,P>T #a 
,SOCIETY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,K>L ,KORS* 

,TEXT 3 

#a4 ,M>XISM & ,SOCIOLOGY 
#b4 ,! ,PR9CIPLE ( ,HI/ORICAL ,SPECIFICATION 
#c4 ,! ,PR9CIPLE ( ,HI/ORICAL ,SPECIFICATION 7CONT9U$7 
#d4 ,! ,PR9CIPLE ( ,*ANGE 
#e4 ,! ,PR9CIPLE ( ,CRITICISM 
#f4 ,A ,NEW ,TYPE ( ,G5]ALIZATION 
#g4 ,PRACTICAL ,IMPLICATIONS 
,*APT] #a4 ,M>XISM & ,SOCIOLOGY 

,:AT IS ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ,M>XISM & MOD]N SOCIOLOGICAL  
 TEA*+8 ,IF WE ?9K ( ! ,SOCIOLOGY BEGUN BY ,COMTE & 9 FACT FIR/  
 NAM$ BY HIM1 WE %ALL NOT F9D ANY AFF9ITY OR L9K BETWE5 IT &  
 ,M>XISM4 ,M>X & ,5GELS1 ) ALL !IR KE5 DESIRE TO EXT5D & 5HANCE  
 ! KN[L$GE ( SOCIETY1 PAID NO ATT5TION TO EI!R ! NAME OR CONT5TS  
 ( ?AT O/5SIBLY NEW APPROA* TO ! SOCIAL /UDIES4 ,NOR W]E !Y  
 IMPRESS$ BY ! GA9S ! ,COMTI/ S*OOL MADE AMONG ! PROGRESSIVE  
 9TELLIG5TSIA ( !IR TIME4 ,IT APPE>S FROM !IR CORRESPOND5CE ?AT  
 ,M>X AT ONE TIME 9 ! SIXTIES1 ) HIS MA9 ATT5TION CONC5TRAT$ ON  
 ! F9AL MANUSCRIPT ( HIS PR9CIPAL WORK1 PICK$ UP FROM ! %ELVES (  
 ! ,BRITI% ,MUSEUM & READ ?R\< ,COMTE'S ,C\RS DE PHILOSOPHIE  
 POSITIVE ( #a#h#c-#d#b1 0BECAUSE ! ,5GLI% & ,FR5* MAKE SU* A FUSS  
 AB\T ! FELL[40 ,YET !RE IS EV5 MORE EVID5CE 9 ! TEXT (  
 ,CAPITAL ITSELF ?AT ?IS READ+ LEFT NO M>K 9 HIS !ORETICAL  
 WORK4 ,ON /ILL ANO!R OCCASION1 9 WRIT+ TO AN O!RWISE HI<LY  
 E/EEM$ ,COMTI/1 ,M>X MADE IT P]FECTLY CLE> ?AT HE WAS 0?OR\<LY  
 OPPOS$ TO ,COMTISM AS A POLITICIAN0 & HAD 0A V]Y POOR OP9ION ( IT AS  
 A MAN ( SCI5CE40 
  

,M>X'S ATTITUDE IS !ORETICALLY & HI/ORICALLY WELL F\ND$4 ,!  
 SCI5CE ( SOCIALISM AS =MULAT$ BY ,M>X1 [$ NO?+ TO ?IS  
 0SOCIOLOGY0 ( ! #a#i? & #b? C5TURIES :I* ORIG9AT$ ) ,COMTE &  
 WAS PROPAGAT$ BY ,MILL & ,SP5C]4 ,IT W\LD BE MORE CORRECT TO SAY ?AT  
 S9CE ! DAYS :5 Y\NG ,AUGU/E ,COMTE1 HI!RTO ! MO/ 5?USIA/IC  
 DISCIPLE ( ! ,UTOPIAN SOCIALI/ ,SA9T-,SIMON1 SUDD5LY BROKE ) HIS  
 0GREAT MA/]0 TO WORK \T HIS [N P$ANTIC SY/EM ( A 0POSITIVI/IC0  
 SOCIOLOGY FROM A FEW ( ! =MIDABLE MASS ( IDEAS CONT9U\SLY P\R$  
 =? BY ?AT EXCESSIVELY PRODUCTIVE M9D1 B\RGEOIS SOCIAL ?\<T HAS  
 BE5 A REACTION AGA9/ ! !ORY & ?US ALSO AGA9/ ! PRACTICE (  
 MOD]N SOCIALISM4 ,UP TO ! PRES5T DAY 0SOCIOLOGI/S0 HAVE 5DEAVOR$ TO  
 SUBMIT ANO!R WAY ( ANSW]+ ! EMB>RASS+ QUE/IONS FIR/ RAIS$ BY  
 ! RIS+ PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T4 ,FROM ?IS /&PO9T ONLY IS IT POSSIBLE  
 TO UND]/& ! ESS5TIAL UNITY ( ! MANIFOLD !ORETICAL &  
 PRACTICAL T5D5CIES :I* DUR+ ! LA/ HUNDR$ YE>S HAVE F\ND !IR  
 EXPRESSION UND] ! COMMON D5OM9ATION ( ,SOCIOLOGY4 
  

,M>XISM1 !N1 /&S 9 A MU* MORE ORIG9AL & DIRECT RELATION%IP  
 TO ?OSE NEW PROBLEMS :I* MOD]N HI/ORIC DEVELOPM5T HAS PUT ON !  
 AG5DA ( PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY1 ?AN ! :OLE ( ! SO-CALL$ 0SOCIOLOGY0  
 ( ,COMTE1 ,SP5C]1 & !IR FOLL[]S4 ,B\RGEOIS SOCIOLOGI/S REF] TO  
 ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ SCI5CE ( ! PROLET>IAT AS AN 0UNSCI5TIFIC  
 MIXTURE ( !ORY & POLITICS40 ,SOCIALI/S1 ON ! O!R H&1 DISMISS  
 ! :OLE B\RGEOIS SOCIOLOGY AS M]E 0IDEOLOGY40 
  

,!RE IS1 H[EV]1 QUITE A DIFF]5T RELATION BETWE5 ! ,M>XIAN  
 !ORY & ANO!R BODY ( SOCIAL ?\<T :I* DESC5D$ FROM AN E>LI]  
 TIME :5 ! NAME ( 0SOCIOLOGY0 HAD NOT YET BE5 9V5T$1 BUT 0SOCIETY0  
 HAD ALREADY BE5 DISCOV]$ & RECOGNIZ$ ALONG ) PHYSICAL NATURE AS  
 AN EQUALLY MAT]IAL & IMPORTANT REALM ( HUMAN KN[L$GE & HUMAN  
 ACTION4 
  

,AS ,M>X HIMSELF RECORDS 9 #a#h#e#i1 HE EMB>K$ UPON HIS NEW MAT]IALI/IC  
 !ORY ( SOCIETY1 SIXTE5 YE>S BE=E1 BECAUSE ( C]TA9 GRAVE D\BTS  
 :I* HAD REC5TLY ASSAIL$ HIS BELIEF 9 ! IDEALI/IC PHILOSOPHY (  
 ,HEGEL4 ,HE HAD AT ?AT TIME JU/ GONE ?R\< ! NEW & /IMULAT+  
 EXP]I5CES ( HIS FIR/ %ORT P]IOD ( POLITICAL ACTIVITY4 ,AS AN $ITOR  
 ( ! ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG 7#a#h#d#b-#d#c7 HE HAD = ! FIR/ TIME F\ND  
 HIMSELF CALL$ UPON TO TAKE P>T 9 ! DISCUSSION ( 0SO-CALL$ MAT]IAL  
 9T]E/S40 ,HE HAD ?US BE5 L$ TO OCCUPY HIMSELF ) 0ECONOMIC  
 QUE/IONS40 ,ON ! O!R H&1 HE HAD BECOME AW>E ( ! DECISIVE  
 IMPORTANCE :I* A CLOS] /UDY ( ! IDEAS ( 0,FR5* SOCIALISM &  
 COMMUNISM0 WAS B\ND TO HAVE = ! FUR!RANCE ( REVOLUTION>Y  
 DEVELOPM5TS 9 ,G]MANY4 ,:ILE ! COMB9$ EFFECT ( ALL !SE NEW  
 IMPULSES HAD ALREADY CONSID]ABLY UND]M9$ HIS FAI? 9 ! OLD ,HEGELIAN  
 =MULAS1 ! REAL NATURE ( ?AT ,PRUSSIAN ,/ATE :I* HAD BE5 SO  
 SUBLIMELY EXALT$ BY ,HEGEL WAS F9ALLY REVEAL$ TO HIM BY A MO/  
 CONCLUSIVE P]SONAL EXP]I5CE4 ,HE WAS COMPELL$ TO RESIGN FROM ! /AFF  
 ( ! ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG :I* UND] HIS LEAD]%IP )9 LESS  
 ?AN A YE> HAD BECOME ! MO/ CONSPICU\S ORGAN ( ! PROGRESSIVE  
 MOVEM5T 9 PRE-REVOLUTION>Y ,G]MANY4 ,NOR WAS HIS )DRAWAL SUFFICI5T1  
 AS HAD BE5 HOP$ BY ! FRI<T5$ MANAG]S1 TO >RE/ ! JUDGM5T (  
 SUPPRESSION PRON\NC$ AGA9/ ! ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG BY AN EQUALLY  
 FRI<T5$ GOV]NM5T4 
  

,?US CONFRONT$ ) AN 9CREAS+ NUMB] ( /RIK+ DISCREPANCIES  
 BETWE5 HIS PHILOSOPHICAL CRE$ & HIS ACTUAL EXP]I5CES1 ,M>X TURN$  
 ONCE MORE TO ,HEGEL4 ,A DETAIL$ 0CRITICAL REVISION0 ( ,HEGEL'S  
 ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,LAW1 ON :I* HE CONC5TRAT$ = ! NEXT FIVE  
 MON?S1 L$ HIM TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT 

LEGAL RELATIONS AS WELL AS =MS ( ,/ATE CANNOT BE UND]/OOD \T (  
 !MSELVES NOR \T ( ! SO-CALL$ G5]AL DEVELOPM5T ( ! HUMAN  
 M9D BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 >E ROOT$ 9 ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS (  
 LIFE1 ! AGGREGATE ( :I* ,HEGEL1 FOLL[+ ! PREC$5T ( !  
 ,5GLI% & ,FR5* ( ! #a#h? C5TURY1 GR\P$ TOGE!R UND] ! NAME  
 ( 0CIVIL SOCIETY10 & ?AT ! ANATOMY ( CIVIL SOCIETY IS TO BE  
 S\<T = 9 ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY4 
  

,WE SEE H]E ! DECISIVE SIGNIFICANCE :I* ! CONCEPT ( 0CIVIL  
 SOCIETY0 HAD GA9$ = ! Y\NG ,M>X :O WAS !N JU/ PASS+ FROM  
 ,HEGELIAN IDEALISM TO HIS LAT] MAT]IALI/IC !ORY4 ,:ILE /ILL =MALLY  
 BAS+ HIS CRITICISM ( ,HEGEL'S GLORIFICATION ( ! ,/ATE ON !  
 REALI/IC /ATEM5TS CONC]N+ ! NATURE ( CIVIL SOCIETY EMBODI$ 9  
 ! SAME ,HEGELIAN WORK1 ,M>X N[ DEF9ITELY AB&ON$ ,HEGEL & ALL HIS  
 IDEALI/IC PHILOSOPHY4 ,9/EAD1 HE ASSOCIAT$ HIMSELF ) ?OSE GREAT  
 5QUIR]S 9TO ! SOCIAL NATURE ( MAN :O1 9 ! PREC$+ C5TURIES1  
 HAD FIR/ SET UP ! NEW IDEA ( ,CIVIL ,SOCIETY AS A REVOLUTION>Y SLOGAN1  
 & HAD EV5 UNE>!D1 9 ! NEW SCI5CE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY1 !  
 MAT]IAL F\NDATIONS ( ?AT NEW & 0CIVILIZ$0 =M ( SOCIETY4 
  

,HEGEL1 9DE$1 HAD NOT D]IV$ ! DEEP REALI/IC KN[L$GE :I*1  
 UND] ! HEAD+ ( ,CIVIL ,SOCIETY1 /&S \T 9 SU* %>P RELIEF  
 AGA9/ ! RE/ ( HIS BOOK FROM AN 9DEP5D5T /UDY ( ! AS YET  
 EXTREMELY BACKW>D CONDITIONS ( ,G]MAN SOCIETY4 ,HE TOOK BO? ! NAME &  
 CONT5TS ( HIS 0CIVIL SOCIETY0 READY-MADE FROM ! ,FR5* & ,5GLI%  
 SOCIAL PHILOSOPH]S1 POLITICIANS1 & ECONOMI/S4 ,BEH9D ,HEGEL1 AS ,M>X  
 SAID1 /OOD ! 0,5GLI% & ,FR5* ( ! #a#h? C5TURY0 ) !IR NEW  
 DISCOV]IES ( ! /RUCTURE & MOVEM5T ( SOCIETY :O1 9 !IR TURN1  
 REFLECT$ ! REAL HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T :I* CULM9AT$ 9 !  
 ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION 9 ,5GL& AFT] ! MIDDLE ( ! #a#h? C5TURY &  
 9 ! GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ( #a#g#h#i-#a#h#a#e4 
  

,M>X1 !N1 9 DEVELOP+ HIS NEW SOCIALI/ & PROLET>IAN SCI5CE1  
 TOOK HIS CUE FROM ?AT E>LY /UDY ( SOCIETY :I*1 AL?\< FIR/  
 COMMUNICAT$ TO HIM BY ,HEGEL1 HAD REALLY BE5 BORN ( ! REVOLUTION>Y  
 EPO* ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,?IS APPE>S MO/ /RIK+LY 9 HIS COMPLETE  
 ADOPTION ( ! SCI5TIFIC RESULTS ( CLASSICAL ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY AS  
 DEVELOP$ BY ,PETTY & ,BOISGUILLEB]T1 ,QUESNAY1 ,SMI?1 & ,RIC>DO1 &  
 TAK5 FROM !M BY ,M>X'S IMM$IATE PR$ECESSORS1 ! ,G]MAN IDEALI/  
 PHILOSOPH]S ,KANT1 ,FI*TE1 & ,HEGEL4 ,!RE IS1 SO F>1 NOT MU*  
 DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ,M>X'S REF]5CE TO ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY AS AN 0ANATOMY (  
 CIVIL SOCIETY10 & ,HEGEL'S PHILOSOPHICAL ATTEMPT TO BASE ! ,/ATE ON  
 ,CIVIL ,SOCIETY1 & ,CIVIL ,SOCIETY ON ! 0,SY/EM ( ,NE$S0 AS EXPLOR$ BY  
 ! NEW SCI5CE ( 0,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY40 ,HE HAD EV5 MORE EXPRESSLY1 9 AN  
 E>LI] /UDY1 DESCRIB$ ! 0SY/EM ( NE$S0 AS ! 0FIR/ =M (  
 GOV]NM5T10 UND]LY+ SU* HI<] DEVELOP$ =MS AS ! ,/ATE & !  
 LAW4 ,YET !RE IS ?IS TREM5D\S DIFF]5CE FROM ! \TSET ?AT ,HEGEL  
 HAD ALL ALONG US$ ! REALI/IC KN[L$GE BORR[$ FROM ! CLASSICAL  
 ECONOMI/S ONLY = ! PURPOSE ( 5HANC+ ! IMPORTANCE ( HIS  
 ULTIMATELY IDEALI/IC SY/EM1 :ILE ,M>X MADE ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY ! PIVOT  
 ( A :OLLY MAT]IALI/IC !ORY ( SOCIETY4 
  

,! V]Y PUNG5CY ) :I* ,M>X 9 HIS LAT] WRIT+S REPEAT$LY  
 PO9T$ \T ?AT PO/-CLASSICAL B\RGEOIS ECONOMY 7! SO-CALL$ 0VULG>0  
 ECONOMY7 HAD NOT ADVANC$ BEYOND ,RIC>DO 9 ANY IMPORTANT PO9TS1 &  
 SCORNFULLY DISMISS$ ! NEW SOCIO-SCI5TIFIC SYN!SIS ( ,COMTE'S  
 0,POSITIVISM0 = ! 9F9ITELY GREAT] A*IEVEM5T ( ,HEGEL1 %[S ONCE  
 MORE ! LA/+ IMPORTANCE ( ?AT E>LY PHASE ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL  
 ?\<T = ! !ORY ( ,M>X4 ,?IS IS TRUE EV5 ?\< HE F>  
 TRANSC5D$ ?OSE OLD] !ORIES 9 ASS]T+ ! NEW DEVELOPM5T (  
 SOCIETY & ! NEW NE$S & AIMS ( ! PROLET>IAT1 N[ >IS+ AS AN  
 9DEP5D5T CLASS4 ,! PROLET>IAT GUID$ BY ,M>XIAN !ORY IS !RE=E  
 NOT ONLY1 AS ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS PUT IT1 0! 9H]ITOR ( ,G]MAN CLASSICAL  
 PHILOSOPHY40 ,IT IS ALSO ! 9H]ITOR ( CLASSICAL B\RGEOIS ECONOMICS &  
 SOCIAL RESE>*4 ,AS SU*1 IT HAS TRANS=M$ ! TRADITIONAL CLASSICAL  
 !ORY 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! 9T]V5+ *ANGES 9 HI/ORICAL  
 CONDITIONS4  
  

,M>X NO LONG] REG>DS B\RGEOIS SOCIETY FROM ! /&PO9T ( ITS  
 FIR/ PHASE ( DEVELOPM5T & ITS OPPOSITION TO ! FEUDAL /RUCTURE (  
 M$IEVAL SOCIETY4 ,HE IS NOT 9T]E/$ ONLY 9 ! /ATIC LAWS ( ITS  
 EXI/5CE4 ,HE TREATS B\RGEOIS SOCIETY 9 ALL ITS ASPECTS AS A TRANSITORY  
 HI/ORICAL PH5OM5ON4 ,HE EXPLORES ! :OLE PROCESS ( ITS G5ESIS1 &  
 ! T5D5CIES CONTA9$ !RE9 :I*1 9 !IR FUR!R DEVELOPM5T1 WILL  
 LEAD TO ITS REVOLUTION>Y OV]?R[4 ,HE F9DS !SE T5D5CIES TW(OLD3  
 OBJECTIVE 9 ! ECONOMIC BASIS ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1  
 SUBJECTIVE 9 ! NEW DIVISION ( SOCIAL CLASSES >IS+ \T (  
 ?IS SAME ECONOMIC BASIS & NOT \T ( POLITICS1 LAW1 E?ICS1 ETC4 ,?US  
 0CIVIL SOCIETY10 :I* UNTIL !N HAD CON/ITUT$ A HOMOG5E\S :OLE1  
 OPPOS$ ONLY TO FEUDALISM1 IS N[ TORN 9TO TWO OPPOS$ 0P>TIES40 ,!  
 ASSUM$ 0CIVIL SOCIETY0 IS 9 REALITY 0B\RGEOIS SOCIETY10 NAMELY1 A  
 SOCIETY BAS$ ON ! CLEAVAGE ( CLASSES1 9 :I* ! B\RGEOIS CLASS  
 CONTROLS O!R CLASSES ECONOMICALLY & !RE=E POLITICALLY &  
 CULTURALLY4 ,SO AT LA/ 0LA CLASSE LA PLUS LABORIEUSE ET LA PLUS MIS]ABLE0  
 5T]S ! WID5$ HORIZON ( SOCIAL SCI5CE4 ,M>XIAN !ORY RECOGNIZES  
 ! CLASS W> ( ! OPPRESS$ & EXPLOIT$ WAGE LABOR]S TO BE A W>  
 = ! ABOLITION ( PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY4 ,AS A MAT]IALI/IC SCI5CE (  
 ! CONTEMPOR>Y DEVELOPM5T ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 ,M>XIAN !ORY IS AT  
 ! SAME TIME A PRACTICAL GUIDE = ! PROLET>IAT 9 ITS /RUGGLE TO  
 REALIZE PROLET>IAN SOCIETY4 
  

,! LAT] >TIFICIAL DETA*M5T ( SOCIOLOGY AS A SPECIAL BRAN* (  
 LE>N+1 :I* DATES ITS SCI5TIFIC ORIG9 FROM ,COMTE1 & AT ITS BE/  
 ALL[S ! GREAT ORIG9AL ?9K]S :O DID ! REAL PRODUCTIVE WORK 9  
 ?IS FIELD TO /& AS ITS 0=]UNN]S10 REPRES5TS NO?+ MORE ?AN AN  
 ESCAPE FROM ! PRACTICAL1 & !RE=E ALSO !ORETICAL1 TASKS ( !  
 PRES5T HI/ORICAL EPO*4 ,M>X'S NEW SOCIALI/ & PROLET>IAN SCI5CE  
 :I*1 9 A *ANG$ HI/ORICAL SITUATION1 FUR!R DEVELOP$ !  
 REVOLUTION>Y !ORY ( ! CLASSICAL F\ND]S ( ! DOCTR9E ( SOCIETY1  
 IS ! G5U9E SOCIAL SCI5CE ( \R TIME4 
,*APT] #b4 ,! ,PR9CIPLE ( ,HI/ORICAL ,SPECIFICATION 

,M>X COMPREH5DS ALL ?+S SOCIAL 9 T]MS ( A DEF9ITE  
 HI/ORICAL EPO*4 ,HE CRITICIZES ALL ! CATEGORIES ( ! B\RGEOIS  
 !ORI/S ( SOCIETY 9 :I* ?AT SPECIFIC *>ACT] HAS BE5 EFFAC$4  
 ,ALREADY 9 HIS FIR/ ECONOMIC WORK WE F9D HIM REPROA*+ ,RIC>DO =  
 HAV+ APPLI$ ! SPECIFICALLY B\RGEOIS CONCEPT ( R5T TO  
 0L&$ PROP]TY ( ALL EPO*S & ( ALL C\NTRIES4 ,?IS IS ! ]ROR (  
 ALL ECONOMI/S :O REPRES5T B\RGEOIS PRODUCTION CONDITIONS AS  
 ET]NAL40 
  

,! SCOPE ( ! PR9CIPLE ( HI/ORICAL SPECIFICATION IS CLE>LY  
 DEMON/RAT$ 9 ?IS EXAMPLE4 ,L&$ PROP]TY HAS BE5 WIDELY  
 DIFF]5T 9 *>ACT] & HAS PLAY$ V]Y DIFF]5T P>TS 9 ! V>I\S  
 HI/ORICAL EPO*S ( SOCIETY4 ,! DIFF]5T WAYS 9 :I* PRIMITIVE  
 COMMUNAL PROP]TY 9 L& HAD BE5 BROK5 UP DIRECTLY 9FLU5C$ !  
 V>I$ =MS ( ! LAT] DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY BAS$ UPON PRIVATE  
 PROP]TY4 ,UP TO ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES L&$ PROP]TY1 I4E41 AGRICULTURE1  
 CON/ITUT$ ! C5TRAL CATEGORY DOM9AT+ ALL ! O!R CATEGORIES (  
 PRODUCTION1 JU/ AS CAPITAL DOES 9 PRES5T-DAY B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4  
 ,! DIFF]5T WAYS 9 :I*1 9 DIFF]5T P>TS ( ! WORLD1 FEUDAL  
 PROP]TY 9 L&1 UPON ! VICTORY ( ! B\RGEOIS MODE ( PRODUCTION1  
 WAS SUBJECT$ TO CAPITAL1 ! DIFF]5T WAYS 9 :I* R5T WAS TRANS=M$  
 9TO A P>T ( CAPITALI/IC SURPLUS VALUE1 & AGRICULTURE 9TO AN  
 9DU/RY1 DET]M9$ TO A GREAT EXT5T ! /RUCTURE ( ! V>I\S  
 CAPITALI/IC SY/EMS :I* >OSE !REFROM4 ,!Y RETA9 AN IMPORTANCE EV5  
 = ! =MS ( ! LABOR MOVEM5TS :I* W]E LAT] TO >ISE )9  
 !M1 & = ! DIFF]5T =MS 9 :I* ! TRANSITION TO ! SOCIALI/  
 MODE ( PRODUCTION WILL ULTIMATELY BE EFFECT$ 9 EA* ( ! DIFF]5T  
 SY/EMS4 ,= ?IS REASON ,M>X 9VE/IGAT$ ) P>TICUL> C>E1 TO !  
 5D ( HIS LIFE1 ! HI/ORY ( L&$ PROP]TY & R5T AS %[N ON !  
 ONE H& 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & ON ! O!R H& 9  
 ,RUSSIA4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ,L591 9 HIS BOOK ON ,! ,DEVELOPM5T (  
 ,CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA1 AT ! 5D ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 ANALYZ$ !  
 SPECIFIC HI/ORICAL =MS ( ?IS TRANSITION>Y PROCESS4 ,YET ALL ?IS  
 COMPREH5SIVE /UDY ( ! V>I\S HI/ORICAL =MS1 S]VES ONLY1 BO?  
 ) ,M>X & ,L591 AS A BASE = ! WORK+ \T ( ! SPECIFIC  
 *>ACT] ( CAPITALI/IC R5T 9 ! FULLY DEVELOP$ B\RGEOIS  
 SOCIETY4 
  

,9 ! FUNDAM5TAL ANALYSIS ( ! MOD]N ,CAPITALI/IC ,MODE (  
 ,PRODUCTION :I* =MS ! SUBJECT MATT] ( ! FIR/ BOOK (  
 ,CAPITAL1 ,M>X DOES NOT DEAL ) ! CATEGORY ( R5T AT ALL4 ,:AT  
 IS DISCUSS$ H]E1 9 ADDITION TO ! G5]AL FUNCTION ( ! SOIL AS AN  
 ELEM5T ( ! LABOR PROCESS ITSELF1 IS ONLY ! MANN] 9 :I* !  
 HI/ORICAL TRANSITION TO ! MOD]N CAPITALI/IC MODE ( PRODUCTION  
 REACT$ UPON ! CONDITIONS ( ! AGRICULTURAL PROLET>IAT1 FIR/1 9  
 FULLY DEVELOP$ 9DU/RIAL C\NTRIES1 SECOND1 9 SU* C\NTRIES AS ,IREL&  
 ?AT HAVE FALL5 BEH9D 9 ! PROCESS ( 9DU/RIALIZATION1 & F9ALLY  
 9 ACTUAL COLONIES4 ,! PROP] PLACE = A DISCUSSION ( 0R5T0 IS 9 A  
 SECTION ( ! ?IRD BOOK ( ,CAPITAL 9 :I* ! =MS (  
 ,CAPITALI/IC ,DI/RIBUTION >E ANALYZ$1 AS !Y >ISE FROM !  
 HI/ORICAL =MS ( ,CAPITALI/IC ,PRODUCTION4 ,EV5 H]E1 !RE IS NO ROOM  
 = AN 9DEP5D5T ANALYSIS ( E>LI] HI/ORICAL =MS4 ,A FEW SCATT]$  
 REM>KS S]VE TO ILLUM9ATE ! CONTRA/ BETWE5 ! MOD]N B\RGEOIS =M  
 ( L&$ PROP]TY & PA/ HI/ORICAL =MS2 & CONSID]ATION ( !  
 HI/ORICAL ,G5ESIS ( ,CAPITALI/IC ,R5T IS RELEGAT$ TO A  
 SUPPLEM5T>Y *APT] AT ! 5D4 
  

