELEM5T>Y BEG9N+S TO EMBRACE EV] GREAT] NUMB]S1 & TO ASSUME EV] MORE EFFICI5T1 MORE CONSCI\S1 & MORE ?REAT5+ =MS4 ,IT HAS BECOME A V]ITABLE W> BETWE5 ! OPPRESS+ & ! OPPRESS$ CLASSES1 A W> CONDUCT$ ON MANY FRONTS SIMULTANE\SLY1 :I* SOMETIMES BREAKS \T 9 OP5 REVOLTS4 ,! FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 #a#i#a#d-#a#h1 & ! FIR/ WAVE ( ! PROLET>IAN WORLD REVOLUTION RELEAS$ BY ! W>1 *ALL5G$ ! V]Y PREMISES ON :I* DUR+ ! 0RE/FUL0 9T]VALS ( ?IS RE/LESS DEVELOPM5T1 ! B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/S1 & 9 !IR WAKE ! MOD]ATE SOCIALI/S1 HAD BAS$ !IR 0HI/ORICAL REFUTATION ( ! ,M>XIAN PROGNOSES40 ,! FIR/ %OCK WAS FOLL[$ BY EV5 /RONG] *>GES4 ,! PROTRACT$ ECONOMIC CRISIS & ! NEW S]IES ( W>S & CIVIL W>S T]M9AT+ ! %ORT-LIV$ MOM5T\S UPSW+ :I* HAD RESULT$ DUR+ ! #b'S FROM ! FIR/ APP>5T RECOV]Y ( PO/W> CAPITALI/ EQUILIBRIUM1 REFLECT$ ONCE MORE ! UTT] ABS5CE ( COHESIVE =CES )9 ! PRES5T ECONOMIC SY/EM1 & F9ALLY REFUT$ ! ILLUSIONS BY :I* ! ECONOMIC OPTIMI/S HAD CONJUR$ UP = !MSELVES A COMPLETE ABOLITION ( CRISES 9 0ORGANIZ$ CAPITALISM10 & ( ALL CLASS OPPOSITIONS & CLASS /RUGGLES 9 ! 0DEMOCRATIC0 OR1 MORE REC5TLY1 9 ! 0TOTALIT>IAN ,/ATE40 ,EV5 SU* ?+S AS MA*9]Y & MONEY1 =M]LY SO UND\BT$LY GOOD & USEFUL1 HAVE BE5 ROBB$ ( !IR VIRTUE AS =CES PRODUCTIVE ( SOCIAL WEAL? & TURN$ 9TO =CES DE/RUCTIVE ( SOCIAL EXI/5CE4 ,! POLITICAL & 9TELLECTUAL SUP]/RUCTURE ( SOCIETY FOLL[S ! *ANGE 9 ITS MAT]IAL CONDITIONS4 ,! DEMOCRATIC =MS ( ! ,/ATE1 ! LIB]AL IDEAS ( ! ASC5D+ PHASE ( CAPITALI/ COMMODITY PRODUCTION1 HAVE EV]Y:]E BEGUN TO TOTT]4 ,ONE AFT] ANO!R ( ! SAFETY-VALVES ( ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL SY/EM IS SUSP5D$4 ,EM]G5CY & M>TIAL LAW >E ! RULE ( COMMON LAW4 ,W> & CIVIL W> ON A WORLD-WIDE SCALE HAVE BECOME ! 0NORMAL0 =M ( EXI/5CE ( PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY4 ,A M9OR CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS UNIV]SAL DE/RUCTION ( ! POSITIVE SOCIAL FUNCTION ( B\RGEOIS PRODUCTION-RELATIONS MANIFE/S ITSELF 9 ! GRADUAL DECAY ( ! 5CYCLOP$IC SPIRIT :I* HAD BE5 SO CONSPICU\S DUR+ ?AT E>LI] P]IOD :5 ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY EMBRAC$ ! :OLE ( ! SOCIAL PROGRESS ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,IT IS ONLY FROM A =MAL PO9T ( VIEW ?AT ,RIC>DO'S ECONOMIC SY/EM CAN BE REG>D$ AS AN ADVANCE ON ?AT ( ,ADAM ,SMI?4 ,:ILE ,SMI? HAD WORK$ \T HIS IDEAS ON AN EPIC SCALE &1 LITTLE TR\BL$ BY LOGICAL CONTRADICTIONS1 DEVELOP$ ! SUBJECT MATT] ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY TO A VA/ TOTALITY1 ,RIC>DO LOGICALLY SUBORD9AT$ ! :OLE ( ! B\RGEOIS SY/EM TO A UNIQUE PR9CIPLE1 TRAC+ BACK ALL ITS ECONOMIC LAWS TO ! DEF9ITION ( VALUE 9 T]MS ( LABOR-TIME4 ,! !ORETICAL SATISFACTION (F]$ 9 ,RIC>DO'S ,PR9CIPLES 7& MORE ESPECIALLY 9 ITS FIR/ TWO *APT]S :I*1 AS IS DEMON/RAT$ BY ,M>X1 VIRTUALLY CONTA9 ! :OLE BOOK7 BY !IR ORIG9ALITY1 UNITY ( ! BASIC VIEW1 SIMPLICITY1 CONC5TRATION1 PR(UNDITY1 NOVELTY1 & PI?9ESS1 IS PUR*AS$ AT ! EXP5SE ( A LOSS ( SUB/ANCE =E%AD[+ AN IMP5D+ EMACIATION4 ,! G5]ALITY AIM$ AT BY ,RIC>DO IS ONLY ! G5]ALITY ( SCI5TIFIC =M2 !RE IS NO:]E 9 HIS WORK1 AS !RE HAD BE5 9 ?AT ( ,SMI?1 ! URGE ( A WID] POLITICAL AIM4 ,ITS HI/ORICAL FUNCTION CONSI/$ 9 SUMM+ UP ! GREAT POSITIVE A*IEVEM5TS ( ! CLASSICAL P]IOD ( B\RGEOIS ECONOMIC SCI5CE & 9 ! =MAL CONCLUSION ( AN ACTUALLY COMPLET$ EPO*4 ,:ILE ?US 9 ,RIC>DO ! TURN TO =MALISM WAS HI/ORICALLY NECESS>Y &1 !REBY1 !ORETICALLY JU/IFI$1 ! PROGRESSIVE =MALI/IC ANEMIA ( ! LAT] P]IOD BR\E SO PR\D4 ,!Y >E SO CONV9C$ ( !IR SUP]IORITY OV] ! 0UNSCI5TIFIC0 ME?ODS APPLI$ BY ! CLASSICAL ECONOMI/S ?AT !Y EV5 ACCEPT )\T DEMUR ! REPROA* ?AT !IR NEW !ORETICAL SCI5CE HAS BECOME A M]E PLAY?+1 PURG$ ( ANY POLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE & ( ANY POSSIBILITY ( APPLICATION4 ,FOLL[+ ! EXAMPLE ( SOME MOD]N MA!MATICIANS1 LOGICIANS1 & PHYSICI/S1 BUT )\T 9 ANY O!R RESPECT KEEP+ PACE ) ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ?OSE REAL SCI5CES1 !Y WANT TO C>RY ON1 9 A FIELD :I* CANNOT O!RWISE BOA/ ( ANY P>TICUL> PURITY1 ! BUS9ESS ( 0PURE0 SCI5CE1 NOT = ANY USEFUL PURPOSE BUT M]ELY 0= ! GREAT] GLORY ( ,GOD40 ,! ACTUAL \TCOME ( ?IS LAT] DEVELOPM5T ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY WAS A GRADUAL DECAY4 ,AT ! SAME RATE AS UND] ! IMPACT ( ! *ANG$ CONDITIONS ( B\RGEOIS PRODUCTION1 B\RGEOIS ECONOMIC !ORY AB&ON$ ITS ORIG9AL COMPREH5SIVE SOCIAL T5D5CY1 IT AB&ON$ ALSO ITS =MAL SCI5TIFIC QUALITIES1 ITS IMP>TIALITY1 ITS LOGIC1 & FECUNDITY4 0,FROM ! YE> #ahc DATES ! F9ALLY DECISIVE CRISIS40 ,H5CE=? ANY G5U9E DEVELOPM5T ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY WAS PRECLUD$ BY ! REAL HI/ORIC DEVELOPM5T ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,M>XISM RE/OR$1 CONSCI\SLY & ON A HI<] LEVEL1 ! CONNECTION BETWE5 ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY & SOCIAL SCI5CE :I* HAD SPONTANE\SLY & UNCONSCI\SLY EVOLV$ ) ! B\RGEOIS CLASSICI/S AT AN E>LI] /AGE4 ,ONLY = ?IS REASON HAD ! SCI5CE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY ANY 9T]E/1 ONLY ?US DID IT ASSUME ITS IMPORTANT PLACE 9 ! :OLE ( ! ,M>XIAN SOCIAL RESE>*4 ,= ?IS REASON ALONE1 IT APPE>S ABSURD ?AT SO MANY PEOPLE %\LD RACK !IR BRA9S TO F9D \T :Y ,M>X NEV] PAID ! SLITURE0 :I*1 S9CE ! MIDDLE ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 IS ASSUM$ TO HAVE BE5 MADE BY AN ALTOGE!R NEW ECONOMIC SCI5CE BAS$ ON SUBJECTIVE VALUE & ! !ORY ( SO-CALL$ 0M>G9AL0 UTILITY4 ,M>X DID TAKE COGNIZANCE ( EV]Y NEW WORD1 TRUE OR FALSE1 :I* WAS CONTRIBUT$ TO ANY ECONOMIC QUE/ION DUR+ HIS LIFETIME1 EV5 BY ! LEA/ IMPORTANT ,EPIGONE ( CLASSICAL ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY4 ,HIS ADH]5CE TO ! CLASSICI/S DID NOT MAKE HIM NEGLECT ! WORK ( ANO!R S*OOL :I*1 TO A C]TA9 EXT5T1 PREC$$ ! !ORI/S ( 0M>G9AL VALUE0 9 AN ATTEMPT TO RECON/RUCT ECONOMIC RESE>* BY /RESS+ 0SUBJECTIVE0 VALUE 7VALUE 9 USE7 RA!R ?AN CLASSICAL 0OBJECTIVE0 VALUE 7VALUE 9 EX*ANGE74 ,HE DID NOT %R9K1 ?\< HE SI<$ UND] ! BURD51 FROM ! TASK ( REFUT+ ! MANY 9CONSI/5CIES ( ! LEAD]S ( ! SO-CALL$ 0KA!D]SOZIALI/IS*E0 S*OOL1 FROM ,RODB]TUS TO ,ADOLF ,WAGN]4 ,HIS APP>5T NEGLECT ( ! NEW QUE/IONS RAIS$ BY ! !ORI/S ( M>G9AL UTILITY SPRANG FROM AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T S\RCE4 ,BY ! V]Y PR9CIPLE ( HIS SOCIO-ECONOMIC RESE>*1 ,M>X WAS NOT 9T]E/$ 9 ! ?\* 9TO ! MAT]IAL F\NDATIONS ( SOCIETY :I* HAD =M$ HAD =M$ ! !ME ( CLASSICAL ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY1 ANY MORE ?AN HE W\LD HAVE BE5 9T]E/$ 9 SOME O!R AUXILI>Y 9QUIRY 9TO A GR\P ( NATURAL & TE*NICAL FACTS NOT P>TICUL>LY IMPORTANT = ! HI/ORICAL *ANGE ( SOCIETY4 ,AN ECONOMIC DOCTR9E 9DIFF]5T TO ITS SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS >\S$ ! ATT5TION ( ,M>X ONLY :5 9 SPITE ( ITS PURELY 0!ORETICAL0 CONC]N1 IT AFT]W>DS DID S]VE TO DRAW PRACTICAL APPLICATION FROM ITS PURELY !ORETICAL CONT5TS1 & ?US1 LIKE ,DUEHR+'S 0SOCIALI/0 DOCTR9E 9 ! #g'S1 F\ND SUPPORT]S )9 ! RANKS ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,?IS1 H[EV]1 DID NOT TAKE PLACE ) ! !ORY ( M>G9AL UTILITY UNTIL SOME YE>S AFT] ,M>X'S DEA? :51 9 ,5GELS'S PHRASE1 ,G4 ,B4 ,%AW & HIS FOLL[]S 5DEAVOR$ TO BASE A PLAUSIBLE K9D ( 0VULG>0 SOCIALISM UPON 0,JEVONS'S & ,M5G]'S USE-VALUE & M>G9AL-UTILITY !ORY10 9 ORD] 0TO BUILD ON ?IS ROCK ! ,FABIAN *UR* ( ! FUTURE40 ,?AT IS :Y ,M>X 9 ALL HIS COMPREH5SIVE CRITICISM ( TRADITIONAL ECONOMIC !ORY NEV] CONSID]$ ! !ORY ( M>G9AL UTILITY :ILE1 ON ! O!R H&1 ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS1 :5 $IT+ ! ?IRD VOLUME ( ,CAPITAL1 BE/[$ A CRITICAL AFT]-?\K4 ,*APT] #c4 ,FROM ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY TO ,M>XIAN ,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY ,AS ! REVOLUTION>Y B\RGEOISIE HAD 5LIIAN CLASS ASS]T ITS REVOLUTION>Y AIMS 9 ! ,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY4 ,?IS IS NOT A CRITIQUE ( S+LE RESULTS ( B\RGEOIS ECONOMICS FROM )94 ,IT IS1 FUNDAM5TALLY1 A CRITIQUE ( ! V]Y PREMISES ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY BAS$ UPON ! NEW /&PO9T ( A SOCIAL CLASS :I*1 !ORETICALLY AS WELL AS PRACTICALLY1 GOES BEYOND B\RGEOIS ECONOMY4 ,IT 9VE/IGATES ! T5D5CIES 9H]5T 9 CAPITALI/ COMMODITY PRODUCTION :I* 9 ! C\RSE ( !IR FUR!R DEVELOPM5T PRODUCE ! NECESS>Y BASIS = ! ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL1 & IDEOLOGICAL /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS1 & :I* WILL ULTIMATELY OV]?R[ ! B\RGEOIS MODE ( PRODUCTION & ADVANCE TO ! HI<] PRODUCTION-RELATIONS ( A SOCIALI/IC & COMMUNI/IC SOCIETY4 ,! ,M>XIAN 0CRITIQUE0 IS NOT ! FIR/ APPE>ANCE ( A G5U9E PR9CIPLE ( CRITICISM AS A DRIV+ =CE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ECONOMIC SCI5CE4 ,ALREADY 9 ! E>LI] PHASES ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY ! ,M]CANTILE SY/EM HAD BE5 CRITICIZ$ BY ! ,PHYSIOCRATS1 ! ,PHYSIOCRATS BY ,ADAM ,SMI?1 & ,ADAM ,SMI? BY ,RIC>DO4 ,NOR WAS ?AT E>LI] ECONOMIC CRITICISM A MATT] ( PURE !ORY4 ,EA* NEW PHASE ( ! !ORETICAL DEVELOPM5T IMPLI$ A NEW PHASE 9 ! REAL HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! CAPITALI/IC MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,!RE WAS NO CLE> DI/9CTION2 9 FACT1 EV]Y HI/ORICAL PHASE WAS 9 ITSELF A CRITICISM ( ! PREC$+ PHASE4 ,= ALL ?AT1 ! ACTUAL HI/ORICAL & !ORETICAL 0SUBJECT0 ( ECONOMIC SCI5CE REMA9$ UN*ANG$ ?R\< ALL !SE /AGES4 ,! B\RGEOIS CLASS 9 ITS REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! OBSOLETE =MS ( FEUDAL PRODUCTION1 C\LD NOT1 & DID NOT1 DI/+UI% ITS P>TICUL> 9T]E/S AS A CLASS FROM ITS G5]AL 9T]E/ 9 ! :OLE ( HI/ORICAL PROGRESS4 ,EV5 AFT] ! DEFEAT ( FEUDALISM1 IT C\LD /ILL = A CONSID]ABLE TIME QUITE HONE/LY REG>D ITSELF AS PROMOT+ ! G5]AL WELF>E ( SOCIETY4 ,DUR+ ?IS PHASE ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY WAS EV5 /RIV+ TO COOP]ATE1 ) ! UTMO/ IMP>TIALITY1 9 ! SOLUTION ( ! NEW ECONOMIC PROBLEMS EM]G+ FROM ! 9CREAS+LY UNSATISFACTORY CONDITIONS ( ! REAL PEOPLE1 ?AT IS1 ! ACTUALLY WORK+ SECTION ( ! AS YET UNDIVID$ 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY4 ,?AT /ATE ( ?+S WAS PR(\NDLY *ANG$ BY ! NEW HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T :I* SET 9 ) ! ECONOMIC CRISIS ( #ahbe & ) ! GREAT POLITICAL *ANGES ( #a#h#c4 ,H5CE=W>D1 ! NEW CONDITIONS E/ABLI%$ )9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY NO LONG] P]MITT$ AN IMP>TIAL ANALYSIS ( ! ECONOMIC PR9CIPLES UND]LY+ ?OSE CONDITIONS4 ,A /RICTLY SCI5TIFIC 9VE/IGATION ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T WAS POSSIBLE ONLY FROM ! /&PO9T ( ?AT CLASS :OSE TASK 9 HI/ORY IS TO TRANSC5D ! N>R[ B\RGEOIS HORIZON &1 ULTIMATELY1 TO DO AWAY ) CLASSES ALTOGE!R4 ,! !ORETICAL SY/EM ( ,RIC>DO M>KS ! TURN+ PO9T4 ,! COMPLETE IMP>TIALITY ( ! G5U9E SCI5TIFIC 9VE/IGATOR :I* APPE>S EV]Y:]E 9 ! WORK ( ,RIC>DO1 HAD SEEM$ MIRACUL\S ALREADY TO HIS CONTEMPOR>IES4 0,MR4 ,RIC>DO SEEM$ TO HAVE DROPP$ FROM ANO!R PLANET10 SAID ,LORD ,BR\ITY1 ?IS ,5GLI% BANK] ( ! BEG9N+ ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 :O NO:]E GOES BEYOND ! B\ND>IES ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 PRES5T$ 9 HIS SY/EM ! 9H]5T DI%>MONIES AS WELL AS ! H>MONI\S & PROGRESSIVE FEATURES ( ! B\RGEOIS MODE ( PRODUCTION2 MORE P>TICUL>LY HE REVEAL$ ! 9EVITABLE OPPOSITION >IS+ BETWE5 ! TWO 9DU/RIAL CLASSES4 ,HE DECL>$ FROM ! \TSET ?AT ! PR9CIPAL PROBLEM 9 ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY IS TO /ATE ! PROPORTIONS 9 :I* ! :OLE PRODUCE ( SOCIETY IS ALLOTT$ TO EA* ( ! ?REE SOCIAL CLASSES3 ! PROPRIETORS ( L&1 ! [N]S ( CAPITAL1 & ! PROP]TYLESS LABOR]S4 ,?US 0! CONTRA/ ( CLASS 9T]E/S1 ( WAGES & PR(ITS1 ( PR(IT & R5T10 BECAME 9DE$1 AS WAS LAT] /AT$ BY ,M>X1 ! V]Y 0PIVOT0 ( ,RIC>DO'S ECONOMIC 9VE/IGATION4 ,! POSITION ( ,RIC>DO 9 ! HI/ORY ( ECONOMIC SCI5CE IS PRECISELY ANALOG\S TO ?AT OCCUPI$ BY ,HEGEL 9 PHILOSOPHICAL ?\S MO/ CLE>LY 9 ,RIC>DO'S IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION TO :AT WE HAVE DESCRIB$ 9 AN E>LI] *APT] AS ! 0B\RGEOIS SELF-CRITICISM40 ,! SCI5TIFIC CRITICISM ( ! EXI/+ CAPITALI/IC SY/EM1 :I* P]VADES ! ECONOMIC SY/EM ( ,RIC>DO1 SURPASSES ! OCCASIONAL COMM5TS ( ! E>LI] ECONOMI/S ON ! UNPLEASANT SIDES ( ! NEW B\RGEOIS CONDITIONS EV5 MORE ?AN ! E>LI] PHILOSOPHICAL CRITICS HAD BE5 SURPASS$ BY ,HEGEL4 ,:ILE 9 DEAL+ ) ,HEGEL WE HAD TO DISREG>D ! MY/IFY+ =M ( HIS /ATEM5TS 9 ORD] TO F9D \T HIS REALI/IC ADVANCE ON HIS PR$ECESSORS1 ! SUP]IORITY ( ,RIC>DO'S CRITICISM OV] ?AT ( HIS =]UNN]S IS CLE> LIKE DAY4 ,HIS CRITICAL /ATEM5TS NOT ONLY SURPASS ALL PREVI\S CRITICISM 9 !IR SWEEP+ P[] ( G5]ALIZATION & 9 ! IRRESI/IBLE LOGIC ( !IR REASON+4 ,A MORE DECISIVE DIFF]5CE APPE>S 9 !IR V]Y PREMISES1 NAMELY1 9 ! FACT ?AT !Y RE/ NO LONG] ON ?AT NAIVE FAI? 9 ! FUNDAM5TAL P]FECTION OR ! UNLIMIT$ P]FECTIBILITY ( ! NEW WORLD ORD]1 :I* HAD PREVAIL$ AMONG ! ECONOMI/S ( ! PREC$+ P]IOD QUITE AS MU* AS AMONG ! PHILOSOPH]S4 ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY 9 ITS FIR/ P]IOD HAD BE5 OPTIMI/IC & CONFID5T TO ! EXT5T ?AT ALONG ) ! BLESS+S ( ! NEW B\RGEOIS MODE ( PRODUCTION IT C\LD AF=D TO ACKN[L$GE !IR PUR*ASE PRICE4 0,NOT = A S+LE MOM5T DID IT DECEIVE ITSELF AS TO ! BIR? PA9S ( WEAL?1 BUT :AT IS ! USE ( CRY+ OV] HI/ORICAL NECESSITY80 ,EV5 = ,ADAM ,SMI? IT HAD /ILL BE5 FAIRLY EASY1 9 HIS GREAT 9QUIRY 9TO ! BE/ POSSIBLE WAYS TO RAISE ! G5]AL WEAL? ( SOCIETY1 TO REG>D ! 9T]E/S ( ! 09F]IOR ORD]0 ( ! WAGE-LABOR]S AS WELL AS ?OSE ( ! TWO 0SUP]IOR ORD]S0 7PR(IT & R5T74 ,HE HAD EV5 5DEAVOR$ TO OPPOSE ! T5D5CY ( ! NEWLY >RIV$ B\RGEOISIE TO MONOPOLIZE = ITSELF ! ADVANTAGES WON 9 A COMMON BATTLE & TO BR+ DEF9ITELY TO ! FRONT ! NEGLECT$ 9T]E/S ( ! COMMON MAN4 ,HE DID NOT !REBY 5DANG]1 BUT RA!R TI5T UNITY ( ! TWO 9DU/RIAL CLASSES :I* W]E AT ?AT TIME /ILL BUSY CONQU]+ ! LA/ SURVIV+ PR]OGATIVES ( ! L&$ >I/OCRACY4 ,A DIFF]5T SITUATION WAS FAC$ BY ,RIC>DO :5 9 A SUPPLEM5T>Y *APT] ADD$ TO ! ?IRD $ITION ( HIS ,PR9CIPLES HE DID NOT UPHOLD ! FAVORABLE VIEW ON ! EFFECTS ( MA*9]Y :I* HE HAD EXPRESS$ 9 ! PREC$+ *APT]S ( HIS WORK BUT :I* 9 ! MEANTIME HAD BE5 PROV$ TO HIM BY ,SISMONDI TO BE ]RONE\S BO? 9 FACT & 9 !ORY4 ,:ILE HE HAD !N EMPHASIZ$ ! 