 0,R5T10 !N1 AS DISCUSS$ 9 ! ,M>XIAN !ORY1 IS 9 NO WAY A  
 G5]AL T]M REF]R+ TO L&$ PROP]TY ( ALL EPO*S4 ,IT REF]S TO 0A  
 SPECIFIC HI/ORICAL =M 9TO :I* FEUDAL L& [N]%IP & SMALL  
 PEASANTS' AGRICULTURE HAVE BE5 TRANS=M$ ?R\< ! 9FLU5CE  
 ( CAPITAL & ( ! CAPITALI/IC MODE ( PRODUCTION40 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 &  
 9 ?IS S5SE ONLY1 AN ANALYSIS ( MOD]N CAPITALI/IC R5T1 OR ( !  
 PORTION ( ! SURPLUS VALUE PRODUC$ BY ! 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL :I*  
 FALLS 9TO ! H&S ( ! CAPITALI/IC L&[N]1 =MS A NECESS>Y P>T  
 ( ! COMPLETE ANALYSIS ( ! PROCESS ( CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION  
 CONTA9$ 9 ! ?REE BOOKS ( ,CAPITAL4 
  

,! PR9CIPLE ( HI/ORICAL SPECIFICATION IS FUR!R DEMON/RAT$ BY  
 ! WAY ,M>X DEALS ) ! DIFF]5T HI/ORICAL =MS ( 0CAPITAL0  
 ITSELF4 ,JU/ AS 9 ! PRES5T EPO* ,9DU/RIAL ,CAPITAL APPE>S AS  
 ! /&>D =M ( ALL CAPITAL1 SO DID  0,M]*ANTS' ,CAPITAL0 &  
 ITS TW9 BRO!R1 0,9T]E/-BE>+ ,CAPITAL10 & ! V>I\S  
 SUB-=MS ( !SE 7MORE EXACTLY DESCRIB$ BY ,M>X AS 0CAPITAL = TRAD+  
 9 GOODS10 0CAPITAL = TRAD+ 9 MONEY10 0CAPITAL = L5D+ MONEY071  
 OCCUPY AN 9DEP5D5T &1 9 C]TA9 RESPECTS1 A PR$OM9AT+ POSITION  
 9 ! EPO*S PREC$+ CAPITALI/IC SOCIETY &1 9DE$1 9 ! FIR/  
 PHASES ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY ITSELF4 ,EV5 )9 ! FULLY DEVELOP$  
 CAPITALI/ ECONOMY ( TODAY ! M]*ANT & ! BANK]1 ?\< NOT  
 9VOLV$ 9 ACTUAL PRODUCTION LIKE ! 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/1 P]=M A  
 DEF9ITE FUNCTION 9 ! CIRCULATION ( CAPITAL4 ,!Y ALSO P>TICIPATE 9  
 ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! 0SURPLUS VALUE02 A CONSID]ABLE P>T ( ! YE>LY  
 AM\NT AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS AS A :OLE FALLS TO !IR  
 %>E AS 0COMM]CIAL PR(IT0 & 09T]E/0 - JU/ AS WE HAVE SE5 ANO!R  
 P>T ( IT GO+ 9 ! =M ( 0R5T0 TO ! L&$-PROP]TY-[N]S :O  
 HAVE AS LITTLE TO DO ) ACTUAL PRODUCTION4 ,MONEYL5D]S' CAPITAL HAS  
 EV5 RECAPTUR$ AN IMPORTANT POSITION - ?\< NOT1 AS SOME ,M>XI/S HAVE  
 REC5TLY BELIEV$1 A DEF9ITE SUPREMACY - 9 ITS NEW =M AS AN 9TEGRAL  
 P>T ( ! MOD]N SO-CALL$ 0F9ANCE CAPITAL10 I4E41 A SY/EM ( HI<LY  
 CONC5TRAT$ CAPITAL OBTA9$ BY ! FUSION ( PRIVATE &  
 ,/ATE-CONTROLL$ BANK CAPITAL ) TRU/ & ,/ATE-CONTROLL$ 9DU/RIAL  
 CAPITAL4 
  

,! ,M>XIAN ANALYSIS ( MOD]N CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION />TS FROM !  
 ASSUMPTION ?AT ! PREVI\SLY 9DEP5D5T =MS ( TRAD+-CAPITAL &  
 MONEY-CAPITAL HAVE BE5 TRANS=M$ 9TO M]E ACCESSORIES ( !  
 N[ PREVAIL+ =M4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ALL CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION BE>S !  
 /AMP ( ITS HI/ORICAL ORIG9 FROM ! 9TRUSION ( ! M]*ANT 9TO !  
 SPH]E ( FEUDAL PRODUCTION4 ,CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION REMA9S1 EV5 TODAY1  
 ESS5TIALLY A PRODUCTION = SALE4 ,EV]Y >TICLE RESULT+ FROM  
 CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION IS TO BE SOLD AS A COMMODITY1 :E!R TO ANO!R  
 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/ :O NE$S IT = C>RY+ ON HIS [N PROCESS (  
 PRODUCTION OR1 ULTIMATELY1 TO ! IMM$IATE CONSUM]4 ,AGA91 ALL  
 CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION IS CONDITION$ BY A GIV5 AM\NT ( DISPOSABLE  
 MONEY4 ,?US ! V]Y WAY 9 :I* 0CAPITAL0 FIR/ >OSE & GA9$  
 CONTROL ( PRODUCTION ?R\< ! MONEY SUPPLI$ BY WEAL?Y 9DIVIDUALS1  
 M]*ANTS1 USUR]S1 ETC41 CON/ANTLY REPEATS ITSELF UND] ! PRES5T  
 CONDITIONS ( A FULLY DEVELOP$ 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION4 0,EV]Y NEW  
 AGGREGATE ( CAPITAL10 SAYS ,M>X1 0COMES ON ! /AGE1 ?AT IS1 ON !  
 M>KET1 :E!R ( COMMODITIES1 LABOR1 OR MONEY1 EV5 9 \R DAYS1 9 !  
 =M ( MONEY ?AT BY A DEF9ITE PROCESS HAS TO BE TRANS=M$ 9TO  
 CAPITAL40 
  

,NEV]!LESS ! 0SECRET10 NOT ONLY ( 0H[ CAPITAL PRODUCES0 BUT ALSO  
 ( 0H[ CAPITAL IS PRODUC$0 - & 9CID5TALLY ! KEY TO !  
 ABOLITION ( ALL CAPITALI/IC EXPLOITATION & WAGE SLAV]Y - CAN 9 NO  
 WAY BE DISCOV]$ ?R\< AN ANALYSIS ( ! FUNCTIONS P]=M$ BY ?OSE  
 0ACCESSORY0 =MS ( CAPITAL 9 ! PROCESS ( CIRCULATION1 OR ( !  
 REV5UES :I* ACCRUE TO ! CAPITALI/S CONC]N$1 9 CONSID]ATION (  
 ! 0S]VICES0 P]=M$ 9 ?AT SPH]E4 0,ONE WILL !RE=E UND]/&10  
 SAYS ,M>X1 0:Y 9 \R ANALYSIS ( ! BASIC =M ( CAPITAL1 ( ! =M  
 9 :I* IT DET]M9ES ! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION ( MOD]N SOCIETY1 ITS  
 POPUL>1 &1 AS IT W]E1 ANT$ILUVIAN =MS1 'TRAD+ CAPITAL' &  
 'USUR]S' CAPITAL1' = ! PRES5T 7VIZ41 9 ! ANALYSIS ( ! ACTUAL  
 PROCESS ( ! CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION 9 ! FIR/ BOOK (  
 ,CAPITAL7 >E 5TIRELY IGNOR$40 
  

,EV5 :51 9 ! SECOND & ?IRD BOOKS ( ,CAPITAL1 ,M>X COMES  
 BACK TO !SE 0ANT$ILUVIAN =MS0 9 DEAL+ ) ,CAPITALI/IC  
 ,CIRCULATION & ,DI/RIBUTION1 HE TAKES AS HIS MA9 !ME NOT !IR  
 HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T BUT ONLY ! SPECIFIC =MS 9TO :I* !Y HAVE  
 BE5 TRANS=M$ BY ! ACTION ( MOD]N 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL4 ,!  
 HI/ORICAL ANALYZES :I* RUN ?R\< ! :OLE ( ! SECTIONS CONC]N$1  
 & BO? ( ! SUPPLEM5T>Y *APT]S UND] ! HEAD+S  0,HI/ORICAL  
 DATA CONC]N+ M]*ANTS' CAPITAL0 & 0,PRE-CAPITALI/IC  
 CONDITIONS0 M]ELY S]VE TO 5LI<T5 ?AT GREAT HI/ORICAL PROCESS  
 ?R\< :I*1 9 ! C\RSE ( C5TURIES & MILL5>IES1 TRADE  
 & MONEY TRANSACTIONS LO/ MORE & MORE ( !IR ORIG9ALLY  
 DOM9AT+ POSITION UNTIL !Y ASSUM$ !IR PRES5T PLACE AS M]E  
 SUBORD9ATE MODES ( EXI/5CE ( ! V>I\S FUNCTIONS :I* 9DU/RIAL  
 CAPITAL SOMETIMES ADOPTS & SOMETIMES DISC>DS )9 ! SPH]E ( ITS  
 CIRCULATION4 
  

,!RE IS ONE ASPECT ALONE UND] :I* R5T AS WELL AS TRAD+  
 CAPITAL & MONEY-CAPITAL MI<T HAVE BE5 TREAT$ AS A PROP]  
 !ME 9 ,M>X'S ANALYSIS ( ! MOD]N CAPITALI/IC MODE ( PRODUCTION4  
 ,ACCORD+ TO AN ORIG9AL & MORE COMPREH5SIVE S*EME ( PROC$URE1 ,M>X  
 W\LD HAVE FOLL[$ UP ! MORE /RICTLY ECONOMIC TOPICS ( PRODUCTION1  
 CIRCULATION & DI/RIBUTION1 SOCIAL CLASSES1 ETC41 AS N[ DISCUSS$ 9  
 ! ?REE BOOKS ( ,CAPITAL1 BY AN 9VE/IGATION ( :AT MAY BE  
 CALL$ 0ECONOMIC QUE/IONS ( A HI<] ORD]0 SU* AS ! RELATION BETWE5  
 T[N & C\NTRY & ! 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS (  
 PRODUCTION4 
  

,ONLY ) !SE LAT] RESE>*ES W\LD ,M>X'S ANALYSIS HAVE REA*$ !  
 PO9T :]E ! ANTAGONISM ( L&$ PROP]TY TO CAPITAL1 AS  
 WELL AS ?AT ( TRADE & MONEY-CAPITAL TO 9DU/RIAL  
 CAPITAL1 SURVIVES 9 PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY - ! LATT] AS A  
 *>ACT]I/IC DIFF]5CE 9 G5]AL /RUCTURE & \TLOOK BETWE5 TRAD+  
 CITIES & FACTORY T[NS1 COMM]CIAL & 9DU/RIAL ,/ATES2 ! =M] AS  
 A P]SI/+ CONFLICT BETWE5 ! AIMS ( ! RURAL F>M]S & !  
 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL 9T]E/S REPRES5T$ BY ! T[NS2 &1 ON AN  
 9T]NATIONAL SCALE1 BETWE5 PRIM>ILY AGRICULTURAL & DEF9ITELY  
 9DU/RIAL C\NTRIES4 
  

,! PR9CIPLE ( HI/ORICAL SPECIFICATION AS ILLU/RAT$ BY !  
 PREC$+ EXAMPLES 7L&$ PROP]TY & ! V>I\S =MS ( CAPITAL7 IS  
 /RICTLY ADH]$ TO BY ,M>X4 ,HE DEALS ) ALL CATEGORIES ( HIS ECONOMIC  
 & SOCIO-HI/ORICAL RESE>* 9 ?AT SPECIFIC =M & 9 ?AT SPECIFIC  
 CONNECTION 9 :I* !Y APPE> 9 MOD]N B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,HE DOES NOT  
 TREAT !M AS ET]NAL CATEGORIES4 ,NOR DOES HE1 = ?AT MATT]1 TRANS=M  
 HIMSELF 9TO AN HI/ORIAN4 ,:ILE FULLY AW>E ( ! DIFF]5T SPECIFIC  
 =MS 9 :I* MANY ECONOMIC CATEGORIES ( MOD]N B\RGEOIS SOCIETY HAD  
 OCCURR$ 9 E>LI] EPO*S1 HE DOES NOT GO 9TO ! HI/ORY ( 0MONEY10 (  
 0EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES10 ( 0WAGE-LABOR10 OR ( ?AT ( 0COOP]ATION10  
 0DIVISION ( LABOR10 ETC4 ,HE DISCUSSES ! DIFF]5T /AGES ( !  
 HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ALL !SE ECONOMIC CONCEPTS1 & ( !  
 POLITICAL1 JURIDICAL1 & O!R IDEOLOGICAL CONCEPTS B\ND UP ) !M1  
 ONLY 9 SO F> AS IT IS NECESS>Y = HIS MA9 !ME1 I4E4 ! SPECIFIC  
 *>ACT] ASSUM$ BY !M 9 MOD]N B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 
  

,! CONTRA/ :I* EXI/S 9 ?IS RESPECT BETWE5 ,M>X & HIS  
 =]UNN]S COMES \T MO/ /RIK+LY UPON COMP>ISON4 ,:ILE ! WORK (  
 ! LA/ REPRES5TATIVE ( CLASSICAL B\RGEOIS ECONOMY1 ,DAVID ,RIC>DO1 IS  
 DEVOT$ TO ! 0,PR9CIPLES ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY10 ,M>X RE/RICT$  
 HIS ECONOMIC RESE>* TO 0MOD]N B\RGEOIS PRODUCTION0 & F9ALLY GAVE  
 ! WORK :I* CONTA9S HIS ANALYSIS & CRITIQUE ( ! :OLE (  
 TRADITIONAL ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY ! PLA9 & DEF9ITE NAME  
 0,CAPITAL40 ,RIC>DO BEG9S ! EXPOSITION ( HIS SY/EM ) !  
 G5]AL CONCEPT ( 0VALUE02 ,M>X COMM5CES ! CRITICAL 9VE/IGATION (  
 ! !ORY & ! FACTS UND]LY+ MOD]N B\RGEOIS ECONOMY ) AN  
 EXT]NAL OBJECT1 A PALPABLE ?+1 0COMMODITY40 ,:ILE ,RIC>DO FREES !  
 ECONOMIC CONCEPT ( 0VALUE0 FROM ! LA/ E>?LY IMPURITIES ?AT W]E  
 /ILL ATTA*$ TO IT BY HIS PR$ECESSORS1 ,M>X REG>DS EV5 ! MORE  
 CONCRETE T]M ( 0COMMODITY0 AS /ILL TOO AB/RACT TO S]VE AS A />T+  
 PO9T = HIS CRITICAL ANALYSIS ( MOD]N B\RGEOIS PRODUCTION4 ,HE  
 !RE=E EXCLUDES FROM HIS APPLICATION ( ! T]M ?OSE CASES 9 :I*  
 AN EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES HAS OCCURR$ AS AN ISOLAT$ PH5OM5ON1  
 UND] 5TIRELY DIFF]5T HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS4 ,HE DEALS ) 0COMMODITY0  
 ONLY AS AN (F%OOT ( ! 0G5]AL COMMODITY PRODUCTION0  
 PREVAIL+ 9 MOD]N 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY4 ,! S+LE COMMODITY1 !N1 IS  
 NOT AN 9DEP5D5T 5TITY4 ,IT IS BUT ONE ( ! UNITS 9TO :I* ?AT  
 0IMM5SE COLLECTION ( COMMODITIES10 :I* HAD BE5 DEF9$ BY !  
 CLASSICAL ECONOMI/S AS ! 0WEAL? ( NATIONS10 IS TO BE RESOLV$  
 = ! PURPOSE ( SCI5TIFIC 9VE/IGATION4 ,IT IS AN ELEM5T ( ?AT MASS  
 ( EX*ANGEABLE PRODUCTS :I* ,M>X1 BY A MO/ SIGNIFICANT ALT]ATION (  
 ! ACCEPT$ ,SMI?IAN T]M1 CALL$ ! 0B\RGEOIS WEAL?0 OR1 MORE  
 PRECISELY1 ! 0WEAL? ( ?OSE SOCIETIES 9 :I* ! CAPITALI/IC  
 MODE ( PRODUCTION PREVAILS40 ,ONLY ?US SPECIFICALLY DEF9$ DO  
 0COMMODITIES0 =M ! SUBJECT MATT] ( ,M>X'S ECONOMIC ANALYSIS4 ,ONLY AS  
 PROP]TIES ( A COMMODITY SO DEF9$ DO ! G5]AL CONCEPTS ( 0VALUE  
 9 USE0 & 0VALUE 9 EX*ANGE10 & ! O!R T]MS ( !  
 CLASSICAL ECONOMIC SY/EM D]IV$ FROM ?OSE FUNDAM5TAL CONCEPTS1  
 9T]E/ HIM4 
  

,?IS APPLIES EV5 TO ! MO/ G5]AL T]M ( 0VALUE0 :I*1  
 ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 MU/ /ILL BE DI/+UI%$ FROM 0VALUE 9 EX*ANGE0 -  
 ! LATT] BE+ ONLY ! EXT]NAL =M 9 :I* ! 9TR9SIC 0VALUE0 (  
 A GIV5 COMMODITY MANIFE/S ITSELF 9 ! RATIO ( EX*ANGE ( SU*  
 COMMODITIES4 ,?IS MO/ AB/RACT T]M1 :I* ,M>X ADOPT$ FROM ! LAT]  
 CLASSICAL ECONOMI/S1 HAS BE5 HI<LY SUSPECT TO SOME WELL-MEAN+ BUT  
 SUP]FICIAL 9T]PRET]S ( ,M>X :O F\ND ?AT ! CONCEPT ( AN  
 9TR9SIC 0VALUE10 DI/9CT FROM EX*ANGE-VALUE1 REEKS ( S*OLA/ICISM1  
 METAPHYSICAL REALISM1 ,HEGELIAN IDEALISM1 & :AT NOT1 & = ?IS REASON  
 DOES NO CR$IT TO A 0MAT]IALI/IC0 SCI5CE4 ,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 !  
 SOME:AT 0M9UTE0 ,M>XIAN ANALYSIS ( ! 0=M ( VALUE OR VALUE 9  
 EX*ANGE0 AS CONTA9$ 9 A SECTION ( ! FIR/ *APT] (  
 ,CAPITAL1 HAS NOT UNJU/LY BE5 9DICT$1 AS ,M>X HIMSELF  
 ANTICIPAT$ IT TO BE1 ON ! C\NT ( DIFFICULTY4 ,NEV]!LESS1 !RE IS  
 NO PO9T 9 ACCEPT+ ! T]M 0EX*ANGE VALUE10 AS TAK5 BY ,M>X FROM HIS  
 =]UNN]S1 ! F\ND]S ( CLASSICAL ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY1 & REJECT+  
 ?AT ( AN 9TR9SIC 0VALUE0 :I* WAS US$ BY HIM ONLY AS A MEANS TO WORK  
 \T MORE CLE>LY ! TRUE CONT5TS ( ! CLASSICAL VALUE CONCEPT1 & TO  
 EXPOSE CRITICALLY ! 0,FETI%ISM0 B\ND UP ) ! T]M AS US$ BY HIS  
 PR$ECESSORS4 
  

,! ,M>XIAN 9T]PRETATION ( 0VALUE0 IS F> REMOV$ FROM ?AT PECULI>  
 MISCONCEPTION BY :I* SOME E>LI] WRIT]S HAD HELD IT TO BE A PHYSICAL  
 PROP]TY BELONG+ TO ?+S ALONG ) ?OSE O!R PHYSICAL PROP]TIES  
 :I* E/ABLI% ! UTILITY ( SU* ?+S = HUMAN WANTS OR !IR  
 0USE-VALUE40 ,NOR DID HE %>E ! MORE REF9$ MI/AKE :I* AT HIS TIME1  
 9 SPITE ( SEV]AL REFUTATIONS1 /ILL L+]$ 9 ! M9DS ( !  
 ECONOMI/S1 & BY :I* 0VALUE0 WAS REG>D$ AS A METAPHYSICAL PROP]TY  
 BELONG+1 NOT TO ! ?+S !MSELVES NOR TO !IR SUB/ANCE BUT1 AS IT  
 W]E1 TO 0?+S 9 EX*ANGE40 ,VALUE1 ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 IS FIR/ ( ALL  
 NO PHYSICAL PROP]TY4 0,SO F> NO *EMI/ HAS EV] DISCOV]$  
 EX*ANGE-VALUE EI!R 9 A PE>L OR 9 A DIAMOND40 ,! VALUE P]TA9+ TO  
 USEFUL ?+S :5 !Y >E EX*ANG$ AS COMMODITIES MAY WELL BE CALL$ A  
 0META-PHYSICAL0 QUALITY1 BUT ONLY 9 ?AT EXTREMELY UNMETAPHYSICAL S5SE  
 ( BE+ NOT A PHYSICAL BUT A SOCIAL QUALITY1 APPLY+ TO !  
 PRODUCTS ( HUMAN LABOR OR RA!R TO ! LABOR ITSELF BY :I* SU*  
 USEFUL ?+S >E PRODUC$ & TO ! LABOR]S PRODUC+ !M )9 A  
 0COMMODITY-PRODUC+ SOCIETY10 I4E41 UND] ! CONDITIONS PREVAIL+ 9  
 PRES5T-DAY CAPITALI/IC SOCIETY4 
  

,MOD]N ECONOMI/S HAVE TRI$ TO IMPROVE UPON CLASSICAL ECONOMIC !ORY  
 BY PO9T+ TO ! FACT ?AT 0VALUE0 IS NOT A PROP]TY P]TA9+ TO A  
 ?+ 7OR TO ! MEMB]S ( A CLASS ( ?+S71 BUT IS RA!R A  
 RELATION CONNECT+ TWO OR MORE ?+S1 & ,JEVONS HAS MADE MU* (  
 ?AT 0DISCOV]Y40 ,9 FACT1 !RE IS NO?+ P>TICUL>LY NEW 9 ?IS  
 ,JEVONSIAN 0RELATIVISM0 AS AGA9/ ?OSE CLASSICAL WRIT]S :O HAD DEF9$  
 ! VALUE P]TA9+ TO 0?+S ( EX*ANGE0 AS A PURELY QUANTITATIVE  
 RELATION1 & IT ALTOGE!R MISSES ! PO9T :]E ! CLASSICAL CONCEPT  
 ( 0VALUE0 WAS 9DE$ VULN]ABLE4 ,M>X WAS FULLY CONSCI\S ( ! FACT  
 ?AT ALL CONCEPTS ( 0VALUE0 >E /RICTLY 0RELATIVE0 T]MS4 ,!Y EI!R  
 D5OTE AN IMM$IATE RELATION BETWE5 OBJECTS & MAN 7:I* IS REALIZ$ BY  
 ACTUAL 0USE0 OR CONSUMPTION71 OR A RELATION ( A DIFF]5T ORD] 7REALIZ$  
 BY ! 0EX*ANGE0 ( SU* OBJECTS71 VIZ41 ! QUANTITATIVE RELATION 9  
 :I* USE-VALUES ( ONE SORT >E EX*ANG$ = ?OSE ( ANO!R SORT  
 :5EV] !Y >E EX*ANG$4 ,! RELATIONS ( ! LATT] ORD] HAD BE5  
 REG>D$ BY ! CLASSICAL ECONOMI/S AS ! ONLY 0VALUE0 TO BE DEALT )  
 9 A /RICTLY ECONOMIC SCI5CE1 & HAD BE5 /YL$ BY !M 0VALUE 9  
 EX*ANGE10 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM M]E UTILITY OR 0VALUE 9 USE40 ,M>X  
 EASILY AGRE$ ) ! CLASSICAL WRIT]S :5 !Y E/ABLI%$ !  
 DIFF]5CE 9 K9D PREVAIL+ BETWE5 0EX*ANGE-VALUE0 AS A  
 QUANTITATIVE RELATION >IS+ ?R\< ! SELL+ & BUY+ (  
 COMMODITIES ON ! M>KET1 I4E41 BY A SOCIAL PROCESS2 &  
 0USE-VALUE0 AS A M]ELY QUALITATIVE RELATION BETWE5 EXT]NAL  
 OBJECTS & MAN4 ,BUT HE DID NOT AGREE ) !M 9 ! ULTIMATE  
 LOCATION ( ! SOCIAL RELATIONS MANIFE/+ !MSELVES 9 ! 0VALUE0  
 RELATIONS ( COMMODITIES AS E/ABLI%$ BY !IR EX*ANGE4 ,= ! PURPOSE  
 ( BR++ \T ! PO9T :I* REALLY 9T]E/$ HIM1 HE MADE USE ( !  
 AS YET VAGUE DI/9CTION1 MADE BY ! CLASSICI/S1 BETWE5  
 0EX*ANGE-VALUE0 AS ! APP>5T PH5OM5ON & 0VALUE0 AS ! HIDD5  
 5TITY UND]LY+ ITS APPE>ANCE4 ,BY AN APP>5TLY NOTIONAL DEVELOPM5T  
 79 ! BE/ ,HEGELIAN /YLE7 ( ! V>I\S CONNOTATIONS ( ! CLASSICAL  
 T]M ( 0VALUE10 HE 9 FACT DISCLOS$ ! REAL SOCIAL NATURE ( !  
 FUNDAM5TAL HUMAN RELATIONS UND]LY+ ! SO-CALL$ 0VALUE0 ( !  
 CLASSICI/S4 ,!Y DO NOT >ISE BETWE5 ! COMMODITIES AS EX*ANG$ ON !  
 M>KET NOR1 = ?AT MATT]1 BETWE5 ! P]SONS SELL+ & BUY+ SU*  
 COMMODITIES1 BUT RA!R !Y >E PREVI\SLY E/ABLI%$ BY ! DEF9ITE  
 =MS 9 :I* ! WORK]S PRODUC+ SU* COMMODITIES COOP]ATE 9 !IR  
 PRODUCTION UND] ! CONTROL ( ! CAPITALI/4 ,?US1 ! RELATION  
 MANIFE/$ BY ! 0VALUE0 ( ?+S IS ESS5TIALLY A 0SOCIAL RELATION  
 ( PRODUCTION0 >IS+ BETWE5 M5 & M54 ,9DE$1 AS WE %ALL  
 SEE 9 A MORE DETAIL$ WAY 9 ! SECOND P>T ( ?IS BOOK1 ! MA9  
 RESULT ( ,M>X'S 0,CRITIQUE0 ( ! TRADITIONAL !ORY ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY  
 CONSI/S 9 ! DISCOV]Y & DESCRIPTION ( !SE FUNDAM5TAL SOCIAL  
 RELATIONS ( M5 - RELATIONS :I*1 = A DEF9ITE HI/ORICAL EPO*1  
 APPE> TO ! SUBJECTS CONC]N$ 9 ! DISGUIS$ &1 AS IT W]E1  
 P]V]T$ =M ( RELATIONS ( ?+S1 VIZ41 AS 0VALUE-RELATIONS0 ( !  
 COMMODITIES COOP]ATIVELY PRODUC$ BY !M & MUTUALLY EX*ANG$ ON !  
 M>KET4 
  