0G5]AL GOOD0 :I* MU/ ( NECESSITY BE BR\E ALWAYS ! PRODUCE ( MU* LESS LABOR ?AN ?AT :I* !Y DISPLACE10 HE N[ C>EFULLY REEXAM9$ HIS E>LI] POSITION4 ,A MORE REALI/IC CONSID]ATION ( ! 09FLU5CE ( MA*9]Y ON ! 9T]E/S ( ! DIFF]5T CLASSES ( SOCIETY0 L$ HIM TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! OP9ION 5T]TA9$ BY ! LABOR+ CLASS1 ?AT ! EMPLOYM5T ( MA*9]Y IS FREQU5TLY DETRIM5TAL TO !IR 9T]E/S1 IS NOT F\ND$ ON PREJUDICE & ]ROR1 BUT IS CON=MABLE TO ! CORRECT PR9CIPLES ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY4 ,NO WOND] ?AT ! LAT] PSEUDOSCI5TIFIC APOLOGI/S ( CAPITALISM %\LD D5\NCE HIM ON ?IS C\NT AS ! ,FA!R ( ,COMMUNISM4 ,SAID A LEAD+ ,AM]ICAN ECONOMI/ 9 #a#h#d#h3 ,! SY/EM ( ,MR4 ,RIC>DO IS ONE ( DISCORD 4 4 4 IT T5DS TO FO/] 5MITY BETWE5 CLASSES & NATIONS 4 4 4 ,HIS BOOK IS ! RIIANISM1 W>1 & PLUND]4 ,ALL PO/-,RIC>DIAN DEVELOPM5TS ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY TE/IFY TO ! FACT ?AT ! HI/ORICAL /RUGGLE WAG$ BETWE5 ! PROGRESSIVE 9DU/RIAL CLASS & ! OB/RUCTIVE =CES ( FEUDAL OPPRESSION HAD N[ BE5 F9ALLY SUP]S$$ BY A NEW REVOLUTION>Y CONFLICT >IS+ )9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY BETWE5 ! TWO HI!RTO UNIT$ CLASSES PRODUC$ BY MOD]N 9DU/RY ITSELF - B\RGEOISIE & PROLET>IAT4 ,! FIR/ ( ! V>I\S S*OOLS TO WORK \T ! SCI5TIFIC RESULTS ( CLASSICAL ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY UND] ! *ANG$ HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS ( ! #a#i? C5TURY SPRANG UP IMM$IATELY AFT] ,RIC>DO'S DEA?4 ,FROM ?IS S*OOL />T$ ! ATTEMPT ) :I* WE HAVE DEALT ABOVE1 TO USE ! ,RIC>DIAN !ORY AS A WEAPON AGA9/ ! EXI/+ ECONOMIC SY/EM ( SOCIETY & ?US TO D]IVE ANTI-B\RGEOIS CONCLUSIONS FROM B\RGEOIS PR9CIPLES4 ,BUT 9 ! MA9 ! SPOKESM5 ( ?IS NEW S*OOL CONT5T$ !MSELVES ) CELEBRAT+ ! VICTORY ( ! ,RIC>DIAN PR9CIPLES OV] ALL PRE-,RIC>DIAN ECONOMICS 9 A S]IES ( SPL5DID T\RNAM5TS :I* W]E = ! MO/ P>T DISPLAY$ 9 SCATT]$ REVIEW->TICLES1 OCCASIONAL PAP]S1 & PAMPHLETS & W]E1 AFT] LONG OBLIVION1 R$ISCOV]$ & RECOGNIZ$ 9 !IR HI/ORICAL IMPORTANCE1 MA9LY BY ! 5DEAVORS ( ,M>X4 ,?IS LA/ POLEMICAL 9T]MEZZO PREC$+ ! F9AL COLLAPSE ( ! FIX SAID1 ! 0,/URM UND ,DRANG0 P]IOD ( ECONOMIC SCI5CE ?AT HAD RAG$ 9 ,FRANCE AFT] ,DR4 ,QUESNAY'S DEA?1 BUT NOT MORE ?AN 0,9DIAN SUMM] REM9DS US ( ! SPR+0 - COV]$ R\DIAN ECONOMICS IS REPRES5T$ BY A S*OOL ( PSEUDOSCI5TIFIC WRIT]S :O FLATT5$1 DILUT$1 & GRADUALLY 5TIRELY DISP]S$ ! !ORETICAL RESULTS REAP$ FROM ! WORK ( CLASSICAL ECONOMI/S4 ,! !ORETICAL CONT5TS ( ! PROLIFIC WRIT+S ( ?IS S*OOL >E MO/ APTLY1 IF SOME:AT CRUELLY1 DESCRIB$ BY ,M>X AS A M]E 0VULG>IZATION0 ( ! SCI5TIFIC A*IEVEM5TS ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY4 ,! 0VULG>0 SUCCESSORS ( ! GREAT CLASSICAL ECONOMI/S HAVE1 9DE$1 NOT ADD$ ANY NEW CONTRIBUTION TO ?AT G5U9E WORK ( DISCOV]Y BY :I* !IR SCI5TIFIC PR$ECESSORS HAD DISC]N$ ! 9N] RELATIONS ( ! MOD]N B\RGEOIS MODE ( PRODUCTION & ?US BR\D ! NECESS>Y PREMISES = ITS G5ETIC PRES5TATION4 ,SCI5TIFIC ANALYSIS WAS EV]Y:]E REPLAC$ BY M]E CONCEPTUAL REFLECTION4 ,?AT SIMPLE REPRODUCTION ( ! GIV5 EXT]NAL CONDITIONS1 :I* = ! CLASSICI/S HAD BE5 M]ELY ONE ( ! CON/ITU5TS ( !IR !ORY - ITS 0VULG>0 ELEM5T - WAS N[ F9ALLY SET UP AS A SEP>ATE EXI/5CE4 ,YET ?IS WAS NOT ! L[E/ PO9T REA*$ 9 ! GRADUAL DECAY ( A =M]LY VIGOR\S & VITAL SCI5CE4 ,A /ILL MORE COMPLETE LOSS ( SCI5TIFIC *>ACT] WAS SE51 :5 LAT]1 ALONG ) ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! REAL OPPOSITIONS 9H]5T 9 ! LIFE ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 ECONOMIC SCI5CE ITSELF SPLIT 9 MUTUALLY OPPOS+ P>TS4 ,B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/S1 :5 NO LONG] CONFRONT$ ) !IR [N 9T]NAL DISS5SIONS1 BUT ) A GR\P ( SOCIALI/IC DISS5T]S OPPOS+ !M FROM )\T1 PROMPTLY ?REW OV] ALL SEMBLANCE ( UNBIASS$ !ORETICAL RESE>*4 ,FROM A M]E NEGLECT ( ! PROGRESSIVE TASKS ( TRUE SCI5CE1 !Y TURN$ TO A CONSCI\S DEF5SE ( EXI/+ B\RGEOIS CONDITIONS AGA9/ ! IMP5D+ SOCIALI/IC M5ACE EMBODI$ 9 ! WRIT+S ( ,SISMONDI1 ,[51 ,F\RI]1 ,SA9T-,SIMON4 ,! MORE ! /]N \TL9ES ( ! CLASS /RIFE ASS]T$ !MSELVES 9 ! ACTUAL DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 ! MORE ! ECONOMI/S APPLI$ !MSELVES TO A MISREPRES5TATION &1 ULTIMATELY1 TO AN 5TIRE NEGATION ( !SE NEW HI/ORICAL T5D5CIES4 ,AT EA* FUR!R /EP 9 ! UNAVOIDABLE DEVELOPM5T ( 0CLASS0 & 0CLASS DISCORD0 )9 REALITY1 !Y /R5G!N$ !IR DESP]ATE EF=TS TO KEEP !SE EMB>RASS+ TOPICS 5TIRELY \T ( !IR !ORETICAL PICTURE4 ,!Y EV5 5DEAVOR$ TO PURGE ! CLASSICAL CONCEPTS ( ANY SU* IMPURITIES :]EV] !Y HAD ALREADY BE5 9TRODUC$ 9TO ECONOMIC !ORY BY !IR GREAT SCI5TIFIC PR$ECESSORS4 ,?US B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/S BECAME EV5 9CAPABLE ( A FAI?FUL REGI/RATION ( EXT]NAL FACTS4 ,BY ! COMB9$ EFFECT ( ALL !SE SELF-E/ABLI%$ OB/RUCTIONS1 ! 0VULG>IZ$0 ECONOMIC !ORY ( ! #a#i? C5TURY BECAME POOR] & POOR] 9 !ORETICAL CONT5T4 ,!RE IS1 H[EV]1 A DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! E>LI] /AGE :51 = 9/ANCE1 ,SAY HAD 0VULG>IZ$0 ,ADAM ,SMI?1 & ! LATT] /AGE :5 ,MAC,CULLO*1 ,BA/IAT1 & O!RS HAD 0VULG>IZ$0 ,RIC>DO4 ,9 ! E>LI] PHASE ! 0VULG>IZ]S0 HAD F\ND !IR MAT]IAL AS YET UNF9I%$1 & ?US HAD BE5 COMPELL$ TO CONTRIBUTE1 ?\< 9 A DIM9I%+ DEGREE1 TO ! SOLV+ ( REAL ECONOMIC PROBLEMS4 ,9 ! LAT] PHASE !Y DROPP$ ALL 9DEP5D5T !ORETICAL EF=T & OCCUPI$ !MSELVES ) A M]E PLAGI>IZ+ ( ! DOCTR9ES ( ,RIC>DO & ) AN >GU+ AWAY ( ! UNPLEASANT ASPECTS4 ,! D$UCTIONS :I* ! SOCIALI/ ,RIC>DIANS HAD BE5 UNABLE TO DRAW1 & :I* ! 0VULG>0 ECONOMI/S HAD DELIB]ATELY DODG$1 W]E =MULAT$ FIFTY YE>S LAT] BY A NEW S*OOL ( ECONOMIC RESE>*4 ,! TRUE CONCLUSIONS ( CLASSICAL ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY W]E DRAWN BY ,M>X4 ,! 0CRITICAL0 TRADITION ( ! CLASSICAL EPO* ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY WAS REVIV$ BY ! ,M>XIAN 0,CRITIQUE0 ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY 9 ,CAPITAL4 ,?IS NEW CRITICISM1 H[EV]1 WAS MORE ?AN A TRANSITION FROM A GIV5 PHASE TO A FUR!R DEVELOP$ PHASE ( ECONOMIC SCI5CE4 ,IT IMPLI$ A *ANGE ( ! CLASS :I* H5CE=? WAS TO BE ! HI/ORICAL AS WELL AS ! !ORETICAL 0SUBJECT0 ( ALL ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY4 ,:ILE PREVI\S CRITICISMS HAD = !IR PRACTICAL AIM A FUR!R 0DEVELOPM5T0 ( ! B\RGEOIS MODE ( PRODUCTION1 ! ,M>XIAN CRITICISM AIMS AT ITS COMPLETE OV]?R[4 0,CRITIQUE0 ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY1 !N1 IS ! !ORY ( AN IMP5D+ REVOLUTION4 ,NOT ONLY ,M>X & ,5GELS1 BUT ALL REVOLUTION>Y ,HEGELIANS ( ! #d'S & #e'S ( ! LA/ C5TURY1 HAD US$ ! WORD 0CRITIQUE0 9 ?IS L>GE HI/ORICAL S5SE4 ,! T]M9OLOGY FELL 9TO COMPLETE OBLIVION DUR+ ! SAD P]IOD ( DECL9E :I* SET 9 AFT] ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,*>TI/ MOVEM5T & ! TRIUMPH ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION 9 ! :OLE ( ,EUROPE CONSEQU5T UPON ! DEFEAT ( ! ,P>IS PROLET>IAT 9 ,JUNE1 #a#h#d#h4 ,?US A COMPLETE AB&ONM5T ( ALL REVOLUTION>Y 0CRITICAL0 T5D5CIES 9 !ORY CO9CID$ ) ! AB&ONM5T ( ! LA/ RESIDUES ( A PRACTICAL REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CY4 ,M>X & ,5GELS W]E ! ONLY ONES :O RESCU$ FROM OBLIVION BO? ! PRACTICAL & ! !ORETICAL ASPECTS ( A TRULY REVOLUTION>Y 0CRITIQUE40 ,*APT] #d4 ,SCI5TIFIC V]SUS ,PHILOSOPHICAL ,CRITICISM ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY ,M>X'S APPROA* TO ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY WAS FROM ! \TSET ?AT ( A CRITICAL & REVOLUTION>Y /UD5T ( SOCIETY RA!R ?AN ?AT ( AN ECONOMI/4 ,YET A LONG P]IOD WAS /ILL REQUIR$ BE=E1 FROM ! FIR/ DISCOV]Y ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY AS AN 0ANATOMY ( CIVIL SOCIETY0 ?R\< A S]IES ( 9T]M$IATE PHASES1 HE >RIV$ AT HIS F9AL SCI5TIFIC & MAT]IALI/IC 9VE/IGATION & CRITIQUE ( ! :OLE COMPLEX ( IDEAS & FACTS CON/ITUT+ ! HI/ORICAL EXI/5CE ( 0,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY40 ,M>X WAS ALREADY AN \TSPOK5 REVOLUTION>Y & EV5 A PROLET>IAN SOCIALI/ AT ! TIME :5 HE REG>D$ A REALLY DEVELOP$ 0,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY0 AS IT EXI/$ 9 ,5GL& & ,FRANCE AS BE+ 9 ITSELF REVOLUTION>Y PROGRESS1 & PRACTICALLY ID5TIFI$ ! AIMS ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY ) ! AIMS ( SOCIALISM4 ,HE CONTRA/$ ?IS MOD]N =M ( RELAT+ 9DU/RY TO ! ,/ATE1 OR ! 0WORLD ( WEAL?0 TO ! 0WORLD ( POLITICS10 ) ! REACTION>Y =M 9 :I* ?AT 0MA9 PROBLEM ( MOD]N TIMES0 HAD !N BEGUN TO OCCUPY ! ATT5TION ( ! ,G]MANS4 0,:ILE ! PROBLEM 9 ,FRANCE & ,5GL& IS WORD$ ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY1 OR WEAL? CONTROLL$ BY SOCIETY1 9 ,G]MANY IT IS T]M$ ,NATIONAL ,ECONOMY1 OR NATIONALITY CONTROLL$ BY PRIVATE PROP]TY40 ,IF WE APPLY TO ,M>X ! T]MS :I* HE1 BUT A %ORT TIME LAT]1 WAS TO APPLY TO A SIMIL> /&PO9T1 WE MAY SAY ?AT DUR+ ?IS %ORT FIR/ P]IOD ,M>X HAD CRITICIZ$ POLITICS ONLY FROM ! /&PO9T ( ECONOMICS1 BUT HAD NOT YET EXT5D$ HIS REVOLUTION>Y CRITICISM TO ! ECONOMIC BASIS ITSELF2 OR ?AT UP TO N[ HE HAD M]ELY 0CRITICIZ$ ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY FROM ! /&PO9T ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY40 ,BY ! TIME :5 HE HAD RAIS$ ?IS OBJECTION TO HIS FIR/ SOCIALI/ ANTAGONI/1 ,PR\DHON1 ,M>X HIMSELF HAD ADOPT$ AN ALTOGE!R DIFF]5T /&PO9T :I* UTT]LY TRANSC5D$ ALL ECONOMIC SCI5CE 9 AN APP>5TLY F9AL MANN]4 ,HIS ECONOMICO-PHILOSOPHICAL MANUSCRIPTS DAT+ FROM ?IS SECOND P]IOD1 & ! ECONOMIC FRAGM5TS 9S]T$ 9 A MA9LY PHILOSOPHICAL WORK WRITT5 AT ! SAME TIME1 ANTICIPAT$ ALL ! CRITICAL & REVOLUTION>Y CONCLUSIONS :I* W]E LAT] EMBODI$ 9 ,CAPITAL4 ,YET ?IS NEW CRITICAL 9SI$ MU* MORE AS A MAT]IALI/IC CONT9UATION ( ! OLD PHILOSOPHICAL /RUGGLES AMONG ! DIFF]5T ,HEGELIAN S*OOLS ?AN AS A SCI5TIFIC CRITICISM ( ! CONT5TS & PREMISES ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY4 ,9/EAD ( DEAL+ DIRECTLY ) ! !ORIES & CONCEPTS ( ! GREAT CLASSICAL ECONOMI/S1 ,M>X DEALT RA!R ) ! IDEALI/IC1 ?AT IS1 9SUFFICI5T RECON/RUCTION & CRITICISM :I* !SE CONCEPTS HAD 9 ! MEANTIME F\ND 9 ! PHILOSOPHY ( ,HEGEL & ( ! RIT$ FROM ! ASSUMPTION ?AT 0,HEGEL TAKES ! POSITION ( MOD]N ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY0 & ?AT1 !RE=E1 A MAT]IALI/IC EXPOSURE ( ! IDEALI/IC %ORTCOM+S ( ,HEGEL'S PHILOSOPHICAL CRITICISM ( ! ECONOMIC T]MS IS EQUIVAL5T TO A F9AL REFUTATION ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY ITSELF4 ,M>X BEGAN TO FREE HIMSELF FROM ! REMA9+ VE/IGES ( HIS =M] PHILOSOPHICAL CRE$ BY A COMPREH5SIVE CRITICISM ( ALL PO/-,HEGELIAN PHILOSOPHY4 ,9 ?IS HE WAS JO9$ BY ,5GELS4 ,AS A FIR/ RESULT ( !IR LIFE-LONG COOP]ATION1 :I* AFT] SOME MORE OR LESS FRU/RAT$ E>LI] ATTEMPTS WAS N[ REALLY BEG9N+1 ,M>X & ,5GELS DUR+ ! NEXT TWO YE>S WORK$ \T 9 DETAIL ! CONTRA/ PREVAIL+ BETWE5 !IR [N MAT]IALI/IC & SCI5TIFIC VIEWS & ! V>I\S IDEOLOGICAL /&PO9TS REPRES5T$ BY !IR =M] FRI5DS AMONG ! LEFT ,HEGELIANS 7,FEU]BA*1 ,BRUNO ,BAU]1 ,/IRN]7 & BY ! PHILOSOPHICAL BELLES-LETTRES ( ! 0,G]MAN0 OR 0TRUE0 SOCIALI/S4 ,?US1 !Y F9ALLY BROKE ) :AT ,M>X LAT] CALL$ !IR 0=M] PHILOSOPHICAL CONSCI5CE40 ,FROM ?IS ?OR\X N[ CRUELLY CRITICIZ$ ! SOME:AT BEWILD]+ MANN] 9 :I* HIS =M] PHILOSOPHICAL CRITICISM ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY 9 ! MEANTIME HAD BE5 FUR!R WORK$ \T BY ,PR\DHON4 ,HE %[$ ?AT ,PR\DHON DID NOT TREAT ! ECONOMIC CATEGORIES AS !ORETICAL EXPRESSIONS ( HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS1 CORRESPOND+ TO A DEF9ITE /AGE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( MAT]IAL PRODUCTION1 BUT AS 0PREEXI/+ ET]NAL IDEAS10 & ?US ULTIMATELY FELL BACK ON ! /&PO9T ( B\RGEOIS ECONOMICS4 ,SU* CRITICISM ( ,PR\DHON'S PHILOSOPHICAL MY/IFICATION ( ECONOMIC CONCEPTS WAS UND\BT$LY JU/IFI$4 ,BUT ,M>X'S NEW ANTI-PHILOSOPHICAL T5D5CY WAS N[ SO /RONG ?AT1 9/EAD ( SUPPLANT+ ,PR\DHON'S BAD PHILOSOPHY BY A BETT] & MORE SCI5TIFIC CRITICISM ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY1 HE RA!R CONFRONT$ ,PR\DHON'S UNSCI5TIFIC CRITICISM ) ! SCI5CE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY ITSELF1 I4E41 ) ,RIC>DO'S !ORY ( VALUE4 ,?US HE NO LONG] REPROA*$ ,PR\DHON = NOT HAV+ PASS$ CRITICALLY BEYOND ! N>R[ B\NDS ( ECONOMIC SCI5CE4 ,HE N[ REPROA*$ HIM = %>+1 AS AN ECONOMI/1 ! 0ILLUSIONS ( SPECULATIVE PHILOSOPHY0 & = NOT YET HAV+ 5T]$ ! REALM ( A REALLY SCI5TIFIC ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY4 ,ONLY ) ! NEXT /AGE ( ?IS LONG & SOME:AT CIRCUIT\S DEVELOPM5T DO WE REA* ! P]IOD1 DUR+ :I* ,M>X F9ALLY WORK$ \T HIS [N CRITICAL ECONOMIC !ORY :I* IS1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ! BASIC P>T ( HIS MAT]IALI/IC !ORY ( ! HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY & ( ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,! FIR/ MATURE FRUIT ( ?IS NEW /AGE IS CONTA9$ 9 ! MA/]LY LECTURES :I* ,M>X DELIV]$ TO ! ,G]MAN ,WORK]S' ,$UCATIONAL ,ASSOCIATION AT ,BRUSSELS 9 #ahdg & LAT] PUBLI%$1 9 A REVIS$ =M1 9 HIS [N REVOLUTION>Y PAP] DUR+ ! #ahdh REVOLUTION4 ,\TL9E & CONT5TS REVEAL ?AT WE HAVE H]E ! FIR/ FRAGM5T>Y /ATEM5T ( ?AT COMPREH5SIVE EXPOSITION ( ! 