0,VALUE0 !N1 9 ALL ITS D5OM9ATIONS1 LIKE O!R ECONOMIC ?+S OR  
 RELATIONS SU* AS 0COMMODITY10 0MONEY10 0LABOR-P[]10 0CAPITAL10 ETC41  
 MEANS TO ,M>X A SOCIO-HI/ORICAL FACT OR SOME?+ :I* ?\< NOT  
 DESCRIB$ 9 PHYSICAL T]MS IS /ILL EMPIRICALLY GIV5 9 A /RICTLY  
 V]IFIABLE MANN]4 0,WE MU/ ALWAYS KEEP 9 M9D 9 DEAL+ ) ECONOMIC  
 !ORY1 AS 9DE$ ) ALL O!R SOCIO-HI/ORICAL SCI5CE1 ?AT !  
 SUBJECT MATT]1 H]E MOD]N B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 IS GIV5 9 ! M9D ( !  
 OBS]V] JU/ AS IT IS 9 REALITY1 & ?AT ITS CATEGORIES EXPRESS1  
 !RE=E1 =MS ( BE+1 MODES ( EXI/5CE1 & (T5 ONLY S+LE  
 ASPECTS ( ?IS DEF9ITE SOCIETY OR SUBJECT MATT]40 
  

,WE %ALL LAT] /UDY ! F>-REA*+ !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL  
 IMPLICATIONS ( ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ?IS ,M>XIAN PR9CIPLE (  
 HI/ORICAL SPECIFICATION & ! AB/RACT CONCEPTS ( CLASSICAL ,POLITICAL  
 ,ECONOMY4 ,WE H]E CONF9E \RSELVES TO ONE MO/ IMPORTANT RESULT4 ,!  
 CONCEPT ( 0COMMODITY0 9 ! SPECIFIC =M & CONTEXT 9 :I* IT  
 APPE>S UND] ! CONDITIONS ( ! PRES5T SY/EM ( 0CAPITALI/IC  
 COMMODITY PRODUCTION10 9CLUDES FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ A COMMODITY ( A  
 PECULI> NATURE1 9CORPORAT+ ! FLE% & BLOOD 9 ! H&S & HEADS  
 WAGE-LABOR]S - ! COMMODITY LABOR-P[]4 0,!SE LABOR]S :O  
 HAVE TO SELL !MSELVES PIECEMEAL >E A COMMODITY LIKE EV]Y O!R >TICLE  
 ( COMM]CE1 & >E CONSEQU5TLY EXPOS$ TO ALL ! VICISSITUDES (  
 COMPETITION1 TO ALL ! FLUCTUATIONS ( ! M>KET40 ,FUR!RMORE1 !  
 SELL]S ( ?AT PECULI> COMMODITY1 UND] ! V]Y CONDITION ( ITS SALE1  
 >E NEV] 9 ! POSITION ( FREE AG5TS1 = !Y 0LIVE ONLY SO LONG AS  
 !Y F9D WORK1 & F9D WORK ONLY SO LONG AS !IR LABOR 9CREASES  
 CAPITAL40 
  

,?US ! T]M ( 0COMMODITY0 AS US$ BY ,M>X PRESUPPOSES !  
 TRANS=MATION ( LABOR P[] 9TO A COMMODITY1 & 0COMMODITY  
 PRODUCTION0 IS EQUIVAL5T TO PRES5T-DAY CAPITALI/IC COMMODITY  
 PRODUCTION4 ,ONLY BY BE>+ ?IS 9 M9D CAN WE UND]/& !  
 IMPORTANCE ( ?AT G5]AL ANALYSIS ( 0,COMMODITY0 :I* 9 ,M>X'S BOOK  
 PREC$ES ALL FUR!R ANALYSIS & CRITIQUE ( ! ECONOMIC CONDITIONS  
 PREVAIL+ 9 PRES5T SOCIETY4 ,IT IS ONLY ?US ?AT ! DI/9CTIVE  
 HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS ( ! PRES5T EPO* ( A FULLY DEVELOP$  
 CAPITALI/IC MODE ( PRODUCTION CAN BE BR\<T \T 9 FULL RELIEF )\T  
 CUTT+ !M (F FROM !IR MORE G5]AL1 BUT EQUALLY HI/ORICAL1  
 BACKGR\ND4 ,COMMODITY1 ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 MEANS  
 CAPITAL2 BUT CAPITAL1 BO? HI/ORICALLY & !ORETICALLY1 MEANS A  
 LOT MORE ?AN A M]E EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES4 ,M>X IS AW>E ( !  
 0DEF9ITE HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS0 :I* >E NECESS>Y ?AT A PRODUCT MAY  
 BECOME A 0COMMODITY0 & ?AT1 9 ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T1 0MONEY0 MAY  
 APPE> AS ! G5]AL COMMODITY1 = ! PURPOSE ( EX*ANGE4 0,!  
 APPE>ANCE ( PRODUCTS AS COMMODITIES PRESUPPOS$ SU* A  
 DEVELOPM5T ( ! SOCIAL DIVISION ( LABOR1 ?AT ! SEP>ATION (  
 USE-VALUE FROM EX*ANGE-VALUE1 A SEP>ATION :I* FIR/ BEGAN ) B>T]1  
 MU/ ALREADY HAVE BE5 COMPLET$40 ,AGA91 0! P>TICUL> FUNCTIONS (  
 MONEY :I* IT P]=MS1 EI!R AS ! M]E EQUIVAL5T (  
 COMMODITIES1 OR AS MEANS ( CIRCULATION1 OR MEANS ( PAYM5T1 AS HO>D1 OR  
 AS UNIV]SAL MONEY1 PO9T TO V]Y DIFF]5T /AGES 9 ! PROCESS (  
 SOCIAL PRODUCTION40 ,YET WE KN[ BY EXP]I5CE ?AT A RELATIVELY PRIMITIVE  
 DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY SUFFICES = ! PRODUCTION ( ALL !SE =MS4  
 ,IT IS O!RWISE ) CAPITAL4 0,! HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS ( ITS  
 EXI/5CE >E BY NO MEANS GIV5 ) ! M]E CIRCULATION ( MONEY &  
 COMMODITIES4 ,IT CAN SPR+ 9TO LIFE ONLY :5 ! [N] ( ! MEANS (  
 PRODUCTION & SUBSI/5CE MEETS 9 ! M>KET ) ! FREE LABOR]  
 SELL+ HIS LABOR-P[]4 ,& ?IS ONE HI/ORICAL CONDITION COMPRISES A  
 WORLD'S HI/ORY4 ,CAPITAL1 !RE=E1 ANN\NCES FROM ITS FIR/ APPE>ANCE A  
 NEW EPO* 9 ! PROCESS ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION40 
  

,ONLY AT ?IS /AGE >E WE ABLE TO GRASP ! FULL IMPORTANCE (  
 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL AS ! ONLY =M :I* ADEQUATELY REPRES5TS !  
 NATURE ( MOD]N CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION4 0,9DU/RIAL CAPITAL10 ACCORD+  
 TO AN EXPRESS ASS]TION ( ,M>X :I* WE MAY SAFELY TAKE TO BE HIS F9AL  
 & MO/ COMPLETE /ATEM5T ON ?IS MATT]1 0GIVES TO PRODUCTION ITS  
 CAPITALI/IC *>ACT]4 ,ITS EXI/5CE 9CLUDES ?AT ( CLASS ANTAGONISM  
 BETWE5 CAPITALI/S & LABOR]S4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT ASSUMES CONTROL  
 OV] SOCIAL PRODUCTION1 ! TE*NIQUE & SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ( !  
 LABOR PROCESS >E REVOLUTIONIZ$ & ) !M ! ECONOMIC &  
 HI/ORICAL TYPE ( SOCIETY4 ,! O!R K9DS ( CAPITAL1 :I* APPE>  
 BE=E ! 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL AMID PA/ OR DECL9+ CONDITIONS ( SOCIAL  
 PRODUCTION1 >E NOT ONLY SUBORD9AT$ TO IT & SUFF] *ANGES 9 !  
 ME*ANISM ( !IR FUNCTIONS CORRESPOND+ ) IT1 BUT MOVE ON IT AS A  
 BASIS2 !Y LIVE & DIE1 /& & FALL1 AS ?IS1 !IR BASIS1 LIVES &  
 DIES1 /&S & FALLS40 
,*APT] #c4 ,! ,PR9CIPLE ( ,HI/ORICAL ,SPECIFICATION 7CONT9U$7 

,! PR9CIPLE ( HI/ORICAL SPECIFICATION1 BESIDES ITS !ORETICAL  
 SIGNIFICANCE AS AN IMPROV$ ME?OD ( SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS & RESE>*1  
 BECOMES ( FIR/-RATE IMPORTANCE AS A POLEMICAL WEAPON 9 ! PRACTICAL  
 /RUGGLE WAG$ AGA9/ ! EXI/+ CONDITIONS ( SOCIETY4 ,! MANN] 9  
 :I* ?IS WEAPON IS WIELD$ BY ! ,M>XI/S APPE>S MO/ CLE>LY 9 A  
 SECTION ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O ( #a#h#d#h1 DEAL+ ) 0!  
 B\RGEOIS OBJECTIONS TO COMMUNISM40 ,ONE BASIC =M ( >GUM5T RECURS 9  
 ALL ! REPLIES TO ! B\RGEOIS 9DICTM5T ( COMMUNISM4 ,9 ANSW] TO !  
 ACCUSATION ?AT !Y WANT TO ABOLI% PROP]TY1 9DIVIDUALITY1 LIB]TY1  
 CULTURE1 LAW1 FAMILY1 0FA!RL&10 ETC41 ! COMMUNI/S SAY ?AT !  
 PO9T AT ISSUE IS NOT ! G5]AL CONDITIONS ( ALL SOCIAL LIFE BUT ONLY  
 ! SPECIFIC HI/ORICAL =M ASSUM$ BY !M 9 PRES5T-DAY B\RGEOIS  
 SOCIETY4 ,ALL ECONOMIC1 CLASS1 & O!R *>ACT]S CON/ITUT+ ?AT  
 SPECIFIC HI/ORICAL =M >E DISCUSS$1 ) ! RESULT ?AT ! W\LD-BE  
 DEF5D]S ( ! NATURAL & NECESS>Y F\NDATIONS ( SOCIETY >E REVEAL$  
 TO BE ! BIAS$ PROTAGONI/S ( ! P>TICUL> CONDITIONS ( !  
 EXI/+ B\RGEOIS ORD] & ! P>TICUL> NE$S ( ! B\RGEOIS  
 CLASS4 
  

,! FIR/ OBJECTION RAIS$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE IS ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/S  
 WANT TO ABOLI% PROP]TY4 ,TO ?IS1 ! ,MANIFE/O  
REPLIES3 

,! ABOLITION ( EXI/+ PROP]TY RELATIONS IS NOT A PECULI>  
 FEATURE ( ,COMMUNISM4 ,ALL PROP]TY RELATIONS 9 ! PA/ HAVE BE5  
 CONT9UALLY SUBJECT TO HI/ORICAL *ANGE4 
  
 ,! ,FR5* REVOLUTION1 = EXAMPLE1 ABOLI%$ FEUDAL PROP]TY 9 FAVOR  
 ( B\RGEOIS PROP]TY4 
 ,! DI/+UI%+  
 FEATURE ( ,COMMUNISM IS NOT ! ABOLITION ( ALL PROP]TY1 BUT !  
 ABOLITION ( B\RGEOIS PROP]TY4 
 ,BUT MOD]N  
 B\RGEOIS PRIVATE PROP]TY IS ! F9AL & MO/ COMPLETE EXPRESSION (  
 ! SY/EM ( PRODUC+ & APPROPRIAT+ PRODUCTS ?AT IS BAS$ ON  
 CLASS ANTAGONISMS1 ON ! EXPLOITATION ( ! MANY BY !  
 FEW4 

,9 ?IS S5SE1 ! !ORY ( !  
 ,COMMUNI/S MAY BE SUMM$ UP 9 ! S+LE S5T5CE3 ABOLITION ( PRIVATE  
 PROP]TY4 
  

,IT IS !N FUR!R >GU$ ?AT ?IS MOD]N =M ( PROP]TY CAN NO  
 LONG] BE DESCRIB$ AS A 0H>D-WON1 P]SONALLY ACQUIR$ PROP]TY0 =M+  
 0! GR\NDWORK ( ALL P]SONAL FRE$OM1 ACTIVITY & 9DEP5D5CE40 ,A  
 PROP]TY ANSW]+ ?AT IDEOLOGICAL CONCEPT ( ! !ORETICAL SPOKESM5  
 ( ! B\RGEOISIE WAS 0! PROP]TY ( ! PETTY >TISAN & ( ! SMALL  
 PEASANT10 A =M ( PROP]TY ?AT EXI/$ BE=E ! B\RGEOIS =M4 ,!  
 COMMUNI/S HAVE NO NE$ TO ABOLI% ?AT4 0,! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RY HAS  
 ABOLI%$ IT & IS ABOLI%+ IT DAILY40 0,! PRES5T =M ( PROP]TY  
 MOVES 9 ! ANTAGONISM ( CAPITAL TO WAGE-LABOR40 ,IT HAS A SPECIFIC &  
 DIFF]5T SIGNIFICANCE = EA* ( ! TWO GREAT CLASSES CONFRONT+ EA*  
 O!R 9 MOD]N B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 0,TO BE A CAPITALI/ IS TO HAVE NOT  
 ONLY A P]SONAL1 BUT A SOCIAL1 /ATUS 9 PRODUCTION40 ,9 ! SAME WAY1  
 WAGE-LABOR1 LABOR ( ! PROLET>IAN1 DOES NOT CREATE PROP]TY = !  
 LABOR]1 IT CREATES CAPITAL1 I4E41 ! SOCIAL P[] ?AT EXPLOITS  
 WAGE-LABOR4 0,! ABOLITION ( PROP]TY1 !RE=E1 DOES NOT MEAN !  
 TRANS=MATION ( P]SONAL PROP]TY 9TO SOCIAL PROP]TY2 IT IS ONLY !  
 SOCIAL *>ACT] ( ! PROP]TY ?AT UND]GOES A *ANGE1 IT LOSES ITS  
 CLASS *>ACT]40 
  

,! SECOND OBJECTION ( ! B\RGEOISIE IS ?AT ! COMMUNI/S WANT TO  
 DE/ROY 9DIVIDUALITY & FRE$OM4 ,COMMUNISM REPLIES ?AT  
 :AT IS AT /AKE H]E IS ONLY ! 0B\RGEOIS 9DIVIDUALITY1 9DEP5D5CE  
 & FRE$OM03 

,BY FRE$OM IS MEANT1 UND] ! PRES5T B\RGEOIS CONDITIONS (  
 PRODUCTION3 FREE TRADE1 FREE SELL+ & FREE BUY+4 ,BUT IF HAGGL+  
 DISAPPE>S1 FREE HAGGL+ DISAPPE>S ALSO4 ,?IS TALK AB\T FREE  
 HAGGL+1 & ALL O!R BRAGGADOCIO ( \R B\RGEOISIE AB\T FRE$OM 9  
 G5]AL1 HAS A MEAN+1 IF ANY1 ONLY 9 CONTRA/ ) RE/RICT$  
 HAGGL+1 ) ! FETT]$ TRAD]S ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 BUT HAS NO  
 MEAN+ :5 OPPOS$ TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ABOLITION ( HAGGL+1 ( !  
 B\RGEOIS CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION1 & ( ! B\RGEOISIE ITSELF4  
  
  

,! B\RGEOIS CALLS IT AN 0ABOLITION ( PROP]TY0 :5 PRIVATE PROP]TY  
 IS ABOLI%$4 ,BUT ?IS PROP]TY EXI/S 9 ! H&S ( HIS CLASS ONLY BY  
 BE+ CUT (F FROM ! VA/ MAJORITY ( SOCIETY4 ,FROM ! MOM5T :5  
 LABOR CAN NO MORE BE TRANS=M$ 9TO CAPITAL1 MONEY1 R5T1 9 ONE WORD1  
 9TO A SOCIAL P[]1 CAPABLE ( BE+ MONOPOLIZ$1 HE COMPLA9S ?AT  
 09DIVIDUALITY IS BE+ DE/ROY$40 ,HE CONFESSES1 !RE=E1 ?AT BY  
 09DIVIDUALITY0 HE MEANS NONE O!R ?AN ?AT ( ! B\RGEOIS1 I4E41 !  
 CAPITALI/IC [N] ( PROP]TY4 0,?IS 9DIVIDUALITY MU/1 9DE$1 BE  
 DE/ROY$40 
  

,9 ! SAME WAY1 ! B\RGEOISIE CONFUSES ! G5]AL CONCEPT (  
 WORK1 & ACTIVITY1 ) ! SPECIFIC B\RGEOIS =M (  
 WAGE-LABOR1 ! =C$ LABOR ( ! PROP]TYLESS LABOR] = !  
 B5EFIT ( ! NON-LABOR+ [N]S ( CAPITAL4 ,IF ! B\RGEOISIE IS  
 AFRAID LE/ 0) ! ABOLITION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY ALL ACTIVITY WILL  
 CEASE & UNIV]SAL LAZ9ESS OV]TAKE US10 ! ,MANIFE/O  
 REJO9S3 

,ACCORD+ TO ?IS1 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY \<T LONG AGO TO HAVE BE5  
 WRECK$ ?R\< %E] IDL5ESS2 = ?OSE ( ITS MEMB]S :O WORK  
 ACQUIRE NO?+1 & ?OSE :O ACQUIRE ANY?+ DO NOT WORK4 ,! :OLE  
 ( ?IS OBJECTION IS BUT ANO!R EXPRESSION ( ! TAUTOLOGY3 ,!RE CAN  
 NO LONG] BE ANY WAGE-LABOR :]E !RE IS NO LONG] ANY  
 CAPITAL4 
  

,NEXT1 ! B\RGEOISIE LAM5TS ! ?REAT5$ LOSS ( CULTURE  
 ?R\< ! ADV5T ( ,COMMUNISM4 ,TO ?IS COMPLA9T ALSO1 ,M>X HAS A  
 SPECIFIC REPLY3 

,JU/ AS TO ! B\RGEOIS ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( CLASS PROP]TY IS !  
 DISAPPE>ANCE ( PRODUCTION ITSELF1 SO ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( CLASS  
 CULTURE IS TO HIM ID5TICAL ) ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ALL  
 CULTURE4 
 ,?AT CULTURE ! LOSS ( :I* HE  
 LAM5TS IS1 = ! 5ORM\S MAJORITY1 A M]E TRA9+ TO ACT AS A  
 MA*9E4 
  

,! SAME LACK ( DISC]NM5T AS 9 ! CASE ( 9DIVIDUALITY1 FRE$OM1  
 & CULTURE1 IS %[N 9 ! SWEEP+ 9DICTM5T BR\<T AGA9/ COMMUNISM  
 ON ACC\NT ( ITS PR(ESS$ HO/ILITY TO ! ,/ATE & !  
 LAW4 ,! SO-CALL$ 0SUBV]SIVE T5D5CIES0 ( ! COMMUNI/S >E1  
 9 FACT1 NOT DIRECT$ AGA9/ ?OSE G5]AL FUNCTIONS ( UNIFY+ !  
 ELEM5TS ( SOCIETY 9TO A LIV+ & DEVELOP+ :OLE1 :I*1 9 !  
 PA/1 HAVE BE5 FULFILL$1 ?\< 9 AN 9CREAS+LY DEFECTIVE MANN]1 BY  
 ,/ATE COMPULSION & CO]CIVE LAW4 ,! REAL T>GET ( ! COMMUNI/IC  
 ATTACK IS ! PRES5T ,/ATE :I* HAS DROPP$ ?OSE HI/ORICAL  
 FUNCTIONS ONE AFT] ANO!R UNTIL IT HAS BECOME A M]E 0EXECUTIVE  
 COMMITTEE MANAG+ ! COMMON AFFAIRS ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS AS A :OLE0 -  
 & ! PRES5T LAW :I*1 BY A SIMIL> PROCESS1 HAS BECOME NO?+  
 BUT 0! WILL ( ! B\RGEOISIE MADE 9TO A LAW = ALL0 - A WILL :OSE  
 CONT5TS >E DET]M9$ BY ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE ( !  
 B\RGEOIS CLASS40  
  

,ABOLITION ( ! FAMILY6 0,EV5 ! MO/ RADICAL10 SAYS !  
 ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 0FL>E UP AT ?IS 9FAM\S PURPOSE ( !  
 ,COMMUNI/S40 ,ONCE MORE ! ,M>XI/ REPLIES SPECIFICALLY3 

,ON :AT F\NDATION IS ! PRES5T FAMILY1 ! B\RGEOIS FAMILY1  
 BAS$8 ,ON CAPITAL1 ON PRIVATE GA94 ,9 ITS COMPLETELY DEVELOP$ =M IT  
 EXI/S ONLY = ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,BUT IT F9DS ITS COMPLEM5T 9 !  
 =CIBLE ABS5CE ( ! FAMILY AMONG ! PROLET>IANS & 9 PUBLIC  
 PRO/ITUTION4 
  

,! COMMUNI/S ADMIT ?AT !Y WANT TO 0ABOLI% ! EXPLOITATION (  
 *ILDR5 BY !IR P>5TS40 
  

,!Y RETORT TO ?AT EV]-RECURR+1 /UPID ASSUMPTION ( !  
 PR(ESSIONAL R$-BAIT] ?AT 0,COMMUNI/S WANT TO 9TRODUCE A COMMUNITY (  
 WIVES10 ?AT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 0! PRES5T SY/EM ( B\RGEOIS M>RIAGE  
 IS 9 REALITY A SY/EM ( WIVES 9 COMMON40 ,BESIDES1 IT IS OBVI\S ?AT  
 0! ABOLITION ( ! PRES5T SY/EM ( PRODUCTION MU/ 9VOLVE !  
 ABOLITION ( ! COMMUNITY ( WOM5 >IS+ \T ( ?AT SY/EM1 ?AT IS1  
 ( PRO/ITUTION BO? (FICIAL & UN(FICIAL40 
  

,TO ! FUR!R *>GE MADE BY NATIONALI/S ?AT COMMUNISM IS GO+ TO  
 0ABOLI% ! ,FA!RL&10 ! ,MANIFE/O REPLIES ?AT1 9  
 PRES5T-DAY B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 0! WORK]S HAVE NO ,FA!RL&40 0,ONE  
 CANNOT TAKE FROM !M :AT !Y DO NOT HAVE40 
  

,! ATTITUDE ( ! PROLET>IAT ( EA* C\NTRY REG>D+ SO-CALL$  
 0NATIONAL 9T]E/S0 DEP5DS ON ! SPECIFIC /AGE REA*$ BY ! WORK]S'  
 MOVEM5T 9 ITS HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ON A NATIONAL & AN 9T]NATIONAL  
 SCALE3 

,TO ! EXT5T ?AT EXPLOITATION ( ONE 9DIVIDUAL BY ANO!R IS  
 ABOLI%$ ! EXPLOITATION ( ONE NATION BY ANO!R IS ALSO  
 ABOLI%$4 
 ,) ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( !  
 ANTAGONISM BETWE5 CLASSES )9 ! NATION1 ! HO/ILITY ( ONE  
 NATION TO ANO!R WILL DISAPPE>4 
  

,9 REPLY TO 0! 9DICTM5T LEVEL$ AGA9/ ,COMMUNISM FROM A  
 RELIGI\S1 PHILOSOPHICAL & FROM AN IDEOLOGICAL /&PO9T G5]ALLY10  
 ! ,MANIFE/O SUMM>ILY PO9TS TO ! SPECIFIC HI/ORICAL *>ACT]  
 ( ALL HUMAN IDEAS3 

,:AT ELSE DOES ! HI/ORY ( IDEAS PROVE ?AN ?AT 9TELLECTUAL  
 PRODUCTION *ANGES ITS *>ACT] AS MAT]IAL PRODUCTION IS *ANG$8 ,!  
 RUL+ IDEAS ( AN AGE HAVE EV] BE5 ONLY ! IDEAS ( ! RUL+  
 CLASS4 
 ,:5 ! ANCI5T WORLD WAS 9  
 DECL9E1 ! ANCI5T RELIGIONS W]E CONQU]$ BY ,*RI/IANITY4 ,:5  
 ,*RI/IAN IDEAS SUCCUMB$ 9 ! #a#h? C5TURY TO ! IDEAS (  
 5LI<T5M5T1 FEUDAL SOCIETY F\<T ITS DEA? BATTLE ) ! !N  
 REVOLUTION>Y B\RGEOISIE4 ,! IDEAS ( RELIGI\S LIB]TY & FRE$OM (  
 CONSCI5CE M]ELY EXPRESS$ ! SWAY ( FREE COMPETITION )9 !  
 DOMA9 ( KN[L$GE4 
  

,?IS >GUM5T HOLDS GOOD ALSO AGA9/ ?AT MORE 5LI<T5$ FRACTION (  
 ! B\RGEOISIE :O CONC$E ?AT RELIGI\S1 MORAL1 PHILOSOPHICAL1  
 POLITICAL1 LEGAL IDEAS1 ETC41 HAVE BE5 MODIFI$ 9 ! C\RSE (  
 HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T BUT1 AT ! SAME TIME1 REPROA* ,COMMUNISM =  
 ABOLI%+ ! ET]NAL TRU?S COMMON TO ALL HI/ORICAL EPO*S1 SU*  
 AS FRE$OM1 JU/ICE1 ETC42 OR = ABOLI%+ RELIGION & MORALITY  
 ALTOGE!R1 9/EAD ( REMOLD+ !M ON A NEW BASIS4 ,M>X REPLIES  
 ?AT1 EV5 9 ?IS MO/ ABSOLUTE =M1 ! SO-CALL$ 0G5]AL IDEAS0 MU/  
 ALWAYS HAVE A SPECIFIC HI/ORICAL ELEM5T4 ,:ILE !Y DO NOT DEP5D ON !  
 DEF9ITE =M :I* CLASS OPPOSITIONS HAVE ASSUM$ 9 ANY P>TICUL> EPO*  
 ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 !Y DO DEP5D ON ! HI/ORICAL FACT1 CONT9U+  
 ?R\< ALL ?OSE EPO*S1 ( ! EXI/5CE ( CLASS ANTAGONISM3 

,:ATEV] =M !Y MAY HAVE TAK51 ONE FACT IS COMMON TO ALL PA/  
 AGES1 VIZ41 ! EXPLOITATION ( ONE P>T ( SOCIETY BY ! O!R4 ,NO  
 WOND]1 !N1 ?AT ! SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS ( ALL PA/ AGES1 DESPITE  
 ! MULTIPLICITY & V>IETY IT DISPLAYS1 MOVES )9 C]TA9 COMMON  
 =MS1 OR G5]AL IDEAS1 :I* CANNOT COMPLETELY VANI%1 EXCEPT ) !  
 TOTAL DISAPPE>ANCE ( CLASS ANTAGONISM4 
 ,!  
 COMMUNI/IC REVOLUTION IS ! MO/ RADICAL RUPTURE ) TRADITIONAL  
 PROP]TY RELATIONS4 ,NO WOND]1 !N1 ?AT ITS DEVELOPM5T 9VOLVES !  
 MO/ RADICAL RUPTURE ) TRADITIONAL IDEAS4  
,*APT] #d4 ,! ,PR9CIPLE ( ,*ANGE 

,TRADITIONAL !ORY ( SOCIETY1 SPREAD OV] SEV]AL HUNDR$ YE>S  
 & SPLIT 9TO MANY S*OOLS & CURR5TS1 DOES NOT PRES5T ITSELF TO !  
 PRES5T-DAY OBS]V] AS A HOMOG5E\S 5TITY4 ,?IS IS TRUE EV5 IF WE  
 DISREG>D ! FUNDAM5TAL DIV]G5CE :I* HAS OCCURR$ )9 B\RGEOIS  
 ?\<T S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 :5 A NEW &  
 PR$OM9ANTLY HI/ORICAL CURR5T OPPOS$ ITSELF - AT FIR/ ) A  
 MONOPOLI/IC CLAIM1 LAT] ONLY AS A SUPPLEM5T>Y SECOND =M - TO !  
 HI!RTO PREVAIL+ !ORETICAL APPROA*4 
  

,! CLASSICAL PHASE ( B\RGEOIS SOCIAL !ORY1 CONT9U+ 9TO !  
 FIR/ DECADES ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 IS *>ACT]IZ$ BY AN UNCONSCI\S  
 G5]ALIZATION ( ! NEW B\RGEOIS PR9CIPLES4 ,LAT]1 9 ! H&S ( !  
 0VULG>0 ECONOMI/S ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 ?AT UNSOPHI/ICAT$ ATTITUDE  
 BECAME A MORE OR LESS CONSCI\S T5D5CY TO REPRES5T ! ECONOMIC  
 SY/EM ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY 9 CONTRA/ TO ITS POLITICS - OR AT LEA/ ITS  
 BASIC P>T1 I4E41 PRODUCTION AS DI/+UI%$ FROM DI/RIBUTION -  
 AS A G5]AL & UN*ANGEABLE =M ( ALL SOCIAL LIFE4 ,F9ALLY1 !  
 F\ND]S ( MOD]N 0,ECONOMICS10 & ! CORRESPOND+ S*OOLS ( 0G5]AL0  
 OR 0=MAL0 ,SOCIOLOGY1 HAVE EV5 RAIS$ ! 0UNSPECIFIC0 TREATM5T (  
 !IR SUBJECT MATT] TO ! V]Y PR9CIPLE & CRIT]ION ( !IR NEW &  
 ASSUM$LY 0DIS9T]E/$0 SCI5TISM4 ,A MORE DETAIL$ ANALYSIS WILL BE  
 NECESS>Y TO PO9T \T ! SPECIAL MANN] 9 :I* ! A PRIORI (  
 DEF9ITE PREMISES EVOLV+ \T ( ! HI/ORICAL & CLASS-CONDITION$  
 POSITION ( ALL B\RGEOIS SCI5CE1 P5ETRATES 9TO ! ME?ODS & RESULTS  
 ( EA* S*OOL & 9TO ! CONCEPTS & PROPOSITIONS SET UP BY ! S+LE  
 9VE/IGATOR4  
  

,A FUR!R COMPLICATION IS ADD$ BY ! FACT ?AT1 9 DEAL+ )  
 CONTEMPOR>Y B\RGEOIS SOCIAL !ORY1 WE CAN (T5 NO LONG] EXACTLY  
 DET]M9E H[ F> IT REPRES5TS A REACTION TO ! ATTACK ( !  
 PROLET>IAN CLASS4 ,NOT A FEW AMONG ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( ITS LAT]  
 DEVELOPM5TS CAN BE DIRECTLY TRAC$ TO ! ,M>XIAN !ORY4 ,WE M5TION  
 P>TICUL>LY1 FROM ! LA/ TWO G5]ATIONS ( ,G]MAN SOCIOLOGI/S1  
 JURI/S1 HI/ORIANS1 & PHILOSOPH]S1 ,TO5NIES &  
 ,/AMML]1 ,MAX ,WEB] & ,TROELTS*1 ,S*EL] &  
 ,MANNHEIM2 & AMONG ! ECONOMI/S1 AS NOT ! MO/ IMPORTANT BUT1  
 P]HAPS1 ! MO/ TYPICAL REPRES5TATIVE ( ?IS :OLE GR\P - ,W]N]  
 ,SOMB>T4 ,! MANIFOLD BROK5 & DI/ORT$ =MS ASSUM$ BY !  
 CONTROV]SY ) ,M>XISM UND] ! P>TICUL> CONDITIONS ( ,G]MAN  
 ACADEMIC SCI5CE1 APPE> MO/ /RIK+LY 9 ! LA/-NAM$ SAVANT1 :OSE  
 MANY & EXT5SIVE WRIT+S ON MOD]N CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM TE/IFY BY  
 !IR CONT5TS1 EV5 MORE CLE>LY ?AN BY ! APP>5T ACKN[L$GM5T (  
 ! AU?OR1 TO ! FACT ?AT 0ALL ?AT IS GOOD 9 ?IS WORK IS DUE TO !  
 SPIRIT ( ,M>X40 
  

,W]N] ,SOMB>T BEGAN HIS C>E] 9 ! E>LY #i'S AS :AT HE HIMSELF  
 REC5TLY1 AT A CONF]5CE ( ! ,SOCIOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY 9 ,ZURI*1 CALL$ A  
 0CONV9C$ ,M>XI/20 BUT LAT]1 ) ! *ANG+ POLITICAL & SOCIAL  
 CONDITIONS LEAD+ UP TO ! PRES5T REGIME ( A SO-CALL$ 0,NATIONAL  
 ,SOCIALISM0 9 ,G]MANY1 HE *ANG$ HE>T & FROM A DISGUIS$ ,M>XI/  
 BECAME AN ALTOGE!R UNDISGUIS$ & \TRI<T ANTI-,M>XI/4  
 ,NOT)/&+ ALL !SE SUBSEQU5T DISFIGURATIONS1 ! IRRESI/IBLE  
 9FLU5CE ORIG9ALLY EX]CIS$ BY ,M>X'S !ORY ON ALL PRES5T-DAY  
 B\RGEOIS SOCIAL SCI5CE IS CLE>LY EVID5T EV5 9 ! LAT] C>E] (  
 ,SOMB>T4 ,AS LATE AS #a#i#b#h1 AT ! A=EM5TION$ ,CONF]5CE ( !  
 ,SOCIOLOGI/S1 HE CLAIM$ TO HAVE BE5 ! FIR/ TO 5UNCIATE ! PR9CIPLE  
 ( ! SO-CALL$ 0NON-EVALUATIVE *>ACT] ( A G5U9E SOCIOLOGICAL  
 SCI5CE0 &1 9CID5TALLY1 TRAC$ BACK ?AT WELL-KN[N DOCTR9E (  
 CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL RESE>* TO ! 0CONTRADICTION0 :I* =TY YE>S  
 BE=E HAD >IS5 )9 HIMSELF1 ?AT IS1 BETWE5 HIS 9T]NAL  
 0CONVICTION0 & HIS WORLDLY POSITION AS A 0,ROYAL ,PRUSSIAN ,UNIV]SITY  
 ,PR(ESSOR40 
  

,= ALL !SE REASONS1 9 CONFRONT+ ! G5]AL PR9CIPLES ( !  
 ,M>XIAN !ORY ) B\RGEOIS SCI5CE WE %ALL NOT SO MU* REF] TO !  
 MORE REC5T DISPLAYS ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL ?\<T 9 :I* !IR  
 P]SI/+ DIFF]5CE HAS ALREADY BE5 MODIFI$ TO A C]TA9 EXT5T BY  
 MUTUAL 9T]ACTION4 ,WE %ALL RA!R TRY TO BR+ \T ! CONTRA/ 9 !  
 PURE =M 9 :I* IT ORIG9ALLY APPE>$ 9 ! CLASSICAL &  
 PO/-CLASSICAL B\RGEOIS WRIT]S ( ! #a#h? & E>LY #a#i? C5TURIES ON  
 ! ONE H&1 & 9 ! WRIT+S ( ,M>X & ,5GELS ON ! O!R4 
  

,CLASSICAL B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/S CONC]N !MSELVES ) EXI/+  
 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,!Y +5U\SLY REG>D SOCIETY'S BASIC RELATION%IPS  
 AS HAV+ ! IMMUTABLE *>ACT] ( A G5U9E NATURAL LAW1 & >E =  
 JU/ ?IS REASON UNABLE TO BECOME AW>E ( ANY O!R ?AN ?IS ACTUALLY  
 GIV5 =M ( SOCIETY4  
  

,EV5 :5 B\RGEOIS SOCIAL !ORI/S APPE> TO SPEAK ( O!R SOCIAL  
 =MS1 !IR REAL SUBJECT MATT] IS ! P>TICUL> =M ( B\RGEOIS  
 SOCIETY :OSE MA9 *>ACT]I/ICS !Y F9D DUPLICAT$ 9 ALL O!R  
 =MS4 ,:5 !Y SPEAK ( 0SOCIETY0 9 G5]AL1 WE CAN /ILL1 ) ONLY  
 SLI<T V>IATIONS1 RECOGNIZE 9 ?AT SO-CALL$ G5]AL SOCIETY !  
 WELL-KN[N FEATURES ( PRES5T-DAY B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,?IS IS MO/ EVID5T  
 9 ! WRIT+S ( ! GREAT F\ND]S ( B\RGEOIS SOCIAL SCI5CE 9 !  
 #a#g? & #a#h? C5TURIES & !IR FOLL[]S1 ! ,G]MAN IDEALI/IC  
 PHILOSOPH]S FROM ,KANT TO ,HEGEL1 :O NAIVELY US$ NOT ONLY ! T]M 0SOCIETY10 BUT  
 EV5 ! T]M 0CIVIL SOCIETY0 AS A TIMELESS CONCEPT4 
  

,EV5 :5 B\RGEOIS 9VE/IGATORS SPEAK ( AN HI/ORICAL 0DEVELOPM5T0  
 ( SOCIETY1 !Y DO NOT /EP BEYOND ! MAGIC CIRCLE ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4  
 ,!Y CONSID] ALL ! E>LI] =MS AS 0PRELIM9>Y /AGES0 LEAD+ UP TO  
 ITS PRES5T FULLY DEVELOP$ =M4 ,!Y CON/ANTLY APPLY TO ! PREC$+  
 HI/ORICAL EPO*S ! CONCEPTS DRAWN FROM ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS EXI/+  
 TODAY4 ,RI<T 9TO ! #a#i? C5TURY !Y DESCRIB$ ?OSE PHASES (  
 PRIMITIVE HI/ORY :I* CAN BY NO MEANS BE REPRES5T$ BY ! CATEGORIES  
 ( MOD]N B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 SU* AS PROP]TY1 ,/ATE1 FAMILY1 ETC41 AS NOT  
 BELONG+ TO HI/ORY PROP]1 BUT M]ELY 0PREHI/ORIC40 ,EV5 ,JOHANN  
 ,GOTTFRI$ ,H]D]1 :O /OOD 9 A MU* CLOS] RELATION TO REAL HI/ORY ?AN  
 MO/ ( HIS CONTEMPOR>IES1 WROTE 9 HIS 0,DI>Y03 0,H[ MANY AGES MAY HAVE  
 PASS$ BY BE=E WE LE>N$ TO KN[ OR ?9K8 ,! ,PHO5ICIAN8 ,!  
 ,E?IOPIAN8 ,OR NONE ( !SE8 ,>E WE !N1 ) \R ,MOSES1 9 ! RI<T  
 PLACE80 
  

,JU/ AS 9 !IR /UDY ( PA/ CONDITIONS1 SO 9 !IR CONCEPTION (  
 ! FUTURE1 B\RGEOIS SOCIAL !ORI/S REMA9 TI$ TO ! B\RGEOIS  
 CATEGORIES4 ,!Y SIMPLY CANNOT CONCEIVE ( ANY *ANGES O!R ?AN ?OSE  
 SET =? 9 DUE SEQU5CE BY A FUR!R UNFOLD+ ( ! FUNDAM5TAL  
 PR9CIPLES APPE>+ 9 PRES5T-DAY B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,!Y REG>D ALL  
 SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS AS PA?OLOGICAL 9T]F]5CES ) 0NORMAL0 SOCIAL  
 DEVELOPM5T4 ,!Y EXPECT1 AFT] ! REVOLUTION>Y 0CYCLE0 HAS RUN ITS FULL  
 C\RSE1 PRE-REVOLUTION>Y SOCIAL CONDITIONS TO BE REE/ABLI%$ AS  
 UN*ANG$1 AS1 ACCORD+ TO A SIMIL> !ORY HELD BY ! POLITICIANS1 !  
 POLITICAL CONDITIONS ( ! ANCI5T REGIME >E REE/ABLI%$ 9  
 DUE C\RSE BY ! 0,RE/ORATION40 ,!Y HOLD ALL T5D5CIES ( REVOLUTION>Y  
 SOCIALISM & COMMUNISM :I* AIM AT ANY?+ BEYOND1 AS M]E  
 0DI/URBANCES ( HEAL?Y SOCIAL PROGRESS0 & !ORETICALLY 0UNSCI5TIFIC0  
 FANTASIES4 
  

,M>X'S SOCIAL SCI5CE IS OPPOS$ TO ALL ?OSE TRADITIONAL CONCEPTS (  
 CLASSICAL B\RGEOIS !ORY4 ,! CONTRA/ IS1 H[EV]1 NOT SO SIMPLE ?AT  
 IT CAN BE R$UC$ TO ! BIBLICAL =MULA 0,LET Y\R SPEE* BE YEA1 YEA -  
 NAY1 NAY40 ,IT W\LD BE ALTOGE!R WRONG1 = 9/ANCE1 TO IMAG9E ?AT  
 S9CE ! B\RGEOIS !ORY IS ! DOCTR9E ( A 0B\RGEOIS SOCIETY10  
 ,M>X'S SOCIALI/ !ORY MU/ ( NECESSITY BE ! DOCTR9E ( A 0SOCIALI/  
 SOCIETY40 ,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM IS NOT AT ALL  
 CONC]N$ ) ! PA9T+ ( A FUTURE /ATE ( SOCIETY4 ,M>X LEAVES ?AT  
 TO ! SECT>IANS ( ! OLD & NEW ,UTOPIAS4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIS  
 MAT]IALI/IC PR9CIPLE1 HE DEALS ) ! REAL =M ( SOCIETY :I*  
 EXI/S TODAY1 I4E41 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,AS AGA9/ ! B\RGEOIS  
 0!ORI/S0 :O CONT9UALLY T5D TO G5]ALIZE 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R !  
 FACTS !Y 0DISCOV]10 HE MORE NE>LY APPROA*ES ! ME?OD ( !  
 B\RGEOIS 0HI/ORIANS10 FROM :I*1 H[EV]1 HE KEEPS HIMSELF ALL ! MORE  
 ALO( 9 ANO!R DIRECTION ?R\< HIS 9SI/5CE ON A /RICTLY  
 !ORETICAL =M ( SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE4 
  

,NOR IS ! B\RGEOIS CONCEPT ( DEVELOPM5TAL /AGES :OLLY REPUDIAT$  
 BY ,M>X4 ,HE DI/+UI%ES ! HI/ORICAL =MS ( 0,ASIATIC10 0,ANTIQUE0 &  
 0,FEUDAL ,SOCIETY10 & GR\PS !M1 TOGE!R ) MOD]N 0,B\RGEOIS  
 ,SOCIETY10 9TO A S]IES ( 0PROGRESSIVE EPO*S ( SOCIO-ECONOMIC  
 =MATION40 ,AL?\< HE NO LONG] REG>DS1 AS ! B\RGEOIS !ORI/S  
 HAD DONE1 ALL PREVI\S =MS ( SOCIETY AS M]E PRELIM9>Y /EPS TO ITS  
 PRES5T & F9AL =MATION1 /ILL HE 9DULGES 9 ! /ATEM5T ?AT  
 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY IS ! LA/ 0ANTAGONI/IC0 =M ( SOCIETY & AS SU*  
 0CONCLUDES ! PREHI/ORY ( A REALLY HUMAN SOCIETY40 ,:ILE HE OBJECTS TO  
 AN >BITR>Y EXT5SION ( CONCEPTS D]IV$ FROM ! PRES5T B\RGEOIS  
 /ATE ( SOCIETY1 HE SETS =? ! PR9CIPLE ?AT B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 AS  
 ! 0MO/ DEVELOP$ & MO/ COMPLEX HI/ORICAL ORGANIZATION (  
 PRODUCTION10 FURNI%ES A KEY TO ! UND]/&+ ( E>LI] EPO*S (  
 SOCIAL & ECONOMIC =MATION4 ,HE EV5 5DORS$1 9 HIS E>LY YE>S1 !  
 0CORRECT IDEA0 UND]LY+ ?AT 0COMMON FICTION ( ! #a#h? C5TURY :I*  
 REG>D$ ! PRIMITIVE /ATE ( MAN AS ! TRUE /ATE ( HUMAN NATURE40 ,AS  
 WE %ALL SEE 9 \R FUR!R 9VE/IGATION1 ,M>X & ,5GELS ADOPT$ A  
 SIMIL> ATTITUDE 9 !IR DEAL+ ) ! FRE% IMPETUS :I* ?AT  
 ,R\SSEAUAN SLOGAN ( ! #a#h? C5TURY HAD 9 ! MEANTIME RECEIV$ ?R\<  
 ! DISCOV]Y ( A SO-CALL$ 0PRIMITIVE COMMUNISM40 ,FROM !IR SOCIALI/IC  
 PO9T ( VIEW1 !Y WELCOM$ ! ASSUMPTION1 SUPPORT$ BY ! LEAD+  
 9VE/IGATORS ( ! TIME1 ( A CLASSLESS1 COMMUNI/IC =M PREC$+ ALL  
 HI!RTO KN[N SOCIETY4 ,!Y DID NOT1 H[EV]1 BL9DLY ACCEPT !  
 SPECULATIVE IMPLICATIONS ( ! NEW !ORY1 BUT RA!R US$ ! HI/ORICAL  
 FACTS BR\<T =? BY ,MORGAN & O!R EXPLOR]S ( ANCI5T SOCIETY AS A  
 FUR!R CRITICAL *ALL5GE TO ! 0ET]NAL TRU?S0 ( ! MORE FUNDAM5TAL  
 ASPECTS ( ! EXI/+ CLASS-DOM9AT$ SOCIETY4 
  

,!RE IS1 ( C\RSE1 A MU* GREAT] DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! ,M>XIAN &  
 ! TRADITIONAL B\RGEOIS APPROA* TO ! FUTURE DEVELOPM5TS >IS+ FROM  
 ! PRES5T /ATE ( SOCIETY4 ,:ILE EV5 ! MO/ PROGRESSIVE B\RGEOIS  
 ?9K]S ( ! #a#i? C5TURY SET !IR HOPES ON ! SL[ & GRADUAL  
 PROCESS ( A SO-CALL$ 0EVOLUTION10 ,M>X 9SI/$ ON ! 9EVITABILITY1 9  
 A SOCIETY BAS$ ON CLASS /RUGGLE1 ( A SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,YET 9 A  
 BROAD] S5SE ! EVOLUTION>Y CONCEPT IS NOT COMPLETELY WIP$ \T 9 !  
 ,M>XIAN !ORY4 ,EV5 ! MO/ VIOL5T & DISRUPTIVE REVOLUTION REMA9S1  
 ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 A M]E /EP )9 AN HI/ORICAL PROCESS ?R\< :I*  
 ! PRODUCTIVE =CES ( MAN1 & ?US ALSO ! :OLE ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL1  
 & IDEOLOGIC /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY1 0EVOLVE0 9 A SOLEMN & GIGANTIC  
 RHY?M FROM REVOLUTION TO REVOLUTION4 ,JU/ AS !RE IS - 9 SPITE ( ALL  
 ! 9T]V5+ REVOLUTIONS1 &1 9 FACT1 REALIZ$ BY ?OSE REVOLUTIONS -  
 ONE PROGRESSIVE L9E ( DEVELOPM5T LEAD+ UP FROM ! HI/ORIC &  
 0PREHI/ORIC0 PA/ TO ! CONTEMPOR>Y =M ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 SO WILL  
 ! SOCIALI/ & COMMUNI/ SOCIETY SPR++ FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y  
 ACTION ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS1 9 SPITE ( ITS BREAK ) !  
 E/ABLI%$ B\RGEOIS ORD]1 /ILL REMA9 A FUR!R \TGR[? ( ! :OLE  
 PA/ & PRES5T HI/ORY ( AN ID5TICAL 0SUBJECT0 7MANK9D7 ACT+ UPON  
 & ADAPT+ ITSELF TO AN ID5TICAL 0OBJECT0 7NATURE74 
  

,AP>T FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y CONT5TS ( ! ,M>XIAN CONCEPT (  
 DEVELOPM5T1 !RE IS ANO!R FUNDAM5TAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 !  
 MAT]IALI/IC !ORY ( ! HI/ORICAL PROCESS & ?AT METAPHYSICAL  
 CONCEPT ( 0EVOLUTION0 :I* WAS LAT]1 *IEFLY UND] ! 9FLU5CE (  
 ,SP5C]1 BL9DLY ACCEPT$ BY SU* OR?ODOX ,M>XI/S AS ,KAUTSKY & AS  
 BL9DLY REJECT$ BY SU* HET]ODOX ,M>XI/S AS ,GEORGES ,SOREL1 AS A  
 PR9CIPLE ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIOLOGY4 ,M>X RECOGNIZ$ FROM ! \TSET !  
 DELUSIVE *>ACT] ( ?AT SO-CALL$ 0HI/ORICAL EVOLUTION10 ACCORD+ TO  
 :I* 0! LA/ /AGE REG>DS ! PREC$+ /AGES AS ONLY PRELIM9>Y TO  
 ITSELF &1 !RE=E1 CAN ONLY LOOK AT !M ONE-SID$LY4 ,:ILE 0OR?ODOX  
 EVOLUTIONI/S0 IMAG9$1 ) ,SP5C]1 ?AT !Y C\LD EXPLA9 ! MORE  
 COMPLEX ORGANIZATION ( ! HI<] TYPES BO? ( ANIMAL SPECIES & SOCIAL  
 =MS BY REF]5CE TO ! SIMPL] ORGANIZATION ( ! L[]1 ,M>X  
 %ATT]$ ?AT ILLUSION BY ! P>ADOXICAL /ATEM5T ?AT 0! ANATOMY  
 ( MAN IS A KEY TO ! ANATOMY ( ! APE40 
  