0ECONOMIC CONDITIONS UND]LY+ ALL PRES5T-DAY CLASS W>S & NATIONAL /RUGGLES10 :I*1 LAT]1 AFT] BE+ FUR!R WORK$ \T & MANY TIMES 5TIRELY RECA/ WAS TO APPE> AS ,DAS ,KAPITAL4 ,! MO/ CONSPICU\S DIFF]5CE IS ?AT ,M>X 9 ! E>LI] WORK DOES NOT YET />T FROM ! ANALYSIS ( 0COMMODITIES0 9 G5]AL BUT FROM A P>TICUL> K9D ( COMMODITY - WAGE-LABOR1 & FROM ! OPPOSITION BETWE5 ! TWO MA9 CLASSES ( MOD]N CAPITALI/IC SOCIETY :I* DIRECTLY SPR+S FROM ! APPE>ANCE ( ?AT COMMODITY4 ,WE F9D1 MOREOV]1 9 ?IS FIR/ SCI5TIFIC EXPOSITION ! /RIK+ DESCRIPTION 7PIVOTAL = ALL SUBSEQU5T DEVELOPM5TS & UNSURPASS$1 9 TR5*ANT P[]1 EV5 BY ,M>X'S [N LAT] =MULAS7 ( 0CAPITAL0 ITSELF1 :I* IS DEF9$ AS NOT BE+ A RELATION BETWE5 M5 & NATURE1 BUT AS A RELATION BETWE5 MAN & M5 BAS$ ON A RELATION BETWE5 MAN & NATURE - A SPECIFIC HI/ORIC =M ( A SOCIAL RELATION >IS+ & DECAY+ ) ! RISE & DECAY ( MOD]N 9DU/RIAL OR 0CAPITALI/IC SOCIETY40 ,! WORK+ \T ( ?IS FIR/ SCI5TIFIC EXPOSITION ( ,M>X'S REVOLUTION>Y CRITICISM ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY WAS 9T]RUPT$ BY ! \TBREAK ( ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION1 JU/ AS 9 A LAT] P]IOD ( WORLD HI/ORY1 ,L59'S PRES5TATION ( 0,! ,M>XIAN ,DOCTR9E ( ! ,/ATE & ! ,TASK ( ! ,PROLET>IAT 9 ! ,REVOLUTION0 WAS 9T]RUPT$ BY A SITUATION CALL+ = ! P]=MANCE ( ?AT V]Y TASK4 ,AFT] ! F9AL DEFEAT ( ! ABORTIVE ,EUROPEAN REVOLUTION ( #a#h#d#h-#d#i1 ,M>X MADE ! MO/ ( ! LONG YE>S ( 9VOLUNT>Y LEISURE :I* W]E =C$ UPON HIM AS AN EXILE 9 ,LONDON1 BY MAK+ 0AN 5TIRELY FRE% />T0 9 HIS ECONOMIC /UDIES4 ,! ULTIMATE =M ( HIS MAT]IALI/IC !ORY1 :I* RESULT$ FROM ?AT NEW & PROLONG$ P]IOD ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL RESE>*1 IS AT ! SAME TIME ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY & A CRITICISM ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY4 ,IT WORKS \T ! CLASSICAL SY/EM ( B\RGEOIS ECONOMY & ULTIMATELY TRANSC5DS ALL PHASES & =MS ( B\RGEOIS ECONOMY4 ,IT %[S ! MO/ G5]AL IDEAS & PR9CIPLES ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY TO BE M]E FETI%ES DISGUIS+ ACTUAL SOCIAL RELATIONS1 PREVAIL+ BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS & CLASSES )9 A DEF9ITE HI/ORICAL EPO* ( ! SOCIO-ECONOMIC =MATION4 ,*APT] #e4 ,TWO ,ASPECTS ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MAT]IALISM 9 ,M>X'S ,ECONOMIC ,!ORY ,!RE APPE>S 9 ! SUCCESSIVE PHASES ( ,M>X'S !ORY1 BESIDES ! MA9 L9E ( A CONT9U\S GR[? ( ! CRITICAL REVOLUTION>Y /&PO9T1 ANO!R L9E ( DEVELOPM5T :I*1 TO A C]TA9 EXT5T1 RUNS CONTR>Y TO ! FIR/4 ,H& 9 H& ) 9CREAS+ /RESS ON A /RICTLY MAT]IALI/IC & SCI5TIFIC APPROA*1 GOES A GREAT] EMPHASIS ON ECONOMIC !ORY ITSELF1 AS AGA9/ A M]E CRITICAL ATTACK ON ITS PHILOSOPHICAL1 HI/ORICAL1 & PRACTICAL PREMISES4 ,IT SEEMS AS IF ,M>X DUR+ ! FUR!R /UDY ( ! VA/ UNEXHAU/$ MAT]IAL ACCUMULAT$ DUR+ ! CLASSICAL EPO* ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY ?AT HE F\ND HEAP$ UP 9 ! VAULTS ( ! ,BRITI% ,MUSEUM1 WAS MORE & MORE /RONGLY IMPRESS$ BY ! LA/+ SIGNIFICANCE :I* ! SCI5TIFIC RESULTS ( CLASSICAL ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY W]E B\ND TO HAVE = ! NEW REVOLUTION>Y CLASS1 = A REALLY MAT]IALI/IC !ORY ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 & = A PRACTICABLE WAY TO ITS REVOLUTION>Y OV]?R[4 ,JU/ AS ! TREM5D\S DEPRESSION & /AGNATION FOLL[+ ! DEFEAT ( ! ,P>IS WORK]S 9 #ahdh HAD IMPOS$ UPON ! MAT]IALI/IC 9VE/IGATOR A LONG P]IOD ( LEISURE = HIS EV]-EXP&+1 EV]-DEEP5+ ECONOMIC /UDIES1 SO AT ! SAME TIME MANY REVOLUTION>Y IMPULSES )9 ! ACTUAL WORK]S' MOVEM5T W]E =CIBLY REPRESS$ 9 !IR G5U9E PRACTICAL FUNCTION4 ,A NEW /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T SEEM$ TO BE OP5$ = ,CAPITALISM ) ! DISCOV]IES ( GOLD 9 ,CALI=NIA & ,AU/RALIA - DISCOV]IES :I* ATTRACT$ ! MO/ ACTIVE MEMB]S ( ! WORK+ CLASS & ?US FUR!R P>ALYZ$ EV5 ! FA9TE/ ATTEMPTS AT RECOV]Y )9 ! ,EUROPEAN REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,ALL ?OSE HI/ORICAL *ANGES W]E REFLECT$ 9 ! LAT] DEVELOPM5T ( ,M>X'S REVOLUTION>Y !ORY4 ,! SOCIAL REVOLUTION ( ! PROLET>IAT WAS N[ MA9LY REPRES5T$ AS A NECESS>Y DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY1 DUR+ :I* CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION BY ! WORK+ ( AN 9EVITABLE ECONOMIC LAW BR+S =? ITS NEGATION ) ! 9EXORABILITY ( A NATURAL PROCESS4 ,HE DID NOT = ?IS REASON COMMIT HIMSELF TO ! SO-CALL$ FATALI/ T5D5CY 0DISCOV]$0 OV] & OV] AGA9 9 SOME ( ,M>X'S PHRASES BY ! LAT] B\RGEOIS CRITICS & BY !IR SUPPORT]S )9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,A CLOS] 9VE/IGATION REVEALS ?AT EV5 9 ?AT GLOOMIE/ P]IOD1 BO? ( ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T & ( HIS [N C>E]1 ,M>X KEPT HIMSELF F> AWAY FROM ANY FATALISM4 ,/ILL1 IT IS A DEF9ITELY *ANG$ PATT]N ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTION :I* WAS H5CE=W>D SKET*$ \T BY ! MAT]IALI/IC !ORY = ! HI/ORICAL MOVEM5T ( ! WORK]S' CLASS4 ,! QUE/ION AS TO :E!R ?AT *ANGE RESULT$ 9 A /R5G!N+ OR A WEAK5+ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T CAN ONLY BE ANSW]$ BY TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT ! HI/ORICAL CIRCUM/ANCES PREVAIL+ AT ! TIME1 OR RA!R1 ?R\< ! 5TIRE HI/ORICAL P]IOD4 ,WE M]ELY NOTE ?AT ! NEW PHASE ( ,M>X'S REVOLUTION>Y SCI5CE & ! 9CREAS$ IMPORTANCE :I* WAS N[ ASSIGN$ TO ECONOMIC !ORY )9 ITS FRAME1 >OSE FROM A P>TICUL> HI/ORICAL SITUATION & SUGGE/$ A =M ( BEHAVIOR ADAPT$ TO ?AT P>TICUL> SITUATION4 ,M>X'S MAT]IALI/IC !ORY1 GR\ND$ ON FIRM ECONOMIC F\NDATIONS1 SEEM$ TO PO9T \T A NEW WAY TO ! WORK]S1 :O HAD N[ PASS$ ! P]IOD ( !IR FIR/ ,UTOPIAN 5?USIASM & SPONTANE\S AGGRESSIVE ACTIVITY4 ,?\< ?IS NEW WAY MIISON ) ! MEAG] *ANCES ( ! E>LI] P]IOD1 IT AF=D$ A DI/9CTLY BETT] OPPORTUNITY1 NAY EV5 A PRACTICAL C]TA9TY ( SUCCESS4 ,?IS ELEM5T ( DISILLUSIONM5T & DE>LY-B\X'S 0MAT]IALISM0 & IS L>GELY RESPONSIBLE = ! TREM5D\S EFFECT :I* ,M>XISM WAS TO EX]T UPON ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T DUR+ ! 5SU+ HI/ORICAL P]IOD1 WAS PRODUC$ BY ! HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS ( ! #e'S4 ,IT IS1 AT ! SAME TIME1 BO? HI/ORICALLY & !ORETICALLY CONNECT$ ) ANO!R & MU* MORE G5]AL *A9 ( HI/ORICAL EV5TS4 ,! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 :I* SO F> HAD F\ND ITS MO/ P[]FUL & MO/ CONSPICU\S !ORETICAL EXPRESSION 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y MAT]IALISM ( ,M>X1 APPE>S1 UND] A SECUL> ASPECT1 AS BE+ ITSELF A M]E SECOND PHASE )9 ! :OLE ( ! MOD]N REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,?US IT %>ES1 TO A C]TA9 EXT5T1 ! MORE G5]AL 0DIS5*ANTM5T0 :I* AFT] ! CONCLUSION ( ! GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION WAS FIR/ PROCLAIM$ BY ! E>LY ,FR5* !ORI/S ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION & ,ROMANTICI/S4 ,?IS IDEA ( DIS5*ANTM5T HAS1 9 FACT1 EX]T$ A CONSID]ABLE 9FLU5CE UPON ,M>X MA9LY ?R\< ,HEGEL1 & HAS ?US DIRECTLY 5T]$ 9TO ! 0MAT]IALI/IC0 ,M>XIAN !ORY ( ! MOD]N WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,NAY1 MORE1 WE MAY GO /ILL FUR!R BACK & F9D )9 ! MAT]IALI/IC !ORY ( ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION SOME TRACES ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION ( ! ,JACOB9IC ,CONV5TION ( #a#g#i#b-#i#d4 ,?IS P>TICUL> PHASE ( ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION :I* WAS AFT]W>DS EXALT$ OV] & OV] AGA9 BY ,M>X1 ,5GELS1 & ,L59 AS A MODEL ( ! HIY PHASE ( #a#g#h#i-#i#b4 ,ON ALL !SE GR\NDS ! ,M>XIAN MAT]IALI/IC & ECONOMIC !ORY BE>S ! SPECIFIC *>ACT]I/ICS ( A !ORY ( ! SECOND PHASE ( ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 & HAS ACTUALLY MADE ITS FIR/ 5TRANCE 9 ALL C\NTRIES :]E IT BECAME ! DOM9ANT REVOLUTION>Y !ORY AT ! V]Y TIME :5 AN ANALOG\S HI/ORICAL SITUATION HAD >IS5 9 ?AT P>TICUL> C\NTRY4 ,EV5 9 ,RUSSIA1 :]E REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM WAS TO MAKE WORLD HI/ORY BY A FIR/ GREAT VICTORY ( ITS PR9CIPLE1 SIMIL> HI/ORICAL CIRCUM/ANCES ACCOMPANI$ ITS RECEPTION4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC1 I4E41 0,M>XI/10 PR9CIPLE WAS 9AUGURAT$ 9 ,RUSSIA S9CE #a#h#h#c1 ACCORD+ TO ! TE/IMONY ( ! BE/ AU?ORITY ON ! SUBJECT1 MA9LY BY A PAMPHLET ( ,PLE*ANOV :I*1 UND] ! HEAD+ ,SOCIALISM & ,POLITICAL ,/RUGGLE1 5DEAVOR$ TO 0OP5 UP A NEW WAY = ! DEFEAT$ REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ?R\< :I* IT C\LD SECURE = ITS CAUSE A C]TA91 IF NOT IMM$IATE1 VICTORY40 ,9/EAD ( FOLL[+ BY A CONSCI\S & VIOL5T ACTION ! MODEL SET BY ! PREC$+ G5]ATION ( ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>IES1 IT WAS TO RELY ON ! SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROCESS ( DEVELOPM5T :I* W\LD 0SL[LY BUT UNAVOIDABLY UND]M9E ! OLD REGIME0 & ?R\< :I* ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS 09 AN HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T PROCE$+ JU/ AS 9EXORABLY AS ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM ITSELF10 W\LD F9ALLY 0DEAL ! DEA? BL[ TO ,RUSSIAN ABSOLUTISM0 & W\LD !N 0JO91 AS AN EQUAL MEMB]1 ! RANKS ( ! 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAN >MY40 ,9 A SIMIL> WAY1 ,M>X & ,5GELS !MSELVES UPON SEV]AL OCCASIONS EXPRESS$ ! IDEA ?AT ! DIFF]5T DEGREES ( 0MATURITY10 OR ! PREP>$NESS ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T 9 V>I\S CAPITALI/IC C\NTRIES TO ACCEPT ! ,M>XIAN MAT]IALI/IC !ORY1 MORE OR LESS DEP5D$ UPON ! EXP]I5CE GA9$ BY EA* SECTION ( ! WORK]S CONC]N$ DUR+ A PREC$+ PHASE ( ,UTOPIAN ILLUSIONS & IMM$IATE REVOLUTION>Y ATTEMPTS4 ,?IS ASSUMPTION ( TWO DEF9ITE PHASES1 ONE 0,UTOPIAN10 ! O!R 0SCI5TIFIC10 ?R\< :I* EV]Y MOD]N LABOR MOVEM5T MU/ PASS 9 ITS HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T1 WAS F9ALLY /AT$ BY ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS 9 HIS WELL-KN[N PAMPHLET ON ,! DEVELOPM5T ( ,SOCIALISM FROM A ,UTOPIA TO A ,SCI5CE4 ,S9CE ITS FIR/ APPE>ANCE 9 ,FRANCE1 9 #a#h#h1 ?IS PAMPHLET WAS SPREAD UND] ?IS & UND] V>I\S O!R TITLES 9 L>GE $ITIONS ?R\<\T ! WORLD & BECAME AS SIGNIFICANT = ! V>I\S ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,MOVEM5TS PREC$+ ! ,WORLD ,W>1 AS HAVE BE51 = O!R HI/ORICAL PHASES ( ! MOD]N WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O ( #a#h#d#h1 ,M>X'S ,ADDRESS & ,RULES ( ! ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,9T]NATIONAL ,ASSOCIATION ( #a#h#f#d1 & ,L59'S PAMPHLET ON ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#g4 ,:ATEV] ! REASONS1 !RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ,M>X1 DUR+ HIS LAT] DEVELOPM5T1 L9K$ HIMSELF MORE & MORE CLOSELY ) ! SCI5TIFIC RESULTS ( CLASSICAL ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY4 ,! ,M>XIAN 0,CRITIQUE0 AS CONTA9$ 9 ! SECOND & ?IRD BOOKS ( ,CAPITAL 7:I* AFT] HIS DEA? W]E $IT$ BY ,5GELS71 & EV5 9 ! FIR/ BOOK $IT$ BY ,M>X HIMSELF1 NOT 9FREQU5TLY GIVES ! UNW>Y READ] ! IMPRESSION ( BE+ NO LONG] DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! :OLE ( ! PREC$+ B\RGEOIS ECONOMIC SCI5CE1 BUT ONLY AGA9/ ?OSE SUP]FICIAL & APOLOGETIC =MS 9TO :I* ! TRULY SCI5TIFIC /ATEM5TS & CONCEPTS ( ! GREAT CLASSICAL ?9K]S HAD DEG5]AT$ ) ! PO/-CLASSICAL OR 0VULG>0 ECONOMI/S4 ,YET ?IS IS BY NO MEANS ! REAL SIGNIFICANCE ( ,M>X'S ECONOMIC & SOCIAL !ORY4 ,IT IS EASY TO CLE> UP SOME AMBIGU\S /ATEM5TS BY REF]5CE TO ?OSE SECTIONS ( ! FIR/ ,*APT] ( ,CAPITAL 9 :I* ,M>X /AT$ ) ! UTMO/ PRECISION ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 HIS CRITICAL ECONOMIC !ORY & ! DOCTR9ES PRES5T$ BY EV5 ! GREATE/ & MO/ ADVANC$ ?9K]S ( ! CLASSICAL EPO* ( B\RGEOIS ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY4 ,*APT] #f4 ,ECONOMIC ,!ORY ( ,CAPITAL ,9 \R PRES5TATION ( ! ECONOMIC !ORY ( ,CAPITAL1 WE %ALL CONF9E \RSELVES TO ONE OR TWO RESULTS ( ! ,M>XIAN TEA*+1 EXTREMELY AB/RACT 9 APPE>ANCE1 :I* 9CLUDE1 9 \R OP9ION1 ! REVOLUTION>Y K]NEL ( ! ,M>XIAN !ORY & ?US CON/ITUTES ITS FUNDAM5TAL & EPO*-MAK+ IMPORTANCE4 ,IT IS ?IS1 9 FACT1 :I* EXPLA9S :Y ! TEA*+ ( ,M>X HAS GA9$ & RETA9$1 = ALMO/ A C5TURY1 ! ACTIVE SUPPORT ( MILLIONS ( REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S 9 ALL P>TS ( ! WORLD1 & :I* EV5 TODAY =CES FROM ! MO/ BITT] OPPON5TS ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS MOVEM5T AN UNWILL+ TRIBUTE1 9 ?AT !Y ANN\NCE AS ! AIM ( !IR REACTION>Y & C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y 5DEAVORS - ,W> AGA9/ ,M>XISM4 ,M>X HIMSELF1 9 A LETT] :I* HE WROTE TO ,5GELS SOON AFT] ! APPE>ANCE ( ,CAPITAL1 DESIGNAT$ AS ! 0?REE FUNDAM5TALLY NEW ELEM5TS0 ( HIS BOOK1 ! FOLL[+3 7#a7 ?AT 9 CONTRA/ TO ALL E>LI] ECONOMICS :I* FROM ! \TSET HAD DEALT ) ! DETA*$ FRAGM5TS ( SURPLUS VALUE 9 !IR FIX$ =MS ( ,R5T1 ,PR(IT1 ,9T]E/1 AS GIV5 5TITIES1 HE FIR/ TREAT$ ! G5]AL =M ( ,SURPLUS ,VALUE1 9 :I* ALL ?OSE ELEM5TS >E /ILL COMPREH5D$ 9 AN UNDIVID$ UNITY LIKE ! UNCRY/ALLIZ$ COMPON5TS 9 A *EMICAL SOLUTION2 7#b7 ?AT1 )\T EXCEPTION1 ECONOMI/S HAD MISS$ ! SIMPLE FACT ?AT IF A COMMODITY IS ! SUM ( ! 0VALUE 9 USE0 & ! 0VALUE 9 EX*ANGE10 ! LABOR 5TAIL$ 9 ! PRODUCTION ( ! COMMODITY MU/ POSSESS ! SAME TW(OLD *>ACT]1 :ILE ! M]E ANALYSIS = 0LABOR SANS PHRASE10 AS 9 ,SMI?1 ,RIC>DO1 ETC41 MU/ 9EVITABLY /UMBLE UPON SOME?+ 9EXPLICABLE4 ,?IS IS 9DE$ ! :OLE SECRET ( ! CRITICAL CONCEPTION2 7#c7 ?AT = ! FIR/ TIME WAGES >E %[N TO BE AN IRRATIONAL MANIFE/ATION ( SOME O!R RELATION HIDD5 BEH9D !M4 ,ALL !SE 9NOVATIONS >E ( DECISIVE IMPORTANCE ) REG>D TO ! ULTIMATE AIM ( ! ,M>XI/ !ORY1 ! CRITICAL TRANS=MATION ( ECONOMICS 9TO A DIRECT HI/ORICAL & SOCIAL SCI5CE DEAL+ ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( MAT]IAL PRODUCTION & ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,?AT GOAL1 H[EV]1 IS NOT REA*$ BY AN IMM$IATE DIS9TEGRATION ( ECONOMICS AS A P>TICUL> =M ( KN[L$GE BUT BY A FUR!R !ORETICAL DEVELOPM5T :I* BR+S 9TO RELIEF ! 9H]5T CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! ECONOMIC CATEGORIES & PR9CIPLES & ! ACTUAL FACTS :I* HAD HI!RTO BE5 PRES5T$ 9 !IR GUISE4 ,:ILE ,M>X SEEMS M]ELY TO PROCE$ ) ! WORK BEGUN BY ! GREAT B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/S1 HIS FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( !IR !ORIES IS GUID$ 9 EV]Y CASE BY A DEF9ITE CRITICAL PURPOSE4 ,A MORE REF9$1 MORE COMPREH5SIVE1 MORE ?OR\<1 & MORE CONSI/5T ANALYSIS S]VES TO ADVANCE ! TRADITIONAL ECONOMIC CONCEPTS & !OREMS TO ?AT PO9T :]E ! PRACTICAL REALITY BEH9D !M1 I4E41 !IR HI/ORICAL & SOCIAL CONT5TS BECOME TANGIBLE & SUBJECT TO A CRITICAL ATTACK4 ,?US ! ,M>XIAN DEF9ITION ( VALUE 9 T]MS ( LABOR DIFF]S FROM ! CLASSICAL DEF9ITION NOT BY ITS CONCEPTUAL =M BUT RA!R BY A CLOS] CONNECTION ) ! UND]LY+ SOCIAL CONDITIONS4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! ADVANCE MADE BY ! FAM\S ,M>XIAN DOCTR9E ( SURPLUS VALUE1 AS /AT$ BY ,M>X HIMSELF1 IS NEW ONLY BECAUSE ( ! MORE COMPREH5SIVE SYN!SIS1 BY :I* HE R$UC$ TO A COMMON D5OM9ATOR ! V>I\S PH5OM5A ( PR(IT1 9T]E/1 & R5T AS DESCRIB$ BY ! CLASSICAL ECONOMI/S4 ,NOR DOES ! NEW ,M>XIAN DEF9ITION ( WAGES1 NOT AS ! 0PRICE ( LABOR0 BUT AS ! PRICE ( LABOR-P[]1 AM\NT TO A MAJOR SCI5TIFIC DISCOV]Y S9CE ! BE/ CLASSIC WRIT]S1 &1 9DE$1 ,M>X HIMSELF 9 HIS E>LI] P]IOD HAD ALREADY APPLI$ ! =M] T]M 9 EXACTLY ! SAME S5SE :I* WAS LAT] MORE FULLY EXPRESS$ BY ! MORE ELABORATE DESCRIPTION4 ,BO? !SE APP>5T TE*NICALITIES &1 9 FACT1 ! :OLE ( ! ,M>XIAN IMPROVEM5TS UPON CLASSICAL ECONOMIC !ORY >E IMPORTANT1 NOT = !IR PURELY =MAL ADVANCE OV] ! CLASSICAL CONCEPTS1 BUT = !IR DEF9ITE TRANSF] ( ECONOMIC ?\5T *ANGE ( T]M9OLOGY ONLY1 N[ REVEAL$ AS A REAL SALE ( ! LABOR-P[] ( ! WAGE-LABOR] TO ! CAPITALI/ 9 RETURN = WAGES1 & ?US AS A SOCIAL OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION ( ! LABOR+ CLASS P]SI/+ )9 AN ASSUM$LY 0FREE0 & DEMOCRATICALLY RUL$ SOCIETY4 ,M>X BEG9S ! FUR!R !ORETICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! ECONOMIC CATEGORIES AT ! PO9T :]E CLASSICAL POLITICAL ECONOMI/S HAD 5D$1 I4E41 ) AN ANALYSIS ( 0VALUE0 BAS$ ON ! DI/9CTION ( A 0VALUE 9 USE0 & 0VALUE 9 EX*ANGE10 & ) ! R$UCTION ( 0VALUE0 TO 0LABOR40 ,!SE TWO SCI5TIFIC DISCOV]IES ( ! LA/ /AGE ( B\RGEOIS CLASSICAL ECONOMICS1 ( :I*1 AS !Y W]E !N REPRES5T$1 ! ONE WAS B\ND TO REMA9 5TIRELY /]ILE1 & ! O!R L$ ONLY TO A ONE-SID$ & =MALI/IC FUR!R DEVELOPM5T1 W]E US$ BY ,M>X TO WORK \T HIS NEW CONCEPT ( 0COMMODITY-PRODUC+ LABOR0 :I* WAS H5CE=? TO S]VE AS A PIVOT = A NEW UND]/&+ ( ! :OLE CONCEPTUAL SY/EM ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY4 ,! DI/9CTION BETWE5 USE-VALUE & EX*ANGE-VALUE1 9 ! AB/RACT =M 9 :I* IT HAD BE5 MADE BY ! B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/S1 7& HAD1 9 FACT1 ALREADY BE5 APPLI$ BY ,>I/OTLE TO ! COMMODITY PRODUCTION ( ,ANTIQUE ,SOCIETY7 DID NOT PROVIDE ANY USEFUL />T+-PO9T = A MAT]IALI/IC 9VE/IGATION ( B\RGEOIS COMMODITY PRODUCTION AS A P>TICUL> SOCIAL =M4 ,IT WAS 9SUFFICI5T ALSO = !ORETICAL REASONS4 ,! CONCEPT ( USE VALUE WAS ONLY P]FUNCTORILY M5TION$ BY !M AS A PRESUPPOSITION ( EX*ANGE VALUE1 & EX*ANGE VALUE ALONE WAS TREAT$ AS A REAL ECONOMIC CATEGORY4 ,) ,M>X1 AS WE HAVE SE5 9 A =M] *APT]1 USE VALUE IS NOT DEF9$ AS A USE VALUE 9 G5]AL1 BUT AS ! USE VALUE ( A COMMODITY4 ,?IS USE VALUE 9H]5T 9 ! COMMODITIES PRODUC$ 9 MOD]N CAPITALI/IC SOCIETY IS1 H[EV]1 NOT M]ELY AN EXTRA-ECONOMIC PRESUPPOSITION ( !IR 0VALUE40 ,IT IS AN ELEM5T ( ! VALUE1 & ITSELF IS AN ECONOMIC CATEGORY4 ,! M]E FACT ?AT A ?+ HAS UTILITY = ANY HUMAN BE+1 DOES NOT YET GIVE US ! ECONOMIC DEF9ITION ( VALUE4 ,NOT UNTIL ! ?+ HAS SOCIAL UTILITY 7I4E41 UTILITY 0= O!R P]SONS07 DOES ! ECONOMIC DEF9ITION ( USE VALUE APPLY4 ,JU/ AS ! USE VALUE ( ! COMMODITY IS ECONOMICALLY DEF9$ AS A 0SOCIAL USE VALUE0 7USE VALUE 0= O!RS071 SO IS ! SPECIFICALLY USEFUL LABOR :I* GOES 9TO ! PRODUCTION ( ?IS COMMODITY DEF9$ ECONOMICALLY AS A 0SOCIAL LABOR0 7LABOR 0= O!RS074 ,?US1 ,M>X'S 0COMMODITY-PRODUC+ LABOR0 APPE>S AS A SOCIAL LABOR 9 A TW(OLD S5SE4 ,IT HAS1 9 COMMON ) LABOR 9 O!R /AGES ( ! HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTION1 ! G5]AL SOCIAL *>ACT] ( BE+ A 0SPECIFICALLY USEFUL LABOR10 :I* GOES TO ! PRODUCTION ( A DEF9ITE K9D ( SOCIAL USE VALUE4 ,IT HAS1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! SPECIFIC HI/ORICAL *>ACT] ( BE+ A 0G5]ALLY SOCIAL LABOR10 :I* GOES TO ! PRODUCTION ( A DEF9ITE QUANTITY ( EX*ANGE VALUE4 ,! CAPACITY ( SOCIAL LABOR TO PRODUCE DEF9ITE ?+S USEFUL TO HUMAN BE+S 7A G5]AL CONDITION ( ! ,CIRCULATION ( ,MATT] GO+ ON BETWE5 ,MAN & ,NATURE7 APPE>S 9 ! USE VALUE ( ITS PRODUCT4 ,ITS CAPACITY = ! PRODUCTION ( A VALUE & A SURPLUS VALUE = ! CAPITALI/ 7A P>TICUL> *>ACT]I/IC ( LABOR :I* D]IVES FROM ! P>TICUL> =M ( ! SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ( ! LABOR PROCESS UND] ! CONDITIONS ( ! CAPITALI/IC MODE ( PRODUCTION )9 ! PRES5T HI/ORICAL EPO*7 APPE>S 9 ! EX*ANGE VALUE ( ITS PRODUCT4 ,! FUSION ( ! TWO SOCIAL *>ACT]I/ICS ( COMMODITY-PRODUC+ LABOR APPE>S 9 ! 0VALUE =M0 ( ! PRODUCT ( LABOR1 OR ! 0=M ( COMMODITY40 ,ONLY ?US CRITICALLY MODIFI$1 IS ! !ORY ( LABOR VALUE A SUITABLE />T+-PO9T = AN ECONOMIC !ORY 9 :I* LABOR IS CONSID]$ NOT M]ELY =MALLY & 9 ONE ( ITS ASPECTS BUT 9 ITS FULL MAT]IAL REALIZATION4 ,! E>LI] B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/S :5 SPEAK+ ( LABOR AS A S\RCE ( WEAL?1 HAD LIKEWISE ?\I\S =MS ( REAL WORK1 ?\< !Y DID SO ONLY = ! REASON ?AT !IR ECONOMIC CATEGORIES W]E AS YET UNDEVELOP$1 & /ILL 9 ! PROCESS ( SEP>ATION FROM !IR ORIG9AL MAT]IAL CONT5TS1 VAGUE & 9DET]M9ATE4 ,?US1 ! ,M]CANTILI/S1 ! ,PHYSIOCRATS1 ETC41 SUCCESSFULLY DECL>$ ! TRUE S\RCE ( WEAL? TO LIE 9 ! LABOR EXP5D$ 9 ! EXPORT 9DU/RIES1 TRADE & %IPP+1 9 AGRICULTURAL LABOR1 ETC4 ,EV5 ) ,ADAM ,SMI?1 :O FROM ! DIFF]5T BRAN*ES ( LABOR DEF9ITELY ADVANC$ TO ! G5]AL =M ( COMMODITY-PRODUC+ LABOR1 WE F9D ?AT CONCRETE ASPECT RETA9$1 ALONG ) ! NEW & MORE =MALI/IC DEF9ITION :I* IS ALSO EXPRESS$ 9 HIS SY/EM & WAS LAT] TO BECOME ! EXCLUSIVE DEF9ITION ( VALUE 9 ! WORK ( ,RIC>DO1 & BY :I* LABOR IS DEF9$ AS AN AB/RACT & M]ELY QUANTITATIVE 5TITY4 ,?IS SAME AB/RACT =M ( LABOR1 :I* HE CORRECTLY DEF9$ AS EX*ANGE-VALUE PRODUC+ LABOR1 HE AT ! SAME TIME1 IRRATIONALLY 5\<1 DECL>$ TO BE ! ONLY S\RCE NOT ONLY ( VALUE 7EX*ANGE VALUE7 BUT ALSO ( ! MAT]IAL WEAL? ( ! COMMUNITY1 OR USE VALUE4 ,?IS DOCTR9E :I* /ILL OB/9ATELY P]SI/S 9 0VULG>0 SOCIALISM1 & :I* IS UNJU/LY IMPUT$ TO SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM BY ITS B\RGEOIS CRITICS1 IS ACCORD+ TO ,M>X ECONOMICALLY FALSE4 ,9 SO F> AS 0LABOR0 IS REG>D$ 9 ITS SPECIFIC *>ACT] AS USEFUL LABOR1 &1 9 ! SAME WAY1 0WEAL?0 ITS MAT]IAL =M AS AN OBJECT ( UTILITY1 LABOR IS NOT ! ONLY S\RCE ( WEAL?4 7,IF ?IS W]E SO1 IT W\LD BE DIFFICULT TO EXPLA9 :Y 9 PRES5T-DAY CAPITALI/IC SOCIETY JU/ ?OSE P]SONS >E POOR :O HI!RTO HAVE HAD ?AT UNIQUE S\RCE ( WEAL? AT !IR EXCLUSIVE DISPOSAL1 & EV5 MORE DIFFICULT TO ACC\NT = ! FACT ?AT !Y REMA9 UNEMPLOY$ & POOR1 9/EAD ( PRODUC+ WEAL? BY !IR LABOR47 ,BUT IT IS JU/ H]E1 9 ! V]Y 9CONSI/5CY ( HIS ECONOMIC !ORY1 ?AT A REMEMBRANCE ( ! CONCRETE REALITY ( HUMAN LABOR L+]S 9 ! M9D ( ,ADAM ,SMI?4 ,9 PRAIS+ ! CREATIVE P[] ( 0LABOR0 HE WAS NOT ?9K+ SO MU* ( ! =C$ LABOR ( ! MOD]N WAGE-LABOR]1 :I* APPE>S 9 ! VALUE ( ! COMMODITIES & PRODUCES CAPITALI/IC PR(IT1 AS ( ! G5]AL NATURAL NECESSITY ( HUMAN LABOR1 :I* PRODUCES ?+S USEFUL & BEAUTIFUL4 ,LIKEWISE1 HIS NAIVE GLORIFICATION ( ! 0DIVISION ( LABOR0 A*IEV$ 9 !SE 0GREAT MANUFACTURES10 BY :I* HE UND]/OOD ! :OLE ( MOD]N CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 DOES NOT SO MU* REF] TO ! EXTREMELY IMP]FECT =M ( PRES5T-DAY CAPITALI/IC DIVISION ( LABOR 7>IS+ ?R\< COMMODITY PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE7 AS TO ! G5]AL =M ( HUMAN LABOR VAGUELY FUZ$ ) IT 9 HIS !ORETICAL EXPOSITION4 0,ADAM ,SMI?'S CONTRADICTIONS10 SAID ,M>X LAT]1 0>E SIGNIFICANT 9 SO F> AS !Y CONTA9 PROBLEMS :I* HE 9DE$ DOES NOT SOLVE1 BUT :I* HE REVEALS JU/ BY CONTRADICT+ HIMSELF40 ,9 ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T FROM ,SMI? TO ,RIC>DO1 ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY BECOMES MORE CONSI/5T - & ONE-SID$4 ,EV5 N[1 B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/S DO NOT D5Y ?AT !RE >E TWO *>ACT]S 9H]5T 9 ! COMMODITY1 USE VALUE & EX*ANGE VALUE4 ,BUT !Y DEAL ONLY ) 0VALUE ( EX*ANGE0 AS ! TRUE ECONOMIC VALUE4 ,:ILE IMM]S$ 9 !IR 0ECONOMIC0 DEF9ITION ( 0VALUE0 9 T]MS ( LABOR1 !Y APPE> TO HAVE QUITE LO/ SIX1 0NO:]E EXPLICITLY & CONSCI\SLY DI/+UI%ES BETWE5 LABOR REPRES5T$ 9 VALUE & ! SAME LABOR SO F> AS IT IS REPRES5T$ 9 ! USE VALUE ( ITS PRODUCT40 ,M>X HAS RE9TRODUC$ 9 A NEW =M REAL1 CONCRETE LABOR 9TO ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY4 ,HE DEALS ) 0LABOR0 NOT 9 ! 9DEF9ITE1 AMBIGU\S1 & VACILLAT+ =M AS IT HAD APPE>$ 9 ! WRIT+S ( ! OLD] B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/S2 NOT AS ! LABOR ( ! COMMODITY-PRODUC]1 OR AS ! MAT]IALLY & =MALLY FREE LABOR ( ! 9DEP5D5T MA/] CRAFTSMAN1 :O HAD CONTROL OV] HIS [N MAT]IAL MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 & :O EX*ANG$ ! PRODUCT ( HIS LABOR 9 ! =M ( A COMMODITY = ANO!R K9D ( COMMODITY1 OR ! PRODUCT ( ANO!R =M ( AN EQUALLY FREE & 9DEP5D5T LABOR4 ,M>X DEALS ) LABOR 9 ITS PRES5T UNAMBIGU\S1 & DEF9ITE1 =M ( LABOR PRODUC+ A COMMODITY = ANO!R P]SON1 I4E41 ( LABOR =MALLY PAID TO ITS FULL VALUE BUT ACTUALLY EXPLOIT$2 =MALLY FREE1 ACTUALLY 5SLAV$2 =MALLY ! 9DEP5D5T LABOR ( AN ISOLAT$ WORK]1 ACTUALLY COLLECTIVE LABOR P]=M$ BY PROLET>IAN WAGE-LABOR]S :O >E SEP>AT$ FROM ! MAT]IAL MEANS ( PRODUCTION & TO :OM !IR [N TOOLS & ! SOCIAL *>ACT] ( !IR [N LABOR - ?AT IS1 ! PRODUCTIVE P[] ( :AT W\LD BE UND] O!RWISE SIMIL> CONDITIONS ! PRODUCE ( AN ISOLAT$ WORK]1 N[ 9CREAS$ A ?\S&FOLD BY ! SOCIAL DIVISION ( LABOR - /& OPPOS$ 9 ! =M ( CAPITAL4 ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY IS N[ NO LONG] A SCI5CE ( COMMODITIES1 & A SCI5CE ( LABOR ONLY 9DIRECTLY1 & 9 AN AB/RACT & ONE-SID$ MANN]4 ,IT BECOMES A DIRECT SCI5CE ( SOCIAL LABOR1 ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES ( ?AT LABOR1 ( !IR DEVELOPM5T & AFT]W>DS !IR 5SLAVEM5T BY ! FIX$ =MS ( ! PRODUCTION-RELATIONS PREVAIL+ 9 PRES5T-DAY B\RGEOIS SOCIETY &1 F9ALLY1 ( ! EMANCIPATION ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES 9 PRES5T SOCIETY BY ! REVOLUTION>Y ACTION ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS4 ,A GLANCE AT ! FIR/ VOLUME ( ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL WILL SUFFICE TO CONV9CE US ( ! COMPLETELY *ANG$ *>ACT] ( ?IS SCI5CE ( ECONOMICS4 ,FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ ! METICUL\S ANALYSIS ( ! MO/ G5]AL ECONOMIC CATEGORIES 70,COMMODITY10 0,MONEY10 & 0,TRANS=MATION ( ,MONEY 9TO ,CAPITAL07 9 ! FIR/ *APT]S ( ,M>X'S WORK1 ADH]ES ONLY 9 APPE>ANCE TO 0?AT TURBUL5T SPH]E ( ! EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES :I* IS TAK+ PLACE ON ! SURFACE ( COMMODITY-PRODUC+ SOCIETY1 OP5 & VISIBLE TO ALL40 ,9 TRU?1 FROM ! OP5+ S5T5CE TO ! F9AL CONCLUSION1 ! ,M>XIAN ANALYSIS S]VES TO MAKE US LOOK ?R\< ?OSE HIACT]10 & TO DEMON/RATE ! SPECIFIC SOCIAL *>ACT] ( B\RGEOIS COMMODITY PRODUCTION LY+ BEH9D !M4 ,IT BECOMES HI5T :ILE DEAL+1 9 ITS LAT] P>TS1 ) ! SALE & PUR*ASE ( A COMMODITY ( A V]Y SPECIAL COMPOSITION1 LABOR-P[]4 ,IT F9ALLY PASSES FROM ! REALM ( COMMODITY-EX*ANGE 9TO ANO!R SPH]E 5TIRELY1 ! 0HIDD5 HAUNTS ( PRODUCTION1 ON :OSE ?RE%OLD WE >E FAC$ ) ! 9SCRIPTION3 ,NO ADMITTANCE EXCEPT ON BUS9ESS40 ,FROM N[ ON ! LABOR PROCESS1 OR :AT IS ACCORD+ TO ,M>X BUT ANO!R NAME = ! SAME ?+1 ! PROCESS ( MAT]IAL PRODUCTION1 BO? 9 ITS MAT]IAL & HI/ORICAL ASPECTS1 CON/ITUTES ! SUBJECT MATT] ( ! ECONOMIC !ORY ( ,CAPITAL4 ,?AT APPLIES NOT ONLY TO *APT]S #e1 #h1 #a#a1 #a#b1 #a#c1 ETC41 :I* >E ESPECIALLY DEVOT$ TO ! ANALYSIS ( LABOR &1 :I*1 QUANTITATIVELY1 MAKE UP HALF ( ! FIR/ VOLUME BUT1 AS REVEAL$ BY A CLOS] EXAM9ATION1 TO ! :OLE BOOK4 ,JU/ AS ,LEVIA?AN IS BUT ! NOM9AL TITLE ( ,HOBBES'S POLITICAL WORK1 SO ,CAPITAL IS ONLY NOM9ALLY ! SUBJECT ( ,M>X'S NEW ECONOMIC !ORY4 ,ITS REAL !ME IS LABOR BO? 9 ITS PRES5T-DAY ECONOMIC =M ( SUBJUGATION BY CAPITAL & 9 ITS DEVELOPM5T1 ?R\< ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT1 TO A NEW DIRECTLY SOCIAL & SOCIALI/ CONDITION4 ,*APT] #g4 ,! ,FETI%ISM ( ,COMMODITIES ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY1 :I* CONSID]$ B\RGEOIS COMMODITY PRODUCTION AS ! F9AL A*IEVEM5T1 VALID = ALL TIME1 ( A RATIONAL & NATURAL SY/EM ( ECONOMIC ORD]1 HAD R$UC$ ALL ECONOMIC CONCEPTS TO VALUE1 & ALL ECONOMIC LAWS TO ! LAW ( VALUE4 ,IT HAD DEF9$ ! EX*ANGE VALUE ( COMMODITIES :I* APPE>S 9 ! PUR*ASE & SALE ( ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR AS A GIV5 0QUANTITY ( VALUE10 9DEP5D5T ( ! P>TICUL> K9D ( UTILITY OR 0USE VALUE0 ( ! SEV]AL COMMODITIES1 & DEP5D5T ONLY ON ! LABOR-TIME EXP5D$ ON !IR PRODUCTION4 ,NOT)/&+ AN (T5 CONFLICT+ \TSIDE APPE>ANCE IT ADH]$ TO ! ESS5TIAL TRU? ( ?IS DEF9ITION4 ,B\RGEOIS ECONOMICS DID NOT1 H[EV]1 GET BEYOND ?AT =MAL CONCEPT4 ,EV5 ! BE/ & MO/ CONSI/5T AMONG ITS EXPON5TS :O W]E FULLY AW>E ( ITS OBJECTIVE ECONOMIC CONT5TS & HAD NOT MI/AK5 0VALUE0 = AN >BITR>Y T]M 7AS SUP]FICIAL ?9K]S HAD DONE EV5 !N71 HAD TAK5 ! CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT RELATIVE QUANTITIES ( LABOR >E REPRES5T$ 9 ! VALUE-RELATIONS ( ITS PRODUCTS1 & ?US LABOR 9 VALUE1 AS AN EVID5T FACT NOT REQUIR+ ANY FUR!R 9VE/IGATION4 ,A FUR!R G5]ALIZATION ( ! CATEGORIES :I* HAD BE5 REG>D$ BY B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/S AS ! ULTIMATE G5]ALIZATION ( !IR SCI5CE BECAME POSSIBLE ONLY :5 ! N>R[ HORIZON ( B\RGEOIS ECONOMIC SCI5CE WAS LEFT BEH9D BY A NEW SCI5TIFIC ADVANCE1 :I* WAS BAS$ ON ! *ANG$ VIEWPO9T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAN CLASS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 ! MO/ G5]AL CATEGORY )9 ! REALM ( ECONOMICS IS NO LONG] 0VALUE0 OR ! 0QUANTITY ( VALUE10 BUT ! VALUE =M ( ! PRODUCT ( LABOR OR ! =M ( COMMODITY ITSELF4 ,EV5 ?IS FUNDAM5TAL =M ( ! B\RGEOIS MODE ( PRODUCTION IS A 0G5]AL =M0 ONLY FROM ! /&PO9T ( A M]ELY 0ECONOMIC0 SCI5CE 7& IT REPRES5TS1 9DE$1 AN EXTREME LIMIT ( ! G5]ALIZATION :I* IS POSSIBLE FROM ?AT RE/RICT$ /&PO9T74 ,IT IS AT ! SAME TIME1 FROM ! MORE ADVANC$ VIEWPO9T ( ! ,M>XIAN ,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 A SPECIFIC M>K BY :I* ! B\RGEOIS MODE ( PRODUCTION IS DI/+UI%$ FROM O!R HI/ORICAL =MS AS A P>TICUL> =M ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION4 ,! TRANSITION FROM ! ONE CONCEPT TO ! O!R1 :I* IS IMPLI$ 9 ! :OLE ( ,M>X'S ECONOMIC WORK1 IS EXPLICITLY MADE 9 ?AT F9AL P>AGRAPH ( ! FIR/ *APT] ( ! FIR/ VOLUME ( ,CAPITAL1 SO IMPORTANT = ! /& TAK5 BY ,M>X AGA9/ ALL B\RGEOIS ECONOMICS1 :I* BE>S ! RA!R MY/]I\S TITLE ( ,! ,FETI%-*>ACT] ( ! ,COMMODITY & ITS ,SECRET4 ,! 0FETI%-*>ACT]0 ( ! COMMODITY1 R$UC$ TO ITS SIMPLE/ =M1 CONSI/S 9 ! FACT ?AT MAN'S H&IWORK ASSUMES A PECULI> QUALITY :I* 9FLU5CES 9 A FUNDAM5TAL WAY ! ACTUAL BEHAVIOR ( ! P]SONS CONC]N$4 ,IT DOES NOT WIELD ?AT REM>KABLE P[] 7AS ! E>LI] ECONOMI/S HAD BELIEV$7 BY AN ET]NAL LAW ( NATURE1 YET IT IS 5D[$ ) SU* P[] UND] ! P>TICUL> SOCIAL CONDITIONS PREVAIL+ 9 ! PRES5T EPO* ( SOCIETY4 ,:5CE >ISES ?IS MY/]I\S *>ACT] ( EXT]NAL ?