,?IS CRITICAL CONSCI\SNESS BREAKS ! MAGIC SPELL ( ! METAPHYSICAL  
 0LAW0 ( EVOLUTION4 ,FROM AN A PRIORI VALID AXIOM1 IT IS R$UC$ TO  
 A WORK+ HYPO!SIS :I* MU/ BE EMPIRICALLY V]IFI$ 9 EA* CASE4 ,EV5  
 ?\< B\RGEOIS SOCIETY DOES PROVIDE A 0KEY0 TO E>LI] EPO*S1 IT DOES  
 NOT FOLL[ ?AT SU* CATEGORIES AS COMMODITY1 MONEY1 ,/ATE1 LAW1 ETC41  
 MU/ HAVE ! SAME MEAN+ = ANCI5T SOCIETY & ITS MODE ( PRODUCTION  
 AS !Y HAVE = MOD]N CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION & = ! B\RGEOIS  
 SOCIETY :I* IS BAS$ UPON IT4 ,?US1 ! PA? IS MADE FREE = A /RICTLY  
 EMPIRICAL RESE>*4 ,B\RGEOIS SOCIETY MAY CONTA9 ! CONDITIONS (  
 E>LI] SOCIETIES 9 A FUR!R DEVELOP$ =M4 ,IT MAY CONTA9 !M AS WELL  
 9 DEG5]ATE1 /UNT$1 & TRAVE/I$ =MS4 ,?US ! COMMUNAL PROP]TY  
 ( PRIMITIVE TIMES1 ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 WAS REVIV$ 9 A TRAVE/I$ =M 9  
 ! ,RUSSIAN 0,MIR40 ,! PRES5T SY/EM ( SOCIETY LIKEWISE CONTA9S )9  
 ITSELF ! G]MS ( ITS FUTURE DEVELOPM5TS1 ?\< BY NO MEANS !IR  
 COMPLETE DET]M9ATION4 ,! FALSE IDEALI/IC CONCEPT ( EVOLUTION AS  
 APPLI$ BY B\RGEOIS SOCIAL !ORI/S1 IS CLOS$ ON BO? SIDES1 &  
 9 ALL PA/ & FUTURE =MS ( SOCIETY R$ISCOV]S ONLY ITSELF4 ,! NEW1  
 CRITICAL & MAT]IALI/IC ,M>XIAN PR9CIPLE ( DEVELOPM5T IS1 ON !  
 CONTR>Y1 OP5 ON BO? SIDES4 ,M>X DOES NOT DEAL ) ,ASIATIC1  
 ,ANTIQUE1 OR ,FEUDAL ,SOCIETY1 & /ILL LESS ) ?OSE PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES  
 :I* PREC$$ ALL WRITT5 HI/ORY1 M]ELY AS 0PRELIM9>Y /AGES0 (  
 CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY4 ,HE REG>DS !M1 9 !IR TOTALITY1 AS SO MANY  
 9DEP5D5T HI/ORICAL =MATIONS :I* >E TO BE UND]/OOD )9 !IR  
 [N CATEGORIES4 ,9 ! SAME WAY HE DEF9ES ! SOCIALI/ & COMMUNI/  
 SOCIETIES >IS+ \T ( ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION NOT ONLY AS FUR!R  
 DEVELOP$ =MS ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 BUT AS A NEW TYPE :I* IS NO LONG]  
 TO BE BASICALLY EXPLA9$ UND] ANY ( ! B\RGEOIS CATEGORIES4 ,M>X'S  
 QU>REL ) ! ,UTOPIAN SOCIALI/S IS NOT1 AS MANY HAVE IMAG9$1  
 9SPIR$ BY !IR IDEA ( A FUTURE COMMONWEAL? TOTALLY DIFF]5T FROM !  
 PRES5T /ATE ( CONTEMPOR>Y B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !  
 WEAKNESS ( ! ,UTOPIAN SOCIALI/S LIES 9 ! FACT ?AT1 9 ATTEMPT+ TO  
 PORTRAY A SOCIALI/ FUTURE1 !Y AT BOTTOM ONLY IDEALIZ$ ! EXI/+  
 CONDITIONS ( SOCIETY1 LEAV+ \T ! %AD[S4 ,ALL SU* ,UTOPIAN S*EMES  
 WILL1 :5 WORK$ \T 9 DETAIL & PUT 9TO PRACTICE1 9EVITABLY  
 REPRODUCE ONLY ! SAME OLD B\RGEOIS =M ( SOCIETY WE KN[ SO WELL4 ,ON  
 ! O!R H&1 ,M>XISM1 :ILE C>EFULLY AVOID+ A DETAIL$ PA9T+ (  
 FUTURE /AGES1 NEV]!LESS 5DEAVORS TO F9D1 )9 CONTEMPOR>Y  
 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 ! MA9 T5D5CIES ( A FUR!R DEVELOPM5T LEAD+  
 UP1 FIR/ TO ?AT TRANSITIONAL /AGE OP5$ BY ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1  
 & ULTIMATELY1 TO ?OSE FUR!R ADVANC$ /AGES :I* ,M>X CALL$ A  
 COMPLETELY DEVELOP$ COMMUNI/IC SOCIETY4 ,COMMUNI/IC SOCIETY 9  
 ITS 0FIR/ PHASE10 JU/ EM]G+ FROM ! WOMB ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY AFT]  
 PROTRACT$ LABOR PA9S1 WILL /ILL BE DET]M9$ 9 MANY WAYS 9 ITS  
 ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL1 LEGAL1 9TELLECTUAL1 & MORAL /RUCTURE BY B\RGEOIS  
 PR9CIPLES4 ,COMMUNI/IC SOCIETY 9 ITS 0SECOND PHASE10 :]E IT HAS  
 ALREADY DEVELOP$ ON ITS [N BASIS1 WILL BE AS F> REMOV$ FROM !  
 PR9CIPLES ( PRES5T-DAY B\RGEOIS SOCIETY AS IS1 9 ! O!R DIRECTION1  
 ! CLASSLESS & ,/ATELESS 0PRIMITIVE ,COMMUNISM0 ( ! E>LIE/ EPO*S  
 ( HUMAN SOCIETY4 ,COMMUNI/IC SOCIETY1 :5 IT IS FULLY DEVELOP$1 WILL  
 HAVE LEFT ! N>R[ B\RGEOIS HORIZON F> BEH9D & WILL ULTIMATELY  
 REALIZE ! PR9CIPLE :I*1 9 AN AB/RACT MANN]1 WAS FIR/ 5UNCIAT$  
 BY ! 0,UTOPIAN0 PIONE]S ON ! ?RE%OLD ( ! #a#i? C5TURY3 0,FROM EA*  
 ACCORD+ TO HIS ABILITIES2 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S40 
  

,TO ! PHILOSOPHICAL DIALECTIC ( ,HEGEL1 :I* HE O!RWISE REG>D$ AS  
 ! P]FECT$ 9/RUM5T ( A DEVELOPM5TAL 9VE/IGATION ( SOCIETY1 ,M>X  
 RAIS$ ! OBJECTION ?AT1 AL?\< FRAU<T ) DEEP 9SI<T 9TO !  
 HI/ORICAL PA/1 IT DID NOT G5U9ELY ACCEPT ! REALITY ( HI/ORICAL  
 *ANGE4 ,HEGEL1 :O GLORIFI$ EXI/+ 9/ITUTIONS & MOD]ATE PROGRESS  
 )9 ! N>R[ CONF9ES ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y ,PRUSSIAN /ATE1 C>EFULLY  
 RE/RICT$ ! VALIDITY ( HIS DIALECTICAL PR9CIPLE TO ! PA/  
 DEVELOPM5TS ( SOCIETY & CONSIGN$ FUTURE PROGRESS 9 A PURPOSELY  
 IRRATIONAL MANN] TO ! 0MOLE BURR[+ BEL[ ! SURFACE40 ,EV5 9  
 CRITICIZ+ ! SO-CALL$ 0,PRE-=MATION ,HYPO!SIS10 ACCORD+ TO :I*  
 ALL FUTURE =MS >E ALREADY PHYSICALLY CONTA9$ 9 ?OSE ?AT PREC$E  
 !M1 HE EMPHASIZ$ AT ! SAME TIME ! CORRECTNESS ( ITS MA9 IDEA ?AT  
 SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T 0REMA9S ) ITSELF 9 ITS PROCESS & ?AT BY SU* A  
 DEVELOPM5T NO NEW CONT5T IS BR\<T AB\T1 BUT ONLY A *ANGE ( =M40  
 ,DEVELOPM5T IS1 !RE=E1 ACCORD+ TO ,HEGEL1 0ONLY TO BE REG>D$ AS IF  
 IT W]E A PLAY2 ! SOME?+ ELSE :I* IS SET BY IT1 IS 9 FACT NO?+  
 ELSE40 ,IT IS EVID5T ?AT FROM ?IS /&PO9T :I*1 9 ITS UNYIELD+  
 ,HEGELIAN =MULA1 AM\NTS ALMO/ TO AN 9VOLUNT>Y CRITICISM ( !  
 PR9CIPLE ( EVOLUTION AS US$ BY ! B\RGEOIS SOCIAL 9VE/IGATORS1  
 !RE IS NO ROOM = ! CONSCI\S HUMAN-SOCIAL ACT1 :I* %ALL RADICALLY  
 TRANS=M & OV]?R[ ! PRES5T ORD] ( SOCIETY4 ,HEGEL SAID1  
 CONC]N+ ! REAL 0PURPOSE0 ( ALL HI/ORICAL ACTION1 ?AT 0IT IS  
 ALREADY FULFILL$ 9 TRU?1 & NE$ NOT WAIT = US40 ,ITS ACTUAL  
 P]=MANCE1 !N1 S]VES ONLY 0TO REMOVE ! SEMBLANCE AS IF IT W]E NOT  
 YET P]=M$40 ,H5CE1 9 CONTRA/ TO SOME ( HIS FOLL[]S1 :O LAT] ON  
 ACTUALLY TRI$ TO USE HIS DIALECTICAL ME?OD AS AN 9/RUM5T =  
 REVOLUTION1 ,HEGEL CONSID]$ ! ONLY PURPOSE ( HIS PHILOSOPHY TO BE TO  
 0REE/ABLI%0 ! CONVICTION FROM :I* 0EV]Y UNSOPHI/ICAT$  
 CONSCI\SNESS />TS03 0,:AT IS RATIONAL IS REAL1 & :AT IS REAL IS  
 RATIONAL02 & ?US TO BR+ AB\T A F9AL 0RECONCILIATION0  
 BETWE5 0REASON AS SELF-CONSCI\S M9D0 & 0REASON AS A GIV5  
 REALITY40 
  

,IT IS H]E ?AT WE FACE ! MO/ IMPORTANT CONSEQU5CE ( ! TOTAL  
 DE/RUCTION ( B\RGEOIS EVOLUTION>Y METAPHYSICS :I* IS IMPLI$ 9  
 ,M>X'S MAT]IALI/IC CRITICISM ( ! ,HEGELIAN ,IDEALI/ DIALECTIC4 ,M>X'S  
 /UDY ( SOCIETY IS BAS$ UPON A FULL RECOGNITION ( ! REALITY (  
 HI/ORICAL *ANGE4 ,M>X TREATS ALL CONDITIONS ( EXI/+ B\RGEOIS  
 SOCIETY AS *ANG+ OR1 MORE EXACTLY1 AS CONDITIONS BE+  
 *ANG$ BY HUMAN ACTIONS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 HE REG>DS ALL1 EV5 !  
 MO/ G5]AL CATEGORIES ( SOCIAL SCI5CE1 AS CATEGORIES *ANGEABLE &  
 TO BE *ANG$4 ,HE DISMISSES ALL ! CONCEPTS APPLI$ BY B\RGEOIS  
 SOCIAL !ORI/S & HI/ORIANS1 9 :I* ! PRES5T =M ( SOCIETY IS  
 9 ANY WAY )DRAWN FROM ! CON/ANT FLUX ( ?+S1 :E!R ! WRIT]  
 DEALS ) PRES5T-DAY B\RGEOIS CONDITIONS AS 0NATURAL0 & AS HAV+  
 ALWAYS EXI/$2 OR :E!R1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 HE ]ECTS AN IMPASSABLE  
 B>RI] BETWE5 PA/ SOCIAL CONDITIONS & ! PRES5T-DAY B\RGEOIS /ATE  
 ( SOCIETY2 OR :E!R1 AGA91 HE RECOGNIZES A REAL *ANGE ONLY )  
 RESPECT TO PREVI\S HI/ORY & CLOSES ! :OLE DEVELOPM5T ( HUMAN  
 SOCIETY ) ! B\RGEOIS /ATE REA*$ 9 ! PRES5T AGE4 ,B\RGEOIS  
 SOCIETY1 !N1 IS NO LONG] 9 ANY S5SE A G5]AL 5TITY :I* CAN BE  
 JU/IFI$ BY ANO!R ?AN ! HI/ORICAL TITLE4 ,IT IS A TRANSITORY /AGE  
 :I* HAS BE5 REA*$ 9 ! PRES5T TIME1 & IS VALID TEMPOR>ILY =  
 ?IS P>TICUL> EPO*1 YET TO BE REPLAC$ BY ANO!R /AGE 9 AN  
 HI/ORICAL MOVEM5T4 ,IT IS AT ! SAME TIME BUT ! PRES5T RESULT ( AN  
 E>LI] PHASE1 & ! />T+ PO9T ( A NEW PHASE1 ( ! SOCIAL CLASS  
 /RUGGLE LEAD+ TO SOCIAL REVOLUTION4  
 ,*APT] #e4 ,! ,PR9CIPLE ( ,CRITICISM 

,! DESCRIPTION ( EXI/+ B\RGEOIS CONDITIONS AS SPECIFIC  
 CONDITIONS ( A TRANSITORY PHASE 9 AN HI/ORICAL PROCESS1 ASSUMES  
 A FUR!R IMPORTANCE AS A !ORETICAL BASIS = A CRITICAL EXAM9ATION (  
 ! /RUCTURE ( PRES5T SOCIETY AS A P>TICUL> HI/ORICAL TYPE (  
 SOCIO-ECONOMIC =MATION4 
  

,JU/ AS 9 ACTUAL HI/ORY EV]Y REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( !  
 B\RGEOISIE BR$1 AS AN UND]CURR5T1 9DEP5D5T /IRR+S ( ?AT CLASS  
 :I* WAS MORE OR LESS ! UNDEVELOP$ PR$ECESSOR ( ! MOD]N  
 PROLET>IAT1 !RE HAVE BE5 EV5 9 ! 9FANCY ( B\RGEOIS ?\<T SOME  
 ISOLAT$ ?9K]S :O ANTICIPAT$ ! CRITICISM ( ! B\RGEOIS  
 PR9CIPLES :I* HAD NOT AS YET BE5 PUT 9TO PRACTICE4 ,AP>T FROM !SE  
 EXCEPTIONAL CASES1 A REAL !ORETICAL UND]/&+ ( ! HI/ORICAL  
 PROCESS & ! SELF-CRITICISM B\ND UP ) IT DID NOT >ISE 9 B\RGEOIS  
 ?\<T UNTIL ! V]Y 5D ( ITS CLASSICAL EPO*1 :5 ! REVOLUTION>Y  
 FI<T ( ! B\RGEOISIE AGA9/ FEUDAL SOCIETY HAD COME TO ITS 5D & A  
 NEW DIV]G5CE ( CLASSES HAD BEGUN TO MANIFE/ ITSELF )9 ! HI!RTO  
 UNIT$ 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY4 
  

,IT WAS NOT A CRITICISM1 BUT 9 FACT A GLORIFICATION :51 9 ! MIDDLE  
 ( ! #a#g? C5TURY1 ,HOBBES DESCRIB$ ! EXI/+ /ATE ( B\RGEOIS  
 SOCIETY 7OR1 AS HE IMAG9$ 9 CON=MITY ) ! PREVAIL+ DELUSION (  
 CONTEMPOR>Y ?9K]S1 ( 0SOCIETY0 9 G5]AL7 AS A 0BELLUM OMNIUM CONTRA  
 OMNES0 OR 0A W> ( EV]Y MAN AGA9/ EV]Y MAN10 :I* IS ONLY  
 EFFECTIVELY & F9ALLY BR\<T TO A CLOSE BY 0A COMMON ,P[] TO KEEP !M  
 ALL 9 AWE10 I4E41 BY ! IRON DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,/ATE4 ,AGA91 IT WAS A  
 GLORIFICATION ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY :51 #e YE>S LAT]1 ,M&EVILLE SPOKE  
 ( ITS PECULI> CON/RUCTION1 PURPOSELY DEVIS$ BY AN 0ALL-CUNN+0  
 ,PROVID5CE1 9 HIS P>ADOXICAL EQUATION 0,PRIVATE VICES - PUBLIC B5EFITS40  
 ,ONCE MORE1 IT WAS A GLORIFICATION :51 AT ! CLOSE ( ! #a#h? C5TURY1  
 ,KANT DISCOV]$ ! 0ANTAGONISM ( UNSOCIAL SOCIALITY0 BY :I* EV5TUALLY  
 0! FIR/ TRUE /EPS FROM UNC\?NESS TO CULTURE1 & ! AGREEM5T TO  
 LIVE 9 A SOCIETY1 >E PA?OLOGICALLY ?RU/ UPON MAN40 0,ALL CULTURE &  
 >T :I* ADORN MANK9D1 ! MO/ BEAUTIFUL SOCIAL ORD]1 >E FRUITS (  
 ?AT UNSOCIALITY :I* BY ITS [N NATURE IS COMPELL$ TO DISCIPL9E ITSELF  
 & ?US FULLY TO DEVELOP ! G]MS ( NATURE ?R\< AN >T =C$ UPON  
 IT FROM )\T40 
  

,:ILE ! ,D>W9IAN =MULA ( A 0/RUGGLE = EXI/5CE0 ALONG  
 ) ! OLD] =MULA ( ,HOBBES1 HAD BE5 MISAPPLI$ BY ! EULOGI/S (  
 CAPITALISM AS A COSMIC SUB/RUCTURE ( A SO-CALL$ UNIV]SAL LAW ( 0FREE  
 COMPETITION10 ,D>W9 HIMSELF HAD CONV]SELY BORR[$ HIS G5]AL CONCEPT  
 FROM CONTEMPOR>Y B\RGEOIS ECONOMICS4 ,9 ! ,9TRODUCTION TO ! SECOND  
 $ITION ( HIS FAM\S WORK HE SAID3 0,?IS IS ! DOCTR9E ( ,MAL?US AS  
 APPLI$ TO ! :OLE REALM ( ANIMAL & PLANT LIFE40 ,9DE$1 ! SPECIFIC  
 HI/ORICAL =M ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR :I* RESULTS FROM !  
 COMPETITION ( ! ISOLAT$ COMMODITY PRODUC]S )9 PRES5T B\RGEOIS  
 SOCIETY IS SO F> FROM BE+ AN UN*ANGEABLE LAW ( HUMAN NATURE ?AT IT  
 CAN BE BE/ UND]/OOD AS A BRUTE UNCONSCI\S =M ( SOCIAL  
 SELF-PRES]VATION 9 CONTRA/ TO ! CONSCI\S ORGANIZATION ( !  
 DIVISION ( LABOR )9 A REALLY COOP]ATIVE SOCIETY4 ,9 ?AT S5SE  
 0CIVIL SOCIETY0 HAD ALREADY BE5 *>ACT]I/ICALLY DESCRIB$ BY ,HEGEL AS  
 A 0GEI/IGES ,TI]REI*0 70! ANIMAL WORLD REPRODUC$ 9 ! WORLD ( !  
 M9D074 ,! ANALOGY WAS FUR!R DEVELOP$ BY ,M>X 9 ,CAPITAL :5  
 HE DESCRIB$ ! DIVISION ( LABOR PREVAIL+ )9 PRES5T CAPITALI/IC  
 SOCIETY1 AS AN ORGANIZATION :I* 0CONFRONTS 9DEP5D5T COMMODITY  
 PRODUC]S ONE ) ANO!R1 :O RECOGNIZE NO AU?ORITY O!R ?AN ?AT (  
 COMPETITION1 ?AT IS1 ! CO]CION EX]CIS$ UPON !M BY ! PRESSURE (  
 !IR RECIPROCAL 9T]E/S1 JU/ AS 9 ! ANIMAL K+DOM ! 'W> ALL  
 AGA9/ ALL' MA9TA9S1 MORE OR LESS1 ! CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE ALL  
 SPECIES40 ,IT W\LD BE PREF]ABLE1 P]HAPS1 9 A /RICTLY  
 SOCIO-ECONOMIC RESE>*1 TO AVOID ALTOGE!R SU* P>ALLELS :I* NEV]  
 QUITE FIT4 ,H[EV]1 ! MANN] 9 :I* ,D>W9 PROJECTS 9TO NATURE1 AS AN  
 ABSOLUTE LAW1 ! ,COMPETITIVE ,/RUGGLE 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 & 9  
 :I* ,KROPOTK9 EQUALLY UNW>RANTABLY TRANS=MS ! OPPOSITE PR9CIPLE (  
 COOP]ATION PREVAIL+ 9 COMMUNI/ SOCIETY 9TO AN ABSOLUTE ,LAW (  
 ,MUTUAL ,HELP 9 ! ,ANIMAL & ,HUMAN ,WORLD1 >E BO? QUITE DIFF]5T 9  
 CALIB] FROM ! REC5T ATTEMPT BY A =M] OR?ODOX ,M>XI/ TO PROJECT A  
 SELF-9V5T$ PACIFI/IC & EVOLUTION>Y PR9CIPLE ( A SO-CALL$  
 ,NATURAL ,EQUILIBRIUM FROM PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY1 :]E IT DOES NOT  
 APPLY1 TO ! :OLE ANIMAL & PLANT WORLD1 :]E IT LIKEWISE DOES NOT  
 APPLY4 
  

,! FUNDAM5TAL WEAKNESS ( ALL ! MORE SIGNIFICANT 9T]PRETATIONS (  
 SOCIETY 9 ?IS EPO* 79CLUSIVE ( ,R\SSEAU'S TEA*+1 ! B\RGEOIS  
 NOVEL ( ,ROB9SON ,CRUSOE1 & ! :OLE ( ! NEW B\RGEOIS  
 SCI5CE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY7 CONSI/S 9 ! UNHI/ORICAL MANN] 9 :I*  
 !Y DEAL ) ! SPECIFIC CONDITIONS ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 ITS MODE (  
 PRODUCTION1 ITS ,/ATE1 & ITS LAW1 AS F9AL2 REG>D+ !M AS A NATURAL  
 & RATIONAL SOCIETY AT LA/ ATTA9$ & N[ 9 ITS MA9 FEATURES  
 UN*ANGEABLE OR1 :AT PRACTICALLY AM\NTS TO ! SAME1 AS BE+ CAPABLE (  
 UNLIMIT$ P]FECTION4 ,:5 ,M>X 79 ! 0,SEV5? & LA/ ,OBS]VATION0 (  
 HIS ,ANTI-,PR\DHON7 D5\NC$ ?IS ?\<TLESS PROC$URE AS APPLI$  
 BY ! ECONOMI/S1 HE HIT ! :OLE S*OOL 9 ! %REWD S5T5CE1 0,?US  
 !RE WAS HI/ORY1 BUT !RE IS NO MORE40 
  

,?US B\RGEOIS !ORI/S HAVE DEALT ) ALL E>LI] =MS ( SOCIETY  
 AS B>B>IC PRELIM9>Y /AGES LEAD+ UP TO !IR [N1 ULTIMATELY  
 E/ABLI%$ CIVIL SOCIETY4 ,?IS TRULY 0B>B>IC0 PROC$URE WAS1 ACCORD+  
 TO ,M>X1 UNAVOIDABLE SO LONG AS !IR PR9CIPAL TASK CONSI/$ 9 FI<T+  
 \T !IR HI/ORICAL /RUGGLE ) FEUDALISM UND] ! CONDITIONS ( A  
 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY NOT YET F9ALLY CON/ITUT$4 ,IT S]V$ AS A WEAPON 9  
 ! BATTLE = PROGRESS & DID NOT NE$1 AS LONG AS IT /ILL HAD A  
 REVOLUTION>Y SP>K 9 IT1 ANY FUR!R JU/IFICATION4 ,IT APPE>S1 FROM A  
 HI/ORICAL VIEWPO9T1 AS A LA/ FA9T E*O ( ?OSE /RONG]1 IF MORE  
 NAIVE1 =MS 9 :I* DUR+ ! ,PEASANT ,W> & ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION  
 ! 0PREHI/ORY ( HUMANITY0 PICTUR$ 9 ! ,BIBLE & DUR+ ! ,FR5*  
 ,REVOLUTION ! NATURAL /ATE ( MAN1 W]E OPPOS$ AS A TRUE CIVIL  
 /ATE ( SOCIETY TO ! FEUDAL & CORRUPT$ ORD] ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4  
 ,?OSE W]E REVOLUTION>Y SLOGANS ( ! NEW B\RGEOIS CLASS AGA9/  
 FEUDALISM4 
  

 ,:5 ,ADAM DELV$ & ,EVE SPAN 
,:]E WAS !N !  
 G5TLEMAN8 
  

,!RE WAS NO SU* EXCUSE = ! FUR!R PRES]VATION ( ?AT  
 ANTIQUAT$ ME?OD AT A TIME :5 ! VICTORY ( ! B\RGEOIS PR9CIPLE  
 OV] FEUDALISM HAD BE5 F9ALLY WON & ! !ORI/S ( ! TRIUMPHANT  
 B\RGEOISIE AWOKE TO F9D !MSELVES TRANS=M$ UNAW>ES FROM  
 REVOLUTION>Y PIONE]S 9TO ! T$I\S PANEGYRI/S ( AN E/ABLI%$  
 ORD] ( SOCIETY4 ,COMP>E1 = 9/ANCE1 ! *>ACT]I/IC PHRASEOLOGY (  
 ! SCI5TIFIC F\ND] ( B\RGEOIS 0,IDEOLOGY10 ,DE/UTT DE ,TRACY1  
 :O BOA/$ ?AT AMONG ! 0,ANCI5TS0 7I4E41 9 ALL EPO*S PREVI\S TO !  
 PRES5T 0,FR5* ,]A07 0SOCIAL >T0 HAD NOT BE5 SUFFICI5TLY P]FECT$ 0TO  
 GIVE !IR EMPIRE ?AT /ATE ( HI<] CIVILIZATION & ?AT /RONG  
 ORGANIZATION :I* >E NECESS>Y TO SECURE ! EXI/5CE ( NATIONS  
 EFFECTIVELY POLIC$40 ,OR1 COMP>E ?OSE B\RGEOIS HI/ORIANS ( ! ,FR5*  
 ,RE/ORATION P]IOD 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY :O1 LIKE ,GUIZOT1 ,?I]S1 &  
 ,?I]RY1 EXPRESSLY SET !MSELVES ! TASK ( REWRIT+ WORLD HI/ORY AS  
 ! HI/ORY ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS4 
  

,9 ?IS PHASE ! REAL PROGRESS ( SOCIAL SCI5CE NO LONG] CONSI/$  
 9 ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( B\RGEOIS PR9CIPLES1 BUT 9 !IR CRITIQUE4  
 ,! G5U9E SELF-CRITICISM N[ = ! FIR/ TIME >IS+ )9 B\RGEOIS  
 SCI5CE ORIG9AT$ ) ! GR[? ( CLASSICAL POLITICAL ECONOMY FROM  
 ,ADAM ,SMI? TO ,RIC>DO & F\ND ITS COMPLETE EXPRESSION 9  
 ! LA/ PHASE ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( CLASSICAL ,G]MAN PHILOSOPHY FROM  
 ,KANT TO ,HEGEL4 
  