+S :I* IS DESCRIB$ BY POLITICAL ECONOMI/S AS !IR 0VALUE10 & :I* ATTA*ES ITSELF TO ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR AS SOON AS !Y >E NO LONG] PRODUC$ DIRECTLY = USE BUT = SALE AS 0COMMODITIES08 ,! VALUE ( A COMMODITY DOES NOT >ISE EI!R FROM ITS PHYSICAL QUALITIES OR FROM ITS SPECIFIC UTILITY1 NOR EV5 FROM ANY SPECIFIC QUALITIES BELONG+ TO ! LABOR 9VOLV$ 9 ITS PRODUCTION4 ,! VALUE RELATIONS APPE>+ 9 ! EX*ANGE ( ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR AS 0COMMODITIES0 >E ESS5TIALLY NOT RELATIONS BETWE5 ?+S1 BUT M]ELY AN IMAG9>Y EXPRESSION ( AN UND]LY+ SOCIAL RELATION BETWE5 ! HUMAN BE+S :O COOP]ATE 9 !IR PRODUCTION4 ,B\RGEOIS SOCIETY IS JU/ ?AT P>TICUL> =M ( ! SOCIAL LIFE ( MAN 9 :I* ! MO/ BASIC RELATIONS E/ABLI%$ BETWE5 HUMAN BE+S 9 ! SOCIAL PRODUCTION ( !IR LIVES BECOME KN[N TO !M ONLY AFT] ! EV5T1 & EV5 !N ONLY 9 ! REV]S$ =M ( RELATIONS BETWE5 ?+S4 ,BY DEP5D+ 9 !IR CONSCI\S ACTIONS UPON SU* IMAG9>Y CONCEPTS1 ! MEMB]S ( MOD]N 0CIVILIZ$0 SOCIETY >E REALLY1 LIKE ! SAVAGE BY HIS FETI%1 CONTROLL$ BY ! WORK ( !IR H&S4 ,COMMODITIES &1 9 A /ILL MORE CONSPICU\S =M1 ! P>TICUL> K9D ( COMMODITY :I* S]VES AS A G5]AL M$IUM ( EX*ANGE1 NAMELY1 MONEY1 & ALL FUR!R =MS ( CAPITALI/IC COMMODITY PRODUCTION D]IV$ FROM ?OSE BASIC =MS1 SU* AS CAPITAL1 WAGE-LABOR1 ETC41 >E EXAMPLES ( ?AT FETI% =M ASSUM$ BY ! SOCIAL PRODUCTION-RELATIONS ( ! PRES5T EPO*4 ,:AT ,M>X H]E T]MS ! ,FETI%ISM ( ! ,WORLD ( ,COMMODITIES IS ONLY A SCI5TIFIC EXPRESSION = ! SAME ?+ ?AT HE HAD DESCRIB$ E>LI]1 9 HIS ,HEGEL-,FEU]BA* P]IOD1 AS 0HUMAN SELF-ALI5ATION0 & :I* HAD1 9DE$1 =M$ ! REAL F\NDATION = ?IS P>TICUL> CALAMITY :I* BEFALLS ! ,HEGELIAN 0IDEA0 AT A DEF9ITE /AGE ( ITS SPECULATIVE DEVELOPM5T4 ,M>X HAD1 H[EV]1 EMPHASIZ$ AS E>LY AS ?IS1 ! REAL ECONOMIC & SOCIAL FACTS UND]LY+ ?AT ,HEGELIAN PHILOSOPHICAL T]M4 ,MU* MORE CLE>LY ?AN ,FEU]BA* & ! O!R PHILOSOPHIZ+ ,HEGELIANS HE HAD RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ! V>I\S =MS 9 :I* ?AT PHILOSOPHICAL CATEGORY 5T]S 9TO PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY - AS 0PROP]TY1 CAPITAL1 MONEY1 WAGE-LABOR1 ETC40 >E BY NO MEANS A K9D ( SELF-CREAT$ 0IDEALI/IC FIGM5T ( \R IMAG9ATION40 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ALL ?OSE 0ALI5AT$ =MS0 ACTUALLY EXI/ 9 PRES5T SOCIETY AS 0V]Y PRACTICAL1 V]Y MAT]IAL ?+S40 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! FACT ?AT ONE ( ! WOR/ CASES ( ?AT 0SELF-ALI5ATION ( HUMANITY0 APPE>S 9 PRES5T-DAY B\RGEOIS SOCIETY AS ! CONTRA/ ( ! HAVES & ! HAVE-NOTS IS BY NO MEANS ! \TCOME ( A M]E CONCEPTUAL OR SPIRITUAL PROCESS4 0,NOT HAV+ IS ! MO/ DESP]ATE SPIRITUALISM1 AN 5TIRE NEGATION ( ! REALITY ( ! HUMAN BE+1 A V]Y POSITIVE HAV+1 A HAV+ ( HUNG]1 ( COLD1 ( SICKNESS1 ( CRIMES1 ( DEBASEM5T1 ( IMBECILITY1 ( ALL =MS ( 9HUMANITY & ABNORMALITY40 ,& 9 /RIK+ CONTRA/ TO ! 0IDEALI/IC0 DIALECTICS ( ,HEGEL :O HAD 5DEAVOR$ TO ANNIHILATE ! EXI/+ SELF-ALI5ATION ( MAN 9 SOCIETY M]ELY BY AN IMAG9>Y PHILOSOPHICAL ANNIHILATION ( ! OBJECTIVE =M1 9 :I* IT IS REFLECT$ )9 ! HUMAN M9D1 ,M>X D5\NC$ ! UTT] 9SUFFICI5CY ( A M]E EF=T ( ?\E ONLY AN \TW>D EXPRESSION4 ,IT IS1 = ?IS PURPOSE1 ABOVE ALL NECESS>Y TO ABOLI%1 BY ! PRACTICAL EF=T ( A SOCIAL ACT1 ITS UND]LY+ REAL CONDITIONS4 ,M>X HAD ALSO CALL$ BY NAME ! SOCIAL =CE :I* WAS TO P]=M ?AT REVOLUTION>Y ACTION3 0! COMMUNI/ WORK]S 9 ! WORK%OPS ( ,MAN*E/] & ,LYONS0 & ! 0ASSOCIATIONS0 F\ND$ BY !M4 ,! LAT] ,M>XIAN CRITICISM ( ! 0FETI%-*>ACT]0 9H]5T 9 ! COMMODITY 0LABOR-P[]0 &1 9DE$1 9 ALL 0ECONOMIC0 CATEGORIES DIFF]S FROM ?AT E>LI] CRITICISM ( ! ECONOMIC 0SELF-ALI5ATION0 MA9LY BY ITS SCI5TIFIC & NO MORE PHILOSOPHICAL =M4 ,MOD]N CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION BO? HI/ORICALLY & !ORETICALLY RE/S ON ! SEP>ATION ( ! REAL PRODUC]S FROM !IR MAT]IAL MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,?US IT IS BUT A JURIDICAL ILLUSION ?AT ! WORK]S EI!R AS 9DIVIDUALS OR AS MEMB]S ( AN AMALGAMAT$ GR\P ( LABOR-P[] [N]S FREELY DISPOSE ( !IR PROP]TY4 ,! COMMON ASSUMPTIONS UND]LY+ ! 0FETI%I/IC0 CONCEPT ( AN 9DIVIDUAL1 & EV5 ( A COLLECTIVE1 0B>GA9+0 ) REG>D TO ! COMMODITY 0LABOR P[]0 >E /ILL D]IV$ 5TIRELY FROM ! DREAML& ( ! FREE & EQUAL 9DIVIDUALS UNIT$ )9 A SELF-GOV]N$ SOCIETY4 ,! PROP]TYLESS WAGE LABOR]S SELL+ ?R\< A 0FREE LABOR CONTRACT10 !IR 9DIVIDUAL LABOR P[]S = A C]TA9 TIME TO A CAPITALI/IC 05TREPR5EUR0 >E1 AS A CLASS1 FROM ! \TSET & = EV] A COMMON PROP]TY ( ! POSSESS+ CLASS :I* ALONE HAS ! REAL MEANS ( LABOR AT ITS DISPOSAL4 ,IT IS1 !RE=E1 ONLY ONE P>T ( ! TRU? ?AT WAS REVEAL$ BY ,M>X 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O :5 HE SAID ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE HAD 0RESOLV$ P]SONAL WOR? 9TO EX*ANGE VALUE10 & ?US REPLAC$ ! VEIL$ =MS ( EXPLOITATION APPLI$ BY ! 0PI\S1 *IVALR\S1 EC/ATIC1 & S5TIM5TAL MIDDLE AGES0 BY AN ALTOGE!R UNVEIL$ EXPLOITATION4 ,! B\RGEOISIE REPLAC$ AN EXPLOITATION EMBROID]$ ) RELIGI\S & POLITICAL ILLUSION1 BY A NEW & MORE REF9$ SY/EM ( CONCEAL$ EXPLOITATION4 ,:]EAS 9 M$IEVAL SOCIETY EV5 ! UTT]LY MAT]IAL TASKS ( PRODUCTION W]E P]=M$ UND] ! SPIRITUAL DISGUISE ( 0FAI?0 & ( AN 0ALLEGIANCE0 DUE BY ! 0S]VANT0 TO HIS 0MA/]10 9 ! NEW ]A ( 0,FREE ,TRADE10 CONV]SELY1 ! CONT9U+ EXPLOITATION & OPPRESSION ( ! LABOR]S IS HIDD5 UND] ! PRETEXT ( ! 0ECONOMIC NECESSITIES ( PRODUCTION40 ,! SCI5TIFIC ME?OD ( CONCEAL+ ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS IS CALL$ ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY4 ,FROM ! CRITICAL EXPOSURE ( ! FETI%ISM 9H]5T 9 ! COMMODITY 0LABOR-P[]0 !RE WAS BUT ONE /EP TO ! DISCOV]Y ( ! MO/ G5]AL =M ( ! 0ECONOMIC0 DELUSION APPE>+ 9 ! 0COMMODITY0 ITSELF4 ,JU/ AS ! CLASSICAL ECONOMI/S HAD D]IV$ ALL O!R T]MS ( !IR SCI5CE FROM ! 0VALUE0 APPE>+ 9 ! EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES1 SO ,M>X N[ TRAC$ BACK ! DELUSIVE *>ACT] ( ALL O!R ECONOMIC CATEGORIES TO ! FETI%-*>ACT] ( ! 0COMMODITY40 ,?\< EV5 N[ ?AT MO/ OBVI\S & DIRECT =M ( ! 0SELF-ALI5ATION ( ! HUMAN BE+0 :I* OCCURS 9 ! RELATION BETWE5 WAGE-LABOR & CAPITAL1 KEEPS ITS DECISIVE IMPORTANCE = ! PRACTICAL ATTACK ON ! EXI/+ ORD] ( SOCIETY1 ! FETI%ISM ( ! COMMODITY LABOR-P[] IS AT ?IS /AGE = !ORETICAL PURPOSES REG>D$ AS A M]E D]IVATIVE =M ( ! MORE G5]AL FETI%ISM :I* IS CONTA9$ 9 COMMODITY ITSELF4 ,?US ! ,M>XIAN CRITICISM ( ! EXI/+ ORD] IS TRANS=M$ FROM A P>TICUL> ATTACK ON ! CLASS *>ACT] 9TO A UNIV]SAL ATTACK ON ! FUNDAM5TAL DEFICI5CY ( ! CAPITALI/IC MODE ( PRODUCTION & ! /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY BAS$ UPON IT4 ,BY REVEAL+ ALL ECONOMIC CATEGORIES TO BE M]E FRAGM5TS ( ONE GREAT FETI% DID ,M>X ULTIMATELY TRANSC5D ALL PREC$+ =MS & PHASES ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL !ORY4 ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY ITSELF HAD 9 ITS LAT] DEVELOPM5T RECTIFI$ SU* PRIMITIVE MISCONCEPTIONS AS ?AT BY :I* ! ADH]5TS ( ! SO-CALL$ 0MONET>Y SY/EM0 HAD REG>D$ MONEY1 9 ! =M ( GOLD & SILV]1 AS A PRODUCT ( NATURE1 5D[$ ) SOME PECULI> SOCIAL QUALITIES1 OR ! PHYSIOCRATIC ILLUSION ?AT R5T GR[S \T ( ! E>?1 NOT \T ( SOCIETY4 ,IT HAD AT ITS HIS 9 ! VALUE-=M ( ! LABOR PRODUCTS & 9 ! =M ( COMMODITY ITSELF4 ,! GREAT !ORETICAL >T ( CLASSICAL ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY H]E MET ITS HIS HI/ORICAL B>RI]4 0,! VALUE =M ( ! LABOR PRODUCT IS ! MO/ AB/RACT BUT ALSO ! MO/ G5]AL =M ( ! B\RGEOIS MODE ( PRODUCTION :I* IS !REBY HI/ORICALLY *>ACT]IZ$ AS A P>TICUL> K9D ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION4 ,BY MISCONCEIV+ IT AS AN ET]NAL & NATURAL =M1 HE WILL OV]LOOK ! P>TICUL> *>ACT] ( ! VALUE =M & ?US ALSO ?AT ( ! COMMODITY =M1 :I* APPE>S FUR!R DEVELOP$ AS MONEY =M1 CAPITAL =M1 ETC40 ,M>X WAS ! FIR/ TO REPRES5T ?AT FUNDAM5TAL *>ACT] ( ! B\RGEOIS MODE ( PRODUCTION AS ! P>TICUL> HI/ORICAL /AGE ( MAT]IAL PRODUCTION1 :OSE *>ACT]I/IC SOCIAL =M IS REFLECT$ REV]S$LY1 9 A 0FETI%I/IC0 MANN]1 BO? 9 ! PRACTICAL CONCEPTS ( ! ORD9>Y MAN ( BUS9ESS & 9 ! SCI5TIFIC REFLECTION ( ?AT 0NORMAL0 B\RGEOIS CONSCI\SNESS - ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY4 ,?US ! !ORETICAL EXPOSURE ( 0! FETI% *>ACT] ( ! COMMODITY & ITS SECRET0 IS NOT ONLY ! K]NEL ( ! ,M>XIAN ,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY1 BUT1 AT ! SAME TIME ! QU9TESS5CE ( ! ECONOMIC !ORY ( ,CAPITAL & ! MO/ EXPLICIT & MO/ EXACT DEF9ITION ( ! !ORETICAL & HI/ORICAL /&PO9T ( ! :OLE MAT]IALI/IC SCI5CE ( SOCIETY4 ,! !ORETICAL DISCLOSURE ( ! FETI%I/IC APPE>ANCE ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION HAS A TREM5D\S IMPORTANCE = ! PRACTICAL /RUGGLE C>RI$ ON BY ?OSE :O >E OPPRESS$ 9 PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY & :O AS A CLASS >E REBELL+ AGA9/ ?IS OPPRESSION4 ,9 VIEW ( ! 0GOOD 9T5TIONS0 & SCRAP ( PAP] PROCLAMATIONS CON/ANTLY REPEAT$ BY ! (FICIAL SPOKESM5 ( PRES5T-DAY ECONOMICS & POLITICS ?AT 0! WORK] %ALL NO MORE BE REG>D$ AS BE+ A M]E >TICLE ( COMM]CE10 ! V]Y /ATEM5T ( ! EXI/+ FACT ?AT UND] PRES5T CONDITIONS ! WORK] IS & REMA9S AN >TICLE ( COMM]CE1 BECOMES AN OP5 REBELLION AGA9/ ! P>AM\NT 9T]E/ ( ! RUL+ CLASS 9 KEEP+ 9TACT BO? ! FETI%I/IC DISGUISE & ! UND]LY+ ACTUAL CONDITIONS4 ,IT =CIBLY REE/ABLI%ES ! RESPONSIBILITY ( ! RUL+ B\RGEOIS CLASS = ALL ! WA/E & HIDE\SNESS :I* BY ! 0FETI%I/IC0 DEVICE ( B\RGEOIS ECONOMICS HAD BE5 %IFT$ FROM ! REALM ( HUMAN ACTION TO ! SO-CALL$ IMMUTABLE1 NATURE-ORDA9$ RELATIONS BETWE5 ?+S4 ,= ?IS REASON ALONE1 ANY !ORETICAL T5D5CY AIM+ AT AN UNBIASS$ CRITICISM ( ! PREVAIL+ ECONOMIC CATEGORIES1 & ! CORRESPOND+ PRACTICAL T5D5CY TO *ANGE ! SOCIAL SY/EM ( :I* !Y >E AN IDEOLOGICAL EXPRESSION1 IS OPPOS$ FROM ! \TSET BY ! OV]:ELM+ P[] ( ! CLASSES PRIVILEG$ BY ! PRES5T SOCIAL ORD] & 9T]E/$ 9 ITS MA9T5ANCE4 ,! ULTIMATE DE/RUCTION ( CAPITALI/IC COMMODITY-FETI%ISM BY A DIRECT SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ( LABOR1 BECOMES ! TASK ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,A !ORETICAL EXPRESSION ( ?IS CLASS /RUGGLE &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ONE ( ITS TOOLS1 IS ! REVOLUTION>Y ,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY4 ,*APT] #h4 ,! 0,SOCIAL ,CONTRACT0 ,M>X'S CRITICISM ( ! FETI% *>ACT] ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION 9AUGURATES A NEW EPO* 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIAL SCI5CE4 ,FIR/ & =EMO/1 ! CONCEPT ( 0CIVIL SOCIETY10 ?AT IS1 ( ! SUM & AGGREGATE ( ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS PREVAIL+ 9 ! NEW COMMODITY-PRODUC+ SOCIETY1 C\LD NOT BE WORK$ \T 9 ITS FULL SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE BY ! IDEOLOGICAL PROTAGONI/S ( ! REVOLUTION>Y B\RGEOISIE AS LONG AS ! FUNDAM5TAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS ( ! NEW =M ( SOCIETY W]E DISGUIS$ AS M]E RELATIONS ( ?+S4 ,MOREOV]1 ! CONCEPT ( 0CIVIL SOCIETY0 :I* HAD BE5 9ITIAT$ AT AN E>LY TIME BY SU* =]UNN]S AS ,IBN ,KHALD\N1 ! ,>AB1 9 ! #a#d? C5TURY & AFT] A TEMPOR>Y ECLIPSE WAS REVIV$ BY ,VICO1 ! ,ITALIAN1 & 0! ,5GLI% & ,FR5* ( ! #a#h? C5TURY10 HAD SUFF]$ FROM A CONSID]ABLE VAGU5ESS & AMBIGUITY AS TO ! LIMITS BETWE5 ! NEWLY DISCOV]$ SPH]E ( 0CIVIL SOCIETY0 ON ! ONE H&1 & ! TRADITIONAL SPH]E ( 0POLITICAL SOCIETY0 OR ! ,/ATE ON ! O!R H&4 ,:ILE ! B\RGEOIS !ORI/S W]E QUITE ABLE TO DI/+UI% !IR 0CIVIL SOCIETY0 FROM ! OLD FEUDAL =M ( ! ,/ATE1 !Y CONFUS$ & ID5TIFI$ IT ) ! NEW POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS & IDEAS ( ! B\RGEOIS ,/ATE4 ,9/EAD ( LIMIT+ ! T]M ( CIVIL SOCIETY TO ! BASIC RELATIONS SPR++ IMM$IATELY FROM ! 7OLD OR NEW7 ECONOMIC CONDITIONS1 !Y US$ BO? T]MS RA!R 9DISCRIM9ATELY AS ONE COMPREH5SIVE NAME = ! :OLE ( ! NEW SOCIAL RELATION%IPS :I* HAD N[ AT LA/ BE5 AGRE$ UPON BY ! HUMAN 9DIVIDUALS ?R\< ! CONCLUSION ( ! 0SOCIAL CONTRACT10 BE IT ?AT ?IS CONTRACT WAS REA*$ 9 FULL H>MONY & COMPLETE FRE$OM 7AS ! MORE SUP]FICIAL EXPON5TS ( ! NEW !ORY HAD IT7 OR ?AT1 AFT] ! MORE REALI/IC CONCEPTS ( ,HOBBES1 ,R\SSEAU1 & ,HEGEL1 IT WAS =C$ UPON AN UNWILL+ OPPOSITE P>TY AFT] A MORTAL /RUGGLE ACCORD+ TO ! RIX'S MAT]IALI/IC DESCRIPTION ( ! SOCIAL NATURE ( ! RELATIONS :I* >E 0REV]SELY0 EXPRESS$ 9 ! CATEGORIES ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY AS RELATIONS BETWE5 ?+S1 HAS A SIMIL> SIGNIFICANCE = ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T ( ! PRES5T EPO* AS ,R\SSEAU'S !ORY ( ! 0SOCIAL CONTRACT0 HAD = ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION ( ! PREC$+ HI/ORICAL EPO*4 ,! UNMASK+ ( ! FETI% *>ACT] ( ! COMMODITY CONTA9S ! RATIONAL & EMPIRICAL SOLUTION ( A PROBLEM :I* ! SOCIAL !ORI/S ( ! #a#h? C5TURY HAD NOT EV5 SET !MSELVES & :I* SU* LAT] B\RGEOIS S*OOLS AS ! ROMANTICI/S1 ! HI/ORICAL S*OOL1 ! ADEPTS ( ! 0ORGANIC0 !ORY ( ! ,/ATE1 & ,HEGEL HAD APPROA*$ 9 A MORE OR LESS MY/ICAL WAY4 ,AT FIR/ SIX'S DEMON/RATION ( ! 0SECRET0 CONTA9$ 9 ! 0=M ( ! COMMODITY0 & ! MANN] 9 :I* ,HEGEL HAD DEALT ) ! APP>5T MY/]Y ( ! FACT ?AT HI/ORY1 MADE BY M51 FOLL[S A PLAN NOT CONCEIV$ BY M54 ,JU/ AS ,HEGEL HAD SAID ?AT 09 WORLD HI/ORY \T ( ! ACTIONS ( M5 COMES SOME?+ QUITE DIFF]5T FROM :AT !Y 9T5D & DIRECTLY KN[ & WILL2 !Y REALIZE !IR 9T]E/S1 BUT SOME?+ FUR!R IS A*IEV$ !REBY :I* IS 9T]NALLY COMPRIS$ 9 IT1 BUT ( :I* !Y W]E NOT CONSCI\S NOR DID !Y AIM AT IT10 SO ,M>X DWELLS ON ! CONTRADICTION ?AT M5 9 EX*ANG+ ! PRODUCTS ( !IR LABOR AS COMMODITIES & 9 ULTIMATELY PRODUC+ !M = NO O!R PURPOSE ?AN ?AT ( SU* EX*ANGE1 JU/ !REBY A*IEVE ?AT QUALITATIVE & QUANTITATIVE SOCIAL DIVISION ( LABOR :I* AFT]W>DS APPE>S TO !M AS AN EXT]NAL ?+ 9 ! DEF9ITE VALUE-RELATIONS ( ! COMMODITIES EX*ANG$ OR 9 ! VALUE-=M ( ! COMMODITY4 0,!Y DON'T KN[ IT1 BUT !Y DO IT40 ,HE EMPHASIZES ! P>ADOX /ILL MORE BY ! (T5 REPEAT$ /ATEM5T ?AT ! UTT] ABSURDITY P]TA9+ TO ! FETI% CATEGORIES ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY IS ONLY AN UNAVOIDABLE \TW>D APPE>ANCE ( AN EQUALLY FUNDAM5TAL ABSURDITY UND]LY+ ! REAL CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION & ?AT ?US1 9 ! ECONOMIC VALUE RELATIONS ( ! COMMODITIES1 ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( ISOLAT$ COMMODITY PRODUC]S APPE> TO !M AS 0:AT !Y REALLY >E40 ,H[EV]1 ALL !SE P>ADOXES >E = ,M>X1 O!RWISE ?AN = ,HEGEL1 ONLY A MEANS BY :I* HE COMPELS ! READ] :O IS /ILL UND] ! SPELL ( ! TRADITIONAL B\RGEOIS CONCEPTS TO LOOK AT SU* A PALPABLE & EV]YDAY ?+ AS A COMMODITY AS CONTA9+ ANY?+ LIKE A 0SECRET0 AT ALL4 ,! UNCOV]+ ( ?IS 0SECRET0 IS NOT REA*$ BY ,HEGELIAN WIZ>DRY BUT BY A RATIONAL & EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS ( A HI/ORICALLY EXI/+ PH5OM5ON & ( ! REAL SOCIAL FACTS UND]LY+ ITS APPE>ANCE4 ,= ! PROPHETS ( ! #a#h? C5TURY1 ,QUESNAY1 ,SMI?1 & ,RIC>DO1 ! 0NATURAL0 />T+ PO9T ( ALL SOCIAL LIFE WAS ! FREE 9DIVIDUAL AS HE JU/ EM]G$ FROM ! FEUDAL BONDS ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES & FROM ! CLOSE CONNECTION ) PHYSICAL & GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS BY :I* HE HAD BE5 HAMP]$ 9 ! E>LI] EPO*S ( HIS DEVELOPM5T4 ,! NEW CONCEPT ( SOCIETY />TS FROM ! SPECIFIC SOCIAL CONNECTION :I* = ! S+LE 9DIVIDUAL LIV+ & ACT+ 9 ?IS SOCIETY IS GIV5 FROM ! \TSET AS A QUASI-EXT]NAL FACT 9DEP5D5T FROM HIS KN[L$GE & PURPOSE4 ,FROM ! B\RGEOIS PO9T ( VIEW1 ! 9DIVIDUAL CITIZ5 ?9KS ( ! 0ECONOMIC0 ?+S & =CES AS ( SOME?+ 5T]+ 9TO HIS PRIVATE LIFE FROM )\T4 ,HE USES !M AS 9/RUM5TS = HIS SUBJECTIVE 5DS &1 ON ! O!R H&1 IS RE/RA9$ BY !M TO A C]TA9 EXT5T1 9 HIS O!RWISE FREE-WILL$ ACTIONS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! NEW CONCEPT1 9DIVIDUAL M5 ) ALL !IR ACTIONS & SUFF]+S MOVE1 FROM ! \TSET1 9 DEF9ITE SOCIAL CIRCUM/ANCES >IS+ FROM A GIV5 /AGE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( MAT]IAL PRODUCTION4 ,!SE SOCIAL CIRCUM/ANCES & !IR HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5TS1 ?\< SET BY HUMAN BE+S !MSELVES 9 !IR UNIT$ ACTION1 >E NEV]!LESS = ! 9DIVIDUALS CONC]N$ GIV5 JU/ AS IRREVOCABLY & AS 0OBJECTIVELY01 AS IS1 ACCORD+ TO ,HEGEL1 ! PHILOSOPHICAL 0IDEA0 APPE>+ 9 HI/ORY OR1 ACCORD+ TO A /ILL MORE ANCI5T & RESPECTABLE !ORY1 ,GOD ! ,ALMI+ 9 ! FLE%4 ,YET !Y >E NO LONG] REG>D$ BY ,M>X AS A SUP]HUMAN AU?ORITY LIKE ! ,ABSOLUTE ,REASON :I*1 ACCORD+ TO ,HEGEL'S DESCRIPTION1 IS 0AS CUNN+ AS IT IS P[]FUL0 & :I* LETS M5 0WE> ONE ANO!R \T 9 ! PURSUIT ( !IR [N 5DS0 & ?US1 )\T DIRECT 9T]F]5CE1 NEV]!LESS 0ATTA9S H] [N PURPOSE ONLY40 ,?IS CONCEPT ( ,HEGEL'S WAS1 AFT] ALL1 NO?+ ELSE ?AN AN IDEALIZATION ( ! B\RGEOIS CONCEPT ( ! B5EFITS D]IV$ FROM FREE COMPETITION4 ,AVOID+ TO ,M>X'S CRITICAL PR9CIPLE1 ! CONTRADICTION 9 QUE/ION RESULTS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 FROM A DEFICI5CY 9 ! PRES5T CAPITALI/ REGULATION ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION COMP>$ ) ?AT HI<] =M :I* IS TODAY NO MORE A M]E MATT] ( IMAG9ATION1 BUT AN OBJECTIVE HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T & A REAL GOAL GRADUALLY APPROA*$ BY ! WORK]S 9 !IR REVOLUTION>Y CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,IT IS WRIT L>GE ON ! FACE ( ! =MULAS ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY ?AT !Y 0BELONG TO A TYPE ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 9 :I* ! PRODUCTION PROCESS CONTROLS M51 NOT YET M5 ! PRODUCTION PROCESS40 ,SU* HI< IDEALS ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY AS ?AT ( ! FREE1 SELF-DET]M9+ 9DIVIDUAL1 FRE$OM & EQUALITY ( ALL CITIZ5S 9 ! EX]CISE ( !IR POLITICAL RIE N[ SE5 TO BE NO?+ BUT CORRELATIVE CONCEPTS TO ! ,FETI%ISM ( ! ,COMMODITY1 DRAWN FROM ! EXI/+ SY/EM ( EX*ANGE4 ,ALL !SE F>-FLUNG ADDITIONS TO ! BASIC =M ( ! COMMODITY-FETI% :I* = A TIME HAD S]V$ AS /IMULATORS ( MAT]IAL PROGRESS >E TODAY BUT IDEOLOGICAL EXPRESSIONS ( A P>TICUL> TYPE ( PRODUCTION-RELATIONS ?AT HAVE DEG5]AT$ 9TO M]E FETT]S ( ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES ( SOCIETY4 ,! GREAT ILLUSION ( \R EPO* ?AT CAPITALI/IC SOCIETY IS A SOCIETY CONSI/+ ( FREE & SELF-DET]M9+ 9DIVIDUALS CAN ONLY BE MA9TA9$ BY KEEP+ ! PEOPLE UNCONSCI\S ( ! REAL CONT5TS ( ?OSE BASIC RELATIONS ( ! EXI/+ SOCIAL ORD] :I* BY ! FETI%I/IC DEVICE ( ! ECONOMI/S HAD BE5 DISGUIS$ AS OBJECTIVE & UN*ANGEABLE CONDITIONS ( ALL SOCIAL LIFE4 ,ONLY BY REPRES5T+ ! REAL SOCIAL RELATIONS BETWE5 ! CLASSES ( ! CAPITALI/S & ! WAGE LABOR]S AS AN 9EVITABLE RESULT ( ! FREE & UNHAMP]$ 0SALE0 ( ! COMMODITY 0LABOR P[]0 TO ! [N] ( ! CAPITAL1 IS IT POSSIBLE 9 ?IS SOCIETY TO SPEAK ( FRE$OM & EQUALITY4 0,! B\RGEOIS LAW10 SAID ,ANATOLE ,FRANCE1 0=BIDS ) ! SAME MAJE/Y BO? ! RI* & ! POOR TO SLEEP UND] ! BRIDGE40 ,*APT] #i4 ,! ,LAW ( ,VALUE ,! SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ( LABOR :I* IS HIDD5 UND] ! APP>5T VALUE RELATIONS ( COMMODITIES1 IS A*IEV$ 9 ! B\RGEOIS MODE ( PRODUCTION )\T ! WILL & KN[L$GE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL COMMODITY PRODUC]S4 ,B\RGEOIS COMMODITY PRODUCTION IS1 !RE=E1 AT ! SAME TIME A PRIVATE & A SOCIAL1 A REGULAT$ & AN UNREGULAT$ 70AN>*IC07 PRODUCTION4 ,IT SEEMS AS IF BY AN UNDISCLOS$ DECREE ( 0,GOD0 0,PROVID5CE10 0,=TUNE0 OR 0,CONJUNCTION10 IT W]E LAID D[N BE=EH& :AT K9DS & :AT QUANTITIES ( SOCIALLY USEFUL ?+S %\LD BE PRODUC$ 9 EV]Y BRAN* ( PRODUCTION4 ,BUT ! 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/ 0PRODUC]0 LE>NS ONLY SUBSEQU5TLY - ?R\< ! SALABLE OR UNSALEABLE QUALITY ( HIS COMMODITY1 ?R\< ! PRICE VACILLATIONS ( ! M>KET1 ?R\< BANKRUPTCY & CRISIS - IF & H[ F> HE HAS ACT$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ?AT UNKN[N RULE1 ! ECONOMIC 0PLAN0 ( CAPITALI/IC REASON4 ,B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/S HAVE OV] & OV] AGA9 REF]R$ 9 POETICAL METAPHORS TO ?IS 9SCRUTABLE MY/]Y ( !IR [N SOCIAL EXI/5CE4 ,JU/ AS ,ADAM ,SMI? SPOKE ( AN 09VISIBLE H&0 :I* LEADS ! 9DIVIDUAL TRAD] TO PROMOTE AN 5D :I* WAS NO P>T ( HIS 9T5TION SO O!R ECONOMI/S BE=E & AFT] HIM REF]R$ TO ! 0PLAY ( FREE COMPETITION10 TO ! 0AUTOMATISM ( ! M>KET10 OR TO A 0LAW ( VALUE10 :I* W\LD APPLY TO ! MOVEM5TS ( PRODUCTION & CIRCULATION ( COMMODITIES 9 ! SAME WAY AS ! LAW ( GRAVITY APPLIES TO ! MOVEM5TS ( PHYSICAL BODIES4 ,9 FACT1 ! CONCEPT ( AN 5TIRELY AUTOMATIC REGULATION ( ! :OLE 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION BR\LI] P]IODS :5 IT FIR/ /RUCK ! EYES ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASSICAL ECONOMI/S4 ,IT WAS NEV] FULLY REALIZ$ 9 ACTUAL CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION4 ,NEV]!LESS1 !RE IS 9 B\RGEOIS COMMODITY PRODUCTION AN UNWRITT5 LAW :I* RULES ! PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE ( LABOR PRODUCTS AS COMMODITIES4 ,BUT ?IS IS BY NO MEANS AN UN*ANGEABLE LAW ( NATURE2 IT IS A 0SOCIAL LAW0 :I* RESEMBLES A G5U9E PHYSICAL LAW ONLY 9 ITS APP>5T 9DEP5D5CE FROM \R CONSCI\S VOLITION & PURPOSE4 ,LIKE ANY O!R SOCIAL RULE1 IT HOLDS GOOD ONLY UND] DEF9ITE CIRCUM/ANCES & = A DEF9ITE HI/ORICAL P]IOD4 ,M>X 9 DEAL+ ) ! 0SO-CALL$ ,PRIMITIVE ,ACCUMULATION ( ,CAPITAL0 %[$ :AT 5ORM\S EF=T WAS NE$$ TO GIVE BIR? TO ?IS FUNDAM5TAL LAW ( ! MOD]N B\RGEOIS MODE ( PRODUCTION & ! O!R 0ET]NAL0 LAWS CONNECT$ ) IT4 ,HE EXPOS$ ! S]IES ( MORE OR LESS =GOTT5 SANGU9>Y & VIOL5T ACTS BY :I* 9 REAL HI/ORY ! ACTUAL F\NDATIONS ( ?OSE SO-CALL$ NATURAL LAWS HAVE BE5 BR\X HAS LIKEWISE %[N 9 DETAIL ?AT EV5 9 A COMPLETELY DEVELOP$ COMMODITY PRODUCTION ! LAW ( VALUE DOES NOT APPLY 9 ! SURE & EFFICI5T MANN] ( A G5U9E NATURAL LAW OR ( A G5]ALLY ACCEPT$ ,PROVID5CE1 BUT IS REALIZ$ ONLY BY A SUCCESSION ( FRICTIONS1 VACILLATIONS1 LOSSES1 CRISES1 & BREAKD[NS4 ,HE SAYS ?AT 09 ! HAPHAZ>D & CONT9UALLY FLUCTUAT+ RELATIONS ( EX*ANGE BETWE5 ! V>I\S PRODUCTS ( LABOR1 ! LABOR TIME SOCIALLY NECESS>Y = !IR PRODUCTION =CIBLY ASS]TS ITSELF AS A REGULAT+ NATURAL LAW JU/ AS ! LAW ( GRAVITY DOES :5 ! H\SE COLLAPSES OV] \R HEADS40 ,) ALL !SE DEFICI5CIES1 ! LAW ( VALUE IS ! ONLY =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION :I* EXI/S TODAY & IS1 9DE$1 ! ONLY K9D ( 0SOCIAL PLANN+0 :I* CON=MS TO ! PR9CIPLES ( MOD]N COMPETITIVE OR COMMODITY-PRODUC+ SOCIETY4 ,IT BELONGS TO ! IRONICAL :IMS ( ,HI/ORY ?AT JU/ ?AT SELF-CONTRADICTORY BELIEF 9 A 0CONSCI\SLY PLANN$ COMMODITY PRODUCTION0 :I* LIES AT ! BOTTOM ( ! FIR/ ,UTOPIAN S*EMES ( A 0,NATIONAL ,BANK10 AT :I* 0ANY MEMB] ( ! COMMUNITY MIDS VOIC$ 9 V>I\S =MS BY ! SUCCESSIVE S*OOLS ( 0SOCIAL RE=M]S10 HAS BE5 ADOPT$ TODAY BY ! (FICIAL SPOKESM5 ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS4 ,BUT ?\< ?IS ILLUSION IS AS OLD AS CAPITALISM ITSELF & OB/9ATELY P]SI/S 9 SPITE ( !ORETICAL >GUM5TS & 9 SPITE ( ! BREAKD[N ( ALL PROJECTS BR\D = ITS REALIZATION1 IT IS UNS\ND BO? FROM ! OR?ODOX PR9CIPLE ( B\RGEOIS ECONOMIC SCI5CE & FROM ! MAT]IALI/IC VIEWPO9T ( ,M>XISM4 ,IT IS 9T]E/+ ONLY AS AN IDEOLOGICAL REFLEX ( ! DEEP-ROOT$ CONTRADICTIONS 9H]5T 9 ! V]Y PR9CIPLE ( CAPITALI/IC COMMODITY PRODUCTION4 ,SU* DIFF]5CE AS !RE IS BETWE5 ! E>LI] EPO* :5 ! PROGRESSIVE ,FREE ,TRAD]S REG>D$ EV]Y 09T]F]5CE0 ( A ,/ATE - NOT YET 5TIRELY !IR [N - AS AN OPPRESSIVE DI/URBANCE1 & ! PRES5T PHASE :5 EV5 SOME ( ! MO/ 0OR?ODOX0 ECONOMI/S HAVE TURN$ FROM SELF-HELP TO ,/ATE SUBV5TION1 DOES 9 NO WAY 9DICATE A GRADUAL CONQUE/ ( ! ANIMAL-LIKE 0/RUGGLE = EXI/5CE10 PREVAIL+ AMONG ! ISOLAT$ COMMODITY PRODUC]S ( E>LY B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 BY ! GR[+ COLLECTIVE REASON ( ALL CAPITALI/S GR\P$ TOGE!R & ORGANIZ$ 9 ! 0,/ATE0 & 9 ! MORE OR LESS AU!NTIC 9/ITUTIONS ( A SO-CALL$ 0,PUBLIC ,OP9ION40 ,!RE IS ?US ONLY A DIFF]5CE ( DEGREE BETWE5 ! MORE OR LESS NUM]\S 09T]V5TIONS0 ( ! E>LY B\RGEOIS ,/ATE 9TO ! 0FREE PLAY ( COMPETITION10 & ! 9CREAS+LY RAPID SUCCESSION ( EV] MORE 9TRUSIVE MEASURES1 BY :I* TODAY EV]Y:]E 9 ! OLD & 9 ! 0NEW10 9 ! FASCI/ & 9 ! /ILL DEMOCRATICALLY GOV]N$ CAPITALI/IC C\NTRIES1 AN APP>5TLY NEW ATTEMPT IS MADE TO 0CONTROL10 TO 0CORRECT10 OR TO 0/E]0 ! EXI/+ ECONOMIC SY/EM4 ,SU* MEASURES S]VE AT ! UTMO/ TO WEAK5 TEMPOR>ILY OR EV5 M]ELY TO DISGUISE SOME ( ! MO/ OB/RUCTIVE RESULTS ( CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION4 ,9/EAD ( \/+ ! PLANLESSNESS RESULT+ FROM ! FETI%-=M ( COMMODITY-PRODUCTION1 !Y M]ELY /AMP$E ! UNIQUE =M1 9 :I* PRODUCTION HAD BE5 H]ET(ORE 0PLANN$0 )9 CAPITALI/IC SOCIETY1 & UTT]LY DE/ROY ! ONLY 0ORGANIZATION ( LABOR0 POSSIBLE UND] CAPITALISM4 ,?IS 9CREAS+ DE/RUCTION ( ITS [N F\NDATIONS IS =C$ UPON PRES5T-DAY CAPITALISM BY AN OBJECTIVE DEVELOPM5T ( ITS 9H]5T T5D5CIES4 ,IT IS PRODUC$ BY ! EV]-9CREAS+ ACCUMULATION & CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL2 BY ! GR[+ MONOPOLI/ T5D5CIES ( ! BIG 9DU/RIAL & F9ANCIAL COMB9ES2 BY ! 9CREAS+ APPEAL TO ! ,/ATE TO RESCUE 0! COMMUNITY AT L>GE0 FROM ! DANG]S BR\I\S DIRECT & 9DIRECT PRODUC]S ( >MAM5TS 5CROA*+ EV] MORE ON ! FIELD =M]LY OCCUPI$ BY ! ACTIVITIES ( ! LESS DIRECTLY W>-PRODUC+ 9DU/RIES4 ,9 TRY+ TO ESCAPE FROM ! P]IODICAL CRISES :I* ?REAT5 MORE & MORE ! EXI/5CE ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 & 9 A DESP]ATE ATTEMPT TO OV]COME ! EXI/+ ACUTE CRISIS ( ! :OLE CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 ! B\RGEOISIE IS COMPELL$1 BY CONT9UALLY FRE% & DEEP] 09T]F]5CES0 ) ! 9N] LAWS ( ITS [N MODE ( PRODUCTION1 & CONT9UALLY GREAT] *ANGES 9 ITS [N SOCIAL & POLITICAL ORGANIZATION1 TO PREP>E MORE VIOL5T & MORE UNIV]SAL CRISES & AT ! SAME TIME1 TO DIM9I% ! MEANS ( OV]COM+ FUTURE CRISES4 ,9 ORGANIZ+ PEACE IT PREP>ES = W>4 ,! FUTILITY ( ANY ATTEMPT TO DEAL ) 0COMPETITION'S WA/E0 )9 ! EXI/+ =MS ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION BECOMES EV5 MORE EVID5T :5 WE PROCE$ FROM ! ELEM5T>Y =M ( ! 0COMMODITY0 TO ! FUR!R DEVELOP$ =M ( 0! WORK] TRANS=M$ 9TO A COMMODITY10 OR FROM ! G5]AL HI/ORICAL *>ACT] ( B\RGEOIS PRODUCTION TO ITS 9H]5T CLASS *>ACT]4 ,JU/ AS ! ,UTOPIAN ,EX*ANGE-,BANKS1 ,LABOR ,C]TIFICATES1 & O!R 5DEAVORS TO ORGANIZE COMMODITY PRODUCTION >E REPEAT$ 9 ! HALF-HE>T$ 0PLANN+ S*EMES0 ( ! FRIY WORK]S ( ,P>IS TO WRE/ FROM ! 0REVOLUTION>Y0 GOV]NM5T ( #ahdh SOME =M ( REALIZATION ( ! WORK]S' 0RIE E*O$ 9 ! V>I\S MEASURES BY :I* ! DEMOCRATIC & FASCI/ C\NTRIES TRY TO DISPOSE ( ! 9CREAS+ M5ACE ( ,UNEMPLOYM5T BY A MORE OR LESS COMPULSORY ORGANIZATION ( ! LABOR M>KET4 ,& JU/ AS 9 ! FIR/ CASE ,M>XISM ANSW]$ ! CAPITALI/ 0PLANN]S0 ?AT ! ONLY ORGANIZATION CON=MABLE TO COMMODITY PRODUCTION IS ! LAW ( VALUE1 SO SOB] MAT]IALI/IC CRITICISM ( ! S*EMES TO SUPPLANT ! GL>+ 9SUFFICI5CY ( ! FREE 0LABOR M>KET0 BY SOME =M ( PUBLIC REGULATION MU/ />T FROM ! PREMISE ?AT ! TRANS=MATION ( ! WORK]S 9TO A SALABLE COMMODITY IS BUT A NECESS>Y COMPLEM5T ( ?AT O!R 0TRANS=MATION0 ON :I* ALL MOD]N CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION RE/S BO? HI/ORICALLY & 9 ITS ACTUAL EXI/5CE - ! TRANS=MATION ( ! WORK]S' TOOLS & PRODUCTS 9TO ! NON-WORK]S' 0CAPITAL40 ,9 FACT1 ! MO/ 0B5EVOL5T0 ATTEMPTS TO DEAL ) ! MOD]N PLAGUE ( MASS UNEMPLOYM5T HAVE HI!RTO 9V>IABLY L$ TO AN UTT] FAILURE4 ,!RE IS MORE AN APP>5T ?AN A REAL PROGRESS 9 ! NEW DEALS (F]$ TO ! GR[+ NUMB]S ( ! UNEMPLOY$ BY !IR CAPITALI/IC RUL]S TODAY1 AS AGA9/ ?OSE N[ ALMO/ =GOTT5 TIMES :5 ! ONLY CURE =ESE5 BY ! MO/ 0PHILAN?ROPIC0 SPOKESM5 ( ! B\RGEOISIE WAS ! ,WORKH\SE4 ,N[ AS !N1 ! F9AL RESULT ( ! 5DEAVORS TO EXT]M9ATE BO? ! OLD =M 9 :I* UNEMPLOYM5T P]IODICALLY RECURR$ 9 ! 9DU/RIAL CYCLE1 & ! NEW 0/RUCTURAL10 0TE*NOLOGICAL10 0*RONIC0 =M 9 :I* IT HAS COME TO /AY1 IS ONE OR ANO!R DISGUIS$ =M ( ?AT COMPULSORY S]VICE :OSE REAL *>ACT] IS REVEAL$ 9 ! ,LABOR ,CAMPS & ,CONC5TRATION ,CAMPS ( ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,G]MANY40 ,BEH9D !SE 0NORMAL0 REM$IES (F]$ 9 TIMES ( PEACE !RE /&S1 AS ULTIMA RATIO1 ! MASS-EMPLOYM5T (F]$ BY A NEW W>1 & ALREADY P>TIALLY ANTICIPAT$ BY A HI!RTO UNHE>D-( EXT5SION ( ! DIRECT & 9DIRECT >MAM5T 9DU/RIES BO? 9 ! FASCI/ C\NTRIES & 9 DEMOCRATIC ,BRITA9 & PACIFI/IC ,U4,S4,A4 ,! BE/ =M ( 0,PUBLIC ,WORKS0 UND] CAPITALI/IC CONDITIONS1 AS WAS MO/ APTLY REM>K$ BY A CRITIC ( ,ROOSEVELT'S ,NEW ,DEAL1 IS ALWAYS ,W> ITSELF :I* OV] ALL O!R MEASURES TO 0CREATE WORK0 HAS ! 9COMP>ABLE ADVANTAGE ?AT IT WILL NEV] CAUSE AN UNDESIRABLE GLUT ( ! M>KET BECAUSE IT DE/ROYS ! COMMODITIES IT PRODUCES SIMULTANE\SLY ) !IR PRODUCTION &1 9CID5TALLY1 DE/ROYS A CONSID]ABLE PORTION ( ! 0EXCESSIVE0 WORK]S !MSELVES4 ,! POSITIVE IMPORTANCE ( ALL ATTEMPTS MADE ON ! BASIS ( ! EXI/+ CAPITALI/IC CONDITIONS TO CREATE A SO-CALL$ 7LUCUS A NON LUC5DO67 0ORGANIZ$ CAPITALISM0 LIES 9 ANO!R FIELD 5TIRELY FROM ?AT PRESUM$ BY ITS IDEOLOGICAL PROMOT]S - ! 