,HEGEL'S PHILOSOPHICAL SY/EM IS1 AS ! LA/ SY/EM ( CLASSICAL ,G]MAN  
 PHILOSOPHY1 ! SUM & RECAPITULATION NOT ONLY ( ALL ! E>LI] PHASES  
 ( B\RGEOIS SOCIAL !ORY1 BUT ALSO ( ITS 9H]5T CONTRADICTIONS4 ,LIKE  
 ,RIC>DO1 ! LA/ CLASSICAL WRIT] 9 ! FIELD ( ECONOMICS1 SO ,HEGEL 9  
 HIS PHILOSOPHY BR\<T 9TO %>P] RELIEF ! /RIK+ CONTRA/S )9  
 ! /RUCTURE ( CIVIL SOCIETY :I* HAD ALREADY BE5 REVEAL$ TO A  
 C]TA9 EXT5T BY ,M&EVILLE1 ,F]GUSON1 ,ADAM ,SMI?1 ,KANT1 ETC41 BUT :I*  
 ) !M HAD BE5 ULTIMATELY H>MONIZ$ 9 SOME 0HI<]0 OR 0DEEP]0  
 UNITY4 ,EV5 ,HEGEL1 9 DEAL+ ) ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( EXI/+  
 SOCIETY1 NO:]E PASS$ BEYOND ! RANGE ( B\RGEOIS ?\<T4 ,/ILL ?IS  
 NEW WORLD ( ! B\RGEOISIE ) ITS 9T]NAL OPPOSITIONS RANG+  
 !MSELVES LIKE SO MANY UNBRIDGEABLE *ASMS1 AS IT WAS N[ PHILOSOPHICALLY  
 EXPOS$ BY ,HEGEL UND] ! DIRECT 9FLU5CE ( ,RIC>DO1 /OOD 9 A  
 /RIK+ CONTRA/ TO ?AT 0BE/ ( ALL POSSIBLE WORLDS0 9TO :I* EV5  
 ! MO/ D>+ AMONG ! B\RGEOIS ?9K]S ( ! PREC$+ G5]ATION  
 HAD IDEOLOGICALLY TRANSFIGUR$ ! H>D FACTS ( EXI/+ SOCIAL LIFE4 
  

,9 ,RIC>DO'S ECONOMIC SY/EM & 9 ,HEGEL'S PHILOSOPHY1 B\RGEOIS  
 SOCIETY REA*$ ! HI<E/ GRADE ( CRITICAL SELF-CONSCI\SNESS ( :I*  
 IT WAS CAPABLE )\T VIOLAT+ ITS [N PR9CIPLES4 ,?IS HAPP5$ AT A  
 TIME :51 9 ! MO/ DEVELOP$ CAPITALI/IC C\NTRIES SU* AS ,5GL&  
 & ,FRANCE A 0CRITICISM FROM )\T0 HAD OPPOS$ ITSELF TO B\RGEOIS  
 SOCIETY 9 ! GR[+ REVOLT ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS4 ,JU/ AS ! LA/  
 CLASSICAL ECONOMI/ 7,RIC>DO7 HAD ALREADY BE5 FAC$ BY A CONSCI\SLY  
 SOCIALI/ CRITIC ( ALL B\RGEOIS ECONOMIC SCI5CE 7,SISMONDI71 SO ,HEGEL  
 REFLECT$ ! TREMORS SET UP 9 HIS PHILOSOPHICAL EXPOSITION ( 0CIVIL  
 SOCIETY0 UND] ! F\NDATIONS ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY BY ! NEW CLASS (  
 ! HIR$ LABOR]S4 ,HE HAD REALI/ICALLY DESCRIB$ ?IS NEW 0CLASS0 :I*  
 HAD BE5 BR\<T 9TO BE+ BY ! B\RGEOISIE ITSELF1 AS ONE 0B\ND TO  
 ! P>TICUL> WORK ( MOD]N 9DU/RY0 & AS ONE LIV+ 09 NE$ &  
 DEP5D5CE0 & 0EXCLUD$ FROM ALL ! ADVANTAGES ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY02  
 AS A 0GREAT MASS0 SUBM]G$ BEL[ ?AT 0MODE ( SUBSI/5CE0 :I* IS A  
 NECESS>Y PREMISE TO ! 5JOYM5T ( SOCIAL RI<TS1 & S9K+1 BY AN  
 9EVITABLE LAW ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY ITSELF1 9 ! SAME PROPORTION AS !  
 0EXCESS ( WEAL?0 IS 9CREAS$ 9TO AN 9CREAS+ 0EXCESS (  
POV]TY40 
  

,HE FUR!RMORE ACCURATELY 9DICAT$ ?AT IT IS NOT A QUE/ION H]E (  
 0MIS]Y0 ALONE1 SU* AS HAD 9EVITABLY >IS5 9 E>LI] TIMES ?R\< !  
 P>SIMONY ( NATURE4 ,IT IS A 0SOCIAL QUE/ION0 9 ! REAL S5SE ( !  
 T]M1 P]T95T TO MOD]N SOCIETY1 & ONE :I* MU/ BE SOLV$ BY  
 SOCIETY4 0,NO ONE CAN ASS]T A RI<T AGA9/ NATURE1 BUT1 9 ! /ATE (  
 SOCIETY1 ! DEFECT TAKES AT ONCE ! =M ( AN 9JU/ICE 9FLICT$ ON  
 ONE OR ! O!R CLASS4 ,! IMPORTANT QUE/ION AS TO H[ POV]TY IS TO BE  
 RELIEV$ IS ONE :I* P>TICUL>LY AGITATES & ANNOYS SOCIETY40 ,HE  
 DESCRIB$ 9 *>ACT]I/IC LANGUAGE ! 0TEMP]0 ( ! GREAT MASSES (  
 9DU/RIAL WORK]S :I* IS 9SEP>ABLY B\ND UP ) ! SOCIALLY  
 9FLICT$ POV]TY 9 :I* !Y >E =C$ TO LIVE4 0,IT IS10 HE SAYS1 0AN  
 9N] REVOLT AGA9/ ! RI*1 AGA9/ SOCIETY1 AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T1  
 ETC40 
  

,! IMPASSABLE LIMIT = ,HEGEL1 AS = ALL O!R SOCIAL SCI5TI/S (  
 ! B\RGEOISIE1 CONSI/$ 9 ! FACT ?AT HE SAW ! NEW SOCIAL CLASS  
 ONLY NEGATIVELY AS ! 0MOB10 & DID NOT REALIZE AT ! SAME TIME ITS  
 POSITIVE REVOLUTION>Y IMPLICATIONS4 
  

,EV5 MORE DI/9CTLY ?AN 9 ITS CONT5TS1 ! CRITICAL ELEM5T  
 9H]5T 9 ,HEGEL'S PHILOSOPHY MANIFE/S ITSELF 9 HIS ME?OD4  
 ,HEGEL1 UNLIKE ,RIC>DO1 HAD NOT CONT5T$ HIMSELF ) /AT+ !  
 FUNDAM5TAL 0PR9CIPLES0 & LETT+ ! MO/ GL>+ !ORETICAL  
 DISCORDANCES /& AS SO-CALL$ 0MODIFICATIONS40 ,HE 5DEAVOR$ TO CONF9E  
 )9 ONE PHILOSOPHICAL SY/EM1 BO? ! GIV5 CONDITION ( ! EXI/+  
 B\RGEOIS ,/ATE & :AT HE CALL$ ITS 0IDEA40 ,! 0DIALECTICAL ME?OD0 IS  
 ! GREAT 9/RUM5T BY :I* ,HEGEL 9 HIS PHILOSOPHY1 COMPLY+ ) !  
 NE$S ( A CLASS PRESS+ T[>D ! T]M9ATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y  
 MOVEM5T & TO A POLITICAL & SOCIAL 0RE/ORATION10 P]=M$ !  
 REM>KABLE TASK ( RECONCIL+ )9 A SO-CALL$ 0UNITY (  
 CONTRADICTIONS10 ! MO/ IRRECONCILABLE OPPOSITIONS RESULT+ FROM !  
 HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY ITSELF1 & FROM ITS LAT]  
 CONFRONTATION ) ! RIS+ CLASS ( ! PROLET>IAN WAGE-LABOR]S4  
 ,:IL/ HIS BASIC DESCRIPTION ( ! EXI/+ CONDITIONS ( 0CIVIL  
 SOCIETY10 ?\< SUFF]+ FROM VAGU5ESS1 ABRUPTNESS1 & >BITR>Y  
 JUDGM5TS1 /ILL CONTA9S ! DEEP 9SI<T ( A G5IUS FULLY AW>E (  
 B\RGEOIS REALITY1 ! CLOV5 FOOT ( HIS PHILOSOPHY UNEQUIVOCALLY REVEALS  
 ITSELF 9 ! 0SPECULATIVE0 SUP]/RUCTURE ( ,HEGEL'S SY/EM1 :I*1 9 AN  
 APP>5T 5DEAVOR TO E/ABLI% A NEW IDEALI/IC CRE$ CORRESPOND+ TO  
 ! NE$S ( ! PRES5T TIME1 ACTUALLY RE/ORES ! :OLE BULK ( OLD  
 ,M$IEVAL METAPHYSICS - 9CLUSIVE ( ! ,*RI/IAN DOGMA - :I* HAD BE5  
 SO UTT]LY REFUT$ BY ! SPOKESM5 ( E>LY B\RGEOIS MAT]IALISM 9 !  
 9T]V5+ C5TURIES ( PROGRESSIVE ?\<T4 
  

,?IS ,HEGELIAN ME?OD1 :I* HAD PROV$ SO EFFICI5T 9 SWALL[+ !  
 MO/ P[]FUL CONTRADICTIONS1 (F]$ NO SMALL TEMPTATION TO !  
 G5]ATION ( RADICAL ?9K]S :I* >OSE 9 ! P]IOD IMM$IATELY  
 FOLL[+ ,HEGEL'S DEA?1 :5 ! UN*ALL5G$ SWAY ( ,HEGELIAN PHILOSOPHY  
 PREC$$1 DUR+ ! #c'S & #d'S ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 ! F9AL DECL9E  
 ( ! ,HEGELIAN &1 9DE$1 ALL B\RGEOIS PHILOSOPHY4 ,!Y ?\<T ?AT  
 ! MI<TY 9/RUM5T1 =G$ BY ! LA/ GREAT PHILOSOPH] ( !  
 B\RGEOIS CLASS1 C\LD EASILY BE MADE AVAILABLE = ! MORE ADVANC$  
 CRITICISM RAIS$ AGA9/ ! V]Y PR9CIPLE ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATUS QUO 9  
 ! NAME ( ! NEW REVOLUTION>Y CLASS4 ,ALL ?AT WAS NE$$ WAS TO  
 CONSID] ! 0PREMATURE0 T]M9ATION ( ,HEGEL'S PHILOSOPHY 9 !  
 GLORIFICATION ( ! B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 ITS ,/ATE1 ITS PHILOSOPHY1 ITS  
 RELIGION & >T1 TO BE ONLY AN 09CONSI/5CY10 ON ! P>T ( !  
 CONS]VATIVE 0SY/EMATIZ]10 9 ! APPLICATION ( HIS [N REVOLUTION>Y  
 0ME?OD40 ,9 FACT ,LASSALLE - & ,PR\DHON = A TIME - DID ASSIGN ?IS NEW  
 HI/ORICAL TASK TO ,HEGEL'S DIALECTICAL ME?OD4  
  

,M>X & ,5GELS SAW CLE>LY ?AT ! OLD BOTTLE C\LD NO LONG] HOLD  
 ! NEW W9E4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT !Y TOO1 9 ! =MATION ( !IR NEW  
 PROLET>IAN & MAT]IALI/IC CRITICISM ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 TOOK !IR  
 DEP>TURE FROM ,HEGEL'S IDEALI/IC PHILOSOPHY & EV5 PRES]V$ ! T]M  
 0,DIALECTIC0AS A COMPREH5SIVE NAME = ! SEV]AL NEW PR9CIPLES :I*  
 !Y WORK$ \T & APPLI$ 9 ! PROCESS ( !IR SCI5TIFIC  
 9VE/IGATION4 ,BUT1 AS WILL BE %[N 9 ! ?IRD P>T ( ?IS BOOK1 ALL  
 ?AT APP>5T 0,HEGELIANISM0 DID NOT AM\NT1 9 ,M>X1 TO MORE ?AN :AT HE  
 AT ONE TIME MO/ APPROPRIATELY CALL$ AN 0OCCASIONAL FLIRTATION )  
 ,HEGEL'S PECULI> MODE ( EXPRESSION40 ,9 ACTUAL FACT1 HE COMPLETELY BROKE  
 ) ! :OLE ( ,HEGEL'S SPECULATIVE PHILOSOPHY4 ,HE TRANSPLANT$ !  
 DIALECTICAL ME?OD ( ,HEGEL FROM AN IDEALI/IC TO A MAT]IALI/IC BASIS1  
 & 9 ! PROCESS ( ?AT MAT]IALI/IC 0REV]SAL0 /RIPP$ FROM IT ALL  
 ?OSE ELEM5TS :I* HE HAD ALREADY ?OR\<LY EXPOS$ 9 AN E>LI] PHASE  
 ( HIS PHILOSOPHICAL DEVELOPM5T AS ITS UND]LY+ 0MY/IFICATION40 ,!  
 !ORY ( ! NEW REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ! #a#i? C5TURY NO LONG]  
 NE$$ TO EX]CISE ITSELF 9 ! >T ( MOV+ =W>D & BACKW>D AT !  
 SAME TIME1 & TO REPRES5T ITS NEW AIMS AS ! 0RE/ORATION0 ( ! OLD4  
 ,IT 0LEFT ! DEAD TO BURY !IR DEAD0 9 ORD] TO COME TO ITS [N  
 CONT5T4 
  

,! PR9CIPLES ( ! ,M>XIAN CRITIQUE ( EXI/+ SOCIETY1 BE+  
 PROLET>IAN & NO LONG] B\RGEOIS1 >E OPPOS$ TO ! PHILOSOPHICAL  
 SY/EM ( ,HEGEL NOT ONLY 9 CONT5T1 SUBJECT MATT]1 & AIM1 BUT QUITE AS  
 MU* 9 !ORETICAL =M4 ,IF ,M>X1 9DE$1 TOOK HIS />T FROM A CRITICAL  
 & REVOLUTION>Y REV]SAL ( ! PR9CIPLES 9H]5T 9 ,HEGEL'S ME?OD1  
 HE C]TA9LY W5T ON TO DEVELOP1 9 A /RICTLY EMPIRICAL MANN]1 !  
 SPECIFIC ME?ODS ( HIS [N MAT]IALI/IC CRITICISM & RESE>*4  
  

,!RE IS1 ASIDE FROM ! !ORETICAL SELF-CRITICISM ( B\RGEOIS  
 SOCIETY REPRES5T$ BY ! LAT] CLASSICAL WRIT]S1 ANO!R1 & 5TIRELY  
 DIFF]5T1 CRITICISM :I* FL[S FROM ! LATT] ( ! TWO  
 ABOVE-M5TION$ CURR5TS ( #a#i? C5TURY B\RGEOIS ?\<T & :I*1 ?IS  
 TIME1 IS DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! V]Y PR9CIPLE ( !ORETICAL ANALYSIS  
 ITSELF4 ,M>X1 FROM HIS NEW /&PO9T1 SAW AT ONCE !  
 ,HI/ORICO-,ROMANTIC ,S*OOL :I* AFT] ! CLOSE ( ! GREAT ,FR5*  
 ,REVOLUTION HAD JO9$1 & EV5 9 P>T PREC$$1 ! SOCIALI/S 9 !  
 ATTACK UPON ! VICTORI\S B\RGEOIS PR9CIPLES4 ,HE DISCLOS$ 9 HIS  
 >TICLE ON ,! ,PHILOSOPHICAL ,MANIFE/O ( ! ,HI/ORICAL ,S*OOL (  
 ,LAW1 & 9 ! ANALYSIS ( ! 0,REACTION>Y ,SOCIALISM0 EMBODI$ 9  
 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 ! ESS5TIALLY REACTION>Y TR5D ( ?AT  
 APP>5TLY 0ANTI-B\RGEOIS0 & 0ANTI-CAPITALI/IC0 CURR5T :I* - LIKE  
 REACTION>Y ,FASCISM & ,HITL]ISM TODAY - 0UPBRAID$ ! B\RGEOISIE MORE  
 = HAV+ PRODUC$ A REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT ?AN = HAV+  
 PRODUC$ A PROLET>IAT AT ALL40 ,HE HAS ALSO SE5 ! !ORETICAL LOSS  
 B\ND UP ) ?IS S5TIM5TAL REGRESSION FROM ! ONLY PRES5T & REAL  
 =M ( SOCIAL LIFE TO M$IEVAL FEUDALITY & EV5 FUR!R BACK TO  
 >*AIC CONDITIONS ( SOCIETY - ! SO-CALL$ 0ORIG9S0 ( CULTURE1 >T1  
 ECONOMICS1 ETC4 0,! ,HI/ORICAL ,S*OOL10 JE/S ,M>X1 0HAS SO EMPHASIZ$  
 ITS AFFECTION = 'S\RCES'1 ?AT IT REQUIRES ! SAILOR TO SAIL1 NOT ON  
 ! /REAM BUT ON ITS S\RCE40 
  

,:ILE ?US REFUT+ ! 5TIRE !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL 0PHILOSOPHY0  
 ( ! ,HI/ORICAL ,S*OOL1 9 AGREEM5T ) ALL PROGRESSIVE SPIRITS ( !  
 AGE1 ,M>X WAS AT ! TIME AW>E ( ! ACTUAL PROGRESS :I* HAD BE5 MADE  
 BY ?IS NEW S*OOL ( SOCIAL RESE>* FROM A PURELY SCI5TIFIC PO9T (  
 VIEW4 ,MOREOV]1 HE DISCOV]$ ! CRITICAL & =W>D T5D5CY 9H]5T  
 9 ! APP>5TLY BACKW>D TURN4 ,WRIT+ TO ,5GELS ON ! #b#e? ( ,M>*1  
 #a#h#f#h1 HE SAID3 0,! FIR/ REACTION AGA9/ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & !  
 '5LI<T5M5T' B\ND UP ) IT WAS NATURALLY1 TO SEE EV]Y?+ AS  
 M$IEVAL & ROMANTIC4 ,EV5 SU* WRIT]S AS ,GRIMM >E NOT FREE FROM ?IS4  
 ,! SECOND REACTION IS TO SEE BEYOND ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES BACK 9TO !  
 PRIMITIVE HI/ORY ( EA* PEOPLE4 ,?AT CORRESPONDS TO ! SOCIALI/ VIEW1  
 AL?\< ! S*OL>S HAVE NO IDEA ( ! CONNECTION4 ,?US !Y >E  
 SURPRIS$ TO F9D ! NEWE/ 9 ! OLDE/1 & EV5 ',EGALIT>IANS1' TO A  
 DEGREE :I* W\LD SC&ALIZE ,PR\DHON40  
  

,FROM ?IS S5T5CE1 TO :I* A HUNDR$ SIMIL> ONES MI<T BE ADD$ FROM  
 ,M>X'S & ,5GELS'S WRIT+S1 CAN BE SE5 ! MA9 SIGNIFICANCE ?AT !  
 /UDY ( PRIMEVAL SOCIETY1 !N PASS+ ?R\< ITS FIR/ GREAT P]IOD (  
 DISCOV]Y1 HAD AT ?AT TIME ACQUIR$ = ! REVOLUTION>Y SCI5CE (  
 ,M>X4 ,! V]Y FACT ?AT N[1 = ! FIR/ TIME1 ?OSE SOCIAL =MS (  
 EXI/5CE :I* HAD HI!RTO BE5 SO F> REMOV$ FROM PRES5T-DAY  
 CONDITIONS & HAD BE5 ACCESSIBLE TO ! MOD]N WORLD AT BE/ 9 LEG5D  
 & POETRY W]E OP5$ UP TO SOB] SCI5TIFIC RESE>*1 WAS = ,M>X &  
 ,5GELS A SIGN ?AT B\RGEOIS SOCIETY 9 ITS PRES5T /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T  
 ALREADY CONTA9$ )9 ITSELF ! T5D5CIES T[>D A *ANGE MORE  
 RADICAL ?AN ANY A*IEV$ BY PREVI\S HI/ORICAL REVOLUTIONS4 ,! BASIC  
 IMPORTANCE ( PRIMITIVE HI/ORY RE/S ON ?IS G5]AL ASSUMPTION RA!R  
 ?AN ON ! ANALOGY :I* ,M>X1 HALF 9 JOKE1 DRAWS BETWE5 !  
 0EGALIT>IAN0 CONDITIONS ( PRIMEVAL SOCIETY & ! COMMUNI/ SOCIETY (  
 ! FUTURE4  
  

,:ILE ! T]M 0PRIMEVAL COMMUNISM10 CREAT$ BY ! FIR/ DISCOV]]S1  
 HAS S9CE BE5 RA!R 9DISCRIM9ATELY APPLI$ TO ! V>I\S TYPES (  
 E>LY SOCIETY1 !RE /ILL REMA9S A /RIK+1 & EV5 SOME:AT  
 P>ADOXICAL1 DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! B\RGEOIS & ! ,M>XIAN USE ( !  
 UND]LY+ CONCEPT4 ,! IDEA ( AN HI/ORICAL PA/ REPEAT+ ITSELF 9 !  
 FUTURE FITS 9 V]Y WELL ) ! B\RGEOIS CONCEPT ( DEVELOPM5T1 )  
 ITS GLORIFICATION ( EXI/+ B\RGEOIS CONDITIONS1 & ) ITS REJECTION  
 ( 0COMMUNISM0 AS IMPLY+ A G5]AL LOSS ( CULTURE & EV5TUAL RELAPSE  
 FROM ! PRES5T 0ALL TIME HI<0 ( HUMAN A*IEVEM5T TO PRIMITIVE  
 B>B>ISM & DECAY4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ,M>X &  
 ,5GELS %\LD HAVE SE5 9 ! CONDITIONS PREVAIL+ 9 A DI/ANT PA/ AN  
 ACTUAL ANTICIPATION ( CONDITIONS TO BE REA*$ 9 AN EQUALLY DI/ANT  
 FUTURE1 & ?US R$UC$ ! ,COMMUNI/ PROGRAM TO A M]E RE/ORATION (  
 ?AT LONG BYGONE PA/1 UTT]LY CONTRADICTS ! MAT]IALI/IC PR9CIPLE  
 UND]LY+ ! :OLE ( ,M>XIAN !ORY4 ,M>X PRES5TS HUMAN SOCIETY AS AN  
 HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T PROGRESS+ FROM A L[] TO A HI<] ORGANIZATION  
 ( ! MAT]IAL PRODUCTIVE =CES4 ,HE SEES 9 ! MOD]N CAPITALI/IC MODE  
 ( PRODUCTION1 ) ITS IMM5SE UNFOLD+ ( PRODUCTIVE P[]S F>  
 EXCE$+ ALL E>LI] EPO*S1 AN 9DISP5SABLE MAT]IAL F\NDATION =  
 ?AT MORE HI<LY DEVELOP$ =M ( COMMUNAL LIFE :I* WILL BE 9AUGURAT$  
 BY ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION ( ! MOD]N WORK+ CLASS4 
  

,NEV]!LESS1 MANY B\RGEOIS WRIT]S UP TO ! PRES5T DAY1 AFT] A  
 P]FUNCTORY RECITAL ( ! WELL-KN[N !ORETICAL UNS\NDNESS ( !  
 ASSUMPTION ( A 0,PRIMEVAL ,COMMUNISM10 & AFT] A S*OL>LY REFUTATION (  
 ! HI/ORICAL MI/AKES ALLEG$LY COMMITT$ 9 ?IS RESPECT BY !  
 ,M>XI/S1 QUITE NAIVELY GO ON TO MAKE  
 USE ( ! T]M & ITS UND]LY+ ASSUMPTION4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! IDEA  
 ( A PRIMITIVE 0,COMMUNISM0 PREC$+ ! V>I\S SY/EMS BAS$ ON PRIVATE  
 PROP]TY IS OP5LY ACCEPT$ FROM ! \TSET BY ! ,M>XI/S BUT AT !  
 SAME TIME IS NO:]E US$ BY !M AS AN >GUM5T = A POSITIVE HI/ORICAL  
 /ATEM5T4 ,IT S]VES !M RA!R AS A />T+ PO9T = A MORE ?OR\<  
 & MORE CRITICAL 9VE/IGATION ( ! GIV5 CONDITIONS ( EXI/+  
 SOCIETY 9CLUD+ EV5 ITS MO/ F>-REA*+ &1 FROM A LESS  
 COMPREH5SIVE VIEWPO9T1 REMOTE DEVELOPM5TAL T5D5CIES4 
  

,!RE IS !N1 FROM ! V]Y PR9CIPLE ( ,M>XIAN MAT]IALI/IC  
 RESE>*1 A GREAT SIGNIFICANCE 9 ! 9VE/IGATION ( ! PRIMITIVE  
 CONDITIONS PREVAIL+ 9 ! E>LY HI/ORY ( MANK9D4 ,YET ?IS  
 9VE/IGATION IS MADE BY ! ,M>XI/S1 NOT = ! PURPOSE ( ACQUIR+ A  
 DIRECT KN[L$GE ( ! REALLY COMMUNI/IC =MS & CONT5TS ( A FUTURE1  
 PO/-CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 BUT RA!R ) ! 9DIRECT AIM ( A MORE  
 COMPREH5SIVE APPROA* TO ! /UDY ( HI/ORICAL *ANGE4 ,M>X & ,5GELS  
 SAW 9 ! SCI5TIFIC UNFOLD+ ( PRIMEVAL HI/ORY A NECESS>Y PREMISE  
 = !IR MAT]IALI/IC 9VE/IGATION ( PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY1 :OSE BASIC  
 =MS CAN ONLY BE FULLY ELUCIDAT$ BY AN EXACT /UDY ( PRIMITIVE SOCIETY1  
 ITS DEVELOPM5T & DISSOLUTION1 & ! DIFF]5T =MS ( ITS TRANSITION  
 TO ! LAT] SY/EMS BAS$ ON PRIVATE PROP]TY & CLASS OPPOSITION4 ,=  
 EXAMPLE1 9 ORD] TO EXPLA9 SCI5TIFICALLY ! SURVIV+ REMA9S (  
 COMMUNAL PROP]TY & ! V>I\S ORIG9AL TYPES ( PRIVATE PROP]TY 9  
 ! ,GREEK1 ,ROMAN1 ,G]MANIC1 ,CELTIC1 & ,SLAVONIC SOCIAL SY/EMS1 IT IS  
 NECESS>Y TO BACK TO ! V>I\S =MS ( PRIMITIVE COMMUNAL PROP]TY &  
 ! CORRESPOND+ DIFF]5T =MS ( !IR DISSOLUTION4  
  