0PLANN+ S*OOL0 ( MOD]N CAPITALI/IC ECONOMICS4 ,! FEV]I% 5DEAVORS TO SUPPLEM5T ! DEFECTS ( 0FREE0 CAPITALI/IC COMMODITY PRODUCTION CONFIRM ! GRAVITY ( ?OSE DEFECTS & ?US 9ADV]T5TLY REVEAL ! FETT]+ *>ACT] ( ! EXI/+ CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION-RELATIONS4 ,!Y PUT 9TO %>P] RELIEF ! 9CONGRU5CE BETWE5 AN EV] MORE EFFICI5T ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION )9 ! S+LE WORK%OP OR PRIVATE CAPITALI/IC TRU/ & ! 0ORGANIC DISORGANIZATION0 PREVAIL+ ?R\<\T CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION4 ,! FUTILE S*EMES TO KEEP 9 0NORMAL0 PROPORTIONS ! 9CREAS+ MASS ( UNEMPLOYM5T & PAUP]ISM ILLU/RATE ONCE MORE ! CAPITALI/IC 0LAW ( POPULATION0 FIR/ 5UNCIAT$ BY ,F\RI] & LAT] SCI5TIFICALLY DEMON/RAT$ BY ,M>X ?AT )9 ! CAPITALI/IC SY/EM ALL ME?ODS = RAIS+ ! SOCIAL PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR CO9CIDE ) AN EXT5SION ( ! RELATIVE SURPLUS POPULATION1 OR ! 9DU/RIAL RES]VE >MY KEPT AT ! DISPOSAL ( CAPITALI/IC 9DU/RY AS A POT5TIAL SUPPLY ( LABOR P[] = ! RAPID 9CREASES ( POPULATION 9 TIMES ( PROSP]ITY & = ! FULL UTILIZATION ( ! EXI/+ CAPACITIES ( PRODUCTION 9 W>4 ,!RE IS1 FUR!RMORE1 A CONSID]ABLE DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! SAME MEASURES :5 (F]$ BY ! CAPITALI/S 9 DI/RESS & :5 ?RU/ UPON !M BY ! CONSCI\S ACTION ( ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 ,?AT DIFF]5CE MAY1 AT FIR/1 NOT BE A DIFF]5CE 9 ! PURELY ECONOMIC CONT5TS4 ,YET IT IS A DIFF]5CE ( SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE4 0,! RIX ) REF]5CE TO ! /RUGGLES ( ! ,P>IS WORK]S 9 #a#h#d#h1 0IS A CONTRADICTION 9 T]MS1 AN IMPOT5T PI\S 9T5TION2 BUT BEH9D ! RIE TODAY FEATUR$ AS A*IEVEM5TS ( ! 0PLANN+ IDEA0 MAY S]VE TO WORK \T )9 ! N>R[ B\NDS ( ! CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION-RELATIONS SOME ( ! =MAL ELEM5TS :I*1 AFT] ! OV]?R[ ( ! EXI/+ MODE ( PRODUCTION1 WILL BE TOTALLY /RIPP$ ( ! RESIDUES ( !IR CAPITALI/IC ORIG9 & ?US USEFULLY APPLI$ 9 BUILD+ UP A REALLY COOP]ATIVE & SOCIALI/IC COMMONWEAL?4 ,= ! TIME BE+ !RE REMA9S1 ALONG ) ! IMP]FECT SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ( MAT]IAL PRODUCTION 9 ! /RUCTURE ( ! PRES5T B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 ALSO ! 0REV]S$0 =M 9 :I* ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( M5 >E N[ REFLECT$ AS M]E RELATIONS ( ?+S4 ,!RE REMA9 UN*ANG$1 EV5 9 ! NEWE/ 0AS GOOD AS ,SOCIALISM0 MODELS ( A PLANN$ & /E]$ ,/ATE-,CAPITALISM1 & !RE WILL REMA9 SO LONG AS ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR >E PRODUC$ AS COMMODITIES1 ALL ! FETI%-CATEGORIES ( B\RGEOIS ECONOMICS3 COMMODITY1 MONEY1 CAPITAL1 WAGE-LABOR1 9CREAS+ & DECREAS+ TOTAL VALUE ( PRODUCTION & ( EXPORT1 PR(IT-MAK+ CAPACITY ( 9DU/RIES1 CR$ITS1 ETC41 9 %ORT1 ALL ?AT :I* ,M>X 9 HIS PHILOSOPHIC PHASE CALL$ 0HUMAN SELF-ALI5ATION10 & 9 HIS SCI5TIFIC PHASE1 0FETI%ISM ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION40 ,9 SPITE ( APPE>ANCES SU* A SY/EM ( PRODUCTION IS NOT 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS GOV]N$ BY A COLLECTIVE WILL ( ! ASSOCIAT$ WORK]S BUT BY ! BL9D NECESSITIES ( A FETI%I/IC 0,LAW ( ,VALUE40 ,! APP>5T ,FETI% ,*>ACT] ( ! ,COMMODITY & ) IT ! APP>5T VALIDITY ( A FETI%I/IC ,LAW ( ,VALUE1 WILL NOT DISAPPE> - NOR WILL ! ECONOMIC CRISES & DEPRESSIONS & ! V>I\S =MS ( P]IODICAL & *RONIC MASS UNEMPLOYM5T1 W>S & CIVIL W>S CEASE TO PLAGUE ! MOD]N 0,CIVILIZ$ ,WORLD10 TILL ! PRES5T MODE ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION IS 5TIRELY DE/ROY$ & HUMAN LABOR ORGANIZ$ 9 A DIRECT SOCIALI/IC MODE ( PRODUCTION4 0,= ?IS1 H[EV]1 A MAT]IAL GR\NDWORK IS REQUIR$1 OR A SET ( MAT]IAL CONDITIONS :I* >E !MSELVES ! SPONTANE\S \TGR[? ( A LONG & PA9FUL PROCESS ( DEVELOPM5T40 ,*APT] #a4 ,COMMON ,MISUND]/&+S ( ! ,M>XIAN ,DOCTR9E ( ,VALUE & ,SURPLUS ,VALUE ,! IDEA ?AT !RE IS AN EQUALITY 9H]5T 9 ALL K9DS ( LABOR1 BY :I* ECONOMI/S >E 5TITL$ TO REG>D QUALITATIVELY DIFF]5T K9DS ( LABOR SU* AS ! LABOR P]=M$ BY ! SP9N]1 ! WEAV]1 ! BLACKSMI?1 OR ! F>M-H&1 AS QUANTITATIVELY DIFF]5T PORTIONS ( A TOTAL QUANTITY ( G5]AL 0LABOR0 IS SO LITTLE ! DISCOV]Y ( A NATURAL CONDITION UND]LY+ ! PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES1 ?AT ?IS 0EQUALITY0 IS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 BR\E PRODUC$ AS COMMODITIES = SU* EX*ANGE4 ,9 FACT1 ?IS 0EQUALITY0 APPE>S NO:]E ELSE ?AN 9 ! 0VALUE0 ( ! COMMODITIES SO PRODUC$ & EX*ANG$4 ,! FULL DEVELOPM5T ( ! ECONOMIC !ORY ( LABOR VALUE CO9CID$ ) A /AGE ( ! HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T1 :5 HUMAN LABOR HAD LONG CEAS$ TO BE1 AS IT W]E1 0ORGANICALLY0 CONNECT$ ) EI!R ! 9DIVIDUAL OR ) SMALL PRODUCTIVE COMMUNITIES & H5CE=? UND] ! NEW B\RGEOIS BANN] ( ,FRE$OM ( ,TRADE1 EV]Y P>TICUL> K9D ( LABOR WAS TREAT$ AS EQUIVAL5T TO EV]Y O!R P>TICUL> K9D ( LABOR4 ,IT WAS JU/ ! ADV5T ( ?OSE P>TICUL> HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS ?AT WAS EXPRESS$ BY ! CLASSICAL ECONOMI/S :5 !Y TRAC$ BACK 9 AN EV] MORE CONSI/5T MANN] ! 0VALUE0 APPE>+ 9 ! EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES TO ! QUANTITIES ( LABOR 9CORPORAT$ !RE91 ?\< MO/ ( !M ACTUALLY BELIEV$ ?AT !Y HAD ?US DISCLOS$ A TRULY 0NATURAL0 LAW APPLY+ TO EV]Y REASONABLE PRODUCTIVE SOCIETY =M$ BY HUMAN BE+S :5 !Y HAVE REA*$ !IR AGE ( MATURITY & 5LILY B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/S1 NO VALIDITY :ATEV] 9 ! NAIVE OBJECTION :I* N[ = ALMO/ A C5TURY HAS BE5 RAIS$ AGA9/ ! OBJECTIVE !ORY ( VALUE BY PO9T+ TO ! REAL 9EQUALITY ( ! V>I\S K9DS ( LABOR4 ,?OSE WELL-MEAN+ DEF5D]S ( ,M>XISM :O1 ON ! O!R H&1 ATTEMPT TO CORRECT ! APP>5T 0FLAW0 9 ! ,M>XIAN DOCTR9E ( LABOR VALUE BY ACTUALLY TRY+ TO REPRES5T ! USEFUL LABOR 9 EV]Y P>TICUL> LABOR PRODUCT AS A /RICTLY MEASURABLE QUANTITY1 M]ELY PRES5T ! SAD PICTURE ( ONE :O HOLDS A SIEVE B5EA? ! BILLY-GOAT :ILE ANO!R KEEPS BUSY TO MILK HIM4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,M>X'S CRITICAL TEA*+1 ! NATURAL DIFF]5CE ( ! V>I\S K9DS ( PRODUCTIVE HUMAN LABOR IS BY NO MEANS WIP$ \T BY ! FACT 7UNQUE/IONABLE 9 ITSELF7 ?AT A MAJOR P>T ( ! DIFF]5CES 9 RANK1 PRESUMABLY EXI/+ BETWE5 MANY K9DS ( LABOR 9 PRES5T-DAY B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 RE/ ON 0M]E ILLUSIONS1 OR1 TO SAY ! LEA/1 ON DIFF]5CES1 :I* HAVE LONG CEAS$ TO BE REAL & CONT9UE ONLY BY A SOCIAL TRADITION40 ,! P>TICUL> K9DS ( LABOR P]=M$ 9 ! PRODUCTION ( ! V>I\S USEFUL ?+S >E1 ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 BY !IR V]Y NATURE DIFF]5T1 & JU/ ?IS DIFF]5CE IS A NECESS>Y PREMISE = ! EX*ANGE ( ! LABOR PRODUCTS & ! SOCIAL DIVISION ( LABOR BR\IS+ SPONTANE\SLY FROM ! V>IETY ( SOCIAL NE$S & ! V>IETY ( K9DS ( USEFUL LABOR P]=M$ TO MEET ?OSE NE$S1 >ISES1 BY A FUR!R DEVELOPM5T1 A POSSIBILITY ?AT ?IS QUALITATIVE DIFF]5CE1 = ! PURPOSE ( AN EV] WID] EX*ANGE1 MAY GRADUALLY YIELD ITS PLACE TO ! M]ELY QUANTITATIVE DIFF]5CES :I* ! V>I\S K9DS ( LABOR POSSESS AS SO MANY PORTIONS ( ! TOTAL QUANTITY ( ! SOCIAL LABOR EXP5D$ 9 ! PRODUCTION ( ALL PRODUCTS CONSUM$ 7OR O!RWISE DISPOS$ (7 AT A GIV5 TIME )9 A GIV5 SOCIETY4 ,IT IS JU/ ?IS CONDITION :I* HAS BE5 FIR/ EXPRESS$ !ORETICALLY BY ! 0LAW ( VALUE0 AS =MULAT$ BY ! CLASSICAL ECONOMI/S4 ,?OSE M9OR FOLL[]S 9 ! WAKE ( ! GREAT SCI5TIFIC F\ND]S ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY1 NO LONG] ACCU/OM$ TO SU* AUDACITY ( SCI5TIFIC ?\XISM1 9 TRAC+ BACK ! VALUE RELATIONS ( COMMODITIES TO ! AM\NTS ( LABOR 9CORPORAT$ !RE91 HAVE 0EQUAT$ ! UNEQUAL10 MU/ BE REM9D$ ( ! FACT ?AT ?IS 0VIOL5T AB/RACTION0 DOES NOT RESULT FROM ! !ORETICAL DEF9ITIONS ( ECONOMIC SCI5CE1 BUT FROM ! REAL *>ACT] ( CAPITALI/ COMMODITY PRODUCTION4 ,! COMMODITY IS A BORN LEVEL]4 ,OV] AGA9/ ?IS1 IT APPE>S AS A RELATIVELY UNIMPORTANT FAULT 9 ! CON/RUCTION ( EXI/+ CAPITALI/ SOCIETY ?AT ! !ORETICAL PR9CIPLE ( EX*ANGE ( EQUAL QUANTITIES ( LABOR IS NO LONG] /RICTLY REALIZ$ 9 EA* S+LE CASE BUT ONLY1 P]HAPS1 ON A R\< AV]AGE4 ,CONTR>Y TO ALL ADV]SE OP9IONS PREVAIL+ 9 ONE OR ! O!R CAMP1 IT WAS NEV] ! 9T5TION ( ,M>X TO DESC5D1 FROM ! G5]AL IDEA ( VALUE AS EXP\ND$ 9 ! FIR/ VOLUME ( ,CAPITAL1 BY MEANS ( EV] CLOS] DET]M9ANTS TO ?AT DIRECT DET]M9ATION ( ! PRICE ( COMMODITIES1 = :I* AT A LAT] TIME ,WALRAS & ,P>ETO SET UP !IR DELUSIVE SY/EMS ( N MILLIONS ( EQUATIONS 9TO :I* WE NE$ ONLY 9TRODUCE ! REQUIR$ N MILLIONS ( CON/ANTS1 TO CALCULATE ) MA!MATICAL ACCURACY ! PRICE ( A DEF9ITE 9DIVIDUAL COMMODITY AT A GIV5 TIME4 ,IT WAS A CATA/ROPHICAL MISUND]/&+ ( ,M>X'S ECONOMIC !ORY :51 AFT] ! APPE>ANCE ( ! SECOND & ?IRD VOLUMES ( ,CAPITAL1 ! :OLE DOGMATIC DISPUTE BETWE5 ! B\RGEOIS CRITICS ( ,M>X & ! OR?ODOX ,M>XI/S C5T]$ R\ND ! QUE/ION :E!R1 & 9 :AT S5SE1 ! TRANS=MATION ( ! 0VALUES0 ( ! COMMODITIES 9TO 0PRODUCTION PRICES10 BY MEANS ( ! 9T]M$I>Y CONCEPT ( AN 0AV]AGE RATE ( PR(ITS10 IS CONSI/5T ) ! G5]AL DEF9ITION ( 0VALUE0 9 ! FIR/ VOLUME4 ,AS %[N BY ! ,M,S,S4 & BY ! CORRESPOND5CE :I* W]E LAT] PUBLI%$ IT WAS LONG BE=E ! APPE>ANCE ( ! FIR/ VOLUME ?AT ,M>X HAD F9ALLY LAID D[N ! PR9CIPLE ?AT ! 0PRODUCTION PRICES0 ( COMMODITIES PRODUC$ BY CAPITALS ( V>I\S ORGANIC CON/ITUTION CAN NO LONG] BE ID5TICAL ) !IR 0VALUES0 AS DET]M9$ BY ! 0LAW ( VALUE10 EI!R 9 9DIVIDUAL CASES OR ON ! AV]AGE1 BUT >E ONLY A COMP\ND RESULT ( ?AT MA9 FACTOR ALONG ) A S]IES ( O!R FACTORS4 ,! P>TICUL> IMPORTANCE ( ! LAW ( VALUE )9 ,M>X'S !ORY1 !N1 HAS NO?+ TO DO ) A DIRECT FIXATION ( PRICES ( COMMODITIES BY !IR VALUE4 ,IT W\LD BE NE>] ! TRU? TO SAY ?AT ! WORK+ ( ?IS LAW APPE>S 9 ! G5]AL DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRICES ( COMMODITIES1 9 :I* ! CONT9U\S DEPRECIATION 9 VALUE ( ! COMMODITIES1 EFFECT$ BY ! EV]-9CREAS+ PRODUCTIVITY ( SOCIAL LABOR CONSEQU5T UPON ! FUR!R ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL1 CON/ITUTES ! DECISIVE FACTOR4 ,! ULTIMATE MEAN+ ( ?IS LAW AS %[N 9 ITS WORK+ BY ,M>X 9 ALL ?REE VOLUMES ( ,CAPITAL DOES NOT CONSI/1 H[EV]1 9 SUPPLY+ A !ORETICAL BASIS = ! PRACTICAL CALCULATION ( ! BUS9ESSMAN SEEK+ HIS PRIVATE ADVANTAGE1 OR = ! ECONOMICO-POLITICAL MEASURES TAK5 BY ! B\RGEOIS /ATESMAN CONC]N$ ) ! G5]AL MA9T5ANCE & FUR!RANCE ( ! CAPITALI/ SURPLUS-MAK+ MA*9]Y4 ,! F9AL SCI5TIFIC PURPOSE ( ! ,M>XIAN !ORY IS RA!R TO REVEAL 0! ECONOMIC LAW ( MOTION ( MOD]N SOCIETY0 & ?AT MEANS AT ! SAME TIME ! LAW ( ITS HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,EV5 MORE CLE>LY WAS ?IS EXPRESS$ BY ! ,M>XI/ ,L59 :5 HE SAID ?AT 0! DIRECT PURPOSE ( A ,M>XI/ 9VE/IGATION CONSI/S 9 ! DISCLOSURE ( ALL =MS ( ! ANTAGONISM & EXPLOITATION EXI/+ 9 PRES5T-DAY CAPITALI/ SOCIETY 9 ORD] TO AID ! PROLET>IAT TO DO AWAY ) !M40 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! DOCTR9E ( SURPLUS VALUE :I* IS USUALLY REG>D$ AS ! MORE P>TICUL>LY SOCIALI/ SECTION ( ,M>X'S ECONOMIC !ORY IS NOT EI!R A SIMPLE ECONOMIC EX]CISE 9 CALCULATION :I* S]VES TO *ECK A FRAUDUL5T /ATEM5T ( VALUE RECEIV$ & EXP5D$ BY CAPITAL 9 ITS DEAL+ ) ! WORK]S1 OR A MORAL LESSON DRAWN FROM ECONOMICS = ! PURPOSE ( RECLAIM+ FROM CAPITAL ! DIV]T$ PORTION ( ! 0FULL PRODUCT ( ! WORK]'S LABOR40 ,! ,M>XIAN DOCTR9E1 AS AN ECONOMIC !ORY1 />TS RA!R FROM ! OPPOSITE PR9CIPLE ?AT ! 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/ UND] 0NORMAL0 CONDITIONS ACQUIRES ! LABOR P[] ( ! WAGE LABOR]S BY MEANS ( A RESPECTABLE & BUS9ESSLIKE B>GA91 :]EBY ! LABOR] RECEIVES ! FULL EQUIVAL5T ( ! 0COMMODITY0 SOLD BY HIM1 ?AT IS1 ( ! 0LABOR P[]0 9CORPORAT$ 9 HIMSELF4 ,! ADVANTAGE GA9$ BY ! CAPITALI/ 9 ?IS BUS9ESS D]IVES NOT FROM ECONOMICS BUT FROM HIS PRIVILEG$ SOCIAL POSITION AS ! MONOPOLI/ [N] ( ! MAT]IAL MEANS ( PRODUCTION :I* P]MITS HIM TO EXPLOIT = ! PRODUCTION ( COMMODITIES 9 HIS WORK%OP ! SPECIFIC USE VALUE ( A LABOR P[] :I* HE HAS PUR*AS$ AT ITS ECONOMIC 0VALUE0 7EX*ANGE VALUE74 ,BETWE5 ! VALUE ( ! NEW COMMODITIES PRODUC$ BY ! USE ( ! LABOR P[] 9 ! WORK%OP1 & ! PRICES PAID = ?IS LABOR TO ITS SELL]S1 !RE IS1 ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 NO ECONOMIC OR O!R RATIONALLY DET]M9ABLE RELATION :ATEV]4 ,! MEASURE ( VALUE PRODUC$ BY ! WORK]S 9 ! %APE ( !IR LABOR PRODUCTS OV] & ABOVE ! EQUIVAL5T ( !IR WAGES1 I4E41 ! MASS ( 0SURPLUS LABOR0 EXP5D$ BY !M 9 PRODUC+ ?IS 0SURPLUS VALUE02 & ! QUANTITATIVE RELATION BETWE5 ?IS SURPLUS LABOR & ! NECESS>Y LABOR1 I4E41 ! 0RATE ( SURPLUS VALUE0 OR ! 0RATE ( EXPLOITATION0 HOLD+ GOOD = A P>TICUL> C\NTRY DO NOT RESULT FROM ANY EXACT ECONOMIC CALCULATION4 ,!Y RESULT FROM A BATTLE BETWE5 SOCIAL CLASSES :I* ASSUMES %>P] & %>P] =MS JU/ BECAUSE NO OBJECTIVE LIMITS >E SET = ! 9CREASE ( ! RATE & MASS ( ! SURPLUS VALUE UND] ! CONDITIONS ( AN EV]-9CREAS+ ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL AT ONE POLE1 & ! SIMULTANE\S ACCUMULATION ( MIS]Y AT ! OPPOSITE POLE ( SOCIETY4 ,*APT] #a#a4 ,ULTIMATE ,AIMS ( ,M>X'S ,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY IS1 ?R\< ! ,M>XIAN CRITICISM1 DEPRIV$ ( ITS EXTRAVAGANT CLAIMS & REF]R$ BACK TO ITS HI/ORICAL & SOCIAL CONTEXT4 ,IT IS TRANS=M$ 7& ?IS IS ! 0,COP]NICAN TURN0 ( ! ,M>XIAN ,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY7 FROM AN ABSOLUTE & TIMELESS SCI5CE 9TO ONE :I* IS HI/ORICALLY & SOCIALLY CONDITION$4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY IS A B\RGEOIS SCI5CE :I* SPR+S FROM ! P>TICUL> HI/ORICAL =M ( ! B\RGEOIS MODE ( PRODUCTION & IS ITS IDEOLOGICAL SUPPLEM5T4 ,FROM ?IS CRITICAL CONCEPTION ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY RESULTS A ?OR\< *ANGE 9 ! MODE ( VALIDITY ( ALL ITS CATEGORIES & PROPOSITIONS4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 BECAUSE ( ! FETI% *>ACT] :I* ATTA*ES ITSELF TO ALL ECONOMIC CATEGORIES BEG9N+ ) ! FUNDAM5TAL CATEGORIES ( COMMODITY & ( MONEY1 !SE CATEGORIES DO NOT APPLY TO ANY REAL & DIRECTLY GIV5 OBJECT2 ! PRESUM$ 0OBJECTS0 ( ECONOMICS >E !MSELVES NO?+ BUT MAT]IALLY DISGUIS$ EXPRESSIONS = ! DEF9ITE RELATIONS 9TO :I* M5 5T] AMONG !MSELVES1 9 ! SOCIAL PRODUCTION ( !IR MEANS ( EXI/5CE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! ECONOMIC CATEGORIES1 9 SPITE ( !IR FETI% *>ACT]1 OR P]HAPS JU/ BECAUSE ( IT1 REPRES5T ! NECESS>Y =M 9 :I* ?AT P>TICUL> HI/ORICAL & HI/ORICALLY TRANSITORY /ATE ( AN 0IMP]FECT SOCIALITY10 :I* IS *>ACT]I/IC ( ! B\RGEOIS PRODUCTION RELATIONS1 IS REFLECT$ 9 ! SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS ( ?IS EPO*4 ,!Y >E1 AS ,M>X SAID1 0SOCIALLY VALID &1 !RE=E1 OBJECTIVE ?\ TO ?IS ONE HI/ORICALLY DET]M9$ MODE ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION1 TO WIT1 COMMODITY PRODUCTION40 ,!Y >E1 AS WILL BE FUR!R %[N 9 ! ?IRD P>T ( ?IS BOOK1 9SEP>ABLY CONNECT$ ) ! REAL EXI/5CE ( ! B\RGEOIS MODE ( PRODUCTION & ! 0SOCIAL LAWS0 :I* HOLD GOOD = ?IS P>TICUL> EPO* ( SOCIETY4 ,AS LONG AS ?AT MAT]IAL F\NDATION ( ! EXI/+ B\RGEOIS SOCIETY IS ONLY ATTACK$ & %AK51 BUT NOT COMPLETELY OV]?R[N1 ?R\< ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAN /RUGGLE1 ALSO ! SOCIALLY 5TR5*$ ?\Y !ORY ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY1 :I* ,M>X BEGAN 9 ,CAPITAL1 CAN !RE=E ONLY BE COMPLET$ BY PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 I4E41 BY A REAL *ANGE ( ! PRES5T B\RGEOIS MODE ( PRODUCTION & ( ! =MS ( CONSCI\SNESS P]TA9+ TO IT4 ,IT IS ONLY AFT] ! FULL ACCOMPLI%M5T ( ?IS REVOLUTION ?AT1 9 ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,COMMUNI/ SOCIETY1 ALL 0FETI%ISM ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION0 & ! :OLE 0FETI%I/IC0 SCI5CE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY WILL BE F9ALLY M]G$ 9TO A DIRECT SOCIAL !ORY & PRACTICE ( ! ASSOCIAT$ PRODUC]S4 ,UNTIL ?AT TIME1 ! T]MS & PROPOSITIONS BY :I* ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY HAD EXPRESS$ ! SCI5TIFIC RESULTS ( ITS 9VE/IGATION 9TO ! MAT]IAL F\NDATIONS ( ! PRES5T ORD] ( SOCIETY1 9 A MANN] BEFITT+ ITS P]IOD 9 SPITE ( !IR FETI% =M1 REMA9 VALID EV5 = ?AT MAT]IALI/IC SCI5CE BY :I* ,M>X & HIS FOLL[]S HAVE CRITICIZ$ ! /&PO9T ( B\RGEOIS ECONOMY FROM ! NEW HI/ORICAL & !ORETICAL /&PO9T ( A NEW SOCIAL CLASS4 ,NOT)/&+ HIS REVOLUTION>Y CRITICISM ( ALL PREC$+ ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY1 ,M>X REMA9$1 9 HIS !ORETICAL WORK1 FIR/ & =EMO/1 AN ECONOMIC 9VE/IGATOR4 ,HE DID NOT DISSIPATE ECONOMICS 9 HI/ORY1 SOCIOLOGY1 & 9 ! ,UTOPIAS BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 HE COND5S$ ! G5]AL & 9DEF9ITE =M ( ! TRADITIONAL HI/ORICAL & SOCIAL /UDIES 9TO A MAT]IALI/IC 9VE/IGATION ( !IR ECONOMIC F\NDATIONS4 ,HE WAS LESS & LESS DISPOS$1 ! F>!R HE W5T 9 HIS EXACT SCI5TIFIC ANALYSIS ( ! B\RGEOIS MODE ( PRODUCTION1 TO LEAVE ASIDE ?AT EXCE$+LY IMPORTANT MAT]IAL1 AVAILABLE 9 ! RESULTS ( CLASSIC B\RGEOIS ECONOMY1 & :I* ONLY NE$S FUR!R LOGICAL DEVELOPM5T & CRITICAL UTILIZATION4 ,NOR DID HE WANT TO LEAVE IT TO ! M9OR DISCIPLES ( ! GREAT CLASSICAL ECONOMI/S1 :O MIS9T]PRET$ IT = ! PURPOSE ( A SOCIAL APOLOGY = ! EXI/+ CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,?IS POSITIVE ATTITUDE ( ,M>X T[>DS ECONOMIC SCI5CE IS EVID5T 9 HIS RELATION TO ALL O!R /&PO9TS :I* W]E REPRES5T$ )9 B\RGEOIS &1 TO A C]TA9 EXT5T1 ALSO )9 SOCIALI/ SCI5CE AT HIS TIME4 ,M>X /OOD1 9 SPITE ( HIS HI/ORICAL CRITICISM ( ! 0ET]NAL LAWS ( NATURE0 ( TRADITIONAL ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY1 9 A MU* %>P] CONTRA/ TO ! SO-CALL$ 0,HI/ORICAL ,S*OOL0 :I*1 BY ITS DISP]SAL ( ALL DEF9ITE ECONOMIC CONCEPTS1 REPRES5T$ NO?+ BUT A SELF-DE/RUCTION & ABDICATION ( ECONOMICS AS A SCI5CE4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ALREADY 9 HIS FIR/ PHILOSOPHICAL P]IOD1 HE HAD OPPOS$ ! IDEOLOGICAL MANN] 9 :I* SU* WRIT]S AS ,BRUNO ,BAU]1 ,/IRN] & ,FEU]BA* HAD CONSID]$ ALL HUMAN 0SELF-ALI5ATION0 AS A M]E PHILOSOPHICAL CATEGORY4 ,HE HAD EMPHASIZ$ ! FACT ?AT ! ACTUAL 0SELF-ALI5ATION0 ( ! WAGE LABOR] :O SELLS HIS [N LABOR P[] TO ! CAPITALI/IC [N] ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION CANNOT BE ABOLI%$ BY A M]E PROCESS ( ?\D$ VALUE AS NO?+ MORE ?AN A CONV5TIONAL =M1 OR1 RA!R1 AS ! K :I* ,M>X SEV5TY YE>S AGO BE/[$ ON ! VIEWS HELD AT ?AT TIME BY A FEW REMA9+ SUPPORT]S ( A 0RE/OR$ ,M]CANTILE SY/EM0 IS /ILL V]Y P]T95T1 & P]HAPS P>TICUL>LY SO TODAY1 AS A CRITICISM ( ! !ORETICAL SUGGE/IONS & PRACTICAL S*EMES DISSEM9AT$ BY ! MOD]N 0MONEY !ORI/S0 & 0CR$IT RE=M]S10 :O LIKEWISE LOOK UPON COMMODITY PRICES & MORE P>TICUL>LY UPON 0MONEY0 AS >BITR>Y1 CONV5TIONAL1 & MANAGEABLE =MS47 ,:ILE ,M>X & ,5GELS HAD NO QU>REL ) SU* PRACTICAL EXPON5TS ( REVOLUTION>Y =CE AS ,BLANQUI1 !Y PO9T$ AT EV]Y POSSIBLE OPPORTUNITY TO ! SCI5TIFIC EMPT9ESS ( SO-CALL$ SOCIOLOGICAL 0!ORIES ( VIOL5CE40 ,!Y W]E NOT DECEIV$ BY ! CLAMOR\S WAYS ( ?OSE W\LD-BE 0PROGRESSIVE0 & EV5 HALF 0SOCIALI/ICALLY-M9D$0 PEOPLE :O1 C&IDLY UNCONSCI\S ( ! REAL MOTIVE =CE ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T & DELIB]ATELY IGNOR+ ALL ECONOMICS ) ! POSSIBLE EXCEPTION ( A FEW G5]AL & UN*ANGEABLE ECONOMIC 0LAWS ( NATURE10 5DEAVOR$ TO TRACE ! EXI/+ =MS ( PRODUCTION1 ( CLASS RELATION%IP & O!R DISAGREEABLE FACTS TO PURE =CE1 POLITICS1 ETC41 9 ORD] TO APPEAL FROM SU* 0BRUTE0 =MS ( VIOL5CE TO ! ORGANIZ+ P[] ( REASON1 ( JU/ICE1 ( HUMANITY1 OR SIMIL> CLASSLESS IMMAT]IALITIES4 ,M>X & ,5GELS1 AS AGA9/ SU* 0SOCIOLOGICAL0 DESPIS]S ( ECONOMICS1 ALWAYS AFFIRM$ !IR ALLEGIANCE TO ! DEEP] & RI*] HI/ORICAL KN[L$GE ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY :I* IS CONTA9$ 9 ! ECONOMIC CONCEPT ( 0VALUE0 & 9 ! ANALYZES BAS$ ON IT BY ! B\RGEOIS CLASSICI/S4 ,F9ALLY1 ,M>X1 :OSE 0MAT]IALI/IC0 & SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM >OSE 9 DIRECT CONTRA/ TO ! 0DOCTR9>Y0 & 0,UTOPIAN0 SOCIALISM ( ! PREC$+ PHASE ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 REMA9$ ?R\<\T HIS LIFE A SWORN 5EMY ( ALL M]ELY 0IMAG9>Y0 CON/RUCTIONS TO A DEGREE ?AT ALREADY ON ?IS GR\ND ! T5ETS ( ECONOMIC SCI5CE :I* 9 SPITE ( !IR =MAL DEFICI5CIES >E AT LEA/ BAS$ ON DEF9ITE HI/ORICAL & SOCIAL FACTS1 W]E = HIM ( AN 9COMP>ABLY GREAT] SIGNIFICANCE ?AN ANY FUTURE TYPE EXI/+ AS YET ONLY 9 ! ?\E CASES :]E ,M>X HIMSELF 9 ! C\RSE ( HIS EXPOSITION 5DEAVOR$ TO ELUCIDATE HIS !ORETICAL /&PO9T BY CONFRONT+ ! PRES5T-DAY CAPITALI/IC COMMODITY PRODUCTION ) SOME O!R1 PA/ HI/ORICAL OR POSSIBLE FUTURE1 =MS ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION4 ,IT APPLIES ABOVE ALL TO F\R %ORT P>AGRAPHS ( ! SECTION DEAL+ ) ! 0,FETI% ,*>ACT] ( ! ,COMMODITY & ITS ,SECRET0 9 :I* ,M>X1 TO DISPEL 0ALL ! MY/]Y ( ! WORLD ( COMMODITIES1 ALL ! 5*ANTM5T & BEWIT*M5T :I* BEFOG ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR 9 A SY/EM BAS$ ON COMMODITY PRODUCTION10 CALLS UP SUCCESSIVELY F\R DIFF]5T SOCIAL MODES ( PRODUCTION3 ?AT ( ,ROB9SON ,CRUSOE 7! LONELY ISL&]71 ! FEUDAL MODE ( PRODUCTION ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 ! PATRI>*IAL MANAGEM5T ( A PEASANT FAMILY WORK+ ON ! L&1 &1 F9ALLY1 0= A *ANGE10 AN ASSOCIATION ( FREE M5 :O WORK ) COMMON MEANS ( PRODUCTION & CONSCI\SLY EXP5D !IR MANY 9DIVIDUAL LABOR P[]S AS A COMB9$ SOCIAL LABOR P[]4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! DETAIL$ DESCRIPTION ( ONE ( ?OSE ANCI5T SMALL ,9DIAN COMMUNITIES 9 :I* 0!RE IS A SOCIAL DIVISION ( LABOR1 BUT ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR DO NOT BECOME COMMODITIES10 IS NOT ( ANY P>TICUL> SIGNIFICANCE = ! ECONOMIC !ORY ( ,CAPITAL1 ?\< IT IS MORE IMPORTANT ) REG>D TO ! BROAD] ASPECTS ( ! MAT]IALI/IC !ORY ( HI/ORY & SOCIETY4 ,9 ! P>TICUL> CONTEXT 9 :I* IT APPE>S )9 ! EXPOSITION ( ,M>X'S FUNDAM5TAL ECONOMIC CONCEPTS 9 ,CAPITAL1 IT S]VES ONLY AS A SUPPLEM5T>Y HI/ORICAL ILLU/RATION ( ! !ORETICAL CONTRA/ BETWE5 ! DIVISION ( LABOR 9SIDE ! WORK%OP & ! DIVISION ( LABOR 9 SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,! MA9 !ORETICAL PURPOSE ( ALL SU* 0QUASI-HI/ORICAL0 COMP>ISONS IS ! SAME :I* IS S]V$1 9 ANO!R WAY1 BY ,M>X'S FAVORITE COMP>ISON ( ! ECONOMIC 0FETI%ISM ( ! COMMODITY0 ) ! 0REFLECTION ( ! REAL WORLD 9 RELIGION40 ,JU/ AS A REAL CRITICISM ( RELIGION MU/ NOT CONT5T ITSELF ) F9D+ \T1 ?R\< SCI5TIFIC ANALYSIS1 ! E>?LY K]NEL ( ! FOGGY =MS ( ! RELIGI\S PHANTASMS1 SO A CRITICISM ( ! ECONOMIC CATEGORIES IS IMP]FECT AS LONG AS IT RE/RICTS ITSELF TO A DISCLOSURE ( ! ACTUAL MAT]IAL CONDITIONS UND]LY+ !IR APP>5T 0FETI%I/IC0 =M4 ,MAT]IALI/IC CRITICISM ( RELIGION IS AW>E ( ! FACT ?AT ! IDEOLOGICAL REFLECTION ( ! REAL WORLD 9 RELIGION CANNOT BE TOTALLY DISSOLV$ UNTIL ! PRACTICAL CONDITIONS ( EV]Y DAY (F] TO ! HUMAN BE+S CONC]N$ A CONT9U\S DISPLAY ( P]FECTLY 9TELLIGIBLE & REASONABLE RELATIONS BO? BETWE5 MAN & NATURE & BETWE5 M5 & M54 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! LIFE PROCESS ( SOCIETY1 I4E4 MAT]IAL PRODUCTION DOES NOT /RIP (F ITS MY/ICAL VEIL UNTIL IT IS TRANS=M$ 9TO ! RESULT ( ! CONSCI\S & SELF-CONTROLL$ ACTIVITIES ( FREELY ASSOCIAT$ M54 ,TILL !N A SCI5TIFIC CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY MU/ SUPPLEM5T ITS !ORETICAL ANALYSIS ( ! FETI% =M ( ! ECONOMIC CATEGORIES BY A POSITIVE UND]/&+ ( !IR TRANSITORY HI/ORICAL NECESSITY & RATIONALITY1 & MU/ UTILIZE ! REAL KN[L$GE CONTA9$ !RE9 = A MAT]IALI/IC 9VE/IGATION ( ! SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T GO+ ON )9 ! PRES5T HI/ORICAL EPO*4 ,ONLY 9 SOME PASSAGES ( ,CAPITAL DID ,M>X REPLACE ! ECONOMIC CATEGORIES HI!RTO APPLI$ 9 ! PRES5TATION ( HIS !ORY BY A DIRECT HI/ORICAL DESCRIPTION ( ! B\RGEOIS MODE ( PRODUCTION & ! REAL CONFLICT ( ! SOCIAL CLASSES CONCEAL$ BEH9D ! TWO ECONOMIC CATEGORIES 0CAPITAL0 & 0WAGE-LABOR40 ,H]E BELONG1 = 9/ANCE1 TWO PASSAGES 9 ! EIX W9DS UP A DETAIL$ DISCUSSION ( ! ECONOMICALLY UNDET]M9$ & 9DET]M9ABLE LIMITS ( ! WORK+ DAY BY ! /ATEM5T ?AT 0! REGULATION ( ! WORK+ DAY IS1 9 REAL HI/ORY1 ! \TCOME ( A PROTRACT$ CIVIL W> BETWE5 ! CAPITALI/ CLASS & ! WORK+ CLASS10 & CALLS UPON ! WORK]S 0TO PUT !IR HEADS TOGE!R = PROTECTION AGA9/ ! WORM GNAW+ AT !IR VITALS &1 BY UNIT$ ACTION AS A CLASS1 TO COMPEL ! PASS+ ( A LAW :I* WILL PUT 9 PLACE ( ! POMP\S CATALOG ( ! '9ALI5ABLE MAN' ! MODE/ ,MAGNA ,*>TA ( A LEGALLY LIMIT$ WORK+ DAY ?AT %ALL AT L5G? MAKE IT CLE> :5 ! TIME :I* ! WORK] SELLS IS 5D$1 & :5 HIS [N BEG9S40 ,H]E BELONG MANY O!R NOT V]Y BULKY1 BUT SIGNIFICANT PASSAGES LEAD+ UP TO ! FAM\S 9VE/IGATION ( ! 0,SO-,CALL$ ,PRIMITIVE ,ACCUMULATION0 :I*1 TOGE!R ) ! IMM$IATELY FOLL[+ ANALYSIS ( ,MOD]N ,COLONIZATION F9ALLY CONCLUDES ! CASE ( ,SOCIALISM AGA9/ ,CAPITALISM AS PRES5T$ BY ,M>X 9 HIS !ORY4 ,M>X HAS 9 ! PREC$+ *APT]S FULLY DESCRIB$ ! ECONOMIC NATURE ( ! EXI/+ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,HE HAS GONE ?R\< ! ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ( VALUE & LABOR1 ( SURPLUS VALUE & SURPLUS LABOR1 ( REPRODUCTION1 ( ! ACCUMULATION BO? ( ! 9DIVIDUAL CAPITAL & ( ! SUM TOTAL ( ! CAPITALS AVAILABLE 9 A GIV5 SOCIETY4 ,:5 ?US ALL HAS BE5 SAID ?AT CAN BE SAID AB\T ! ORIG9 ( CAPITAL 9 T]MS ( ECONOMIC SCI5CE1 !RE /ILL REMA9S AN UNSOLV$ RESIDUE 9 =M ( ! QUE/ION1 0,:5CE CAME ! FIR/ CAPITAL80 ,:5CE >OSE1 BE=E ALL CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION1 ! FIR/ CAPITALI/IC RELATION BETWE5 AN EXPLOIT+ CAPITALI/ & ! EXPLOIT$ WAGE-LABOR]S8 ,:5CE DESC5D$ ! ,VAMPIRE ?AT PREYS UPON ! TOIL+ MASSES ( MOD]N SOCIETY & WILL NOT LOOSE ITS HOLD 0SO LONG AS !RE IS A MUSCLE1 A N]VE1 A DROP ( BLOOD TO BE EXPLOIT$80 ,?IS QUE/ION - UNANSW]$ BY ! B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/S &1 9DE$1 UNANSW]ABLE ECONOMICALLY - HAS ALREADY BE5 REPEAT$LY EXAM9$ BY ,M>X 9 ! =EGO+ EXPOSITION4 ,IT IS N[ TAK5 UP AGA9 TO BE TREAT$ NO LONG] AS AN ECONOMIC QUE/ION AT ALL4 ,9/EAD1 ! PROBLEM IS GRIMLY & ?OR\$ UP 9 A DIRECT HI/ORICAL 9VE/IGATION & SOLV$ BY A PRACTICAL RA!R ?AN A !ORETICAL CONCLUSION4 ,! 0,HI/ORICAL ,T5D5CY ( ,CAPITALI/IC ,ACCUMULATION10 AS ILLU/RAT$ BY ! CLASSIC EXAMPLE ( ! CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION 9 ,5GL&1 LEADS TO A RESULT :I*1 IF IT EMANATES ) 0! 9EVITABILITY ( A PROCESS ( NATURE0 FROM ! OBJECTIVE DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM ITSELF1 YET REQUIRES A PRACTICAL SOCIAL ACT TO SET IT FREE4 0,! LA/ H\R ( CAPITALI/IC PRIVATE PROP]TY /RIKES4 ,! EXPROPRIATORS >E EXPROPRIAT$40 ,A SIMIL> L9E ( >GUM5T PREVAILS ?R\<\T ! REMA9+ P>TS ( ,M>X'S WORK4 ,JU/ AS ! FIR/ BOOK ( ,CAPITAL ACTUALLY LEADS UP TO ! \TBREAK ( ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 SO ! :OLE ( ! ,M>XIAN !ORY AS PRES5T$ 9 ! ?REE BOOKS ( ,CAPITAL1 WAS MEANT TO RESULT 9 ! HI/ORICAL EV5T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y CLASS W>4 ,BUT EV5 AT !SE EXTREME PO9TS :]E ! REVOLUTION>Y PR9CIPLE IS DEF9ITELY LAID OP5 9 ,CAPITAL1 ,M>X DID NOT 5TIRELY AB&ON ECONOMIC !ORY4 ,HE M]ELY REVEAL$ 9 A MORE \TSPOK5 MANN] ! HI/ORICAL & SOCIAL B>RI] :I* WAS ALREADY REFLECT$ 9 ! 0FETI%-*>ACT]0 ( ! ECONOMIC CATEGORIES & ON ACC\NT ( :I* AN UNCRITICAL ADOPTION ( ?OSE CATEGORIES WAS EXCLUD$ FROM ! NEW SOCIALI/IC !ORY FROM ! \TSET4 ,SOME 5D & BORD] PROBLEMS ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY :I* W]E N[ FIR/ DISCOV]$ FROM ! NEW /&PO9T ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS1 SO F> TRANSC5D$ ! HORIZON ( ! B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/ ?AT !Y C\LD NO LONG] BE APPROA*$1 MU* LESS SOLV$ )9 ! REALM ( ! ECONOMIC SCI5CE4 ,! CATEGORIES BY :I* ! CLASSICAL ECONOMI/S HAD ELUCIDAT$ ! MAT]IAL F\NDATIONS ( ! !N >IS+ B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 W]E SCI5TIFICALLY SUFFICI5T = ! TIME4 ,) C]TA9 CRITICAL AM5DM5TS1 !Y REPRES5T EV5 N[1 )9 LIMIT$ FIELDS & = %ORT P]IODS ( TIME1 A VALUABLE 9/RUM5T = ! SCI5TIFIC ANALYSIS ( DEF9ITE SECTIONS ( ! B\RGEOIS MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,H[EV]1 !Y PROVE TO BE UNSUITABLE = A MORE EXT5SIVE 9VE/IGATION :I* EMBRACES ! TOTAL HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( B\RGEOIS COMMODITY PRODUCTION1 9CLUD+ ITS ORIG9 & DECAY1 & ITS REVOLUTION>Y TRANSITION TO A DIRECT SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION4 ,!Y >E1 AS ,M>X & ,5GELS EMPHASIZ$ 9 !IR LAT] P]IOD1 EV5 MORE UNSUITABLE = A COMPREH5SIVE MAT]IALI/IC HI/ORY ( HUMAN SOCIETY1 LOOK+ BACKW>DS TO PRIMEVAL TIMES & =W>DS TO ! FULLY DEVELOP$ ,COMMUNI/ ,SOCIETY4 ,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,M>* #b1 #bba 3 ,P>T #b -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/