,BESIDES ?IS MA9 9T]E/1 !RE >E SOME O!R ADVANTAGES TO BE  
 GA9$ FROM ?AT S\RCE = A CRITICAL & REVOLUTION>Y SCI5CE4 ,!  
 CRITICAL SCI5CE ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS WAS ! FIR/ TO BREAK LOOSE  
 FROM ! ACCEPT$ S+LE TRACK IDEA ( PROGRESS1 & TO %[ ?AT ?OSE  
 APP>5TLY 0WILD0 & 0B>B>IC0 CONDITIONS ( ! PRIMEVAL PA/1 9  
 SPITE ( !IR MAT]IAL DEFICI5CIES1 UNC\?NESS1 & B5I<T$NESS1  
 /ILL CONTA9$ MANY QUALITIES :I* COMP>E MO/ FAVORABLY )  
 PRES5T-DAY 0CIVILIZ$0 CONDITIONS4 ,M>X & ,5GELS 9 ?AT RESPECT ONLY  
 CONT9U$1 9 A MORE HI<LY DEVELOP$ =M1 ! 0CRITICISM (  
 CIVILIZATION0 :I* HAD BE5 9ITIAT$ BE=E !M BY ! FIR/ GREAT  
 ,UTOPIAN SOCIALI/S1 ABOVE ALL BY ,*>LES ,F\RI] 9 HIS VITAL ATTACK ON  
 ! SELF-COMPLAC5T ASSURANCE ( ! B\RGEOIS CONCEPTION ! WORLD4 ,IT IS  
 ONLY ) A KN[L$GE ( ! TOTALLY NON-B\RGEOIS =MS ( A PRIMITIVE  
 SOCIETY ?AT IT BECOMES POSSIBLE = ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y TO IMAG9E A  
 FUR!R DEVELOPM5T :I* WILL GO BEYOND ! B\RGEOIS CONDITIONS (  
 PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY NOT ONLY BY A GRADUAL READJU/M5T ( ITS EXI/+  
 PATT]N BUT BY A FUNDAM5TAL *ANGE ( ! :OLE SY/EM4 ,! COMMUNI/  
 SOCIETIES ( ! FUTURE WILL1 9 PROPORTION TO !IR 9CREAS+ DI/ANCE  
 FROM ! PRES5T-DAY B\RGEOIS /ATUS1 0CORRESPOND10 NO LONG] M]ELY TO  
 ,M$IEVAL & ,ANTIQUE ,SOCIETY1 BUT TO A /ILL FUR!R DI/ANT & 5TIRELY  
 NON-B\RGEOIS PA/4 ,!Y WILL NOT CON=M1 H[EV]1 TO ?OSE E>LY  
 CONDITIONS COMMONLY REF]R$ TO AS ,PRIMITIVE ,COMMUNISM 9 ANY O!R WAY  
 ?AN 9 !IR ANALOG\S POSITION 0EQUALLY ALO( FROM PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY40  
 ,!RE NE$ BE1 9 FACT1 AS LITTLE /RUCTURAL LIK5ESS BETWE5 ?OSE  
 PRIMEVAL CONDITIONS ( HUMANITY 7OR = ?AT MATT] ! EQUALLY  
 0PRIMITIVE0 CONDITIONS ( ! SO-CALL$ 0SAVAGE0 TRIBES TODAY7 & !  
 FUTURE CONDITIONS ( A FULLY DEVELOP$ COMMUNI/ SOCIETY1 AS !RE IS AT  
 ! PRES5T TIME BETWE5 ! 0UNCONSCI\S0 ELEM5TS ( ! M5TAL  
 /RUCTURE ( MOD]N B\RGEOIS MAN AS REC5TLY DISCLOS$ BY !  
 PSY*OANALY/S ON ! ONE H&1 & ! 0CORRESPOND+0 /ATES ( EI!R  
 PRIMEVAL MAN OR ! FREE 9DIVIDUALS ( A NO LONG] B\RGEOIS SOCIETY (  
 ! FUTURE4 
  

,! OCCURR5CE ( A G5U9E CRITICAL IMPULSE 9 ! HI/ORY (  
 B\RGEOIS SOCIAL ?\<T1 !N1 IS RE/RICT$ TO A %ORT & CLE>LY  
 DEF9$ P]IOD4 ,IT EM]G$ FROM ! LA/ PHASE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y EPO*  
 ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 & IT 5D$ ) ! EXPIRATION ( ?IS1 !  
 0CLASSICAL0 EPO* ( B\RGEOIS SOCIAL SCI5CE4 ,AS WE %ALL %[ 9 DETAIL  
 9 ! SECOND P>T ( ?IS BOOK1 NONE ( ! PO/-CLASSICAL S*OOLS (  
 B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/S HAS EV5 APPROXIMAT$ ! CRITICAL DETA*M5T :I*1  
 = A /RICTLY LIMIT$ TIME1 HAD BE5 REA*$ BY SU* ?9K]S AS ,RIC>DO4  
 ,! SAME APPLIES TO ! PO/-,HEGELIAN DEVELOPM5TS ( B\RGEOIS PHILOSOPHY  
 &1 9DE$1 TO ALL O!R BRAN*ES ( PO/-CLASSICAL B\RGEOIS ?\<T1  
 EV5 ?\< MORE REC5TLY ITS HI!RTO PREVAIL+ T5D5CY TO ACCEPT  
 UNCONDITIONALLY OR TO DEF5D & GLORIFY EXI/+ CONDITIONS HAS BE5  
 OV]%AD[$1 9 SOME CASES1 BY ! APP>5T C\NT]ACTION ( A DIRECTLY  
 OPPOSITE T5D5CY4 
  

,! VEHEM5T PROTE/S RAIS$ FROM TIME TO TIME BY O!RWISE  
 WELL-DISPOS$ CRITICS AGA9/ SOME P>TICUL>LY DISGRACEFUL ASPECTS ( !  
 EXI/+ SOCIAL ORD]1 ! OCCASIONAL LAPSES ( AN EXCEPTIONALLY  
 IMPRESSIONABLE LIT]ATUS 9TO AN 5TIRE NEGATION ( PRES5T SOCIETY1 &  
 ! EQUIVAL5T PESSIMI/IC1 IRONIC1 OR SKEPTICAL CURR5TS 9 CONTEMPOR>Y  
 B\RGEOIS PHILOSOPHY DO NOT 9ITIATE A NEW PHASE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T (  
 MOD]N SOCIAL ?\<T4 ,ALL APP>5T EXPRESSIONS ( AN 5HANC$ B\RGEOIS  
 0SELF-CRITICISM10 V>Y+ FROM ! ,FREUDIAN SCI5TIFIC ANALYSIS ( !  
 ,CIVILIZATION & ITS ,DISCONT5TS1 TO ! 9FLATION ( SU* M9OR  
 0DISCONT5TS0 9TO A ,DECL9E ( ! ,WE/1 OR A F9AL ,BREAKD[N  
 ( ,MOD]N ,CIVILIZATION1 RA!R S]VE ! PURPOSE ( OP5+ AN  
 ILLUSORY \TLET TO ! FEEL+S >\S$ 9 ! L[] /RATA ( !  
 B\RGEOISIE BY !IR 9CREAS+LY OPPRESS$ CONDITION1 OR TO ! TEMPOR>Y  
 HANGOV]S BEFALL+ ! 5TIRE CLASS UND] ! IMPACT ( A DEFEAT 9 W>  
 OR ( A MAJOR ECONOMIC DEPRESSION4  
  

,SU* IDEOLOGICAL PH5OM5A1 :ILE PURPORT+ TO EXPRESS AN 9CREAS+  
 CRITICAL SELF-CONSCI\SNESS ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 9DICATE ONLY AN  
 9CREAS+ UNWILL+NESS ON ! P>T ( ! HI!RTO RUL+ CLASS TO  
 UND]/& ITS [N SOCIAL MODE ( EXI/5CE AS A SPECIFIC 5TITY4 
  

,! ESS5TIAL FUTILITY ( EV]Y ATTEMPT ( CONTEMPOR>Y B\RGEOIS  
 SELF-CRITICISM APPE>S MO/ /RIK+LY 9 ! IDEOLOGICAL REP]CUSSIONS1  
 RESULT+ FROM ! P]IODIC CYCLE ?R\< :I* MOD]N 9DU/RY RUNS4 ,!  
 ALT]NATE OCCURR5CE ( AN ABSOLUTE D5IAL & AN EQUALLY ABSOLUTE  
 ACCEPTANCE ( ! UNIV]SAL CRISIS1 P]IODICALLY REPEAT+ ITSELF  
 9 ! !ORY ( B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/S1 ALONG ) ! P]IODICAL  
 RECURR5CE ( PROSP]ITY & DEPRESSION1 CAN BE/ BE REG>D$ AS BE+  
 ITSELF A SECOND>Y PH5OM5ON ( A GIV5 PHASE ( ! 9DU/RIAL CYCLE4  
 ,! FACT ?AT B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/S HAVE NOT YET >RIV$ AT A 0!ORY (  
 ! CRISIS10 9DEP5D5T ( ! MOM5T>Y FLUCTUATIONS ( ! 9DU/RIAL  
 PROCESS1 ONLY EMPHASIZES ONCE MORE A DEF9ITE 9CAPACITY ( PRES5T-DAY  
 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY TO GRASP 0SPECIFICALLY0 ! PROCESS ( ITS [N  
 DE/RUCTION4 
  

,A CRITICAL 9VE/IGATION ( ! EXI/+ CONDITIONS ( MANK9D :I*  
 CONCEIVES ( ! IMM95T BREAKD[N ( EXI/+ B\RGEOIS CONDITIONS NOT  
 AS AN ABSOLUTE DIS9TEGRATION BUT AS A TRANSITION FROM !  
 PRES5T HI/ORICAL PHASE TO A HI<] =M ( SOCIETY CAN ONLY BE  
 ATTEMPT$ & C>RI$ ?R\< 9 AN UNBIASS$ & CONSI/5T MANN] BY !  
 NEW SOCIAL CLASS PRODUC$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE ITSELF4 
 ,*APT] #f4 ,A ,NEW ,TYPE ( ,G5]ALIZATION 

,BE=E WE DEAL ) ! PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS ( ,M>X'S CRITICAL  
 9VE/IGATION ( EXI/+ B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 WE %ALL DISCUSS A /RICTLY  
 !ORETICAL PROBLEM >IS+ FROM ! /ATEM5TS MADE 9 ! PREC$+  
 *APT]S ) REG>D TO ! MA9 ME?ODOLOGICAL PR9CIPLES ( ,M>XIAN  
 SCI5CE4 ,H[ DOES ?AT EMPHASIS ON 0SPECIFICATION10 :I* WE HAVE %[N TO  
 BE ! V]Y F\NDATION ( ,M>X'S MAT]IALI/IC CRITICISM & RESE>*1  
 CON=M TO ! EQUALLY FUNDAM5TAL DEM& = SOME DEGREE (  
 G5]ALIZATION :I* IS NECESS>ILY B\ND UP ) EV]Y ATTEMPT AT A TRULY  
 SCI5TIFIC /ATEM5T1 & IS C]TA9LY RECOGNIZ$ BY ,M>X4  
  

,AS %[N 9 ! SECOND & ?IRD *APT]S1 ,M>X SCORNFULLY DISMISS$  
 ! SUP]FICIAL & >BITR>Y PROC$URE ( ! B\RGEOIS SOCIAL SCI5TI/S  
 :O DESCRIB$ ! V>I\S CONDITIONS ( DIFF]5T HI/ORICAL /AGES 9 !  
 T]MS ( ! SAME G5]AL CONCEPTS & ?US 0BY A SLEI<T ( H&  
 REPRES5T$ B\RGEOIS CONDITIONS AS UN*ANGEABLE NATURAL LAWS P]TA9+  
 TO SOCIETY 9 AB/RACTO40 ,HE WAS EQUALLY CRITICAL ( ?AT COMPLETE  
 AB/5TION FROM ALL !ORETICAL G5]ALIZATION :I* IS ! IDEA VAGUELY  
 AIM$ AT BY ! ,HI/ORICAL ,S*OOL & O!R IRRATIONALI/S4 ,AS AGA9/  
 BO?1 HE WORK$ \T A NEW TYPE ( G5]ALIZATION4 
  

,H]E AGA91 ,M>X TOOK HIS DEP>TURE FROM ! WORK ( ! IDEALI/IC  
 PHILOSOPH] ,HEGEL4 ,?IS LATT] TOO HAD REJECT$ ! AB/RACTUAL PROC$URE  
 COMMONLY APPLI$ BY ! SOCIAL !ORI/S AS WELL AS :AT HE CALL$ !  
 0CONCEPTLESSNESS0 UND]LY+ ! HI/ORICAL TR5DS ( ! E>LY #a#i?  
 C5TURY4 ,9 OPPOSITION TO BO?1 HE HAD POS$ ANO!R PR9CIPLE3 ?AT (  
 ! 0TRULY G5]AL40 ,! 0G5]AL0 AS IT APPE>S 9 ! MO/ DEVELOP$  
 =MS ( PHILOSOPHICAL ?\<T IS1 ACCORD+ TO ,HEGEL'S T]M9OLOGY1  
 DIALECTICALLY ID5TICAL ) ! 0P>TICUL>0 &1 9DE$1 )  
 09DIVIDUAL EXI/5CE40 ,OR1 AS ?IS ,HEGELIAN PR9CIPLE HAS BE5 MO/  
 SUCC9CTLY RECAPITULAT$ 9 A S+LE S5T5CE3 0,TRU? IS  
 CONCRETE40 
  

,( C\RSE1 ?IS HI<LY P>ADOXICAL =MULA HAD NOT YET ACQUIR$ )  
 ! IDEALI/IC PHILOSOPH] ?AT UNEQUIVOCALLY REALI/IC CONNOTATION :I*  
 IT WAS TO ASSUME LAT] ) ,M>X & SU* O!R DIALECTIC MAT]IALI/S AS  
 ,5GELS1 ,ANTONIO ,LABRIOLA1 ,PLE*ANOV1 & ,L594 ,! NEW EMPHASIS LAID BY  
 ,HEGEL ON ! SUBJECT MATT] ( HUMAN ?\<T AS AGA9/ ITS M]E =M WAS  
 NOT MEANT AS A MAT]IALI/IC ADH]5CE TO ! GIV5 EXT]NAL FACTS1 BUT  
 RA!R S]V$ AS A />T+ PO9T = A NEW & MORE REF9$ =M ( !  
 MO/ D>+ PHILOSOPHICAL AB/RACTION4 ,PHILOSOPHICAL ?\<T1 ACCORD+ TO  
 ,HEGEL1 IS NO MORE TO BE REG>D$ AS BE+ A M]E REFLECTION1 9 ! M9D  
 ( ! PHILOSOPH]1 ( ! CONCRETE FACTS ( AN EXT]NAL WORLD4 ,IT IS1 ON  
 ! CONTR>Y1 UND]/OOD TO BE ! MO/ CONCRETE EXI/5CE ITSELF1 & TO  
 COMPRISE )9 ITSELF BO? ! AB/RACT CONCEPTS =M$ AS A FIR/  
 APPROA* TO TRU? 9 ORD9>Y PRACTICAL & !ORETICAL HUMAN ?\<T1 &  
 ! EQUALLY 0AB/RACT0 =MS ( EXT]NALLY GIV5 0CONCRETE0 REALITIES4 
  

,HEGEL'S 0CONCRETE10 !N1 BY NO MEANS CO9CIDES ) ! S5SUALLY  
 CONCRETE ( GIV5 EXP]I5CE & PRACTICAL ACTION4 ,FACTUAL KN[L$GE WAS  
 = HIM A MEANS RA!R ?AN AN 5D4 ,A FAI?FUL ACCEPTANCE ( ! EMPIRICAL  
 DATA ( NATURE & HI/ORY WAS TO PREP>E ! GR\ND = AN IDEALI/IC  
 RECON/RUCTION ( ! UNIV]SE & ?US TO TE/IFY ONCE MORE TO !  
 ABSOLUTE PREC$5CE ( ! CONCEPTUAL =M OV] ALL EXT]NAL  
EXI/5CE4 
  

,?US ! REAL MEAN+ ( ! ,HEGELIAN 0CONCRETE0 WAS SOME:AT  
 ONE-SID$LY 9T]PRET$ BY ?AT REM>KABLE S]IES ( !ORETICAL &  
 PRACTICAL LEAD]S ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T BEG9N+ )  
 ,LASSALLE & 5D+ ) ,L59 :O LOOK$ AT ,HEGEL'S PHILOSOPHY AS AN  
 ESS5TIALLY EMPIRICAL ME?OD ( ?\<T4 ,! IRREMOVABLE AMBIGUITY  
 P]VAD+ ! :OLE ( ! ,HEGELIAN PHILOSOPHY AFFECTS ALSO HIS APP>5TLY  
 REALI/IC APPROA* TO 0! CONCRETE40 ,IF ON ! ONE H& HE CONCEIV$ (  
 ! PHILOSOPHICAL IDEA AS SOME?+ O!R ?AN AN EMPTY =M & DEF9$  
 IT AS 0?AT :I* IS ! CONCRETE ITSELF10 HE WAS EQUALLY READY TO EXPLA9  
 ?AT HE DID NOT UND]/& BY ! CONCRETE 0:AT IS COMMONLY UND]/OOD BY  
 ?IS T]M10 BUT M]ELY ! SPECULATIVE 0CONCRETE0 RESULT+ FROM  
 IDEALI/IC PHILOSOPHICAL ?\<T4 
  

,! !ORI/S ( AB/RACTION PROCE$$ TO ! =MATION ( !IR  
 G5]AL CONCEPTS BY />T+ FROM ! CONCRETE ( COMMON EXP]I5CE &  
 GETT+ RID ( ITS P>TICUL> QUALITIES BY A ME?OD ( SUCCESSIVE  
 ELIM9ATION4 ,! IRRATIONALI/S BELIEV$ ?AT !Y C\LD GET HOLD  
 ( ! CONCRETE 9 AN IMM$IATE MANN]4 ,HEGEL FANCI$ ?AT 9 HIS  
 PHILOSOPHY HE HAD REA*$ ! CONCRETE TRU? ( ! IDEA BY />T+ FROM  
 A FIR/ G5]AL CONCEPT & SUPPLY+ ! DETAILS BY A SUCCESSIVE ADOPTION  
 ( ! P>TICUL> RESULTS ( SCI5TIFIC RESE>* & HI/ORICAL  
 DEVELOPM5T4 ,M>X WAS ! FIR/ TO WORK \T A RATIONAL TYPE (  
 G5]ALIZATION1 DIFF]5T FROM ! TRADITIONAL CONCEPTUAL PROC$URES  
 HI!RTO APPLI$ BY ! V>I\S S*OOLS ( SOCIAL1 HI/ORICAL &  
 PHILOSOPHICAL ?\<T1 & MORE AK9 TO ! CON/RUCTIVE PROC$URES  
 REC5TLY 9V5T$ BY ! EXP]IM5TAL SCI5TI/S4 ,) HIM1 AS %[N BY  
 ! EXAMPLES DISCUSS$ 9 ! SECOND & ?IRD *APT]S ( ?IS BOOK1 !  
 0G5]AL0 ( ! CONCEPT IS NO LONG] SET UP AGA9/ CONCRETE REALITY AS  
 ANO!R REALM2 BUT EV]Y 0G5]AL10 EV5 9 ITS CONCEPTUAL =M1  
 NECESS>ILY REMA9S A SPECIFIC ASPECT ( A M5TALLY DISSECT$ P>T ( !  
 HI/ORICAL CONCRETE ( EXI/+ B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 
  

,?US ! UNCONSCI\S & HALF-HE>T$ SELF-CRITICISM ( B\RGEOIS  
 SOCIAL SCI5CE :I* HAD PREVI\SLY MADE ITS APPE>ANCE 9 ! ,HI/ORICAL  
 ,S*OOL & 9 ,HEGEL1 WAS F9ALLY TRANS=M$1 BY ,M>X1 9TO AN ATTACK  
 AGA9/ BO? ! IDEAS & ! EXI/5CE ( ! B\RGEOIS ORD]4 ,! FIX$  
 AB/RACTIONS ( B\RGEOIS SCI5CE1 :I* HAD LONG S9CE CEAS$ TO S]VE AS  
 TOOLS ( A TRULY PROGRESSIVE ?\<T & HAD DEG5]AT$ 9TO FETT]S UPON  
 ! FUR!R ADVANCE ( SOCIAL KN[L$GE1 W]E N[ CONFRONT$ ) !IR  
 PRES5T CONCRETE EXI/5CE4 ,H5CE1 ! PREVI\SLY E/ABLI%$  
 /ATUS ( MOD]N 0CIVILIZ$0 SOCIETY WAS DEPRIV$ ( ITS FALSE HALO2 &  
 ITS UND]LY+ PROSE1 ! REAL CONDITIONS ( LIFE UND] CAPITALI/IC RULE1  
 C\LD BE FREELY CONTRA/$ ) ! G]MS ( A NEW PROLET>IAN MODE (  
 EXI/5CE4 ,! 0CONCRETE10 I4E41 ! REAL1 SOCIAL1 ECONOMIC1 & CLASS  
 CONT5TS ( EXI/+ SOCIETY W]E CONFRONT$ ) !IR AB/RACT  
 CONCEPTUAL =M1 & ! AS YET UN=M$ SUB/ANCE ( A NEW  
 PROLET>IAN SOCIALI/ & COMMUNI/ 0BECOM+0 WAS OPPOS$ TO ! FULLY  
 DET]M9$ =MS ( EXI/+ B\RGEOIS 0BE+40 ,?IS IS ONE (  
 ! 0MAT]IALI/IC0 T5D5CIES ( ! NEW1 REVOLUTION>Y SCI5CE (  
 SOCIETY4 
  

,:ILE B\RGEOIS SCI5CE DEF9ES ! WEAL? ( SOCIETY AS !  
 0WEAL? ( NATIONS0 OR A 0G5]AL PROP]TY10 & ! ,/ATE AS A  
 =M ( UNITY NECESS>Y = SOCIETY1 ,M>X DOES NOT D5Y ! 0AB/RACT0  
 TRU? ( SU* /ATEM5TS4 ,HE SIMPLY ADDS ?AT1 UND] ! PREVAIL+  
 0CONCRETE0 CONDITIONS1 ! WEAL? ( A NATION IS ! CAPITAL ( !  
 RUL+ B\RGEOIS CLASS & ?AT1 9 ! SAME WAY1 ! PRES5T B\RGEOIS  
 ,/ATE IS ! POLITICAL =M ( ! RULE ( ! B\RGEOISIE OV] !  
 PROLET>IAN CLASS4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 ,M>X DOES NOT QUE/ION !  
 0AB/RACT0 PROPOSITION ?AT 0ALL COMB9$ LABOR ON A L>GE SCALE1 BO? 9  
 CAPITALI/ & SOCIALI/ PRODUCTION1 REQUIRES A DIRECT+  
 AU?ORITY1 9 ORD] TO SECURE ! NECESS>Y H>MONY AMONG !  
 9DIVIDUAL ACTIVITIES & TO P]=M ! G5]AL FUNCTIONS >IS+ FROM  
 ! MOVEM5T ( ! :OLE PRODUCTIVE BODY AS DI/+UI%$ FROM !  
 MOVEM5TS ( ITS 9DEP5D5T ORGANS40 ,HE M]ELY CALLS ATT5TION TO !  
 EXPLOITATION & DESPOTISM :I* ! CAPITALI/IC DIRECTION ( !  
 SOCIAL LABOR PROCESS 9FLICTS UPON ! WAGE-LABOR]S SUBORD9AT$ TO  
 IT1 UND] ! PREVAIL+ SOCIAL CONDITIONS4 ,:ILE ! B\RGEOIS APOLOGI/S  
 COMP>E ! FUNCTION ( MOD]N CAPITALI/IC MANAGEM5T ) ?AT ( !  
 CONDUCTOR ( AN OR*E/RA1 ,M>X COMP>ES ! CONCRETE =MS 9 :I*1  
 UND] FULLY DEVELOP$ CAPITALI/IC CONDITIONS1 ! COMM& OV] ! MASS  
 ( WORKM5 COLLABORAT+ 9 A WORK%OP IS EX]CIS$ 9 ! NAME ( !  
 ABS5TEE [N] ?R\< A :OLE HI]>*Y ( MANAG]S1 =EM51  
 OV]LOOK]S1 ETC41 ) ! COMM& ( AN >MY ?R\< ITS COMMISSION$  
 & NONCOMMISSION$ (FIC]S4 ,9 SPITE ( ! APP>5T 0FRE$OM0 ( !  
 LABOR CONTRACT !RE IS1 FROM A SOCIAL PO9T ( VIEW1 NO VOLUNT>Y  
 SELF-SUBORD9ATION ( ! >MY ( WORK]S TO A SUPREME LEAD]%IP  
 NECESS>Y = ! COMMON GOOD4 0,! CAPITALI/ IS NOT A CAPITALI/ BECAUSE  
 HE IS A LEAD] ( 9DU/RY4 ,HE BECOMES A COMM&] ( 9DU/RY BECAUSE HE  
 IS A CAPITALI/4 ,SUPREME COMM& 9 9DU/RY IS AN ATTRIBUTE ( CAPITAL1  
 JU/ AS1 9 FEUDAL TIMES1 SUPREME COMM& 9 W> & 9 ! C\RTS (  
 JU/ICE WAS AN ATTRIBUTE ( ! L&$ PROPRIETOR40 ,MOREOV]1 SU*  
 UNI=MITY ( COMM& EXI/S 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY ONLY = ! S+LE  
 WORK%OP )9 A SY/EM ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION :I* AS A :OLE1 IS NEI!R  
 PLANN$ NOR DIRECT$1 & B>ELY BALANC$ SUBSEQU5TLY ONLY BY !  
 COMPETITIVE /RUGGLE ( 9DIVIDUAL COMMODITY PRODUC]S4 ,AS A G5]AL RULE1  
 !RE IS EV5 AN 9V]SE RELATION BETWE5 ! AU?ORITY EX]CIS$ )9  
 ! S+LE WORK%OP & ! EXI/5CE ( A PLANN$ COOP]ATION )9 !  
 :OLE ( A GIV5 CAPITALI/IC SOCIETY4 ,IT IS PRECISELY ! PEOPLE MO/  
 L\DLY EXTOLL+ ! :OLESOME RESULTS ( AN UNCONDITIONAL SUBORD9ATION  
 ( 9DIVIDUAL WORK]S TO ! CAPITALI/IC 0ORGANIZATION ( LABOR10 :O  
 D5\NCE EQUALLY L\DLY EV]Y K9D ( DELIB]ATE CONTROL & REGULATION (  
 ! SOCIAL PROCESS ( PRODUCTION AS AN 9VASION ( ! 9VIOLABLE PROP]TY  
 RI<TS1 LIB]TY1 & SELF-DET]M9+ 0G5IUS0 ( ! 9DIVIDUAL  
 CAPITALI/4 0,IT IS *>ACT]I/IC ?AT ! 5?USIA/IC APOLOGI/S ( !  
 FACTORY SY/EM CAN F9D NO?+ WORSE TO SAY AGA9/ EV]Y G5]AL  
 ORGANIZATION ( COOP]ATIVE WORK1 ?AN ?AT IT W\LD TRANS=M ! :OLE  
 ( SOCIETY 9TO A FACTORY40 ,?IS :OLE PROCESS ( CONFRONT+ ! AB/RACT  
 B\RGEOIS CONCEPTS ( ,/ATE & ,AU?ORITY ) ! ACTUAL FACTS ( !  
 MA/] & S]VANT RELATION%IP GR[+ DIRECTLY \T ( ! PRES5T-DAY  
 =M ( CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION1 ULTIMATELY RESOLVES ITSELF 9TO A  
 TRANSITION TO ! NEW =M ( SOCIALI/ PRODUCTION JU/ /RUGGL+ 9TO  
 BE+4 ,:ILE 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY ! DEAD ACCUMULAT$ LABOR ( ! PA/  
 RULES AS 0CAPITAL0 OV] PRES5T LIV+ LABOR1 9 COMMUNI/ SOCIETY  
 CONV]SELY1 ! ACCUMULAT$ LABOR ( PA/ G5]ATIONS WILL BE BUT A MEANS  
 TO WID51 TO 5RI*1 & TO FUR!R ! EXI/5CE ( ! WORK]S4 
  

,:ILE ! B\RGEOIS SOCIAL !ORI/S1 ) SO-CALL$ 0G5]AL0 CONCEPTS  
 FRAM$ ACCORD+ TO !IR USUAL AB/RACTUAL PROC$URE1 5D$ BY NOT  
 GRASP+ ANY REAL HI/ORICAL /AGE ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T AT ALL1 ,M>X1 BY  
 HIS RATIONAL USE ( A NEW !ORETICAL PROC$URE CONCEIV$ ON ! MODEL (  
 ! DIALECTICAL PR9CIPLE ( ,HEGELIAN PHILOSOPHY1 >RIV$ AT ! UNIQUE  
 =M ( G5]ALIZATION :I* IS 9 KEEP+ ) ! MO/ FULLY  
 DEVELOP$ ME?ODS ( MOD]N EXP]IM5TAL SCI5CE4 ,B\RGEOIS  
 0SOCIOLOGI/S10 :O APP>5TLY >E CONC]N$ ) SOCIETY 9 G5]AL1  
 REMA9 5TW9$ 9 ! P>TICUL> CATEGORIES ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,M>X1  
 BY ANALYZ+ ! SPECIFIC HI/ORICAL =M ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 ATTA9S A  
 G5]AL KN[L$GE ( A SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T F> TRANSC5D+ ?AT P>TICUL>  
 =M4 ,:ILE ! B\RGEOIS !ORI/S 5DEAVOR TO PROCE$ TO AN AB/RACT  
 G5]AL CONCEPT ( 0SOCIETY0 BY A SUCCESSIVE ELIM9ATION ( MORE & MORE  
 EMPIRICALLY 7I4E41 HI/ORICALLY7 GIV5 DATA ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 & ?US  
 (T5 UNCONSCI\SLY RETA9 JU/ ?OSE FEATURES :I* HAPP5 TO BE ! MO/  
 S+UL> ONES1 ,M>X IS AW>E ( ! FACT ?AT ! ONLY POSSIBLE WAY (  
 COMPREH5D+ ! G5]AL CONCEPT1 OR ! 0LAW10 ( A P>TICUL>  
 HI/ORICAL =M ( SOCIETY IS ?R\< ITS ACTUAL HI/ORICAL *ANGE4 ,MOD]N  
 NATURAL SCI5CE NO LONG] EMPLOYS ! OLD S*OLA/IC ,>I/OTELIAN ME?OD4  
 ,IT NO LONG] BASES ITS G5]ALIZATIONS UPON AN >BITR>ILY *OS5 COMMON  
 FEATURE ( A GIV5 NUMB] ( OBJECTS :I* IS ?US CON/ITUT$ AS A CLASS  
 ( SU* OBJECTS4 ,= 9/ANCE1 IT DOES NOT PROCE$ FROM ! OBS]VATION (  
 FALL+ /ONES TO A G5]AL LAW ( ! FALL ( /ONES4 ,IT PROCE$S FROM  
 ! ANALYSIS ( A S+LE CASE OBS]V$ 9 ALL ITS P>TICUL>ITY1 OR RA!R  
 FROM A S+LE EXP]IM5T C>RI$ \T UND] EXACTLY DET]M9$ CONDITIONS1  
 TO =MULATE ! G5]AL LAW ( GRAVITY :I* N[1 UND] V>Y+  
 CONDITIONS ) CORRESPOND+LY V>Y+ RESULTS1 APPLIES ALIKE TO FALL+  
 /ONES1 TO /ONES AT RE/1 & ALSO TO SU* O!R ?+S AS BALLOONS1  
 PLANETS & COMETS4 ,9 ! SAME MANN] AN EXACT SOCIAL SCI5CE CANNOT =M  
 ITS G5]AL CONCEPTS BY ! SIMPLE AB/RACTION ( C]TA9 MORE OR  
 LESS >BITR>ILY *OS5 TRAITS ( ! GIV5 HI/ORICAL =M ( B\RGEOIS  
 SOCIETY4 ,IT MU/ SECURE ! KN[L$GE ( ! G5]AL CONTA9$ 9 ?AT  
 P>TICUL> =M ( SOCIETY BY ! EXACT 9VE/IGATION ( ALL !  
 HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS UND]LY+ ITS EM]G5CE FROM ANO!R /ATE (  
 SOCIETY & BY ! ACTUAL MODIFICATION ( ITS PRES5T =M UND] EXACTLY  
 E/ABLI%$ CONDITIONS4 ,ONLY ?US CAN SOCIAL RESE>* BE TRANS=M$ 9TO  
 AN EXACT SCI5CE BAS$ UPON OBS]VATION & EXP]IM5T4 
  

,JU/ AS 9 MOD]N NATURAL SCI5CE ! G5]AL LAW HAS NO 9DEP5D5T  
 EXI/5CE \TSIDE ! COLLECTION ( ! P>TICUL> CASES COV]$ BY ITS  
 APPLICATION1 SO ! SOCIAL LAW EXI/S ONLY 9 ! HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T  
 ?R\< :I* A P>TICUL> =M ( SOCIETY PROCE$S FROM ITS P>TICUL>  
 /ATE 9 ! PA/ TO ITS P>TICUL> /ATE 9 ! PRES5T & FROM ?AT TO  
 ! SOCIAL =MS BR\<T AB\T BY ITS FUR!R *ANGE4 ,?US ! ONLY  
 G5U9E LAWS 9 SOCIAL SCI5CE >C ! LAWS ( HI/ORICAL *ANGE4 ,!  
 ,RUSSIAN REVIEW] ( ,CAPITAL1 :OSE /ATEM5TS >E QUOT$ 9 P>T  
 & ADOPT$ BY ,M>X 9 ! ,PO/SCRIPT TO ! SECOND $ITION1 HAS  
 MO/ APTLY BR\<T \T ?IS REALI/IC PR9CIPLE ( ! NEW ,M>XIAN  
 SCI5CE4 ,HE %[S ?AT ,M>X1 9 SPITE ( ! \TW>D =M ( HIS  
 PRES5TATION :I*1 ACCORD+ TO ! REVIEW]1 IS 0IDEALI/IC0 9 !  
 ,G]MAN1 I4E41 ! BAD1 S5SE ( ! T]M1 0IS 9 ACTUAL FACT 5ORM\SLY  
 MORE ( A REALI/ ?AN ANY ( HIS PR$ECESSORS 9 ! REALM ( ECONOMIC  
 CRITICISM40 ,:]EAS 9 IDEALI/IC PHILOSOPHICAL ?\<T AS WELL AS 9 !  
 ORD9>Y AB/RACT WAY ( SCI5TIFIC ?9K+1 ! FACTS ( A P>TICUL>  
 SOCIAL /ATE >E COMP>$ ) SOME 0IDEA10 ,M>X'S CRITICISM CONFRONTS A  
 GIV5 FACT 0NOT ) ! IDEA1 BUT ONLY ) ANO!R FACT10 & SO1 BY !  
 MO/ EXACT POSSIBLE /UDY ( EA* FACT1 REPRES5TS ! FACTS !MSELVES AS  
 0DIFF]5T MOM5TA ( A DEVELOPM5T0 CONFRONT+ ONE ANO!R4 ,:ILE !  
 OLD ECONOMI/S SET UP AB/RACT G5]AL LAWS ( ECONOMIC LIFE :I* W]E  
 EXPECT$ TO APPLY EQUALLY TO ! PA/1 ! PRES5T1 & ! FUTURE1 NO  
 SU* G5]AL LAWS ( ECONOMIC LIFE >E CON=MABLE TO ! PR9CIPLE (  
 HI/ORICAL *ANGE1 AS E/ABLI%$ BY ,M>X4 
  

,9 HIS OP9ION1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 EV]Y HI/ORICAL P]IOD HAS LAWS  
 PECULI> TO ITSELF4 444 ,AS SOON AS LIFE HAS GONE ?R\< A  
 GIV5 P]IOD ( DEVELOPM5T & IS PASS+ OV] FROM ONE GIV5 /AGE TO  
 ANO!R1 IT BEG9S ALSO TO BE CONTROLL$ BY O!R LAWS4 444 ,NAY1 MORE1  
 ONE & ! SAME PH5OM5ON IS SUBJECT TO 5TIRELY DIFF]5T LAWS AS A  
 RESULT ( ! DIFF]5CE 9 ! G5]AL /RUCTURE ( ! SOCIAL  
 ORGANISMS REPLAC+ EA* O!R 9 ! HI/ORICAL PROCESS1 ( !  
 V>IATION ( !IR V>I\S ORGANS1 ( ! DIFF]5CE 9 ! CONDITIONS  
 UND] :I* !Y FUNCTION1 ETC4 ,M>X D5IES1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT ! LAW  
 ( POPULATION IS ONE & ! SAME = ALL P]IODS & ALL PLACES4 ,HE  
 CONT5DS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?AT EV]Y /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T HAS ITS [N  
 LAW ( POPULATION4 444 ,AS PRODUCTIVE P[]S MOVE ON 9 !IR  
 DEVELOPM5T1 SO DO SOCIAL CONDITIONS & ! LAWS GOV]N+ !M *ANGE4  
 ,:ILE ,M>X SETS HIMSELF ! TASK ( 9VE/IGAT+ & EXPLA9+ !  
 CAPITALI/IC ECONOMIC ORD] FROM ?IS /&PO9T1 HE M]ELY \TL9ES 9  
 /RICTLY SCI5TIFIC T]MS ! AIM ?AT EV]Y EXACT 9VE/IGATOR (  
 ECONOMIC CONDITIONS MU/ HAVE 9 VIEW4 444 ,! SCI5TIFIC  
 VALUE ( SU* RESE>* LIES 9 ! DISCLOSURE ( ! P>TICUL> LAWS  
 :I* CONTROL ! ORIG91 EXI/5CE1 DEVELOPM5T1 & DEA? ( A GIV5  
 SOCIAL ORGANISM & ITS REPLACEM5T BY ANO!R & HI<] ONE4 ,SU*1  
 9DE$1 IS ! VALUE ( ,M>X'S BOOK4 
 ,*APT] #g4 ,PRACTICAL ,IMPLICATIONS 

,CONNECTION ) A PRACTICAL SOCIAL MOVEM5T IS NOT PECULI> TO !  
 ,M>XIAN !ORY4 ,B\RGEOIS !ORY ( SOCIETY AS WELL1 9 ALL ITS PHASES1  
 HAS S]V$ A DEF9ITE PRACTICAL PURPOSE4 ,9 ITS CLASSICAL P]IOD IT S]V$  
 ! AIMS ( ! RIS+ 9DU/RIAL CLASS /RUGGL+ = ! !ORETICAL &  
 PRACTICAL SUPREMACY ( ! NEW B\RGEOIS PR9CIPLES OV] ! OBSOLETE  
 =MS ( FEUDAL SOCIETY4 ,LAT]1 AFT] ! VICTORY ( ! B\RGEOIS  
 PR9CIPLES1 B\RGEOIS SOCIAL ?\<T SPLIT 9TO P>TS4 ,ITS MA9 CURR5T  
 TOOK TO DEF5D+ ! E/ABLI%$ RULE ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS AGA9/ !  
 N[ RIS+ PROLET>IAN CLASS1 & = ?IS PURPOSE POS$ AS A 0PURE0 &  
 ASSUM$LY 0UNBIASS$0 SCI5CE4 ,ANO!R CURR5T1 FOLL[+ A T5D5CY  
 ALREADY VISIBLE 9 ,COMTE1 ELABORAT$ A MORE OR LESS CONSCI\SLY  
 C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y SET ( IDEAS1 =E%AD[+ ! POLITICAL PROGRAMS  
 :I* W]E LAT] TO BE ADOPT$ & PUT 9TO PRACTICE BY SU* MOVEM5TS AS  
 ,ITALIAN ,FASCISM & ,G]MAN ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALISM4 
  

,! ONLY PO9T :I* DI/+UI%ES ! ,M>XI/ !ORY IS ?AT IT  
 REPRES5TS ! 9T]E/S ( ANO!R CLASS & ?AT IT IS  
 CONSCI\S ( ITS CLASS *>ACT] 9 A RATIONAL WAY1 & NOT ONLY 9  
 ! DELUSIVE MANN] ( A FASCI/ OR NATIONAL SOCIALI/ 0MY?OLOGY40 0,!  
 !ORETICAL PROPOSITIONS ( ! ,COMMUNI/S EXPRESS M]ELY1 9 G5]AL  
 T]MS1 ACTUAL CONDITIONS ( AN EXI/+ CLASS /RUGGLE1 OR ( AN  
 HI/ORICAL MOVEM5T GO+ ON UND] \R V]Y EYES40 ,! REPRES5TATIVES (  
 LIB]AL & DEMOCRATIC B\RGEOIS SCI5CE :O NAIVELY ASSUM$ ?AT ?IS /ATEM5T ( !  
 ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O IMPLI$ A SURR5D]1 ON ! P>T ( !  
 ,M>XI/S1 ( ! CLAIM TO ! !ORETICAL TRU? ( !IR IDEAS1 RESEMBLE  
 ! !OLOGIANS :O REG>D EV]Y RELIGION BUT !IRS AS ! 9V5TION (  
 M5 & ONLY !IR [N AS A DIV9E REVELATION4 ,MAT]IALI/IC CRITICISM1  
 :I* DEF9ES ALL !ORETICAL TRU?S AS M]E HI/ORICAL 0=MS ( SOCIAL  
 CONSCI\SNESS10 DOES 9 NO WAY AB&ON ! QUE/ = !ORETICAL TRU?1  
 BUT ONLY REPLACES ! TRADITIONAL CONCEPT ( AN ABSOLUTE TRU? BY A LESS  
 AMBITI\S & MU* MORE PRACTICAL IDEA4 ,EV]Y TRU?1 ACCORD+ TO !  
 ,M>XI/S1 APPLIES ONLY TO A DEF9ITE SET ( CONDITIONS2 IT IS !RE=E  
 NOT ABSOLUTE BUT RELATIVE1 NOT 9DEP5D5T & COMPLETE 9 ITSELF1 BUT  
 CONT+5T UPON EXT]NAL FACTS4 TODAY'S TRU?1 !N1 DEP5DS UPON !  
 EXI/+ MODE ( MAT]IAL PRODUCTION & ! CLASS /RUGGLE >IS+  
 !REFROM4 ,BUT ?IS NEW DEF9ITION ( TRU? 9 NO WAY LESS5S1 NAY1 IT  
 5HANCES1 ! /RICTNESS ( ! =MAL DEM&S :I* MU/ BE FULFILL$ BY  
 A 0TRUE0 PROPOSITION FROM ! /&PO9T ( MAT]IALI/IC SCI5CE4 
  

,:AT GOES ON H]E IS ONLY A REPETITION ( ! SAME PROCESS BY :I* 9  
 ! BEG9N+S ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 AT FIR/ 9 ! /RUGGLE ( LAY  
 ?\<T AGA9/ ! !OLOGICAL & METAPHYSICAL SY/EM ( ! ,MIDDLE  
 ,AGES1 !N 9 ?AT ( EMPIRICISM AGA9/ ALL METAPHYSICS1 PRES5T-DAY  
 0B\RGEOIS0 SCI5CE WAS CREAT$4 ,ON ! V]Y ?RE%OLD ( ! NEW AGE1  
 ,BACON1 9 HIS ,NOVUM ,ORGANUM1 :I* WAS TO ASSI/ !  
 EM]G+ B\RGEOIS SCI5CE 9 ! ASS]TION ( ITS NEW ME?ODS (  
 EMPIRICAL RESE>*1 PROCLAIM$ ! HI/ORICAL *>ACT] ( EV]Y SCI5CE3  
 0,RECTE 5IM V]ITAS TEMPORIS FILIA DICTUR NON AUCTORITATIS40 ,ON  
 ?AT AU?ORITY ( ALL AU?ORITIES1 ,TIME1 HE BAS$ ! SUP]IORITY ( !  
 F9ALLY EMANCIPAT$ NEW SCI5CE AS AGA9/ ! DOGMATIC T5ETS (  
 M$IEVAL AU?ORITIES4 
  

,?IS TIME1 H[EV]1 ! PROPOS$ *ANGE ( TRADITIONAL HI/ORICAL =M  
 ( CONSCI\SNESS REA*ES FUR!R1 & BY AN APP>5TLY REV]SION>Y  
 MOVEM5T ! V]Y 0FRE$OM0 & 09DEP5D5CE0 :I* WAS ! BOA/ (  
 B\RGEOIS PHILOSOPHY & SCI5CE DUR+ ! 9T]V5+ EPO* ( ITS  
 ALMO/ UN*ALL5G$ SUPREMACY1 IS N[ CALL$ 9 QUE/ION AGA94 ,NOT ONLY  
 >E ! !OLOGICAL & METAPHYSICAL CRE$S :I* HAD BE5 RE-ACCEPT$ BY  
 ! B\RGEOISIE 9 A REMODEL$ =M N[ UTT]LY 0DEBUNK$10 BUT ALSO !  
 NEW PHILOSOPHY ( ! B\RGEOIS ]A1 & ! :OLE BODY ( ITS NEW  
 HI/ORICAL & SOCIAL TRU?S1 >E F9ALLY /RIPP$ ( !IR IMAG9>Y  
 9DEP5D5CE & DRAWN 9TO ! FLUX ( ?+S & ! TORM5T ( !  
 BATTLE4 ,UNCONDITIONAL 0?IS-SID$NESS10 & A DI/9CT HI/ORICAL &  
 CLASS *>ACT]1 BECOME ESS5TIAL ATTRIBUTES NOT ONLY ( !  
 CONT5TS1 BUT ALSO ( ! =M ( KN[L$GE4 ,?IS APPLIES  
 EV5 TO ! REVOLUTION>Y !ORY ITSELF4 ,! ,M>XIAN !ORY1 :I* DEALS  
 ) ALL IDEAS AS BE+ CONNECT$ ) A DEF9ITE HI/ORICAL EPO* & !  
 SPECIFIC =M ( SOCIETY P]TA9+ TO ?AT EPO*1 RECOGNIZES ITSELF AS  
 BE+ JU/ AS MU* AN HI/ORICAL PRODUCT AS ANY O!R !ORY P]TA9+ TO  
 A DEF9ITE /AGE ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T & TO A DEF9ITE SOCIAL CLASS4  
 ,?US ! NEW SCI5CE ( ! PROLET>IAT BREAKS ) ! LA/ 0IDEOLOGICAL0  
 LIMITATIONS :I* HAD /ILL HAMP]$ ! CRITICAL SELF-CONSCI\SNESS (  
 SOCIAL SCI5CE1 & BY REASON ( :I* ! B\RGEOIS 9VE/IGATORS HAD  
 IMAG9$ ?AT1 BECAUSE !IR SCI5CE HAD BE5 FRE$ FROM ! SPECIFIC  
 FETT]S ( M$IEVAL DOGMA & METAPHYSICS1 IT HAD BECOME1 ONCE = ALL1 A  
 0FREE SCI5CE10 /&+ 0ABOVE0 ! ANTAGONISMS ( ! NEW SOCIAL ORD]  
 & ( ! PRESSURE ( VE/$ 9T]E/S4 
  

,! MAT]IALI/IC !ORY ( ! HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY IS A  
 P>TICUL> =M ( ! SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS ( ! PRES5T EPO* & ?US  
 IS ITSELF A P>T ( ?AT HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,! MAT]IALI/IC !ORY  
 ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE IS ITSELF CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,! MAT]IALI/IC !ORY  
 ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS IS AT ! SAME TIME A  
 P[]FUL LEV] 9 ?AT SAME SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 
  

,?US AMPLIFI$1 ALL EXAMPLES WE HAVE HI!RTO GIV5 TO ILLU/RATE !  
 CRITICAL & REVOLUTION>Y FUNCTIONS ( ! MAT]IALI/IC !ORY1 GA9 A  
 NEW & 5HANC$ SIGNIFICANCE4 
  

,IF ! MAT]IALI/IC SCI5CE ( SOCIETY TREATS SU* SUBJECTS ( SOCIAL  
 9VE/IGATION AS ,/ATE & LAW 7SEEM+LY 0ABOVE CLASS07 9  
 !IR SPECIFIC HI/ORICAL *>ACT]1 I4E41 AS A ,/ATE = ! B\RGEOISIE  
 & A LAW AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAT1 IT DOES NOT 5UNCIATE A PURE  
 !ORETICAL PROPOSITION :I* MAY 9CID5TALLY FURNI% A SUITABLE >GUM5T  
 = ! PRACTICAL ATTACKS ( ! PROLET>IAT AGA9/ EXI/+ B\RGEOIS  
 9/ITUTIONS4 ,!RE IS A MU* CLOS] CONNECTION BETWE5 ! !ORETICAL  
 CONT5TS & ! PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS ( ! ,M>XIAN /ATEM5T1 = !  
 TWO >E1 9 FACT1 BUT RELAT$ ASPECTS ( ONE S+LE :OLE4 ,! SAME  
 APPLIES TO ,M>X'S SPECIFIC DESCRIPTION ( SOCIAL WEAL? AS  
 0B\RGEOIS WEAL?10 I4E41 AS A COLLECTION ( 0COMMODITIES10 :I* >E NOT  
 PRODUC$ BECAUSE !Y >E USEFUL1 BUT BECAUSE ( ! VALUE & SURPLUS  
 VALUE !Y CONTA92 OR AGA91 AS ! WEAL? ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS FROM  
 :I* ! PROLET>IAT IS EXCLUD$2 OR AS CAPITALI/IC PL5TY &  
 PROLET>IAN POV]TY2 OR1 F9ALLY1 AS ! CAPITALI/'S [N PROP]TY  
 7 0,EIG5TUM07 :I* = ! PROLET>IAT 7TO USE AN APT EXPRESSION (  
 ,LASSALLE'S7 IS = EV] BUT 0! O!R MAN'S PROP]TY0  
 7 0,FREMDTUM074 ,IT ALSO APPLIES TO MAT]IAL PRODUCTION1 N[  
 CONSID]$ 9 ITS SPECIFIC *>ACT] AS A 0CAPITALI/IC COMMODITY  
 PRODUCTION10 I4E41 AS AN APP>5T ACTIVITY ( CAPITAL 0BRE$+ SURPLUS  
 VALUE10 BEH9D :I* IS HIDD5 ! REAL EXPLOITATION ( ! ACTUAL  
 PRODUC]S BY ! MONOPOLI/IC [N]S ( ! SOCIAL MEANS ( PRODUCTION3  
 & SO ON1 ?R\< ! :OLE S]IES ( ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL1 LEGAL1  
 CULTURAL1 & O!R B\RGEOIS CATEGORIES4 
  

,IT IS ALSO MU* MORE ?AN A M]E PROGRESS ( !ORETICAL KN[L$GE :5  
 ! MAT]IALI/IC !ORY1 BY ITS CONSI/5T APPLICATION ( !  
 PR9CIPLE ( *ANGE1 IMM]SES EA* & EV]Y SOCIAL 5TITY 9 !  
 FLUX ( AN HI/ORICAL TRANSITION & ?US RE9T]PRETS ALL /ATIC CONCEPTS  
 ( ?+S 9 T]MS ( SO MANY DYNAMIC PROCESSES & ( AN HI/ORICAL  
 /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! SOCIAL CLASSES4 
  

,BY ?IS PROCESS ( AN HI/ORICAL SPECIFICATION ( ALL B\RGEOIS  
 9/ITUTIONS1 & BY 9SI/5CE ON ! CON/ANT WORK+ ( *ANGE1  
 MAT]IALI/IC SCI5CE A*IEVES 9 A !ORETICAL WAY :AT IS A*IEV$ 9  
 PRACTICE BY ! REAL HI/ORICAL MOVEM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,?US ,M>X'S  
 MAT]IALI/IC SOCIAL RESE>* ?\< NOT = A MOM5T AB&ON+ ITS  
 *>ACT] ( A /RICTLY !ORETICAL SCI5CE1 YET CONSCI\SLY ASSUMES ITS  
 P>TICUL> FUNCTION )9 ! :OLE ( A MOVEM5T /RIV+ TO TRANS=M  
 EXI/+ SOCIETY1 & ?US CON/ITUTES ITSELF AS A NECESS>Y P>T ( !  
 REVOLUTION>Y ACTION ( ! MOD]N WORK+ CLASS4 
  

,! RUL+ CLASSES D5Y ! SCI5TIFIC *>ACT] ( ,M>XISM BECAUSE  
 ( ITS CLASS LIMITATIONS4 ,M>XISM BASES ! WID] & DEEP] TRU? ( ITS  
 PROPOSITIONS ON ITS PROLET>IAN CLASS *>ACT]4 
  

,M>XIAN !ORY1 VIEW$ 9 ITS G5]AL *>ACT]1 IS A NEW SCI5CE (  
 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,IT APPE>S AT A TIME :5 )9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY  
 ITSELF1 AN 9DEP5D5T MOVEM5T ( A NEW SOCIAL CLASS IS OPPOS+ !  
 RUL+ B\RGEOIS CLASS4 ,9 OPPOSITION TO ! B\RGEOIS PR9CIPLES IT  
 REPRES5TS ! NEW VIEWS & CLAIMS ( ! CLASS OPPRESS$ 9 B\RGEOIS  
 SOCIETY4 ,IT IS1 SO F>1 NOT A POSITIVE BUT A CRITICAL SCI5CE4 ,IT  
 0SPECIFIES0 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY & 9VE/IGATES ! T5D5CIES VISIBLE 9  
 ! PRES5T DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY1 & ! WAY TO ITS IMM95T PRACTICAL  
 TRANS=MATION4 ,?US IT IS NOT ONLY A !ORY ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY BUT1 AT  
 ! SAME TIME1 A !ORY ( ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #b1 #bba 3 ,P>T #a -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/